From the Library of the Late ROBERTS WALKER Friend and Partner of Justin DuPratt White (Cornell 'go) Presented to Cornell University In Memory of That Relationship MR. WALKER'S FAMILY Cornell University Library K 1861.A54W92 V.I Workmen's Insurance and compensation sys 3 1924 017 689 443 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924017689443 TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR 1909 WORKMEN'S INSURANCE AND COMPENSATION / SYSTEMS IN EUROPE IN TWO VOLUMES Volume I.— AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, DENMARK, FRANCE, GERMANY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 OOnSTTElSTTS VOLUME I. Page. Letters of transmittal xv Introduction 1-27 Chapter I. — Workmen's insurance in Austria 29-435 Introduction 31-36 Accident insurance 36-225 Industries included 36, 37 Persons insured 37 Character of disability compensated 37, 38 Benefits 38-42 Medical attendance 38 Pensions for disability :... 38-40 Funeral benefits 40 Pensions to survivors 40 Determination and revision of benefits 40-42 Sources of income 42 Financial organization 42-50 Schedule of mortality of invalids 44 The capital reserve 45 Tariff of insurance rates in use in insurance institutions 46-50 Classification risks and system of rating 50-67 Basic rates 53 Classification of risks by occupation groups 53-67 General administration 68-79 Insurance council 68 Insurance institutions 69-79 Model constitution for an insurance institution 70-78 Proposed reforms in accident insurance 79-81 Operations of the accident insurance system 81-119 General statistics of accidents 119-225 Sickness insurance 225-395 Present purpose and scope 225-227 Industries included 227, 228 Persons insured 228,229 / Character of disability compensated 229, 230 Benefits 230-232 Determination of benefits 232 Soiu:ces of income 233-236 Organization and financial administration 236-267 District sick funds 237-248 Model constitution for the district sick funds 240-248 Establishment sick funds , 248-259 Model constitution and by-laws for establishment sick funds 251-259 Building trades funds 259 Guild funds 259, 260 Apprentices' funds 260 lU IV CONTENTS. Ciapter I.— Workmen's insurance in Austria — Continued. Sickness insurance — Concluded. Organization and financial administration — Concluded. Page. Association funds 260-262 Registered aid funds 263-265 Federations of sick funds 265-267 Proposed reforms in sickness iBsurance 267-270 Operations of the sickness insurance system .-. . . 270-293 District, establishment, building trades, guild, asKrciatJon, aiid registered aid funds 270-288 Apprentices' funds 288-291 Registered aid funds 291-293 Statistics of sickness, 1890 293-362 Statistics of sickness, 1891 to 1895 362-395 Old-age and invalidity insurance 395-413 Insurance of officials in private establiAments - 395, 396 Industries covered 396 Persons insured 396, 397 Compulsory insurance 396, 397 Voluntary insurance 397 Character of disability 397,398 Old age 397,398 Invalidity 398 Benefits 398-401 Old-age pensions 399 Invalidity pensions 399, 400 Widows' pcEnsions 400, 401 Orphans' pensions 401 Return of contributions 401 Dues '402 Contribution of the State 402 The waiting time 402 General administration 403-403 The pension institate - 403-105 The district offices 404,405 Other institutions allowed to conduct the insurance 405, 403 Proposed reform and extension of the insurance for old age and inva- lidity 406-413 Amount of dues and pensions 406, 407 Persons insured 407 Dues ; 407, 408 Length of time for which dues must be paid. „ 408 Loss of claim to pension 408 Lump sums paid to survivors 408,409 Organization and administration 409, 410 Estimated expenditures of the proposed system of invalidity and old-age insurance ." ' 410-413 liisurance of miners 413-434 History 413 Present purpose and scope 413^19 Industries covered 414 Persons insured 414 Disability provided for ,415 Benefits of the sick insurance section .' 415, 416 CONTENTS. * Chapter I.-Workmen's insurance in Austria— Concluded . Insurance of miners— Concluded. Present purpose and scope— Concluded. Page- Benefit payments of the pension section Ii fi 417 Invalidity pensions 417' 418 Benefits to survivors 410' 410 Determination and revision of benefits. 4i», 4ia , . „ 419-421 Sources of income Sick benefit section Employees' dues Employers' dues • _^^^ Pension section Employees' dues 419,4^0 Employers' dues 420,421 . • 491-425 Financial organization ^'"- ' Sick benefit section - 421,422 422 42^? Pension section ^^ ' " The central reserve fund 423,424 General administration 424, 425 Statistics of operations : - - 425-434 Bibliography ■•■■■ ^34,435 Chapter II.— Workmen's insurance in Belgium. 437-556 Introduction 439-444 Accident insurance • 444-475 Introduction 444^46 Bill of May 17, 1890 446,447 Bill of August 13, 1891 447, 448 Bill of April 26, 1898 448 BUI of March 12, 1901 ■-■-■ 449 The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1903 - 449-457 Industries included 449, 450 Persons and accidents compensated 450 Compensation for disability 450 Compensation for death - 451, 452 Explanation of pension tables 452,453 Determination of wages 453 Burden of payment of insurance 453,454 Reporting of accidents 456 Jurisdiction '. 465, 456 Industrial accident commission 456,457 State institutions 457-460 The Guaranty Fund 457 Accident pension department of the General. Savings and Retire- ment Fund 458 National Provident Fund , .. 459,460 Private institutions 460^68 Commercial insurance companies 460-462 Employers' mutual insurance funds 462-466 Miners' provident funds 466-468 Mutual aid societies... 463 Conclusions 468-470 Statistics of accidents 470-475 Accidents in mining industry 472-475 Proposed legislation .^ 475 VI COITTENTS. Chapter n. — Workmen's insuiance in Belgium — Concluded. Page. Sickness insurance 476-494 Introduction 476-478 Mutual aid societies 478-480 Membership 480 Administration 480, 481 Finances 481 Government control '. 481, 482 Provisions in case of dissolution 482 Permanent commission on mutual aid societies 482, 483 Statistics of operations 483-489 Establishment funds 489-493 Mariemont and Bascoup Coal Mining Company 492 Vieille-Motagne Zinc Mining and Smelting Company 492, 493 ' ' Society Anonyme John Cockerill ' ' in Seraing 493 Conclusions 494 Old-age and invalidity insurance 494-535 Introduction 494 Pensions to government employees 494-503 Widow and orphan funds 496, 497 Railway, post, and telegraph employees' fund 497-503 General Savings and Retirement Fund 503-524 History of the fund 503-505 Organization 506-509 Administration 509 Lawof May 10, 1900 509-524 Miners ' relief funds 524-530 Fishermen's aid and provident funds 530,531 Seamen's Aid and Provident Fund 532 Conclusions : 533 Proposed legislation 533-535 Unemployment insurance 535-554 Introduction 535-544 Statistics of the fund 544-546 Extension of the Ghent system 547-550 Provincial and state subsidies 550-554 Bibliography 554-556 Chapter HI. — Workmen's insurance in Denmark 557-673 Accident insurance 559-610 Accident insurance of workmen 559-582 Introduction 559-561 Provisions of the law of January 7, 1898 561-563 Working of the law 563-573 Statistics 573-582 Accident insurance of seamen 582-596 Provisions of the law of April 1, 1905 583-588 Working of the law 588-596 Statistics 596 Accident insurance of fishermen and others 596-603 Provisions of the law of April 3, 1900 596-598 Working of the law 598-600 Statistics 600-603 CONTENTS. VII Chapter HI. — Workmen's insurance in Denmark — Concluded. Page. Accident insurance — Concluded. Accident insurance of workmen in agriculture, etc G03-G10 Provisions of the law of April 3, 1906 603 Statistics 603-607 Provisions of the law of May 27, 1908 608-610 Sickness insurance 610-623 Introduction 610, 611 Law of April 12, 1892 611, 612 Working of the law and statistics 613-623 Old-age insurance 623-649 Introduction 623, 624 Law of April 9, 1891, concerning old-age support 624^626 Working of the law 626-633 Statistics 633-640 Criticism of the law 640, 641 Proposals for changes in system of granting old-age support 641-647 Effect of old-age support on the cost of poor relief 647-649 Unemployment insurance 649-672 Introduction 649, 650 Various laws 650, 651 Unemployment aid by trade unions 651-654 Provisions of law of April 9, 1907 : 654r-666 Results of the law 666-672 Bibliography 672, 673 Chapter IV. — Workmen's insurance in France 675-974 Introduction 677-680 Accident insurance 681-797 Workmen's compensation for injurie.'s 681-709 Introduction 681-685 Present system 685-695 Persons and industries covered 685 Injuries compensated 685, 686 Compensation for disability 686 Funeral benefits -. 686 Compensation for survivors 686, 687 Time and place of payment 687 Foreign workmen 687 Rights of beneficiaries 687, 688 Bases for compensation payments 688 Lump-sum payments 688, 689 Revision of compensation 689, 690 Settlement of disputes 690 Other recourse 690, 691 Insurance 691 Reporting accidents 691 Penalties 691,692 Governmental supervision 69^- Consultative committee 692 Security of payments 692-695 Rules for operation of the Guai-antee Fund 695-696 Conclusion <596 Statistics of the operation of the law of April 9, 1898 696, 697 Accidents compensated 697-705 ABnaao 1 n i VIII CONTENTS. Cliapter IV. — Workmen's insurance in France— Continued. Accident insurance— Concluded. Workmen's compensation for injuries — Concluded. Page. Form of adjudication 706-708 Amount of compensation granted. 708, 709 Guarantee Fund 709-71 2 Statistics of operations 709-71 1 Financial results 711, 712 Insurance of industrial accidents 712-71-5 State insurance organizations tor insurance against accidents 715 National accident insurance fund 715-722 General purpose 716 Injuries compensated 716 Source of income 716, 717 Premiums 717 Statistics of operations 717-719 Cost of insurance 719 Financial statistics 720-722 The National Old-Age Retirement Fund 722-727 Statistics of operations 724-726 Expenditures 726, 727 Seamen's National Provident Fund 727-734 Private institutions for the assumption of risks under the compensa- tion acts 735-797 Fixed-premium stock companies 735, 736 Mutual accident insurance companies 736, 737 Guarantees and reserves 737 The guarantee associations 737-742 Statistics of operations 742-762 Insurance companies 743 Number of persons insured 743, 744 Accidents compensated 744-748 Finances .* 749-755 Cost of compensation 755-762 Mutual aid societies 762, 763 Mining and other establishment relief funds 763 Proposed reforms 763-770 Proposals for extension 764-768 Modifications of the law 768, 769 Prevention of malingery 769, 770 Statistics of accidents 770-797 Accident rates, by age and sex 774-782 Causes of accidents, by industries 783-785 Results of accidents, by sex and ago groups 786, 787 Results of accidents, by industries 787-790 Results of accidents, by causes 790-797 Sickness insurance 797-831 Mutual aid societies 797-823 History 798-801 Purpose and scope 801, 802 Classes of societies 802-804 Administration 804-806 Financial organization 807 CONTENTS. IX Chapter IV. — Workmen's insuiance in France — Continued. Sickness insurance — Concluded. Mutual aid societies — Concluded. Page. Persons insured 807, 808 Benefit payments 808-810 Sources of income 810, 811 Statistics 811-823 Number of societies 811, 812 Membership 812-810 Beneficiaries — benefits on account of sickness 816, 817 Other benefits 817, 818 Receipts 818, 819 Expenditures 819-821 Rates of benefit payments 821-823 Seamen's Provident Fund 823 Sickness insurance of the miners' relief funds 823-831 Operations 827-831 Old-age insurance 831-945 Introduction 831, 832 Voluntary old-age insurance 833-876 National Old- Age Retirement Fund 833-867 History 833-837 Present purpose and scope 837, 838 Persons insured 838, 839 Character of insurance 839 Sources of income 840 Time of payment of pensions 841 Invalidity pensions and subsidies 841, 842 Method of payment 842 Mortality tables 842-844 Financial organization 844 General administration 844 Superior commission 844, 845 Statistics of operations 845-856 Statistics of pensions a nd pensioner? 856-862 Financial statistics 862-867 Pension funds of mutual aid societic? 8C8-S73 History 868 Present purpose and scope 868, 869 Statistics of operations 809-872 Retirement association 873 Establishment funds 873-876 Provisions of act of April 5, 1910 870 Compulsory old-age insurance 877-943 Seamen's National Invalidity Fund 877-880 Old-age and retirement pensions for miners 881-889 Railroad pension funds 889-915 History ' 891-9«>0 Efforts at state regulation 900, 901 The railroad employees pension law of July 24, 1909 901-901 Statistics 905-913 Relief funds 913-915 X CONTENTS. Chapter IV. — Workmen's insurance in France — Concluded. ''■ Old-age insurance — Concluded. Compulsory old-age insurance — Concluded. Page. Noncontributory pensions under the old-age relief act of 190-5. . 915-929 History 915 Law of 1897 916,917 History of act of 1905 917,918 Analysis of the law of July 14, 1905 919-925 Application of the law 925-929 The compulsory old-age insurance system of 1910 929-945 History 929-933 Detailed analysis of the law of April ,5, 1910 933-945 Unemployment insurance 945-966 Report to the President of the French Republic 950-958 Operations of the subsidy systems 958-966 The subsidy system of the National Government 958-962 The subsidy systems of the municipalities and Departments... 962-966 Statistics of unemployment 966-971 Bibliography 971-974 Chapter V. — Workmen's insurance in Germany 975-1493 Introduction 977-980 Accident insurance 980-1176 Introduction , 980-982 Employers' liability and the accident insurance 983-988 History of accident insurance laws 988-992 Accident insurance for persons engaged in manufacturing, mining, and transportation 993-1058 Industries included 993, 994 Persons insured 994-996 (a) Persons in private employ 994, 995 (6) Workmen in the civil service 995, 996 Character of disability compensated 996, 997 Benefit payments " 997-1006 Medical attendance 999, 1000 Pecuniary relief to the injured person 1000-1003 Funeral benefits 1003 Benefits to the survivors 1003-1005 Other benefits 1005 Determination and revision of benefits 1006-1008 Sources of income 1008-1015 Financial organization 1015, 1016 The system of risk tariffs 1016-1024 General administration 1024-1039 Mutual accident insurance associations of employers 1024-1038 Imperial insurance office 1038, 1039 State insurance oflBces 1039 Arbitration courts for workmen 's insurance 1039 Prevention of accidents 1039-1052 Model regulations for the prevention of accidents 1042-1052 Proposed reforms 1052-1058 Accident insurance for persons engaged in the building trades 1058-1072 Industries covered 1058, 1059 Persons insured 1059, 1060 Character of disability covered 1060 CONTENTS. XI Chapter V. — Workmen's insurance in Germany— Continued. Accident insurance — Concluded. Accident insurance for persons engaged in the building trades— Conc'd. Page. Benefit payments 1060 Determination and revision of benefits 1060 Sources of income 1061 Financial organization 1061, 1062 Tariff of premium rates 1062-1067 Other regulations 1067, 1068 Method of computing capital sums necessary to provide the pen- sions 1068-1071 General administration 1071, 1072 Insurance institutes of the building trades accident associations. . 1072-1074 Accident insurance of seamen 1074-1085 Industries covered 1074, 1075 Persons included 1075 Character of disability 1076 Benefit payments 1076-1078 Determination and revision of benefits 1078, 1079 Sources of income 1079 Financial organization 1079-1084 The Navigation Accident Association 1079, 1080 The Insurance Institute of the Navigation Accident Asso- ciation 1080, 1081 Nominal rates of wages to be used in computing benefits. . 1082-1084 General administration 1084, 1085 Accident insurance for agriculture and forestry - 1085-1080 Industries included 1085 Persons included __ 1085, 1086 Character of disability compensated 1086 Benefit payments 1086, 1087 Determination and revision of benefits 1087 Sources of income 1088 Financial organization 1088 General administration 1088, 1089 Accident prevention 1089, 1090 Statistics of operations 1090-1124 Number of persons insured 1091-1094 Receipts 1094,1095 Expenditures 1095-1102 Reserve 1102, 1103 Cost of accident insurance 1103-1119 (a) Cost to the sick funds 1103 (6) Cost to the accident associations 1104-1119 Settlement of controversies 1120-1124 Statistics of accidents 1124-1176 Sickness insurance 1176-1354 Introduction 1176, 1177 History of sickness insurance laws 1177-1183 Industries covered 1183 Persons included 1184 Disability provided for 1184, 1185 XII COK'TEBTS. Chapter V. — Workmen's insurance in Germany — Continued. Sickness insurance — Concluded. Page. Benefits 1185-1189 Medical attendance 1186, 1187 Pecuniary benefits 1187, 1188 Confinement benefits 1188, 1 189 Funeral benefits 1189 Determination and revision of benefits 1189-1191 Sources of income - 1191 Financial administration 1191, 1192 General administration 1192-1211 Local sick funds 1192-1200 Parish or communal sickness insurance 1200, 1201 Establishment funds 1201-1203 Building trades funds 1203 Guild funds 1204,1205 Aid funds : . - 1205-1208 Miners' funds 1209-1211 Proposed reforms 1211-1216 Statistics of operations 1216-1243 Scope of the insurance 1216-1222 Receipts 1223-1225 Assets and liabilities 1225-1228 Expenditures 1228-1233 Per capita receipts and expenditures 1 233-1237 Proportion of funds charging specified rates of dues and provid- ing specified rates of benefits 1237-1239 Period for which benefits are paid 1239-1243 Statistics of sickness 1243-1251 Miners' insurance 1251-1255 Statistics of operations 1252-1255 Sickness statistics of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund 1255-1347 Number of persons included 1256, 1257 Compulsory and voluntary members 1257 Age groups 1257-1260 Cases of sickness 1260-1262 Number of days of sickness 1262-1264 Statistics of sickness, by days of sickness 1264-1266 Average duration of a case of sickness 1266, 1267 Average duration of a case of sickness when the x>«riod of benefit payments varies 1267, 1268 Cases of death ,. 1268-1270 Accidents 1270-1272 Influence of age on degree of disability caused by accident 1272, 1273 Accident rates 1273-1280 Sickness rates, by industries 1281-1341 Sickness rates, by occupations and groups of diseases 1341-1347 Classification of occupations — Leipzig fund 1348-1350 Classification of diseases — Leipzig fund 1350-1354 Invalidity and old-age insurance 1354-1444 Introduction 1354, 1355 History of invalidity insurance laws 1355-1362 Persons insured 1362-1364 Compulsory insurance 1362, 1363 Voluntary insurance 1364 CONTENTS. XIII Chapter V. — Workmen's insurance in Germany— Concluded. Invalidity and old-age insurance — Concluded. Page. Kind of disability insured 1364-1367 Benefits 1367-1378 Pensions 1368-1373 Return of contributions paid by the insured person 1373-1375 Other benefits 1375, 1376 Miscellaneous 1377, 1378 Determination and revision of benefits 1378-1381 Arbitration courts 1381, 1382 Sources of income 1382-1385 Financial administration 1385-1389 General administration 1389-1399 Invalidity insurance institutes 1390-1396 Invalidity, widow, and orphan insurance of members of the Navi- gation Accident Insurance Association 1396-1399 Proposed reforms 1399-1404 Proposed insurance of officials and persons holding salaried positions in private establishments 1404-1407 Statistics of operations 1407-1424 Summary 1408, 1409 Receipts 1409-1411 Expenditures 1411-1413 Special treatment of invalids 1414-1416 Number and amount of pensions granted .• 1416-1418 Reserve 1418-1421 Litigation 1421-1424 Special statistics of invalidity 1424-1444 Unemployment insurance 1444-1490 Introduction 1444-1446 Insurance against unemployment by the larger political divisions. . 1446, 1447 Institutions subsidized by municipalities for insurance against un- employment 1447-1466 The Cologne municipal fund for insurance against unemploy- ment in winter : 1447-1453 Leipzig 1453-1456 Strassburg 1456-1460 Mulhausen 1460-1462 Erlangen 1462-1464 Mainz.. 1464, 1465 Other cities 1465, 1466 Unemploj'ment relief conducted by institutions created by em- ployers for their own establishments 1466 Systems of unemployment relief conducted by trade unions 1466-1472 Expenditures - - ■ ■ 1469-1472 Statistics of unemployment 1472-1490 Persons unemployed 1473-1476 Duration of unemployment 1476-1481 Unemployed members of trade unions 1482-1490 Bibliography 1491-1493 VOLUME II. Workmen's insurance in Great Britain, Italy, Norway, Bussia, Spain, and Sweden 1495 End. LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL. Department of Commerce and Labor, Office op the Secretary, Washington, May 28, 1910. I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled "Workmen's Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe." Respectfully, Charles Nagel, Secretary. The Senate and House of Representatives. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Labor, WasJiington, May 28, 1910. Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled "Workmen's Insurance and Compensation Sj'stems in Europe." This report presents a study of the insurance and compensation systems for the benefit of workmen in case of accident, sickness, old age, invalidity, and unemployment in eleven European countries. The data in regard to foreign systems have been given here in considerable detail, because of the very great demand in this country at the present time for information concerning all aspects of this subject. The various chapters of this report were prepared by the persons named, with the assistance of the force of the Bureau: Austria and Germany by Henry J. Harris; Belgium by E. H. Lewinski-Corwin; Denmark and Norway by J. E. Pope; Great Britain by L. D. Clark; Italy, Russia, and Spain by I. M. Rubinow; Sweden by H. O. Hanson. Important work in connection with several chapters of the report was done by C. A. Bell. The editorial supervision, involving important con- structive work, has been done by Chas. H. Verrill. I am, very respectfully, Chas. P. Neill, Commissioner. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor. INTRODUCTION. IITTEODTJCTION. The growing importance of the subject of workmen's insurance in this country is indicated by the fact that within recent years eight States C*) and the Federal Government have appointed commissions to study methods of compensating workmen for disability incurred in the course of their employment. As a result of these activities one State, New York, has already enacted compensation laws of general application, while two States, Montana and Maryland, have made provision for state systems of cooperative insurance against accidents to workmen engaged in mining. The Twenty-third Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled "Workmen's Insurance and Benefit Funds in the United States," published in 1908, contained an account of various existing forms of cooperative insurance against distress caused by accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age in the United States. Two previous reports of the Commissioner of Labor have also treated the topic of workmen's insurance at some length. The fourth special report of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled "Compulsory Insurance in Germany, Including an Appendix Relating to Compulsory Insurance in Other Countries in Europe," published in 1893, discussed at some length the reasons which led to the adoption of the compulsory insur- ance S3'stem for workmen in Germany and other countries. The twelfth special report of the Commissioner of Labor, entitled "Coal Mine Labor in Europe," published in 1905, gave a detailed account of the institutions providing relief for accident, sickness, invalidity, and old age for miners in the coal-producing countries of Europe. In addition a number of articles in the Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor have discussed special phases of the problem. Practically all of these publications are now out of print, while the systems in use have, in some cases, been modified to such an extent that a restatement of the facts has become necessary. To meet the con- stant and widespread demand for information on this subject the present report has been prepared in the effort to supply a detailed account of the scope, methods, and results of the existing forms for the relief of distress caused by industrial accident, sickness, invalidity, unemployment, and of other features of workmen's insurance sys- tems now in operation in Europe. o Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 4: EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP LABOR. It is somewhat difficult to define the sum total of measures of relief which, following the German example, have become known under the term of "workmen's insurance." The present volume is entitled "Workmen's Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe" to indicate that both the various forms of insurance and the different methods of compensatidn without the use of insurance have been included. Even when thus amplified the title does not cover all the different forms of relief which it was necessary to study in connection with insurance so as to give a complete picture of the situation in the countries studied. The term "social insurance," which is gradually gaining in popularity at the expense of the older expression, seems to be preferable on scientific grounds not only because in many of these laws and institutions persons other than wage-earners are included, as for instance salaried employees, petty independent producers, farmers, or even in some cases all persons needing relief, but also because this term emphasizes the general purpose of these institutions as contrasted with the commercial aims of other instirance institutions or organizations. In brief, "social insurance" may be defined as the method of organized relief by which wage-earners or persons similarly situated, and their dependents or survivors, become entitled to specified pecuniary or other benefits, on the occurrence of certain emergencies. The right to these benefits is secured by means of contributions from wages, or by the fact of the insured person's employment, or by his citizen- ship or residence in the country. The various forms of social insurance may be designated as: 1. Accident. 2. Sickness. 3. Maternity. 4. Invalidity and old age. 5. Unemployment. 6. Insurance for widows and orphans. The countries included in the present report are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Norway, Eussia, Spain, and Sweden. ACCIDENT INSURANCE. The principle of systematic compensation for losses due to indus- trial accident has been known in Europe for over a century, the earliest examples being found in the mining industries, especially in Germany and Austria. As these industries were the first to be oper- ated on a large scale with large numbers of employees whose life and safety depended on the care and skill of the manager and of the fellow- workmen, and in addition had a high danger rate, it was but natural that attempts should be made to provide in a definite manner for the INTRODUCTION. 5 relief of the distress of employees caused by accidental injuries or other physical disability. The industry of navigation possessed similiar characteristics and also developed at an early date compara- tively well-defined systems of relief for disability arising from the operations of vessels. The next industry to be operated on a large scale and which had at the same time a high trade risk was that of railway transportation, and in the States of the present German Em- pire we find early efforts to make provision for railway employees on a more liberal scale than that prevailing in the manufacturing indus- tries. With the development of large scale industries and the more frequent use of power machinery, together with the increase in the size of industrial establishments, there was an increase in the trade risk of the industries so effected. Previous to the development of large scale production, a comparatively simple system of compensa- tion for industrial accidents prevailed in practically all countries of the world and was based on the idea that a workman suffering an injury from industrial accident should be compensated by the person or persons at fault in causing the accident. The relief provided under the Civil Code in continental Europe was more readily obtainable than that permitted under the English common law, but in each case the person liable was supposed to have committed some fault and it was necessary for the plaintiff to begin suit and to prove such fault or negligence according to the rules of evidence prevailing in the courts of each country. In the various chapters of this report the gradual transition from the older liability conception to the idea of compensa- tion is separately studied for each of the countries. The first comitry to adopt a comprehensive system of accident com- pensation on a national scale was Germany in 1884; Austria followed in 1887, and since then practically all industrial foreign countries have adopted this plan, with greater or less modifications. Disregard- ing acts affecting only selected groups of workmen, the following list shows the order in which the various countries passed laws pro- viding national systems of accident compensation: Germany, 1884; Austria, 1887; Norway, 1894; Finland, 1895; Great Britain, 1897; Denmark, 1898; Italy, 1898; France, 1898; Spain, 1900; New Zea- land, 1900; South Australia, 1900; Netherlands, 1901; Greece, 1901; Sweden, 1901; Western Austraha, 1902; Luxemburg, 1902; British Columbia, 1902; Russia, 1903; Belgiimi, 1903; Cape of Good Hope, 1905; Queensland, 1905; Himgary, 1907; Transvaal, 1907; Alberta, 1908; Quebec, 1909. The State of New York passed its law, above referred to, in 1910. At the present time three systems or types of compensation for accidental injuries may be distinguished. 1. Systems of pure compensation, in which the employer must pro- vide a compensation according to a scale specified in the law without 6 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. anj obligation to insiire or furnish in advance any other guarantee that the compensation will be forthcoming when demanded. This group includes: Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britian, Greece, Russia, and Spain. While insurance is not required, the law in practically all of the countries mentioned seeks to encourage it by relieving the employer of his liability if he contracts for such insurance. The system neces- sarily implies a proper state supervision of the operations of accident insurance institutions, though the degree and method of such super- vision is subject to great variations. In Greece no provision for insurance is contained in the law. In Great Britain, Russia, Spain, and Denmark the employers are per- mitted to insure themselves against liability under the law in private insurance companies and are thereby exempt from liability under the law. In Belgium and France the State has established in addi- tion a state guarantee fund to protect the insured persons in case of the insolvency of the employer or insurance company. In France all employers, whether insured or not, must contribute a certain tax to this guarantee fund, while in Belgium these contributions are exacted only from employers in case of failure to carry accident insurance. The latter provision, combined with the requirement that in case of accident leading to death or permanent disability, the unin- sured employer shall deposit the capitalized value of the pension due, creates such encouragement to insurance as to bring Belgium close to the group discussed in the next paragraph. 2. Systems in which the law establishes the individual responsi- bihty of the employer and in addition requires him to take out insur- ance either in recognized private companies or in a state institution or to furnish a guaranty sufficient to cover his responsibility. In this group may be placed the following three countries: Finland, Italy, and the Netherlands. In the Netherlands a state institution exists which does a considerable part of the insurance, but in compe- tition with it private insurance companies are operating, as well as mutual associations and even individual establishment funds under conditions of sufficient guaranty to the State. Similarly in Italy a large national institution under state supervision and control oper- ates side by side with all other forms of insurance institutions, such as commercial insurance companies, mutual employers' associations, and, in exceptional cases, specially authorized establishment funds. In Finland, while the organization of a state institution is anticipated in the law, no such institution as yet has been organized, so that the business of accident insurance is divided mainly among stock com- panies and mutual employers' associations. 3. Systems in which the law requires the employer to insure in a specified manner or in a specified institution. This group includes Austria, Germany, Hungary, Lu^^"'^^"'"" °"'^ Ar«>.,„r,^ INTRODUCTION. 7 In Hungary, Liixemburg, and Norway a central state institution conducts the insurance of employers subject to the law, while in Aus- tria similar institutions exist, but for convenience of administration the country is divided into a number of districts with a separate insti- tution for each district. In Germany the organizations conducting the insurance are com- posed of employers engaged in the same or similar industries, and membership in the proper association is compulsory for all employers engaged in that industry. In countries in which a system of compulsory insurance or com- pensation for accidental injuries is in force, the old liability legislation must necessarily be retained to form what might be termed the back- ground for cases not covered by this system, and in some countries the number of workmen not so protected is still very large, as is the case with agricultural and commercial employees in a number of countries, and workmen of small establishments in some. In certain countries, of which Great Britain is the most conspicuous example, the workman is given the right to elect whether he will demand redress under the compensation laws or under liability laws. While theoretically this plan leaves the systems coexisting side by side, as a matter of fact the new system practically supplants the old one. Finally, the law may provide, as in Sweden, that the compensation received does not deprive the injured workman of any rights under the old liability legislation for any damages in excess of the amount of compensation received, though in practice this right is exercised in but few cases. SICKNESS INSURANCE. As the dangers of sickness and the economic distress consequent upon it exist in any form of industrial organization, the beginnings of sickness insurance may be traced further back than those of insur- ance against accidents or any other form of social insurance. These beginnings are to be found in the organization of mutual aid, and are not limited to any special social group. From this form of purely voluntary organization, supported exclusively by the contributions of its members, there has been a steady development toward com- pulsory sickness insurance strictly regulated, and in some cases assisted by the State, but the development is far from complete, and the compulsory system has, as yet, been adopted mainly in Germany and Austria. The important feature of this development has been the fact that the mutual aid society was found, for many reasons, to be the most convenient organization for the purpose of accompHsh- ing compulsory sickness insurance. Briefly, the evolution of sick- ness insurance may be said to be by the following four stages : 1 . Free and voluntary associations entirely unregulated by law. 8 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 2. Regulation by law, either compulsory for all or optional with classification of societies into recognized and unrecognized. 3. Regulation conabined with government assistance. 4. Compulsory insurance. FREE, UNREGULATED SOCIETIES. Strictly speaking, in no country are mutual benefit societies left absolutely without some sort of government control, to which even voluntary associations of citizens would naturally be subject. Never- theless, at least two countries, namely, Russia and Spain, may be said to be in this stage as far as the organization of mutual benefit socie- ties are concerned. In Spain the associations are only subject to the general association law of June 30, 1887; in Russia the principle of regulation has already been appMed in regard to isolated sections of industry, as, for instance, in the mining industry of Poland, and in the mining and metallurgical establishments of the Crown. How- ever, the situation in Russia is considerably modified by the legislation of 1866 and 1886, which placed upon the proprietor of an industrial estabhshment the duty of providing gratuitous medical aid to the employees, inclusive of hospital care, whenever it is necessary. GOVERNMENT REGULATION. Great Britain, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, and Sweden may be classified in this group. In all of these countries special laws have been promulgated for the regulation of mutual benefit societies. This regulation, also, is seldom compulsory. It remains with each individual society to choose whether to subject itself to this more or less strict regulation, but certain advantages are offered to those societies which do so ; these are partly of an indirect nature, such as free postage or exemption from certain stamp dues, but the main advantage lies in the official approval which necessarily follows the submission to government control. In all these countries the exist- ing mutual benefit societies are naturally divided into two classes — those subject and those not subject to the regulations, the exact designation of such societies varying in the different countries. Thus, in Italy the societies are regulated by the law of April 15, 1896, which grants them the rights of civil persons and freedom from certain stamp and registry duties, and similar minor benefits, in exchange for a certain moderate measure of supervision and control and the obligation to conform to certain general rules of organization and procedure. Subjection to this law is optional, but carries with it the recognition and approval of the Government. To use a familiar phraseology, it may be said that the law provides for volun- tary incorporation with certain privileges attached thereto. Statis- tics of the societies in Italy have clearly demonstrated that increasing INTEODUCTION. 9 numbers are availing themselves of these advantages of incorporation and that the larger and the sounder the organization the more likely it is to do so. As yet, however, the incorporated societies are in the minority. Notwithstanding the great difference in the general economic con- ditions of Great Britain and Italy, the situation as regards benefit societies is very similar. The mutual benefit societies in Great Brit- ain — known usually as friendly societies — are purely voluntary and have existed for over a century. Legislative enactments for the regulation of these societies began with the act of 1793 ; they are now regulated chiefly by the acts of 1875 and 1896. This legislation pro- vides for the voluntary registration of friendly societies, by which regulation they subject themselves to fairly stringent provisions in exchange for various minor benefits and general advantages accruing from improved standing as registered friendly societies. Similar conditions prevail in Sweden by virtue of the act of October 30, 1891, which provides for optional registry of sick benefit societies, while in Finland, under the imperial decree of September 2, 1897, all work- men's mutual benefit societies, whether for sick or old-age relief, are subjected to government regulation. eOVEBNMENT SUBSIDIES. As government regulation, better termed recognition, incorpora- tion, or registry, while improving the financial condition of such societies, does not prove a sufficient stimxilus to extend the benefits of mutual aid to all wage-workers, a more effective method of accom- plishing this aim is sought in direct government subsidies. Belgium, Denmark, and France may be classed in this group. In one sense all of these three countries also belong to the preceding group, i. e., to the class having laws providing for optional regulation carrying with it the advantages of recognition, but the essential difference is found in the granting of direct money subsidies by the Government to the recognized or registered societies. Thus in Belgium by the law of April 3, 1851, and by the later act of June 23, 1896, which is now in force, the existing mutual benefit societies are divided into two -classes — the recognized and the nonrecognized. The first is regulated. The administrative decrees of December 30, 1902, and December 31, 1903, which provide for an aimual distribution of a certain appropriation among all recognized benefit societies, entitle Belgium to a place in this third group. In this development, Belgium has practically followed the example of France where by successive acts of government regulation the mutual benefit societies have been greatly strengthened. The act of April 10, 1834 provided for authorization of the societies, the act of July 15, 1850, for the voluntary registration of societies, and that of 10 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. April 26, 1852, for the approval of benefit societies. These different acts represented varying degrees of government control and recogni- tion. At present the mutual benefit societies are regulated by the act of April 1, 1898, together with many subsequent amendments and decrees of lesser importance. In addition to supervision, this act also grants certain subsidies to recognized mutual benefit societies, though in view of the quaUfication that these subsidies are to be used for old-age and invalidity pensions only, it might be more accurate to classify France in the second group, as far as sickness insurance is concerned. On the other hand, the old-age pension act of 1910 pro- vides for a special subsidy to mutual benefit societies undertaking to provide old-age pensions, this subsidy to be used for meeting part or all of the cost of the sick benefits. In Denmark the law concerning recognized sick benefit societies, besides carrying the familiar dis- tinction between the two classes of societies, also grants state sub- sidies to them. COMPTJISOKY INSTTBANCE. While all the various systems described above have undoubtedly stimulated the development of all the activities of mutual benefit societies, and especially in the matter of sick insurance, they have still fallen far short of accomplishing the end of providing this form of mutual benefit for the entire class of wage-earners. The only method which has, as yet, been found practicable for the accom- phshment of this aim is the introduction of compulsory sickness insurance, which usually carries with it the shifting of a certain por- tion of the burden from the employee to his employer. Germany, by its act of June 15, 1883, was the first to introduce this system on a national scale, and its example was followed by Austria in 1888, Hungary in 1891, Luxemburg in 1901, and recently by Norway in 1909. In all these countries an effort was made to retain the sick benefit societies existing at the time when this legislation was enacted, as it was felt that local administration and self-government were nec- essary for the success of this system, and therefore a great variety of organizations is found in the countries mentioned, even under the uniform system of- compulsion. Funds based upon geographic limits, estabMshment funds, trade funds, and others frequently operate side by side, though at the present time the tendency is to strengthen the funds based on geographic hmits. The rapid development of the compulsory sickness insurance idea is demonstrated by the numerous proposals in favor of the .com- pulsory system in various countries in which, as yet, it does not exist. Thus France, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland may be mentioned as countries in which proposals for compulsory sickness insurance have been seriously considered within recent years. INTBODUCTION. 11 SICKNESS INSURANCE AND OTHER FORMS OF RELIEF. A study of organizations for sickness insurance shows how closely sickness is interwoven with the other causes of economic distress. From the point of view of causation, it is often difficult to draw the line between sickness and accident, while, on the other hand, sickness may develop into more or less permanent invalidity. In its earliest form the mutual benefit society naturally gave assistance in all cases of disability, whether due to sickness or to accidents, and the duration of the assistance varied with the financial strength of the organization. The accumulation of actuarial data has placed sickness insurance on a definite insurance basis, and more careful differentiation between the various causes and forms of infirmity has resulted. Nevertheless, for practical purposes of admin- istration, it is often found of advantage not to draw the line too strictly. ACCIDENT AND SICKNESS INSURANCE. With the growth of workmen's accident insurance systems the burden of industrial accidents has fallen less heavily on the mutual benefit societies, yet it has been found advantageous, both in Ger- many and Austria, to leave the care of all accidents during the earlier stages to the sickness insurance system. The advantages of such a combination are, on the one hand, the speed of relief, and on the other, the comparative simplicity of administration and supervision, which tends to reduce malingering. In other countries, where there is no such well-organized system of compulsory insurance, the com- pensation laws frequently provide for a certain waiting period during which accidents are not compensated and the duty of furnishing relief in such cases usually falls upon the mutual benefit societies. INVALIDITY AND SICKNESS INSURANCE. Where no well-organized system of invalidity insurance exists, a considerable part of the relief of invalids becomes a burden upon the mutual benefit societies, primarily organized for the relief of tempo- rary disability. In the nature of things, the difference between sick- ness and invalidity is one of degree and not of kind. Prolongation of illness changes a case of sickness to one of invalidity, and on the other hand, the final cvu-e of a person after a more or less prolonged period of invalidity is not unusual ; but the continued care of chronic invalids soon becomes a heavy burden upon the sick benefit societies, and some limitation of the period of benefit payments becomes a necessary provision in the constitution of all sick benefit organizations. As no well-defined division between sickness and invaHdity is possible an arbitrary division must be made. In Germany, where this problem of old age and invalidity insurance received the most careful atten- tion, this arbitrary line is now drawn at twenty-six weeks. 12 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. MATERNITY INSURANCE. This branch of social insurance is still little developed in most countries and is usually combined with the general system of sickness insurance. The employment of women in industry, however, has emphasized the importance of this form of insurance and also the differences between the provision for maternity and the provision for ordinary sickness which make a separate treatment of this topic advisable from an administrative point of view. The two main points of difference may be stated as follows : First, maternity is a natural process which, though calling for medical help, in modern society usually runs a normal course and requires a definite normal length of absence from work. Second, also unlike sickness it requires this absence from work for some time before the actual occurrence of childbirth. The actuarial factors upon which a system of maternity insurance must be built are different in that it concerns only the female wage-workers and these only within certain well-defined age periods, whUe the social ptirpose is even broader than that of ordinary sickness insurance in that it concerns not only the wage-worker but also the future genera- tion. The purpose of maternity insurance is not only that of assist- ance to the mother, but also the reduction of infant mortality. The earlier efforts toward accomplishing these aims consisted in legislation regulating conditions of work of mothers for some time before and after childbirth, so as to prevent the occurrence of various diseases and accidents frequently connected with childbirth. The period varies in the legislation of different countries, usually embrac- ing from four to six weeks. This, again, unlike sickness legislation itself, in case of maternity forces a period of idleness upon the female wage-workers and therefore creates a need for financial assistance. PBESENT SYSTEMS. In Germany, though the theoretical difference between maternity and sickness is recognized, the granting of these benefits is made a part of the work of the sickness insurance system. In France no specific legislative regulation of maternity insurance has as yet been accomplished. Of the mutual benefit societies many grant maternity benefits and there are a number of special mutual benefit societies for the express purpose of granting maternity relief. These are subject to the general legislation concerning mutual benefit societies. In Austria it is combined with the general system of sickness insiu-ance. In Russia the legislation requiring the employers to furnish medical help to their employees either by means of special hospitals or dis- pensaries or by arrangements with other existing institutions is extended to cases of'maternity, and the regulations provide even that in the larger establishments special midwives be permanently em- ployed in the hospitals. INTBODTJCTION. 13 Perhaps the most interesting development in the field of maternity insurance is taking place at present in Italy where a bill for the intro- duction of a comprehensive national maternity insurance system was brought in by the Government some five years ago and has been seriously discussed with considerable chances for success. This plan proposes the organization of one central fund for the compulsory insurance of all wage-earning women of child-bearing age employed in industrial establishments. The cost of this insurance is to be met by means of equal contributions from employers and employees con- cerned, and the benefits are to consist of three-fourths of the pay during the period of twenty-eight days after confinement, during which period work is prohibited to the mothers by the act of July 6, 1902. Whether in connection with sickness insurance, or independently, this form of insurance has in practically all countries shown a ten- dency to develop under pressure of more advanced labor legislation and of the desire to reduce the death rate of infants in industrial districts. OLD-AGE AND INVALIDITY INSURANCE. The earhest known forms of provision for the aged are the systems of charitable relief in the form of outdoor relief and of institutional relief, although neither of these forms can properly be designated as features of a social insurance system. In some employments, as, for instance, that of the various government factories, pensions for superannuated or invalid employees have been customary in Europe for many years. In addition, many private establishments in Europe have been accustomed to pension aged or infirm employees after long terms of service; such pensions are often paid for entirely by the employer, the purpose of the superannuation pension in such establishments being to secure continuity of service from the employees. The pensions just mentioned, however, have affected only a small proportion of the persons generally included in a system of social insurance. The first forms of old-age and invalidity insurance proper are found in the mutual organizations of various kinds, such as the miners' rehef funds, seamen's funds, trade union funds, mutual aid societies, and the like. When these organizations adopted systems of old-age or invalidity pensions, it was usually without an adequate insurance basis in so far as the liabilities being secured by the assets is concerned, and even at the present time many voluntary insurance organizations are endeavoring to provide old-age and invalidity insur- ance without an adequate income in view of the liabilities. In order to clearly distinguish the two, the existing systems of old- age and invaUdity insurance are mentioned separately in the following paragraphs. 14 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISPIONEE OF LABOE. OLD-AGE INSURANCE. The fonns of old-age insurance now in operation may be classified as voluntary insurance not subsidized by the Government, voluntary insurance receiving Government subsidies, compulsory insurance, and noncontributory insurance. I. VOLUNTARY SYSTEMS OF OLD-AGE INSUBANCE. (a) NOT RECEIVING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES. The earliest and most extensive systems of voluntary old-age insurance were those of the miners' funds. Such voluntary funds have existed for some time in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Poland. In most cases the income of these funds was derived from contributions of both the workmen and the employers, and their operation proved so beneficial that at a later date membership in them was made compulsory in the continental coun- tries. Similar funds gradually sprang up in other industries where large groups of workmen were employed, as in connection with navi- gation, railroads, etc. With the advent of the factory system and the growth of work- men's organizations, the trade unions attempted to make pro- vision for aged members of their associations, though, as already stated, the earlier forms of this type of voluntary insurance were not usually founded on an adequate actuarial basis. Such trade union relief has been attempted more especially by the workmen's organ- izations in Great Britain, though similar work is carried on to a small extent by the Austrian, German, and other labor unions. The various mutual aid and friendly societies in the different countries have also instituted systems of old-age relief, the most extensive use of this type of organization occurring in Great Britain, although they are also found in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy. In Belgium, France, Great Britain, and Italy the government has instituted the sale of old-age annuities to individuals on terms merely sufficient to defray the cost of the insurance; usually the operation of this insurance is conducted by existing institutions, such as the postal-savings bank or other institutions, the advantages offered consisting of the low cost of administration and the security of a government institution. In a number of countries establishment funds are found which provide old-age pensions for the employees on the basis of contribu- tions from both employers and workmen. Usually the, employer requires the workman to join the fund, so that as far as the latter is concerned the system may be regarded as compulsory. Such estab- lishment funds have had an especial development in France, and until the enactment of the law of July 26, 1909, the large railroad relief funds belonged to this category. i INTRODUCTION. 15 (h) RECEIVING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES. The importance of encouraging workmen and persons of small means to make provision for old age was recognized at an early date by many of the European governments. To encourage the voluntary organizations providing old-age insurance, especially the mutual aid societies, the goyernment grants subsidies of various kinds to these organizations in Belgium, France, and other countries. In some countries a special institution has been created to provide old-age insurance, and as such insurance is necessarily extremely expensive, the government has added a subsidy in the form of either paying the cost of administration or making a direct appropriation to encourage its work; the form of these subsidies in Italy, Portugal, and Spain consists of a grant to the insured persons engaged in manual or similar occupations. In Belgium and France the government subsidy is a special grant to workmen over 65 years of age, though in the latter country it is conditioned upon twenty-five years of membership. Mention should also be made of the fact that in countries having compulsory systems of old-age insurance, namely, Austria, France, and Germany, persons not subject to the compulsory law are permitted to voluntarily insure themselves under certain restrictions, and in such cases the persons so insuring themselves receive the benefit of the government grants to these national systems. n. COMPULSORY SYSTEMS OF OLD-AGE INSTHtANCE. The three European countries having a national system of com- pulsory old-age insurance are Austria, France, and Germany. In each case the law enumerates the classes of persons subject to the law; in Austria the law includes salaried persons only, though the Government is now engaged in formulating a plan for a national system of insurance for workmen; in France and Germany the laws cover nearly all of the population gainfully employed who are receiv- ing wages or salaries, though many independent persons of small means are also included. The expense of the pensions in each of the three countries is met by payments from the insured persons and from the employers; in France and Germany the State grants an additional amount to the pension obtained, while in Austria the State grants a subsidy toward the cost of administration. The payments of the insured persons are obligatory and are made in the form of deductions from wages or salary by the employer. Besides the three countries just mentioned, some countries have compulsory systems applying to persons engaged in specified indus- tries, such as the mining industries in Austria, France, Russia (gov- ernment mines), etc., the navigation industries in Belgium, France, etc., the railroad industries in France, Italy, Russia, Belgium, etc., 16 KBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. and employees in the government industrial establishments, as for instance, the state tobacco factories in France and Italy, various metal working establishments in Russia, the liquor monopoly service of Russia, etc. Frequently the experience gained from compulsory insurance of special industries serves as the forerunner of a national system of old-age insurance. m. NONCONTKIBTTTOKY SYSTEMS OF OLD-AGE PENSIONS. Systems of contributory old-age pensions require such heavy out- lays both by the insured employees and the employers that the state has invariably found it necessary to assume at least a part of the burden by direct contributions to the pensions as well as by assuming all or part of the cost of administration, which necessarily must be very high. Another difficulty often brought forth as an argument against a system of old-age insurance on a national scale is the necessity for large accumulations of capital and the difficulty of their proper investment and the far-reaching effects of such investments upon the general condition of- the money market. These difficulties are swept away by a comprehensive noncontributory system of old- age pensions paid out of the general revenues of the state. In this way the burden of old-age pensions is distributed, among the entire population in accordance with the general pohcies of taxation pre- vailing in the country. The best known example of this system may be found in Great Britain, though it was preceded by Denmark and certain Australasian countries. This plan is also in use in France, though designated as a system of obUgatory relief of aged and infirm persons in indigent circumstances ; in the latter country, this system as introduced in 1905 does not interfere Avith the insurance system approaching the German type and introduced by the recent act of April, 1910. In France the 1905 system of noncontributory pensions begins at the age of 70, while the old-age insurance as estabhshed by the act of 1910 begins at the age of 65; a singular provision of the French system is that which permits aged persons to receive benefit under both laws simultaneously. This noncontributory system may not, strictly speaking, be desig- nated a form of social insurance as it is entirely independent of any insurance principles, but it is closely related to the various insurance institutions which have been studied in this report and represents an efl'ort to meet the same conditions. INVALIDITY INSURANCE. Closely allied with the question of old-age insurance is insurance covering invalidity. Both forms of insurance are intended to meet long states of disability. The difference lies mainly in the starting point; that is, the age at which the payment of benefits must be INTRODUCTION. 17 begun, but both require the continued payment of such benefits for a number of years. For this reason invalidity insurance has natiirally been combined with old-age insurance systems, though in its earlier forms it may be fotmd in connection with the sick benefit. The existing forms of invalidity insurance may therefore be classified according to the same scheme which has been followed in the discus- sion of old-age insurance, namely, first, voluntary systems, second, compulsory systems, and third, noncontributory invalidity pensions. I. VOITTNTABY SYSTEMS OF INVALIDITY INSURANCE. (a) NOT RECEIVING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES. Comparatively few voluntary organizations provide invalidity insurance. Usually this work is done in connection with old-age insurance, but in some cases in connection with the sick benefits, when old-age benefits are not granted. In Great Britain the friendly societies, in Germany the trade unions, in Belgium, France, and Italy the mutual benefit societies, provide such insurance. Where special government institutions exist for voluntary old-age insurance this insurance usually has some invalidity features which may take the form either of a premature liquidation of the pension or such liquida- tion together with special invalidity benefits. In the special old-age and invalidity funds for miners, railroad employees, seamen, etc., which were referred to in connection with old-age insurance, invalidity pensions are usually, but not universally, granted, and may take either of the forms mentioned above; that is, earlier maturity of the pension or increase of the actuarial value of the pension from the special reserve of the various funds. In some of the railroad funds in France and other countries invalidity pensions depend upon a certain length of service and in others no provision at all is made for invalidity pensions. In general it may be said that there has been a gradual development of invalidity provisions in connection with all old-age insurance systems. In Germany the invalidity feature of the old-age and invalidity insurance system has developed to such an extent that it is now the dominant feature of the system; the statistics given in the chapter on Germany show that at the present time there are in force about 100,000 old-age pensions as compared with about 800,000 invalidity pensions. (6) RECEIVING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES. The same reasons for state subsidies in case of invalidity insurance apply as in the case of old-age insurance. All of the institutions already mentioned as providing old-age insurance in the form of policies also provide invaUdity insurance on the same basis and receive the same subsidy or even a higher subsidy from the state; such invalidity pensions are provided in Belgium, France, and Italy. 18 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. The mutual aid societies mentioned as providing old-age insurance usually provide also invalidity insurance and receive similar subsidies from the Government. In the countries having compulsory systems of invaUdity insurance, namely, Austria, France, and Germany, persons not subject to the obligation to insure are permitted to voluntarily insure themselves under certain conditions and thereby obtain the benefit of the gov- ernment aid. n. COMPULSORY SYSTEMS OF INSURANCE. Invalidity insurance is combined with old-age insurance under the compulsory insurance laws in force in Austria, France, and Germany. The persons subject to compulsory insurance are the same as those covered by the old-age insurance. The pension provided consists of a basic sum computed on the length of time for which the insured person has paid the required contributions, and in France and Ger- many this sum is increased by a special subsidy from the state; in Austria, where the law covers salaried persons only, the subsidy of the State is given in the form of an appropriation to defray part of the cost of administration of the old-age and invalidity pension fund. In France the invalidity insurance of miners in the miners' relief funds, and of railroad employees in the railway funds, is obligatory; while in Belgium the invalidity insurance of railroad employees and of seamen is compulsory. In France the law relating to old-age and invalidity insurance had not come into force at the time of writing this report ; in Austria the law of 1906 had been in force a short time, but statistics of opera- tion were not available. In Germany practically the entire wage- earning population is covered by the compulsory system of old-age and invalidity insurance which has, for all practical purposes, devel- oped into a system of invalidity insurance. m. NONCONTRIBUTORY SYSTEMS OF INVALIDITY INSURANCE. The most conspicuous instance of a state system of invalidity benefits is that created by the French law of 1905, providing relief for aged and infirm persons. Under this system persons over 16 years of age are practically insured in case of invalidity without any previous action on the part of the workman. In the Australian federation and in the State of Victoria similar benefits are provided by law. In other countries, namely Denmark and New South Wales, invalids above a certain age are entitled to such pensions. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. Insurance against loss from unemployment has gone through practically the same evolution as other forms of social insurance. The earliest and simplest forms of provision against the consequences of unemployment are the individjaaLjoauethodsL^ snch fnr tmcfonr -\r%c^ aa INTBODUGTION. 19 deposits in savings banks. Institutions for savings have received the encouragement of the government in practically all countries of Europe, but the benefits to the workmen have been rather by way of making the institutions more available to the small depositor than in the form of direct benefits. Next to individual efforts should be mentioned the collective efforts of various kinds, the most important of which are the trade organizations of the workers them- selves. As is the case with other forms of social insurance the first efforts in this direction could not be designated as insurance because the crude methods used had no proper insurance basis. This is also true of the methods in use at the present time in providing benefits for lack of employment. The most successful systems of unemploy- ment relief are those in use by voluntary organizations such as trade unions, etc., of the workmen themselves. Provision against distress due to unemployment has proved to be a feature well adapted to promote the general aims of trade organizations and is recognized as an efficient means of preventing the unemployed workers from depressing the general level of wages in an industry. Other organi- zations have also endeavored to encourage the making of provision for periods of industrial depression and in recent years there have even been several attempts to provide such insurance by companies conducting the business on a commercial basis. In recent years the operations of the voluntary associations for provision against periods of unemployment have been recognized as having a distinct social value, and at the present time several of the important in- dustrial countries of Europe are endeavoring to encourage the for- mation and operation of such organizations by means of subsidies from the national government, while in other countries the local governments, particularly the municipalities, are even more ener- getically aiding these institutions. The successful operation of compulsory insurance in other fields has naturally suggested the possibility of instituting a system of compulsory unemployment insurance; up to the present time, however, the attempt of the Swiss Canton of St. Gall has been the only effort in this direction, and for a variety of reasons this attempt had to be abandoned in a short time. The existing institutions providing what may be termed insurance against consequences of unemployment may be classed as, first, volun- tary organizations not receiving government subsidies; second, vol- untary organizations receiving government subsidies; and third, other forms of insurance against unemployment. I. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS NOT RECEIVING GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES. Provision for the relief of unemployment by voluntary organiza- tions has followed the same general course of development as other ■f-^-wc .r>f inaiirn.Tic,fi. With tho growth of the trade unions it was 20 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. recognized at an early date that proper care of persons out of work would be an efficient means of preventing such persons from under- bidding the prevailing rates of wages and thereby would be an impor- tant means of maintaining an existing level. The British trade unions in particular recognized the importance of this form of pro- vision against unemployment ; one having instituted a system of out- of-work benefits as early as 1831, and this provision was subsequently adopted in other countries, so that in all of the countries treated in the present study such relief was found to a greater or less extent. The forms in which unemployment benefits are provided consist of, first, a pecuniary out-of-work benefit, usually granted under many restrictions ; second, a travel benefit, enabling the workman to reach localities where there are opportunities for employment; and third, a removal benefit, permitting the workman to make a permanent change in his place of residence. Some of the trade unions, notably in Belgium and France, have instituted workshops in which employ- ment is provided for unemployed members. In some institutions, as, for instance, the friendly societies of Great Britain, the unemploy- ment benefit consists solely of the remission of membership dues while the member is unable to obtain employment. n. VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS RECEIVING GOVERNMENT STTBSIDIES. The social importance of voluntary organizations making provision against unemployment was first recognized by the municipalities of Belgium, where the system of granting subsidies to trade-union and other funds providing unemployment benefits has developed to a considerable degree. This system is usually referred to as the Ghent system. Municipahties in other countries gradually copied this method of encouraging unemployment insurance, and in the year 1905 the National Government of France put into operation a system of subsidies on a national scale by appropriating the sum of 110,000 francs ($21,230) to defray the expense. The example of France was followed in the year 1906 by Norway, and in the year 1907 by Den- mark. In each of these three countries a subsidy proportioned to the amount paid by the organization providing the unemployment benefits is granted, and in each case the law making the grant care- fully stipulates the terms under which the subsidy is to be distributed. In other countries large amounts are distributed as subsidies by many of the local governments such as the municipalities, the communes, the provinces, etc. ; in Belgium, France, and Germany many of the local governments have adopted this policy. It should be stated that in Norway the local governments reimburse the National Government for the major part of the expenditure arising from the subsidies. In all of the countries the principal organizations receiving the subsidies are the trade unions, though there are many private societies con- ducting unemployment funds which also helonp tn thi s pIass In INTRODUCTION, 21 order to make provision for workmen who are not members of trade- union unemployment funds, in some places a plan has been adopted of giving a bonus on savings-bank deposits which are withdrawn in case of lack of opportunity to work; in other places the trade unions are required to admit as members of their unemployment section anyone engaged in the occupation who may desire to obtara the benefits of the unemployment subsidy system. The most frequent criticism directed against the system of subsidizing unemployment funds by the public authorities arises from the fact that organized workmen are apt to secure a greater share of the benefits than the unorganized workmen. As a matter of fact the trade unions far out- number the other organizations receiving benefits under this system. m. OTHER FORMS OF INSURANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT. Investigation of the subject of workmen's insurance has disclosed a variety of miscellaneous forms of aid in case of unemployment. Among these may be mentioned the following : Some of the British and Belgian friendly societies providing reHef in case of sickness, death, etc., grant their members full rights of membership without the payment of dues during involuntary un- employment. A number of business firms, especially in Germany, have created unemployment funds for the workmen employed in their establish- ments; membership in these funds is sometimes compulsory and sometimes voluntary. Most of these organizations are rather systems of compulsory saving than systems of insurance because most fre- quently the member is entitled only to the amounts paid in by him, together with subsidies of various forms provided by the establish- ment or by interest arising from a special reserve fund. In Italy a privately endowed organization known as the "Umani- taria" of Milan grants subsidies on the Ghent system to labor unions and other organizations providing unemployment benefits. A number of associations of employers in Belgium, France, and Germany have collected assessments based on the number of their employees or on wages in order to institute a fund for the relief of unemployed workmen. One instance is known of a German establishment which provides that when the workman is dismissed because of lack of work he becomes entitled to full wages or salary for a period of time based on the length of service in the establishment. In Germany and France a small number of private companies have undertaken to provide unemployment insurance as a business under- taldng; although these firms issue collective contracts they can not properly be classed as institutions for social insurance. According to the information available they have not met with any great TTifiasiirp. of success. 22 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. mSDRANCE OF WIDOWS AND ORPHANS. Under all of the accident compensation systems a fatal accident covered by the compensation law is compensated by a benefit in some form to the survivors of the insured person. These benefits usually take the form of either a lump sum payment distributed to the widow and orphans or the form of a pension to the widow for life or until remarried and a pension to the children until a certain age is reached. It is evident that many cases will arise where the death of the insured person leaves the family in just as great distress as if the death had been caused by an industrial accident, and in many cases the family is in even greater distress because death may result after a long perio"d of illness in which the family resources were consumed in caring for the sick person. In order to make provision for the class of cases just mentioned, widow and orphan benefits were provided by the miners' relief funds in the various countries, but especially in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Great Britain. Similar provision, usually amounting to half the pension to which the deceased was entitled or was receiving, is found in the case of some of the railway funds and seamen's funds. In Germany, at the present time, the navigation accident associa- tion, which administers the compulsory accident and invalidity insurance for seamen, conducts a system of widow and orphan insurance which is founded on a carefully considered actuarial basis. The German Government now has under consideration the creation of a national compulsory system of insurance for widows and orphans (Hinterilieienen- VersicJierung) . Under the invalidity and old-age law of France in case of death a small sum is paid to the children under 16 years and to the widow. Under the system in force in Austria (for salaried persons only) the widow receives a pension equal to half of the pension or other bene- fits to which the husband was entitled at the time of his death, and each child under 18 years of age receives a variable pension until that age is reached, but in case the insured person has paid dues for less than the minimum period necessary to become entitled to bene- fits under the law the widow or children receive a lump sum pay- ment. In Germany under the invalidity and old-age law, in case a member dies before reaching a pension, the survivors become entitled to the dues or contributions paid in by the insured person up to the time of his death. In all systems of voluntary old-age insurance provided by state institutions (Belgium, France, Italy, and Spain) the choice is given to the insured to select either the alienated or the reserved capital plan, and under the latter the amount of contributions made by the insured person is reimbursed to the surviving heirs in case of death either before or after the pension has matured, thus creating a con- necting link between old-age cm/i r^r-Aii^ar-ir lifo ingTn.onr.o INTEODUCTION. 23 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS. The provisions of the laws of the various countries are of course primarily for the benefit of resident citizens, and are as a result adapted to local conditions and administered by local agencies. The foreign workman employed in any given jurisdiction is therefore necessarily at a disadvantage in the eye of the law, since the admin- istration of the law in his behalf in case of injury can not be effective except during the period of his residence in the country of employ- ment; while fatal injuries frequently give rise to questions of the rights of nonresident beneficiaries. The questions of the extra- territorial operation of laws and the protection of the rights of work- men resident in another State are not unimportant as between the different jurisdictions within the United States, but the points involved are of minor importance as compared with those arising between countries of diverse organization politically, and in industrial compe- tition, yet lying in close proximity along an extended boundary line. A number of the compensation and accident insurance laws of the countries of Europe contain provisions for alien workmen returning to their homes, as by providing for the liquidation of claims for con- tinuing benefits by the payment of a lump sum (Austria, France); or payments may be suspended during the absence of the beneficiary from the country of employment (Germany, Hungary), unless it is clear that the injury is of a nature to cause permanent incapacity (Great Britain); while dependents of a foreign subject dying as the result of injury may be held to be entitled to no compensation if they are not at the time residents of the country of employment (Den- mark, France), or arQ entitled to compensation only if subjects of the country of employment are allowed reciprocal advantages in case of injury or death in the country of the residence of such depend- ents (Hungary, Germany, Sweden). This list, while incomplete, shows clearly the importance of the international agreement to accord to the citizens of the various countries the privileges of residents and citizens of the country of employment in exchange for mutual benefits to be granted. A number of the laws in question clearly look to such reciprocal agreements. The first international agreement relating in any way to compensa- tion for industrial accidents was made by France and Italy in 1904. This agreement embraced provisions as to national and private sav- ings funds and included also declarations as to the reciprocal rights of workmen of the two nationahties in the matter of benefits and pen- sions following from the operation of the laws of the two countries relative to compensation for industrial accidents. The advantages of funds and organizations to provide for old age and invalidity were likewise made reciprocally available for the citizens of the two coun- 46598°— 10 3 24 EEfOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. tries. This agreement has given rise to subsequent regulations pro- mulgated in 1906 and 1907 by these governments relative to the application of the principles of the agreement, and arranging spe- cifically for the transfer of deposits and for indemnity in cases ol accident. The example set by France and Italy was followed in the same year by other countries, Italy and Switzerland and Italy and Germany agreeing to undertake consideration of means of securing to the work- men of one nationahty employed within the territories of the other reciprocal advantages in the naatter of insurance against accidents, the provisions to be as nearly equivalent as possible. A similar engagement was entered into in January of the following year by Germany and Austria-Hungary, adding, however, a consideration of protective legislation to that of insurance. The earliest succeeding fruit of this spirit of agreement appeared in countries not party to these preliminary conventions, Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg having concluded in 1905 an agree- ment covering industrial accidents, admitting the victims of such accidents, citizens of either country, to the benefits of the indemnities and guarantees of the country of employment. These benefits extend also to the representatives of such injured persons where the injury results in death. The German accident insurance law of June 30, 1900, contains a provision that the pensions of foreigners shall cease on their ceasing to habitually live in Germany, but provid.es for waiver by the federal council of this provision for such foreign countries as have made cor- responding legal provisions for German workmen injured by indus- trial accidents. This law also empowers the imperial chancellor, with the consent of the federal council, to make mutual agreements with the governments of such countries as have provisions for workmen corresponding to the German system of accident insurance. In accordance with this provision of the law, agreements have been con- cluded between Germany and Luxemburg (1905), and Germany and Belgium (1906). The first of these agreements seems to have been due to German initiative, and to have been effected for wider social and economic reasons no less than those affecting immigrant labor exclusively ; while the second was entered upon at the instance of the Belgian Government, moved by a desire to protect its considerable body of emigrating laborers, whether their stay should be temporary or permanent . In the former case, agricultural and forestry employees are not included, the laws of Luxemburg not extending to those classes of employment ; in the second, the German ordinance extends to Belgian subjects the benefits of the industrial accident insurance law of June 30, 1900, and of the law as to accident insurance in con- struction works, allowing beneficiaries to return to Belgium without INTRODUCTION, 25 forfeiture of rights, and providing similarly for dependents of work- men whose injuries result fatally. At the same time that the agreement was being made between Belgium and Germany, the former country was securing a similar agreement with France, supplemental, though by an independent instrument, to the earlier agreement as to the transfer of saviags deposits. A new and important feature of the agreement between France and Belgium was a provision by virtue of which the latter country undertook to enact protective legislation which would bring it up to the standard already existing in France. The preliminary arrangements having been completed, the agreement was promul- gated in June, 1906, being followed in a few days by an identical agreement between France and Luxemburg. In 1Q07 the British ministry broached the subject of an agreement with France along the lines of those agreements above considered, though the provisions of the British law governii^ compensation differ in a number of important respects from those of continental Eiu^ope. A new factor was introduced into the discussion by reason of the fact that the benefits of the British law were m no wise restricted on the basis of nationality, the condition of foreigners being on an equality with that of British subjects, whUe the French law dis- criminates in a variety of ways so as to affect alien workmen unfavor- ably. The negotiations were not concluded until in the summer of 1909, when an agreement was entered into by representatives of these two countries. Germany and the Netherlands are parties to an agreement entered into in 1907 covering the subject of the insurance of workmen against industrial accident in the respective countries, and involving a situa- tion of infrequent occurrence, if it was not unique. This arose from the provisions of the two laws relative to "branches" of industries, or undertakings carried on in another country than that of the seat of the management or principal undertaking; and the provisions relative to foreign employees working in the country but not domi- ciled therein, and to native employees resident in the Netherlands but injured abroad. As a result of these provisions it was possible for German workmen employed in branch undertakings in the Neth- erlands to be without insurance, while Dutch workmen resident in the Netherlands but injured outside the country were subject to double insurance. To cure this anomaly and afford equal pro- tection to all classes of employees a convention was concluded in August, 1907, by the terms of which branches of undertakings having principal offices in one country but carried on in the other are sub- ject to the insurance laws of the country in which the work is actually performed, such branches being considered for the purposes of workmen's insmrance as independent businesses. This provision 26 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, is subject to the exception that for the first six months of any branch undertaking its operations remain under the provisions of the law of the country of the proprietary or main office. If the injury results from the work of international transportation, the workman comes under the law of the locality of the accident. Mutual consideration is to be given by the authorities of the two countries to cases arising under the convention, for the determination of the facts, and to this end experts resident in one country may be called upon by the officials of the other to respond to necessary inquiries. Each Govern- ment agreed to furnish to the other translations of the schedules and rates used in the application of its own laws, and each mutually promised not to increase the premium rates for xmdertakings whose main or central office is in the territory of the other. Next in order of time comes the agreement between Great Britain and France, concluded July 3, 1909, by which British subjects em- ployed as workmen in France are secured the benefits and guaranties granted by the laws of that country to its own citizens, while French subjects at work in the United Kingdom are to have not only the protection afforded by law to British subjects, but supplemental pro- visions exist in the agreement by virtue of which French subjects are guaranteed special rights and privileges. In September of the same year Italy and Hungary, by their repre- sentatives, drew up a convention by which the citizens of either employed as workmen within the territory of the other are secured the benefits granted by law to citizens of the country of employment. The law was made retroactive, taking effect as to all benefits accruing since August 1, 1908. The reciprocal benefits of the law accrue to workmen injured within the territory of the two countries in employ- ment the established office of which is within either of the countries; also if the injury occurs outside the territory of either of these coun- tries, unless the locality in which the injury occurred has itself a law governing such injuries. Survivors of injured persons need not be residents of the country of employment to secure the benefits of the laws made the subject of this convention. While France and Germany have no agreement of the nature of those discussed above, there has been in existence since October, 1906, a mutual arrangement for the employment of rogatory commissions^ through which the facts relative to accidents occurring in either coun- try may be officially certified to the authorities of the other, to the end that the laws of the country originating the inquiry may be fairly administered in cases involving questions of compensation or insur- ance. A similar agreement exists between Italy and Switzerland, restricted to cases of injury occurring in the Siroplon tunnel. The laws of Denmark and Sweden on the subject of workmen's com- pensation, while covering the employment of all workmen in the two INTEODUCTION, 27 countries, exclude from the benefits of the laws dependents who are not residents of the country of employment at the time of the em- ployee's death. Departure from these countries also cuts off the pen- sions which beneficiaries may be receiving. An agreement between these two countries grants their citizens reciprocal rights and benefits, waiving these limitations as to residence. Great Britain also, on a representation that its law permitted Swedish subjects to secure and retain the benefits of its compensation act without loss by nonresidence, obtained from the Swedish Government a royal ordinance, taking effect July 1, 1909, giving to British subjects employed in Sweden and to their dependents the same rights as are enjoyed by citizens of Sweden in residence. Regret has been expressed that there is not, in respect of the agree- ments and conventions between nations, a greater uniformity of matter, to the end that workmen may be the more easily apprised of their rights, to whatever country they may go for employment. So long, however, as the laws themselves differ the effect of the agreements can not be the same everywhere, though this sets the objection only a step farther back and impresses the importance of approximately similar, if not identical, provisions in the various countries for the protection of workmen. It is clear that the general effect of the agreements is to secure the reciprocal enjoyment of citizens' rights, so that a study of the law of each country will give at least a substantial indication of the scope and content of the international agreement. CHAPTER L WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 29 CHAPTER I. WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. INTRODUCTION. The industrial status of Austria is best indicated by a comparison of the returns of the population census of 1900 and of the industrial census of 1902. The first showed that the total population numbered 25,921,671 ;{") the second showed that the number of persons gain- fully employed was 4,049,320, and that they were in the service of 1,408,855 establishments. The industrial census included persons engaged in the production of raw materials, smelting, mamif acturing, the building trades, commerce and transportation, and some of the higher grades of employment, such as banking, medical institutions, and the like. A considerable proportion of the population is therefore engaged in industrial pursuits, and the system used for the insurance of this number of persons calls for careful consideration in any study of workmen's insurance. The industries in which the population gain- fully employed is engaged are shown in the following table, giving the principal groups used in the 1902 industrial census: PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS ON JUNE 3, 1902. [Source: Osterreichisches Statistisches Handbuch, 1907.] Groups of industries. Number of establish- ments. Persons employed. I. Production of raw materials II. Smelting III. Stones, earths, and glass IV. Metal working V. Machinery apparatus, and instruments VI. Woodworking, etc VII. Rubber wares, etc VIII. Leather, etc IX. Textiles X. Decorating XI. Clothing XII. Paper XIII. Foods and drinks XIV. Hotels and restaurants XV. Chemicals XVI. Buildmg trades XVII. Printing trades XVIII. Heating and lighting plants ■. XIX. Itinerant industries XX. Commercial establishments with fixed places of business XXI. Itinerant commercial establishments XXn. Banking and insurance XXIII. Accessory commercial establishments XXrV. Transportation XXV. Medical Institutions Total Groups I to XIX (industries, etc. ) Total Groups XX to XXV (commerce, transportation, etc.) Grand total o Osterreichisches Statistisches Handbuch, 1907, p, 7,56G 63 34.685 04,596 31,502 99,607 225 13,792 173,506 2,821 292,421 6,493 100,994 120, 100 8,427 47,572 4,301 423 1,389 309,716 21,361 9,639 22,401 34, 907 1,398 1,009,443 399,412 1,408,855 182, 451 8,635 236,983 260,690 168, 065 240,354 4,670 44,750 548,975 6,731 537,517 56,006 332,006 283, 713 66, 614 322,282 36,963 4,676 1,560 543, 191 21,642 34,816 34,206 78,039 4,405 3,333,021 716,299 4,049,320 31 32 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBK OF LABOR. The industry employing the greatest number of persons is the tex- tile industry, and commercial establishments with fixed places of business rank next. This is followed by the clothing industry with 537,517 persons. Next in rank comes the food and drink industry with 332,006 persons. The building trades, which are noted for their high accident rate, employ 322,282 persons. Following these in- dustries are a number employing over 200,000 persons each, among which may be mentioned that of hotels and restaurants, in which the sickness rate is apt to be high, but the accident rate low. Two industries having high accident and sickness rates, namely, the metal working and the woodworking industries, employ, respec- tively, 260,690 persons and 240,354 persons. The rest of the popu- lation employed in industries is scattered among a number of smaller groups. The. industry which in all countries is conspicuous for its high accident rate, namely, transportation, employs 78,039 persons. The industries included in the industrial census do not include the mining of "reserved" minerals, this term including mining operations conducted by underground working. Therefore, to the 4,049,320 persons already referred to must be added the total num- ber of persons employed in mining, which in 1906 was approximately 150,000; the statistical yearbook states that this number was about 26 per 1,000 of the persons engaged in gainful occupations. The smelting industry, affiliated with the mining establishments, em- ployed in 1906 approximately 13,000 persons, or according to the source just mentioned, 2.2 per 1,000 of the population gainfully em- ployed. This separation of the statistics of mining from the general industrial statistics is a peculiar feature of the Austrian industrial situation and is reflected in the organization of the system of insur- ance for workmen against sickness, accident, etc. As at present organized the insurance of workmen engaged in mining and affiliated smelting establishments is entirely separate from the insurance of all other industries. We have, therefore, in Austria at the present time a system of insurance for the mining industry which includes relief for accidents, sickness, invalidity and old age, and for survivors; this insurance included 425,133 persons with 532,935 dependents in 1907. Existing side by side with this system is the insurance for all other industrial employees. The latter system includes a comprehensive plan of accident insurance, so arranged that the whole country is divided into sections, and one accident insurance organization provides for all industries located in each section, with the exception of mining as above stated, and as is later explained, with the exception of state railway employees who, because of the special nature of the industry, are organized into a sepa- rate institution covering the whole country. In 1907 the accident in- surance, excluding agriculture and mining, included 2,111,720 persons. CHAPTER I. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 33 The Austrian system is of peculiar interest, because the pohtical subdivisions of the Empire are used as the basis for the territorial subdivisions of the insurance system ; for a federal government, such as that of the United States, the method of operation under this system offers many suggestions. Having the accident insurance arranged by political subdivisions permits a closer relation with the system of sickness insurance which, as is customary, provides for dis- ability of short duration, whether caused by accident or sickness. The sickness insurance system in Austria, as in Germany, is a mixture of institutions especially created to administer the sickness insurance law and of institutions which have existed for many years, as well as of certain independent insurance organizations which work side by side with the compulsory state organizations and in a measure are substitutes therefor. The number of persons in 1907 who were included in the sickness insurance system was 3,044,129. The subject of old-age insurance in Austria has been the cause of long discussion, but as yet the insurance of only one class of employees has resulted, namely, that of salaried persons and mining employees. The former can hardly be properly called a workmen's insurance, but a brief discussion of the existing system, as established by the law of 1906, is given, as showing a plan of old-age and invalidity relief, which is the result of long study, and which bids fair to be copied in the neighboring Empire of Germany. It should be mentioned, however, that insurance against invalidity and old age is also provided by the miners' organizations. In Austria, as in other European countries, institutions for the relief of workmen disabled by sickness or accident have existed for a long time. Those for which the records are most complete are the relief measures which were in use by the various guilds of master workmen and of journeymen. In these organizations the relief of sickness and of accidental injury were not separated, and the admin- istration of these features of guild work was usually referred to as a work of benevolence. Thus in 1527 the Emperor Ferdinand I issued a decree recognizing the activity of the journeymen's guilds in the relief of disability and the payment of burial expenses of their members; again, in 1739, when certain of these trade corporations were dissolved, the journeymen were nevertheless permitted to meet on certain days for the purpose of collecting dues for the relief of disabled fellow-workmen. These dues ranged from 4 to 7 kreutzers per month, were to be placed in a special chest and expended only for the relief of disabled and needy members. A similar rule was enacted for the masters' corporations. For workers not entitled to such relief, or in cases where this relief was insufficient, the public poor relief system was called on. 34 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. Various types of organization gradually developed to care for cases of disability and other occasions of distress. As the factory system developed, little or no attention was paid to the workmen in factories until 1837, when the industrial regulations, enacted on February 18, 1837, directed that the proprietors of industrial establishments should provide for workmen, journeymen, and apprentices for at least four weeks in case of sickness, including hospital treatment. This regu- lation included employees regardless of sex, but did not include day laborers, and practically extended the 1810 regulations on domestic servants to the factory and other industries. Experience proved that these measures were insufficient, and in 1859 the industrial code of the Empire was amended. Article 85 of the industrial code of 1859 provided that in "large industrial undertakings" — meaning those employing more than twenty work- men — when the large number of workmen or the nature of the em- ployment is such that special care for the relief of workmen in Cases of accident or sickness is necessary, the head of the estab- lishment must create an establishment relief fund or join an existing relief fund. This provision for factory employees was accornpanied by regulations for those artisans and hand workers who were organ- ized into compulsory guilds; in these organizations the workmen had to pay not more than 3 per cent of their wages, and the employers paid at least half of the amount paid by their workmen. The law required that an "appropriate influence" in the management of the organization be granted to the workmen. Partly on account of the failure to distinguish between cases of accident and cases of sickness, and partly on account of the imper- fections in its administrative features, the law proved unsatisfactory in practice. The number of establishment funds instituted was very small and some confusion developed on account of the conflicting claims of the existing guild sick funds and the new establishment funds. In most of the last-named funds the dues were too low to permit of an adequate system of benefits, and in practice the work- men had so little influence in the management of the organizations that they became hostile to the system and prevented a successful expansion of it. Attempts to improve this state of affairs were made in the law on "associations," of November 15, 1867. An official report states that a considerable increase in the number of beneficial associations took place immediately following this law, and in theyear 1879 there were funds of various kinds to the number of 1 ;878 ; these were guild funds, associations of ofliicials, artisans' funds, workmen's funds, etc. If the funds restricted to industrial workers alone are considered, in the year 1879 there were 369 miners' provident funds (Brvderladen) , with 99,917 members and annual expenditures of 1,562,955 florins CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 35 ($634,559.73), and 860 "industrial relief funds," including 40 rail- road sick and relief funds, the latter having a yearly expenditure of 803,267 florins ($326,126.40). These 860 "industrial funds" included 504 industrial establishment funds, 235 funds of establishments engaged in trade, transportation, etc., 28 funds of miscellaneous establishments, and 93 funds which were not restricted to any branch of industry. These funds were supported as follows: Twenty-two by employers, 320 by workmen, and 518 by employers and work- men combined. For 748 funds data were secured as to the num- ber of members, which was 306,678; the income of these funds was 2,013,018 florins ($817,285.31) and their expenditures were 1,854,911 florins ($753,093.87); about 348 funds provided sick benefits, medi- cine, and medical service, while 120 funds paid funeral benefits. (") A revision of the law on associations of 1867, made in the year 1882, proved unfortunate in its results and caused a decrease both in the activity of these organizations and in their membership. In the five years following 1882 the question of compulsory insurance against sickness and accidents was discussed extensively on account of proposals to extend the system of liability of employers along the lines of the German employers' liability law of 1871. The action of Germany at this time in adopting a compulsory insurance system influenced events in Austria and eventually turned the tide in favor of the same plan. Revisions of the factory legislation were made in 1883 and 1885, which while introducing numerous changes did not alter materially the status of the existing relief funds. The efforts of the factory inspectors to introduce establishment funds at first met with little success, but a judicial decision of December 5, 1883, somewhat unexpectedly interpreted their powers more liberally than was anticipated and from this date the number of establish- ment funds increased. During the three years 1885 to 1887 the factory inspectors passed on 1,527 constitutions of proposed funds, while many establishments afl51iated themselves with existing sick relief organizations. For instance, at the close of the year 1887, the Federation of Workmen's Sick and Invalidity Relief Funds had afiiUated with it 40 funds with about 300 branches and a member- ship of 136,195. The guild funds, on the other hand, did not par- ticipate to any great extent in this development, owing to the lack of interest at this time on the part of the master workmen and their journeymen. The proprietors of the larger undertakings at this period felt the necessity of securing some form of accident relief, and some of them attempted to provide this through voluntary accident insurance » See footnote on page 82 for the rate of conversion of Austrian into United States money. 36 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR, organizations. While helpful in many respects, the reports of this factory inspectors show that the activity of these organizations was but limited and that those branches of industry most in need of such insurance had practically none. The experience of Austria with the various types of voluntary and semicompulsory systems of sick and accident relief was, on the whole, unsatisfactory. It is difficult to locate the exact cause of this failure to get the desired results; it was partly due to imperfect administrative arrangements, and partly due to the inherent difficul- ties associated with voluntary insurance. Compulsory insurance similar to that of Germany was finally decided upon as the only means of adequately providing the needed relief, and in 1887 the com- pulsory accident insurance law was enacted, followed in 1888 by the passing of the compulsory sickness insurance law. ACCIDENT INSURANCE. The accident insurance law of 1887 applies to industries conducted on a large scale and to industries in which there is a high accident rate, such as those involving the use of explosives or of power-driven machinery, but does not include mining. The law also includes those workmen in agriculture and forestry who are exposed to the risk of machinery. The law of 1894 extended the insurance to the transportation industries, to warehousing and storage industries, cleaning of streets, etc., following the usual plan of introducing the insurance for a specified number of industries and then extending its scope to other industries. The existing miners' provident funds were not affected by either the 1887 or 1894 accident insurance laws, so that the insurance of miners is entirely separate from the insur- ance of other workers. The sickness insurance law of 1888 specifies that all persons included by the accident insurance law are subject to the compulsory sickness insurance ; by this provision, the first four weeks of disability caused by accident are cared for in all the industries included in the accident insurance. The sickness insurance therefore covers the same field as the accident insurance with the addition of a number of other industries as stated below. INDUSTRIES INCLUDED. The persons insured are workmen and administrative officials employed in factories and smelting works, in mining operations on "nonreserved minerals" (the "reserved minerals" are those exploited by regular underground operations), in shipyards, in slips, and in quarries, as well as in plants connected with these establishments ; in buUding operations (with certain minor exceptions); in establish- ments producing or using explosives; in establishments engaged in CHAPTER I, WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 37 manufacturing and in industries generally; in agriculture or forestry in which steam boilers are used or machinery used which is moved by animal or mechanical power. If, however, an establishment engaged in agriculture or forestry uses machinery in such a manner that only a part of the employees, etc., are exposed to the risks arising there- from, then only those so exposed are required to be insured. In addition to the above, the law of 1894 places the following estab- lishments under the insurance system: All parts of the operation of railways, regardless of the motive power used; all other transporta- tion enterprises (not including navigation, which is covered by the maritime code) which conduct as a business the transportation of persons or commodities either on land or on rivers and inland water- ways; dredging operations; establishments for cleaning streets and buildings, (windows, roofs, etc.); establishments conducting storage houses, including warehouses, lumber yards, coal yards, etc. ; estab- lishments conducting permanent theatrical enterprises; paid fire departments or services; establishments for digging canals ; establish- ments for cleaning chimneys; establishments for stonecutting, well digging, and construction work in iron and steel, including establish- ments not hitherto covered by the insurance system. The accident insurance of persons engaged in the mining of "reserved" minerals, that is, those minerals which are extracted by regular underground mining processes, is regulated by the provisions of the mining code and is not administered by the workmen's accident insurance institutions but by the mining office in the Department of Agriculture. PERSONS INSURED. The law includes in the insurance "workmen and administrative officials" {Arheiter und Betriebsbeamten) . There is no specified limit as to the wages or salary received by these persons. The terms also include apprentices, learners, workers without pay, etc., who because of unfinished training receive either no wages or reduced wages. Pleads of establishments not included under the law may volun- tarily insure themselves and their employees. Also in establish- ments covered by the law, those persons not included under the terms workmen and administrative officials may be insured in the same way as those covered by the law. The earnings of such persons in excess of 1,200 florins ($487.20) are not considered in computing premiums and compensation. Persons who are members of volunteer fire departments or services may also insure themselves on the same terms as paid departments. CHARACTER OF DISABILITY COMPENSATED. The German accident insurance system exerted considerable influ- ence on the scope and character of the Austrian system. This is particularly marked in the kind of disability compensated; in fact 38 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. the terms defining an accident included under the law are almost identical; in Austria the accidents compensated are those occur- ring during the employment ("Idm Betriehe"). The accident must have a direct connection with the employment, or, as the Austrian law designates it, there must be a "causal connection" between the accident and the employment. Accidents purposely caused are the only class of accidents not compensated, but these are granted com- pensation if the injury terminates in death. There is no question of any negligence on the part of either the employer or the employee, and it may therefore be said that the law accepts fully the doctrine of trade risk. If the employer or a fellow-employee has purposely caused an accident resulting in an injury, the injured workman has a claim against such a person only in case a court decides upon a com- pensation greater in amount than that permitted in the accident insurance system, and in that case the injured employee is entitled only to the excess of the amount granted by the court over the amount granted by the accident insurance institution, the rest of the damages granted being turned over to the insurance organization. No other benefits than those prescribed in the law may be granted, so that disability due to invalidity or diseases caused by special occupa- tions or dangerous trades is not regarded as coming within the scope of the law. In Austria, therefore, the accident insurance grants compensation for practically all industrial accidents having direct connection with the employment, and the burden of proof of showing that the disability was caused purposely or was not within the scope of the employment rests upon the employer. BENEFITS. MEDICAL ATTENDANCE, ETC. The accident insurance organizations are institutions which provide only financial benefits. Medicines, medical attendance, therapeutic appliances, etc., in case of accidental injury must be provided, as long as the disability lasts, by the sickness insurance organizations. To carry out this provision the sick funds in the area of each accident insurance institution are organized into a federation, and the work of providing the medical, etc., benefits is performed by the federation. The accident institution administers the business of the federation. PENSIONS FOR DISABILITY. In case of disability due to accident, the sick insurance organiza- tions must provide the benefits specified on page 230 for the first four weeks of disabihty. The accident insurance institutions must provide pensions beginning with the fifth week of disability. The pension is computed on the basis of the average annual earnings of the injured CHAPTEB I, WOBKMEn's INSUKANCB IN AUSTRIA. 39 person or of a person engaged in similar work in the same or a similar establishment. The average aimual earnings are computed at 300 times the average daily earnings, but if the annual earnings exceed 1,200 florins ($487.20), the excess is not considered in com- puting the pension. The pension for total disability is equal in amount to 60 per cent of the annual earnings; for partial disability the pension is a portion of the preceding, depending on the loss of earning power, but not to exceed 50 per cent of the annual earnings. Pensions to Austrians may, with the consent of the pensioner and the approval of certain officials of the commune (Gemeinde) in which he resides, be paid off wholly or partly on the basis of the capitalized value of the pension. Pensions to persons residing permanently in foreign countries may be paid off by such payments. The point of negligence of course does not enter into the question of compensation, but no compensation is provided where the injury is purposely incurred unless death results. In order to place the employees of railways in as favorable position as they were under the liability law of 1869, the insurance law of 1894 contains a special provision that railway employees are to have their full earnings (including the variable earnings such as mileage, pay, etc.) counted in computing the assessments and the compen- sation. Also the assessments are paid entirely by the employer, instead of 90 per cent by the employer and 10 per cent by the work- man. The compensation is made larger in certain cases by the provision that if the injured railway employee or his dependent heirs have a claim under the liability law of 1869, the accident pen- sion specified for other industries shall be increased one-half for temporary disability, and shall be doubled fqr complete permanent disability; that is, the compensation may be 120 per cent of the annual earnings; for dependents in case of fatal accidents the com- pensation specified shall be increased by two-thirds under the same circumstances. It will be noticed that the system in Austria provides that the sick funds shall care for the injured person during the first four weeks of disability. In Germany the period during which injured persons are left to the care of the sick funds (the waiting time) is thirteen weeks. The Austrian insurance institutions have expressed a desire that a similar waiting time be adopted for their system. The accidents causing disability for less than thirteen weeks form a large proportion of the total number and involve costs of administra- tion which make an unduly large percentage of the total expenses for administration. In accordance with this desire the official reform pro- gramme proposes to change the waiting time to thirteen weeks; this change would of course mean a corresponding change in the amounts 40 EEPOKT OF THE C0MMISSI02SrEE OF LABOR. to be contributed by the two parties and the proposal includes placf ing the whole expense of the accident insurance on the employers; instead of the 90 per cent as at present. The impression given by the reports is that the four weeks' period of waiting time is unsatis- factory, and that the adoption of a much longer period would reduce the administration expenses of the accident funds without increasing the expenses of the sick funds in the same proportion. The provision permitting the payment of the capitalized value of those pensions which are small in amount has been the subject of general disapproval, for all the evidence seems to indicate that lump-sum payments are usually lost or wasted by the recipients. On the other hand, it is clearly to the advantage of the insurance insti- tution to pay off small pensions, as the high cost of administration is avoided. The institutions exist for the purpose of promoting the welfare of the injured workmen, however, and the opinion in favor of the system of small pensions is quite marked. FUNERAL BENEFITS. The funeral benefit consists of the expenses of burial, with a maxi- mum of 25 florms ($10.15). PENSIONS TO SURVIVORS. If the injured person dies as the result of the accident, pensions must be paid to the survivors. These pensions are as follows: (1) To the widow, 20 per cent of the annual earnings of the deceased until her death or remarriage, and in the latter case a lump sum equal to three annual payments as a settlement; (2) to the widower, in case he is disabled and during the continuance of such disability, 20 per cent; (3) to eaeh legitimate child until the completion of the fifteenth year of age, 15 per cent, and if such child loses or has lost the other parent, 20 per cent; to each illegitimate child during the same age period, 10 per cent. The pensions to the widow and children may not together exceed 50 per cent of the annual earnings of the deceased; if they aggregate more than 50 per cent they must be reduced pro rata. In case the dependents already mentioned do not exhaust the 50 per cent the parents or grandparents of the de- ceased, if they were solely supported by him, may receive a pension of not more than 20 per cent; this pension continues during life or while dependent. Parents take precedence over grandparents. In case the injured person married after the accident, the widow and children are not entitled to compensation. DETERMINATION AND REVISION OF BENEFITS. Every accident to an insured workman or official, which is likely to cause death or to cause disability for three or more days, must be CHAPTER I, workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 41 reported to the proper public authority within five days by the em- ployer or his representative. If the accident causes death or is likely to result in disability of more than four weeks, the public authorities must, as soon as possible, make an investigation, in which all matters bearing on the obligation of the insurance institution to provide compensation are fully reported. The insurance institution must pay the expense of this investigation and is entitled to be represented during the proceedings. The compensation to be paid the injured person is determined from the reports of this investigation. (") Any injured person for whom an investigation was not made, must file a claim within one year from the date of the accident or forfeit- all rights to compensation. To settle disputes and to permit appeals from decisions of officials administering the insurance, each insurance institution maintains a special court, called a court of arbitration. It is composed of a per- manent presiding judge, four associate judges, and the necessary substitutes. The presiding judge and his substitutes are appointed by the minister of justice in agreement with the miuister of the interior, from the list of state judicial officials. The four associates are selected as follows: Two are appointed by the minister of the o The report of the accident made by the employer to the public authorities must be made on the following form: REPORT- OF ACCIDENT. 2. (a) To the district officials of 1. (a.) Name of firm? (b) Location of establishment? (c) Number of membership card in insurance institution? Full name of injured person? ^b) Occupation in establishment? (c) Earnings (cash and other payments)? (d) Age? (e) Residence? 3. (a) Date of accident? fb) Time of day? (c) Description of place where accident occurred? 4. (a) Where is the injured person at present? (b) Name of attending physician? 5. Of which sick fund is injured person a member? 6. (To be answered by the physician whenever possible.) (a) What injury has been sustained by this person? (b) Did the accident cause death or will death probably result? (c) If the answer to the previous question is no", will the injury probably cause complete or partial disability for more than four weeks? (d) If the answer to the previous question is "yes," can the injury possibly result in partial or complete permanent disability? 7. In case the accident causes death: Did the deceased leave (a) a widow? ^b) Children under 15 years of age; if bo, how many? (c) Parents or grandparents? 8. Full description of accident 9. Eyewitnesses of accident 10. Remarks Date of making this report? Name of head of establishment? Address 42 BBPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOK. interior and must be persons familiar with insurance technique; the other two are elected, one by the employers and one by the insured persons, the election being held at the same time as the election for members of the board of directors. Substitutes for each of the associate positions are chosen in the same manner. No member of the court may be a member of the board of directors or hold any other position in the insurance institution. All expenses of the court are defrayed by the institution. The jurisdiction of the court includes cases of appeal where the institution has refused claims for a pension, cases of disputes between the sick funds, appeals from decisions as to the amount of pensions, etc. The decisions of the arbitration court are final. SOUBCES OF INCOME. The means for defraying the cost of the accident insurance are obtained from assessments based on the pay roll of each establish- ment, modified by a system of risk ratings. The employer is required to forward to the institution the entire amount of the insurance assess- ments, but is authorized to deduct 10 per cent of the assessments from the wages of his insured employees. The system in use in Aus- tria, where the sick funds provide for the first four weeks of all cases of disability, of which the employers pay one-third, is responsible for the plan of having the workmen. pay one-tenth of the cost of the accident insurance. The official plan for the revision of the insurance system provides for an extension of the period for which the sick funds shall care for the injured persons from four to thirteen weeks, in which case the employers are to defray the entire expense of the accident insurance. The plan of collecting the income and distribu- ting the cost among the insured establishments is explained below. The State makes no direct payments to the insurance system but provides the services of a large number of officials (e. g., judicial officials for the arbitration of controversies) and gives the services of the money-order system of the Post-Office Department for the pay- ment of the pensions. The payments made by the employers in each year are planned to be sufficient to cover the capitalized value of the pensions and other benefits arising each year, as well as of the expenditures of adminis- tration, of special reserves, etc. The basis for the computation of these charges is stated in the following section. FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION. The important financial feature of the Austrian accident insurance is the system of assessments each year to cover the capitalized value of the pensions granted during the year. The German accident insurance uses this method only in special institutions (e. g., those for CHAPTEB I. workmen's INSUBANCB IN AUSTEIA. 43 the building trades) where the system of assessments to cover annual outgo is inapplicable, the last-named system being the one used for the greater part of the German accident insurance. The discussion on this topic in the literature on workmen's insurance has not yet led to unanimity of opinion in favor of either system. Professor E. Czuber, of the insurance council, in 1904 made a report on the insurance principles involved in the Austrian system. Raising the* money for accident or other pensions, according to Pro- fessor Czuber, may be done in a great variety of ways, the extremes of which are, first, the money may be raised when the pension pay- ments become due, second, by instituting a system of periodical assessments or premiums based on technical computations the money needed for payments is ready and available when due. In the first case, only the expenditures of the current year are assessed on members, and the element of security, the most important feature of insurance of any kind, depends upon the ability of the accident insur- ance organization, or rather of its members, to pay the assessments when due. In the second case, the money raised by assessments is a capital sum whose interest (simple and compound) and principal can be drawn on to accomplish the purpose of the insurance, namely, pay- ment of the pensions. In this case the security is the greatest pos- sible, assuming of course that the computations have been cor- rectly made. In the first case, the financial duties of the insurance organizations consist of collecting the assessments and paying the pensions or other benefits; in the second case, they have the addi- tional duty of investing and administering the capital not needed for immediate use. The first-named system is that in use in Germany, which in practice is modified by a system of reserves for the purpose of reducing the assessments in the future; the second system is that in use in Austria, although it has also been modified in actual practice. The table following presents the mortality rate of pensioners on which the system of assessments to cover annual expenditures is based . 44 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. SCHEDULE OF MORTALITY OF PENSIONERS, WITH ACCESSIONS AT THE RATE OW 1,000 PER ANNUM. [Source: A.mtliohe Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1904.] Year. Number of origi- nal pen- sioners surviv- ing at the begiri- ning of each year. Number of pen- sioners at the begin- ning of each year. Year. Number of origi- nal pen- sioners surviv- ing at the begin- ning of each year. Number of pen- sioners at the begin- ning of each year. Year. Number of origi- nal pen- sioners surviv- ing at thebegiu- qjngof each year. Number of pen- sioners at the begin- ning of each year. 1st 1,000 933 873 816 765 717 673 632 595 560 528 499 471 446 421 400 379 360 342 325 309 294 1,000 1,933 2,806 3,622 4,387 5,104 5,777 6,409 7,004 7,564 8,092 8,591 9,062 9,508 9,929 10,329 10,708 11,068 11,410 11,735 12,044 12,338 23d 280 266 254 241 231 219 209 200 189 180 171 162 153 144 135 127 119 111 104 95 88 80 12,618 12,884 13, 138 13,379 13,610 13,829 14,038 14,238 14,427 14,607 14,778 14,940 15,093 15,237 15,372 15,499 15,618 15,729 16,833 15,928 16,016 16,096 45th 46th 47th 48 th 49th 50th 61st 62d 72 65 58 51 45 38 33 27 22 19 14 12 8 7 5 3 3 2 1 1 1 16,168 2d 24th 25th 26 th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32d 16,233 3d 16,291 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 16,342 16,387 16,425 16,458 16,485 9th 53d 16,507 10th 64th 65th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th 61st 62d. 16,526 nth.. 33d 16,540 12th 13th Uth 15th 16th 17th 18th 34th -■ 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th 41st 42d 16, 552 16,560 16, 567 16,572 16,575 16,578 16,580 16,581 19th 63d 20th 64th 65th 16,582 21st 43d . 22d 44th The above table is derired from the experience of the German rail- way administration and shows the mortality of pensioners beginning' with the age of thirty, giving the number surviving at the beguming of each year until the sixty-fifth year, when all of the original number is eliminated. The table assumes that 1,000 pensioners, each 30 years' of age, are added each year. The second column shows how many of the original 1,000 pensioners survive at the beginning of each sue-- ceeding year. The third column shows the number of persons on the pension list. At the beginning of the second year, for instance, there will be 1,933 persons on the list, consisting of 933 survivors from the' first year and the 1,000 new cases; at the beginning of the third year there will be 2,806 persons, consisting of 873 survivors of the thousand persons entering the first year, 933 survivors of the thousand persons entering the second year, and 1,000 new cases. The succeeding years are made up in the same way. If each person on the list is paid one dollar, the annual expense of the first year will be $1,000; of the tenth year, $7,564; of the forty-fifth year, $16,168, etc. The amount increases very rapidly during the earlier years given in the table, but later the rate of increase becomes less rapid and gradually comes to a stationary condition in the sixty-fifth year, when the annual expense will be $16,582. This column of the table represents the cost of a system of assessments for current pension liabilities. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 45 The factors in the above table can also be used in the system of assessments for annuity purchases; with this rate of mortality and with interest at 3^ per cent, Professor Czuber, by means of a formula too elaborate to be given here, computes the coefficient at 10.95748 for calculating the actuarial value of a pension to an injured person. To provide an annual pension of $100 to the 1,000 persons in the pre- ceding table would therefore call for an average sum of $1,095.75 for each person. The accumulation of capital under the system of assessments to cover aimuity purchases is shown in the following table, where 1,000 accessions are assumed to occur annually, and are capitalized in accordance with the above-mentioned coefficient of 10.95748. The capital reserve increases of course at the same rate as the total num- ber of pensioners given in the preceding table. GROWTH OF CAPITAL RESERVE, WITH 1,000 ACCESSIONS ANNUALLY. [Source: Amtliclie Nachiichten betr. Unlall- und Krankenversicherung, 1904.] Year. Units of capital on hand at beginning of year. Year. Units of capital on hand at beginning of year. 1st 9,947 44,327 77,466 102, 477 121,345 135,390 145,536 35th 162,475 156,826 169, 209 6th 40th 10th . 45th 16th 50th 160,267 20th 55th 160, 616 26th 60th 160,693 30th 65th 160, 701 The rate of growth is rapid in the first part of the period specified in the table, but gradually decreases until it becomes stationary in the sixty-fifth year. During the first seventeen years the assessments for current expenses will be smaller than the assessments for annuity purchases; after the seventeenth year the assessments for current expenses will be considerably larger than the assessments for annuity purchases. When the permanent or stationary condition in the sixty-fifth year is reached, the assessments for current expenses will be 151.33 per cent of the assessments for annuity purchases. To provide the means necessary to accumulate the capital sums which the plan described above calls for, the various establishments included in the insurance system are assessed various rates upon the amount of wages paid. As the risk in the various kinds of establish- ments is quite different according to the nature of the industry or nature of operation, these rates are given a wide range. The seven insurance institutions use a general scheme of classification of establishments prescribed by the Ministry of the Interior. This scheme divides all establishments into fourteen classes, and each, class is subdivided into a series of percentage ratings. While the general scheme of classi- fication is the same for all seven institutions, each one of these organi- 1 rrr i nlimmin Vinnn d on its own experience in the 46 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. period since 1890. The following table presents the scheme of classification and the tariff of insurance rates in use by the seven insurance institutions in the year 1909: TARIFF OF INSURANCE RATES IN USE IN THE INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS IN 1910. [Source: AmtUche Nacliriehten betr. Unfall- vind Krankenversicherting, 1909 and 1910.] Insurance contribution for each SlOO of wages paid or computed, in — Per cent 0/ basic Risk class. rate. Prague. Vienna. Salzburg Gratz. Briinn. Lemberg Trieste. ( 1 $0.09 $0.08 $0.07 $0.06 $0.07 $0.07 $0.07 A \ 2 .17 .16 13 12 14 .14 .21 .14 .21 1 I !26 !23 !20 !l8 121 3 .26 .23 .20 .18 .21 .21 .21 B 4 34 .31 .27 24 28 .28 .36 .28 .35 5 .43 .39 .34 :3o ;36 f < .34 .31 .27 .24 .28 .28 .28 5 .43 .39 .34 .30 .36 .36 .35 1 6 .52 47 .40 .47 .36 .42 .43 .50 .43 .60 .42 .49 7 .60 .56 I 8 .69 .62 .54 .48 .57 .67 .56 7 .60 .55 .47 .42 .50 .50 .49 8 .69 .62 .54 .48 .57 .57 .56 II 9 77 .70 .60 .54 .60 .64 .71 .64 .71 .63 .70 10 .86 \n !67 11 .95 .86 .74 .66 .78 .78 .77 f 10 .86 .78' .67 .60 .71 .71 .70 11 .95 .86 .74 .66 .78 .78 .77 in 12 1.03 94 .80 .72 .78 .85 .92 .85 .92 .84 .91 13 1.12 1.02 .87 14 1.20 1.09 .94 .84 1.00 1.00 .98 13 1.12 1.02 .87 .78 .92 .92 .91 14 1.20 1.09 .94 .84 1.00 1.00 .98 IS 1.29 1.17 1.01 .90 1.07 1.07 1.05 IV 16 1 37 1.25 1.33 1.07 1.14 .96 1.02 1.14 1.21 1.14 1.21 1.12 1.19 17 1.46 18 1.56 1.41 1.21 1.08 1.28 1.28 1.26 19 1.63 1.48 1.27 1.14 1.35 1.35 1.33 f 16 1.37 1.25 1.07 .96 1.14 1.14 1.12 17 1.46 1.33 1.14 1.02 1.21 1.21 1.19 18 1.55 1.41 1.21 1.08 1.28 1.28 1.26 19 1.63 1.48 1.27 1.14 1.36 1.35 1.33 V 20 1.72 1.56 1.64 1.34 1.40 1.20 1.26 1.42 1.49 1.42 1.49 21 \.ia 1.40 1.47 22 1.89 1.72 1.47 1.32 1.56 1.56 1.54 23 1.98 1.80 1.54 1.38 1.63 1.63 1.61 24 2.06 1.87 1.61 1.44 1.70 1.70 1.68 f 20 1.72 1.56 1.34 1.20 1.42 1.42 1.40 21 1.80 1.64 1.40 1.26 1.49 1.49 1.47 22 1.89 1.72 1.47 1.32 1.56 1.56 1.54 23 1.98 1.80 1.54 1.38 1.63 1.63 1.61 VI 24 25 2.06 2. 15 1.87 1.95 1.61 1.68 1.44 1.50 1.70 1.78 1.70 1.68 1.78 1.75 26 2! 23 2.03 1.74 1.56 ■1.85 1.85 1.82 27 2.32 2.11 1.81 1.62 1.92 1.92 1.89 28 2.41 2.19 1.88 1.68 1.99 1.99 1.96 29 2.49 2.26 1.94 1.74 2.06 2.06 2.03 30 2.57 2.34 2.01 1.80 2.13 2.13 2.10 f 25 2.15 1.96 1.68 1.50 1.78 1.78 1.75 26 2.23 2.03 1.74 1.56 1.85 1.85 1.82 ' 27 2.32 2.11 1.81 1.62 1.92 1.92 1.89 28 2.41 2.19 1.88 1.68 1.99 1.99 1.95 29 2.49 2.26 1.94 1.74 2.06 2.06 2.03 30 2.57 2.34 2.01 1.80 2.13 2.13 2.10 VII 31 2.66 2.42 2.08 2.14 1.86 1.92 2.20 2.27 32 2.75 2! 50 2.20 2.27 2.17 2.24 33 2.84 2.68 2.21 1.98 2.34 2.34 2.31 34 2.92 2.66 2.28 2.04 2.41 2.41 2.38 35 3.01 2.73 2.35 2.10 2.49 2.49 2.46 36 3.09 2.81 2.41 2.16 2.56 2.56 2.52 37 3.18 on ylO 00 «a ttn en CHAPTER I. WOBKMEN S INSUBANCE IN AUSTEIA. 47 TAKIFF OF INSUBANCE RATES IN USE IN THE INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS IN 1910— Continued. Risk class. Per cent of rate. Insurance contribution lor each $100 of wages paid or computed, in— Prague. Vienna. Salzburg. Gratz. Briinn. Lemberg. Trieste. VIII. IX. $2.66 2.75 2.84 2.92 3.01 3.09 3.18 3.26 3.35 3.44 3.52 3.61 3.69 3.78 3.87 3.95 4.04 3.35 3.44 3.52 3.61 3.69 3.78 3.87 3.95 4.04 4.12 4.21 4.30 4.38 4.47 4.55 4.64 4.73 4.81 4.90 4.12 4.21 4.30 4.38 4.47 4.56 4.64 4.73 4.81 4.90 4.98 5.07 6.15 5.24 5.33 5.41 5.50 5.58 5.67 5.76 5.84 5.93 6.01 $2.42 2.60 2.68 2.66 2.73 2.81 2.89 2.97 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.51 3.59 3.67 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.44 3.51 3.59- 3.67 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.06 4.14 4.22 4.30 4.37 4 46 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.06 4.14 4.22 4.30 4.37 4.45 4.53 4.61 4.69 4.76 4.84 4.92 5.00 6.08 5.15 5.23 5.31 5.39 5.47 $2.08 2.14 2.21 2.28 2,35 2.41 2.48 2.55 2.61 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.08 3.15 3.61 2.68 2.75 2.81 2.88 2.95 3.02 3.08 3.15 3.22 3.28 3.35 3.42 3.48 3.55 3.62 3.69 3.75 3.81 3.22 3.28 3.35 3.42 3.48 3.55 3.62 3.69 3.75 3.81 3.89 3.95 4.02 4.09 4.15 4.22 4.29 4.36 4.42 4.49 4.56 4.62 4.69 $1.86 1.92 1.98 2.04 2.10 2.16 2.22 2.28 2.34 2.40 2.46 2.52 2.58 2.64 2.70 2.76 2.82 2.34 2.40 2.46 2.62 2.58 2.64 2.70 2.76 2.82 2.88 2.94 3.00 3.06 3.12 3.18 3.24 3.30 3.36 3.42 2.88 2.94 3.00 3.06 3.12 3.18 3.24 3.30 3.36 3.42 3.48 3.64 3.60 3.66 3.72 3.78 3.84 3.90 3.96 4.02 4.08 4.14 4.20 $2.20 2.27 2.34 2.41 2.49 2.56 2.63 2.70 2.77 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.27 3.34 2.77 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48 3.56 3.62 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.05 3.41 3.48 3.55 3.62 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.05 4.12 4.19 4.26 4.33 4.40 4.47 4.54 4.62 4.69 4.76 4.83 4.90 4.97 $2.20 2.27 2.34 2.41 2.49 2.56 2.63 2.70 2.77 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.27 3.34 2.77 2.84 2.91 2.98 3.05 3.12 3.20 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48 3.55 3.62 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.05 3.41 3.48 3.55 3.62 3.69 3.76 3.83 3.91 3.98 4.05 4.12 4.19 4.26 4.33 4.40 4.47 4.54 4.62 4.69 4.76 4.83 4.90 4.97 48 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. TARIFF OF INSURANCE RATES IN USE IN THE INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS IN 1910-^ Concluded. Per Insurance contribution for each $100 of wages paid or computed, in— Risk class. cent of basic rate. Prague. Vienna. Salzburg. Gratz. Briinn. Lemberg. Trieste. / 59 85.07 $4.61 S3. 95 $3.54 $4.19 $4.19 $4.13 60 6.15 4.69 4.02 3.60 4.26 4.26 4.20 61 5.24 4.76 4.09 3.66 4.33 4.33 4.27 62 6.33 4.84 4.15 3.72 4.40 4.40 4.34 63 5.41 4.92 4.22 3.78 4.47 4.47 4.41 64 6.50 5.00 4.29 3.84 4.54 4.54 4. 48 65 5.58 5.08 4.36 3.90 4.62 4.62 4.55 66 5.67 5.15 4.42 3.96 4.69 4.69 4.62 67 5.76 5.23 4.49 4.02 4.76 4.76 4.69 68 5.84 5.31 4.66 4.08 4.83 4.83 4.76 69 5.93 6.39 4.62 4.14 4.90 4.90 4.83 70 6.01 5.47 4.69 4.20 4.97 4.97 4.90 71 6.10 5.66 4.76 4.26 5.04 5.04 4.97 72 6.19 6.62 4.82 4 32 5.11 5.11 5.04 XI 73 6.27 6.70 4.89 4.38 6.18 5.18 5.11 74 6.36 5.78 4.96 4.44 5.25 6.25 5.18 75 6.44 5.86 5.03 4.60 6.33 5.33 5.25 76 6.53 5.94 6.09 4.56 6.40 5.40 5.32 77 6.62 6.01 6.16 4.62 5.47 5.47 5.39 78 6.70 6.09 5.23 4.68 5.64 6.54 5.46 79 6.79 6.17 6.29 4.74 5.61 5.61 5.53 80 6.87 6.25 5.36 •4.80 5.68 6.68 6.60 81 6.96 6.33 5.43 4.86 6.76 5.75 5.67 82 7.04 6.40 5.49 4.92 6.82 5.82 5.74 83 7.13 6.48 6.56 4.98 5.89 5.89 5.81 84 7.22 6.56 5.63 5.04 5.96 5.96 5.88 85 7.30 6.64 5.70 6.10 6.04 6.04 5.95 86 7.39 6.72 5.76 6.16 6.11 6.11 6.02 I 87 7.47 6.79 6.83 5.22 6.18 6.18 6.09 ( 73 6.27 5.70 4.89 4.38 5.18 5.18 5.11 74 6.36 6.78 4.96 4.44 6.25 6.26 5.18 75 6; 44 6.86 5.03 4.50 6.33 6.33 5.25 76 6.53 5.94 5.09 4.56 5.40 5.40 5.32 77 6.62 6.01 6.16 4.62 6.47 5.47 5.39 78 6.70 6.09 5.23 4.68 5.54 5.64 5.46 79 6.79 6.17 5.29 4.74 5.61 5.61 5.53 80 6.87 6.26 5.36 4.80 5.68 5.68 6.60 81 6.96 6.33 5.43 4.86 5.75 5.75 5.67 82 7.04 6.40 6.49 4.92 5.82 5.82 5.74 83 7.13 6.48 5.66 4.98 5.89 5.89 5.81 84 7.22 6.56 5.63 5.04 5.96 5.96 5.88 85 7.30 6.64 6.70 5.10 6.04 6.04 5.95 XII 86 87 7.39 7.47 6.72 6.79 5.76 5.83 5.16 5.22 8.11 6.18 6.11 6.18 6.02 6.09 88 7.56 6.87 5.90 5.28 6.26 6.25 6.16 89 7.66 6.95 6.96 6.34 6.32 6.32 6.23 90 7.73 7.03 6.03 6.40 6.39 6.39 6.30 91 7.82 7.11 6.10 6.46 6.46 6.46 6.37 92 7.90 7.19 6.16 6.52 ■ 6.63 6.53 6.44 93 7.99 7.26 6.23 6.58 6.60 6.60 6.51 94 8.08 ■ 7.34 6.30 6.64 6.67 6.67 6.68 95 8.16 7.42 6.37 6.70 6.75 6.75 6.66 96 8.25 7.60 6.43 5.76 6.82 6.82 6.72 97 8.33 7.58 6.50 6.82 6.89 6.89 6.79 98 8.42 7.65 6.57 6.88 6.96 6.96 6.86 99 8.61 7.73 6.63 5.94 7.03 7.03 6.93 *. 100 8.69 7.81 6.70 6.00 7.10 7.10 7.00» The above table shows the general scheme of charges for the accident insurance under the existing financial organization. The actual rat- ing given to each kind of establishment at the present time is shown on page 53. As these rates are revised every five years, according to article 14 of the law of 1887, the ratings for the period 1910 to 1914 are also given. In explanation of the preceding table it should be stated that the schedule is based on a standard or basic rate which CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 49 applies to the establishment having the highest risk rating, and estab- lishments with lower rates are given a percentage of this highest or basic rate. * During the first five-year period (1890 to 1894) the highest or basic rate was 5.67, which means that an establishment with the highest rating — that of 100 per cent — would pay 5.67 per cent of the wage roll; an establishment with a rating of 10 per cent would pay 0.567 per cent of the pay roll, etc. This basic rate was obtained by making a preliminary investigation of the accidents in those Austrian establishments which it was intended to include in the insurance. Such preliminary data were necessarily imperfect and the experience of the first five years showed the necessity for an increase in the rate. The operations of the first fiscal year showed an apparent surplus, and the formation of a special reserve was begun. In the second year the institutions of Prague and Gratz showed an actuarial deficit, but the surplus of the previous year enabled the former to cover the whole of the deficit and the latter to cover part of it. At the end of the first five-year period all of the institutions showed a deficit, and only the Brilnn institution had a surplus suffi- cient to cover the deficit. The rate was revised in 1895 on the basis of the individual experience of the various institutions, but the objec- tions of the employers to higher rates delayed the change. In 1897 the Vienna institution increased the rate 10 per cent, and in 1898 the Prague and Lemberg institutions followed suit. Experience by this time had shown that a uniform rate for all institutions was imprac- ticable; methods of administration of the officials of the different states varied, the workmen in the different sections of the country vary as to skill, intelligence, etc., while the standard of industrial management also shows great variations. These differences manifest themselves in the finances of the institutions. The same variation by locality in the cost of accident insurance of the same industry has also appeared in Germany and is not a result of the Austrian sys- tem of administration. In the year 1900 the rates were again revised, and at this date the institution of Gratz was the only one to retain the original basic rate of 5.67; the basic rates for the other institutions in 1900 were as follows: Vienna and Prague, 7.81; Lemberg, 7.10; Salzburg, 6.70; Briinn, 6.10; Trieste, 6.02. At the beginning of the year 1909 the rates in force were: Prague, 8.59; Vienna, 7.81 ; Briinn and Lemberg, 7.10; Trieste, 7.00; Salzburg, 6.70, and Gratz, 6.61. In 1910 the Gratz institution reduced its basic rate to 6.00. With the exception of the Gratz institution the rates have been increased at each revision be- cause of the continued growth of the deficit, but on account of the wishes of the employers the increases have not been as large as the situation required and have not been sufficient to offset the growth of the deficit. 50 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. The main cause of the deficit is stated by an official report to be the constant increase in the number of accidents reported; the report, however, does not attempt to state whether the increase is due to a better system of reporting accidents or to a more active prosecution of claims or to an actual increase in the number of accidents. It is probable that there has been an increase in the number of accidents, due to the greater speed of operation in factories, etc., and to the lack of safety regulations (see the statistics of accidents on page 97). The reports also state the following causes as contributing to the growth of the deficit : The original statistical data were incomplete and corrections were not made in the tariff at the proper time; the risk tariffs were not sufficiently elastic, as is shown in the case of one institution, which had 115 titles of the schedule where the rates specffied produced only 88 per cent of the cost of the accidents under those titles; the action of employers in concealing part of their wage rolls, thus escaping part of the assessments ; and lastly, the unfavorable influence due to the presence of the agricultural establishments. Any mention of the deficit would be incomplete unless the condition of the different institutions was referred to. At the end of the year 1906 the institution of Gratz was without any deficit; in Salzburg the deficit was 4.3 per cent of the capital; in Briinn it was 6.0 per cent, in Trieste 25.8 per cent, Lemberg 43.8 per cent, Vienna 44.9 pej- cent, and Prague 55.9 per cent. In other words, for three institutions the deficit either did not exist or was so small as to be negligible, while for the others, the deficit ranged from 25.8 per cent to 55.9 per cent. The three institutions with small deficits have in the past used a higher rate of premiums than those now having the large deficits and the present situation of the latter has developed from the fact that the fundamental principles of the system were not properly followed out. The most serious feature, however, is that the large deficits exist in the Prague and Vienna institutions, which are the largest and most important of the insurance institutions. In the discussion in the labor council on the subject of reforming the insurance, the council passed a resolution requesting that the new programme for the reform of the insurance system should provide first for contributions large enough to furnish the capital necessary to cover the pensions arising in the future, and second for a system' of supplementary charges by the institutions having deficits, for the purpose of gradually extinguishing the indebtedness. CLASSIFICATION OF RISKS AND SYSTEM OF BATINQ. The division of the establishments subject to the insurance into risk classes, with the specifications for higher or lower rating for the various methods of operation, types of machinery used, etc., is CHAPTER I. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 51 shown in the following classification. It wiU be noticed that the different msurance mstitutions occasionaUy use different ratings for some establishments, as, for mstance, in group 116, where there are three different ratings for establishments of the same kmd. This arrangement is for the purpose of classifymg an industry into a group and of then rating the individual establishments according to the conditions prevailing in each. Establishments engaged in the manufacture of locomotives (Group VI, title number 174), for instance, are placed in Class VIII; any specific locomotive plant would then receive a ratmg between 31 and 47 per cent of the basic rate in use by the institution, the rating being determmed by the general arrange- ment of the plant, the type of machmery used, the accident rate in previous years, the presence or absence of mechanical power, and other factors as explained in the decrees of the Ministry of the Interior of June 15, 1904, and of August 2, 1909. The decree of August 2, 1909, which reproduces the provisions of the decree of the Ministry of the Interior of June 15, 1904, in regard to the classification of the insurance in risk classes and the determina- tion of the per cent ratings in the risk classes for the period from January 1, 1905, to December 31, 1909, and makes them applicable for the period January 1, 1910, to December 31, 1914 (»), is as follows: Decree of August 2, 1909. _ Article 1. The distribution of the establishments covered by the insurance into nak classes must be made in accordance with the classification of risks given in Supplement 2. Attention is called to the fact that the risk classes specified in this classification assume that the establishments are of the ordinary make up and that therefore the accessory establishments normally belonging to a plant have already been considered. Unless the contrary is expressly stated, the following are to be considered as belong- ing to an establishment: The direction and supervision of the establishment, the opera- tions in the working rooms, storerooms and packing rooms, self-managed work of heating, lighting, and cleaning of the plant, self-managed current work of mainte- nance of the building and apparatus, self-managed drayage, and the like ; it is assumed that these operations are restricted to the work of the establishment and do not extend beyond the usual scope of such work. Art. 2. "Establishments using jDower" include in general those establishments in which is used the machinery specified in article 1 , paragraph 3, of the law of Decem- ber 28, 1887. Those establishments in which steam boilers, steam apparatus such as wood boilers, rag boilers, steam drying apparatus, etc . , are used are also to be treated as "establishments using power." Establishments in which the intensity of operations of power machinery or of the machinery just mentioned is so restricted, or where the horsepower of the motors is so small that the risk of accident is practically the same as the risk of handwork, are to be classed as "establishments not using power" in the prescribed risk classi- fication . Art. 3. In case an establishment consisting of two or more clearly distinguished parts can not, as a whole, be classed under one of the titles of the risk classification, put can only be rated according to its parts, then each of these parts is to be recorded in the establishment register as a single establishment and so rated; it is required in such cases that separate wage books be kept for each "part establishment." Art. 4. If the conditions sjjecified in the preceding paragraph in regard to the separate classification of the single parts of a composite establishment do not apply, oAmtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1904, page 155 ff., and 1909, page 265 ft. 52 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. then the establishment is to be treated as a mixed establishment, according to the provisions of article 7 of this decree. In the case of an establishment whose composition is not considered as normal because certain accessory establishments not included in the appropriate title of the establishment classification are present, the same procedure shall be followed if such establishment can not be classified according to article 6 by a proper selection of the risk percentages of those danger classes included within the main establishment. Art. 5. Those establishments which can not be classified according to_ the pre- ceding rules, or which can not be classified under a specified title of the risk classi- fication, without being thereby classified with establishments of a totally different kind and totally different risk rating, are to be classified in the risk classes appro- priate to their kind and risk rating. Art. 6. When the proper risk class of an establishment has been determined, the classification follows in one of the percentage rates of the risk class in accordance with the formula given in Supplement 1; according to this a lower or higher rate than the average is to be given when according to the kind of establishment to be classified an accident risk is present which compared with the average is lower or higher. A lower or a higher accident risk is to be assumed in all cases when the specifica- tions given in the separate titles of the risk classification for this purpose are present. In general the electrical operation of machinery in so far as the mechanical trans- mission of power is avoided or restricted is to be regarded as a factor diminishing the risk. When in accordance with the provisions of article 2, paragraph 2, of this decree, establishments are to be treated as establishments not using power, then to the extent necessary, the risk of the power-using establishment will oe expressed by the use of a higher percentage. In addition, in determining the percentage of risk, consideration must be taken of the arrangement of the buildings and of the apparatus of the establishment, then in regard to the arrangements for protection against accident and technical management of the establishment, the latter including also consideration of the qualifications of the workmen to perform the tasks imposed upon them, and the oversight of the estab- lishment, in so far as these factors permit the making of conclusions in regard to the con- stant accident risk of the establishment; finally, the experience of the insurance insti- tution in the previous insurance of this establishment is to be considered in so far as the data relating to this point have been collected. In so far as in any establishment factors which tend to a diminution of the risk, as well as factors tending to an increase in the risk, are present, then these are to be balanced against each other. Art. 7. For the purpose of classification of mixed establishments into risk classes and risk percentages (see art. 4), the various parts of establishments considered are first to be placed m risk classes and risk percentages, as provided in articles 1 to 6, then the risk percentages so obtained will oe multiplied by the average yearly wages of the appropriate part of the establishment and the sum of the products is to be divided by the total yearly wage payments. The number so obtained represents the risk per cent in which the total establishment is to be classified. If the annual wage payments can not be determined with sufficient accuracy, then in place thereof in making the preceding computation the appropriate number of workmen is to be used ; if there are marked differences in the average working time of the various parts of the establishment, then the proper number of full-time workmen is to be used, a "full-time " workman being one who is employed three hundred days of working time. Workmen and administrative officials who do not belong to a specific part of the establishment, but are engaged in all parts of the establishment, are not to be included in this computation. The same rule is to be followed in regard to their wage payments. Art. 8. In case the workmen of one part of an establishment which is a mixed establishment are subjected to the risks of another part, then the first part is to receive a corresponding higher risk rating in the computation. Art. 9. In the classification of establishments into risk classes and risk percentages action is to be taken as far as possible in agreement with the imperial factory inspectors, and in the case of those establishments which are subject to supervision of the mining officials action is to be taken in agreement with the latter and especially in cases where the insurance institution assumes that an increase in the risk has occurred or a dimi- nution of the risk is claimed by an undertaker and there is doubt concerning these cases. In regard to the establishments in Group VII (d) information when needed ia to be secured from the administrative officials of the powder monopoly. CHAPTEB I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 53 Art. 10. The undertakers of establishments are required to give to the accident insurance institutions on demand such information in regard to the nature of their establishments as is necessary for the classification of the same. The insurance institution must communicate to the undertaker of an establishment, for each of the insured establishments, the decision in regard to the classification made in accordance with this decree and supply in the same communication the tariff of contributions. In this decision the proper title of the risk classes which are used as the basis for the classification of the vanous establishments, is to be exactly specified and must set forth the computation used in the cases of those establishments whose risk class and risk per cent has been worked out in accordance with the provisions of article 7 for mixed establishments. These decisions must set forth the reasons which were the determining cause when- ever a higher risk has been decided upon and in accordance therewith a risk percent- age higher than the average has been selected. Before finally deciding upon appeals in cases of risk classification and risk per- centages, the Ministry of the Interior shall at the request of the appellant take testi- mony of experts from the employers and workmen. Supplement 1. risk classes and per cent of basic rate paid for insurance in each class. [Decrees of Ministry of the Interior of June 16, 1904, and of August 2, 1909.] Risk class. Per cent of basic rate. Average per cent of basic rate. Risk class. Per cent of basic rate. Average per cent of basic rate. A Ito 3 3 to 5 4 to 8 7 toll 10 to 14 13 to 19 16 to 24 2 4 6 9 12 16 20 VI.. . . 20 to 30 25 to 37 31 to 47 39 to 57 48 to 70 59 to 87 73 to 100 B VII 31 I VIII 39 II IX Ill X 59 IV XI 73 v XII 87 Supplement 2. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909. Title num- ber. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 1909. 1910 to 1914. OEOUP I. — AQKICULTUBAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND FLOUR MILLS. (a) Agricultural establishments using power: Establishments using steam plows Rating by the institution in Briinn Establishments using threshing machines run by stoam C) • ■ • Rating by the institution in Briinn With other motive power (<■) Establishments having steam fodder apparatus Establishments using feed-cutting machinery Establisiiments using mowing machines Establishments using sowing machinery (b) Flour mills: Grain-polishing mills Flour mills nm by water power Rating by the institution in Salzburg Rating by the institution in Briinn Flour mills not run by water power ' Rating by the institution in Salzburg Rating by the institution in Briinn Rice-shelling establishments Flour windmill establishments Flour mills on boats " The risk rating in the risk class specified depends on protection of feeding apparatus moving parts. XTI xn XI XTT XII XI X XI VI VI xrr XII XI XI II II VT VI VII VIII VI VII VIII vn VIII VI VII VIII VII IX vir VII IX IX and sc reening of 54 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establislimcnt. Risk class. 190Sto 1909. (a) (b) (c) (d) GEOUP U.— TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE. Railways: Railways run by steam Street railways run by steam Street railways run by electricity Street railways run by animal power Gravity roads not using animal or mechanical power Cable roads Other land transportation; (o) Stage-coach establishments Transportation of corpses. Hiring vehicles (carriages, fiacres, etc.) Omnibus establishments Automobile establishments Heavy moving (moving building materials, coal, wood, furniture, filled packing cases, etc.) Rating by the institution in Gratz Light moving (light wagons with springs, carts, etc.) Cab establishments Package transportation without the use of draft animals (messenger service, pack carriers, etc.) Express establishments (including drayage) Rating by the institution in Vierma Water transportation: Steamship establishments on rivers and streams Rating by the institution in Vienna Steamship establishments on inland lakes Drawbridges, ferries, dock yards, and railroad ferries Floating timber, including timber yards Drift-wood establishments Rent of row boats and sailboats River, canal, and lake transportation without the use of power Establishments for the loadmg and unloading of vessels Storage establishments; Storage and warehouse establishments using apparatus moved by power Miscellaneous warehousing establishments Storage of various classes of wares (textiles, clothing, groceries, etc.) used in retail trade Storage of beams and other heavy iron Timber storage ( c) Storage of coal and coke ( c) For the period 1910 to 1914 the classification and rating introduces the new groups 39a to 391. (e) Establishments using power-driven vehicles; W Power-driven vehicles for the transportation of persons, with motors of— 8 horsepower or less Over 8 to 40 horsepower Over 40 horsepower Vehicles described in article 5 of the law of 1908 Power vehicles for the transportation of heavy loads Power vehicles for the transportation of light loads GROUP lU. — SMELTING WORKS, MDflNG OF " NONRESEBVED " MINERALS, ETC. Coking plants Iron and steel furnaces: Puddling furnaces, etc Crucible furnaces, not including the manufacture of crucibles Bessemer, Thomas, and Martin steel furnaces Steel casting Petroleum wells Ozocerite mining Hammer works, etc Blast furnaces '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Rating by the institution in Briinn ]!!!!!!!!! IX VIII VII VI X X VI III V VIII VIII xn XI VII III X VIII IX VI VII VIII VII IV VIII XI VII VI IX VIII VI vni VII IX IX VII XII VIII X XI " The risk rating is lower for small cities and rural districts than for large cities. tSee39a-39b. cThe risk rating in the risk class specified depends on whether or not transportation work Is Included. i Transportation establishments using power-driven vehicles classified under the risk ratings of Group II (b). (According to Article 11 of the law of August 9, 1908, on establishments included in the aocideift insurance.) CHAPTEB I. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 55 RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSUEANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 1909. GROUP in.— SMELTING WOE^S, MINING OF " NONRESEEVED " MDJEBALS, ETC. — concluded. Rolling mills: Small iron and wire Rating by the institution in Briinn Rating by the institutions in Prague and Briinn Coarse rolling mills Rating by the institutions in Briinn and Grata Thin sheets Coarse sheets Rating by the institution in Briinn Tubes Rating by the institution in Briinn Rating by the institution in Prague Copper and brass works, including rolling and hammer works Rating by the institution in Vienna Zinc furnaces and zinc rolling works Miscellaneous work undertaken by the establishments, such as storage work, transportation, etc., in larger iron works, etc VIII IX VIII X V VIII IX VIII IX VII VIII IV IX XI IX X XII XII VIII XI XII XI JCII X GEOUP IV.— STONES AND EARTHS. (a) stone quarries, etc.: («) Quarries for marl and cement material Talcum digging Stone quarries where the material is worked up into paving stone and stone mason's shapes (b) Rating by the institutions in Prague, Trieste, and Lemberg Slate quarries Slate quarries, including working up of products Quarries for broken stone, but not including the breaking Stone breaking, by machine Stone breaking, by hand Miscellaneous stone quarries Collecting and brcakmg of bowlders (b) Pits, other open digging, etc. : Sand, gravel, and rubble pits ( c) Miscellaneous pits (o) Digging of galleries and shafts Peat cutting, by machinery Peat cutting, by hand (c) Stone working (not moluding digging of raw material): Sculpture work— decorative, figure work, etc Cement manufacture (not including the making of barrels) Cement ware factories Grinding of precious stones Gypsum mius Making of monuments and gravestones Factories for making granite and marble articles Limekilns with ring or circular ovens Other limekihis Making of mill and grinding stones Quartz and feldspar mills Slate-stone working establishments, using power Slate-stone working, not using power Stonecuttin^ establishments- work in shops and on buildings Stone polishmg and turning ,- ■; ; (d) Manufacture of earth products (not including digging of raw material in titles SO to 93): Making of "chamotte" articles Washing of kaolin, clay, and colors Mortar making Chalk making Magnesite kilns Majolica ware manufacture I this group the lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given in case of favorable conditions for quarrying, the danger of falling material restricted to a minimum, the use of safety explosives; ana m underground quarries, thorough technical management, with the use of aU necessary protective apphances and no use of explosives. The higher risk rates are given when there are loose stone formations, with a tendency to slide; unfavorable conditions for quarrying, e. g., overhanging walls of stone; use of explosives when a thorough technical management is not in force. ... j. ■ , , i j ,„ ^itwr, ««»» 6 The hleher risk rates in the risk class specified are given when the material is worked jp withto range " e'Th^loJlr'risk rates in the risk class specified are given in case of walls not undermined and no tendency to sUdes; terrace method of removal of material; removal of material at an angle safer than the natural slope of such material; preponderance of sieve and sortmg work. Ill II V III III V V IV VI VII VI V IV II VII III III IV II II IV I oOn 1 56 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OP THE INTERIOR OP JUNE 16, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 1909. GROUP IV. — STONES AND EARTHS — Concluded, (d) Manufacture o( earth products, etc. — Concluded. Porcelain manufacture Crucible manufacture Emery manufacture Terra cotta manufacture Stone- ware dish manufacture ■ Tile-stove manufacture Manufacture of clay products, using machinery Rating by the mstitution in Vienna Manufacture of clay products, not using machinery Peat straw and peat dust manufacture Brickmaking (including the digging of the clay), using machinery ("). Rating by the institution in Vienna Rating by the institutions in Prague and Briinn Brickmakmg (including the digging of the clay), not using machin- ery (!>) Ratmg by the institutions in Vienna and Lemberg Rating by the institutions in Prague and Brunn Making of slag briclis and bricks of calcareous sand Heat insulating material and porous stone preparations, including work of mounting (e) Glass: Glass factories, excluding table glass Glass painting, etching, and pressing Glass pearls and glass buttons, makmg and working of Glass grinding, table and mirror glass Glass grinding, hollow glassware Glass grinding, all other Mirror glass and mirror manufacture Table glass factories Rating by the institution in Salzburg GROUP v.— METAL WORKING. (a) Precious metal working; Gold ware factories, using power Gold ware factories, not using power Silverware factories, using power Silverware factories, not using power Gold and silver chasing Plated ware factories (b) Iron and steel; Woven wire goods Wire rope and cable factories Cable factories Wire nail factories Wire drawing factories (cold drawn) Sheet iron wares, using power (d) Sheet iron wares, not using power (d) .- Iron turning establishments Iron casting establishments, using mechanical power (e) Rating by the institution in Vieima Rating by the institution in Briinn Iron casting establishments, not using power or using such only for the bellows («) , Iron and steel ware factories (/) Iron and steel small ware factories (/) Iron and steel polishing and grinding (»', Iron and steel polishing and grinding with the use ot large, rapidly re- volving stones B III III B I III II IV I VI VIII VII III VI HI IV II I B 1 III VI I B III B V II V V III III VI II III VII VIII VI V V IV IV VIII a Establishments producing handmade bricks in quantities at least equal to its machine product are to be rated as mixed establishments and the rating is to be based on the quantity of each produced. For conditions governing risk rating see footnote to title 63. i No rating for 1905 to 1909. c For conditions governing risk rating see footnote to title 63. d The risk rate given depends on the greater or less intensity of operations in the use of presses, stamping- machines, etc. ' The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments producing only small wares. /The risk rate given depends on the greater or less intensity of operations in use of presses, stamping machines, and grinding machines. t The higher risk rates in the risk class specified arc given to establishments which lack complete pro- tective appliances. CHAPTEB I. — WORKMEN S INSUBANCE IN AXJSTBIA. 5T RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Title num- ber. Oroup and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 1909. 122 123 124 125 126 126a 126b 127 128 127 128 128a 128b 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145a 146 146a 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 164 155 166 167 168 159 160 161 GEOUP V — METAL WORKING — Continued. (b) Iron and steel — Concluded. Enameled ware factories (making of the dishes and enameling) (>>)... Rating by the institution in Gratz Rating by the institution in Brilnn Enameling factories (enameling cast and sheet metal dishes) File factories File cutting factories Hammer and tool making Rating by the institutions in Prague and Gratz Blacksmithing and wagonsmlthing Wagonsmithing Safe and iron furniture factories, using power Safe and iron furniture factories, not using power For the period 1910 to 1914 the classification and rating on titles 127 to 12gb will l>e as follows: Safe factories, using power Safe factories, not using power Iron and brass furniture factories, using power Iron and brass furniture factories, not using power Chain making Ejiife making, using power Knife making, not using power Needle factories Nail factories and naiismi thing, using power Nail factories and nailsmithing, not using power or using such only for the bellows Lock, etc., making, not including casting, using power and includ- ing work on buildings Bating by the institution in Vienna Lock, etc., making, not including casting, not using power or using such only for the bellows Screw and rivet factories Scythe making (l>) Slclde making Wagon axle factories Weapon making (c) Other metal working, plating, etc.: Lead and zinc ware factories Bronze ware factories ( <:) Factories for china, porcelain, etc., decorated with metals Electroplating establishments Engraving establishments, using power Girdle making, using power Girdle making, not using power Coppersmi thing Sheet metal making Metal wire making Metal turning Metal pressing Metal pressing, stamping, etc. (bottle caps, medals, ornaments, pipe trimmings, etc.), using power Rating by institution in Vienna Metal pressing, stamping, etc. (bottle caps, medals, ornaments, pipe trimmings, etc.), not using power Metal casting, using power (d) Metal casting, not using power (d) Metal button factories, using power («) Metal button factories, not using power Small metal wares and fancy goods factories («) Metal grinding and polishing establishments, using power Metal grinding and polishing establishments, not using power Metal ware factories in general (/) IV V V II III II VII VIII VI IV V III IV V II IV IV V VI III IV IV III V IV IV II III IV III I B V V II II III VII IV VI IV III I IV III II III <• The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments which produce cast dishes. >> The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments which manufacture gray (unfinished) goods. , . ,_ , . « The risk rates given depend on the greatsr or less intensity of operations in the use of pressing and stamping machines, grinding and emery machines. , . , i The higher risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments producing large cast pieces. e The risk rate given depends on the greater or less intensity of operations in the use of presses, stamping machines, etc. . . ,^ , i, , .^ , i ■ / The risk rate given depends on the greater or less intensity of operations in the use of presses, stamping machines etc. The lower rates are given in case of preponderance of the production of small objects. 58 EEPOET OF THE 00MMIS6IONEE OP LABOR. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1906 to 1909. GBOUP V. — METAL woEKiNQ — Concluded. (c) Other metal working, plating, etc. — Concluded. For the period 1910 to 1914 the classification and rating on titles 161 and 161a will be as follows: Factories for metal wares and metal small wares, using power Rating by the institution in Vienna Factories for metal wares and metal small wares, not using power. . . Cartridge case manufacture (not including the filling) (") Type foundries Tin casting establishments, using power Tin casting establishments, not usmg power GROUP VI.— MACHINEEY, TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS, AND APPAKATUS. (a) Machinery, tools, instruments etc.: Accessories for pumps, boilers, etc Bellows making : '. Manufacturing and installation of gas, water, and heating plants, using power (!>) Manufacturing and installation of gas, water, and heating plants, not using power (p) Boiler worlffl, iron construction works, and bridge building estab- lishments (not including installation, with riveting done princi- pally by machinery) Boiler works, iron construction works, and bridge building estab- lishments (not including installation, with riveting done princi- pally by hand) , Carding machine faetories Manufacture of ice making machines ^ Agricultural machinery factories Rating by the institution in Vienna Locomotive works , Rating by the institution in Salzburg Machine factories in general (not including boiler works) Rating by the institutions in Salzburg, Briinn, and Trieste Machine workshops and repair workshops, using power Machine workshops and repair workshops, not usmg power Building of flour mills and repair thereof, using woodworking ma- chinery Building of flour mills and repair thereof, not using woodworking machinery Sewing machines, and accessories thereof, factories for ( c) Soda water apparatus and siphons, factories for Spraying and extinguishing apparatus (not including the rubber, etc. , tubing), manufacture of. Loom and loom accessories, factories for Tool factories (b) Vehicles, transportation apparatus, etc.: Automobile factories Bicycle factories [. Shipbuilding works W Shipbuilding works (boat building), establishments for the build- ing of wooden boats and vessels, not u^ing power Carnage factories, using power Carriage factories, not usmg power Wagon factories Rating by the institution in Prague (c) Firearms: Firearm factories, using power, manufacture of military firearms Firearm factories, using power, manufacture of special and hunting firearms Firearm factories, not using power " " Parts of firearms, especially the iron parts, factories for. Rated as specified in- Group V (b). Manufacture of ordnance Testing works for firearms (> The risk rate given depends on the size and kind of installation work. c The higher risk rates in the risk class specific are given in case of the presence of a foundry or the use of woodworking machinery. d The risk rate given depends on the size of the works and the care and caution In the direction and supervision of the operations. CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 59 KI8K CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. Rlsl; class. 1905 to 1909. GKOUP VI,— MACHINERY, TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS, AND APPARATUS— Concluded. (d) Physical, surgical, and chronometrical instruments, etc.: Instruments and apparatus (chemical, pharmaceutical, optical, and physical), manufacture of, using power Instruments and apparatus (chemical, pharmaceutical, optical, and physical), manufacture of, not using power Surgical instruments and apparatus, manufacture of, using power. . . Surgical instruments and apparatus, manufacture of, not using power Scales of various types, manufacture of, using power (") Scales of various types, manufacture of, not using power Machinery and apparatus for electric lighting and power transmis- sion, manufacture and installation of, using power , Rating by the institution in Prague (6) Machinery and apparatus for electric Ughting and power transmis- sion, manufacture and installation of, not using power ( c) Electric telegraph, telephone, Ughtning conductors, manufacture and installation of, using power (6) Electric telegraph, telephone, lightning conductors, manufacture and installation of , not using power (6) Lamp and lantern factories ( c) Manufacture of electrical incandescent lamps General mechanical work, using power General mechanical work, not using power Watch factories (not including the manufacture of cases), using power Watch factories (not including the manufacture ot cases), not using W30wer ater and gas meter factories, using power Water and gas meter factories, not using power (e) Musical instruments: Piano and harmonium factories, using power {d) Piano and harmonium factories, not using power Musical instruments generally, using power (d) Musical instruments generally, not using power Organ building (fl EstabUshments renting power for transportation and other purposes: Lifts using motive power Steam crane establishments Steam power renting establishments Steam power establishments for various purposes Electrical establishments for various purposes Railways for towing, for factories and for other works, using power . GROUP VII,— CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. (a) Chemical and pharmaceutical factories: Factories for making chemical products (mcluding the accessory establishments) ■ - • Rating by the institutions in Vienna and Prague Rating by the institutions in Vienna, Salzburg, and Prague Soda and calcium chloride factories - - - Rating by the institutions in Vienna, Salzburg, and Prague Chemical laboratories for educational purposes Pulverizing worlds Sulphur mills Factories for pharmaceutical products (b) Colors and dyestulls: Lead pencil factories Printing inks, manufacture of Earth colors, factories for Color factories in general, using power Color factories in general, not using power Dyewoods, pulp mills for - Shellac, varnish, and shellac colors, manufacture of Colors lor porcelain, enamel, and glass Lampblack manufacture Shoe blacking, manufacture of Ink factories Factories for ultramarine I III I V II VI VII IV IV IV IV I III B III I V I III I IV VI VIII VII IV III VI V VI V V IV V II V V II V IV V III II I III .The lower risk rates in the risk class specifled are given establishments having no woodworking machinery, 6 "*' ' ' ' The risk rate eiven depends on the size and kind of the uistallation work. c The riik rate liveS depends on the greater or less totensity of operations m the use of presses, stamping "Trhfl^^sk^rftte eiven denends on the extent of the use of the woodworking machinery. 60 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE, RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. GROUP VII. — CHEMICAL INDUSTBT— Concluded. (c) Tar and rosin: Asphalt factories, using power Asphalt factories, not using power Factories for volatile oils Factories for distillation of products of rosin Factories for tar products ■,-■ Rating by the institution in Briinn (d) Explosives: Explosives with a nitrogen base of the aromatic series (picric acid and its combinations, nitrocresol, etc.) Explosive combustibles (caps, matches, mine fuses, etc.), manufac- ture and working up of Fireworks, manufacture and use of ■ Nitrocellulose, manufacture of Nitrocellulose preparations, celluloid, collodion, etc Nitrocellulose powder. ■ Nitroglycerin, manufacture of Nitroglycerin powder, manufacture and working up of Blackpowder (shooting and blasting),manufaoture and working up of. For the period 1910 to 1914, the classification and rating on titles 252 and 262a will be as follows: Black powder, manufacture of Black powder, working up of . J - - — Blasting material, manufacture and working up of (not including blasting powder and safety powders) Safety blasting preparations, manufacture and working up of Fuses and priming preparations for artillery Fuses In strings, quick matches, etc Celluloid articles, manufacture of (e) Matches: Match factories, together with accessory establishments (f) Natural and artificial manures, etc.: Bone mills Establishments for extracting bone fat Glue factories and gelatine works, using power (6) Glue factories and gelatine works, not using power (fi) Factories for artificial manure, using power Factories for artificial manure, not using power GEOUP Vra.— HEATING AND LIGHTING MATEKIALS, OILS, HEATING AND LIGHTING ESTABLISHMENTS, ETC. (a) Heating and lighting materials: Factories for making briquettes Manufacture of pressed coal for electroteclmical purposes Fat and tallow rendering, margarine and artificialbutter factories, using power or steam boilers Fat and tallow rendering, margarine and artificial butter factories, not using power or steam boilers ^ Incandescent mantles, manufacture of Caudle making, using power Candle making, not using power Illuminating gas works (including installation) ( <:) Petroleum refining Soap factories, using power Soap factories, not using power Stearine and glycerin factories () Hot water heating and steam heating plants GROUP IX.— TEXTILE INDUSTET. (a) Silk: Silk thread manufacture Silk ribbon factories (Including finishing), using power Silk ribbon factories (including finishing), not using power Silk and velvet factories, using power Silk and velvet factories, not using power Silk spinning, twisting, etc Floss silk spinning (b) Sheep wool and other animal hairs: Felt factories Felt cloth factories (including spinning, weaving, and finishing) Coverlet and cover factories Artificial wool factories (shoddy, mango) Factories for unfulled cloth Horsehair factories, including spinning Sheep wool spinning, worsted fectories Other wool spinning Factories for cloths of sheep wool (spinning, weaving, and finishing). Sheep wool cloth, weaving (not Including spinning and finishing), using power Sheep wool cloth, weaving (not Including spinning and finishing), not using power Wool fleece cutting Carpets and furniture fabrics, factories for, using power Carpets and furniture fabrics, factories for, not using power , . . Weaving establishments for curtains and similar fabrics, using power. Weaving establishments for curtains and similar fabrics, not using power (c) Flax, hemp, tow, jute, etc.: Flax beating establishments Flax and tow yarn spirming Hemp spinning and rope making, using power Hemp spinning and rope making, not using power Jute spinning Jute weaving Jute factories (spinning, weaving, and finishing) Linen weaving, using power Linen weaving, not using power Weaving of wares from cocoanut fiber Factories for making asbestos wares (d) Cotton, half wool, etc.: Ribbon weaving, using power Ribbon weaving, not using power Cotton gins Cotton spinning Rating by the institution in Vienna Weaving of cotton goods (not Including spinning and finishing), using power Rating by the Institution in Vienna Rating by the institution In Prague Weaving of cotton goods (not including spinning and finishing), not using power VII V II I III U III II in VI III B B A B A A III IV III IV V V V HI IV III A VI II A IV III VI II V V B A X V IV I B A A > The risk rate given depends on the extent of the installation work and whether or not high voltage 62 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE IS, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1906 to 1909. (d) (e) GEOUP IX.— TEXTILE INDUSTRY — Concluded. Cotton, half wool, etc.— Concluded. Cotton and lialf-wool cloth laotories(spiiining, weaving, and finishing) Wick factories Knitting yarn factories (not Including spinning) Making of cotton wadding Twisting mills (not Including spinning) Bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing establishments: Finishing worfes, using power Finishing works, not using power Bleaching, using power (linen jjarn bleaching) Bleaching, using power (bleaching of other products) Bleaching, not using power Dyeing establishments, using power Dyeing establishments, not using power Printing establishments (including accessory work of bleaching, dyeing, and finishing), using power Rating by the institution in Prague ■ Printing establishments (including accessory work of bleaching, dyeing, and finishing), not using ^ower , Carbonizing of wool, and wool washing Mangling Fulling establishments Embroidery, netting, crochet, and knitted goods: Artificial flowers and leaves, manufacture of Trimmings, manufacture of, using power Trimmings, manufacture of, not using power Lace and bobinet factories, using power Lace and bobinet factories, not using power Embroidery, manufacture of, using power Embroidery, manufacture of, not using power Knit goods, factories for (not including spinning), using power (»)... Knit goods, factories for (not including spinning), not using power . . Thread buttons and washable buttons, factories for, using power Thread buttons and washable buttons, factories for, not using power. GEOUP X.— PAPEK, LEATHEE, AKD EUBBEE. (a) Paper and cardboard manufacturing: Cellulose factories.. (0 Rating by the institutions in Vienna and Prague Rating by the institution in Briinn Wood pulp factories Rating by the institutions in Vienna and Prague Paper and pasteboard factories Rating by the institution in Vieima Rating by the institutions in Prague and Gratz Paper mills (hand paper factories without paper or pasteboard ma- chinery) Papier-mache, xylolith, factories for (b) Paper products not including paper factories: Bookbinding, using power Bookbinding, not using power Envelope factories, using power Envelope factories, not using power Colored and glazed paper factories, factories for producing photo- graphic papers, using power Colored and glazed paper factories, factories for producing photo- grapiiio papers, not using power Manufacture of cartons, boxes, etc. , using power Manufacture of cartons, boxes, etc. , not using power Paper wares, using power Paper wares, not using power Cigarette paper making Sand and emery paper making Paper cylinder making, factories for, using power Paper cylinder making, factories for, not using power Paper bag factories, using power Paper bag factories, not using j)ower Manufacture of paper cigar points Wall paper factories Wax and parchment paper factories Ill I I VII II III I III V II III I B IV VII H A I A I A B A B A B A VII VI VII VI VI V IV V II A III B I III I III I III II IV I I B II IV II a The hisher risk rates in the risk class sneoified are eiven to establishments which use maneles. etc. CHAPTEB I. WOKKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 63 RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVEKED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 19(»-Continued. Group and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 1909. GROUP X.— FAFEK, LEATHER, AND RUBBER — Concluded. (c) Leather and leather substitute factories: Artificial leather, factories for Leather manufacture Rating by the institution in Vienna Leather fulling Malcing of white leather and dressing of chamois slcins Leather dyeing, leather enameling, and leather cutting estab- lishments, using power (a) Leather dyeing, leather enameling, and leather cutting estab- lisliments, not using power Tanning mills (6) Wax cloth and leather cloth factories, also factories for waterproof materials, not including weaving (d) Working of leather and leather substitutes: Belt and saddlery goods, making of, using power Belt and saddlery goods, making of, not using power Manufacture of leather bags and leather fancy goods, using power — Manufacture of leather bags and leather fancy goods, not using power. (e) Rubber, gutta-percha, and celluloid wares: Rubber and gutta-percha factories, using power Rubber and gutta-percha factories, not using power Rubber woven-ware factories, using power ■ Rubber woven-ware factories, not usmg power IV IV V III II VIII IV I I B XII IX XII X XI XII X XII VII II VIII VII IV IX VI VIII II XII X X XII VIII XI V GROUP XI.— WOODWORKING, CARVED MATERIALS, ETC. (a) Woodworking: () - Alcohol and compressed yeast factories Alcohol refineries Grape skins, pomace, drying of. - . ■ . ■ - . ■ - - - ■ Waterworks (not including laying of pipes and installation) (c) Tobacco: Tobacco factories - - -. - Rating by the institution in Vienna o The risk rate given depends on the intensity In the use of machinery for kneading, cutting, and rolling ^"^^he lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments which do not use drayage of their own. II II V VII VI VI VIII VII VI IX V IV V VI VII IV III III IV IV IX VI VI I V 66 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. RISK CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Continued. Group and establistunent. Risk class. 190Sto 1909. 1910 to 1914. GROUP Xm.— CLOTHING AND CLEANING. (a) Clothing: Fez factories Glove factories, using power Glove factories, not using power Hat factories Hat trimmings, using power Hat trimmings, not using power Manufacture of clothing, using power Manufacture of clotliing, not using power Shirtwaist factories, using power Shirtwaist factories, not using power Shoe factories, using power (&) Shoe factories, not using power ( &) Straw hat factories, using power (c) ; Straw hat factories, not using power (c) Wash goods factories, using power (d) Wash goods factories, not using power (d) (b) Cleaning: Bathing estabhshments, baths Cleaning of feather bedding Chemical cleaning establishments Feather dyeing .' Carpet cleaning establishments Laundries GKOUP XIV. — BDILDING AND CONSTEUCTION. (a) Building, construction operations, etc.: Dredging work, dry dredging Dredging work, ship dredging Tunneling work, done by machinery Tunneling work, done by hand Bridge building, independent establishments, not including erection of iron bridges .^ . . . Canal building («) Ditch and dike building and earth work («) Rating by the institution in Vienna Rating by the institution in Prague Tearing down of buildings, independent establishments Draining work, agricultural Railroad building, excluding tunnel work and excluding cutting of stone (/) Rating by the institutions in Prague and Lemberg Rating by the institutions in Gratz and Trieste Rating by the institutions in Gratz Erection of iron construction work, iron bridges, laoilers Harbor work ^ Rating by the institution in Vienna : '. Elevated construction work Rating by the institutions in Vienna, Prague, and Lemberg Rating by the institution in Gratz Rating by the institutions in Vieima and Salzburg Rating by the institution in Lemberg Road building Rating by the institutions in Salzburg and Prague Rating by the institution in Salzburg Street construction, also repairing with use of steam rollers. Tunnel building B A II B I B II I II IV V II II V VII VIII X VIII X VII IX X XII in IX XI VIII XII IX VIII IX VII IX X B B A II I A B A B A H B I B II I III IV V I III VI VII VIII X XII XI VIII IX X XII IV IX XI VIII XII IX XI IX VII VIII X IX X VII XI a Title numbers 490 and 491 are omitted in the original report. 6 The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments which do not use stamnine machinery. c The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishmefits which do not use hvdraulio presses. d The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments having proper protective appliances for the ironing and wringing machinery. e The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments working to only slight depths, without blasting, and not removing material by railways; the higher risk rates are given to establishments digging to a greater depth, using blasting on a large scale, removing material in the same manner as in quarries, and doing underground work. / The lower risk rates in the risk class specified are given to establishments making cuttings of slight depth, with restricted height of embankments, without blastings and with transportation only by handor with two- wheeled vehicles; the higher risk rates are given to establishments doing building work and especially stone masonry work. CHAPTEB I, — WORKMEN S INSUBANCE IN ATJSTKIA. 67 RISE CLASSES INTO WHICH THE ESTABLISHMENTS COVERED BY THE INSURANCE WERE PLACED BY THE DECREES OF MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR OF JUNE 15, 1904, AND OF AUGUST 2, 1909— Concluded. I Group and establishment. Risk class. 1905 to 19Ml to correspon d with the preceoiug yeais. 86 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. TEe groups of industries in the preceding table are arranged in the order of the number of persons insured in 1907. Under this classifica- tion building and construction ranks first in the list of industries subject to insurance, having 382,640 persons insured in 1907. The average number of persons subject to insurance during the year, however, gives an incorrect impression of the risk incurred by the employees of the establishment. An establishment with 100 employees work- ing 300 days in the year would as a rule have a higher expenditure for accident relief than an establishment with 100 employees working only 200 days during the year. To secure a more accurate basis for computing accident risks and costs, this table and the tables fol- lowing assume the existence of "full-time" workmen — that is, work- men who are employed 300 days in the year. This imaginary number of "full-time" workmen is obtained by dividing the number of days (or shifts) worked by 300, the number of working days in a year. It would produce still greater accuracy if the number of hours, instead of the number of days worked by the insured persons were used as the basis for computation, but the difficulty of securing such detailed information has prevented the adoption of the hour basis. The distinction between the average number of persons insured and the number of "full-time" workers insured is shown by the returns for the building and construction group and for the transportation and storage group; in 1907 the average number of persons insured in the first-named group was 382,640 and in the second group 356,837; the number of "full-time" workmen engaged in the first group was 247,419 and in the second group 310,309. In the case of the textile industry group the difference is even greater, while an extreme example is furnished by the agricultural establishments using power, where the average number of persons insured was 918,732, as com- pared with only 36,095 full-time workmen. The table shows the present extent of the accident insurance sys- tem, though it will be remembered that the mining industries are not included. In 1907 the total number of establishments subject to compulsory insurance was 434,877; this number was composed of 116,560 industrial and 318,317 agricultural establishments, while 3,161 industrial establishments were insured voluntarily, making a total of 438,038 insured establishments. The average number of persons employed by these establishments in 1907 was 3,030,452; of these 2,082,909 were employed in industrial establishments, 918,732 in agriculture, and 28,811 in estabhshments voluntarily insured. The scope of the insurance system is best shown by the number of full-time workmen employed in these establishments; in 1907 the total number was 1,824,940, composed of 1,770,110 em- ployed in industrial establishments, 36,095 in agricultural establish- ments, and 18,735 in establishments voluntarily insured. Slightly CHAPTEB I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. ST more than half of the workmen in the system are employed m build- ing and construction, in transportation and storage, and in the textile industries. Out of the 2,082,909 persons employed in industrial undertakings insured in 1907, these three groups comprised 1,070,378 persons, or 51.4 per cent, and out of the $333,335,507 of wages paid by industrial -undertakings $165,964,188, or 49.8 per cent, was paid by these three groups of industries. The relative importance of the different insurance institutions is shown in the following table for the year 1907: NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, NUMBER OF FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND AMOUNT OP WAGES PAID TO INSURED PERSONS, BY INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, 1907. [Source: Amtllche Naohrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversioherung, 1909, Erster Beiheft.] Insurance institution. Number of establish- ments in- sured. Average numl)er of persons in- sured. Number of full-time workers. Amount of wages paii insured persons. INDU3TEIAL E3TABU3HMENTS, INCLUDING THOSE TOL- UNTABILY mSUKED. Vienna r Salzburg Prague Brfinn Oratz Trieste Lemberg All territorial institutions Institution tor the Austrian railroads 23,327 14, 828 37, 321 14, 232 12,960 5,573 11,435 119,674 47 Total . 119,721 AGBICULTDEAL ESTABLISHMENTS. Vienna... Salzburg. Prague. . . Brijnn . . . Oratz Trieste. . . Lemberg. 30,285 990 163, 855 106,112 6,258 97 10, 720 Total . 318, 317 ALL ESTABLISHMENTS. Vienna... Salzburg. Prague. . . Briinn ... Gratz Trieste... Lemberg . 63, 612 15, 816 201, 176 120, 344 19, 218 5,670 22, 155 All territorial institutions Institution for the Austrian railroads . 437,991 47 Grand total. 438, 038 414,545 127, 315 624, 911 318, 152 126, 841 88,115 119, 130 358,631 108, 196 535, 849 273, 206 96,401 72, 132 88,469 1,819,009 292, 711 1, 532, 874 255, 970 2,111,720 1,788,844 69,241 9,564 428, 995 344, 713 16, 611 350 49,258 3,202 1,130 12, 190 14,353 699 33 4,488 918, 732 36,095 483, 786 136, 879 1,053,906 662, 865 143, 452 88,465 168, 388 361,833 109, 326 i 548, 040 287, 569 97, 100 72,165 92, 947 2, 737, 741 292, 711 1, 668, 970 255, 970 3,030,452 1,824,940 $79,602,755. 19,297,583 86,001,934 41, 442, 451 18,406,215- 12,797,116- 11,856,232: 269,402,287 68,014,810- 1337,417,097 391, 606" 123, 035- 794, 374- , 112, 687 63, 459' 4, 181. 194, 273 2,683,615 79,994,362- 19, 420, 618- 86,796,308- 42, 555, 138. 18,468,674 12,801,297 12, 049, 605- 272, 085, 903 68,014,810 O340, 100, 712. " This total does not agree with that shown on page 82, because in the original report the wages shown on that page were given in the nearest 10,000 croivns. ' The sum of the items does not agree with the total; the figures are reproduced as they appear in the- original report. In the preceding table the difference between the average number of persons insured and the number of full-time workmen is so marked that it is necessary to use the latter in discussing the operations of the vari- ous institutions. This difference is caused mainly by the presence or 46598°— 10 7 88 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABGB, absence 'of seasonal industries such as agriculture, the building trades, etc. On the basis of the number of fuU-time workers insured, the largest institution is that at Prague, where the total number of full-time workers insured in 1907 was 548,040, composed of 535,849 industrial employees and 12,190 agricultural employees; the amount paid in wages also exceeded that of any other institution. The insti- tution in Vienna ranked second in number of full-time employees and in the amount of wages paid; the institution at Brunn ranked third in the same manner. Out of a total of 1,568,970 full-time workers in all the territorial institutions, these three institutions comprised 1,197,432 full-time workers, or 76.3 per cent of the total. The distribution of the insured workmen among the two groups, adults and young persons, for the years 1890 to 1907 is shown by sex in the following table. The group designated as young persons includes those under 16 years of age: IJUMBER OF ADULTS AND OF YOUNG PERSONS PEE 1,000 INSURED PERSONS (EXCLUD- ING OFFICIALS) IN INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS (INCLUDING RAILROADS) BY SEX, 1890 TO 1907. [Source; Amtliche Naehrichten betr. Unfall- und Krantenversicherung, 1894-1909.1 Number per 1,000 persons insured. Year. Adults (16 years ol age and over). Young persons (under 16 years of age). Male. Female. Male. Female. 1S90 630 688 693 694 697 695 717 734 743 745 743 744 739 741 746 743 743 743 264 247 242 241 237 243 227 212 ■ 206 203 206 206 211 210 204 208 205 204 54 53 53 53 54 52 48 47 45 46 45 44 44 43 44 43 46 47 12 1891 12 1892 12 1893 12 1894 12 1895 10 1896 --. - 8 1897 7 1898 6 1899 6 1900 ; 6 1901 . . 6 1902 6 1903 6 1904 6 1905 6 1906 6 1907 . . - .... 6 The preceding table does not include administrative officials of the industrial estabhshments subject to insurance. The number of adult males per 1,000 persons insured increased from 680 in 1890 to 745 in 1899, and since that year has changed but shghtly. The proportion of adult females decreased from 254 in 1890 to 203 in 1899, corresponding to the increase in the proportion of males; a de- crease in the proportion of young persons occurred at the same time. The average daily earnings of the insured persons, arranged by groups of industries, are shown in the following table for the last five- year period. CHAPTEB I. WOBKMEN S INSUHANCE IN AUSTRIA. 89 AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO INSURANCE, BY GROUPS OP INDUSTRIES, 1903 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1906-1909. J Industry group. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 10.800 $0,802 SO. 810 $0,826 .788 .792 .802 .816 .755 .755 .751 .798 .735 .743 .739 .771 .617 .613 .631 .650 .611 .617 .629 .636 .642 .554 .554 .681 .636 .646 .560 .564 .508 .603 .614 .532 .499 .605 .520 .628 .481 .481 .489 .518 .475 .483 .493 .508 .481 .483 .499 .505 .430 .443 .441 .455 .404 .412 .418 .445 1907. II. Transportation and storage XV. Printing, publishing, and theaters VI. Machinery, tools, instruments, and apparatus IV. Smelting works, mining of " nonreserved" minerals, etc.. vnr. Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting. v. Metal working XIV. Building and construction VII. Chemical X. Paper, leather, and rubber Xin. Clothing and cleaning XII. Foods and drinks XI. Woodworking, carved materials, etc IV. Stones and earths Ifb). Flour mills , IX. Textile $0,836 .824 .680 .668 .605 .585 .548 .560 .540 .542 .536 .479 As infoimation conceming the rates of wages paid, the data in the form of averages contained in the preceding table are of course of little value; the figures possess considerable interest, however, as indicating the basis on which pensions to injured persons and their survivors must be computed. It is also worthy of note that all of the groups of industries show an upward tendency in the average amount paid in wages per insured person during the five-j^ear period. The industries having the largest number of persons insured are building and construction, transportation and storage, and the textile groups. In 1907 the average daily earnings in the railroad indus- tries was the highest of any of the groups; in the textile industries they were the lowest, while building and construction ranked seventh from the highest among the groups cited. The following table shows the average daily earnings of persons included in the insurance, arranged by insurance institutions, for the last five-year period : AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO INSURANCE, BY INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, 1903 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1906-1909.] Insurance institution. 1 . For Austrian railroads 2. Vienna (Lower Austria) 3. Grata (Styrla and Carinthia) 4. Saliburg (Upper Austria, Salzburg, and Tyrol) 6. Trieste (Trieste, Coastland, Carm'cJa, and Dalmatia). 6. Prague (Bohemia) 7. Briiim (Moravia and Silesia) 8. Lemberg (Gallciaand Bukowina) Average daily earnings in- 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. $0.86 .67 .58 .53 .54 .48 .44 .36 $0.86 .67 .66 .56 .58 .48 .45 .37 $0.86 .68 .57 .56 .58 .49 .46 .70 .60 .67 .67 .51 .48 .43 $0.89 .74 .64 .63 .51 .44 As stated on page 88, the three institutions of Prague, Vienna, and Briinn included in 1907, 76.3 per cent of the full-time workers in the territorial institutions. Of the territorial institutions, the highest avfirao-fi finrniTio-s is shown bv the institution at Vienna, while the 90 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOE. institutions of Prague and Briinn show comparatively low average earnings. The receipts of the insurance institutions are given in the following table : RECEIPTS OF THE INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, 1890 TO 1907. , . [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenveraiclierung, 1894-1909.] Year. Insurance assess- ments. Interest on reserve. All other, receipts. Total. 1890 $1,536,814 1,552,611 1,733,641 1,851,285 1,944,969 2,801,869 3,068,271 3,498,760 4,147,411 4, 621, 569 6,435,838 5,716,845 5,661,518 6,015,939 6,375,267 9,978,490 7,655,174 8,773,580 $11,565 63,394 100,002 149,690 197,054 237,988 300,779 371, 691 446,078 624,361 606,266 708,646 823,971 904,083 991,940 1,089,436 1,253,979 1,436,351 $16,683 174, 102 142,334 135,311 179,832 30,218 74,221 24,069 33,807" 158,-799- 19,452 103,638 610,399 89,408 85,999 68,703 242,226 245,288 $1,566,062 1891 1,780,107 1892 . . 1,976,977 1893 2,136,286 1894 2, 321-, 845 1895 3,070,075 1896 " . 3,443,271 1897 1898 3,894,520 ■4,-626 296 1899 - 5,304,729 1900 6,061,665 1901 6, 529, 129 1902 6, 995, 888 1903 7,009,430 1904 ■ 7,453,206 1905 11, 126, 628 1906 9,151,378 1907 10,455,219 The total receipts, as shown in the last column of the preceding table, have increased from $1,565,062 in 1890 to $10,455,219 in 1907. The receipts from assessments form the principal item in this total, 90 per cent of which is paid by the employers and 10 per cent by the insured persons. In 1890 the assessments amounted to $1,536,814; with the enactment of the law of 1894 the assessments mcreased from $1,944,959 in 1894 to $2,801,869 in 1895 and to $8,773,580 in 1907. The receipts ia the form of interest from the reserve have each year increased and in 1907 amounted .to $1,436,351. The expenditures of the institutions for the period 1890 to 1907 were as follows: EXPENDITURES OF THE INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten hetr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1894-1909.] Year. Compensa- tion paid. Costs of adminis- tration. Miscella- inspec- neous tion, and expenses. arbitra- tion. n 'A $205,647 $122,880 238,593 92,620 275,631 131,110 305,854 34,814 330,386 28,056 377,990 32,764 409,611 53,891 461,088 356,746 498,764 189,476 533,471 77,-201 601,637 82,274 630,642 84,917 682,792 127,202- 714,025 138,615 781,097 283,979 851,906 832,041 Placed in reserve. Special funds and special reserves. Total. 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899 1900, 1901, 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 $360, 346 506, 793 686,627 917, 279 1, 280, 288 1,697,341 1,945,953 2,303,557 2,727,632 3,082,499 3,492,303 3,802,688 4, 160, 379 4,569,085 4, 948, 120 6,460,601 U $1,316,470 1,521,804 1,626,276 2,164,314 3,119,736 2,449,712 2,483,554 3,708,357 3,468,231 3,671,957 4,010,685 4,562,041 3,647,419 6,735,415 4, 602, 598 4,661,122 (a) $49,783 13,100 6,333 6,263 6,132 78,703 217,041 62,765 . 1,873 2,499 70,540 7,406 $1,335,740 1,711,290 2,005,343 2,369,810 2,719,644 3,422,261 4,808,218 4,470,907 4,898,342- 6,834,010 6,889,235 7,443,831 8,403,940 9, 142, 953 8, 619, 665 12, 159, 539 10,686,334 11,813,076 a Not separately reported. CHAPTER I. WOEKMEN'S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, 91 The total amount expended by the institutionsjin 1890 was $1 ,335,740. The amounts expended have varied from year to year, but show a tendency to increase. The highest expenditure occurred in 1905, when the total amounted to $12,159,539. The principal item of expenditure is that for compensation; this item has shown an increase each year since 1890, and in 1907 amounted to $5,460,601, or 46.2 per cent of the total expenditures. The expenditures for administration have naturally increased with the growth of the insurance system, and in 1907 amounted to $851,906, or 15.6 per cent of the amount expended for compensation. The amount placed in the reserve of the institutions has fluctuated from year to year with a tendency to increase during the period, and in 1907 amounted to $4,661,122. The costs of administration referred to in the summary table of expenditures are presented in the following table in the form of com- parisons with other features of the insurance system: COST OF ADMINISTRATION OF INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtllche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und ICrankenversiclierung, 1909, Erster Beilieft.] Cost of administration. Year. Per cent of wages. Per cent of insur- ance as- . sess- ments. Per cent of com- pensation paid. Per in- dustrial establish- ment in- sured. Per per- son in- sured in industrial establish- ments. 1890 . .... 0.135 .166 .181 .195 .209 .172 .172 .185 .188 .202 .210 .219 .244 .249 .250 .251 .255 .250 9.7 11.3 11.9 12.9 14.2 10.9 10.8 10.8 9.9 10.0 9.2 9.3 10.6 10.5 10.7 10.4 10.2 9.7 180 73 57 47 40 33 26, 24 21 20 18 17 17 17 16 16 16 16 $2.80 3.02 3.34 3.70 4.13 3.75 3.81 4.23 4.47 4.97 5.29 5.42 5. S3 5.99 6.32 6.54 6.87 7.12 J0.17 1891 1892 .20 1893 22 1894 .24 189.i 22 1896 .22 1897 ... 24 1898 .25 1899 27 1900 .29 1901 31 1902 .35 1903 .36 1904... . .36 1905 .37 1906 .39 1907 .40 The expenditures for administration during the period 1890 to 1907 have shown a general tendency to increase as compared with the wages, the number of establishments, and the number of persons insured. As compared with the assessments made on the employers, the costs of administration have varied but little since 1895, while as compared with the expenditures for compensation, the costs of admin- istration have steadily decreased since 1890. The summary table of expenditures of the accident insurance sys- tem showed that the expenditures for the various forms of pecuniary benefits formed the principal disbursement of the insurance institu- 92 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. tions. The following table shows the items included under this head for the period 1892 to 1907, the data for 1890 and 1891 not being reported in this form: AMOUNT OF PECUNIARY BENEFITS PAID TO PERSONS INSURED IN INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS, BY KIND OF BENEFITS, 1892 TO 1907. [Source Amtliclie Nadirichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1896-1909.) Pensians to survivors. Pensions to injured Settlements persons: ■ to widows Funeral benefits. on remar- riage and Year. Total. Widows. Children. Parents, etc. During^ medical After medical commuta- tion pay- treatment. treatment. ments. 1892.... $3,885 821,441 824,993 §2,835 (a) 6 8298,299 88,893 8360,346 1893...- 4,694 31,253 37,899 3,952 (o) 6 417,000 11,996 606,794 1894.... 5,349 41,241 48,925 4,857 6 570,867 15,388 686,627 1895.... 6,608 55,672 65, 184 6,292 S243, 157 516,382 24,084 917,279 1896.... 8,092 75,070 84,651 8,606 334,728 730,173 38,968 1,280,288 1897.... 8,053 94, 151 105, 454 9,989 384, 527 968, 649 26,618 1,597,341 1898.... 8,118 118,708 129,171 11,447 417,859 1,212,509 48,141 1,945,953 1899.... 8,925 141, 627 156,680 13,973 476,240 1,459,764 47,649 2,303,558 1900.... 8,995 169,107 180,714 15,201 660,793 1,723,398 79, 424 2,727,632 1901.... 8,618 192, 174 199,363 16, 120 674, 495 2,013,623 78, 106 3,082,499 1902.... 8,785 218,811 222,059 18,267 624, 210 2,297,125 103, 047 3,492,304 1903.... 8,803 243,608 238,809 19,863 643,289 2,566,246 93,070 3,802,688 1904.... 9,850 271,802 259,100 21,244 668,757 2,822,835 106,791 4,160,379 1905...- 10,146 298, 511 275,917 23,726 495,657 3,344,999 120, 129 4, 569, 085 1906... . 10,652 332,241 300,281 24, 029 508, 741 3,663,605 108,771 4,948,120 1907.... 11,324 368,360 328,274 25,304 589,375 4,035,447 102,627 5,460,601 ^Included in pensions to injured persons after medical treatment. 6 Inoludingpensions to injured persons during medical treatment. The total expenditures for pecuniary benefits have increased each year since 1892, when they were $360,346, to 1907, when they amounted to $5,460,601. During this period the most important item has been that of pensions to injured persons; since 1895 this item has been reported separately for the period during which medical treatment was received and for the period after the conclusion of medical treat- ment. In 1907 the pensions paid to injured persons whose medical treatment for the injury had been concluded amounted to $4,035,447, or 73.9 per cent of the total expenditure for pecuniary benefits; in the same year the amount expended for pensions to persons during the medical treatment was $589,375, or 10.8 per cent of the total expenditures for pecuniary benefits; together these two items for 1907 amounted to $4,624,822, or 84.7 per cent of the total expendi- tures for pecuniary benefits. The expenditures for pensions to sur- vivors in 1907 were $368,350 for widows, $328,274 for children, and $25,304 for parents, grandparents, etc.; together these three items amount to $721,928, or 13.2 per cent of the total expenditures for pecuniary benefits. The expenditures for settlements to widows on remarriage, for commutations of pensions, etc., amounted to $102,527, or 1.9 per cent of the total, and the smallest item, that for funeral benefits, amounted to $11,324, or 0.2 per cent of the total. CHAPTEK I. WOKKMJJJSr 'S INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA, 93 The number of accidents reported and the number compensated for the period 1890 to 1907 is shown in the following table: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED AND NUMBER COMPENSATED, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliclie Naclirictiten betr. Untall- und Krankenversieherung, 1905-1909.] Year. Number of accidents reported. Number of acci- dents compen- sated. Number of acci- dents re- ported per 10,000 full-time workers. Niunber of acci- dents compen- sated per 10,000 full-time workers. 1890 16,041 21,316 26,298 32, 917 40,259 54,562 64,655 69,283 75, 146 79,260 80,534 81,606 84,003 88,155- 99, 744 103, 735 109, 118 119,052 6,741 8,784 9,422 10,901 12,552 16,395 18, 544 19,661 20, 976 22,666 23, 039 24, 134 25,313 25,459 27, 612 28,787 31,469 33,492 194.9 248.6 294.2 349. s 406.7 448.4 603.8 520.2 638.5 651.0 550.7 550. 7 566.3 680.5 619.8 6.30. 4 631.9 652.3 82 1891 102.5 1892 105 4 1893 115 9 1894 126.8 1 895 134.7 1896 144.5 1897 147.6 1898 150.3 1899 .... 157.6 1900 157.5 1901 162.9 1902 170.7 1903 Ui7.7 1904 .... 171.6 1905 -■ 175.0 1906 . . 1.S2. 2 1907 183.5 The number of accidents reported shows a continuous increase since 1890, largely due, according to the official reports, to improve- ments in the system of reporting accidents. The number of accidents compensated is naturally much smaller than the number reported, principally because the number compensated includes only those causing disability for more than four weeks. The number of acci- dents reported per 10,000 full-time workers insured has increased since 1890 with a stationary period in the years 1899, 1900, and 1901 . The number of accidents compensated per 10,000 full-time workers also shows an increase since 1890. It is to be expected that as the insured persons become more familiar with the operations of the law, they would report accidents more carefully and thereby succeed in securing compensation for a larger proportion of cases. 94 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. The increase in the number of accidents compensated is shown by- fatal and nonfatal accidents in the following table : NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS AND NUMBER PER 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversiclierung, 1907-1909.] Accidents compensated. Accidents for which compensation was Year Fatal. Nonfatal. Total. not paid (disability not lasting four weeks, etc.). Number. Number per 10,000 insured full-time workers. Number. Number per 10,000 insured full-time workers. Number. Number per 10,000 insured full-time workers. Number. Number per 10,000 insured full-time workers. 1890 648 565 674 649 670 836 929 929 977 1,044 1,003 995 901 909 1,037 1,111 1,089 1,189 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.8 6.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.3 6.8 6.7 6.1 6.0 6.4 6.8 6.3 6.6 6,193 8,219 8,348 10,252 11,882 15,560 17,615 18,732 . 19.999 21,622 22, 036 23, 139 "24,412 24,550 26, 575 27,676 30, 380 32,303 75,2 95.9 99.0 109.0 120.0 127.9 137.3 140.6 143. 3 160.3 150.7 156.2 164.6 161.7 165.2 168.2 175.9 177.0 6,741 8,784 9,422 10,901 12, 552 16,395 18, 544 19,661 20,976 22,666 23,039 24,134 25,313 25,459 27, 612 . 28,787 31,469 33,492 81.9 102.5 105.4 116.9 126.8 134.7 144.5 147.6 150.3 157.5 157.6 162.9 170.7 167.7 171.6 175.0 182.2 183.5 9,300 12,532 16,876 22,016 27,707 38, 167 46. 169 49,622 64. 170 56,694 67,496 67,471 68,690 62,696 72,132 74,948 77,649 85.660 1]3.0 1891 146.'2 1892 188.8 li93 1 234: 1894 279.'9 1895 313.7 1890 3S7. 3 1897 372.6 1898 388.1 1899 393.4 1900 393.2 1901 347.8 1903 . . .. 395.7 1903 412.8 1904 . 448.2 1905 455.4 1908 449,7 1907 408.8 The number of fatal accidents per 10,000 full-time workers has remained practically unchanged since 1890; the number of nonfatal accidents per 10,000 full-time workmen, causing disability for more than four weeks, has, with but one exception, the year 1903, increased each year since the inauguration of the iusurance system. The cause already mentioned — that of increasing familiarity with the law and of consequent ability of the insured persons to assert their rights under the law more fully — while accounting for part of the. increase in the accident rate, still leaves at least part of the increase unexplained. As the same increase has occurred in other countries, it must be concluded that the actual number of accidents has increased since 1890 and this increase must be regarded as due to modern industrial methods, such as the speeding up of machinery, greater complexity of organization, etc. The table following, showing the distribution of the accidents into three classes, those resulting in temporary disability, permanent dis- ability, and death, is given for the purpose of comparing the relative increase in the number of injuries causing temporary disability with that of those causing permanent disability during the period 1890 to 1907. CHAPTEB I. workmen's INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 95 NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED PER 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY RESULTS OF ACCIDENTS, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Naohriehtan betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1894-1909.] Number of full- time work- ers in- sured. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Number reported. Number resulting in- Year. Tempo- rary dis- ability lasting more than four weeks. Perma- nent dis- ability. Death. 1830 823, 166 857,284 893,882 940,943 989, 987 1,216,731 1,286,433 1,331,967 1,395,710 1,438,684 1,462,360 1,481,857 1,483,293 1,518,518 1,609,208 1,645,423 1,726,824 1,824,939 194.9 248.6 294.2 349.8 406.7 448.4 503.8 520.2 538.5 551.0 550.7 560.7 666.4 580.5 619.8 630.4 631.9 652.3 56.9 70.8 70.7 74.5 82.6 87.4 96.2 102.7 105.5 108.6 109.9 113.«t 124.7 126.7 124.9 1168. 2 '■175. 9 al77. 19.3 25.1 28.3 34.5 37.4 40.5 42.1 37.9 37.8 41.7 40.8 42.8 39.9 35.0 40.3 <>''} m 6.7 6.6 P. 4 6.9 6.8 6 8 1831 1832 1893 1834 1835 1896 1897 7 1898 7-0 7.3 6 8 1839 1900 1901 1902 6- 1 1903 1904 6 4 1905 1906 6 3 1907 6 5 » Including accidents resulting in permanent disability. 6 Included in accidents resulting in temporary disability. As already stated, the accidents resulting in death have remained practically constant during the period 1890 to 1907. The accidents resulting in permanent disability were 19.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1890 and increased each year up to 1896, when they were 42.1 per 10,000. In the eight years following 1896 the perma- nent disablements were as low as 35.0 and as high as 42.8 per 10,000 full-time workers, but may be said to have been fairly constant during this period with an average of somewhat less than 40 per 10,000 full-time workers. In other words, during the ten years ending 1904, there was jio increase either in the number of accidents per 10,000 full-time workers resulting in death or in the number causing perma- nent disability. The increase in the accidents above referred to has occurred, therefore, in the number of accidents causing temporary disability of over four weeks. In 1890 the number of such accidents was 55.9 per 10,000 full-time workers; in 1895 it was 87.4, and since that year has shown an increase in each year except 1904, when there was a slight decrease from 1903. The number of accidents causing temporary disability has therefore increased 37.5 per 10,000 full-time workers during the period 1895 to 1904. In addition to the number of accidents resulting in permanent disability, it is of importance to know the degree of disability which each accident has caused. The table following shows the degree of disability in such cases. 96 BBPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF lABOK. LOSS OF EAHNING POWER SUSTAINED BY PEESONS PERMANENTLY DISABLED, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliehe Naohrichtcn betr. Unfall- und Krankenversiclierung, 1892-1909.] Per cent of total cases of permanent disability in which the loss of earning power was- - Tw 44.9 45.7 , 42.2 45.5 45.0 43.0 44.1 44.7 47.0 51.4 54 2 67.0 58.0 60.3 72.7 75.7 80.1 79.5 72.9 80.4 85.1 87.1 85.6 94.2 104.1 96.4 16.1 23.0 19.8 22.6 16.9 17.9 17.3 19.6 21.8 22.0 21.0 17.6 22.6 21.9 95.9 107.2 128.1 124. S 115.0 134.8 126.9 127.6 135.6 139.7 147.8 147.1 148.3 156.7 0.3 1902 2.1 1903 2.3 1904 1.6 1905 1.9 1906 1.8 1907 1.0 IX (d). Cotton, half wool, etc.: 1894 1.2 1895 1.1 1896 „ 1.7 1897 2.0 1898 1.3 1899 .8 1900 ... .8 1901 1.0 1902 . .7 1903 .7 1904.. 1.1 1905 1.2 1906 .6 1907 .9 IX (e). Bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing establish- ments: 1894 2.9 1896 2.0 1896 3.4 1897 2.3 1898 : 1.3 1899 1.9 2.7 1901 1.0 1.6 1903 2.2 2.1 1905 3.4 2.0 1907 1.7 IX (f). Knitting, embroidery, etc., establishments: 1894 3.1 .7 1896 1897 ... 1898 1899 .6 1900 1901 1.1 1902 1904 .4 1905 .4 1906 .4 .7 X (a). Paper and cardboard manufacturing: 1894 3.9 1895 4.7 1.896 4.4 1897 •. 7.1 6.6 1899 . . . 7.3 1900 5.S 1901 8.2 4.7 1903 4.7 1904 5.4 1905 ... 6.6 3.3 1907 5.2 CHAPTER I. WOKKMEN S INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 105 NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUPS OP INDUS- TRIES, 1894 TO 1907— Continued. Number of insured full-time workers. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Industry group and year. Number reported. Number resulting in— Disabil- ity of more than four weeks. Death. X (b). Paper products: 1894 7,881 7,901 8,369 8,707 8,859 9,511 10,332 10,630 11,296 12,032 13,048 13,900 15,300 16,241 10,881 11,907 12,037 12,408 12,908 12,857 13,081 13,057 13,821 13,857 14,457 14,100 16, 120 16,322 647 607 787 803 954 997 1,106 1,340 1,339 1,384 1,443 1,268 1,549 2,026 2,700 3,020 3,667 3,661 3,641 3,572 4,138 4,569 4,644 5,164 5,260 4,436 5,063 4,999 30.487 41,176 44,089 45,339 48,022 48,090 51, 109 52,420 223.3 206.0 267.7 265.0 266. 4 283.9 276.0 298.2 266.5 292.6 376.3 366.5 331.4 334.3 226.1 234.3 209.2 259.5 272.7 299.4 294.3 356.6 351.6 358.7 385.3 391.9 415.2 402.7 92.7 194.9 177.8 289.7 241. 1 190.0 205.8 178.3 184.3 267.3 187.1 236.0 187.2 138.2 485.2 400.3 414.5 527.2 430.7 464. 7 427.7 413.7 387.6 408.6 344.1 387.7 387.9 412.1 567. 3 613.7 680.1 670.0 710.1 756.0 751.3 738.5 09.7 09.1 80.0 08.9 70.7 43.1 69.4 86.6 69.9 79.0 88.2 108.0 115.9 103.4 76.4 82.2 90.5 83.8 99.1 103.4 98.6 116.4 125.9 123.4 125.9 135.6 163.9 156. 6 16.5 16.0 38.1 81.1 62.9 40.1 61.5 59.4 29.9 50.6 69.3 47.3 25.8 34.6 29.6 59.6 84.6 79.2 87.9 98.0 89.4 87.5 103.4 00.0 72.2 96.9 73.2 122.0 269.3 306.5 293.3 289.8 288.0 315.8 310.7 337.8 1895 1896 1897 1893 : 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 ... 1.5 1905 1.4 1906 - . .6 1907 . . .. .6 X (c). Leather and leather sulJStltutes: 1894 0.4 1895 2.0 1890 1.7 1897 3.2 1898 . 7.0 1899 3.1 1900 6.1 1901 2.2 1902 4.3 1903 3.6 1904 . . . 2.8 1905 1.4 1906 7.3 1907 6.9 1894 1896 12.7 1898 - . 1900 1902 1904 7.9 1906 X fe). Rubber, gutta-percha, and celluloid: 1895 5.4 1897 igQl 4.3 1903 1.9 1905 1907 XI (a). VVoodworkini;: 1894 12.1 1895 12.4 1890 14.7 13.6 1898 14.8 14.4 1900 16.3 1901 14.5 106 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PEE 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUPS OF, INDUS- TRIES, 1894 TO 1907— Continued. Number of insured ' full-time workers. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Industry group and year. Number reported. Number resulting in — Disabil- ity of more than four weeks. Death. -XI (a). Woodworking— Concluded. 1902 51,733 53,920 67,478 60,266 68,915 74,081 528 342 401 522 602 638 699 860 892 1,000 1,041 747 752 906 4,851 5,138 5,276 4,740 4,724 4,949 5,154 4,829 6,208 6,695 5,394 4,978 5,430 5,428 69,100 66,293 57, 164 66,660 58,174 62, 151 63,219 62, 490 68,377 59,937 61,358 66,381 71,506 72,310 39,516 41,826 42,842 44,728 45,252 46,416 47,187 47,462 47,265 47,807 60,290 49,861 51,601 52.836 820.9 836.4 863.2 863.7 831.4 816.9 170. 5 263.2 50.0 191.6 166.1 156.7 228.9 186.0 156.9 220.0 192.1 348.1 266.0 88.4 216.5 229.9 197.1 236.3 260.4 242.5 283.3 308.5 228.5 303.8 339.3 265.1 267.0 311.3 253.6 274.2 281.8 290,8 281.0 340.5 334.2 362.8 397.4 345.6 412.0 384.6 445.1 427.6 484.1 520.7 628.4 588.2 581.0 618.1 606.9 666.6 638.3 619.8 651.6 649.2 569.6 666.2 356.3 345.8 365.7 364.4 379. 5 345.3 37.8 58.4 12.9 1903 11.7 1904 14.4 1905 12.1 1906 12.0 1907 11.6 XI (b). Basket wares, brushes, etc.: 1894 1895 . 1896 1897 . 38.4 16.6 47.0 114.4 81.4 33.6 30.0 67.2 66.9 79.8 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 10.0 1904 1906 13.4 1906 . 1907 XI (c). Products of horn, meerschaum, etc.: 1894 . '■ 51.6 58.4 62.6 54.8 78.3 70.7 77.6 84.9 61.8 91.3 57.5 64.2 86.6 73.7 98.8 100.9 103.4 94.3 100.4 113.1 110.1 131.5 139.2 137.2 144.7 145.7 165.6 150.4 126.6 151.1 165.2 151.1 156.7 160.5 161.9 175.1 183.0 170.0 181.6 186.6 182.7 196.8 1895 1896 1897 . .- 2.1 1898 2.1 1899 . . 1900 1901 4.1 1903 1904 .. 1906 1907 1.8 XII (a). Vegetable and animal food products: 6.3 3 8 1896 4.9 1897 5.1 1898 5.1 1899 . 4.7 1900 6.2 1901 3.9 1902 6.7 2.3 1904 3.7 5.2 1906 . . 5.5 5.0 XII (b). Drinks and beverages: 11.1 1895 11.7 11.4 1897 12.3 6.8 1899 9.1 1900 7.4 1901 10.5 9.5 1903 9.9 1904 10.0 1905 8.6 5.4 1907 9.1 CHAPTEB I. WOEKMEn'S INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 107 NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- TRIES, 1894 TO 1907— Continued. Number of insured full-time workers. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Industry group and year. Number reported. Number resulting in— Disabil- ity of ■ more than four weeks. Death. XII (c). Tobacco: 1894 33,271 33,911 36,158 39,651 37,733 36, 103 36,290 37,929 39, 193 36,161 37,738 37,822 30,531 37,462 18,359 19, 786 20,660 21,468 22,384 22, 012 22, 793 24,091 26,041 27,512 29, 148 29,691 33, 136 34, 045 2,195 2,644 2,759 3,109 3,400 3,800 4,114 4,604 4,907 5,560 6,405 6,843 7,856 8,376 84,946 93,244 115,731 119,986 135,488 139, 906 131,483 124, 780 134,018 145, 842 180,730 172,375 161,849 164,591 25,245 26, 477 29,358 28,801 33,007 31,386 28,634 27,995 20.7 29.5 28.5 29.8 23.6 30.4 40.5 50.6 60.7 48.4 64.3 66.1 62.3 52.9 144.3 212.3 224.0 217.7 210.0 194.1 177.2 186.7 166.3 180.6 176.7 177.2 156.9 186.0 256.1 165.1 137.7 189.8 170.6 210.5 223.6 206.3 220.1 262.6 213.9 163.4 194.8 215.5 799.0 950.3 973.6 1,056.1 1,044.6 946.7 916.5 956.2 1,027.0 1,005.5 978.7 946.0 830.9 801.0 746.3 793.1 814.7 804.6 863.6 839.6 865.7 917.3 4.5 6.8 6.1 6.3 5.0 6.4 10.2 11.8 12.2 11.7 13.5 10.6 14.5 10.7 30.0 34.9 24.3 26.6 29.5 27.9 28.9 30.7 32.7 31.6 29.5 25.6 32.0 37.3 63.7 66.0 39.9 57.9 47.1 81.6 70.-5 69.5 81.5 89.9 75.0 67.9 69.8 71.0 218.2 234.4 233.3 247.0 242.2 223.9 225.6 236.6 254.7 251.1 245.2 252.3 237.0 228.2 267.4 303.7 298.0 286.4 269.0 290.3 311.5 306.5 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 2 1900 1901 . 3 1902 1903 .2 1904 3 1905 1906 1907 .3 XIII (a). Clothing: 1895 1.0 1896 1897 1898 .4 1899 . . . 1900 .5 1901 1.2 1002 .7 1903 1904 1906 1906.'. .6 1907 .3 Xm (b). Cleaning: 1894 1890 1897 9.7 1898 1899 2.6 1900 1902 . 1903 ". 1.8 1904 . 1.6 1905 1.5 1906 2.6 1907 1.2 XIV (a). Building, construction operations, etc.: 19.7 1895 12.1 1896... . 12.3 1897 11.8 1898. 13.0 1899 12.6 1900 11.8 1901 11.4 11.0 1903 10.3 12.4 1905 12.2 1906 11.2 1907 11.1 XIV (b). Building trades: 1894 19.8 1895 26.4 1896 26.9 27.1 1898 20.0 1S99 19.4 1900 19.9 1901 20.7 108 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER 10,086 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- TRIES, 1894 TO 1907— ContirLued. Number of insured fuU-time workers. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Industry group and year. Number reported. Number resulting in— Disabil- ity of more than four weeks. Death. XIV lb). BuUding trades— Concluded. 1902 28,656 30,144 32,841 32,085 35,666 40,992 7,330 7,143 8,943 9,682 11,108 12,728 14,524 14.808 15,834 15, 504 16,642 18,793 24,070 36,786 3,491 3,481 3,711 3,819 4,170 4,492 4,680 4,933 6,096 6,097 5,004 5,400 6,050 18,2^0 19,076 19,879 20,838 22,063 22,181 23,308 24, 814 25,876 26,639 27,868 28,785 30, 481 33,399 3,218 3,758 3,633 3, 708 3,931 3,646 4,019 4,638 4,018 4,647 4,917 5,406 6.265 921.6 932.8 965.2 803.8 790.3 749.7 612.6 879.2 903.3 918.2 919.2 832.0 906.1 913.0 919.5 978.5 978.9 818.4 637.3 446.4 601.9 688.6 741.4 580.3 574.9 285.0 566.2 316.2 325.8 306.1 325.7 348.1 358.4 133.2 122.7 183.6 192.4 2ia6 209.2 205.6 217.2 236.1 233.1 237.3 216.8 236.2 217.6 31.1 61.2 49.5 66.6 7L2 68.6 72.2 77.8 77.1 68.9 69.1 67.4 61.3 347.9 318.1 322.4 300.5 298.4 284.0 166.1 246.4 218.0 204.5 211.6 199.6 212.1 195.2 222.3 236.4 222.5 195.8 194.0 153.3 253.6 212.0 247.3 171.9 171.0 102.4 119.7 103.4 109.9 102.0 145.9 111.1 118.8 43.9 rs 49.0 54.4 63.2 49.8 49.6 62.2 66.7 65.3 67.0 60.7 6L4 9.3 13.3 11.0 10.8 17.8 13.7 17.4 20.6 19.9 28.0 28.6 26.9 24.7 15.4 1903 . 18.9 1904 23.8 1905 21.2 1906 17.2 1907 15.8 XIV (c). Trades subsidiary to building trades; 16.4 1895 11.2 1898 19.0 1897 10.3 1898 . 14.4 1899 9.5 1900 13.5 1901 12.1 1902 - 4.4 1903 . 11.6 1904 9.0 1905 8.0 1906 5.0 1907 '. 7.6 XIV (d). Establishments for cleaning, maintenance, etc., of buildings: 1896 27.8 1896 ■ . 23.4 1897 31.9 1898 •11.4 1899 . 37.3 1900 17.8 1901 6.4 8.1 7.9 13.7 1906 2.0 9.3 1907 4.0 XV (a). Printing, publishing, etc.: 1896 .5 1899 .4 .8 .7 .7 .3 1906 1.0 .3 XV lb). Theaters: 3.1 1898 1900 2.5 2.0 1907 CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 109 NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS PER 10,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- TRIES, 1894 TO 1907— Concluded. Number of insured full-time workers. Accidents per 10,000 full-time workers insured. Industry group and year. Number reported. Number resulting in— Disabil- ity of more than four weeks. Death. Establishments voluntarily insured and miscellaneous: 1895 852 1,389 3,016 4,055 4,464 5,069 5,923 6,722 7,857 7,826 11,749 16,172 18,735 989,987 1,216,731 1,283,433 1,331,957 1,395,710 1,438,584 1,462,360 1,481,857 1,483,293 1,618,518 1,609,208 1,645,423 1,726,824 1,824,939 399.5 380.8 790.1 456.3 368.5 333.4 406.9 428.4 327.1 347.6 298.7 203.4 217.2 406.7 448.4 603.8 620.2 538.5 551.0 550.7 650.7 566.4 580.5 619.8 630.4 631.9 652.3 232.6 243.7 411.9 201.6 145.1 116.4 160.4 147.3 98.0 126.5 112.4 71.1 77.4 120.0 127.9 137.3 140.6 143.3 150.3 150.7 166.2 164 6 161.7 165.2 168.2 175.9 177.0 1896 7.6 1897 1898 2 5 1899 1900 7 9 1901 1902 3 1903 6 4 1904 1905 . . 6 8 1906 1907 6 4 All groups: 1894 6 8 1895 6.8 1896 7 2 1897 7.0 1898 7.0 1 899 7.3 1900 6 8 1901 6.7 1902 6. 1 1903.. . 6.0 1004 6. 4 1905 6.8 1 906 6.3 1907 6.5 o This rate is due to accidents in dredging establishments, the fatal accident rate for dredging being 75.8 per 10,000 full-time workers. Taking up first the fatal accidents, the group having the highest rate in 1907 was pits, other open digging, etc. (Group IVb), with 37 deaths per 10,000 full-time workers. In stone quarries, etc. (Group IVa), the number of workmen employed is much larger and in consequence the accident rates show smaller fluctuations. In 1907 the fatal-accident rate was 28.3 per 10,000 full-time workers; this rate has been exceeded in 7 of the 14 years included in the table, while in the years with lower rates the difference is small, with the exception of one year. These two groups of industries have death rates much in excess of the other groups. The next highest rate is that occurring in the industries of land transportation (Group lib), with 17.5 deaths per 10,000 full-time workers in 1907. This rate is nearly double that for the railroad industries (Group Ila). For the year 1907 the rate for transportation on water (Group lie) was lower than usual, being 9.3, the lowest for the entire period. In this group the highest rate, 36.4, is found in 1898. In the building trades (Group XlVb) the rate in 1907 was 15.8, which, with the 110 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. exception of the year 1902, is the lowest rate shown for the fourteen- year period. The three following groups (Vile, XIVc, and XlVd) also show marked decreases in the death rates. The number of accidents causing disability of over four weeks shows a tendency to increase in practically all of the groups of indus- tries. In the year 1907 the largest number of disablements occurred in the group designated as smelting, mining of "nonreserved min- erals," etc. (Group III),in which the rate was 440.7 perlO,OOOfull-tune workers; this rate, however, is considerably in excess of the rate for the preceding year, but is in accord with the general upward tend- ency of the preceding five years. The group of industries with the next highest rate in 1907 is that of stone quarries, etc. (Group IVa), in which the rate v/as 376.9 per 10,000; this rate is less than that for the four preceding years, but is much higher than the rates prevailing five to ten years earlier. The woodworking industries (Group XIa) in 1907 had a disability rate of 345.3 per 10,000 full- time workers. As the number of persons employed in this group is comparatively large, the accident rates fluctuate less than the rates of the two groups just mentioned. For the first five years the rates are approximately 300 or less. With some fluctuations, there has been a constant tendency for the disability rate to increase since 1898. Another industrial group, machinery, tools, instruments, etc. (Group Via), employing approximately the same number of workers, had in 1907 a disability rate of 346 per 10,000 full-ttme workers. This rate shows the same tendency as that for woodworking. An industry similar in many respects to the one just described is that designated as vehicles, transportation apparatus, etc. (Group Vib), in which the disability rate in 1907 was 324.7 per 10,000 full-time workers. The rate for 1907 is much greater than for any of the other years given in the table, with the exception of 1906, when the rate was 347.2; since 1898, however, the rate has varied comparatively little up to 1906. The group transportation on land other than railroads (Group lib) is the only other one having a disability rate in 1907 in excess of 300 per 10,000 full-time workers. It also shows a marked tendency to higher rates during the period included in the table. The building trades (Group XlVb) in 1907 had a rate of 284per 10,000 full-time workers. For the six years 1900 to 1905 the rate was in excess of 300 per 10,000 full-time workers. This group is rather unusual, because the disability rates since 1894 have not shown the same increase as most of the other groups of industries; however, the rate has been lower than in 1907 only in two of the years included in the table. In the case of the fifteen industrial groups with disability rates in excess of 200 per 10,000 full-time workers, there is a general tendency toward higher rates in the more recent years. The movement toward higher disability rates dis- CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. Ill closed by the total at the end of the table is therefore not due to any single industry or group of industries, but is a general movement common to a large number of industries. The column showing the number of accidents reported includes claims for accidents which were not allowed, disability lasting less than four weeks, disability of more than four weeks, and fatal acci- dents. As it is not possible to distinguish between these classes of cases, the number of accidents reported furnishes only an imperfect indication of the total accident rate in the various industries. The total number of accidents reported has increased from 406.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1894 to 652.3 in 1907, an increase of 60.4 per cent. The number of accidents resulting in disability of more than four weeks has increased 47.5 per cent in the same period. In the following table the proportion, of compensated accidents due to the various causes is shown by industry groups for the year 1907 and the four preceding years. The data for the period 1897 to 1901 are given in slightly different form in the special discussion of accident statistics on pages 144 to 167. 112 BEPOBX. OF THE COMMISSIONEB OE LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS RECEIVING COMPENSATION, [Source: Amtliehe Naclirichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1905-1909.] Per cent of accidents due to— Industry group and year. Motors. Power- transmis- sion ap- paratus. Working machin- ery. Ele- vators, hoists, cranes, etc. Steam boilere, steam piping, etc. (ex- plosions, etc.). Using power. Not ■ using power. I (a). Agricultural establishments using power: 1903 5.8 6.9 6.7 6.7 7.0 2.3 3.1 3.4 1.1 2.9 .2 .4 .1 .4 .1 .4 .3 1.2 .1 .4 .3 .2 .5 .2 .3 .2 .5 .5 .1 .1 .8 .8 .8 .8 .7 1.0 1.1 .3 .6 .5 1.3 .8 2.7 1.3 3.1 .7 .9 .7 .9 .5 13.5 13.2 11.3 10.0 10.3 15.5 14.5 13.2 10.7 16.6 C) .1 .1 .1 1.7 .9 1.7 1.0 1.0 .8 .8 1.0 .6 1.4 2.7 2.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.1 2.9 1.1 2.8 1.7 2.4 1.3 1.7 1.5 2.0 2.1 5.1 6.1 4.0 6.7 4.5 65.3 63.2 64.0 70.1 68.9 31.5 31.1 30.1 29.6 30.3 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.5 13.6 14.7 12.5 13.2 12.6 5.0 5.2 5.1 6.8 6.5 34.0 33.0 35.0 33.1 32.6 25.8 26.9 25.9 27.7 26.6 20.0 14.5 13.8 18.1 15.0 10.7 12.7 13.1 11.7 12.6 53.2 51.9 55.3 50.3 64.3 0.2 1904 0.1 .1 «.3 .5 1905 .6 .4 .1 5.8 2.8 4.7 4.8 3.6 .8 .7 .8 1.1 .6 4.8 6.0 8.7 3.9 3.7 2.0 1.7 2.3 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.9 1.9 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.6 3.1 2.5 .7 .6 2.2 2.2 .3 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.4 1906 1907 0.3 I (b). Flour mills: 1903 1904 1905 .3 .8 • 1900 1907 II. Transportation and storage: 1903 .1 .1 (") C) .2 .3 .2 1904 1905 .4 .3 .7 .2 (■>) .1 1906 1907 HI. Smelting works, mining ot "nonre- served" minerals, etc.: 1903 1904 ... 1905 1906 1907 .2 .4 .2 .5 .4 .4 5.1 7.0 7.1 5.5 4.6 .6 .8 .6 .7 .6 .4 .7 1.4 1.4 .5 2.3 2.6 1.7 2.3 2.1 .3 .1 .2 .2 .3 IV. stones and earths: 1903 ... 1904 1905 ... .1 .2 1906 : 1907 V. Metal working: 1903 1904 .1 .1 .2 1906 VI. Machinery, tools, instruments, appa- 1903 .1 1905 1906 1907 1903 1904 .4 .3 .8 .2 1.3 .3 .7 1.0 .2 .1 .6 .4 .4 .2 1905 1906 1907 VIII.- Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting: 1904 1905 1906 IX. Textile: 1904 .... 1906 1907 <• Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CHAPTEE I. WORKMEN S INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 113 BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1903 TO 1907. [Source: AmtUehe Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1905-1903.] Per cent of accidents due to — Explo- sions ot powder, dyna- mite, etc. 0.2 .1 .7 .2 .7 2.7 2.8 3.1 2.2 2.2 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 Inl]ani- mable, poison- ous, hot, and cor- rosive materi- als. 0.4 .4 1.3 .5 .8 1.4 1.3 .4 .7 .5 .7 2.3 15.3 13.5 13.8 14.3 13.4 2.3 1. 1. 1.6 3.0 14.2 13.9 12.6 15.2 10. 8 Collapse, falls, etc. , of arti- cles, ma- terials, etc. 1.3 1.4 1.7 .5 1.2 6.6 7.4 6.5 7.3 7.0 3.2 3.0 3.2 4.1 10.2 20.1 18.3 16.9 20.3 18.5 27.9 26.9 26.1 23.0 27.1 9.4 8.2 7.5 9.2 Falls from ladders, scaSold- ing, stairs, etc. 7.7 Loading, unload- ing, lift- ing, carry- ing, etc. 7.2 7.3 7.0 16.0 12.2 12.7 13.8 14.3 7.4 6.4 6.1 7.5 13.7 9.4 10.6 7.7 9.0 9.1 12.6 13.0 12.2 11.5 12.5 6.9 6.2 6.6 5.9 Elding, driving, run over, kick, and bite ot animals, etc. 1.2 .7 2.0 1.2 .7 7.4 9.2 9.6 8.4 7.6 11.2 12.4 12.4 11.4 19.9 15.8 15.9 17.4 16.8 16.8 18.1 19.9 18.0 19.2 19.0 9.9 9.5 11.5 10.7 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.7 1.6 5.8 9.9 6.2 8.7 8.3 9.5 10.5 8.3 3.5 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.5 6.8 6.1 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.3 Opera- tion of railways. Naviga- tion and water- transpor- tation (falling over- board, etc.). 0.3 ".'3 .5 65.0 54.4 57.5 55.5 36.7 .7 1.7 1.1 .7 .7 1.1 1.2 1.1 .2 .1 0.3 .3 C) (-) .2 .1 .1 Use of hand tools and similar appara- tus. 0.3 1.0 1.1 .5 .1 5.7 6.4 3.6 8.7 7.9 5.4 4.2 4.3 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.9 6.9 13.7 16.0 15.5 16.1 11.6 9.4 8.3 Other causes. 3.6 1.8 .8 2.2 1.3 6.5 5.9 6.1 6.0 5.6 18.6 17.0 21.6 15.1 19.1 13.3 11.9 12.5 12.6 13.9 7.1 11.2 9.7 9.1 9.4 7.6 8.0 12.1 16.3 16.3 15.3 14.5 14.4 15.7 16.2 14.8 14.6 17.1 17.8 15.5 16.2 17.4 1. 1.6 4.0 4.4 4.4 5.2 4.1 .1 .1 .2 .4 .2 .7 1.4 1.1 1.5 (") .4 16.9 15.4 15.9 15.8 13.3 3.9 6.9 4.7 3.6 6.1 .2 1.2 15.1 9.1 11.6 11.6 10.5 4.0 2.8 3.4 3.2 3.6 10.4 11.9 12.9 9.4 9.9 4.0 5.7 3.9 6.4 4.5 21.1 23.8 18.8 20.3 23.3 12.1 12.0 11.7 11.9 11.5 15.1 15.0 14.6 16.7 16.1 7.5 7.5 7. 8.3 7.1 4.7 3.3 2.5 3.6 3.3 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.7 .6 .3 2.3 .1 '. .1 :. 7.0 6.3 6.0 5.8 2.7 2. 2.4 3.0 2.5 114 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. - CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS RECEIVING COMPENSATION, Per cent of accidents due to— Industry group and year. Motors. Power transmis- sion ap- paratus. Working machin- ery. Ele- vators, hoists, cranes, etc. Steam boilers, steam piping, etc. (ex- plosions, etc.). Using power. Not using power. X. Paper, leather, and rubber: 1903 . . . 0.8 1.4 .2 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .1 .6 1.5 1.3 .9 1.0 .8 1.4 3.7 .9 .6 1.1 .1 .1 1 1 1 .6 .6 .5 .5 1.9 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.3 3.7 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.9 1.8 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 1.7 1.9 2.6 .2 .3 .2 .1 .3 1.2 1.8 1.7 1.5 .9 38.0 39.2 41,6 42.8 44.4 49.7 47.7 49.7 49.4 49.2 14.8 14.8 15.6 16.1 15.4 37.7 48.2 43.1 47.2 48.7 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.7 50.3 50.3 56.1 55.5 48.4 1.2 2.9 8.6 6.2 1.9 2.6 2.2 2.8 1.8 2.2 .3 .4 .4 .2 .1 .7 .5 1.3 .3 .5 5.1 2.2 3.6 3.8 3.2 .6 .3 .2 .3 .5 9.3 8.9 6.1 4.0 6.1 6.1 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.0 1.8 .3 .2 .3 .5 .4 2.8 1.7 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.9 .8 .9 .6 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.5 1.8 2.2 .6 2.3 .6 1.6 2.4 0,5 .8 .2 .1 .3 1904 1965 ... 1906 1907 XI. Woodworking, carved materials, etc.: 1903 1904 .1 .1 1906 1906 1907 C) .3 1.1 .5 .4 .7 XII. Foods and drinks: 1903 1904 .. 1905 1906 1907 XIII. Clothing and cleaning: 1903 1904 1905 1906 .6 1907 XIV. Building and construction; 1903 .1 w 1904 - . . 1905 1906 1907 .• XV. Printing, publishing, and theaters; 1903 ; 1904 , 1905 1906 1907 Establishments voluntarily insured: 1903 1904 1.9 1.4 3.9 3.2 1905 .' .7 ■1906 .8 .6 1907 .6 1903 .6 .7 .7 .5 .6 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 18.3 18.0 18.5 19.8 19.3 .8 .8 .9 .7 .7 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.7 .1 .2 .2 .1 .1 1904 1905 ; .... 1906 1907 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CHAPTEE I. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTBIA. BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1903 TO 1907— Concluded. 115 Per cent of accidents due to— Inflam- Naviga- Explo- mable, poison- Collapse, falls, etc., of arti- cles, ma- terials, etc. Falls from Loading, Riding, driving, tion and water- Use of hand tools and similar sions of powder, ous, liot, and cor- ladders, scaffold- unload- ing, lift- run over, kick, and Opera- tion of transpor- tation Other dyna- rosive ing, mg, carry- bite of railways. (faUing mite, etc. materi- stairs, ing, etc. animals. over- als. etc. etc. board. etc.). 0.3 4.6 2.4 7.8 7.0 13.2 15.2 10.6 10.6 2.6 0.1 7.1 5.5 4.7 0.1 5.8 4.5 4 8 2.8 6.5 13.8 12.4 1 6 .1 .1 4.2 2.5 .5 6.7 7.9 13.4 14.8 13.5 6.1 9.5 8.8 10.1 3.1 2.6 3 3 .6 .3 4.8 5.3 6.0 .1 .5 13.6 7.2 11.4 3.6 1.4 .5 8.3 2.3 (") .7 12.2 7.1 12.6 3.6 .8 .7 7.8 2.1 .1 .6 13.3 6.7 11.4 3.6 .3 .4 8.6 2.9 .8 13.1 6.9 11.1 3 9 9 1 7 3 3 8 5.6 9.9 19.3 15.8 11 2 8.3 7.7 5.0 11.0 18.7 19.0 10.0 1.1 .1 4.8 .3 .6 .2 5.6 5.0 5.6 8.7 5.2 7.5 5.7 3.2 3.7 7.6 10.3 11.4 5.1 5.9 6.9 3.2 4.8 23.1 18.6 18.3 17.4 10.9 12.6 19.0 13.4 13.8 28.6 19.7 20.4 17.1 6.5 5.9 5.2 6.7 4.2 18.1 9.4 7.7 10.3 2.2 .7 1.6 1.3 1.5 5.2 4.9 4.8 8.7 5.9 5.2 5.1 6.3 9.9 8.5 8.3 10.1 7 2 5 9 .9 .9 4 3 2.6 1.6 4.0 9.6 .6 1.0 8 4 1.1 .5 6.2 2.0 3.9 23.7 27.7 17.5 6.1 1.1 .3 9.5 4.3 1.1 3.8 21.6 29.1 19.0 5.4 1.0 .3 9.5 5.2 .8 3.9 22.4 29.4 17.2 4.1 1.4 .3 10.5 6.2 1.0 4.3 23.6 30.4 15.5 3.3 1.9 .3 8.7 6.4 2.5 1.2 2.2 5.6 5.3 2.2 5.4 10.0 16.6 11.7 9.4 8.1 5.9 8.9 9.9 2.5 3.7 1.2 1.7 5.4 5.6 5 9 1.1 2.0 7.2 4.9 2.8 3.7 7.0 14.1 13.1 23.2 6.6 18.3 1.4 12.2 4.2 7.3 5.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 9.8 1.9 1.9 16.5 26.3 25.3 7.8 7.8 5.8 2.1 12.1 19.3 23.6 12.9 2.1 2.1 7.9 5.0 2.3 21.1 20.3 16.6 10.2 .8 .8 10.2 6.2 4.5 17.8 24.9 17.2 8.9 3.2 10.2 5.1 .6 4.3 13.0 14.1 13.4 5.0 11.6 .3 9.0 5.0 .8 3.9 13.6 14.5 14.3 5.6 10.4 .2 8.9 4.4 .6 4.2 12.3 13.9 14.9 6.2 11.2 .3 8.3 4.9 .5 4.3 12.5 13.4 13.9 6.0 11.4 .2 8.4 5.6 .5 5.0 14.3 14.8 14.8 4.8 8.2 .1 7.3 6.2 H6 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOS. The cause which shows the highest proportion of all the accidents is that of working machinery driven by power, which in 1907 caused 19.3 per cent of all the accidents. The two causes with the next highest proportion of accidents in 1907 are loading and unload- ing, lifting, carrying, etc., and falls from ladders, scaffolding, stairs, etc., each of which was responsible for 14.8 per cent of the accidents. The cause responsible for the next largest proportion of accidents is collapse, falls, etc., of articles, materiails, etc., with 14.3 per cent of the accidents in 1907. The operation of railways caused 8.2 per cent of the accidents in 1907, a ratio somewhat below the previous four years. In 1907 these five causes were responsible for 71.4 per cent of the accidents occurring in that year. In most of the groups of industries the use of power-driven ma- chinery stands out prominently ag responsible for most of the acci- dents. In the group agricultural establishments using power ma- chinery (Group la), this class of machinery caused 68.9 per cent of the accidents in 1907; in the flour-milling industry (Group lb) the same class of machinery caused 30.3 per cent of the accidents. In the industries of transportation and storage, which includes the rail- roads (Group II), the operation of railways caused 36.7 per cent of the accidents. In the printing trades, etc. (Group XV), power-driven machinery caused 48.4 per cent of the accidents in 1907. In the textile industries (Group IX) this class of machinery caused 54.3 per cent of the accidents in 1907. In 1907 power-driven machinery caused 49.2 per cent of the accidents in the industries of woodworking, carved materials, etc. (Group 'XI), 48.7 per cent in the clothing and cleaning industries (Group XIII), 44.4 per cent in the paper, leather, and rub- ber industries (Group X), 32.6 per cent in the metal- working indus- tries (Group V), 26.6 per cent in the manufacture of machinery, tools, implements, etc. (Group VI). With the exception of the operation of railways, mentioned above, and falls from ladders, etc., in Group XIV, none of the other causes was responsible for as much as 25 per cent of the accidents in 1907. In a few instances, causes peculiar to certain industries, such as col- lapse and fall of materials, etc., in the mining, stone and earth, and building industries (Groups III, IV, and XIV) showed a relatively high proportion of the accidents. The use of power-driven machinery, however, is conspicuous as the cause of injuries calling for compensation. CHAPTEB I. — WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA, 117 The number of pensions granted during the last five years, the average amount of these pensions, and the relation which this amount bears to the earnings of the injiired person are shown in the following table: NUMBER OF PENSIONERS, AVERAGE AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED BY INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTIONS, AND PER CENT PENSION IS OF EARNINGS, BY CLASSES, 1903 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unlall- und Krankenversicherung, 1909, Erster Beiheft.] Territorial Institutions. Railroad institution. All institutions. Class of pension and year. Num- ber of pen- sioners. Aver- age an- nual amount of pen- sion. Aver- age an- nual imount of pen- sion in jercent- age of earn- ings. Num- ber of pen- sioners. Aver- age an- nual amount of pen- sion. Aver- age an- nual iraount of pen- sion in )ercent- ageof earn- ings. Num- ber of pen- sioners. Aver- age an- nual amount of pen- sion. Aver- age an- nual amount of pen- sion in percent- age of earn- ings. Widows: 1903 552 621 620 597 674 1,078 1,302 1,217 1,245 1,284 70 70 77 55 64 1,700 a 1,933 1,914 1,897 2,012 181 264 276 262 267 551 633 570 592 652 444 473 430 462 481 910 896 892 931 984 4,849 6,507 $31.65 30.96 32.31 34.08 34.75 20.13 19.43 20.79 21.22 22.45 21.17 25.71 27.55 27.23 33.12 23.92 23.26 24.79 25.44 26.85 97.20 101.24 94.53 95.32 90.54 72.45 76.36 72.24 70.66 71.56 56.95 60.94 61.38 60.73 62.69 42.08 43.73 44.19 45.17 45.16 18.01 18.79 17.77 17.78 17.85 17.79 17.83 11.22 11.13 11.27 11.00 11.15 15.61 17.95 18.84 16.48 15.71 13. .50 13.41 13.64 13.28 13.46 60.77 60.00 60.00 60.00 59.49 46.18 46.65 47.42 47.20 46.45 35.11 35.24 38.06 38.63 37.61 25.06 25.53 27.39 28.07 27.46 9.99 10.31 193 214 237 302 307 334 399 373 594 576 19 23 10 21 30 546 636 620 917 913 159 112 205 186 160 183 116 217 194 199 93 88 135 109 116 136 88 208 191 189 240 230 $69.69 72.86 75.30 74.10 75.12 45.85 43.69 44.95 46.76 46.55 44.70 45.14 84.13 41.82 37.79 54.20 53.50 57.18 55.65 55.87 267.37 257.53 257.48 268.52 278.98 187.34 177.48 189.68 193.38 188.80 128.34 124.69 137.91 123.97 132.77 101.75 94.77 98.98 102.90 101.82 40.49 41.69 25.21 26.18 26.76 26.26 27.71 16.20 16.49 17.68 16.77 17.74 23.59 25.29 31.25 22.96 20.81 19.65 20.12 21.62 20.04 21.27 82.80 81.75 82.79 83.31 83.12 64.71 62.89 66.45 64.21 63.85 48.96 47.67 49.92 49.25 48.86 38.07 35.49 37.66 35.47 35.58 17.63 16.40 746 835 867 899 981 1,412 1,701 1,590 1,839 1,860 89 93 87 76 84 2,246 a 2, 629 2,534 2,814 2,925 340 376 481 447 427 734 749 787 786 851 537 661 665 571 597 1,046 984 1,100 1,122 1,173 6.089 5,737 $41.48 41.70 44.20 47.52 47.17 26.22 25.10 26.45 29.48 29.91 26.19 30.51 34.06 31.26 34.79 31.28 30.57 32.72 35.28 •35.91 176. 78 147.80 163.98 167.00 161.15 101.09 92.02 104.62 100.94 98.97 69.31 70.94 79.66 72.80 76.31 49.84 48.30 54.55 65.00 54.28 19.07 19.70 20.39 1904 20.77 1905 21.18 1906 21.41 1907 21.66 Children: 1903 12.85 1904 12.83 1905 . 13.18 1908 • 13,36 1907 . 13.58 Parents, etc.: 1903 17.81 1904 20.08 1905 . 21.23 1906 18.40 1907 17.36 Total dependents: 1903 15.62 1904 16.62 1905 16.27 1906 16.06 1907 16.38 Permanent disability pen- sions {degree of disability In fractions of total dis- '"i^r:': 74.86 1904 69.61 1905 . 73.64 1906 73.60 1907 . 72.94 Over i to f : 53.22 1904 50.56 1905 64.99 1906 53.98 1907 62.91 °^U'°.»; 38.02 1904.. .. 37.97 1905 1906 °^U'°»= 27.56 1904 1906 1907 ] and under: 1903 10.45 10.45 1904 ■This total Is not the correct sum of the Items; the figures are given as shown in the original report. 118 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. 5JUMBEE OF PENSIONERS, AVERAGE AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED BY INSUE- ANCE INSTITUTIONS, AND PER CENT PENSION IS OF EARNINGS, BY CLASSES, 1903 TO 1907— Concluded. Territorial institutions. Railroad institution. All institutions. Aver- Aver- Aver- age an- age an- age an- Aver- nual Aver- nual Aver- nual Class ol pension and year. Num- age an- amount Num- age an- amount Num- age an- amount ber of nual of pen- ber of nual of pen- ber of nual of pen- pen- amount sion m pen- amount sion m pen- amount sion in sioners. of pen- percen1> sioners. of pen- percent- sioners. of pen- percent- sion. age of earn- ings. sion. age of earn- ings. sion. age of earn- ings. Over i to g: 1905... 2,480 $26. 47 15.88 265 J56.94 20.63 2,745 S29.41 16.59 190S 2,610 2,902 26.66 27.63 16.24 16.14 227 ■ 294 59.32 61.00 20.32 20.55 2,837 3,196 29.27 30.61 16.78 1907 16.73 * and under: 1905 3,701 12.79 7.06 70 19.89 8.60 3,771 12.92 7.10 1906 4,163 13.37 7.32 94 20.77 9.07 4,247 13.53 7.37 1907 . 4,366 13.57 7.29 112 19.84 8.87 4,478 13.73 7.33 Total of permanent disability pensions: 1903 6,935 7,773 30.06 31.71 17.16 17.77 811 634 138.48 123.55 51.01 45.28 7,746 8,407 41.41 38.64 22.36 1904 20.82 1905 8,349 9,010 9,662 29.47 29.08 29.49 17.24 17.01 16.83 1,100 1,000 1,070 136.03 135.77 128.04 48.51 47.03 44.13 9,449 10,010 10,722 41.87 39.74 39.32 22.80 1906 .. 21.75 1907 21.06 Grand total: 1903 8,635 28.85 16.44 1,367 104.57 38.19 9,992 39.13 20.72 1904 9,766 29.99 16.90 1,270 88.47 32.84 11,036 36.73 19.53 1905 10,263 28.60 16.53 1,720 107.61 39.18 11,983 39.94 21.29 1906 10,907 26.24 16.30 1,917 97.45 34.38 12,824 38.76 20.32 1907 . ... 11,664 29.03 16.18 1,983 94.81 34.17 13, 647 38.59 19.93 The average amount of all the pensions granted and the propor- tion of the injured persons' earnings which these pensions form is uniformly higher in the case of the railroads than in the other industries. The reason for this is the higher pension rates granted by the law to railroad employees, as stated on page 39. In 1907 the territorial institutions granted 674 widows' pensions, averaging $34.75 each, which was 17.83 per cent of the earnings of the deceased workmen; for the railroads, the average widow's pension was $75.12, equal to 27.71 per cent of the earnings of the deceased workmen. The children's pensions granted by the territorial institutions in 1907 numbered 1,284 and averaged $22.45 each, which was equal to 11.15 per cent of the deceased workmen's earnings; for the railroads, the average was. $46.55, or 17-.74 per cent of the deceased workmen's earnings. The pensions provided for parents, grandparents, etc., by the territorial institutions in 1907 numbered 64 and averaged $33.12' each, or 15.71 per cent of the wages of the deceased workmen; for the railroad employees the average pension was $37.79, or 20.81 per cent of the deceased workmen's earnings. For all dependents the average pension in the territorial institutions was $26.85, or 13.46 per cent of the earnings of the deceased workmen. The actual amount of the pension shows a tendency to increase during the last five years. In the railroad institution practically the same movement has taken CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 119 place, though some of the years show fluctuations. The fatal acci- dents occurring in 1907 brought 2,925 pensioners on the rolls of the institution; the average pension for these persons was $35.91 per person, and this amount equaled 16.38 per cent of the earnings of the deceased workmen. The total number of cases of permanent disabiUty in 1907 was 9,652 in the territorial institutions and 1,070 in the railroad institution; the average pension for the first-named insti- tutions was $29.49, amounting to 16.83 percent of the earnings, while for the railroad institution the average pension was $128.04, or 44.13 per cent of the earnings. The largest number of permanent dis- ablements occurs among those causing the smaller degrees of dis- ability. In all classes of permanent disability the pensions provided by the railroad institution are higher than those provided by the territorial institutions. GENERAL STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS. The accident insurance law provides that at least once in five years the charges shall be revised on the basis of experience gained by the operation of insurance institutions during that period. In compliance with this regulation special studies have been made of the accidents occurring to persons subject to the compulsory insurance since the year 1897. A number of studies were made for single years previous to this time, but they are not so comprehensive as the studies for the five-year periods. In part these studies duplicate the annual reports of the accident insurance system, but as the computation is made on the basis of corrected figures it is necessary to consider the data separately. Owing to the special organization of the accident insurance for state railroad employees the accidents to these em- ployees are not included in these special studies. For this reason the number of persons employed and other data presented for industry Group II (a) contain only those employees engaged on the less impor- tant railways owned by private companies. The following discussion of the special statistical studies on acci- dents contains, first, a table showing the main features of the system; it gives the number of establishments, the number of workmen insured, the number of accidents, the wages of the persons insured, the amount of the insurance contributions, and the net cost of the accidents. The second table shows the causes of the accidents compensated and the cost of the accidents due to each cause. The third table shows for each cause the number and results of accidents and the cost, by age groups. The fourth table shows for each industry group the results of the accidents, by age groups and sex, while the fifth table shows, by age groups, the results of the accidents according to the kind of disablement sustained, as well as the cost for each kind of injury. 120 EEPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OJP LABOR. The general features of the insurance system for the two five-year periods 1897 to 1901 and 1902 to 1906 are shown in the following table, which gives the data by groups and subgroups of industries: NUMBEH OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS^ 1897 TO 1906. [Source: Ergebnlsse del: UnfaUstati&tik, 1897-1901, Zweiter Teil; 1902-1906, Erstei- Teil.] Group I (a).— Agricultural establishments using power. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number oJ full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- i>erof acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disar bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) (a) {a) 240,659 29,529 30,305 32,906 34,319 33,052 271 267 272 260 273 331 342 361 388 344 19 20 26 22 24 621 629 659 670 641 $1,810,618 1,889,483 2,077,685 2,181,783 2,139,843 $88,976 94,474 106, 940 106,501 99,540 $120,624 131,606 135,282 138,621 119, 687 6.66 6.97 6.61 6.35 5.59 Total.. 160,111 1,343 1,766 111 3,220 10,099,412 496,431 645,720 6.39 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) la) m 321,760 31,864 32,646 33,006 36,099 36,185 302 299 321 291 294 376 362 392 400 499 30 30 28 31 37 708 691 741 722 830 2,063,576 2,145,365 2,177,642 2,444,973 2,485,694 103,017 107,620 109,478 119,403 123,085 131,763 124,321 137,961 137,300 188,604 6.38 5.79 6.34 5.62 7.59 Total.. 169,789 1,507 2,029 156 3,692 11,317,260 562,603 719,939 6.36 Group I (b).— Flour mills. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1-901 (a) (a) ia) (a) 13,043 22,162 22,073 21,910 21,262 20,421 184 171 183 190 177 138 126 166 144 147 23 14 16 25 26 346 311 365 359 350 $2,577,552 2,595,802 2,610,397 2,687,886 2,530,273 $51,087 54,064 64,380 68,130 66,374 $69,318 63,428 77,669 75,116 72,961 2.69 2.44 2.98 2.90 2.88 Total.. 107,818 905 721 104 1,730 12,901,909 274,025 358,492 2.78 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 fa) (a) (a) 16,621 22,446 22,769 22,782 22,696 21,688 194 207 196 189 176 i73 166 188 189 175 26 26 30 27 20 393 ■ 399 414 406 371 2,777,710 2,890,010 2,929,026 2,904,788 2,902,311 62,587 64,682 65,509 66,632 66,144 83,779 72,986 88,615 85,487 89,372 3.02 2.63 3.03 2.94 3.08 Total.. 112,271 962 891 129 1,982 14,403,845 325,464 420,238 2.92 Group II (a). — Railwas'S, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 fa) h (") (a) 55 5,970 7,679 8,506 9/110 9,163 46 74 68 64 68 35 32 38 37 60 6 6 2 2 6 87 111 108 103 124 $1,229,632 1,523,048 1,696,491 1,847,950 1,925,232 $20,051 25,959 29,293 41, 608 41, 756 $22,846 20,878 28,854 20,963 35,394 1.86 1.37 1.70 1.13 1.84 Total.. 40,427 320 192 21 533 8,222,353 158,666 128,935 1.57 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) fa) (a) l") 62 6,467 4,303 4,778 4,760 5,384 51 43 32 28 39 47 26 14 21 18 4 6 7 3 3 102 74 63 52 60 1,398,386 831,325 874,260 875,864 1,008,951 28,176 17, 112 17,997 21,772 25,164 28, 670 23,389 10,961 17,962 11,627 2.05 2.81 1.25 2. OS 1.15 Total . . 25,692 193 125 23 341 4,988,786 110,210 92,689 1.86 CHAPTER I. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 121 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group II (b).— Other land transportation. Num- ber of estab- lish ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 9,303 28,362 29,245 28,360 28, 637 27,648 559 339 340 369 387 290 274 315 312 317 24 37 45 41 40 673 650 700 712 744 $4,175,588 4,311,903 4,229,444 4,307,903 4,151,736 $92,971 100,224 99,977 132,737 125, 536 $156,492 149, 568 166, 653 163, 184 154,043 3.75 3.47 3.94 3.79 3.71 Total 142, 252 61,784 1,508 187 3,479 21,176,574 551, 445 789, 940 3 73 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) 10,601 28,673 29, 436 30,255 30,056 29,553 392 381 400 428 506 345 364 374 393 395 38 37 35 45 45 775 782 809 864 946 4,351,264 4,471,055 4,708,930 4,768,937 4,794,677 133, 865 139, 175 149, 936 183,140 164, 737 165, 517 161, 698 172, 408 204, 273 210, 065 3.80 3.62 3.66 4 28 4.38 Total . . 147, 973 2,105 1,871 200 4,176 23,094,863 750,853 913, 961 3 96 Group II (c).— Water transportation. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 633 5,792 5,627 5,962 6,546 5,284 79 103 118 115 92 38 62 42 51 48 19 18 16 8 10 136 183 174 174 150 $881,954 851,869 897,016 863, 298 836,928 $21,662 22,282 23,305 25,926 24, 790 $40, 087 45,358 37, 026 37, 604 32, 744 4.54 5.32 4.13 4.35 3.91 Total.. 28,211 505 241 71 817 4,331,065 117,864 192, 819 4. 45 1902 1903 1904 1905 1900 (") W (») (») 586 5,505 5,839 5,903 5,953 6,177 104 91 79 85 87 65 63 57 68 64 5 10 14 10 14 164 164 150 103 165 886, 385 992,812 1,000,079 973,102 1, 022, 491 26,012 28,879 29,109 35,369 36,973 41,6.59 41,760 41,052 40, 211 47,818 4.71 4.21 4.10 4,13 4.08 Total.. 29,377 446 307 53 806 4,873,929 156,342 212,500 4.36 Group II (d). — Storage, etc., establishments. 1897 (") 8,589 107 51 3 161 31,423,537 $31,513 $24,421 1.72 1898 ") 8,196 119 55 7 181 1,336,796 32,434 28, 737 2.15 1899 («) 7,192 80 63 5 148 1,114,815 27,302 28,340 2.54 1900 C) 7,092 98 60 10 177 1,139,967 39,200 33, 247 2.92 1901 1,314 7,231 81 64 5 150 1,171,766 39,781 25,077 2.14 Total. . 38,300 485 302 30 817 6,186,871 170,230 139,822 2 26 1902 (") 7,517 91 81 8 180 1,212,194 40,157 36,675 3.03 1903 \a\ 8,487 104 79 11 194 1,418,767 45, 160 34,510 2.43 1904 v^) 9,174 116 70 7 193 1, 537, 968 47,531 31,315 2.04 1905 (<•) 10,040 138 107 6 251 1,781,223 49,574 40,556 2.28 190D 1,690 10,411 156 107 6 269 1,882,216 52,001 58,066 3.09 Total.. 45,629 605 444 38 1,087 7,832,368 234,423 201, 122 2.57 o Not reported. , ^^ ' The sum of the Items does not agree with the total; the figures are reproduced as they appear In the original report. 122 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. NUMBER OP ESTABLISHMENTS, PULL-TIME WOEKEES, AND ACCIDENTS,AND WAGES PAID, INSUEANCE CONTEIBUTIONS, AND COST OP ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group II. — Transportation and storage. Num- berof estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages 01 insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 11,205 48,713 50,747 50,019 50,385 49,326 591 635 604 636 628 414 423 458 469 479 52 67 68 61 61 1,057 1,125 1,130 1,166 1,168 $7,710,711 8,023,616 7,937,766 8,159,118 8,085,652 8166,097 180,899 179,877 239,470 231, 862 $243,846 244,641 260,873 254, 998 247,258 3.16 3.05 3.28 3.13 3.06 Total.. 249,190 3,094 2,243 309 5,646 39,916,863 998,205 1,251,516 3.14 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (") 12,939 48,162 48,065 50,110 50,809 51, 525 638 619 627 677 788 528 531 515 589 584 55 64 63 64 68 1,221 1,214 1,205 1,330 1,440 7,847,229 7, 713, 959 8,121,237 8, 399, 186 8,708,335 228,209 230, 326 244, 573 269, 855 278,865 272, 521 261,337 255, 736 303,002 327,576 3.47 3.39 3.15 3.61 3.76 Total. - 248,671 3,349 2,747 314 6,410 40,789,946 1,251,828 1,420,172 3.48 Group III.— Smelting works, mining of "nonreserved" minerals, etc. 1897 1898 1899 190O 1901....... (a) (a) 303 32,868 36,025 37,068 33, 352 36, 107 686 735 771 656 647 213 242 265 251 256 27 26 26 34 28 926 1,003 1,062 941 931 $6,654,584 7,244,826 7,831,760 7, 134, 191 7, 458, 545 $143,859 163,280 174,307 191, 165 199,427 $171,311 168,055 186,461 197,220 169,441 2.57 2.32 2.38 2.76 2.27 Total 174, 420 3,495 1,227 141 4,863 36,323,906 872,038 892, 488 2.40 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (a) (a) 462 29, 877 27,953 29, 660 34,630 36, 118 661 641 764 926 1,063 243 217 245 316 348 32 23 28 45 33 936 881 1,037 1,287 1,444 6,586,051 6,245.457 6,709,150 7,893,087 8,247,728 173, 509 165, 933 177, 122 218,735 229,218 178, 165 137, 924 179, 102 224,590 260,833 2.71 2.21 2.67 2.85 3.16 Total.. 157, 138 4,055 1,369 161 5,685 35,681,473 964,517 980,614 2.75 Group IV (a).— Stone quarries, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (<■) (a) (a) (a) 7,734 26,363 27,788 27,685 27,208 27,400 497 609 465 478 481 345 400 398 476 497 65 70 82 74 78 907 979 945 1,028 1,056 $3, 197, 047 3,422,905 3,456,217 3, 469, 473 3, 544, 644 $118, 399 133,490 134,797 152,071 154,91.9 $157,259 181,234 184,644 213, 266 221, 389 4.92 5.29 5.34 6.15 6.25 Total.. 136, 444 2,430 2,116 369 4,915 17,090,286 693,676 957,792 5.60 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 la) (a) (a) 9,015 29,039 29, 194 31,630 30, 613 28,281 540 589 654 661 594 430 465 550 572 572 111 80 103 80 90 1,081 1,134 1,307 1,313 1,256 3,755,743 3, 862, 034 4,212,331 4,226,541 3,932,597 162,232 166, 527 183,277 202, 586 189,040 202, 797 196, 338 244,981 2.51, 073 263,372 5.40 5.09 5.82 5.94 6.44 Total 148,657 3,038 2,589 464 6,091 19,989,246 903,662 1,148,661 5.75 1 Not reported. CHAPTEE I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTEIA. 123 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group IV (b). — Pits, other open digging, etc. Num- Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. estab- lish- ments. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 C) 1,487 2,727 2,861 2,849 2,891 2,812 27 33 43 14 45 30 31 35 32 27 11 17 12. 7 17 68 81 90 53 89 J323, 785 353, 037 349, 425 348, 916 350, 439 88,479 9,939 10, 026 15, 765 15, 165 $17,326 21,047 21, 768 19,083 18,442 5.35 6.96 6.23 6.47 6.26 Total.. 14, 130 162 165 1 64 381 1,725,602 69,364 07,656 5.66 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 1 o) a) aS a) 967 3,093 2,937 2,995 3,362 3,219 35 36 30 41 34 49 37 51 55 43 8 9 10 17 15 92 82 91 113 92 374, 373 368, 851 393,617 465,674 461,167 18,376 16, 703 17,881 21,706 21, 478 23,206 15, 725 23, 551 27,357 22,476 6.20 4.26 5.98 6.00 4.98 Total.. 15, 606 176 235 59 470 2,043,682 94,143 112,316 5.50 Group IV (c).— Stone working. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. 1,143 (°) 1,433 11,836 12,718 13,360 13,759 13,312 64, 985 14,728 15, 125 16,491 16, 335 16,938 79, 617 105 99 104 122 108 538 117 124 103 151 169 336 68 91 104 97 113 164 162 200 198 192 916 191 222 278 264 278 $1,793,018 1,977,707 2,095,792 2, 206, 494 2, 174, 658 10, 246, 669 2,400,252 2, 569, 026 2,821,416 2,808,686 2,938,060 13,637,340 $26,881 30,859 32,065 34,653 33,803 168, 261 38, 797 40,776 44, 862 43,712 46,152 213,289 $24,816 27,847 46, 935 28, 926 41,229 169,753 25,890 46, 840 47, 256 48,541 43, 901 212,428 Group IV (d). — Manufacture of earth products. 1897 (») 60,224 269 204 41 604 $7,804,010 $85,442 $101,878 1.31 1898 {'} 62,972 282 194 25 601 8,253,878 96,572 102, 923 1.25 1899 " 63, 149 292 194 34 520 8,447,165 97, 566 100,865 1.19 1900 (") 61,480 285 229 30 644 8,209,808 102,240 103,290 1.26 1901 4,757 58,514 302 225 27 664 7,897,796 97, 037 105, 492 1.33 Total. . 306,339 1,420 1,046 157 2,623 40, 012, C47 479,457 514, 448 1.27 1902 63,'S67 307 237 33 577 8,688,605 107,190 117,783 1.37 1903 04,880 302 260 35 597 8,976,579 110,279 119,230 1.33 1904 (") 68, 724 328 293 31 652 9,564,731 117,170 135, 190 1.41 1905 (»S 70,740 361 292 35 688 10,037,802 125,900 135, 769 1.35 1900 4,998 71,135 380 317 42 739 10,258,808 127,718 151,466 1.48 Total.. 338,846 1,678 1,399 176 3,263 47,426,525 688,257 659,438 1.39 a Not reported. 124 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKEES, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group IV (e).— Glass working. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 C fa 615 23,305 24,183 25,267 26,302 26,740 85 80 76 88 109 39 46 63 51 66 2 5 6 2 2 126 131 , 146 141 167 $3,342,781 3,431,350 3, 697; 807 3,885,682 4,083,568 $22,837 26,284 27,204 29,317 31, 181 $29,675 26,263 40,097 29,796 30,774 0.88 .77 1.08 .77 .75 Total. . 126,797 438 255 17 710 18,441,088 135,823 156,605 86 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 (a) C (« C) 765 27,307 27,990 29,988 31,404 32,686 82 86 121 116 139 69 ,64 96 87 108 5 7 3 6 2 166 167 220 209 249 4,262,432 4,398,624 4,810,836 6,167,276 5,644,131 32,560 33,600 36, 561 41,779 45,688 46,911 41,468 47,372 49, 621 56,-567 1.10 .94 .98 .96 1 00 Total.. 149,376 544 424 23 991 24,273,299 190,088 241,939 1.00 Group IV.— Stones and earths. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. 15,736 18,168 124, 455 130, 512 132, 310 131,640 128,778 647, 695 137, 534 140, 126 149,728 152,464 152, 269 732, 101 973 1,003 987 1,045 1,081 1,137 1,296 1,330 1,306 6,150 672 727 773 855 881 3,908 853 917 1,094 1,103 1,163 6,120 124 124 147 122 132 163 138 168 164 165 768 1,769 1,854 1,900 1,964 2,058 9,645 2,097 2,192 2,648 2,687 2,614 12,038 $16,460,641 17,438,877 18,046,396 18,119,273. 18,061,105 88, 116, 292 19,381,406 20, 176, 114 21,802,931 22,686,879 23,224,763 107,270,092 $262,038 296, 144 301,668 334,036 332,706 1,526,581 357, 154 367,886 399,741 436,683 428, 976 1,989,439 $330,854 359, 314 394, 299 394, 361 417,326 1,896,154 416,587 419,601 498,360 512,361 627,782 2,374,681 Group V (a).— Precious metal working. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 fal 63 2,127 2,106 2,063 2,036 2,066 4 10 8 2 10 6 4 3 6 5 10 14 11 8 15 $416,861 426,868 421,063 426,426 424,047 $3,616 3,940 3,979 3,964 3,943 $2,746 1,657 856 2,322 2,676 0.66 .39 .20 .65 .61 Total.. 610,383 34 24 58 2,114,266 19,441 10,167 .48 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (o) (a) 121 2,243 2,363 2,576 2,788 2,946 5 6 9 7 7 7 6 7 8 7 12 11 16 15 14 467,642 488, 195 531,657 575,972 618,784 •■4,176 4,393 4,726 4,186 4,441 4,660 1,221 1,813 2,893 2,947 .99 - .25 .38 .60 .48 Total.. 12,915 33 35 68 2,672,150 21,920 13,424 .60 a Not reported. liThe sum of the items does not agree with this total; the figures are reproduced as they appear in the original report. CHAPTEE I. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTKIA. 125 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group V (b).— Iron and sleel. Year. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions Net cost of acci- dents. Amount. 1897. 1898. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1900. Total. 43,516 45,493 47,647 50,338 49,844 561 567 688 691 243 229 302 313 279 754 805 883 1,013 885 $7,517,577 8,064,094 8,632,090 9,415,932 8,975,604 $97,575 109,389 115,934 143,667 133, 169 8125, 450 106, 190 143,274 166,028 138,812 236,838 2,906 1,366 4,340 42,505,297 599, 734 679,760 2,445 51,671 53,061 55, 888 60,627 64,646 620 741 714 825 1,004 301 313 304 374 412 935 1,069 1,025 1,217 1,428 9,243,037 9,670,656 10,261,987 11,330,068 12,392,166 134, 871 141,765 150,116 170,302 187,296 127,683 129,319 142, 288 173,300 203,030 285,893 3,904 1,704 66 5,674 52,888,504 784,340 775,620 Group V (c). — Other metal working, plating, etc. 1897 19,141 200 87 3 290 $3,387,826 $34,408 $29,889 0.88 1898 21,419 195 103 4 302 3,840,070 40,688 42,797 1.11 1899 (a) 20,814 195 113 1 309 3,767,274 39,713 66,267 1..49 1900 (") 21,423 185 83 2 270 3,913,636 38,203 36,580 .91 1901 707 21,577 192 102 2 296 3,915,068 38,566 42,385 1.08 Total.. 104,374 967 488 12 1,467 18,823,764 191,578 206,918 1.10 1902 (") 21,179 165 93 2 269 3,820,134 37,086 38,739 1.01 1903 (4 23,814 210 110 7 327 4,284,498 41,979 48, 266 1.13 1904 i") 26,058 230 117 3 350 4,739,604 46,271 45,588 .96 1905 (") 27,204 236 127 3 366 5,084,622 54,224 60, 260 .99 1900 929 28,817 263 131 1 385 5,461,492 68,329 52,267 .96 Total . . 127,072 1,094 577 16 1,687 23,390,350 237,888 235,120 1.01 Group v.— Metal working. X899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. 2,753 3,495 64,784 69,018 70,624 73, 797 73, 477 351,600 76,093 79,238 84,521 90,019 96,409 425,880 703 766 770 876 3,907 790 956 953 1,068 1,204 5,631 336 336 418 402 1,878 400 429 428 609 660 2,316 82 1,054 1,121 1,203 1,291 1,196 6,866 1,206 1,407 1,391 1,598 1,827 7,429 $11,322,264 12,331,032 12,720,427 13,754,894 13,314,709 63,443,326 78,951,004 $135,598 154,017 159,626 185,834 175, 678 810,753 176,131 188, 127 201,112 228, 712 250,066 1,044,148 $158,085 150,650 200, 397 203, 930 183, 773 896,835 170, 972 178,806 189,689 226,463 268,244 1,024,164 a Not reported. 126 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WOEKEES, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTEIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group VI (a).— Machinery, tools, instruments, etc. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total ■ num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1,012 49,438 54,334 68,810 62,077 62,146 962 1,046 1,146 1,237 1,289 415 480 682 672 666 22 17 24 17 33 1,399 1,642 1,751 1,926 1,988 J10,729,240 12,007,631 13,077,158 13,822,270 13,768,637 S2iiU,138 258,140 282,364 359,815 362,404 $260,308 260,308 306,776 344,952 357,067 2.33 2.17 2.34 2.50 2.60 Total.. 286,805 5,678 2,816 113 8,606 63,404,836 1,472,801 1,518,411 2.40 1902 1903 1904 1905.. ..I.. 1906 (a) 1,318 55,912 57,643 59,801 63,150 69, 945 1,337 1,317 1,375 1,388 1,687 666 613 676 716 766 21 24 20 27 20 2,023 1,964 2,070 2,130 2,473 12,708,835 12,883,253 13,469,436 14,382,773 16,663,318 310,665 310,450 321,689 349,612 401,745 334,816 311,747 286,864 348,620 398,910 2.63 2.42 2.13 2.42 2.41 Total.. 306,461 7,104 3,434 112 10,660 70,007,616 1,694,151 1,680,857 2.40 Group VI (b).— Vehicles, transportation apparatus, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (") («) (a) 143 15,854 17,440 16,892 18,425 20,020 267 260 318 428 406 119 120 128 137 147 2 5 4 11 9 388 385 450 576 562 S3, 338, 680 3,681,040 3,689,913 3,868,246 4,418,579 $66,768 63,749 63,132 73,693 80,077 $56,273 70,182 67,421 91,544 95,578 1.68 1.91 1.88 2.37 2.16 Total 88,631 1,679 661 31 2,361 18,896,458 337,319 380,998 2.02 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (") (") 173 19,286 17,866 K,704 19,025 21,438 392 359 361 403 692 181 171 131 168 176 12 11 4 5 6 686 541 496 576 773 4,236,326 3,911,424 3,781,017 4,187,383 5,154,231 78,013 72,037 67,991 87,648 106,646 96,559 99,471 70,631 89,581 . 105,167 2.28 2.54 1.87 2.14 2.04 Total. - 95, 319 2,107 826 38 2,971 21,270,381 412,335 461,399 2.17 Group VI (c). — Firearms. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 ^"'34 7,063 6,508 4,471 3,519 2,650 43 43 30 22 18 26 32 17 23 14 2 1 2 2 71 76 47 47 34 $1,803,351 1,698,662 1,147,782 861,147 657,822 $22,639 21,445 14,724 10,471 8,451 $14,202 26,876 12,156 15,773 6,789 0.79 1.62 1.06 1.83 1.03 Total 24,211 166 112 7 275 6,168,664 77,630 74,796 1.21 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) («) 46 4,999 6,209 6,659 3,726 4,087 62 76 87 37 43 36 38 46 21 23 6' 4 2 3 97 119 137 60 69 1,157,973 1,236,803 1,711,960 940,032 1,122,448 26,218 26,209 32,590 18,922 22,328 11,811 29,436 28,640 15,140 16,965 1.02 2.38 1.67 1.61 1.61 Total.. 24,679 304 163 15 482 6,168,216 125,267 101,981 1.65 o Not reported. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 127 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Gioup VI (d).— Physical, surgical, and chronometrical instruments, etc. Year. 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900. . 1901.. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 214 329 Number of full- time worlcers insured. 8,978 10, 019 11,188 12, 445 12,630 65,260 12,247 13,029 13,730 14,135 15,926 69,007 Number of accidents compensated on account of — Tem- po- rary disa- bility. 92 117 119 131 140 599 116 137 129 135 169 Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. 78 102 459 21 Total num- ber of acci- dents. 138 172 181 216 241 948 199 244 231 225 267 1,166 Wages of insured persons. $2,126,425 2,426,662 2,786,358 3,146,581 3,201,675 13,687,701 3,177,153 3,347,876 3,413,039 3,512,651 4,026,444 17,477,103 Insurance contribu- tions. 527,098 32,077 36,817 37,080 37,851 170,923 37, 401 39, 483 39, C39 51,858 59,574 227, 955 Net cost of acci- dents. Amount. $23, 312 34,656 36,048 60,719 46,875 191,509 37,768 57,663 41,638 63,766 51,924 2«,739 Group VI (e).— Musical instruments. 1897 1838 1899 1900 1901 (a) (o) (») («) 62 1,863 1,833 1,878 2,005 2,098 10 9 16 11 13 8 13 9 12 7 i' 3 18 22 26 26 20 $341, 730 338, 848 350, 907 388, 806 409, 512 $2, 317 2,486 2,620 3,225 3,407 $2, 479 6,504 4,274 5,896 3,880 0.73 1.92 1.22 1.62 .95 Total 9,677 69 49 4 112 1,829,863 14, 115 23,033 1 26 1902 1903 1904 1905 1900 (") (a) (a) 102 2,242 2,360 2,676 2,767 2,906 23 9 15 9 20 8 10 17 18 18 1 2 i' 32 21 32 27 39 452, 649 492, 336 554, 007 676,237 608,269 3,895 4,273 4,810 5,924 6,278 3,669 4,166 6,632 8,989 8,660 .81 .86 1.02 1.66 1.41 Total 12,940 76 71 4 161 2, 683, 498 26,180 30y996 1.16 a Not reported. Group VI (f). — Establishments renting power for transportation and other purposes. 1897 («) 1,056 4 2 6 $176, 189 $3,212 $307 0.21 1898 (.") 1,150 6 4 10 200, 402 3,902 1,784 .89 1899 C) 1,398 2 3 5 230,080 4,470 872 .38 1900 («) 1,686 4 10 1 15 293,274 5,376 6,310 2.15 1901 281 1,280 3 3 2 8 242,342 4,054 2,346 .97 Total.. 6,570 19 22 3 44 1,141,34? 21,014 11,679 1.02 1902 (0) 1,230 4 6 « 227,888 3,666 2,132 .94 1903 (») 1,276 6 7 12 242, 624 3,791 3,269 1.35 1904 1,307 5 8 13 250, 401 3,770 6,247 2.10 1906 999 6 10 1 17 194,473 2,440 4,201 2.19 1900 211 1,097 9 6 1 16 214,774 2,609 3,671 1.71 Total 6,908 29 36 2 67 1,130,060 10, 276 18,680 1.64 a Not reported. 128 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR, NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group VI. — Machinery, tools, instruments, apparatus, etc. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Numlier of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 ; 1900 1901 (a) M W 1,746 84,252 91,284 94,637 100, 157 100, 824 1,378 1,479 1,630 1,833 1,869 613 704 796 935 935 29 24 35 38 49 2,020 2,207 2,460 2,806 2,853 $18,614,615 20, 363, 106 21,182,268 22,380,324 22,698,567 $332,072 381, 799 404, 127 489, 560 486, 304 $346, 941 399,209 426, 647 516, 194 512,635 1.87 1.96 2.01 2.30 2.26 Total 471,164 8,189 3,982 175 12,346 106,128,869 2,093,862 2,200,426 2.09 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (a) '% 179 95,916 97,382 101,876 103,791 116,399 1,934 1,902 1,972 1,978 2,520 972 941 976 1,018' 1,082 39 48 31 39 35 2,946 2,891 2,979 3,035 3,637 21,960,824 22, 113, 216 23, 179, 860 23, 793, 549 " 27,689,484 458, 847 456, 243 470,489 516, 404 699, 180 486,745 505,740 438,652 520,247 686, 167 2.22 2.29 1.89 2.19 2.11 Total 514, 364 10, 306 4,989 192 15, 487 11R 7.qfi oa-i 2, 501, 163 2, 536, 551 2 14 Group VII (a).— Chemical and pharmaceutical factories. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (-) ^2\5 8,713 8,786 9,310 10,321 9,924' 68 74 70 80 91 33 31 33 56 57 7 5 2 8 2 108 110 105 144 160 $1,391,260 1,425,710 1,530,640 1,748,642 1,761,269 $16,499 17,927 19,229 29,016 28,969 $20,329 19,264 16,682 36,990 30,635 1.46 1.35 1.09 2.12 1.74 Total.. 47,054 383 210 24 I 617 7,857,521 111,639 123,900 30,604 23,331 33,393 33,968 37,316 1.68 1902 1903 1904 1905 19.06 (o (») 234 8,918 9,093 9,826 10,253 11,046 78 82 83 93 113 64 44 54 67 59 6 3 5 8 9 137 129 142 168 181 1,649,010 1,727,650 1,850,041 1,949,673 2,126,606 26,180 26,961 29,133 30,203 33,563 1,86 1.35 1.80 1.74 1.75 Total.. r -■ 49,136 449 278 30 757 9,302,780 146,040 168,602 1.70 Group VII (b). — Colors and dyestufis. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (-) («) (0) 185 2,868 2,913 3,100 3,231 3,326 13 11 10 15 19 12 7 9 15 7 1 1 2 1 3 26 19 21 31 29 $406,507 419, 682 463,754 483,952 509,124 $4,703 5,179 5,814 5,968 6,323 $6,350 3,548 5,603 6,022 4,450 1.56 .85 1.21 1.24 :87 Total. . 15,438 68 50 8 126 2,283,019 27,978 26,973 1.14 1902 1903 1904 L905 1903 (a) - (») .1. 3,753 3,865 4,059 4,389 4,656 • 24 32 22 25 30 17 15 11 10 21 3 1 1 1 44 48 34 36 51 586,812 622, 073 652,584 709,140 762,610 7,579 8,124 8,583 9,041 9,795 8,474 7,103 4,694 5,340 7,965 1.44 1.14 .72 .75 L04 Total.. 20,722 133 74 6 213 3,333,219 43,122 33,576 1.01 a Not reported. CHAPTER I. — WOKKMEN S INSUBANCE IN" AX7STBIA. 129 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group VII (c).— Tar and rosin. Num- ber of estab- llsii ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disar bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (") m 105 1,510 1,839 2,061 1,671 1,701 19 28 24 19 22 9 10 21 16 12 i 2 3 3 28 39 47 38 37 $283, 1&5 338,137 368,059 320,354 332,839 $3,812 4,993 5,696 6,352 6,578 $4,679 8,034 12,027 11,049 7,821 1.62 2.38 3.27 3.45 2.35 Total.. 8,842 112 68 9 189 1,642,554 27,431 43,510 2 05 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (o) (a) (0) C) 119 1,793 1,760 1,758 1,818 1,984 15 8 13 23 17 12 5 10 16 13 1 2 5' 28 15 23 39 35 345,587 350,236 355, 920 364,852 404,802 6,958 7,031 7,038 6,132 6,786 9,386 5,372 3,321 10,296 8,615 2.72 1.63 .93 2.82 2.13 Total.. 9,103 76 56 8 140 1,821,397 33,945 36,989 2.03 Group VII (d).— Explosives, matches, etc. (6) 1897 (") 6,534 18 21 1 40 $680,355 $13,277 $8,285 1.22 1898 6,375 10 20 5 35 666,530 14,201 13,520 2.03 1899 6,323 24 .15 2 41 683,826 14,710 5,977 .87 1900 w 6,111 23 U 34 690,565 12,697 3,902 .67 1901 no C,555 21 11 4 36 749,760 14,074 7,234 .96 Total.. 31,898 96 78 12 186 3,471,036 68,959 38,918 1.12 1902 la) (0) 7,721 29 26 4 69 890, 114 15,144 9,763 1.10 1903 8,161 28 23 6 66 987, 697 16, 823 10,283 1.04 1904 (a) 8,452 39 19 3 61 1,052,372 18,115 8,674 .82 1905 C) 9,019 33 29 11 73 1,150,807 17,490 16,760 1.47 1906 162 9,141 34 27 4 66 1, 159, 191 17,432 13,439 1,16 Total.. 42,494 163 124 27 314 5,240,181 85,004 58, 919 1.12 Group VII (e).— 'Natural and artiflclal manures, etc. 1897 (") 2,150 20 13 6 38 $297,943 $4,397 $7,293 2.45 1898 (a) 2,246 21 13 5 39 323,054 5,020 10,531 3.26 1899 2,345 24 15 2 41 336, 939 5,246 8,500 2.52 1900 m 2,396 15 12 27 341,061 5,659 6,919 2.03 1901 76 2,436 22 18 1 41 370,820 6,112 8,101 2.18 Total.. 11,573 102 71 13 186 1,669,817 26, 434 41,344 2.48 1902 (") 2,602 23 22 2 47 395,322 6,631 7,134 1.80 1903 r^] 2,523 17 8 1 26 385,274 6,359 3,694 .96 1904 2,464 26 16 1 42 392,013 6,433 6,564 1.42 1905 l") 2,692 33 18 2 53 414,445 7,695 8,753 2.U 1906 • 93 2,632 20 13 3 36 416,333 7,883 9,602 2.31 Total.. 12.713 119 76 9 204 2,003,387 35,001 34,747 1.73 » In the period 1902 to 1906 this group included celluloid and its manufacture, which, in the period 1897 to 1901, was included in Group X (e). 130 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OP ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group VIZ.— Chemical Industries. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of tall- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) (") 691 21,775 22,159 23,139 23,730 24,002 138 144 152 152 175 88 81 93 110 105 14 17 10 12 13 240 242 255 274 293 $3,059,230 3, 173, 113 3,383,218 3,584,574 3,723,812 $42,688 47,311 50,695 59,691 62,056 $46,836 64,807 48,789 64,882 68,241 1.53 1.73 1.44 1.81 1.56 Total.. 114,805 761 477 66 1,304 16,923,947 262,441 273,645 1 62 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Ca) (a) (a) 842 24,787 25,392 26,559 28,071 29, 358 169 167 183 207 214 131 95 109 140 133 15 12 10 22 21 315 274 302 369 368 3,866,845 4,072,830 4; 302, 930 4,588,917 4,869,442 62,492 65,298 69,302 70,561 75,459 65,360 49,783 55,646 75,107 76,937 1.69 1.22 1.29 1.64 .1.68 Total.. 134,167 940 608 80 1,628 21,700,964 343,112 322, 833 1.49 Group VIII (a).— Heating and lighting materials. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) ra) («) (<■) 355 13,096 13,067 13,156 12,333 12,234 132 120 124 99 119 67 68 84 55 64 6 8 6 6 5 205 186 213 169 188 $2,302,466 2,337,464 .2,348,974 2,131,886 2,227,763 $24,766 26,173 26,556 27,328 28,571 $39,666 , 37,696 43,106 31,007 32,543 1.72 1.61 1.84 1.46 1.46 Total.. 63,886 694 328 29 951 11,348,553 133,394 183,918 1.62 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 m (a) C) 431 13,571 14,469 16,383 16,060 16,980 131 109 155 170 166 91 70 78 95 80 7 ,5 7 5 8 229 184 240 270 254 2,401,977 2,624,467 2,704,122 2,858,869 3,099,649 30,799 32,718 36,123 44,327 48,233 44,937 35,102 43,140 49,530 41,300 1.87 1.39 1.60 1.73 1.33 Total.. 76,463 731 414 32 1,177 13,589,084 191,200 214,009 1.57 Group VIII (b).— Oils, fats, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (") (") (a) (a) 181 1,174 1,198 1,385 1,695 1,813 10 14 19 23 31 2 7 12 12 12 3' 1 12 21 34 36 43 $174,235 180, 122 218,469 274,720 287,610 $2,311 2,463 2,965 3,934 4,109 $892 3,467 9,308 6,592 5,384 0.51 1.93 4.26 2.40 1.87 Total.. 7,265 97 45 4 146 1,135,156 15,782 25,643 2.26 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (") (a) (a) (a) 211 2,330 2,682 3,040 2,741 3,135 38 44 41 46 34 16 21 26 19 18 3 1 1 2 5 67 66 68 67 57 404,701 476, 441 603,826 480,064 558,209 5,895 6,935 7,278 7,903 9,066 9,790 7,939 11,324 10,162 9,962 2.42 1.67 2.26 2.12 1.78 Total.. 13,928 203 100 12 315 2,423,231 37,077 49,167 2.03 a Not reported. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 131 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group Vni (c).— Heating and lighting establishments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of Insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900........ 1901 600 2,353 3,002 3,264 4,005 4,313 19 21 24 28 33 7 13 7 21 17 4 2 4 1 4 30 36 36 50 54 $497,533 646, 195 727,085 860,009 ■ 950,710 $6,648 9,297 10, 475 15,368 16,889 $8,664 9,564 7,136 12, 726 8,849 1.74 1.48 .98 1.48 .93 Total.. 16,937 125 65 16 205 3,680,532 58, 677 46,929 1.27 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (") w 762 4,294 4,556 6,178 5,512 6,014 32 32 30 47 37 16 20 32 33 23 2 2 4 7 9 50 54 66 87 69 940,682 1,004,282 1,139,459 1,246,040 1,397,126 16,908 17,780 20,091 22,244 24,861 16,750 12,713 18,890 24,241 22,678 1.78 1.27 1.66 1.95 1 62 Total.. 25,653 178 124 24 326 5, 726, 589 101, 874 95,272 Group VIII.— Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting establishments, etc. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1900. Total. 1,136 1,404 16,623 17,267 17,806 18,033 18,360 20, 195 21,706 23,601 24,313 26,129 115,944 161 155 167 150 183 201 185 226 263 237 1,112 76 78 103 88 93 123 111 136 147 121 68 247 243 246 285 1,302 336 304 374 424 380 1,818 $2,974,234 3,162,781 3,294,628 3,266,615 3, 466, 083 16,104,241 3,747,360 4,005,190 4,347,407 4,683,963 6,064,984 21,738,904 $33,725 37,933 39,996 46, 630 49,569 207,863 53,602 57,433 62,492 74,474 82,160 330, 151 $49,222 50,617 69, 660 60,326 46,776 266, 490 71,477 65,754 73,364 83,933 73,930 368,448 1.66 1.60 1.81 1.54 1.35 1:59 1.91. 1.39 1.69 .1.83 1.46- 1.65 Group IZ (a).— Silk. 1897 (a) 19,364 19 13 1 33 $1,876,958 $7,086 $2,996 0.16 1898 \a\ 19,773 26 9 35 1,991,816 7,778 3,911 .20 1899 ?a) 20,229 27 11 ....... 38 2,080,080 8,130 3,616 .17 1900 (a) 20,099 30 11 41 2,072,061 6,609 4,413 .21 1901 137 20,053 32 11 43 2,128,293 6,646 2,656 .13 Total.. 99,618 134 65 1 190 10, 149, 208 36,148 17,591 .17 1902 ' ^") 20,177 28 19 47 2,145,873 6,482 4,998 .23 1903 (a) 19,314 23 13 36 2,099,710 6,311 6,323 .25 1904 iaS 18,376 18 8 1 27 2,032,355 5,748 2,561 .13 1905 (0) 17,733 19 11 1 31 2,014,308 5,392 3,636 .18 1906 126 19,266 20 14 34 2,286,597 6,462 3,682 .16 Total.. 94,866 108 65 2 176 10,577,843 30,395 20,200 .19 o Not reported. 132 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOWEB OF LABOK. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIMJ) WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group IX (b).— Sheep wool and other animal halts. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number olaccidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a'\ (a) (o) 630 56,547 56,576 56,027 57,000 57,308 223 186 176 205 230 102 113 121 5 10 6 9 9 330 309 303 341 376 $6,602,473 6,723,137 6,751,232 7,051,448 7,124,367 $46,055 49,209 49,407 47,627 48,486 $38,023 45,116 38,402 54,235 50,889 0.58 .67 .57 .77 .71 Total. . 282, 458 69,902 60,865 63,818 64,655 66,020 1,020 600 39 1,669 34,252,657 240,784 226,665 .66 (a) (a) (a) (a) 617 1902 1903 1904 1905 190S 239 234 270 256 275 123 152 170 176 152 9 6 6 9 12 371 392 446 441 439 7,693,276 7,674,801 8,327,628 8,432,173 8,819,092 51,725 52,415 56,689 61,930 64,298 46,844 64,152 55,977 64,330 50,208 .62 .71 .67 .76 .57 Total.. 315,250 1,274 773 42 2,089 40,846,970 287,057 271,611 .66 Group IS (c).— Elai, hemp, tow, jute, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a («) (") (a) 296 28,547 28,662 28,161 28,348 28,866 103 96 84 102 83 76 94 101 83 101 5 4" 7 1 183 190 189 192 186 $2,795,696 2,881,341 2,883,869 3,001,193 3,067,086 $21,012 23,086 23,124 26,303 27,083 $23,529 30,482 25,841 29,375 34,741 0.84 1.06 .90 .98 1.13 Total.. 142,674 468 454 17 939 14,629,176 120,608 143,968 .98 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (<■). (a) C) 358 29,942 31,387 32,033 32,002 32,899 102 113 123 103 116 118 94 87 97 110 7 5 6 7 7 227 212 216 207 233 3,255,612 3,438,049 3,528,993 3,690,908 3,854,077 28,077 29,440 30,407 36,698 39,061 29,288 26,544 30,914 28,967 38,701 .90 .77 .88 .81 1.00 Total.. 168,263 557 506 32 1,096 17,667,639 163,673 154,414 Group IX (d).— Cotton, half wool, etc. 1897 1898 1889 1900 1901 106,693 107,104 108,323 112,971 114,291 294 264 275 278 253 217 215 230 235 240 23 13 6 9 11 634 482 510 522 504 $11,7S,065 11,872,983 12,243,316 12,817,846 13,142,849 $84,760 92,077 93,997 89,745 91,642 $97,689 76,536 73,687 83,934 87,976 0.83 .64 .60 .65 .67 Total.. 548,382 1,354 1,137 61 2,552 61,838,059 452,121 419,722 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 fo) (a) 938 120, 600 122,452 124,049 127,683 128,648 295 273 318 343 329 237 261 268 321 344 8 13 19 17 8 540 547 605 681 681 14,176,708 14,458,208 14,786,317 15,369,820 15,946,604 97,488 99,363 102,600 118,398 121, 259 88,993 102,906 98,696 119,686 128,076 .63 .71 .67 .78 .80 Total.. 623,332 1,558 1,431 65 3,054 74,737,657 539, 108 638,366 72 o Not reported. CHAPTER I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 133 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906.— Continued. Group IX (e).— Bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finisbiing establisliments. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time worlcers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. contribu- tions. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 5°J (<■) (") (°) 631 30,382 29,863 30, 118 29,546 30,419 139 140 139 140 169 92 93 101 81 91 6 4 6 7 3 237 237 246 228 263 $4,132,471 4,123,620 4,204,313 4,206,810 4,359,667 $32, 550 34,291 34, 861 32,699 33,678 $35,141 37,068 38,707 32,786 32,498 0.85 .90 .92 .78 .75 Total.. 150,328 717 458 26 1,201 21, 026, 781 168,079 176,200 .84 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 650 32,656 32,988 33,744 33,007 33,836 165 179 172 . 159 192 128 108 117 139 164 8 7 7 9 7 298 294 296 307 363 4,723,526 4,800,057 4,930,078 4,895,648 6, 168, 311 36,619 37,098 37,974 42, 947 45,075 49,677 44, 369 44,337 54,367 63, 933 1.05 .92 .90 1.11 1.24 Total.. 166, 130 867 646 35 1,548 24,507,520 199,713 256,683 1.05 Group IX (f).— Ejiitting, embroidery, etc., establishments. 1897 (a) 15, 134 15 14 1 30 $1,693,304 $5,887 $4,846 0.29 1898 laS 16,220 21 7 28 1,828,603 6,696 1,897 .10 1899 (a^ 17,128 16 13 1 30 1,967,677 7,390 3,460 .18 1900 (al 17,934 21 13 34 2,096,603 6,748 6,481 26 1901 344 18,010 19 17 2 38 2,148,816 6,866 7,463 .36 Total.. 84,426 92 64 4 160 9, 734, 803 33,587 23, 127 .24 1902 (aj 19, 701 30 10 40 2,371,669 7,725 5,709 .24 1903 (ol 20,654 28 16 44 2, 526, 699 8,224 6,107 .24 1904 fol 21, 692 34 11 1 46 2,696,124 8,818 2,772 .10 1905 (a) 22,933 22 18 1 41 2, 871, 496 9,652 5,320 .19 1906 676 25,154 39 18 1 58 3,233,687 10,711 6,617 .20 Total.. 110,034 153 73 3 229 13,699,476 46,130 26,525 .19 Group IX.— Textile Industries. 1897 (") 255,667 793 613 41 1,347 $28,858,967 $197,360 $202, 124 0.70 1898 " 268,198 723 631 27 1,281 29,421,600 213, 137 196, 010 .66 1899 " 269,976 717 677 22 1,316 30, 130, 377 216,909 183,702 .61 1900 h) 265,898 776 650 32 1,358 31,246,861 209, 631 210, 224 .67 1901 2,840 268,947 776 597 26 1,399 31,970,978 214,300 216, 213 .68 Total.. 1,308,686 3,785 2,768 148 6,701 151,627,683 1,051,327 1,007,273 .66 1902 (a) 282,778 859 635 29 1,523 34, 266, 664 228,116 225,609 .66 1903 fa) 287,650 850 644 31 1,625 34, 997, 424 232,861 239,401 .68 1904 {ol 293,612 935 661 40 1,636 36,301,495 242, 236 236, 257 .65 1906 (a) 298, 013 902 762 44 1,708 37, 174, 253 275,017 276,306 .74 1906 3,265 305, 822 971 792 35 1,798 39,297,268 286,856 291, 216 .74 Total.. 1,467,875 4,617 3,494 179 8,190 182, 037, 104 1,265,076 1,267,689 .70 » Not reported. 134 EEPOST OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Contfnued. Group X (a).— Paper and cardboard manufacturing. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) W W C) 417 28,092 28,863 28,946 29, 203 29,988 243 212 244 232 231 116 122 146 140 147 21 17 20 13 20 380 351 410 385 398 $3,514,701 3,666,018 3, 739, 625 3,886,354 4,084,644 $60,755 65, 783 67, 493 72, 477 75,631 $50,918 58,357 69,645 66,390 68,288 1.45 1.59 1.86 1.71 1.67 Total . 145, 092 1,162 671 91 1,924 18,891,342 342, 139 313,598 1.66 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 30, 256 30, 632 31,552 32, 046 32, 680 242 254 265 301 289 161 170 194 190 193 18 16 19 21 12 421 440 478 512 494 4,208,921 4,313,385 4,486,604 4,609,623 4,867,554 77,814 79, 675 82, 757 82, 309 86,768 72,152 79,874 80,595 79,657 78,552 1.71 1.85 1.80 1.73 1.61 157, 166 1,351 908 86 2,345 22,486,087 409, 323 390,830 1.74 Group X (b).— Paper products. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901.... ■... (a) 219' 9,253 9,612 10,033 10,328 10, 383 49 52 35 47 .56 17 29 12 20 36 66 81 47 67 92 $1,197,375 1,246,785 1,317,025 1, 403, 014 1,424,065 $7,436 8,131 8,407 10,576 10,623 $5,964 7,997 5,483 6,575 19,048 0.50 .64 .42 .47 1.34 ■Total . . 49,609 239 114 353 6,588,264 45, 173 45,007 .68 1902....'... 1903 1904 1905 1906 (■=) (a) (0) 360 11,285 12,033 13,235 14,059 15, 364 46 58 67 103 105 39 43 48 52 68 2 1 2 1 85 103 116 157 174 1,673,291 1,697,892 1,856,212 1,992,546 2,240,663 11,312 12, 355 13,557 15,359 17,341 13,064 24, 203 15, 765 17,329 31,285 .83 1.43 .85 .87 1.40 ■Total . . 65, 976 379 250 6 635 9, 360, 594 69,924 . 101,646 1.09 Group X (c).— Leather and leather substitutes. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) 946 12, 797 13,297 13,217 13, 406 13,834 60 67 79 74 91 41 64 55 56 68 4 I 5 4 105 140 140 135 163 $2, 060, 694 2, 161, 138 2, 145, .588 2, 193, 780 2,277,802 $14,653 16, 434 1.5, 808 23,697 24,725 $20, 078 33,799 .30, 848 26,834 28,174 0.97 1.66 1.44 1.22 1.24 Total.. 66,551 371 284 28 683 10,839,002 95,217 139, 733 1.29 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 974 14, 160 14, 245 14,715 14,396 15, 284 99 82 98 111 151 77 77 86 77 94 6 8 4 2 14 182 167 187 190 269 2,369,619 2,427,393 2,511,902 2,460,867 2,699,738 25,745 26,710 27,966 29,764 32,598 34, 768 40,232 43,009 34,239 51, 436 1.47 1.66 1.71 1.39 1.91 Total 72,800 541 410 34 985 12,469,519 142,783 203, 684 1.63 " Not reported. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 135 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group X (d).— Manufactures of leather, leather substitutes, etc. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 (°) <■) m (") 35 915 974 996 1,243 1,245 7 4 3 4 6 7 5 4 6 8 J166,541 184,040 188, 100 247, 680 247, 843 $908 1,035 1,041 1,269 1,175 J28 397 267 900 547 02 1898 1899 1900 1901 1 1 2 2 .22 .14 .36 .22 Total.. 5,373 24 6 30 1,034,204 5,428 ■ 2, 139 .21 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 (a) 1,136 1,176 1,309 1,37? 1,668 3 4 6 5 4 2 4 2 3 1 i" 5 8 8 9 5 230, 669 254,521 273, 644 285,459 331, 948 1,151 1,384 1,436 976 1,159 1,549 4,358 479 703 444 .67" 1.71 .18; .25 .13 Total.. 6,568 22 12 1 35 1,376,239 6,106 7,533 55 Group X (e).— Rubber, gutta-percha, and celluloid. (&) 1897 («) 3,757 18 11 29 S649, 702 J6,589 S7, 056 1.0» 1898 {» 3,750 23 10 33 654, 553 6,889 5,550 .85 1899 3,693 18 20 38 653, 050 6,819 11, 590 1.77 1900 4,123 23 14 i 38 735,368 7,897 7,244 .98 1901 39 4,465 27 15 42 801,952 8,791 9,402 1.17- Total . 19, 788 109 70 1 ISO 3, 494, 625 36,986 40, 842 1.17 1002 (<■) 4,452 25 18 2 45 811,939 8,678 11,527 1.42 1903 C) 4,688 17 15 32 874,889 9,396 5,744 .68 1904 (") 4,635 20 13 1 34 850,326 9,049 7,203 .85- 1905 (") 4,452 23 19 42 836,096 8,554 8,072 .97 1906 47 5,054 23 12 35 992,832 10, 159 5,840 .5» Total . . 23.281 108 77 3 188 4,366,082 45,836 3S,386 .8& Group X.— Paper, leather, rubber, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 ■ C) (" C) 1,656 54,814 56, 496. 66,885 58,303 59,915 377 358 379 380 411 185 226 234 232 268 25 26 26 19 24 587 610 639 631 703 57,589,013 7,912,534 8,043,388 8, 466, 196 8,836,306 890,241 98,272 99,568 115,916 120,945 $84,044 106, 100 117,833 107,943 125, 459 1.11 1.34 1.47 1.28 1.42 Total.. 286,413 1,905 1,145 120 3,170 40,847,437 524,942 541,379 1.33 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 W 1,879 61,289 62,774 65,446 66,332 69,950 415 415 456 543 672 297 309 342 341 368 26 26 25 26 27 738 750 823 910 967 9,194,439 9,568,080 9,978,688 10,184,691 11,132,723 124,700 129,520 134,766 136, 962 148,025 133,060 154,411 147,051 140,000 167,557 1.45 1.61 1.47 1.37 1.51 Total.. 325,791 2,401 1,657 130 4,188 50,058,621 673,972 742,079 1.48 oNot reported. i In the period 1902 to 1906 celluloid was included in Group VII (d). 46598° 136 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKEES, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1837 TO 1906— Continued. Group XI (a). — Woodworking. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Numlser ofacpidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 W C) (") la) 10,294 48,516 60,456 51,061 54,071 51,605 817 828 909 940 1,041 505 598 623 721 712 63 66 58 72 73 1,385 1,492 1,690 1,733 1,826 56,325,845 6,654,157 6,982,895 7,411,287 7,100,291 $177,281 195,738 203,799 251,492 242,472 $224,290 273,777 271,979 306, 233 306,707 3.55 4.11 3.89 4.13 4.31 Total.. 255,709 4,535 3,159 332 8,026 34,474,475 1,070,782 1,381,986 4.01 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) (a.) 13,292 65,999 68,683 61,108 64,065 69, 208 1,106 1,097 1,263 1,339 1,517 795 845 936 974 1,148 71 72 79 82 82 1,971 2,014 2,268 2,395 2,747 7,913,102 8,456,188 8,995,458 9,557,281 10,587,120 269,813 287,076 302,410 • 328,460 360;572 334,805 351,802 388,104 404,867 609,523' 4.23 4.16 4.31 4.24 4.81 TotpL. 308,963 6,311 4,698 3S6 612,396 45,509,149 1,548,331 1,989,101 4 37 Group XI (b). — Basket wares, brushes, etc. 1897 . (") 586 1 2 3 $66,888 $422 $949 1.42 1898 («) 637 3 3 74,602 488 1,267 1.70 1899 (a) 646 5 1 6 76,460 608 376 .49 1900 (.") 723 5 2 7 85,016 472 521 .61 1901 29 737 4 2 6 88,102 495 272 .31 Total. . 3, 328 15 10 25 391,058 2,386 3,385 .87 1902 (a) 876 2 2 103,693 690 565 .65 1903 (.") 884 1 4 5 109,884 612 1,534 1.40 1904 (a) 982 3 1 4 117,435 666 111 .09 1905 (.<•) 875 7 i 8 104, 281 867 267 .25 1906 39 928 3 2 4 107,690 962 268 .25 Total.. 4,545 13 9 1 23 542,883 3,687 2,735 .60 Group XI (c).— Products of horn, meerschaum, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 m 120 5,094 4,983 5,227 6,214 4,814 14 19 18 20 27 12 18 19 20 13 1 1 2 27 38 37 40 42 $650,392 666,145 699,031 706,892 679, 522 $4,698 5,157 5,350 4,875 4,666 $3,737 4,691 6,029 6,296 6,317 0.57 .70 .86 .89 .93 Total.. 25,332 98 82 4 184 3,400,982 24,745 27,070 .80 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 200 5,083 5,550 5,250 5,032 5,449 16 33 21 22 37 6 11 6 6 11 22 51 27 28 48 709,160 755,668 747,730 709,972 784,067 4,818 6,092 6,009 4,913 6,493 1,174 6,309 2,980 2, 807 4,065 .17 .83 .40 .40 .52 Total.. 26, 364 129 47 170 3,706,597 25,325 17,335 .47 "Not reported. !> The sum of the items does not agree with this total; the figures are reproduced as they appear in the original report. CHAPTER I. WOBKMEN S INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 137 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group XI.— Woodworking, carved materials, etc. Num- ber of estab- lisli- ments. Number ol lull- time workers Insured. Numljer of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 10, 443 54,196 56,076 86, 933 60,008 57, 186 832 847 932 965 1,072 619 619 643 743 727 64 67 68 72 76 1,415 1,533 1,633 1,780 1,874 $7,043,126 7,394,904 7, 768, 376 8,202,195 7,867,915 $182,401 201,383 209,657 256,839 247,632 $228,976 279, 735 278, 384 313,050 312,296 3.25 3.78 3.69 3.82 3.97 Total.. 284,369 4,648 3,261 336 8,235 38,266,515 1,097,912 1,412,441 3.70 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 (o) 13,631 61,958 65,017 67,340 69,972 75,586 1,121 1,131 1,277 1,368 1,656' 803 867 943 980 1,161 71 72 79 83 82 1,995 2,070 2,299 2,431 2,799 8,725,955 9,321,740 9,860,623 10,371,834 11, 478, 777 276,221 292, 780 308,085 334, 240 367,017 336, 544 369,045 391, 195 407, 931 613, 856 3.86 3.86 3.97 3.93 4.48 Total.. 339,872 6,453 4,764 387 11, 594 49,758,629 1,577,343 2,009,171 4.04 Group XII (a). ^Vegetable and animal food products. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 la) (o) (") 1,819 67,101 67,792 60,627 62,376 62,134 343 358 425 425 518 196 224 272 265 307 32 23 29 33 27 571 605 726 723 852 $6, 772, 425 7,077,123 7, 609, 782 7,738,137 8,142,371 $97, 134 106, 667 113,271 132,665 139,542 $94,982 101, 938 129, 413 122,631 131, 781 1.40 1.44 1.72 1.58 1.62 Total.. 300,030 2,069 1,264 144 3,477 37,239,843 589,279 580, 742 1.66 1902 1903 1904 1906 1900 u 2,^ 54 59,788 61, 506 62, 475 67, 376 71, 090 642 493 550 680 632 293 335 341 437 461 31 16 25 36 39 866 844 916 1,083 1,132 8,238,227 8,646,016 8,627,967 9, 681, 844 10, 651, 067 142,619 146,527 145, 847 153,850 169,758 130, 693 124, 192 155,698 175, 604 201,337 1.89 1.46 1.80 1.83 1.91 Total.. 322,235 2,797 1,867 147 4,811 45, 645, 121 768, 801 787, 524 1.73 Group XII (b).— Drinks and beverages. 1897.; 44, 441 456 221 57 734 $7,357,005 $127, 766 $143,890 1.96 1898 45,259 471 247 25 743 7,607,630 137,708 134,011 1.79 1899 46,766 466 300 46 811 7, 800, 945 142,378 170,423 2.18 1900 47, 399 489 289 39 817 7,983,442 167, 127 170, 867 2.14 1901 3,262 47,135 496 316 48 860 8,050,888 168,270 176, 068 2.19 Total.. 230, 990 2,378 1,373 214 3,965 38,699,940 743,249 795,259 2.05 1902 (a) 40,262 536 311 49 896 8,462,643 175, 638 164, 759 1.98 1903 i") 49, 729 516 323 62 891 8,870,843 177,289 180,054 2.10 1904 W 60, 675 548 -396 64 998 8,774,694 181, 528 191,664 2.18 1905 (») 50,789 594 347 48 989 8,869,923 191, 765 178,992 2.02 1906 3,670 51,916 574 363 28 965 9,405,031 202,829 178, 176 1.89 Total . . 252,371 2,768 1,740 231 4,739 44,083,034 929,019 893, 536 2.03 o Not reported. 138 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOS. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group XII (c). — Tobacco. Num- ber of estab- lish ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. -Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 ^"1 (») 30 37,962 37,471 •36,084 36,304 37,925 14 12 20 26 37 12 5 4 12 10 i i' 26 18 24 38 48 $3,406,787 3,465,515 3,542,837 3,729,211 4,021,673 $7,176 7,495 7,649 4,954 4,991 $4,414 2,441 1,441 3,686 3,529 0.13 .07 .04 .10 .09 Total.. 185,746 38,750 38,167 37,695 37,617 37,162 109 43 2 154 ' 18,166,023 32,265 15,611 09 (<■) (" (-) W 30 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 26 32 35 27 38 17 12 17 15 14 1 1 1 44 45 53 42 52 4,300,332 4,306,523 4,578,523 4,658,870 4,764,268 5,265 5,269 5,611 6,647 6,808 5,752 3,133 6,182 4,147 4,264 .13 .07 .14 .09 .09 Total-. 189,391 158 75 3 236 22,608,616 ■ 29,600 23,468 10 Group XII.— Foods and drinks. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 i") (a) 5,101 139,604 140,522 143,467 146,079 147,194 813 841 911 940 1,061 429 476 576 666 633 89 49 74 72 76 1,331 1,366 1,661 1,678 1,760 $17,536,277 18,050,273 18,853,564 19,460,790 20,214,902 1232,076 251,870 263,298 304,746 312,803 $243,286 238,387 301,277 297,184 311,378 1.39 1.32 1.60 1.63 1.64 Total. . 716,766 4,556 2,680 360 7,596 94,105,806 1,364,793 1,391,512 1.48 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) 6,660 147,800 149, 402 150,845 166,782 160, 168 1,104 1,041 1,133 1,201 1,244 621 670 764 799 838 81 69 80 84 67 1,806 1,780 1,967 2,084 2,149 21,001,202 21,423,382 21,981,084 23,110,637 24,720,366 323,422 329,055 332,986 352,262 379,396 301,204 307,379 353,434 358,743 383,767 1.43 1.43 1.61 1.55 1.65 Total . 763,997 5,723 3,682 381 9,786 112,236,671 1,717,120 1,704,627 1.62 Group XIII (a).— Clothing. 1897 (») 22,032 37 23 60 $3,196,685 $16,006 $7,969 0.25 1898 (") 22,440 46 21 i 68 3,266,702 16,029 6,883 .21 1899 m 22,960 32 29 61 3,395,622 16,829 13,608 .40 1900 C) 23,359 41 30 1 72 3,501,222 16,823 16,727 .48 1901 343 24,554 49 30 2 81 3,711,713 16,813 13,028 .35 Total.. 115,335 206 133 4 342 17,009,844 80,500 68,216 .34 1902 C) 26,960 54 31 3 88 4,029,388 18,219 17,133 .43 1903 C) 28,509 58 32 90 4,365,913 19,821 15,817 .36 1904 C) 30,491 53 35 88 4,661,408 21,652 16,967 .36 1906 (0) 30,890 53 27 80 4,816,865 20,808 12,122 .25 1906 510 33,017 70 36 3 109 5,316,347 23,232 17,109 .32 Total.. 149,967 288 161 6 455 23,179,921 103,632 79,148 .34 o Not reported. CHAPTER I. — WOBKMEN S INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 139 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WOEKEES, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTEIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTEY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group XlII (b).^Cleaning. Year. Num- ber of lisb- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Death. Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Amount. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. 3,176 3,371 3,674 4,214 4,477 $419,500 459,511 516,046 594, 445 629, 198 $4,501 5,166 6,789 5,872 6,230 18,912 63 2,618,700 27,604 (") 854 5,495 5,943 6,611 6,932 7,626 757, 190 840,887 935, 686 1,012,625 1,132,577 7,531 8,326 9,399 11,929 13,259 32,507 87 129 221 4,678,865 50,444 $4, 760 2,989 8,858 9,018 35, 505 8,632 12,777 9,773 12,816 20, 974 64, 971 Group XIII.— Clotbing and cleaning. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 825 25,208 25,811 26,624 27,573 29,031 45 54 46 51 62 34 29 46 48 49 2 1 i" 2 V 81 84 92 100 113 $3,615,085 3,725,213 3,911,668 4,095,667 4,340,911 $19,607 21,195 22,618 21,695 23,049 $12,729 9,872 22,466 25,745 22,908 0:35 .27 .67 .03 .63 Total.. 134,247 258 206 6 470 19,688,644 108,064 93,720 .48 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (a) o) 1,364 32,455 34,642 37,002 37,822 40,643 74 78 71 67 86 53 59 61 61 66 3 1 1 1 6 130 138 133 119 166 4,786,578 5,196,800 5,596,994 5,829,490 6,448,924 25,750 28,147 30,951 32,737 36,491 25,765 28,694 26,740 24,937 38,083 .64 .66 .48 .43 .69 Total.. 182,464 375 290 11 676 27,858,786 154,076 144,119 .52 Group XIV (a). — Building, construction operations, etc. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. Total. 1002. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. Total. 4,948 7,424 130,399 150,041 149,787 135,295 127,629 693,151 143,220 163,417 190,287 184,011 165,560 846, 496 1,805 1,978 1,850 1,721 1,706 9,120 1,&58 2,079 2,479 2,461 2,207 11,084 1,198 1,390 1,393 1,314 1,212 6,507 1,469 1,610 1,892 1,913 1,603 8,487 158 177 167 152 140 794 "m 172 248 235 186 1,016 3,221 3,645 3,410 3,187 3,058 16, 421 3,501 3,861 4,619 4,609 3,996 20,686 $18,753,607 21,845,764 22,296,018 20,483,512 19,740,126 103,119,027 21,644,753 25,330,584 30,788,482 30,147,876 28,062,002 135,963,696 $493,669 601,569 613,927 627,270 591,519 2,927,954 659,312 768,652 921,408 978,840 903,056 4,231,268 $682,275 691,087 687,363 646,378 582,981 3,190,084 667,387 720,803 898,739 976, 408 864,759 4,128,0 o Not reported. 140 EEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WOEKEES, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSUEANCE CONTEIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Continued. Group XIV (b).— Building trades. Num- ber of estab- lisli- ments. Number offull- tima worlsers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of — Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Deatli. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) la) l") (a) 8,578 28,999 32,034 32,277 30,250 28,832 456 465 544 501 475 346 388 377 391 383 77 69 62 56 59 879 912 983 948 917 S3, 910, 937 4,305,780 4,473,389 4,215,193 4,047,739 $116,581 135,027 137,912 160,566 163,417 $179,759 192,139 196,427 196,127 183,487 4.60 4.40 4.39 4.65 4.53 Total 152,392 2,441 1,885 313 4,639 21,013,038 703,503 947,939 4.51 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 10,469 29,708 30,707 32,637 36,232 37,124 613 473 535 508 692 402 407 425 481 440 46 66 76 70 58 961 946 1,036 1,059 1,090 4,311,070 4,464,924 4,799,550 5,415,045 6,770,092 165,891 169,989 181,346 208,991 219,441 194,446 204,964 226,936 228,495 235,145 4.51 4.59 4.73 4.22 4.08 Total. 166,308 2,621 2,155 316 6,092 24,760,681 945,658 1,089,976 4.40 Group XZV (c).— Trades subsidiary to building tiades. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) (") la) (a) 8,846 11,574 12,701 14,112 14,668 16,059 123 137 159 155 163 88 94 113 131 131 10 16 16 18 17 221 247 287 304 311 $2,041,409 2,300,162 2,560,664 2,705,239 2,779,882 $35,184 40,989 45,844 68,894 69,680 $54,605 62,694 67,067 82,970 74,744 2.67 2.73 2.63 3.07 2.09 Total.. 68,114 737 557 76 1,370 12,377,336 260,691 341,970 2.76 1902 1903 1904 19a5 1906(1').... 13,804 15,651 16,858 17,970 18,347 26,404 199 199 205 202 284 157 162 166 166 187 11 22 17 14 13 337 373 388 381 484 3,163,877 3,449,579 3,730,967 3,896,220 6,451,382 78,644 85,583 92,532 105,143 123,098 81,784 86,608 104,612 90,201 114,437 2.68 2.51 2.80 2.32 2.10 Total.. 95,230 » 1,069 827 77 1,903 19,692,015 485,000 477,642 2.43 Group XIV (d).— Establishments for cleaning* maintenance) etc., ol buildings. 1897 (a) 3,888 28 19 6 53 $504,455 $7,997 $10,286 2.04 1898 C) 4,153 22 12 3 37 543, 106 8,996 6,621 1.22 1899 \a) 4,352 26 12 9 47 678,327 9,416 8,177 1.41 1900 (a) 4,497 25 18 10 53 596,069 11,586 12,044 2.02 1901 1,491 4,560 33 25 4 62 622,093 11,808 11,600 1.85 Total.. 21,450 134 86 32 252 2,844,060 49,803 48,628 1.71 1902 C) 5,132 37 16 6 58 718,884 13,683 10,892 1.52 1903 (") 6,234 36 17 6 59 748, 826 14,186 6,767 .90 1904 (■») 5,246 35 18 7 60 763,118 14,806 8,177 1.07 1905 (») 5,380 32 39 1 72 795,983 16,077 18,277 2.30 1906 1,762 6,384 37 18 4 69 831,021 16,795 8,713 1.06 Total.. 20,376 177 108 23 308 3,857,832 75,547 52, 816 1.37 o Not reported. 6 Certain ciasses of persons who were previously denied insurance are included in this year, by reason of a court decision. cThe sum of tlie items does not agree with the total; the figures are reproduced as they appear in the original report. CHAPTER I. WOBKMEN S INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 141 NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1900— Continued. Group XIV.- -Building and constractlon. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Number of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disa- bility. Deatb. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) i"} i") 23,863 174,860 198,929 200,528 184,710 176,080 2,472 2,602 2,580 2,402 2,377 1,651 1,884 1,895 1,854 1,751 251 266 252 236 220 4,374 4,741 4,727 4,492 4,348 $25,210,408 29,054,802 29,898,388 28,000,013 27,189,840 $653,431 780,581 807,099 868,316 826,424 $826,825 952,541 959,024 937,519 852,712 3.28 3.28 3.21 3.35 3.14 Total.. 935,107 12,433 9,036 1,214 22,682 139,353,451 3,941,851 4,528,021 3.25 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (°> (") C) 33,459 193,711 216,216 246,040 243,970 234,472 2,577 2,787 3,254 3,203 3,120 2,044 2,186 2,501 2,598 2,248 236 266 348 320 261 4,857 6,239 6,103 6,121 5,629 29,838,684 33,993,913 40,082,107 40,266,123 40,104,497 917,530 1,038,410 1,210,092 1,309,051 1,202,390 954,508 1,019,122 1,238,464 1,313,381 1,223,054 3.20 3.00 3.09 3.26 3.05 Total.. 1,134,409 14,941 11,577 1,431 27,949 184,274,224 6,737,473 5,748,529 3.12 Group XV (a .—Printing, publislilng, etc. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 (a) (a) 660 20,971 22,105 22,663 23,867 24,898 67 73 71 73 73 32 32 41 43 55 i 2 99 105 113 118 128 $4,765,709 5,063,652 5,229,382 5,666,642 5,939,760 $24,413 26,062 26,972 22,946 23,986 $21, 195 12,894 18, 130 27,390 23,874 0.44 .25 .35 .48 .40 Total . . 114,604 367 203 3 663 26,665,045 124,379 103,483 .39 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 935 26,465 27,338 28,914 29,532 31, 135 96 99 102 109 127 - 69 52 69 59 61 2" 2 3' 166 163 163 168 191 6,377,164 6,613,151 7,047,389 7,218,050 7,788,542 25,732 26,889 28,518 30,208 32,530 31,093 26,932 25,449 27,983 35,304 .49 .41 .36 .39 .46 Total.. 143,384 533 300 7 840 36,044,296 143,877 146,761 .42 Group XV (b).— Theaters. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 6G 3,617 3,630 3,987 3,876 4,012 3 2 6 3 4 1 2 2 4 3 i' 4 4 8 7 8 $717,687 714,276 795,475 783,499 812,974 $6,046 6,343 7,089 6,606 6,778 $935 2,299 836 1,190 3,326 0.13 .32 .11 .15 .41 Total.. 19,122 18 12 1 31 3,823,911 32,862 8,585 .22 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 (°) (a) (°) 92 4,422 4,620 5,122 5,432 5,464 6 4 8 8 7 6 4 4 6 7 i' 11 ll 16 14 864,386 882, 989 981, 180 1,083,026 1, 121, 189 7,146 7,441 8,300 7,065 7,281 1,121 1,301 4,148 8,110 5,566 .13 .15 .42 .75 .50 Total. 25,060 33 26 1 60 4,922,770 37,233 20,246 .41 Group XV.— Printing, publishing, and theaters. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 («) (») 726 24,688 25,735 26,650 27,743 28,910 70 75 77 76 77 33 34 43 47 68 1 2 1 103 109 121 125 136 $5,483,396 5,777,928 6,024,867 6,450,041 6,762,734 $30, 459 32,405 34,061 29,552 30, 764 $22,130 15, 193 18,966 28,580 27,199 0.40 .26 .31 .44 .40 Total.. 133,626 375 215 4 594 30, 488, 956 157,241 112,068 .37 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1,027 ■ 30,887 31,958 34,036 ,34,964 36,599 102 103 110 117 134 74 56 63 65 68 2' 2 1 3 176 161 175 183 205 7,231,550 7,496,140 8,028,569 8,301,076 8,909,731 32,878 34,330 36,818 37,273 39,811 32,214 28,233 29,597 36,093 40,870 .45 .38 .37 .43 .46 Total . 168, 444 566 326 « 900 39, 967, 066 181,110 167,007 .42 a Not reported. 142 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, FULL-TIME WORKERS, AND ACCIDENTS, AND WAGES PAID, INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS, AND COST OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1906— Concluded. Miscellaneous group, including those voluntarily Insured. (») Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Nmnber of full- time workers insured. Number of accidents compensated on account of— Total num- ber of acci- dents. Wages of insured persons. Insurance contribu- tions. Net cost of acci- dents. Year. Tem- po- rary disa- bility. Per- ma- nent disar bility. Death. Amount. Per cent of wages. 1902. (b) (6) (6) h) 321 406 611 1,897 6,253 9,261 $72,268 114,512 430,807 1,509,609 2,059,334 $424 548 2,087 7,295 9,792 1903 3 2 6 14 3 3 13 25 $30 188 3,178 6,816 0.03 1904....... 1905 1906 i 8 10 i' .04 .21 .33 Total.. 18,418 24 19 1 44 4,186,630 20,146 10,212 .29 Groups I to XV.— All insured establishments (excluding those voluntarily insured). 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 m C) C) 332,726 1,173,998 1,230,157 1,2.61,381 1,266,979 1,251,580 10,487- 10,856 11,170 11.329 li; 616 6.246 a; 858 7,446 7,682 7,709 786 746 789 769 783 17,617 18,459 19,405 19, 780 30,108 $166,420,720 177,649,789 183,705,053 187,079,420 188,642,176 $2,661,606 3,014,754 3,124,816 3,617,712 3,469,432 $3,157,061 3,419,155 3,671,519 3,814,892 3,696,163 1.90 1.93 2.00 2.04 1.96 Total.. 6, 164, 095 55,468 35,940 3,871 95,269 903,397,157 15,788,319 17,758,780 1.97 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 C") (1) (6) 438,266 1, 297, 148 1,343,437 1, 417, 960 1,456,490 1,496,560 12,222 12, 521 13, 7'; 6 14,335 16,558 8,326 8,560 9,409 10, 015 10, 196 834 838 945 976 885 21,382 21,919 24, 130 25,326 26,639 196,868,953 206,916,481 221,353,798 231,021,917 245,806,793 3,603,589 3,789,188 4,097,838 4,486,196 4,662,920 3, 886, 163- 3,943,066 4,339,031 4, 729, 049 5,063,664 1.97 1.91 1.96 2.06 . 2.06 Total . 7,011,595 68, 412 46,506 4,478 119,396 1,100,967,942 20,638,731 21,950,973 1.99 a Data for 1897 to 1901 not reported. 1 Not reported. The important feature of the table is contaitied in the last column, giving the net cost to the institutions of the accidents in percentage of the wages of the insured persons. Agricultural establishments using power machinery (Group la) naturally have the highest rate of cost, because only the workers exposed to the risk of machinery are included in the computation. Flour mills (Group lb) have a rate less than half of the rate for agricultural establishments using power machinery. Omitting agriculture for the reason just stated, the industry showing the highest average cost for the five-year period is that of woodworking and working of carved materials (Group XI) with a rate of 4.04 per cent of the wage roll, the subgroup of woodworking (XIa) having a rate of 4.37 per cent for the five-year period 1902 to 1906 and 4.01 per cent for the period 1897 to 1901. The industries of transportation and storage (Group II) have the next highest average, which is 3.48 per cent of the wages for the period 1902 to 1906 and 3.14 per cent for the period 1897 to 1901. Of the industries included in this group, water transportation (Group lie) averaged 4.36 per cent for 1902 to CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 143 1906 and 4.45 per cent for 1897 to 1901. This group does not include those railroads insured in the accident insurance institution for Aus- trian railroads which include the principal lines. The next highest average is found in the industries connected with building and con- struction (Group XIV), in which the rate for the period 1902 to 1906 was 3.12 per cent of the wages and 3.25 per cent of the wages for 1897 to 1901. The subgroup building trades (XlVb) shows the highest rate of cost of any of the industries included in Group XIV, with an average of 4.40 per cent for 1902 to 1906 and 4.5Lper cent for 1897 to 1901. Three groups of industries, therefore, woodworking, transpor- tation, and building, have an average cost exceeding three per cent of the wages. The industries with an average cost of from two to three per cent of the wages are: First, smelting and mining of "nonreserved" minerals (Group III), with an average of 2.75 per cent for 1902 to 1906 and 2.46 per cent forl897tol901; second, the industries of stones and earths (Group IV), with 2.21 per cent for 1902 to 1906 and 2.15 per cent for 1897 to 1901, but this high rate is due to the high cost in the quarrying and pit-working industries (Groups IVa and IVb),in which the rates are in excess of five per cent; third, the manufacture of machinery, tools, implements, etc. (Group VI), during the period 1902 to 1906 had an average cost of 2.14 per cent of the wages and for the period 1897 to 1901 an average cost of 2.09 per cent of the wages. These six industries having cost rates in excess of two per cent of the wages paid are the industries in which the trade risk is well known to be considerably above the average. Five groups of industries have rates of over one percent and less than two per cent: Heating andlight- ing (Group VIII) , foods and drinks (Group XII) , chemical industries (Group VII), paper, leather, rubber, etc. (Group X), and metal work- ing (Group V) . Only three of the groups have cost rates of less than one per cent of the wages paid : Textiles (Group IX) , clothing, cleaning, etc. (Group XIII) , and printing, publishing, and theaters (Group XV) . The average cost for all the industries included in the table was 1.99 per cent for the period 1902 to 1906 and 1.97 per cent for 1897 to 1901. The general tendency during the ten-year period has been for the cost to increase as compared with the wage roll. The other fea- tures of the table are of interest as indicating the general growth of the system. The causes of accidents which received compensation, with the degree of disability resulting and the cost from each cause, are shown in the table following for the five-year period 1897 to 1901 . 144 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RESULTS AND TO ESTABLISHMENTS, [Source: Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik, 1897-1901, Zweiter Teil.] Cause of accident. Accidents resulting in— Tem- porary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Compensated by the following per cent of wages. 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 1,227 70.5 73 4.2 201 11.5 90 5.2 331 23.9 41 3.0 208 15.0 239 17.3 1.455 79.9 27 1.4 86 4.7 66 3.6 118 64. 5 7 3.8 18 9.8 11 6.0 247 38.7 13 2.0 91 14.3 108 16.9 1,886 67.4 105 3.8 361 12,5 159 5.7 272 56.8 24 5.0 74 15.5 47 9.8 1,182 68.8 81 4.7 180 10.5 83 4.8 577 55.4 39 3.8 117 11.2 72 6.9 1,301 61.8 52 2.5 218 10.3 125 6.9 10 47.6 1 4.8 2 9.5 419 46.2 28 3.1 113 12.4 68 7.6 2 2.1 1 1.1 2 2.1 2 2.1 90 39.0 3 1.2 26 10.6 19 7.7 141 50.5 10 3.6 34 12.2 27 9,7 12 26.1 7 15.2 7 15.2 94 36.3 4 1.5 19 7.4 23 8.5 143 29.4 6 1.2 70 14.4 30 6,2 147 47.4 13 4.2 47 15.2 29 9.3 13 43.3 1 3.3 6 20.0 1 3.4 91 56.2 5 3.1 18 11.1 13 8.0 252 55.9 25 6.5 64 14.2 30 6.7 1. Use of tools and various Implements: Number of accidents Per cent of total 2. Flying fragments (in stone working): Number of accidents Per cent of total 3. Burns in general: Number of accidents Per cent of total 4. Burns by acid materials, etc.: Number of accidents Per cent of total 5. Burns by lime (in building trades): Number of accidents Per cent of total 6. Lifting and moving of burdens by hand, etc.: Number of accidents Per cent of total 7. Loading and unloading by hand in transportation work: Number of accidents Per cent of total 8. Loading and unloading by hand in other than transportation work: Number of accidents Per cent of total 9. Vehicles (in other than transportation work): Number of accidents ^ Per cent of total 10. Shop railways: Number of accidents Per cent of. total 11. Electric currents: Number of accidents Per cent of total 12 . Power belting: Number of accidents Per cent of total 13. Falls into the mouth of a threshing machine: Number of accidents Per cent of total 14. Other accidents caused by the mouth of a threshing machine: Number of accidents Per cent of total 16. Cogwheels and other moving parts of threshing machines: Number of accidents Per cent of total 16. Stones, sand, etc., hurled around by threshing machines: Number of accidents Per cent of total 17. Feed rolls of fodder-chopping machinery: Number of accidents , Per cent of total 18. Knives of fodder-chopping machinery: Number of accidents Per cent of total 19. Cogwheels and other moving parts of fodder-chopping machinery: Number of accidents Per cent of total 20. Millstones: Nimiber of accidents : . Per cent of total 21. Milling rollers in flour mills: Number of accidents Per cent of total 22. Kick, push, and stepping of draft animals (in transportation estab- lishments): Number of accidents Per cent of total CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSUHANCE IN AUSTRIA. 145 BATE OF COMPENSATION, WITH COST TO INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS AND 1897 TO 1901. rSource: Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistlk, 1897-1901, Zweiter Teil.] Accidents resulting in- Permanent disability. Compensated by tbe following per cent of wages. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. Total. Death. Total accidents. Number. Cost to the in- surance insti- tutions. Average cost to the in- surance institu- tions per accident. Cost per $1,000 of wages to the estab- lish- ments affected. Average amount of pen- sion to workers perma- nently disabled in per cent of wages earned. 67 3.8 391 28.2 42 2,3 112 17.5 100 3.6 68 3.4 64 6.1 92 4.4 61 6.7 1 1.1 10 4.1 15 32.6 19 7.4 27 5.0 16 6.2 1 3.3 11 6.8 30 6.7 31 103 7.4 30 1.7 6 3.3 29 4.6 73 2.6 14 2.9 45 2.6 40 3.8 77 3.7 1 4.8 42 4.6 2 2.1 14 5.7 18 6.6 2 4.4 12 4.6 22 4.5 17 5.5 6.6 16 3.6 31 47 3.4 25 1.4 6 3.3 19 3.0 61 2.2 12 2.5 47 2.8 39 3.8 105 6.0 51 54.3 63 25.6 23 8.2 2 4.3 64 24.7 142 29.2 31 10.0 2 G.7 11 6.8 11 2.4 . 4 0.2 25 1.8 3 1.7 12 1.9 15 1.4 29 1.4 18 2.0 6 2.4 3 1.1 7 1 2.2 21 8.1 40 8.3 7 2.2 1.8 497 28.5 1,054 76.1 290 15.9 60 32.8 384 CO.l 864 30.9 193 40.3 508 29.6 386 37.0 33.2 4 19.1 409 45.0 67 71.3 141 57.3 134 48.1 34 73.9 161 62.2 337 69.4 160 51.6 12 40.0 70 43.2 179 39.7 17 1.0 77 4.2 5 2.7 1.2 47 1.7 14 2.9 28 1.6 79 7.6 106 5.0 7 33.3 25 20.6 3.7 4 1.4 4 1.5 6 1.2 3 1.0 5 16.7 20 4.4 1,741 100.0 1,385 100.0 1,822 100.0 183 100.0 639 100.0 2,797 100.0 479 100.0 1,718 100.0 1,042 100.0 2,105 100.0 21 100.0 908 100.0 94 100.0 246 100.0 279 100.0 46 100.0 259 100.0 486 100.0 310 100.0 30 100.0 162 lOO.O 451 100.0 $206, 441 346, 912 S119 251 204,613 33,195 131,112 407,740 89, 928 229, 620 233, 080 379,033 7,013 236,208 44, 346 63,647 38,223 7,001 09, 613 132, 326 43,772 4,320 37, 277 112 181 205 146 188 134 224 180 3.34 260 472 259 137 152 272 141 144 230 $1.29 2.81 .55 .23 1.29 1.50 1.03 1.21 1.11 2.14 .C9 19.12 8.58 5.13 .94 36.36 69.12 22.86 .38 3.30 86,718 192 4.98 146 BEPOET'OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RESULTS AND TO ESTABLISHMENTS, Cause of accident. Accidents resulting in- Tem- porary disa- bility, Permanent disability. Compensated by the following per cent of wages. 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19, 23. Bites of draft animals (in transportation establishments): Number of accidents ; Per cent of total 24. Falls from vehicles (in transportation establishments): Number of accidents Per cent of total 25. Run over by own wagon (in transportation establishments): Number of accidents Per cent of total 26. Run over while jumping on or ofi during the motion of the vehicle (in transportation establishments): Number of accidents Per cent of total 27. Falls of stone and earth masses, collapse of stone, etc., in quarry and pit work: Number of accidents , Per cent of total , 28. Explosion of blasting material and accidents in general through blasting work: Number of accidents Per cent of total , 29. Brick machinery (pressing, etc., including that worked by hand): Number of accidents Per cent of total 30. Grinding tools (in glass work): Number of accidents Per cent of total 31. Hammers of all kinds: Number of accidents Per cent of total 32. Punching and shearing machines: Number of accidents Per cent of total 33. Pressing, stamping, etc., machines: Number of accidents Per cent of total 34. Boring machines (for metals and wood): Number of accidents Per cent of total 35. Lathes (for metals and wood): Number of accidents Per cent of total 36. Flying particles from grinding and emery machines: . Number of accidents Per cent of total 37. Other accidents by grinding and emery machines: . Number of accidents Per cent of total 38. Opening machines (willows, openers, etc.): Number of accidents Per cent of total 39. Carding machines: Number of accidents Per cent of total 40. Self-acting mules: Number of accidents Per cent of total 41. Other spinning machines: Number of accidents ' Per cent of total 42. Calenders and mangles (textile industry): Number of accidents Per cent of total 43. Power looms: Number of accidents Per cent of total 44. Printing machines (textile industry): Number of accidents Per cent of total 25 41.0 114 44.2 158 46.8 71 42.8 1,055 41.1 128 31.0 68 38.3 16 48.5 182 54.5 168 70.3 537 63.6 191 66.6 500 73.6 47.4 154 63.4 31 29.8 229 47.8 203 72.8 175 51.5 12 41.4 244 58.7 32 54.2 4 6.6 13 5.0 17 5.0 13 7.8 43 1.7 6 1.4 9 5.1 1 3.0 70 31 10.8 53 7.8 21 8.6 3 2.9 18 3.8 18 5.3 2 6.9 21 5.0 4 6.8 13 21.3 40 11.8 26 15.7 213 20 11.4 24.3 49 14.6 28 11.7 116 13.7 38 13.2 68 10.0 35 14.4 21 20.2 85 17.8 64 18.8 74 17.8 15.2 CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 147 RATE OF COMPENSATION, WITH COST TO INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS AND 1897 TO 1901— Continued. Accidents resulting in — Total accidents. Average cost to the in- surance institu- tions per accident. Cost per $1,000 of wages to the estab- lish- ments affected. Average Permanent disability. Death. Number. Cost to the in- surance insti- tutions. amount of pen- sion to Compensated by the following per cent of wages. Total. perma- nently disabled in per cent of wages earned. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. 6 8.2 19 7.4 18 6.3 10 6.0 178 6.9 47 11.4 8 4.0 4 12.1 31 9.3 9 3.8 26 3.1 10 3.6 22 3.3 2 10.5 4 1.6 6 4.8 21 4.4 6 2.2 19 6.0 1 3.6 19 4.6 3 6.1 3 4.9 14 5.4 15 4.5 7 4.2 174 6.7 37 9.0 18 10.3 2 6.1 10 3.0 5 2.1 19 2.2 2 .7 4 .6 4 6.6 6 2.3 17 5.0 9 5.4 198 7.7 45 10.9 28 16.0 1 3.0 10 3.0 2 .8 17 2.0 1 .4 6 .9 1 1.6 8 2.4 1 .6 61 2.4 37 8.9 3 1.7 4 1.2 4 .5 1 .1 2 10.5 8 7.7 4 .8 2 .7 4 1.2 1 3.5 2 .5 1 1.7 36 59.0 129 50.0 143 42.3 88 53.0 1,080 42.0 243 68.8 104 59.4 17 51.5 148 44.3 70 29.3 306 36.2 95 33.1 179 2C.4 7 36.8 89 36.6 72 69.2 246 61.4 76 26.9 163 47.9 16 66.2 169 40.0 27 46.8 15 6.8 37 10.9 7 4.2 435 16.9 42 10.2 3 1.7 4 1.2 1 .4 2 .2 1 .3 3 16.8 1 1.0 4 .8 1 .3 2 .6 1 3.4 3 .7 61 100.0 258 100.0 338 100.0 166 100.0 2,570 100.0 413 100.0 176 100.0 33 100.0 334 100.0 239 100.0 845 100.0 287 100.0 679 100.0 19 100.0 243 100.0 104 100.0 479 100.0 279 100.0 340 100.0 29 100.0 416 100.0 59 100.0 J19,092 8313 SI. 27 18.0 64,884 252 4.06 15.1 88,184 261 6.60 20.3 49,973 301 5.49 10.8 665,212 259 4.53 24.8 171,355 415 1.50 30.0 52,711 301 2.34 25.4 6,801 206 .57 10.2 104,672 313 1.15 17.3 29,003 122 .31 12.7 107,388 127 1.28 13.6 29,484 103 .34 10.0 70,668 104 .64 11.5 7,166 377 1.40 29.4 6 2.5 13 12.6 25 f.2 6 2.2 7 2.0 2 6.9 10 2.4 6 8.6 5 2.1 15 14.4 50 10.4 5 1.8 13 3.8 8 1.9 4 6.8 32, 589 134 .38 12.7 28, 913 278 .66 27.1 88,203 184 1.40 20.7 26,875 93 .56 10.0 38,972 115 .73 15.9 5,724 197 .« 15.3 41,630 100 .67 14.1 13, 600 230 .59 21.0 148 EEPOET or IHE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO RESULTS AND TO ESTABLISHMENTS, Cause of accideat. Accidents resulting in- Tem- porary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Compensated by tlie following per cent of wages. 5 and under. 6 to 11. 45. Centrifugal machines (textile industry):, Numberof accidents ^ Per cent of total 46. Vertical rolls (paper making): Number of accidents Per cent of to tal 47. Cylinder rolls (paper making): Num ber of acci dents Per cent of total 48. Wood-grinding machinery: Number of accidents Per cent ol total 49. Pasteboard-making machinery: Number of accidents Per cent of total 60. Paper-making machinery (including drying cyUnders, calenders, etc.): Number of accidents Per cent of total 61. Leather roUers: Number of accidents Per cent of total 62. Circular saws for wood: Number of accidents Per cent of total .- 53. Band saws for wood: Number of accidents Per cent of total 64. Cuttingmachinery for wood: Numljer of accidents Per cent of total 55. Planing machinery for wood: I Number of accidents Per cent of total 56. Lifting and moving of casks in breweries: Number of accidents Per cent of total 67. Machinery for compressing, cutting, etc., of meats: Number, of accidents Per cent of total 68. Centrifugal machines (in sugar making): Number of accidents Per cent of total 69. Hoists for lifting brick: Number of accidents Per cent of total 60. Cylinder presses (printing): Number of accidents Per cent of total 61. Platen presses: Number of accidents Per cent of total .■ 7 60.0 U 62.4 56.3 20 60.6 13 65.0 147 67.4 48 56.5 895 45.3 141 49.8 527 49.1 200 69.9 63 50.3 39 46.4 96 65.1 67 65.7 22 60.0 2 12.5 1 3.1 2 10.0 13 6.1 7 8.2 5.0 13 9.2 106 9.9 1 1.2 2 1.4 2 4.5 1 7.2 2 9.5 27.3 2 10.0 13.3 13 15.3 310 15.7 28 21.2 57 20.1 218 20.3 64 16.2 18 16.1 14 16.7 23 15.7 12 11.8 13.1 1 7.1 3 18.7 1 5.0 15 6.9 219 11.1 6.1 26 9.2 106 9.9 28 11 13.1 6 4.1 5 11.4 CHAPTER I. ^WORKMEN S IKSUBANCE IN AtJSXEIA. 149 BATE OF COMPENSATION, WITH COST TO INSURANCE INSTITUTIONS AND 1897 TO 1901— Concluded. Accidents resKlting iti— Total accidents. Average cost to the in- surance institu- tions per accident. Cost per 51,000 of wages to the estab- lish- ments affected. Average Permanent disability. Death. Number. Cost to the in- surance insti- tutions. amount of pen- sion to workers jjerma- nently disabled in per Compensated by the following per cent of wages. Total. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages earned. 2 14.3 1 4.8 1 6.2 13 5.1 4 4.7 161 8.1 4 3.0 15 6.3 60 4.6 15 4.6 4 3.6 4 4.7 10 6.8 S 4.9 4 9.1 2 9.5 2 14.3 2 9.5 1 4.8 6 42.9 10 47.6 6 37.4 12 30.4 6 30.0 102 39.9 37 4a. 5 1,045 52.9 58 43.9 140 49.5 542 50.4 122 36.5 49 43.7 40 47.6 49 33.5 36 34.3 22 50.0 1 7.1 1 6.3 1 3.0 1 5.0 7 2.7 35 1.8 1 .8 2 .7 5 .6 12 3.6 5 6.0 o 1.4 14 100.0 21 100.0 16 100.0 33 100.0 20 100.0 256 100.0 85 lOO.O 1,975 100. 132 100.0 283 100.0 1,074 100.0 334 100.0 112 100.0 84 100.0 146 100.0 102 lOO.O 44 100.0 S3, 807 S272 SO. 18 20.0 5,415 258 .35 27.9 2,675 167 .27 12.3 1 3.0 1 5.0 8 3.1 3 3.5 124 6.3 4 3.0 5 1.8 36 3.3 7 2.1 2 1.8 5 5.9 3 2.1 2 2.0 4 9.1 1 3.0 3,245 98 1 09 12.6 1,737 87 .58 11.8 19 7.4 1 1.2 126 6.4 U 3.9 23 2.1 6 1.8 9 8.0 4 4.8 5 3.4 3 2.9 1 2.3 7 .3 1 .8 3 .3 1 .3 1 1.2 48, 655 190 3.91 18.9 12, 498 147 1.41 13.2 309,920 202 2.40 18.7 19,051 144 .22 11.5 64, 165 227 1.87 13.7 198, 104 185 2.37 13.2 64,233 192 2.31 14.3 30,802 273 10.11 17.3 IS. 881 225 .91 18.9 13, 184 90 .17 16.5 19, r.91 193 .79 15.4 7,256 165 .29 17.5 150 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The largest number of fatal accidents, namely 435, was caused by falls of stone and earth masses in quarrying and in pit work (cause 27) ; of all the injuries due to such falls of stone and masses of earth, 16.9 per cent were fatal. The next highest number of fatal accidents was caused by the railways used in shops and plants (cause 10), the num- ber being 106; this number, however, formed only 5.0 per cent of the injuries due to this cause. These two causes are the only ones which are responsible for more than 100 fatal accidents. The causes which produced from 50 to 100 fatal accidents are: Power belting (cause 12) which caused 80 fatal accidents, forming 8.8 per cent of all the accidents due to power belting; vehicles used in other than trans- portation work (cause 9) caused 79 fatal accidents, which formed 7.6 per cent of all accidents due to this cause; burns in general (cause 3) caused 77 fatal accidents, which were 4.2 per cent of the accidents due to this cause. One important feature of the table is the column showing the proportion of fatal accidents among the compensated accidents due to each cause. The accidents which most often result fatally are accidents caused by electric currents (cause 11), in which 33.3 per cent of the cases were fatal; falls into the mouth of a threshing machine (cause 13) resulted in death in 26.6 per cent of the accidents due to this cause; falls of stone and earth masses, collapse of stone, etc., in quarry and pit work (cause 27) resulted fatally in 16.9 per cent of the accidents due to this cause; accidents caused by millstones (cause 20) resulted fatally in 16.7 per cent of the cases; accidents due to flying particles from grinding and emery machines (cause 36) re- sulted fatally in 15.8 per cent of the cases; run over by wagon driven by the injured person and belonging to a transportation undertaking (cause 25) resulted fatally in 10.9 per cent of the accidents due to this cause; explosions of blasting materials and accidents caused by blasting work (cause 28) resulted in death in 10.2 per cent of the cases where accidents were due to this cause. These are the only causes where the proportion of fatal accidents was in excess of 10 per cent. It will be noted that with the exception of falls of stone and earth masses (cause 27) the absolute number of accidents was less than 50 for each cause under which the per cent of fatal accidents is over 10. Accidents causing permanent disablement always entail high expenditures and are therefore usually made the subject of special study. The cause which is responsible for the largest number of cases of permanent disability is that designated as falls of stone and earth masses in quarries and in pit work (cause 27) , in which the number was 1,080; another cause connected with stone working, described as flying fragments in stone working (cause 2) , was respon- sible for 1,054 cases of permanent disability. The next highest number of cases is found in woodworking, where circular saws (cause 52) caused 1,045 permanent disablements. The causes of accidents CHAPTEK I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 151 resulting in from 500 to 1,000 permanent disablements were: The lifting and moving of burdens by hand (cause 6) caused 864 per- manent disablements; shop railways (cause 10) caused 698; planing machinery for wood (cause 55) caused 542; loading and unloading by hand in other than transportation work (cause 8) caused 508; the cause designated as use of tools and implements (cause 1) practically belongs to this group, having caused 497 permanent disablements. A better indication of the gravity of the accidents due to the various causes is the proportion of accidents which result in permanent dis- ablement. Of the accidents caused by flying fragments in stone- working (cause 2) 76.1 per cent resulted in permanent disablement; stones and kernels of grain, etc., thrown by threshing machines (cause 16) caused permanent disablement in 73.9 per cent of the acci- dents; falls into the mouths of threshing machines (cause 13) resulted in permanent disablement in 71.3 per cent of the accidents; the knives of fodder-chopping machines (cause 18) in 69.4 per cent of the acci- dents; opening machines — such as willows, desiccators, decorticators, etc. (cause 38) — in 69.2 per cent of the accidents; the feed rolls oi fodder- chopping machines (cause 17) in 62.2 per cent of the accidents; burns by lime in the building trades (cause 5) in 60.1 per cent of the accidents. None of the other causes shows permanent disablements in excess of 60 per cent of the accidents. Thirteen of the causes show permanent disablements in from 50 to 60 per cent of the accidents which they cause. The accidents resulting in temporary disability were more numer- ous than the other groups. The causes which produced more than 1,000 accidents resulting in temporary disability during the period are: Lifting and moving of burdens by hand (cause 6) with 1,886 accidents; burns in general (cause 3) with 1,455 accidents; shop rail- ways (cause 10) with 1,301 accidents; use of tools and implements (cause 1) with 1,227 accidents; loading and unloading by hand in other than transportation work (cause 8) with 1,182 accidents; falls of stone and earth masses, etc., in quarry and pit work (cause 27) with 1,055 accidents; while not reaching the number of 1,000, accidents due to circular saws in woodworking (cause 52) numbered 895. Four other causes produced accidents numbering more than 500 : Vehicles in other than transportation work (cause 9) caused 577 accidents; press- ing, stamping, etc., machinery (cause 33) caused 537 accidents; plan- ing machinery in woodworking (cause 55) caused 527 accidents ; and lathes in metal and woodworking (cause 35) caused 500 accidents. Accidents causing temporary disability may be said to be due in a large measure to causes of a general nature, such as injuries from lifting, from burns, from the use of tools and implements, from load- ing and unloading work (not in transportation undertakings) . 46598°— 10 -11 152 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOKEE OF LABOB. The average cost of accidents due to falls into the mouth of a threshing machine (cause 13) was $472; the next highest average cost of an accident occurred in the case of accidents caused by explosion of blasting materials and general accidents in blasting work (cause 28) where the average cost amounted to $415. These are the only causes where the average cost exceeded $400 per accident. There were six causes where the average cost per accident amounted from $300 to $400: Accidents caused by flying particles from grinding and emery machines (cause 36) with $377; those caused by electric currents (cause 11) with $334; the bite of draft animals in transportation under- takings (cause 23) with $313; hammers of all kinds (cause 31) with $313; run over while jumping on or off during the motion of the vehicle in transportation undertakings (cause 26) with $301; brickmaking machinery (cause 29) with $301. Twenty of the causes enumerated produced accidents which averaged from $200 to $300 per case, making 28, or slightly less than half of the 61 causes, which were the occasion of accidents whose compensation averaged over $200 per case. One of the best indications of the cost of accidents is the cost per $1,000 of the wage roll of the establishments affected. The method of computing the cost consists of adding together the wage rolls for the five-year period of the establishments in which the accidents occurred and then dividing this sum into the total cost of the accidents due to each cause. In the preceding table one group of causes of accidents is conspicu- ous for its high cost as stated in percentages of the wage rolls of the establishments affected by such causes. These accidents occurred in agricultural establishments. As only those employees of agricultural establishments are insured who are exposed to the risk of machinery, the wage rolls reported to the insurance institutions include only the wages of such employees. The accidents caused by agricultural machinery result, according to the table, in unusually high costs; acci- dents caused by the knives of fodder-chopping machinery (cause 18), for instance, called for compensation at the rate of $69.12 per $1,000 of the wage roll; the feed rolls of the same machine (cause 17) caused accidents whose average compensation was $36.36 per $1,000, while the cog wheels and other moving parts of the same machines (cause 19) caused accidents averaging $22.86 per $1,000 of the wage roll. The next highest rate is also paid for accidents due to agricultural machin- ery; accidents caused by falls into the mouth of threshing machines (cause 13) cost $19.12 per $1,000 of the wage roll. All of these rates, however, are influenced by the fact that the wage roll as here under- stood is not entirely comparable with the wage roll of the other estab- lishments included in the figures of the table. One of the causes CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 153 which closely resembles the preceding is designated as machinery for cutting and compressing meats (cause 57), which was responsible for accidents costing $10.11 per $1,000 of the wage roll of the establish- ments affected. These are the only causes producing accidents whose cost was in excess of $10 per $1,000 of the wage roll of the establish- ments affected. The two columns just discussed show the average cost of the acci- dents from the insurance point of view. The last column shows the effect of the accidents due to each cause, in terms of the pensions granted to the persons permanently disabled. As the pension is based on the extent of the disability, the pension for total disability being 60 per cent of the earnings, the average pension shows how disastrous the accidents were to the workers. In this computation accidents due to falls into the mouth of threshing machines (cause 13) stand in a class by themselves; the average pension for permanent disability caused by such accidents was 43.6 per cent of the earnings of the injured persons, or an average loss of over 70 per cent of the earning capacity of the workers. Next to these accidents is a group of three, whose compensation in permanent cases was from 30.9 to 33.7 per cent of the earnings, or more than half of the pension for total dis- ability, and which were also caused by agricultural machinery. The feed rolls of fodder-chopping machinery (cause 17) caused accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by 33.7 per cent of the workers' earnings; the knives of fodder-chopping machines (cause 18) caused accidents with a rate of 33.0 per cent; accidents other than falls, caused by the mouth of threshing machines (cause 14), had a rate of 30.9 per cent. The four causes of accidents which result most seriously to the worker are therefore those caused by the mouth of threshing machines (causes 13 and 14) and by the feed rolls and the knives of fodder-chopping machines (causes 17 and 18). The number ' of accidents due to these causes was in each case large enough to afford a basis for computing averages. The other causes given in the table were responsible for accidents resulting in permanent disability which were compensated with pen- sions averaging not more than half of the pension for total disability. The rates from 20 to 30 per cent included accidents due to 16 of the causes; the other 41 causes produced accidents whose average rate of compensation for permanent disability was from 10 to 20 per cent. The causes of the accidents compensated in the period 1897 to 1901, with the degree of disability resulting, and the cost to the insurance institutions are shown by age groups in the table following. 154 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901. [ Source: Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik. 1897-1901 Zweiter Tell.] Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting In permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. S4,918 23,680 61,951 63,460 46,422 20,173 6,837 Av- erage per acci- dent. 1. Use of tools and various imple- ments: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 vears . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years . . 51 to 60 years . . Over 60 years . . 34 261 386 281 160 82 33 1 9 •23 14 19 6 1 3 27 56 54 39 18 4 2 11 20 18 24 13 ' 2 4 10 10 17 11 7 8 3 2 8 4 10 2 2 1 4 5 9 5 3 4 "i' 3 14 63 122 116 109 52 21 ...... " 4 2 3 3 3 48 326 612 399 262 137 57 «103 73 102 134 173 147 120 Total 1,227 73 201 90 67 31 31 4 497 17 1,741 206,441 119 2. Flying frag- ments (in stone- working): Under 16 years. 2 28 67 63 71 62 38 ...... 10 9 10 7 2 1 17 35 41 49 45 20 1 16 38 44 52 62 27 7 16 60 61 91 89 67 9 63 167 173 229 248 185 11 81 224 236 300 310 223 2,473 18,176 66,868 65,094 77,799 73,466 43,337 225 2 10 9 16 27 39 224 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 50 years . . 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. 2 6 5 12 22 2 3 6 6 8 299 276 259 236 194 Total 331 41 208 ' 239 391 103 47 26 1,054 1,386 346,912 251 3. Burns in gen- eral: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 61 to 60 years.: Over 60 years.. 77 373 431 291 176 87 21 ...... 10 9 1 1 3 4 10 20 19 21 11 1 1 9 19 14 6 11 6 1 6 16 12 5 3 1 1 3 6 13 2 2 3 7 33 80 78 42 32 18 • 3 16 18 18 10 9 4 87 421 629 387 227 128 43 2,373 14,276 57,400 74,963 27,251 19,370 8,980 27 2 6 6 7 2 2 1 4 6 ""2 2 34 109. 194 120 151 209 Total 1,465 27 86 66 42 30 25 14 290 77 1,822 204,613 112 4. Burns by acid materials, etc.: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 80 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over eo.years. . 2 22 32 33 16 9 4 1 1 3 17 12 18 6 3 """i" 2 2 3 26 50 47 36 15 7 418 1,408 9,510 9,501 9,167 2,198 993 139 ""3 1 1 2 1 5 3 8 1 1 3 3 4 1 ""2 66 4 2 1 1 1 ""2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 190 202 255 147 142 Total 118 7 18 11 9 6 6 3 60 6 183 33,195 181 6. Burns by lime (in building trades): Under 16 years. 13 33 57 50 50 31 13 ""i 3 '"""3" 2 1 3 10 14 20 18 18 8 5 19 12 19 16 26 11 5 6 13 12 24 29 23 1 1 •-■■£• 2 2 3 1 3 15 40 52 63 77 86 51 1 1 1 2 2 1 29 74 110 115 129 118 64 , 4,528 13,323 19,918 26,343 28,755 26,269 11,976 155 180 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 5 6 9 4 4 3 4 4 6 1 181 229 223 223 187 Total 247 13 91 108 112 29 19 12 384 8 639 131,112 205 CHAPTEE I. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 155 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss Of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing ■pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 6. Lifting and moving of bur- dens by hand, etc.; Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 64 243 607 462 366 189 76 3 4 23 34 26 10 5 4 27 80 82 87 67 14 4 8 25 56 34 24 8 16 29 22 16 12 1 1 15 20 18 14 4 12 49 167 239 210 133 64 6 14 9 12 6 66 293 680 715 575 334 134 $2,451 17,577 83,336 129,307 97, 820 56,611 20, 639 S37 3 6 15 20 9 8 ■" '3' 3 3 3 3 60 123 181 170 170 154 Total 1,886 106 351 159 100 73 61 15 864 47 2,797 407,740 1<6 7. Loading and unloading b y hand in trans- portation work; Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 1 11 61 83 66 33 17 . 1 17 98 144 124 70 25 63 2,373 14,276 33,282 25, 166 12,689 2,199 53 1 2 7 6 6 2 3 18 19 21 11 2 1 4 10 20 11 1 ■"4" 7 1 6 1 1 3 6 2 1 1 6 32 66 66 36 8 " '6 6 3 1 139 1 6 4 2 ""2 1 "'i' 146 231 203 180 88 Total 272 24 74 47 18 14 12 4 193 14 479 89,928 188 8. Loading and unloading b y hand in other than transporta- tion work: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 7 96 336 328 246 136 33 7 124 439 480 383 212 73 41 10,886 51,681 63,780 68,805 28,674 16, 754 6 14 27 19 12 3 11 40 69 43 23 4 3 16 21 24 10 9 3 13 16 12 7 8 3 4 8 18 9 3 2 8 11 11 10 6 ' "3" 1 2 2 6 28 98 142 129 73 38 ""i 10 8 3 2 88 118 133 163 135 216 Total 1,182 81 180 83 68 46 47 14 508 28 1,718 229,620 134 9. Vehicles (in other than trans- portation work): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 60 years . . 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 6 30 118 190 131 78 24 6 33 180 341 278 147 67 46 1,639 32,807 80,107 77,741 29,610 11,231 8 ""6 14 11 5 3 1 13 49 34 15 6 1 8 24 26 11 3 1 13 13 22 9 6 3 62 131 113 57 30 '"io" 20 34 12 3 47 8 13 8 6 5 4 13 9 9 4 ...... 4 2 4 182 235 281 201 197 Total..,. 677 1 39 117 1 72 1 64 1 40 1 39 1 15 386 1 79 1,042 |233,080 1 224 156 BKPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGEEE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Accidents resulting in permajien t disability Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. compensated by the of wages: following per cent To- tal Acci- Cause of accident and age group. dents caus- ing tem- po- rary Sand un- der (loss of earn- 6 to 11 {loss of earn- 12 to 19 (loss of earn- 20 to 29 (loss of earn- 30 to 39 (loss of earn- 40 to 50 (loss of earn- 60 (com- plete JOSS of earn- dents re- sult, ingin per- Acci- dents re- sult- ing To- tal num- ber of Av- disa- bil- ity. ing pow- er of ing pow- er of ing pow- er of ing pow- er of ing pow- er of ing pow- er of nent disa- bil- ity. death dents. Total. erage per acci- 8 per 9 to 19 to 33 to 49 to 66 to dent. cent 18 32 48 65 83 er). and per per per per per un- der). cent). cent). cent). cent). cent). 10. Shop railways: Under 16 years. 44 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 9 3 56 13,017 «.^4 16 to 20 years.. 244 5 32 16 12 11 12 6 94 13 351 48,901 139 21 to 30 years. . 393 19 69 38 20 18 30 5 199 30 622 ,07,082 172 31 to 40 years. - 304 11 49 26 28 11 20 5 150 27 481 95,516 199 41 to 60 years . . 196 9 39 25 17 21 23 3 137 19 352 74, 139 211 51 to 60 years.. 94 6 22 13 10 10 13 6 80 11 185 40,234 217 Overs) years.. 26 1 5 6 4 5 5 3 29 3 68 10,145 175 Total 1,301 52 218 125 92 77 105 29 698 106 2,105 J79,033 180 11. Electric cur- rents: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. • 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years 6 1 1 4 11 1,332 121 4 1 1 2 3 9 1 1 1 328 328 51 to 60 years . . Total 10 1 2 1 4 7 21 7,013 334 12. Power belts: Under 16 years. 27 1 8 3 1 4 7 2 26 7 eo 11,212 187 16 to 20 years.. 93 6 22 18 16 4 14 80 14 187 34, 245 183 21 to 30 years.. 114 9 22 17 13 9 20 5 96 16 225 57,074 254 31 to 40 years.. 91 5 25 13 18 10 19 4 94 21 206 68,015 330 41 to 50 years . . 57 5 22 9 4 10 12 6 68 12 137 42,563 311 51 to CO years . . 31 1 9 7 6 3 6 1 33 6 70 17,694 2.51 Over 60 years. . 6 1 6 1 3 2 1 13 4 23 5,505 239 Total 419 28 113 68 61 42 79 18 409 80 908 236,208 260 13. Falls into tlie month of a thresliing m a - chine: Underia years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 vears 7 7 4 11 4,618 10 196 1 14 3 17 7 25 408 1 1 2 S 2 13 5 19 1 1 1 11 1 15 1 16 10,360 647 1 8 2 11 3 51 to GO years 1 2 3 4 7 1 840 260 1 1 1 2 409 Total 2 1 2 2 1 2 61 8 67 25 94 44,346 472 14. Other acci- dents caused by the mouth of a threshing m a - chine: Under leivears. 10 1 1 1 1 4 8 18 3,603 200 16 to 20 years.. 20 1 8 4 1 T 1 22 1 43 7,341 171 21 to 30 years.. 31 1 8 5 2 2 22 1 41 1 73 20,629 283 31 to 40 years.. 19 4 2 4 5 13 2 30 2 51 17,146 336 41 to 50 years.. 10 3 3 1 2 4 13 1 24 4,872 203 51 to 60 years.. 4 1 2 1 2 8 2 16 3 23 7,404 322 Over 60 years. . 2 4 2 5 11 1 14 2,652 189 Total 96 3 26 19 10 14 63 6 141 9 246 63,647 259 CHAPTER I. — "WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 157 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- Ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the tollovcing per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48' per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 66 per cent). 40 to SO (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). • Total. Av- erage per acci.* dent. 15. Cogwheels and other moving parts of thresh- ing machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years. . 13 39 46 15 14 8 6 3 3 1 2 1 4 3 7 4 4 7 S 3 5 6 3 4 4 2 4 9 3 1 1 ...... '""e' 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 6 1 2 4 3 1 "'i' ...... 18 30 25 14 14 19 14 ...... 1 1 1 31 09 72 30 29 28 20 $4,683 9,143 10,250 3,473 3,673 4,768 2,233 S161 133 142 116 127 170 112 Total 141 10 34 27 19 18 23 3 134 4 279 38, 223 137 16. Stones, sand, etc., hurled around by threshing m a- chines: Under 10 years. 1 1 1 3 10 10 14 8 B9 21 1,702 1,243 2,686 1,360 99 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 3 2 3 2 2 7 2 2 2 3 ...... 2 5 3 6 1 8 7 12 6 170 124 1 1 1 1 185 169 Total 12 7 7 15 2 2 1 34 46 7,001 162 17. Feed rolls of fodder-chopping machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years . . 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years. . 2 18 34 18 10 9 3 1 2 6 6 4 1 1 30 33 48 27 17 5 ' "i' 2 1 3 48 67 67 39 27 8 251 14,323 16,091 21, 264 9,671 6,810 1,203 83 1 ""2 1 6 2 6 4 2 2 4 8 3 4 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 15 16 19 9 4 1 3 3 6 3 4 2 299 240 317 248 252 150 Total 94 4 19 22 19 12 64 21 161 4 259 69,613 269 18. Knives of fod- der-chopping machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years. . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 5 37 42 22 20 8 9 2 ...... 1 1 "'i' 2 18 19 10 11 8 2 ....„ 8 7 6 3 1 1 6 8 5 3 2 2 '"'3' 5 4 7 1 2 4 30 34 32 28 9 5 4 14 8 7 2 9 67 79 73 64 30 16 ""2 1 2 1 14 104 123 96 86 39 24 2,123 30,531 30,660 30,938 24,727 10,112 3,235 152 294 249 322 287 259 135 Total 143 6 70 30 27 22 142 40 337 6 486 132,326 272 .158 EEPOET OF THE GOMMISSIONEE OF LABOR, CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGBEE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1E97 TO 1901— Cont'd. Cause of accident and age group. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 50 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acoi. dents re- sult ing in deatli To- tal num- ber of . acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Total. 19. Cogwheels and other moving parts of fodder- chopping m a- chines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. SI to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . Total $5,084 8,711 10,770 5,803 7,365 4,369 1,680 147 47 29 160 310 43,772 20. Millstones: . Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 207 207 726 1,221 1,201 768 Total. 13 12 30 4,320 21. Milling rollers in flour mills: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. Total 22. K i c k , push, and stepping of draft animals (in t r a n sportation establishments): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years. 21 to 30 years. 31 to 40 years. 41 to 60 years. 61 to 60 years. Over 60 years. Total 23. Bites of draft animals (in t r a n sportation establisnments): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 60 years., 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. 1,179 5,408 12, 099 9,987 3,375 4,372 857 70 37,277 262 64 30 Total. 13 30 16 1 27 120 121 100 55 27 20 36 451 61 14 4,399 23,303 21,951 21,955 10,724 4,372 86,718 427 7,899 4,939 4,135 1,692 19,092 CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN AUSTKIA. 159 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901-Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 24. Falls from ve- hicles (in trans- portation estab- lishments): Under lOyears. - 16 to 20 years.. 2 20 38 26 18 10 ...... 7 2 2 1 7 14 14 10 5 1 23 37 26 28 14 4 2 3 2 3 47 79 64 49 20 S321 13,107 18,938 13,790 11,989 6,739 21 to 30 years.. 7 8 2 6 3 5 6 2 5 1 2 1 4 4 3 279 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 1 2 1 2 240 265 245 259 Total 114 13 51 26 19 14 6 129 16 258 64,884 1 2j2 25. Run over by own wagon (in t r a n sportatlon establishments): Under 16 years. • 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years. . 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 15 38 49 27 20 9 10 1 1 2 10 12 11 3 2 1 7 9 6 4 1 1 2 4 3 5 2 "'"'i' 4 2 1 4 32 62 29 20 6 1 4 10 14 6 2 20 74 111 70 46 17 2,604 14,925 35,121 20,422 11,960 3,152 130 7 3 4 3 1 '""io' 2 3 202 316 292 2G0 185 Total 158 17 40 28 18 15 17 8 143 37 338 88,184 261 26. Run over while Jumping on or off during the mo- tion of the ve- hicle (in trans- portation estab- lishments): Under 16 years. 1 1 2 ,2 2 2 1 7 13 27 25 9 6 """i" 1 2 3 1 12 34 47 46 18 8 134 2,971 8,366 16,264 13,714 6,379 2,145 134 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years. . Over 60 years.. 5 20 19 19 6 2 ""2 4 5 2 3 4 9 5 2 3 2 2 7 8 1 2 ...... 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 ...... 247 246 346 298 354 208- Total 71 13 26 22 10 7 9 1 88 7 166 49,973 3D1 27. Falls of stone and earth masses, collapse of stone, etc., in quarry and pit work: Under 10 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 7 77 228 260 255 165 63 iS 7 15 10 4 15 55 38 57 25 19 ""\2 42 56 50 40 13 1 7 32 45 56 21 16 1 12 36 39 10 1 11 28 45 49 35 29 ""\2 18 10 14 7 7 58 215 248 281 177 94 2 23 91 106 108 68 38 16 158 634 613 644 410 195 3,019 28,538 138,046 192,365 175, 153 92, 142 35,949 189 181 259 314 2?2 225 184 Total 1,055 43 213 213 178 174 198 61 1,080 435 2,570 665,212 259 160 EEPOET OP THE C0MMISSI02SrER OF LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OP DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 6 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9to 18 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. and un- der). per cent). per cent). per cent). per cent). per cent). 28. Explosion of blasting materi- als and accidents in general through blasting work: 1 9 48 36 16 14 4 1 29 140 106 82 42 13 $14 11,735 62,855 41,369 40,202 12,240 2,940 $14 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 00 years.. Over 60 years. . 1 1 1 3 1 12 7 8 2 1 15 9 10 6 i 16 18 10 2 8 13 8 5 1 2 4 11 12 9 7 2 i 15 6 11 3 1 17 83 61 66 21 5 3 9 9 10 7 4 405 449 390 490 292 Total 128 6 30 41 47 37 46, 37 243 42 413 171,355 416 29. Brick machlUT ery (pressing, etc., including that worked by hand): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41- to 50 years.. 4 18 18 22 6 1 7 6 3 2 1 4 2 1 8 2 3 8 9 4 3 1 1 ""2 6 36 39 13 7 3 "i' 2 10 55 69 36 13 3 3,783 15,536 23, 101 6,719 2,758 814 378 1 5 3 8 8 ""2 2 282 392 192 212 Total 68 9 20 18 8 IS 28 3 104 3 175 52,711 301 30. Grinding tools (in glass work); Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 2 4 5 4 1 1 2 4 4 7 10 4 4 478 22 351 2,899 1,861 1,190 120 5 1 ""3 2 2 1 2 6 4 3 61 1 2 2 290 465 51 to 60 years.. 1 1 297 Total 16 1 8 1 4 2 1 17 33 6,801 206 31. Hammers of all kinds: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 3 15 64 51 34 21 4 ""6 3 4 1 6 14 8 15 6 1 2 9 9 4 5 1 2 10 40 38 33 20 5 '""i" 1 1 1 5 26 96 90 68 42 9 299 4,633 23,166 35,282 25,746 12,709 2,939 60 2 6 12 6 I '""2 6 2 "'i' 1 2 3 1 3 '""i' 1 2 181 244 392 379 303 306 Total 182 13 49 31 31 10 10 4 148 4 334 104,672 313 CHAPTEB I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 161 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanen t disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). ^Oto 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (dom- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 32. Punching and shearing ma- chines: 11 46 63 27 18 8 5 2 2 13 26 7 10 6 6 '""i' 13 69 SO 34 28 14 11 81,441 4,990 11,320 1,968 4,103 3,579 1.662 SllO 3 11 1 5 9 5 6 2 1 4 ...... 3 1 2 1 1 85 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 60 years . . 51 to 60 years . . Over 60 years. . 6 141 68 1 1 147 266 2 151 Total 168 15 28 11 9 5 2 70 1 239 29,063 122 33. Pressing, stamping, etc., machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. - 55 191 189 66 22 13 1 4 27 27 8 2 2 5 34 39 19 13 3 3 2 16 16 16 4 2 9 10 3 2 1 5 9 3 1 2 4 6 6 1 17 95 106 63 22- 7 6 " 'i' ""i 72 280 296 119 45 20 7 6,259 24,991 41,835 21,240 8,388 2,875 2,800 73 87 141 178 186 2 1 144 2 400 Total 637 70 116 54 26 19 17 4 306 IG 15 22 20 14 3 6 2 "i' 845 46 79 77 41 28 9 7 107, 388 3,388 3.700 10, 444 6,540 3,739 084 989 127 34. Boring ma- chines (for met- als and wood): Under IG years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over CO years.. 30 64 64 21 14 6 2 5 4 6 7 5 2 2 5 9 7 8 7 ""i; 3 1 6 1 1 1 3 ""2 4 1 74 1 1 47 136 160 134 76 1 141 Total...' 191 31 38 13 10 2 1 95 1 2S7 29, 481 103 35. Lathes (for metals and wood): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 91 177 139 65 27 8 3 6 21 17 6 3 9 22 17 15 3 1 1 3 10 7 1 2 9 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 21 64 47 27 9 9 2 112 241 186 82 36 17 6 6,247 19,840 19,963 15,4(1 4,299 6,202 486 47 82 107 2 ""2 ""2 1 1 189 119 310 97 Total 600 63 68 25 22 4 6 1 179 1 679 ] 70,658 104 162 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Cause of accident and age group. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the lollowing per cent of wages: Sand un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 50 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). (com. plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents suit- ing death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutes. 36. Flying parti- cles from grind- ing and emery machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . Total. 37. Other accidents by grinding and emery machines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. Total 18. Opening ma- chines (willows, openers, etc.): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. ■ 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . Total 39. Carding ma- chines: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years - - Over 60 years.. Total 40. Self-aeti mules: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years . 21 to 30 years., 31 to 40 years., 41 to 50 years., 51 to 60 years. Over 60 years. Total , ing 203 $535 606 3,103 19 7,166 4,353 9,647 8,690 5,225 3,117 974 32,689 2,389 1,946 9,712 8,115 1,677 3,392 1,683 13 16 104 28,913 85 24 25 19 57 54 47 39 21 9 246 75 30 119 122 91 67 36 16 479 108 101 30 19 14 7 279 3s 944 20,646 16,812 18,661 14,726 11,677 1,837 6,555 7,549 4,199 5,051 2,367 1,154 25,875 CHA5TEK I. WORKMEN S INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 163 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTIISTO, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents 16- sult- ng in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause o( accident and age group. 5 and Tin- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). Oto 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of per cent). 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 41. Spinning ma- chines other than self-acting mules: Under 10 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 00 years.. 41 71 33 17 9 4 5 8 3 1 ,1 13 16 17 12 3 3 13 7 8 2 4 2 2 7 2 6 3 2 4 2 "'i' 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 ■""■3" ""1 44. 86 114 68 38 22 10 3 $9,406 10,852 8,179 5,386 2,688 1,399 1,062 Sill 42 35 21 12 6 3 1 "i' 95 120 142 122 140 354 Total 175 18 64 38 19 7 13 4 163 2 340 38,972 115 42. Calenders and mangles (textile Industry): Under 10 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 00 years. . 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 2 3 4 3 "'i' 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 500 111 1,750 740 1,199 765 659 106 1 28 1 1 3 1 2 1 350 1 247 240 1 1 1 153 165 Total 12 19 61 68 48 26 15 7 2 3 6 10 2 8 7 20 12 19 7 6 4 2 4 13 6 3 8 1 1 3 3 1 6 3 3 1 2 ""2 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 10 18 45 34 32 24 11 5 1 29 6,724 197 43. Power looms: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 51 to CO years.. Over 60 years. . ...... ...... "'i' 1 "'"'i' 37 107 103 80 51 26 12 .3,018 8,937 10,338 7,901 8,340 2,503 633 82 83 100 99 164 «6 44 Total 244 21 74 35 19 10 8 2 169 3 410 41,630 100 44. Printing ma- chines (textile Industry): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years.. 1 6 12 7 2 4 1 8 20 12 6 6 2 697 5,818 3,209 2,930 1,044 2 "l 1 6 1 2 "i 1 1 1 2 14 5 4 2 75 2 2 2 1 ...... 224 267 488 1 1 174 Total 32 4 9 1 3 6 4 1 27 59 13,000 230 45, Centrifugal ma- chines (textile Industry): 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 60 years.. 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 """i' 2 7 3 1 1 402 1,724 1,393 26 262 200 1 1 1 246 464 26 1 1 202 Over 60 years. . Total 7 1 1 2 2 6 1 14 3,807 272 164 KBPOKI OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST,' BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. -A-cci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting mi>ermanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident aad age group. Sand un- der (loss 0* earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 6S per cent). <0to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 46. Vertical rolls (paper making): 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years . . 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. i 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 4 5 4 4 2 $1,264 197 1,645 926 917 466 S632 1 49 1 '"i 1 329 1 1 231 1 1 229 1 233 Total U 2 2 1 2 2 1 10 21 5,415 258 Cylinder rolls (paper making): 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 50 years.. 1 3 4 1 - 1 1 1 2 3 '"'i' 2 6 7 1 119 1,094 1,445 17 60 1 2 182 1 206 17 Total 9 2 3 1 6 1 16 2,675 167 48. Wood-grinding macbinery: 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to SO years. . 3 2 6 8 3 3 11 13 2 1 22 210 097 1,838 418 60 7 ...... 1 4 2 2 1 4 5 2 "'i' 70 63 1 1 141 209 Over 60 years. . 1 60 Total 20 1 9 1 1 12 1 33 3,245 98 49. Pasteboard- making mactiln- ery: 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years. . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years.. 61 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 "'i' 1 2 1 3 6 3 6 2 2 1 467 130 S62 21 537 20 78 1 1 43 1 94 U 1 268 " 20 Total 13 2 2 1 1 6 1 20 1,737 86 SO. Paper- ma.king machinery (in- cluding drying cylinders, calen- ders, etc.): Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to SO years.. SI to 60 years.. Over 60 years. . 34 61 35 13 6 5 3 1 4 4 2 2 7 10 11 3 2 1 5 6 3 1 4 6 1 1 1 3 1 j- 2 3 6 5 3 2 14 32 33 12 8 2 1 ""'i' 2 2 2 48 84 70 27 16 7 4 4,725 13,722 15,801 7,738 4,930 1,677 162 98 163 226 283 308 240 1 41 Total 147 13 34 15 13 8 19 102 7 256 48,75S 190 CHAPTEB I. WOBKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 165 CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULJING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by tlie following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of tliese accidents to insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to m. (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 50 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 51. Leather rollers: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 2 7 25 10 3 1 2 9 37 23 11 3 13 1,616 3,631 3,803 2,798 647 S2 1 1 1 1 2 12 13 8 2 180 3 4 4 6 3 1 4 2 3 ...... 2 1 98 165 254 216 Total 48 7 13 9 4 3 1 37 86 12,498 147 62. Circular saws for wood: Under 16 years. 16 to 2u years . . 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years. . 51 to 60 years. . Over 60 years.. 19 172 308 183 119 68 26 3 25 27 17 15 8 3 13 46 90 87 39 28 7 6 38 69 49 34 18 6 2 21 61 42 25 10 10 3 13 41 35 10 13 9 3 20 37 26 16 14 11 1 1 1 1 2 '"'i' 31 164 316 266 141 91 46 1 6 6 11 2 8 2 51 341 630 450 262 167 74 7,598 64,041 134, 835 107,509 52,211 29,602 14,224 149 169 214 239 199 177 192 Total 63. Band saws for wood: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years. . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 60 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 895 4 11 24 21 5 5 3 98 ...... 6 5 '""i' 310 2 6 6 9 3 2 1 219 161 124 126 7 1,045 2 13 16 16 7 3 1 35 ...... 1,976 6 24 40 37 12 9 4 399.920 239 5,229 4,801 4,586 2,656 1,360 182 202 40 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 218 120 124 2 1 231 151 45 Total 73 13 28 8 4 4 1 58 1 132 19,051 144 64. Cutting m a - ohinery for wood: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years . . 51 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 2 16 52 48 13 8 2 13 8 3 1 7 22 17 7 2 1 ■■3" 10 10 2 1 1 1 6 4 3 2 15 57 44 16 6 1 ""2 4 31 109 92 31 13 3 648 5,089 23,713 20,176 10,104 4,181 254 162 ""2 2 1 2 4 3 164 218 219 326 2 322 85 Total 141 26 67 2« 16 6 11 140 2 283 64,165 227 55. Planing m a- chinery for wood: Underieyears. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 50 years . . 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years. . 9 96 206 114 54 36 12 2 14 42 23 21 4 2 28 76 64 28 16 5 1 12 46 28 8 9 2 1 2 9 5 1 4 1 "i' 2 6 69 211 139 71 37 9 ...... 1 1 2 15 165 418 254 126 75 21 1,853 19,769 82,101 63,812 25,083 13,074 2,482 123 6 24 11 6 4 7 12 8 7 1 1 120 197 212 199 174 118 Total 627 106 218 106 60 36 23 3 542 5 1,074 198,164 185 166 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BY AGE GROUPS, FOr'aCCIDBNTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cont'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance Institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er 0' 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 50 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60^ (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. 56. Lifting and moving of casks in brewerie.s: 1 1 6 23 47 30 14 1 """i' 6 4 1 1 19 86 125 76 23 4 $432 1,990 11,574 25,627 17,869 6,213 . 628 $433 16 to 20 years. . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 yea,rs . . 41 to 50 years.. 51 to 60 years.. Over 60 years.. 13 62 72 42 8 3 ""2 4 3 2 5 . 12 20 14 3 1 '4 13 5 4 1 105 2 7 1 4 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 '"'i' 135 205 235 270 132 Total 200 11 54 28 15 7 6 1 122 12 334 .64,233 192 57. Machinery for compressing, cut- ting, etc., of meats: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years. . 41 to 50 years.. ' 5 35 16 5 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 4 22 18 3 2 9 57 34 8 4 2,012 13,613 13,067 1,082 1,088 224 6 10 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 239 384 135 272 Total 63 8 18 8 4 2 9 , 49 112 30,862 275 58. Centrifugal ma- chines (in sugar making): Under 10 years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years . . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years . . 61 to 60 years.. 2 4 17 13 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 7 6 15 9 2 1 ...... 1 2 1 3 12 23 30 12 3 1 236 1,872 2,548 '323 492 78 "i" 3 2 4 2 2 1 1 ...... 1 1 1 ' 2 156 111 3 1 - 1 338 274 108 492 Total 39 1 14 11 4 5 4 1 40 5 84 18, 881 225 59. Hoists for lift- ing brick: Under 16 years. 16 to 20 years . . 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years . . 41 to 50 years.. 61 to 60 years . . Over 60 years.. 7 28 13 16 13 12 1 1 2 3 4 2 3 7 2 3 C 5 7 6 13 9 ...... 1 10 34 18 23 20 26 15 439 1,628 1,201 1,843 1,573 4,271 2,169 44 3 ...... 1 1 48 i 3 1 2 3 70 80 1 ""2 79 3 2 164 145 Total 95 2 23 6 10 3 5 49 2 146 13,184 90 60. Cylinderpresses (printing): Under 16years. 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 60 years.. 9 28 16 7 7 1 1 14 12 6 1 1 10 42 28 13 8 1 1,115 3,974 0,309 7,070 372 851 111 ...... 1 1 7 4 1 7 1 95 2 2 1 1 1 1 225 644 46 1 850 Total 67 5 12 8 5 2 3 35 102 1 19,691 193 CHAPTEE I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 16T CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, WITH DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING, AND COST, BT AGE GROUPS, FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901— Cono'd. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disar bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by the following per cent of wages: To- tal acci- dents re- sult- ing in per- ma- nent disa- bil- ity. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to- insurance institutions. Cause of accident and age group. 5 and un- der (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6 to 11 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 9 to 18 per cent). 12 to 19 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 50 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 66 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. CI. Platen presses: Under 16 years. 4 13 5 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 10 7 5 14 20 10 $2, 831 2,879 1,546 8:02- 16 to 20 years.. 21 to 30 years.. 1 144 164 41 to 50 years. . Over 60 years. Total 22 2 6 5 4 4 1 22 44 7,256 165. The principal purpose of the preceding table is to show the distri- bution of the various types of accidents among the different age groups of injured persons. In other words, the relative number of accidents occurring to persons in the different age groups and resulting in the different degrees of disability will furnish some indication of the influence of age upon the workers' ability ta recover from accident and the influence of age in exposing the worker to the different degrees of risk. A comparison of the various causes with each other is also of interest in showing the tend- ency of these causes to produce either slight or severe injuries. To illustrate the use of the preceding table in showing the effect of accidents from a given cause on persons of different ages the follow- ing table reproduces accident cause number 52 (accidents from cir- cular saws for wood), and presents a computation showing the dis- tribution by age groups of the disablements of various kinds. 46598°— 10 12 168 KEPORT OF THE OOMMISSIOSTEa OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS FKOM CIRCULAR SAWS FOB WOOD (CAUSE NUMBER 52), COMPENSATED IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS AND DEGREE OF DISABILITY RESULTING. NUMBEK. Acci- dents caus- ing tem- po- rary disa- bil- ity. Accidents resulting in permanent disability compensated by -the followi-ng per cent of ■wages: To- tal aeei- dents re- sult- ingin per- ma- nent disa- biUty. Acci- dents re- sult- ing in death To- tal num- ber of acci- dents. Cost of these accidents to insurance institutions. A^e group. 5 and un- der ; (loss- ol earn- ing pow- er of 8 per cent and un- der). 6to U (loss o( earn- ing pow- er of Sto 18 pel cent). 12 to 19 (less of «arii- ing pow- er ■of 19 to 32 per cent). 20 to 29 (loss Of earn- ing po-w- er'Of 33 to 48 per cent). 30 to 39 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 49 to 65 per cent). 40 to 60 (loss of earn- ing pow- er of 06 to 83 per cent). 60 (com- plete loss of earn- ing pow- er). Total. Av- erage per acci- dent. Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years .. 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years-. Over 60 years 19 172 308 183 119 68 26 3 25 27 17 15 8 3 13 46 W 87 39 28 7 6 38 m 49 34 18 5 2 21 51 42 25 10 10 3 13 41 35 10 13 9 3 ■20 37 25 16 14 11 1 1 1 1 2 '"'i' 31 164 316 256 141 91 46 1 5 6 11 2 .8 2 61 341 ; 630 450 262 167 74 S7,698 54,041 134,836 107,509 52,211 29, 602 , 14,224 $149 159 214 239 199 177 192 Total 895 98 310 219 ICl 124 126 7 1,045 35 1,975 399,920 202 PER CENT. Under 16 years . 16 to 20 years... 21 to 30 years... 31 to 40 years... 41 to 50 years... 51 to 60 years... Over 60 years. . , Total 37.2 SO. 4 48.9 40.7 45.4 40.7 36.1 45.3 5.9 7.3 4.3 3.8 6.7 4.8 4.0 25.5 13.5 14.3 19.3 14 9 16.7 9.6 16.7 11.8 11.1 10.9 10.9 13.0 ID. -8 6.8 ILI 3.9 6.1 8.1 9.3 9.5 6.0 13.5 5.9 3. -8 6.5 7.8 3.8 7.8 12.2 6.3 6.9 5.9 5.9 5.6 6.1 8.4 14.9 6.4 1.9 .3 .2 .2 60.8 48.1 50.2 56.9 63.8 54.6 62.2 62.9 2.0 L5 2.4 4.8 2.7 100.0 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 The total number of accidents caused by circular saws for wood during the period included in the preceding table was 1,975; of this number 45.3 per cent caused only temporary disability, while 52.9 per cent caused permanent disablement. The proportion of aiccidents causing permanent disablement, which resulted in a loss of earning power of 32 per cent or less, constituted 31.8 percent of all the acci- dents. The difference between the various age groups in regard to distribution of the different types of accidents is quite marked; thus in the case of children under 16 years of age, 60.8 per cent of the accidents to persons of that age caused a life disablement, while for persons 21 to 30 years of age only 50.2 per cent caused life disablement. CHAPTER I. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN AtJSTEIA. 169 The total for all permanent disablements is given on page 178, and if the accidents of this kind causing loss of earning power of 49 per cent or over are considered, it is seen that persons of very young ages suffer more severely than those of the higher age, and that after the age of 20, the proportion sustaining a loss of earning power of 49 per cent or over increases with age. The data showing the cost of the accidents by age groups, and the average cost per accident in each age group, show that the tendency is for the average cost to increase with age. As the costs are based on the loss of earning power of the injured person this is the result to be expected, because the mature and experienced workman would have a higher wage rate than those in the younger group. For instance, the cause showing the largest number of accidents, namely, lifting and moving of burdens by hand, etc. (cause 6), with 2,797 accidents had an average cost of $146 per accident for all ages; for the lowest age group, 15 years and under, the average cost was $37; for the ages 16 to 20, $60; for the ages 21 to 30, $123; for the ages 31 to 40, $181; the two following groups including the ages 41 to 60 had an average cost of $170; and the ages over 60 had an average of $154. The following table presents the accidents by industries, age periods, and classes of disability for the five-year period 1897 to 1901 : 170 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIQKEB OP LABOK, ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED AND RATE OF COMPENSATION, BY [Source; Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik, 1837-1901, Zweiter Teil.] Age group and sex. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by the following per cent of wages; Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19, Group I (a).— Agricultural establishments using power: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years . 31 to 40 years ". . . . 41 to 60 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total.. . Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group I (b).— Flour mills: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years . , 21 to 30 years • 31 to 40 years ,41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total.. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group II. — Transportation and storage: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total.. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group III. — Smelting works, mining of " nonreserved " min- erafi, etc.; Under 10 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years. 31 to 40 years - 41 to 60 years. SI to 60 years. Over 60 years . Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 123 317 331 209 167 95 65 921 27 122 241 208 154 95 32 10 163 773 885 668 372 145 3,016 3,002 14 92 • 527 1,210 902 458 205 72 3,438 -28 42.0 46.8 45.6 37.2 36.2 30.7 34.2 40.1 55 42.9 36.0 3.1 280 109 56.3 65.0 60.4 61.4 47.7 42.6 39.0 60.8 213 50.8 47.0 83.3 63.2 60.1 54.2 60.5 47.4 41.7 71 105 10 212 1 1 40 167 226 209 110 48 53.4 801 53.4 48.3 293 78.6 77.6 75.0 69.0 67.0 61.2 S6.2 71.3 71.4 67.1 129 126 3 10.3 797 4 34.6 39 117 126 62 38 7 397 391 6 31.6 CHAPTER I. — WaEKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 171 GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, AGE GROUPS, AND SEX, 1897 TO 1901. [Source: Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik, 1897-1901, Zweiter Teil.] Accidents resulting in- Average amount of pen- Permanent disability. Death. sion to worker Compensated by the following Total accidents. perma- nently per cent of wages Per cent Per cent disabled in per Total. of all accidents. Number. of all accidents. wages. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. 21 13 44 S 156 53.2 14 48 293 24.8 40 27 119 17 341 60.3 20 2.9 678 27.6 45 33 134 21 381 62.3 16 2.2 728 28.4 36 35 107 28 332 69.2 20 3.6 561 29.1 33 29 81 19 277 60.1 17 3.7 ■461 26.9 28 18 55 25 199 64 4 16 4 9 309 29.8 21 22 36 12 116 61.1 9 4 7 190 33.4 224 177 110 576 127 1,802 56.0 111 3.4 3,220 28.3 132 356 76 1,165 63.8 71 3.3 .2,147 27.4 92 67 220 62 64V 60.3 40 3.7 1,073 30.0 12.4 9.8 32.0 7.0 100.0 3 14 1 5 9 15 1 4 21 84 43.7 37.8 48 222 30.2 16 7.2 21.6 27 11 24 3 161 37.7 25 5.9 427 19.2 24 31 22 6 182 44.9 15 3.7 405 20.5 20 19 20 7 149 46.1 20 6.2 323 21.3 19 19 18 1 107 48.0 21 9.4 223 22.1 7 5 7 2 43 52.5 7 8.5 82 22.1 114 91 115 23 747 43.2 104 6.0 1,730 21.1 113 89 113 22 738 43.1 104 6.1 1,713 21.0 1 16.2 2 12.2 2 15.4 1 3.1 9 100.0 53.0 17 30.1 1 8 2 84 ' 16.7 32.6 12 258 15.0 4 9 1 11 4 2 15.5 CO 30 33 10 459 36.7 54 4 2 1,286 15.7 89 56 49 19 660 40.4 89 5.4 1,634 16.6 81 47 56 14 676 43.5 79 6.0 1,323 17.5 52 36 44 9 367 46.7 46 5.9 785 18.9 25 26 24 10 173 49.7 30 8.6 348 22.4 316 198 215 63 2,321 41.1 309 5.5 5,640 17.4 314 197 213 63 2,306 41.1 309 6.5 6,617 17.4 2 13.6 1 8.5 2 9.3 2.7 15 100.0 61.7 29 18.8 3 4 2 23 19.7 2 1.7 117 17.4 24 12 12 5 137 20.2 15 2.2 679 18.3 07 39 26 9 364 22.5 40 2.5 1,614 17.6 66 24 38 10 368 28.1 37 2.9 1,307 18.0 31 19 19 9 204 29.9 21 3.1 683 18.9 15 12 11 4 111 33.1 19 5.7 335 18.8 10 7 9 4 49 38.3 7 5.5 128 26.3 210 117 117 41 1,266 25.8 141 2.9 4,863 18.5 212 115 115 40 1,235 25.7 141 2.9 4,814 18.5 4' 2 2 1 21 42.9 49 19.2 17.2 9.3 9.3 3.3 100.0 172 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED AND RATE OF COMPENSATION, BY Age group and sex. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by the following per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19, Group IV.— Stones and earths; Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group v.— Metal working; Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males Females - - - ■ Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group VI. — Machinery, tools, instruments, apparatus, etc.; Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group VII.— Chemical industries: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total.. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 154 577 1,120 1,208 980 602 244 4,885 4,594 291 321 1,031 1,107 708 411 222 70 3,870 3,478 392 509 1,560 2,265 1,704 1,173 609 216 8,036 7,971 65 16 86 212 212 131 82 19 67 65.8 54.4 47.6 43.4 33.8 17 106 233 234 262 161 64 145 184 187 166 70 61.2 1,066 835 61.1 52.9 188 15 5.0 1,003 63 780 56 78.5 76.4 68.0 61.0 66.1 63.6 46.0 14 64 102 62 61 24 10 30 120 181 158 130 67 20 66.0 327 706 356 65.7 68.6 279 48 17.1 642 64 36.9 332 24 77.2 75.1 67.6 62.2 69.9 63.2 51.6 28 99 206 164 121 78 30 61 191 354 398 324 171 65 24 91 212 172 113 99 24 65.1 726 735 66.1 61.9 720 6 1,543 21 37.6 726 10 17.8 80.0 68.0 64.4 68.7 49.6 52.6 67.1 70.6 45 9.4 149 143 6 31.0 105 100 6 21.8 CHAPTEB I. WOBKMEN S INSUBANCE IN AUSTEIA. GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, AGE GROUPS, AND SEX, 1897 TO 1901— Continued. 173 Accidents resulting In — Average amount of pen- Permanent disability. Death. sion to worker 1 Total Compensated by the following | accidents. nently percent of wages: Per cent Per cent disabled in per Total. of all accidents. Number. of all accidents. wages. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. 14 5 11 3 68 29.6 8 3.5 230 22.0 32 36 37 6 297 32.4 43 4.7 917 19.2 129 89 78 37 766 38.1 123 6.1 2,009 20.2 149 85 110 30 841 37.9 170 7.7 2,219 20.6 183 122 108 26 926 44.9 154 7.5 2,060 20.6 130 82 81 42 690 49.7 96 6.9 1,388 22.2 114 73 71 24 423 68.6 55 7.6 722 25.8 751 492 496 168 4,011 42.0 649 6.8 9,545 21.3 714 461 472 159 3,777 42.0 624 6.9 8,995 21.3 37 31 24 9 234 42.6 25 4.5 650 20.3 18.7 12.3 12.4 4.2 100.0 13 6 6 1 86 21.0 2 .6 *■■■ 409 15.1 49 14 13 5 329 24.0 8 .6 1,368 13.8 68 33 20 4 500 30.7 22 1.3 1,629 13.7 64 26 31 7 435 37.6 18 1.5 1,161 15.6 31 23 15 3 308 42.1 13 1.8 732 13.9 30 13 11 6 ISO 43.6 12 2.9 414 16.5 12 13 6 4 77 60.7 6 3.3 152 20.2 267 128 101 30 1,915 32.6 80 1.4 5,865 14.8 247 116 93 28 1,737 32.8 79 1.6 5,294 14.9 20 12 8 2 178 31.2 1 .2 571 13.2 13.9 6.7 5.3 1.5 100.0 20 4 7 1 145 22.0 5 .8 659 13.0 83 20 20 1 505 24.3 13 .6 2,078 13.1 167 52 40 13 1,044 31.2 39 1.2 3,348 14.0 132 55 56 17 994 36.3 41 1.5 2,739 14.5 82 43 48 16 747 38.2 38 1.9 1,958 14.7 76 37 36 14 611 44.6 25 2.2 1,145 16.4 21 14 24 11 189 45.1 14 3.3 419 19.2 681 225 231 73 4,135 33.6 175 1.4 12,346 14.6 580 224 231 73 4,096 33.6 174 1.4 12,241 14.7 1 14.0 1 5.4 39 100.0 37.1 1 1.0 105 9.9 5.6 1.8 1 6 4 35 20.0 28.0 20 126 17.2 4 6 40 17.6 14 9 8 2 100 30.4 17 6.2 329 16.8 19 17 11 10 137 38.0 12 3.3 361 20.9 12 14 10 4 112 42.4 21 8.0 264 18.7 8 9 8 1 66 42.3 8 5.1 156 19.0 2 6 5 2 27 55.1 3 6.1 49 25.8 59 65 49 19 481 38.9 66 5.1 1,304 19.2 58 53 46 18 457 37.8 62 6.1 1,209 19.3 1 2 J 1 24 25.3 4 4.2 95 17.8 12.3 11.4 10.2 3.9 100.0 174 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOE. ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED AND RATE OF COMPENSATION, BY Age group and sex. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- T)ility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by the following per cent bt wages: Sand under. 6 toll. 12 to 19. Group VIII.— Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting establishments, etc: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years -41 to 50 years .'. 51 to 60 years. . . ; Over 60 years Total.. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disabiUty (per cent of total) Group IX.— Textile industries: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years ■ 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years '41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years ■ "Over 60 years.. Total. ■ Males 1 Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Group X.— Paper, leather, rubber, etc.: under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disabihty (per cent of total) Group XI.— Woodworking, carved materials, etc.: Under 16 years - - 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males -■- Females w. ■ v ■, :r • Distribution of accidents causmg permanent disability (per cent of total) 12 73 237 243 153 67 21 753 53 420 829 883 663 521 297 115 3,728 2,617 1,111 116 357 445 389 313 197 67 1,639 245 667 1,473 1,154 704 386 127 4,600 4,529 71 60.0 68.9 67.3 66.4 54.8 49.6 47.7 61.9 61.3 71.6 49 154 4 35.3 63.3 63.5 57.5 52.5 51.4 49.0 37.7 14 182 210 219 ■ 147 91 43 55.6 241 56.2 64.3 159 82 8.5 660 318 66.7 08.0 61.6 58.2 55.4 54.1 44.7 58.8 64.3 S&2 61.2 69.0 55.2 52.7 49.4 43.8 55.8 65.8 68.2 101 16 7 60 120 82 46 21 7 333 329 4 10.1 371 331 40 31.8 25 130 274 285 169 89 1,001 983 18 30. i CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, AGE GROUPS, AND SEX, 1897 TO 1931— Continued. 175 Accidents resulting in- Total accidents. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pen- sion to worker perma- nently disabled in per cent of wages. Compensated by the following percent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. 20 to 2D. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. CO. 1 5 IG 19 14 12 4 i 12 9 7 3 3 1 6 9 9 7 12 3 i 1 2 2 3 6 29 105 112 116 60 20 30.0 27.3 29.8 30.6 41.6 44.5 45.5 I 1? 10 8 3 10 3.8 2.9 3.0 3.6 6.9 6.8 20 106 352 366 279 135 44 18.0 18.4 17.4 16.0 14.9 22.0 27.6 71 35 46 9 448 34.4 48 3.7 1,302 17.5 71 15.8 31 i 7.8 43 3 10.3 9 2.0 427 21 100.0 34.8 28.4 48 3.9 1,228 74 17.4 19.8 20 61 82 fi8 70 39 29 13 31 48 66 '.0 30 17 21 51 78 02 49 39 29 5 9 11 12 20 9 7 239 457 630 573 462 294 170 36.0 35.0 41.0 45.1 45.6 48.5 65 7 5 20 23 35 30 15 20 .7 1.5 1.5 2.7 3.0 2.5 6.6 664 1,306 1,636 1,271 1,013 608 305 15.7 17.2 18.0 17.9 19.3 20 22.3 359 235 329 73 2,825 42.2 148 2.2 6,701 18.4 252 107 12.7 165 70 8.3 218 111 11.7 50 23 2.6 1,914 911 100.0 41.1 44.5 124 24 2.7 1.2 4,655 2,046 18.4 18.3 5 20 36 <2 35 20 19 5 15 14 20 24 11 12 9 16 33 30 29 18 9 1 2 5 3 7 3 8 55 156 259 251 229 139 76 31.6 29.7 35.9 37.5 40.5 38.2 50.7 3 12 18 29 23 28 7 1.7 2.3 2.5 4.3 4.1 7.7 4.6 174 525 722 669 565 364 150 18.8 17.2 17.4 17.9 20 19.3 25.7 177 101 144 29 1,165 36.8 120 3.8 3,169 18.8 156 21 15.2 82 19 8.7 133 11 12.4 26 3 2.5 1,037 128 100.0 37.2 33.6 112 8 4.0 2.1 2,788 381 18.8 18.5 6 51 158 130 120 56 28 6 41 103 95 63 46 21 6 37 83 81 61 59 26 2 5 13 11 11 5 5 60 390 950 847 566 345 142 39.2 35.8 38.1 40.5 42.4 44.2 49.0 4 33 73 90 65 50 21 2.6 3.0 2.9 4.3 4.9 6.4 7.2 163 1,090 2,496 2,091 1,335 781 290 17.5 17.4 17.6 17.8 19.2 21.5 23.7 549 375 353 52 3,300 40.1 336 4.1 8,236 18.5 542 7 10. G 370 5 11.4 347 6 10.7 52 1.6 3,251 49 100.0 40.1 40.2 334 2 4.1 1.6 8,114 122 18 5 17.7 176 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED AND RATE OF COMPENSATION, BY Age group and sex. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by the lollowing percent of Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. Group XIL— Foods and drinks: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 135 613 1,219 1,152 802 424 132 Total. 4,477 Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 4,120 357 Group XIII. — Clothing and cleaning: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 137 112 Group XIV.— Building and construction: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years -... 385 1,713 3,039 2,678 2,195 1,534 611 Total. 12,155 Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 11,499 656 Group XV.— Printing, publishing, and theaters; Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years - 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 46 118 96 53 39 18 2 Total. Males Females Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) - 271 101 59.0 65.2 66.0 67.3 66.4 51.9 40.0 20 111 223 283 184 96 47 12 51 115 164 111 82 18 69.0 964 563 58 5 64 3 234 25 9.4 57.1 60.0 57.0 47.0 52.6 26.7 58.8 34.9 521 32 20.0 53.0 28 85 30 50.7 39.5 14.0 74.2 68.2 69.7 65.0 47.7 44.1 37.8 10 70 190 168 179 35 233 609 585 644 491 184 18 156 394 416 53.6 739 2,781 1,853 64.1 46.7 705 34 7.9 2,548 233 29.9 1,676 177 19.9 63.9 70.7 63.2 54.1 62.9 54.6 20.0 62.6 32 84 61.9 64.8 14.7 18.4 CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, AGE GROUPS, AND SEX, 1897 TO 1901— Continued. 177 Accidents resulting in- Average Permanent disability. Death. of pen- sion to worker Total Compensated by the following accidents. nently per cent oJ wages: Per cent Per cent disabled in per Total. of all accidents. Number. of all accidents. wages. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. GO. 13 9 20 2 82 35.8 12 5.2 229 23.7 44 27 30 8 306 32.5 22 2.3 941 17.6 65 38 48 7 662 30.4 66 3.6 1,847 15.8 83 60 67 18 753 37.5 104 5.2 2,009 16.9 79 53 45 14 534 37.5 87 6.1 1,423 17.8 66 39 40 17 347 42.5 46 5.6 817 20.9 37 19 34 11 175 53.0 23 7.0 330 24.3 377 245 284 77 2,759 30.3 360 4.7 7,590 18.1 347 231 269 75 2,575 36.6 346 4.9 7,041 18.2 30 14 15 2 184 33.2 14 2.5 555 16.2 13.7 8.9 10.3 2.8 100.0 1 1 2 3 5 i' 6 35 42.9 38.9 14 90 29.9 1 1.1 10.7 8 2 11 1 60 41.7 2 1.3 168 17.4 7 3 2 50 50.0 3 3.0 100 18.5 2 4 2 1 3 4 2 i' 29 22 7 47.5 73.3 41.2 61 30 17 15.8 18.5 30.3 19 14 34 5 215 46.7 6 1.3 470 18.2 10 5 23 1 128 47.4 5 1.9 270 17.3 9 9 U 4 87 43.5 1 .5 200 19.5 8.9 6.5 15.8 2.3 100.0 27 17 9 1 117 22.6 17 3.3 519 18.5 119 52 63 12 705 28.1 94 3.7 2,512 17.2 290 165 151 42 1,795 35.3 256 6.0 6,090 17.6 305 189 203 68 1,912 39.3 279 5.7 4,809 19.2 370 226 226 06 2,127 46.3 274 6.0 4,696 19.3 342 193 202 69 1,744 50.1 201 6.8 3,479 20.6 203 137 136 67 913 56.5 •93 5.7 1,617 24.4 1,656 979 990 315 9,313 41.1 1,214 6.3 22,682 19.5 1,51S 895 940 289 8,571 40.3 1,176 5.6 21,246 19.6 138 84 50 26 742 61.7 38 2.6 1,436 18.8 17.8 10.5 10.6 3.4 100.0 3 6 3 4 4 5 26 48 36.1 28.7 72 107 18.5 1 .0 16.6 6 6 2 56 36.8 152 13.6 2 5 3 45 45.9 98 13.8 3 5 1 2 1 23 14 37.1 42.4 02 33 14.5 1 3.0 16.6 2 1 6 60.0 2 20.0 10 20.9 24 20 18 218 36.7 4 .7 694 16.3 16 13 11 104 37.4 3 .7 438 14.3 8 7 7 64 34.6 1 .6 156 18.3 11.0 9.2 8.2 100.0 178 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED AND RATE OF COMPENSATION, BY Age group and sex. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per j cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by the Jollowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. Groups I (a) to XV.— All establishments insured in the acci- dent insurance institutions: Age groups— I) nder 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 2,463 g,806 14,741 12,415 8,901 6,213 1,948 Groups of industries- la. Agricultural establishments using power lb . Flour mills II. Transportation and storage III. Smelting works, mining of " nonreserved " min- erals, etc IV. Stones and earths V. Metal working VI. Machinery, tools, instruments, apparatus, etc... VII. Chemical industries VIII. Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting establishments, etc IX. Textile industries X . Paper . leather, rubber, etc . ; ; XI. Woodworking, carved materials, etc XII. Foods and drinks XIII. Clothing and cleaning XIV. Building and construction XV. Printing, publishing, and theaters 1,307 879 3,016 3,466 4,885 3,870 8,036 757 806 3,728 1,884 4,600 4,477 249 12,156 372 Grand total. 54, 487 Males Females. 60,530 3,957 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total)— Under 16 years 16 to 20 years •- 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years la. Agricultural establishments using power lb. Flour mills II. Transportation and storage III. Smelting works, mining of " nonreserved " min- erals, etc IV. Stones and earths V. Metal working VI. Machinery, tools, instruments, apparatus, etc.. VII. Chemical industries VIII. Heating and lighting materials, oils, heating and lighting establishments, etc IX. Textile industries X. Paper, leather, rubber, etc XI. Woodworking, carved materials, etc XII. Foods and drinks XIII. Clothing and cleaning ; . XIV. Building and construction XV. Printing, publishing, and theaters Average.. 67.8 67.4 62.1 56.8 52.0 47.4 40.1 130 457 1,017 871 676 359 119 355 1,362 2,712 2,846 2,399 1,466 667 40.6 50.8 53.4 71.3 51.2 66.0 65.1 78.0 61.9 56.6 59.4 65.8 69.0 63.0 53.6 62.6 55 63 293 129 203 327 726 46 49 241 117 333 269 28 739 32 67.2 ,629 57.6 ,53.1 ,358 271 11.9 11.6 12.4 10.3 9.2 6.9 4,6 3.1 7.1 12.6 10.3 6.0 17.1 17.8 9.4 10.9 8.6 10.0 10.1 9.4 13.0 7.9 14,7 213 801 397 1,066 706 1,664 149 158 978 371 1,001 964 85 2,781 11,707 10,704 1,003 32.4 34.6 33.1 33.6 32.6 28.2 21.7 21.6 28.6 34.6 31.6 26.6 36.9 37.6 31.0 36.3 34.6 31.8 30.3 34.9 39.5 29.9 38.5 31.7 200 768 1,692 1,648 1,405 1,085 264 138 435 239 835 356 735 105 80 610 226 637 663 30 1,853 40 7,120 6,464 662 18.2 19.2 19.4 19.4 19.0 20.9 16.7 14.1 18.5 IS. 8 19.0 20.8 18.6 17.8 21.8 17.9 21.6 19.4 19.3 20.0 14.0 19.9 18.4 19.3 CHAPTER I. WORKMEN "S INSURANCE IN ATTSTRIA. 179 GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, AGE GROUPS, AND SEX, 1897 TO 1901— Concluded. Accidents resulting in- Average Permanent disability. Death. of pen- sion to Total Compensated by the following accidents. nently per cent of wages Per cent Per cent disabled in per cent ol wages. Total. of all Number. of all accidents. accidents. 20 to 23. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. 151 86 152 22 1,096 30.2 74 2.0 3,633 18.6 661 291 443 76 3,938 30.2 318 2.4 13,062 17.6 1,237 683 778 179 8,198 34.6 784 3.3 23,723 17.4 1,235. 766 886 241 8,492 38.8 953 4.4 21,860 18.2 1,164 734 779 218 7,376 43.0 852 5.0 17,128 18.8 890 550 639 207 5,196 47.2 691 5.4 11,000 20.5 632 377 422 161 2,616 ■53.8 299 6.1 4,863 24.2 224 177 576 127 1,802 56.0 111 3.4 3,220 28.3 114 91 115 23 747 43.2 104 6.0 1,730 21.1 316 198 215 63 2,321 41.1 309 5.5 6,046 17.4 216 117 117 41 1,256 25.8 141 2.9 4,863 18.5 751 492 496 168 4,011 42.0 649 0.8 9,545 21.3 267 128 101 30 1,916 32.6 80 1.4 6,865 14.8 581 225 231 73 4,136 33.5 175 1.4 12, 346 14.6 59 55 49 19 481 36.9 66 5.1 1,304 19.2 71 35 46 9 448 34.4 48 3.7 1,302 17.5 359 235 329 73 2,826 42.2 148 2.2 6,701 18.4 177 101 144 29 1,166 36.8 120 3.8 3,169 18.8 549 375 353 52 3,300 40.1 336 4.1 8,236 18.5 377 245 284 77 2,759 36.3 360 4.7 7,596 18.1 19 14 34 5 215 45.7 6 1.3 470 18.2 1,650 979 990 315 9,313 41.1 1,214 5.3 22,682 19.5 24 20 18 218 36.7 4 .7 594 15.3 6,760 3,487 4,098 1,104 36,911 38.7 3,871 4.1 . 95,269 18.8 6,282 3,167 3,623 980 33,568 38.2 3,712 4.2 87,810 18.7 478 330 475 124 3,343 44.8 159 2.1 7,459 20.4 13.8 14.0 15.1 14.6 15.8 17.1 20.3 7.8 7.4 8.3 9.0 9.9 10.6 14.4 13.9 11.3 9.5 10.4 10.6 12.3 16.1 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.8 3.0 4.0 6.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 I 1 12.4 9.8 32.0 7.0 100.0 15.2 13.6 12.2 8.5 15.4 9.3 3.1 2.7 100.0 100.0 17.2 9.3 9.3 3.3 100.0 18.7 12.3 12.4 4.2 100.0 13.9 6.7 5.3 1.5 100.0 14.0 6.4 5.6 1.8 100.0 12.3 11.4 10.2 3.9 100.0 15.8 7.8 10.3 2.0 100.0 12.7 8.3 11.7 2.6 100.0 16.2 8.7 12.4 2.5 100.0 16.6 13.7 11.4 8.9 10.7 10.3 1.6 2.8 100.0 100.0 8.9 6.5 15.8 2.3 100.0 17.8 11.0 10.5 9.2 10.6 8.2 3.4 100.0 100.0 15.6 9.5 U.l 3.0 100.0 180 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The total number of accidents included in the preceding table is 95,269; these occurred in the seven age groups in the following order according to number of accidents: First, the group 21 to 30; second, 31 to 40; third, 41 to 50; fourth, 16 to 20; fifth, 51 to 60; sixth, over 60; and seventh, under 16. It is obvious that the number of accidents in each age group is due to the age grouping of the industrial popula- tion, the largest number of accidents occurring in the group contain- ing the largest number of persons. The tendency most clearly marked in regard to the age grouping is shown in the distribution of the acci- dents in the classes of temporary disability, permanent disability, and death. The total for all the groups shows that there is a decrease in the proportion of cases resulting in temporary disability as the age of the injured persons increases. For the age group of under 16 the proportion of temporary cases is 67.8 per cent, and this decreases regularly with advancing age until in the group over 60 the pro- portion is only 40.1 per cent. In the cases resulting in permanent disability, a tendency to increase is shown; for the youngest age groups, those under 16 and 16 to 20, the proportion of cases result- ing in permanent disability is 30.2 per cent; this increases regularly with advancing age until for the age group of over 60 the proportion is 53.8 per cent. The fatal cases show the same tendency as the cases resulting in permanent disability; of the accidents occurring to persons 16 years of age or under, 2.0 per cent are fatal, while of those occurring to persons over 60 years of age, 6.1 per cent are fatal. The last column of the table indicates that in cases of per- manent disability the average percentage of wages granted as pen- sions to the injured person, showed a tendency to increase with the age of the injured person; for the youngest age group the average pension for permanent disability was 18.6 per cent of the injured per- son's earnings; for the two groups 16 to 20 years and 21 to 30 years, the rate was 17.6 and 17.4, respectively; for the two age groups 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 the average pension was 18.2 and 18.8 per cent, respectively. These rates may be summed up by stating that the average is practically the same for the ages between 16 and 30; the average is about 1 per cent higher than this for the ages between 31 and 50; there is a further increase of about 2 per cent in the ages between 51 and 60, and an increase of about 4 per cent for the ages over 60. The distribution of the accidents resulting in perma- nent disability by degree of disability shows the same tendencies; the lower degrees of disability occur most frequently among the younger age groups, and as the workers grow older permanent dis- ablements tend to cause greater loss of earning power and to require compensation of higher proportions of their wages. CHAPTER I. — WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 181 The comparison by sexes shows a tendency for accidents to females to result in permanent disability more frequently than in the case of males; 38.2 per cent of the accidents to males and 44.8 per cent of the accidents to females resulted in permanent disability. The proportion of accidents resulting in temporary disability is less in the case of females than in the case of males; 57.6 per cent of the accidents to naales result in temporary disability as against 53.1 per cent of the accidents to females. The proportion of fatal accidents to females is lower than that to males, most probably because the females are not exposed to the highly dangerous occupations. The data shown for various groups of industries show the same general tendencies as the totals. The results of the injuries to workmen included in the insurance system in Austria and the average annual pension paid for each class of injury are shown by age groups in the following table for the five-year period 1897 to 1901: 182 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSrONEK OF LABOK. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED [Source: Ergebnisse der Untallstatistik, 1897-1901, Zweiter Teil.] Accidents resulting in - Temporary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by fol- cent of Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 1. Loss of left arm (including total disability of); Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41to50years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 2. Loss of right arm (including total disability of): UTdder 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 51 to 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 3. Fractureofleft upper arm: Under 16 years U 33 32 16 14 10 5 64.7 52.4 49.2 31.4 37.8 35.7 27.8 i' i' 2 15 10 10 5 2 2 2 5 8 11 6 4 2 16 to 20 years -.: 31 to 40 years 1 .' 51 to 00 years 121 43.4 2 1.3 46 29.1 38 24.0 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 14 28 24 23 17 4 6 58.3 63.9 41.4 46.9 50.0 18.2 66.7 i' 1 I 1 1 2 6 9 7 4 2 1 2 8 12 4 3 4 1 21 to 30 years . 41 to 50 years.. . OverOOyears. . Total. .. 116 46.8 5 3.8 31 23.5 34 26.7 (per cent of total) 5. Fractureofleft lower arm: Under 16 years .- 44 129 125 115 93 47 15 84.6 65.8 55.1 45.8 42.5 34.3 25.4 1 9 3 13 8 3 4 23 43 48 36 22 6 1 17 25 34 30 35 11 16 to 20 years 31 to 40 years - . - 51 to 60 years . . . . Over 60 years Total 568 49.8 37 6.5 182 31.9 153 26.8 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability CHAPTER I. — WOKKMEN's INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 18$ IN THE PERIOD 1837 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS. [Source: Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik, 1897-1901, Zweiter Tell.] Accidents resulting In— Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average- amount of pensioit to worker" Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled, in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. 60. wages. 18 36 60 45 28 21 9 i' 3 7 8 2 18 37 63 46 35 29 11 94.7 100.0 98.4 97.9 92.1 90.6 100.0 1 5.3 19 37 64 47 38 32 11 47 T 1 1 3 3 1.6 ■2.1 7.9 9.4 1 46.5- 47 3- 1 0.4 217 90.8 21 8.8 239 100.0 96.4 9 3.0 248 48.1 24 47 64 60 32 29 14 4 16 16 20 11 12 3 28 63 80 80 43 41 17 100.0 98.4 96.4 97.6 100.0 95.3 100.0 28 64 83 82 43 43 17 48.2- 1 3 2 1.0 3.6 2.4 51. 2- 50.3 60.4- 50.5- 2 4.7 60. »• 50. 9' 270 76.7 82 23.3 352 100.0 97.8 8 2.2 360 50. t 1 8 8 8 6 6 3 1 4' 2 1 2 5 6 30 33 35 23 18 13 35.3 47.6 50.8 68.6 62.2 64.3 72.2 17 63 65 51 37 28 18 17.2: 2 2 . I 1 14. 9^ 17. L 20.1 21.7" 22.1 25.2; 40 25.3 15 9.5 17 10.8 158 100.0 56.6 279 19. a 4 5 5 6 4 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 10 24 34 26 17 18 3 41.7 46.1 68.6 53.1 50.0 81.8 33.3 24 52 58 49 34 22 9 19.9- 17.0- 18.4 20.6- 19.8; 21.. 20.0' 29 22.0 21 15.9 12 9.1 132 100.0 53.2 248 19.3- 2 11 15 18 25 17 10 8 66 102 136 125 90 44 15.4 33.7 44.9 54.2 67.1 65.7 74.6 52 196 227 261 219 137 69 12.5- 4 12 19 19 9 13 2 4 4 7 4 4 1 .5 13.5. 16.4 16.3; 1 .4 17.3- 16.8; 22.3; 98 17.1 76 13.3 25 4.4 671 100.0 50.0 2 .2 1,141 10.3; 46598°— 10- -13 184 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. KESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 6. Fracture of right lower arm: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years O ver 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 7. Other injuries of left arm; Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 8. Other injuries of right arm: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years O ver 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) All injuries of left arm (titles 1, 3, 5, 7): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 10. All injuries of right arm (titles 2, 4, 6, 8): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 61 to 60 years O ver 60 years Total. Distribution of^pcidents causing permanent disability tdfel' (per cent of total) . 59 lis 117 108 81 48 15 61 185 255 225 173 96 25 1,010 289 243 184 120 45 1,125 106 347 412 356 280 153 45 129 334 430 374 282 172 66 1,787 65.6 53.4 45.8 ■43.6 36.4 31.9 52 22 60.! 26 4.8 175 33.5 134 25.6 69.9 72.6 68.6 66.6 66.0 59.6 42.4 66.3 39 7.7 185 36.4 106 20.9 73.7 74.6 69.6 66.6 62.2 60.9 50.6 44 7.9 190 34.3 128 23.1 65.8 63.0 56.6 51.8 50.0 42.7 30.6 63.2 78 413 28.0 297 20.1 64.2 61.0 55.5 51.1 50.5 43.7 40.7 63.0 74 4.7 12 50 83 103 82 50 16 396 26.4 296 19.0 CHAPTER I. — ^WOKKMEiir S INSUKANCE IN AUSTKIA. IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 185 Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. 2 9 23 29 19 24 7 1 6 8 11 12 10 9 14 62 102 127 103 84 31 19.2 34.4 46.6 53.8 55.4 63.6 66.0 73 180 219 236 186 132 47 11 6 1 6 7 1 2 2 14 1 16.4 1 2 .4 1.1 15.8 15.4 16.9 1 2.1 22.5 113 21.6 67 10.9 19 3.6 623 100.0 48.7 4 0.4 1,073 16.1 7 12 18 21 14 9 4 3 5 12 14 8 13 7 2 3 10 10 4 22 69 117 110 92 64 34 30.1 27.1 31.5 32.5 34.6 39.8 57.6 73 255 372 338 266 161 69 - 19.2 1 .4 14.9 16.0 3 1 1 .9 .4 .6 17.2 15.6 1.5.6 2 17.2 85 10.7 02 12.2 31 6.1 808 100.0 33.3 6 .4 1,524 16.2 2 9 19 21 17 e 6 3 3 17 16 10 7 9 2 6 13 9 6 7 3 i' 20 64 124 121 110 75 40 26.3 25.4 29.9 33.1 37.1 38.1 44.9 76 252 415 365 296 197 89 16.7 14.9 2 1 2 2 4 .5 .3 .7 1.0 4.5 17.6 17.3 16.5 16.1 19.2 80 14.5 65 11.7 46 8.3 1 0.2 654 100.0 32.8 11 .6 1,690 16.7 10 31 41 47 45 32 17 4 9 28 36 28 24 25 20 43 76 63 44 28 16 i" 3 7' 8 2 54 202 315 327 275 201 102 33.6 36.6 43.3 47.6 49.1 56.2 69.4 1 2 1 4 5 4 .6 .4 .1 .6 .9 1.1 161 531 728 687 660 358 147 26.9 20.4 22.4 20.9 21.2 21.7 23.7 223 15.1 154 10.4 290 19.7 21 1.4 1,476 100.0 46.3 17 .5 3,192 21.7 8 23 47 56 40 33 13 5 12 28 32 25 22 19 27 55 87 79 41 39 19 4 16 16 21 11 12 3 72 213 340 354 273 218 91 35.8 38.8 43.9 48.4 48.8 55.3 56.2 201 548 775 732 559 394 162 28.4 1 5 4 4 4 5 .2 .6 .5 .7 1.0 3.1 25.7 25.0 24.5 21.2 23.3 26.3 222 14.2 143 9.2 347 22.2 83 5.3 1,561 100.0 46.3 23 .7 3,371 24.3 1 ". :-- 186 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- 1)ility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 11. All injuries of the arm, right or left (titles 1 to 8): 235 681 842 730 562 325 111 64.9 62.0 56.0 51.4 50.2 43.2 35.9 6 24 37 31 27 21 6 23 116 174 201 ICO 98 37 19 85 118 115 120 100 36 16 to 20 yeors 21 to 33 vears 31 to 40 years 51 to 60 years i Total 3,486 53.1 152 5.0 809 26.6 593 19.5 Distribation of accidents causing permanent disability 12. Injury of right and left arm at the same time: 7 37 55 47 30 17 4 63.6 75.5 59.8 62.7 57.7 51.5 30.8 16 to 20 years . 1 1 2 10 4 7 2 2 2 6 4 3 1 1 21 to 3r* vears 31 to 40 years Total 197 60.7 2 1.6 27 22.0 17 13.8 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 13. Loss of left hand (including total disability of): Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 14. Loss of right hand (including total disability of): Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 15, Fracture of bone of left hand: 10 16 26 26 9 12 1 71.4 69.6 65.0 54.2 33.3 48.0 20.0 1 1 4 3 3 7 10 5 7 1 1 2 4 5 S 3 21 to 30 vears 100 64.9 6 7.3 36 43.9 20 24.4 =^:=:3=:= CHAPTEB I, WOEKMEN's INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 187 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. 18 64 88 103 85 67 30 9 21 56 68 53 46 44 47 98 163 142 85 67 35 4 17 19 21 18 20 5, 126 415 655 681 648 419 193 34.8 37.7 43.6 48.0 49.0 55.7 62.6 1 3 6 8 9 8 6 0.3 .3 .4 .6 .8 1.1 1.6 362 1,099 1,503 1,419 1,119 752 309 27.8 23.1 23.8 22.7 21.2 22.5 24.9 445 14.7 297 9.8 637 21.0 104 3.4 3,037 100.0 46.3 40 .6 6,563 23.1 i' 9 2 4 i' 1 2" 6 • 5 5 1 2 3 4 6 3 4 1 1 1 3 6 4' 3 4 10 35 27 22 16 9 36.4 20.4 38.0 36.0 42.3 48.5 69.2 11 49 92 75 52 33 13 47.5 2 2 1 4.1 2.2 1.3 26.5 22.3 34.3 21.0 37.4 34.2 17 13.8 19 15.5 23 18.7 18 14.6 123 100.0 37.8 5 1.5 325 28.7 1 'V"i" 1 2 1 2 3 1 7 28 35 39 23 21 11 i' 2 1 1 2 1 8 31 38 43 27 24 12 88.9 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.3 1 1 11.1 3.1 9 32 38 43 27 24 13 44.5 47.2 47.2 1 45.4 1 46.4 47.7 1 7.7 48.3 1 0.5 10 5.5 164 89.6 8 4.4 183 100.0 98.4 3 1.6 180 46.7 5 27 39 17 31 12 10 4 11 13 17 15 U 10 9 39 53 35 46 23 20 100.0 100.0 98.1 92.1 97.6 100.0 96.2 1 9 39 54 38 47 23 21 52.8 1 1 1 1 60.4 1 3 1 1.9 7.9 2.1 60.4 63.6 62.0 62.9 1 4.8 54.2 3 1.3 141 62.7 81 36.0 225 100.0 97.4 6 2.6 231 51.9 4 7 14 22 18 13 4 28.6 30.4 35.0 46.8 66.7 62.0 80.0 1 14 23 40 48 27 25 6 8.5 1 1 2 2 11.7 2' 3' 1 1 13.9 12.2 17.4 1 14.6 24.8 12 14.6 6 6.1 3 3.7 82 100.0 46.1 182 14.4 — 188 EEPORT OF IHE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJUEIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSAf 1® Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by fol- cent of 5 and under. 6 to 11 12 to 19. 16. Fractureof bone of right hand: 11 12 24 28 16 8 1 91.7 75.0 66.7 58.3 60.0 44.4 12.5 3 1 3 2 1 2 4 8 5 3 2 i" 2 3 4 1 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to GO years Total 100 58.8 9 12.9 25 35.7 11 15.7 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) .' 17. Other injuries of left hand: Under 16 years 80 342 673 446 308 153 56 80.0 87.0 80.3 73.1 69.7 60.5 58.3 6' 23 9 19 8 4 9 25 53 78 • 38 32 9 6 11 23 41 32 16 7 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 vears 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total 1,958 75.1 69 10.8 244 38.2 136 21.3 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 18. Other injuries of right hand: Under 16 years 94 343 582 ,433 301 187 60 83.2 83.1 79.3 73.3 66.4 70.8 54.6 8" 23 26 14 4 4 9 31 64 45 55 29 12 1 17' 37 3,9 29 14 10 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51to60years Over 60 years Total 2,000 74.7 79 11.9 233 35.2 147 22.0 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 19. All injuries ofleft hand (titles 13, 15, 17): 90 358 599 472 317 165 57 73.2 79.9 75.6 67.3 63.9 54.6 50.0 Y 24 13 19 8 4 12 28 60 88 43 39 10 7' 13 27' 46 37 19' 7 16 to 20 years 31to40years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 2,058 69.1 75 8.3 230 31.0 156 17.3, Distribution of accidents causing permanent disabilitv" (per cent of total) ' 20. All Injuries of right hand (titles 14, 16, 18): Under 16 years 105 355 606 461 317 195 61 78.4 75.9 73.6 68.1 59.6 63.9 43.9 S 26 27 17 6 4 10 33 58 53 60 32 14 1 18- 39 42 33 15 10 16 to 20 years ' ' " 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41to50years Over 60 years Total : 2,100 68.2 88 9.2 260 27.0 158 16.4 = (per cent of total) ' CHAPTEB I. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. IN THE PEEIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued, 189 Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Deatb. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number, Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. 60. wages. 1 4 12 20 18 10 7 8.3 25.0 33.3 41.7 50.0 55.0 87.6 12 16 36 48 32 18 8 10 i' 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 "'"'2' 3 2 1 17 9 12 9 1 10 14.3 11 15.7 4 5.7 70 100.0 41.2 170 3 4 18 14 19 27 8 3' 15 12 18 7 8 2 2 6 8 4 7 4 i' 20 61 138 163 130 97 40 20.0 13.0 19.3 26.7 29.4 38.3 41.7 100 393 714 610 442 253 98 15.4 12.7 3 1 4 3 0.4 .2 .9 1.2 14.4 14.2 15. S 16.8 20.0 93 14.5 63 9.9 33 5.2 1 0.1 639 100.0 24.6 11 .4 2,608 15.2 3 4 12 19 21 9 8 3 6 12 17 21 13 3 4 12 9 10 6 6 i' i' 19 70 161 165 161 75 46 16.8 16.9 20.6 26.2 33.4 28.4 41.8 113 413 734 591 453 264 110 W.5 14.0 1 3 1 2 4 .1 .5 .2 .8 3.6 15.1 15.0 16.7 17.5 19.7 76 11.4 78 11.7 60 7.5 2 0.3 667 100.0 24.9 11 .4 2,678 16.0 3 5 19 17 25 29 8 1 5 10 14 23 8 11 9 30 42 48 27 29 16 i" 2 2 1 2 1 32 89 190 228 175 134 56 26.0 19.9 24.0 32.6 35.3 44.4 49.1 1 1 3 1 4 3 1 .8 .2 .4 .2 .8 1.0 .9 123 448 792 701 496 302 114 21.8 24.7 20.9 19.9 20.5 22.1 26.4 106 11.7 78 8.6 200 22.1 9 1.0 904 100.0 30.4 14 .5 2,976 21.5 3 4 13 22 24 11 9 3 8 15 21 21 15 9 8 31 51 28 42 18 17 4 17 16 11 10 29 113 216 210 213 108 73 21.6 24.1 28.2 31.0 40.0 35.4 52.5 134 468 824 677 532 305 139 29.5 26.8 2 6 2 2 6 .2 .9 .4 .7 3.6 23.7 21.6 24.0 24.8 29.5 86 9.0 92 9.6 195 20.3 83 8.5 962 100.0 31.2 17 .6 3,079 24.4 190 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Accidents resulting in- Temporary disar bility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 21. All injuries of the hand, right or left (titles 13 to 18): 195 713 1,205 933 634 360 118 75.9 77.8 74.6 67.7 61.7 59.3 46.6 is' 50 40 36 14 8 22 61 118 141 103 71 24 8 31 66 88 70 34 17 16to20years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51to60years .... Total 4,158 68.7 163 8.8 540 28.9 314 16.8 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 22. Loss of thumb of left hand (both phalanges): 1 10.0 1 3 3 3 2 2 7 8 27 11 6 1 3 21 to 30 years . .,. 2 5.4 1 31 to 40 years 1 51 to 60 years . Total 3 2.S 2 1.9 14 13.0 63 61.2 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 23. Loss of thumb of right hand (both phalanges): Under 16 years . . 3 11 16 4 6 2 1 3 4 1 21 to 30 years 1 2.8 31 to 40 years 1 Total 1 .9 9 8.0 43 38.1 (per cent of total). 24. Loss of the index finger of the left hand: (o) 5 7 14 7 2 14 23 25 25 18 3 1 6 12 12 16 S 3 4 16 to 20 years 2 3 1 3 4.4 5.6 1.9 10.7 31 to 40 years 51 to fiO years Total 9 4.1 35 16.7 109 51.9 58 27.6 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total). 25. Loss of the inde-x finger of the right hand: Under 16 years 1 4 2 2 5.0 B.3 2.9 3.4 (V 4 1 12 27 44 29 14 5 1 7 25 20 19 8 7 2 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total 9 3.5 11 4.5 132 53.6 88 35.8 (per cent of total) a In this and In the titles numbered 25t»35 the word "loss" indicates"the separation o f two phalanxes. CHAPTER I, workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 191 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in— Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. 60. wages. 9 32 39 id iO 17 4 13 31 35 U 23 20 17 61 93 76 t9 47 32 4 12 16 19 17 13 11 61 202 406 438 388 242 129 23.7 22.1 25.1 31.8 37.7 39.9 51.0 1 1 5 7 6 5 6 0.4 .1 .3 .5 .6 .8 2.4 257 916 1,610 1,378 1,028 607 263 25.4 25.9 22.4 20.7 22.4 23.3 28.2 192 10.3 170 9.1 395 21.2 92 4.9 1,866 100.0 30.8 31 .5 6,055 23.0 1 9 18 35 19 11 6 90.0 100.0 94.6 100.0 100.0 85.7 100.0 10 18 37 19 11 7 5 15 8 6 4 4 1 3 2 1 16 1 14 9 \ 15.9 15 5 1 14.3 17.0 17.2 20 19.4 3 2.9 1 1.0 103 100.0 96.3 1 .9 107 15.7 5 10 13 7 10 4 1 3 2 1 1 11 26 35 13 19 7 2 100.0 100.0 97.2 100.0 lOO.O 100.0 100.0 11 26 36 13 19 7 2 22.4 18.1 1 18.0 19.5 3 23.2 16.6 20.0 60 44.2 7 0.2 4 3.5 113 100.0 99.1 114 19.5 25 43 52 51 25 8 6 100.0 95.6 94.5 98.1 89.3 100.0 100.0 25 45 65 52 28 8 6 8.5 1 1 2 9.3 8.9 1 10.2 9.0 1 1 1 14.5 13.0 C 2.8 2 1.0 210 100.0 95.9 , 219 9.6 19 60 67 67 25 12 6 95.0 93.7 97.1 96.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 20 64 69 69 25 12 6 10:7 2 3 5 1 10.9 10.9 10.9 1 11.6 12.0 3 15.8 14 5.7 1 0.4 246 100.0 96.5 255 11.2 192 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. BESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED , Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting la- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. .6 to 11. 12 to 19, 20. Loss of middle finger of left band: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years .■. 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 3.8 'g.'i' Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 2.1 18 19.2 27. Loss oJ middle finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 11.1 7.7 7.4 7.1 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 5.2 13 11.8 28. Loss of Ting finger ol left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61to60years Over 00 years Total : Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) , 6.9 33.; 29. Loss of ring finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 00 years Over 60 years 6.2 5.0 16.7 16.7 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 30 .Loss of little finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 6.3 10 16.9 60.0 19.0 IS. 2 11.1 8.3 25.0 18 15.3 56 56.0 54 57.4 64 68.2 26 54.2 66.9 36 36.0 CHAPTEE I, WOEKMESr^S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 193 IN THE PEBIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GEOUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. 13 19 25 19 10 5 3 100.0 100.0 95.2 100.0 90.9 100.0 100.0 13 19 26 19 11 5 3 7 2 8 1 2 3 9.8 9 4 1 12 4 5 5.3 1 1.1 94 100.0 97.9 96 9 2 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 8 24 27 25 13 8 5 88.9 92.3 100.0 92.6 92.9 loao 100.0 9 26 27 27 14 8 5 8 9 " 10 5 . 10.9 10 6 1 11.5 11 6 13.2 14 12.7 1 0.9- 110 100.0 94.8 116 10.8 ' 5 11 11 14 3 2 2 100.0 100.0 78.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 11 14 14 3 2 2 8.6 7.5 6.2 2 8.9 8.7 10.0 5.5 2 4.2 48 100.0 94.1 61 7.8 5 10 15 19 5 5 100.0 100.0 93.8 95.0 83.3 83.3 5 10 16 6 8.0 7.7 1 2 8.7 1 11.9 9.0 3 16.0 6 10.2 1 1.7 59 100.0 93.7 63 10.2 2 17 39 24 11 3 4 50.0 81.0 84.8 88.9 91.7 75.0 100.0 4 21 46 27 12 4 4 5.0 1 1 1 7.0 5.7 ' 6.7 1 7.8 5.3 8.0 3 3.0 1 1.0 100 100.0 84.7 118 e.ff f 194 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONED OF LABOR; RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa^ liility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and ago group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by fol- Dent of 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 31. Loss of little finger of right hand: 1 6 4 5 1 14.3 18.2 13.3 19.2 5.0 4 10 15 5 7 2 2 16 10 11 9 5 3 i' 1 3 1 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years. . 41 to 50 years. . 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total 17 13.4 43 39.1 65 60.0 7 6.4 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 32. Loss of thumb and of one or more fingers of left hand: 16 to 20 years 2 1 31 to 40 years 51 to 60 years Total 3 5.9 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 33. Loss of thumb and of one or more fingers of right hand; 16 to 20 years . 31 to 40 years.. 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 34. Loss of two or more fingers (not including thumb) of left hand: 2 2 3 2 1 1 6 16 16 8 3 i' 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total 11 4.7 49 21.1 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 35. Loss of two or more fingers (not including thumb) of right hand; Under 16 years 2 6 12 13 9 3 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years . 2 1 2 1 31 to 40 years Total 8 3.3 43 17.6 Distribution of accidents causing penftanent disability (per cent of total) CHAPTEE I. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 195 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. 6 27 26 21 19 7 4 85.7 81.8 86.7 80.8 93.0 100.0 100.0 7 33 30 26 20 7 4 5 5 5 9 1 1 1 1 8 9 8 9 6 6 1 3 2.7 2 1.8 110 100.0 86.6 127 7 4 5' 2 2' 1 4 1 1 2 3 5 3 6 6 8 4 9 11 10 7 10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4 1? 10 i5 42 5 40.8 29 9 37.5 43 6 39.7 9 17.6 9 17.7 30 58.8 51 100. 100.0 51 38.1 1 8 19 10 4 4 1 2 1 1 10 24 16 4 5 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 10 24 17 4 5 2 60.0 1 2 1 1 1 4 42.0 44.2 1 5.9 42.4 47.5 i' 1 44.8 33.5 5 8.1 7 11.3 47 75.8 3 4.8 62 100.0 98.4 1 1.6 63 43.4 6 19 20 9 2 S 2 3 13 22 13 7 5 2 65 28.0 2 6 14 6 10 2 2 i' i' 18 57 75 38 23 13 8 100.0 100.0 98.7 97.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 18 57 76 39 23 13 8 23.1 24.6 1 1 1.3 2.6 26.6 26.4 33.3 28.4 32.2 63 27.2 42 18.1 2 0.9 232 100.0 99.1 2 .9 234 26.8 9 15 17 11 3 5 1 8 18 10 5 4 7 23 18 19 9 9 2 i' 25 58 68 51 22 19 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.0 100.0 25 58 68 51 22 20 2 25.7 31.9 29.2 32.1 30.9 1 5.0 35.5 42.5 60 24.5 46 18.7 87 35.5 1 0.4 245 100.0 99.6 1 .4 246 30.8 196 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED R«sult of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- tality. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: 5 and under. to 11. 36. Loss ofone phalanx of thumb of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) -. . 37. Loss of one phalanx of thumb of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total , Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Loss of one phalanx of index finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 39. Loss of one phalanx of index finger of light hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total ; Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 40. Loss of one phalanx of middle finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 38 102 87 30.0 20.0 38.3 24.4 17,5 26.7 33.3 27.1 33 22.3 23.1 20.3 16.5 15.6 8.6 20.0 33.3 16.7 28 14.7 36.4 39.1 39.5 26.5 25.6 14.3 50.0 33.2 77 37.6 13.6 30.4 26.4 21.0 29.5 21.7 14.3 25.4 73 28.6 45.5 64.5 39.3 62.5 33.3 35.7 40.0 44.0 59 55.2 80 ' 54.0 105 65.3 105 51.2 131 51.2 38 35.5 CHAPTEB I. WORKMEN ''S INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 197 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting In- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent ol wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29 30 to 39, 10 to 60 60. wages. 7 24 37 34 33 11 2 70.0 80.0 61.7 75.6 82.6 73.3 66.7 10 30 60 45 40 15 3 10.6 8.4 8.2 8.7 9.2 7.9 15.0 1 2 1 1 1 6 3.4 1 0.7 148 100.0 72.9 203 8.8 4 1 2 1 1 10 47 49 38 32 12 2 76.9 79.7 84.5 84.4 91.4 80.0 66.7 13 69 58 46 35 16 3 14.8 8.6 8.8 10.3 10.3 10.4 9.0 1 9 4.7 1 0.6 190 100.0 83.3 228 9.7 14 39 62 50 36 12 3 63.6 60.9 60.5 73.5 74.5 85.7 50.0 22 64 86 68 47 14 6 6.2 0.5 7.1 7.2 8.1 7.8 10.3 1 . 1 0.5 205 100.0 06.8 307 7 "^ 19 66 78 49 31 18 6 86.4 69.6 73.6 79.0 70.5 78.3 85.7 22 79 106 62 44 23 7 1 7 5 7 7 2 1 8 9 9 2 8 6 1 1 16.2 5 1.9 1 0.4 266 100.0 74.6 343 8.3 6 15 37 19 18 9 3 54.5 45.5 60.7 47.6 66.7 64.3 60.0 11 33 61 40 27 14 5 4 8 1 6 6 1 1 6 6 7.3 7 8 1 9.3 1 1 0.9 1 107 100.0 56.0 191 6.4 1 198 EEPOKT OF THE- COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19 Loss of one phalanx of middle finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 72. ^ 60.0 49.2 45.2 25.8 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 92 47.2 37 36.3 42. Loss of one phalanx of ring finger of lett hand: Under 16 years : 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years - 41 to 50 years ; 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 50.0 57.1 45.5 50.0 76.9 50.0 50.0 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 50 54.3 18 43.9 43. Loss of one phalanx of ring finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years -. 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years 1 Over 60 years 50.0 50.0 65.2 22.2 44.4 100.0 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) , 38 14 42.4 44. Loss of one phalanx of little finger of left hand: Under 16 years -. 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years .- 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 15 57.1 72.7 78.9 66.3 16.7 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 59.1 10 37.0 45. Loss of one phalanx of little finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years. . .- 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 66.7 44.'4 59.1 88.9 42.9 44.4 33.3 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 35 10 37.0 55 53.9 20 48.8 12 36.4 16 59.3 15 55.6 CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEN's INSUEANCE IN AXJSTEIA, IN THE PERIOD 1837 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 19^ Accidents resulting in— Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. CO. wages. 3 18 32 K 23 8 2 27.3 40.0 60.8 51.6 74.2 66.7 100.0 11 45 63 31 31 12 2 6 T 6 6 1 3.2 1 1 9 5- 8 0' 2 2.0 102 100.0 S2.3 1 .5 195 3 9 11 12 3 2 1 60.0 ■42.9 60.0 60.0 23.1 60.0 60.0 6 21 22 24 13 4 2 4.7" 6 4 1 4.5 6.6- 6 4- 1 10.3; 13 5- 6.0' 1 2.4 41 100.0 44.6 1 1.1 92 0.7 3 10 8 7 S 50.0 60.0 34.8 77.8 55.6 6 20 23 9 9 4 9.0' 5. O' 6.6 9. L 8.2 33 100.0 4C.6 71 7.4 3 3 4 7 5 4 1 42.9 27.3 21.1 43.7 83.3 66.7 100.0 7 11 19 16 6 6 1 4.7 6.0 6.3 1 7.1 6.8 7.S 5.0 1 3.7 27 100.0 40.9 66 6.1 1 5 9 1 4 5 2 33.3 55.6 40.9 11.1 57.1 56.6 66.7 3 9 22 9 7 9 3 6.0 6.4 6.6 8.0 6.0 1 9.4 6.5 1 3.7 27 100.0 43.5 62 6.7 46598°— 10 14 200 EBPOEI OJ" THE CQMMISSIOJS'EB OF LABOB. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number.' Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowiBg per cent of 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19, 46. Stiffness of first joint of thumb of left band: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 4.8 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 6.0 47. Stiffness of first joint of ttiumb of right band: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 9.1 3.3 6.9 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 3.6 48. Stiffness of first joint of index finger of left band: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years O ver 60 years 16.7 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 2.9 25 18.4 49. Stiffness of first joint of index finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 5.9 5.1 5.6 33.3 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 6.7 7.2 50. Stiffness of first joint of middle finger of left band: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 4.2 9.1 22.2 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 4.9 15 19.5 39.0 38 35.2 74 54.4 50 45.1 36 46.7 CHAPTEB. I. — ^WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 201 Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by (oBowing per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 38. 40 to 50. 68. wages. 3 7 27 27 20 13 3 100.0 100.0 96.4 96.4 95.2 100.0 100.0 3 7 28 28 21 13 3 6.7 11.4 4 4 2 2 1 12.7 13.2 12.6 1 13.5 15.0 13 1 1.0 100 100. 97.1 103 12.7 2 6 10 29 27 19 7 10 100.0 90.9 96.7 93.1 100. Q 100.0 100.0 & 11 30 29 19 7 10 13.2 9.1 6 G 3 1 4 } 13.1 1 15.0 11.9 i' 1 17.0 17.8 21 19i4 3 2.8 2 1.8 108 100.0 96.4 112 13.7 1 2 10 34 43 25 17 '5 100.0 83.3 lOQ.O 100.0 96.2 100.0 83.3 2 12 34 43 26 17 6 17.5 8.9 9.8 8.6 i' 1 1 9.8 11.6 9.8 2 1.6 2 ; 1.0 136 100.0 97.1 140 9.7 1 1 2 1 . IB 37 31 17 8 2 94.1 94.9 91.2 94.4 100.0 00.7 17 39 34 18 8 3 10.4 11.3 1 11.8 1 12.5 10.3 1 20.0 6 5.4 1 0.9 1 0.9 111 100.0 93.3 119 11.6 1 2 11 23 14 10 7 10 100.0 100.0 95.8 100.0 90.9 77.8 100.0 2 11 24 14 11 • 9 10 6.0 8.7 1 1 1 10.3 7.7 9.9 1 10.6 1 14.0 3 3.9 1 1.3 1 1.3 77 100. 95.1 81 9.9 '_.. 202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by fol- oent of Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 51. Stiffness of first joint of middle finger of right hand: Under 16 years 1 5 14 8 5 2 i' 6 2 3 4 1 16 to 20 years 1 2 12.6 6.9 1 6 4 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years... 41 to 50 years 1 10.0 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total 4 5.6 11 16.4 35 52.2 17 26.4 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) . 52. Stiffness of first joint of ring finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 5 2 2 2 2 1 ' 2" 21 to 30 years 1 20.0 1 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51to60years 1 1 Total 1 4.5 2 9.5 11 52.4 6 28.6 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 63. Stiffness of first joint of ring finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 2 3 1 2 2 i' 1 i' 21 to 30 years ■. 31 to 40 years 1 41 to 50 years Total 1 6.3 10 62.5 3 18.7 64. Stiffness of first joint of little finger of left hand: 1 3 4 3 1 16 to 20 years ■ 1 5 6 4 2 2 i" 2 2 1 2 2 2 16.7 16.7 31 to 40 years 51 to 60 years . Over 60 years Total ". 4 9.3 12 30.8 19 48.7 8 20.5 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 55. Stiffness of first joint of little finger of right hand: Under 16 years 1 2 2 6 1 4 1 16 to 20 years 1 25.0 1 2 4 5 i' 3 21 to 30 years 41 to 50 years Over 60 years 1 Total 1 2.9 17 60.0 12 35.3 5 14 7 CHAPTER I, — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 203 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in — Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39, 40 to 60. 60. wages. 1 7 27 15 9 7 1 100.0 87.6 93.1 100.0 90.0 100.0 100.0 1 8 29 15 10 7 1 6 ... . 9 3 1 9.4 1 i' 9 2 1 12.1 12 3 15.0 2 3.0 1 1.5 1 1.5 67 100.0 94.4 71 10.0 7 4 3 4 2 1 100.0 80.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7 5 3 4 2 1 10.0 7 8 1 14.0 11 5 1 16.5 12.0 2 9.5 21 100.0 ^95.6 22 11.1 2 4 3 3 2 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 2 4 3 3 2 2 7.5 1 12.0 11.0 11.7 8.5 1 18.5 2 12.5 16 100.0 100.0 16 11.6 1 4 10 10 7 3 4 100.0 100.0 83.3 83.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 4 12 32 7 3 4 6.0 .5.3 6.5 7.6 8.9 9.7 11.6 39 100.0 90.7 43 7.8 1 3 4 n 9 4 2 100.0 75.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 4 4 11 9 4 2 5.0 4.7 6.5 6.5 9.2 4.5 9.0 34 100.0 97.1 35 6.9 204 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. RESULTS OP mitTRIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in — Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent ofaU acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of 5 and under. 6 to 11. 56. Other injuries of thumb of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to SO years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total , Distribution of accidents ca;usitig permanent disability (per cent of total) 57. Other injuries of thumb of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 66 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 58. Other injuries of index finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 59. Other injuries of index finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 60. Other injuries of middle finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years O ver 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 102 369 563 412 238 122 44 1,850 84 316 518 384 213 132 31 1,678 148 423 612 351 198 122 33 148 455 604 391 230 97 36 1,961 137 418 557 360 209 114 25 91.1 87.4 83.2 72.7 66.5 6a 3 65.7 77.8 83.8 78.2 74.9 68.1 66.7 59.6 75.9 85.1 82.8 78.2 69.6 64.5 71.8 51.6 75.1 83.1 83.0 75.6 69.2 72.1 57.7 66.7 74 5 96.5 89.7 86.2 78.4 75.6 78.6 75 8 124 23.5 151 28.3 196 31.5 170 25.5 84 129 37.2 327 61.9 282 52.9 378 60.8 22 58 112 101 50 44 59.5 54.2 CHAPTEB I. WOKKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTKIA. 205 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GEOUPS-Continued. Accidents resulting In- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. CO. wages. 10 53 114 1.55 119 54 23 8 9 112 422 677 567 358 176 67 12.6 16.8 27.3 33.2 30.7 34.3 3 3 2 1 1 8 1 1 0.3 7 5 1 1 8 6 10 1.9 3 0.6 528 100.0 22.2 1 C) 2,379 7 9 2 1 (i 2 1 3 3 13 61 144 129 99 60 21 13.4 16.2 21.8 25.1 31.6 33 3 40.4 97 377 662 613 313 198 52 8 8 7 3 8 2 2 1 8 1 1 .3 7 9 1 9 3 11.6 18 3.4 3 0.0 1 0.2 633 100.0 24.1 1 (») 2,212 8.3 26 88 170 153 109 46 30 14.9 17.2 21.7 30.4 .35. 5 27.0 46.9 174 511 783 504 307 170 64 6 5 1 6 9 1 .1 7 7.1 7.3 2 1 1.2 1.5 7.6 1 7 9 2 0.3 622 100.0 24.7 4 .2 2,513 7 1 30 93 194 172 89 70 18 16.9 17.0 24.3 30.4 27.9 41.7 33.3 178 548 799 565 319 168 54 7.2 1 1 2 3 1 2 8.0 1 2 .i .4 7.5 2 1 8.2 8.9 1 .6 8.5 9.9 10 1.5 2 0.3 1 0.1 066 100.0 25.3 4 .2 2,631 8.1 5 48 89 98 68 31 8 3.5 10.3 13.8 21.4 24.5 21.4 24.2 142 466 646 459 277 145 33 6.8 6.3 1 1 1 2 1 i 6.8 1 .2 6.9 6.8 8.0 8.0 6 1.7 1 0.3 347 100.0 16.0 1 C) 2,168 6.9 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENgATEI) Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: 5 and under. 12 to 19 61. Other injuries of middle finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 62. Other injuries of ring finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Other injuries of ring finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 64. Other injuries of little finger of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years O ver 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) » Other injuries of little finger of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disabiUty (per cent of total) 106 411 549 409 234 109 35 1,853 47 163 283 176 101 68 19 847 160 226 181 126 52 19 42 170 255 169 91 58 20 805 32 128 177 157 86 59 11 650 84.6 83.6 80.1 76.8 72.9 84.2 119 34.1 92.2 90.1 88.4 82.2 83.5 80.6 86.4 86.; 50.8 90.4 81.6 83.0 81.8 80.0 95.0 68 38.2 91.3 90.4 85.0 82.4 79.8 81.7 71.4 70 48.3 82.1 90.1 81.9 77.7 81.1 75.6 68.7 81.4 67 45.6 196 56.1 55 41.0 66 46.5 74 60.3 CHAPTER I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 207 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in — Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 60. CO. wages. 13 52 100 80 58 33 13 10.9 11.2 15.4 16.4 19.9 23.2 27.1 119 463 649 489 292 142 48 6 7 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 8 1 10 1 8 2.3 1 0.3 1 0.3 349 100.0 15.8 2,202 7 4 4 18 37 38 20 14 3 7.8 9.9 11.0 17.8 16.5 19.4 13.6 51 181 320 214 121 72 22 6 5 1 6 6 7 3 1 7.3 6 3 2 1.5 134 100.0 13.7 981 6 5 6 17 61 37 28 12 1 11.1 9.6 18.4 17.0 18.2 18.5 5.0 54 177 277 218 154 65 20 6 5 6.4 1 6.7 7.1 6.9 1 1.5 8.7 5.0 1 0.7 152 100.0 15.8 1 .1 965 6.9 4 18 45 36 21 13 8 8.7 9.6 15.0 17.6 18.4 18.3 28.6 46 188 300 205 114 71 28 7.3 5.4 0.0 1 6.9 2 1.8 0.2 1 7.2 6.8 2 1.4 145 100.0 15.2 2 .2 952 6.1 7 14 39 44 19 19 5 17.9 9.9 18.1 21.8 17.9 24.4 31.3 39 142 216 202 106 78 16 5.3 5.2 5.8 1 1 .5 1.0 5.7 6.2 6.9 6.2 147 100.0 18.4 2 .2 799 5.9 208 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOSTER OF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Teii^orary disa- ^bllity. Number. Per cent ofaU acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per -cent of wages: Sand under. 6to 11. , Injury of tbumb and one or more fingers of left hand: Under 16 years , 16 to 20 years , 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years , Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 67. Injury of thumb and one or more fingers of right hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to SO yeaxs 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years ' Over 60 years Total Distribution -of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 68. Injury of several fingers (not including thumb) of left hand: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years ; 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing jjermanent dlsability- (per cent of total) ■. Injury of several fingers (not including thumb) of right hand: Under 16 years ,", 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 43 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent -disability (per cent of total) 70. Loss of fiHgcrs accompanied by injury of other fingers of the same hand (left); Under 16 years 16 to 28 years ., 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 5 1 to 60 years O ver 60 years 254 14 45 111 63 37 15 284 108 388 666 386 229 112 37 131 380 560 367 214 106 28 1,776 42.9 59.2 49.7 45.7 27.8 32.1 13.0 43.7 15 4.6 75 23.0 50.0 49.5 56.1 37.3 36.6 23.4 29.0 43.4 10 2.7 57 15.4 64.7 65.8 63.2 52.9 60.4 41.2 41.1 24 84 152 131 86 46 9 57.3 172 12.0 631 37.2 63.0 64.1 61.3 55.2 47.8 40.0 29.2 33 87 140 111 91 47 15 56.0 135 9.7 524 37.5 2.7 5.2 2.3 2.1 2.3 Total , Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 16 2.5 76 12.2 CHAPTEK L workmen's INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 209 IN THE PEKIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GEOUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting in— Total. Permaneat disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent ol wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20to29. 30 to 39. 40 to SO. CB. wages. 2 3 15 11 13 2 4 2 5 12 8 13 9 4 1 6 8 11 13 12 6 i' 1 16 40 87 63 64 36 20 57.1 40.8 50.3 54.3 71.1 67.9 87.0 28 98 173 116 90 53 23 15 4 17.6 18 4 21.1 1 1.1 25.0 28.8 26 9 50 15.3 63 16.3 56 17.2 2 0.6 326 100.0 66.1 1 .2 581 21.7 2 10 18 12 13 7 4 2 9 14 15 7 5 6 5 13 18 26 16 15 10 i' 1 14 40 87 89 63 49 22 50.0 50.5 43.9 62.7 62.4 76.6 71.0 28 91 198 142 101 64 31 27.6 26.7 24.0 26.4 1 1.0 24.3 26.4 34.8 60 17.8 68 16.7 103 27.8 2 0.6 370 100.0 56.4 1 .2 655 26.9 4 22 51 45 32 34 9 2 12 31 28 20 14 6 2 6 13 10 7 11 69 202 386 344 224 160 63 35.3 34.2 36.6 47.1 49.4 58.8 58.9 167 590 1,053 730 454 272 90 12.5 13.0 2 .2 13.9 13.6 1 .2 19.3 16.6 20.2 197 13.8 113 7.9 65 3.9 1,428 100.0 42.6 3 .1 3,350 14.2 9 26 59 59 39 21 U 5 16 30 20 26 15 9 2 10 19 14 15 18 7 i' 1 77 213 347 298 234 159 68 37.0 35.9 208 693 897 665 448 265 96 12.9 13.7 38.7 15.2 44.8 52.2 60.0 70.8 15.3 10.3 18.4 20.0 224 16.1 127 9-1 85 6.1 2 0.1 1,396 100.0 44.0 3,172 15.6 ' 8 25 31 22 22 12 3 8 29 37 35 19 14 9 3 16 29 22 19 11 6 i' 1 i" 36 110 169 143 84 58 21 97.3 94.8 97.7 97.9 97.7 100.0 100. 37 116 173 146 86 68 21 20.4 24.0 23.5 23.8 20.5 24.8 33.3 123 19.8 151 24.3 106 17.1 3 0.5 621 100.0 97.5 637 24.4 210 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATBB Result ol injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to 11. 71. Loss of fingers accompanied by injury of other fingers of same hand (right): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years '. . 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 72. All injuries of fingers, left hand (titles designated by even numbers from 22 to 70): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 3D years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) All injuries of fingers, right hand (titles designated by odd numbers from 23 to 71): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 74. All injuries of fingers, right and left hands (titles 22 to 71): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years '. 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total ) 75. Injuries of fingers of both hands occurring at the same time: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41, to 60 years, 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 17 623 2,072 3,162 1,988 1,140 621 189 9,786 686 1,991 2,852 2,003 1,181 591 174 9,377 1,208 4,063 6,004 3,991 2,321 1,212 19,162 100 2.8 3.3 1.6 5.6 7 1.1 62 10.0 69.2 70.2 66.5 68.2 64.2 53.4 45.3 62 184 360 284 184 70 30 112 356 614 615 402 209 77 62.4 1,174 19.9 2,384 40.5 64.4 66.8 63.0 59.2 65.7 49.3 44.1 46 170 308 223 160 84 18 129 408 687 660 379 216 59 60.4 999 16.3 2,437 39.8 66.8 68.5 64.8 68.7 66.0 61.4 44.7 108 354 668 607 334 154 48 241 763 1,301 1,175 781 424 136 61. 2,173 18.1 4,821 40.2 76.0 89.3 71.1 53.8 52.6 70.0 20.0 64.5 6 10.9 15 27.3 CHAPTEE I. — WOKKMEN S INSTJKANCE IN AUSTEIA, IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS-Continued. 211 Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. i 25 40 22 13 13 1 8 20 35 39 18 12 5 16 25 43 30 34 18 11 2 1 '2 44 106 174 128 86 61 23 100.0 97.2 96.7 98.6 94.6 100.0 96.8 44 108 180 130 91 61 24 31.0 26.4 26.1 27.8 31.6 28.2 32.1 118 19.0 137 22.1 177 28.5 5 0.8 621 100.0 97.3 638 28.0 21 79 141 113 78 09 26 16 64 105 90 64 48 22 12 38 67 65 64 44 21 i 1 1 1 1 2 277 880 1,684 1,424 959 539 227 30.8 29.8 33.4 41.7 45.6 46.3 54.5 900 2,952 4,741 3,414 2,104 1,163 417 12.3 12.8 5 2 6 3 1 o.i .1 .2 .8 .2 12.6 12.2 13.2 15.3 16.6 527 9.0 409 7.0 291 4.9 7 0.1 5,890 100.0 37.6 16 .1 15, 691 13.0 '38 98 173 141 93 65 37 19 56 101 104 61 37 22 31 79 119 101 83 66 31 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 323 989 1,675 1,377 935 603 221 36.6 33.2 37.0 40.7 44.1 60.4 65.9 908 2,980 4,628 3,386 2,119 1,197 395 15.3 14.1 1 5 3 3 ^"\l .2 .3 13.9 14.4 14.9 10.1 19.4 045 10.6 400 0.5 510 8.3 13 0.2 6,123 100.0 39.5 12 .1 15,512 14.7 69 177 314 264 171 134 03 35 120 206 194 125 85 44 43 117 186 156 137 110 53 2 2 4 4 3 2 3 600 1,809 3,269 2,801 1,894 1,142 448 33.2 31.5 35.1 41.2 44.8 48.4 56.2 1,808 5,932 9,269 6,799 4,223 2,360 812 13.9 13.5 6 8 6 1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 13.3 11.2 14.0 l.-).7 IX 1,172 9.7 809 6.7 801 6.7 20 0.2 12,013 100.0 38.5 28 .1 31,203 13.9 1 i' 1 3 13 18 9 3 8 25.0 10.7 28.9 46.2 47.4 30.0 80.0 4 28 45 39 19 10 10 00.0 1 2 1 17.7 1 1 2' 2 1 7 2 20.0 . 20.1 14.8 1 37.0 1 3 29.0 10.9 11 20.0 7 12.7 3 5.5 65 100.0 35.5 165 22.1 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 212 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF' LABOR. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED ResuJt of injury and age group. 76. Loss of one leg: Under 16 years- 16 to 20' years... 21 toSttyeais... 31 to 40 years... 41 to 50 years... 51 to 60 years... Over 6Q years . . , Total , Distribution of accidents causiitg permanent dtsability (per cent of total) .- 77. Loss oJ both legsr Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 3D years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total ;. Distribution of accidents causing permanoat disability (per cent of total) 78. Fracture of upper leg: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years :.. 51 to 60 years Over 60 years, Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent dfeability (per cent of total) -. Fracture of lower leg: Under 16 years - 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years. ; , 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total , Distribution of accidents causing permanent dfeahility (per cent of total) 80. Injury of arch of foot: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Aoejdsents f esulting in- Temporary disae- bility. Nomber, 153 43 230 420 378 268 134 36 23 80 219 282 212 143 54 1,013 Per cent ofaU acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated' by fol- lawing per cent of 41; 6 26.2 20.1 16.0 15.8 11.3 5.9 17.8 58.9 68.2 48.1 40.0 32.0 28.9 19.6 40.0 71.9 73.4 66.4 61.0 60.3 45.7 38.6 56.0 6 and under. 11 1.6 46 1.9 57 7.2 6t0! 11. 12.9 10 67 102 114 111 61 19 464 29.9 247 31.2 CHAPTEB I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. IN THE PKRIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 213 Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension to worker Compensated by tollowing per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30to39. 40 to 50. CO. wages. 2' 2 7 2 1 6 1 21 48 63 74 54 26 13 1 14 22 31 29 33 25 24 69 89 106 89 60 38 88.9 85.2 89. 9 92.2 88.1 88.2 82.6 3 12 10 9 12 8 8 11.1 14.8 10.1 7.8 11.9 11.8 17.4 27 81 99 115 101 68 46 41.6 48.6 49.8 60.7 50.5 54.3 55 8 2 0.4 19 4.0 299 63.0 165 32.6 475 100.0 88.5 62 11.5 637 50.6 2 2 100.0 2 60 1 5 1 5 16.7 71.4 5 2 3 2 1 83.3 28.6 100.0 60.0 50.0 6 7 3 4 2 60 2 1 2 1 60.0 60.0 60 60.0 11 100.0 11 100.0 45.8 13 54.2 24 60.0 3 14 36 39 21 15 6 4 10 28 37 25 25 8 4 6 27 27 33 37 26 i' 1 4 5 7 15 21 72 170 151 113 99 57 68.4 72.8 77.6 83.5 81.4 86.1 83.8 36 99 219 181 139 115 68 21.7 1 5 1 4 3 7 1.0 2.3 .5 2.8 2.6 10.3 19.2 22.5 26.3 29.9 33.7 44.2 134 19.0 137 20.1 160 23.4 33 4.8 683 100.0 79.7 21 2.5 857 27.6 4 22 102 111 123 66 26 5 19 62 92 88 67 18 5 16 41 77 98 77 57 5' 3 9 10 6 30 165 453 556 558 322 143 41.1 41.8 51.8 5S.9 66.6 69.4 77.7 73 395 874 944 838 464 184 20.2 17.9 1 10 12 8 5 .1 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.7 19.7 21.4 24.0 26.8 30.9 444 19.9 351 15.8 3?1 16.7 33 1.5 2,227 100.0 59.0 36 1.0 3,772 22.8 1 7 19 25 43 29 14 1 6 6 21 31 16 14 9 29 110 179 209 170 86 28.1 26.6 33.3 38.8 49.5 54.3 61.4 32 109 330 462 422 313 140 16.6 2 8 16 18 22 9 1 2 1 4 1 20.9 1 1 1 .3 .2 .2 14.8 17.1 18.5 19.6 19.6 138 17.4 95 12.0 75 9.5 9 1.1 792 100.0 43.8 3 .2 1,808 18.1 214 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. EESULTS OP INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by , fol- lowing per cent of wages: Sand under. 6 to ■ 11. 81. Other Injuries of leg or foot: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years 379 1,494 2,691 2,665 2,094 1,229 530 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 11,082 82. Injuries of both legs: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Loss of toes: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 84. Injuries of toes: Under 16 years.. 16 to 20 years.... 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years... Total .. '. Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Loss of or injury to legs and feet, including toes (titles 76 to 84): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 22 91 146 124 99 67 32 581 72 335 736 657 433 219 83 2,535 557 2,267 4,277 4,151 3,139 1,807 740 16,938 87.1 86.2 82.8 77.9 73.5 69.4 64.8 17 73 196 258 284 175 105 77.6 342 11.0 1,108 35.8 95.7 77.1 67.3 61.7 60.4 54.9 02.7 64.1 10 3.5 57 20.0 30.0 33.3 36.2 30.2 36.7 9.6 20.0 30.9 10 6.9 50 34.7 91.1 92.5 86.2 84.1 77.2 72.8 71.6 83.0 *172 33.6 215 42.0 77.7 77.4 72.4 67.3 61.5 56.8 51.7 10 29 140 165 160 111 33 37 183 460 527 541 319 172 66.6 648 7.9 2,229 27.1 CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 215 Accidents resulting in- Average Permanent disability. Death. amount of pension Total. perma- Compensated by following per cent of waees: nently disabled Per cent Per cent in per Total. of all accidents. Number. of all accidents. cent of wages. 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. 7 5 8 2 64 12.4 2 .5 435 19.9 32 25 31 228 13.2 11 .6 1,733 18.2 82 46 41 6 540 16.6 18 .6 3,249 16.1 lU 53 55 4 729 21.3 26 .8 3,420 15.6 110 04 56 3 745 26.2 9 .3 2,848 15.5 81 45 44 2 525 29.6 17 1.0 1,771 16.3 63 32 23 7 278 34.0 10 1.2 818 18.8 476 270 264 24 3,099 21.7 93 .7 14,274 16.3 15.4 8.7 8.5 0.8 100.0 1 21 4.3 17.8 23 118 10 3 3 4 3 6 5.1 29.0 6 10 9 8 67 30.9 4 1.8 217 25.8 12 5 11 70 34.8 7 3.5 201 23.2 7 12 12 5 61 37.2 4 2.4 164 26.8 8 6 14 3 49 49.2 6 4.9 122 28.3 1 5 1 4 16 31.4 3 5.9 51 33.8 : 36 41 51 29 285 31.8 30 3.4 896 ,26.4 12.6 14.4 17.9 10.2 100.0 1 5 4 7 3 3 3 4 3 6 3 4 7 22 37 37 19 18 70.0 66.7 63.8 69.8 63.3 85.7 10 33 68 53 30 21 22.7 3 2 2 1 1 i 19.6 13.1 17.4 16.9 1 4.8 23.9 1 1 4 80.0 6 21.0 24 23 10 2 144 68.6 1 .6 210 17.7 16.7 16.0 6.9 1.4 100.0 1 2 6 7 27 117 8.9 7.5 13.7 79 362 864 11.4 1 4 9.6 1 1 .1 9.3 9 4 122 16.6 2 .3 781 10.9 6 7 3 125 22.3 3 .5 661 10.0 4 4 2 3 81 33 26.9 28.4 1 .3 301 116 8.3 10.9 ... . . « . 32 23 8 612 16.8 7 .2 3,054 9.9 6.2 4.5 1.6 100.0 17 20 38 5 155 21.6 5 .7 717 23.6 85 75 110 19 633 21.6 30 1.0 2,930 21.7 256 161 192 43 1,584 26.8 46 .8 5,906 19.5 314 221 266 57 1,957 31.8 55 .9 6,163 20.3 313 236 275 62 1,919 37.6 47 .9 5,105 20.8 196 166 221 63 1,326 41.7 48 1.5 3,181 22.4 105 80 136 59 656 45.9 34 2.4 1,430 25.9 1,286 959 1,238 298 8,230 32.4 264 1.0 25,432 21.-2 15.6 11.7 15.0 3.6 100.0 46598°— 10 15 216 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RESULTS or INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATEB Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by tol- 3ent of 5 and under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 86. Loss of or injury to arm and leg in various combinations: Under 16 years 9 38 115 90 67 42 10 66.3 59.4 73.3 68.2 62.6 67.5 32.3 2 1 1 4' 1 5 12 9 4 4 4 1 3 8 4 11 4 1 41 to 50 years , Over 60 years Total 371 64.0 8 4.0 39 19.7 32 16.2 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 87. Loss of one eye: 6 34 46 51 41 44 8 1 2. 1 2 1 31 to 40 years Over 60 years Total . . 1 0.1 6 0.3 230 13.4 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 88. Loss of one eye accompanied by injury of the other: Under 16 years 31 to 40 years " Total . .. (per cent of total) 89. Loss of both eyes: 16to20years ^ Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 90. Injury of one eye: 41 166 344 285 195 121 43 5&.4 43.5 43.2 38.3 32.8 27.0 24.0 vi 46 31 23 19 4 13 97 193 211 184 123 42 15 77 166 162 144 140 51 16to20years 21 to 30 years 41 to 50 years . Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 1,185 37.1 135 6.7 863 43.0 755 37.6 CHAPTER I. WOEKMEN S INSUBAKCE IN AUSTRIA, IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. 217 Accidents resulting n — Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. CO. wages. 1 6 4 7 9 3 6 4 2 3 6 3' 1 7 24 41 40 38 27 21 43.7 37.5 26.1 30.3 35.5 37.0 67.7 16 64 167 132 107 73 31 4 5 7 5 9 2 4 7 6 8 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 3.1 .6 1.5 1.9 6.5 29.1 22.4 28.8 26.0 27.4 26 32 16.1 32 16.2 36 18.2 19 9.6 198 100.0 34.1 11 1.9 680 27.0 41 131 280 214 216 182 127 3 20 43 30 30 38 38 60 194 380 316 300 283 195 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 60 194 380 316 300 283 196 20 9 5 6 14 7 10 15 4 2 6 5 8 7 21 9 22 9 22.7 23.7 26.4 1,190 69.3 202 11.7 67 3.3 32 1.9 1,718 100.0 100.0 1,718 23.1 6 14 12 5 6 6 1 3 20 14 16 14 14 1 12 60 41 36 44 44 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 12 50 41 36 44 44 36.0 2 7 13 8 20 22 1 9 2 7 4 3 33 4 36.8 34 9 40.0 39.8 39.2 <8 21.0 82 36.0 72 31.6 26 11.4 228 100.0 100.0 228 38.0 3 8 11 13 8 8 3 8 11 13 8 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 8 U 13 8 8 00.0 60 60.0 60 00.0 60.0 61 100.0 51 100.0 100.0 51 00.0 28 203 463 469 400 327 136 40.6 56.6 66.8 61.7 67.2 73.0 69 359 797 744 595 448 179 12.1 15 42 40 37 32 19 2 6 9 6 8 13 11.5 11.6 6 6 5 6 i' 12.0 12.5 13.2 76.0 16.4 185 9.4 44 2.2 23 1.1 1 2,006 100.0 62.9 3,191 12.5 o Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 218 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB QF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJUBIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by lol- lowering per cent of Sand under. 6 to 11 12 to 19. 91. Injury of both eyes: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 92. All injuries of eyes (titles 87 to 91): Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 93. Injury of the bead: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 94. Injury of shoulder, including those accompanied by injury of arm: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 95. Fractures of collarbone, including those accompanied by injury of arm: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years . Over 60 years Total , Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 42 161 357 302 207 124 -47 1,240 59 188 371 159 75 1,443 16 55 124 148 175 116 56 19 55 102 89 63 28 13 20.0 26.3 26.0 28.8 28.6 10.3 20.0 24.6- 33.6 27.4 27.8 25.8 21.0 15.3 10.5 22.9 57.3 56.6 46.3 42.6 34.5 38.7 37.5 42.9 76.2 71.4 63.6 52.7 47.5 32.0 45.6 95.0 73.3 69.3 49.7 42.9 28.0 26.5 9.7 4.7 144 3.4 87 7.3 4.8 13 3.5 30 13 100 199 220 195 127 45 23 114 223 221 190 190 62 21.6 1,023 24.5 7 32 102 99 92 51 18 401 33.7 250 21.0 252 30.8 183 22.3 151 40.6 23.1 CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continuad. 219 Accidents resulting m— Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29. 30 to 39 40 to 50. 60. wages. 1 1 2 7 2 3 1 2' 1 1 1 4 14 37 41 30 26 16 80.0 73.7 74.0 69.5 71.4 89.7 80.0 5 19 50 59 42 29 20 18.8 3 8 11 6 8 4 2 9 5 5 5 4 20 2 1 1.7 25.2 19 7 24 5 40 23.8 30 17.9 17 10.1 6 ■3.0 168 100.0 75.0 1 .4 224 22.3 41 155 344 277 263 228 155 4 27 78 58 57 65 69 1 8 15 40 23 38 44 8' 19 21 26 21 20 83 426 928 868 779 688 399 66.4 72.6 72.2 74.1 79.0 84.7 89.5 125 587 1,285 1,171 986 812 446 18.0 17.7 17.9 1 .1 18.3 18 8 20.2 25.0 1,463 35.1 358 8.6 169 4.0 115 2.8 4,171 100.0 77.1 1 (») 5,412 • 19.2 3 14 37 47 39 25 13 4 3 22 32 32 15 11 2 5 20 25 24 13 5 1 4 9 14 15 9 8 23 80 207 301 294 147 77 22.3 24.1 33.3 36.3 42.7 35.8 38.5 21 64 163 175 157 105 48 20.4 19.3 20.4 21.1 22.8 25.5 24.0 103 332 801 829 689 411 200 20.5 16.8 17.1 19.1 19.3 19.6 22.9 178 15.0 119 10.0 94 7.9 60 5.1 1,189 100.0 35.3 733 21.8 3,365 18.9 2 ii' 23 41 49 47 2 1 7 13 21 31 24 1 4 3 8 8 20 23 i' 3' 1 5 22 70 132 192 245 153 23.8 28.6 35.9 47.0 52.2 67.5 73.2 21 77 195 281 368 363 209 30.0 15.6 1 1 1 2 .5 .3 .3 .5 15.6 16.1 16.5 18.7 22.1 174 21.2 99 12.1 67 8.2 5 0.6 819 100.0 54.1 5 .3 1,514 18.1 1 20 70 90 84 72 35 5.0 26.7 40.7 50.3 57.1 72.0 71.4 20 75 172 179 147 100 49 15.0 5' 15 15 15 12 2 5 1 8 10 4 1 2 3 6 5 9 i' 1 2' 13.4 12.3 13.3 16.8 18.8 1 2.1 27.9 62 16.6 ■ 30 8.1 26 7.0 4 1.1 372 100.0 50.2 1 .1 742 16.4 o Less tban one-tenth of 1 per cen t. 220 BEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. EESULTS OF INJURIES FEOM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED Result of injury and age group. Accidents resulting in — Temporary disa- bility. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Permanent disability. Compensated by fol- lowing per cent of Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. Fractures of ribs: Under 16 years... 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 60 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years .... 4 20 67 183 266 191 75 100.0 71.4 55.8 59.4 61.4 52.6 47.2 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 97. Injuries of trunk: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years 57.0 184 40.0 22 153 475 645 601 425 197 62.9 65.4 58.2 61.1 67.0 55.0 60.8 3 19 94 111 123 84 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Injuries of testicles: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years " 2,518 57.8 86 5.7 473 31.5 100.0 94.1 71.3 58.2 56.7 53.9 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Ruptures: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years 62.1 45 67.0 75.0 23.3 17.0 11.0 12.4 8.5 4.7 1 16 71 124 109 62 27 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) 100. Injuries of several parts of the body: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years .■ Over 60 years 12.5 6 1.2 410 78.8 78 260 572 666 453 330 111 67.8 01.9 57.4 61.7 47.4 50.1 35.0 101 Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) Internal injuries: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to .30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 61 to 60 years Over 60 years 52.0 51 3.4 312 20.7 Total , Distribution of accidents causine nermanent dlsabilitv 42 92 20.0 271 18.0 13 10.4 287 19.0 CHAPTER I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 221 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Continued. Accidents resulting ia — Total. Average amount of pension to worker Permanent disability. Deatli. Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per 20 to 29. 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. cent of wages. 4 28 120 308 433 363 159 3 27 94 131 139. 66 10.7 22.6 30.6 30.3 38.3 41.5 5 26 31 36 33 18 17.9 21.7 10.1 8.3 9.1 11.3 7.0 1 10 23 20 14 4 8 6 12 9 5 6 11 11 5 3' 4 3 2 21.0 16.9 16.7 16.6 20.1 68 14.8 39 8.5 38 8.2 12 2.6 480 100.0 32.5 149 10.5 1,415 17.3 1 9 37 45 46 44 40 4 10 39 38 45 34 27 1 14 20 37 42 34 26 i' 15 19 18 19 8 13 65 270 336 366 291 171 37.1 27.8 33.1 31.8 33.8 37.7 44.1 35 234 816 1,056 1,054 772 388 21.9 16 71 75 97 56 20 6.8 8.7 7.1 9.2 7.3 5.1 22.8 19.8 20.2 20.5 21.6 24.4 222 14.8 197 13.1 174 11.6 80 5.3 1,502 100.0 34.5 335 7.7 4,365 21.1 1 17 80 65 61 26 6 1 4 3 4 1 5.9 5.0 6.4 6.6 3.8 3 i' 1 1 i 2 1 19 20 23 11 6 23.7 36.4 37.7 42.3 100.0 10.8 i' 1 16.3 11.6 14.3 12.8 6 7.6 8 10.1 1 1.3 1 1.3 79 100.0 32.1 13 5.3 246 13.1 1 23 83 148 145 83 37 25.0 76.7 83.0 85.5 86.3 88.3 86.0 ' 4 30 100 173 170 94 43 10.0 7 4 12 16 2 2 10.7 1 3 4 1 1 8.3 1 1 6 4 3 4 3.5 2.3 3.2 9.3 8.8 9.7 8.7 1 1 11.4 43 8.3 10 1.9 1 0.2 3 0.6 620 100.0 84.7 17 2.8 614 9.2 3 23 47 59 65 45 26 2 13 36 43 45 32 24 1 13 33 70 60 37 33 8' 23 38 31 21 20 14 99 278 356 376 235 149 12.2 23.6 27.9 33.1 39.4 35.6 47.0 23 61 146 163 126 94 57 20.0 14.5 14.7 15.2 13.2 14.3 18.0 115 420 996 1,075 955 659 317 17.6 24.1 23.4 27.0 24.9 25.4 30.8 268 17.8 195 12.9 253 16.8 141 9.4 1,607 100.0 33.2 670 14.8 4,537 26.7 1 3 8 10 10 4 1 1 9 56 53 61 36 16 6.7 9.7 21.8 18.5 21.8 22.5 25.4 9 61 153 190 178 101 41 CO.O 65.6 69.5 66.2 63.6 63.1 65.1 15 93 257 287 280 160 63 20.0 11.9 6 10 15 4 3 . 13 8 8 6 3 5 7 8 7 5 26.6 28.3 28.4 29.6 37.6 37 16.0 38 16.4 38 16.4 32 13.8 232 100.0 20.1 733 63.6 1,156 28.1 =^^=:= 222 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RESULTS OF INJURIES FROM ACCIDENTS, COMPENSATED- Accidents resulting in- Temporary disa- bility. Permanent disability. Result of injury and age group. Number. Per cent of all acci- dents. Compensated lowing per wages: by tol- cent of Sand under. 6 to 11. 12 to 19. 102. Concussion of the brain: Under 16 years... 12 19 42 40 23 17 9 80.0 42.2 40.8 30.8 28.0 21.8 18.4 16 to 20 years ; i' 3 8 7 6 3 1 5 9 n 8 5 1 21 to 30 years. ... 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years . 61to60years Over 60 years Total 162 32.3 1 0.5 28 15.0 39 21.0 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent oT total) 103. Miscellaneous (stroke, hemorrhage, blood poisoning, sunstroke, etc.): 16 to 20 years 8 10 21 12 12 4 23.5 11.4 13.0 10.7 15.2 8.5 1 2 1 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 8 6 4 4 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years , 51 to 60 years Total 67 12.7 4 2.2 17 9.3 26 14.1 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability (per cent of total) . . . 104. Traumatic neurosis following injuries: Under 16 years . 1 1 4 9 2 2 1 16.7 8.3 15.0 4.3 6.3 10.0 21 to 30 years . . i' 4 3 4 1 5 8 4 3 1 19 9.3 1 0.6 12 6.9 22 12.7 Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 105. Suflooation: 21 to 30 years 41 to 50 years Over 60 years Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability 103. Drowning: Under 16 years 16 to 20 years 21 to 30 years 31 to 40 years 41 to 50 years 51 to 60 years Over 60 years : Total Distribution of accidents causing permanent disability CHAPTER I. WOBKMEN S INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 223 IN THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1901, BY AGE GROUPS— Concluded. Accidents resulting in- Total. Permanent disability. Death. Average amount of pension Compensated by following per cent of wages: Total. Per cent of all accidents. Number. Per cent of all accidents. perma- nently disabled in per cent of 20 to 29 30 to 39. 40 to 50. 60. wages. 3' 1 G 7 6 2 1 3" 9 6 4 1 1 13 38 51 33 33 17 6.7 28.9 36.9 39.2 40.3 42.3 34.7 2 13 23 39 26 28 23 13.3 28.9 22.3 30.0 31.7 35.9 46.9 15 45 103 130 82 78 49 1 5 8 2 9 7 1 2 10 5 6 4 20.8 • 22.6 .31.3 26.5 34.1 37.4 35 18.8 23 12.4 32 17.2 28 15.1 186 100.0 37.0 154 30.7 502 28.9 3' 4 16 3 4 3 1 8" 8 10 8 5 i' 8 6 7 4 2 1 6 12 8 4 5 2 7 36 64 39 27 19 40.0 20.6 40.9 33.3 34.8 34.2. 40.4 3 19 42 87 61 40 24 CO.O 55.9 47.7 53.7 64.5 50.6 51.1 5 34 88 162 112 79 47 <5.0 19.4 32.1 32.0 32.6 30.8 34.8 33 17.9 21.8 28 15.2 3G 19.5 184 100.0 34.9 276 62.4 527 31.9 1 2 10 5 G 2 5 43 47 43 25 8 100.0 83.3 89.6 78.3 93.5 78.1 80.0 2 6 48 eo 46 32 10 17.5 1 7 8 10 4 3 1 9 15 8 8 1 1 8 7 11 9 3 34.0 1 4 1 5 1 2.1 6.7 2.2 15.6 10.0 34.3 33.9 35.6 44.1 42.6 24 13.9 33 19.1 42 24.3 39 22.5 173 100.0 84.8 12 5.9 204 30.1 3 22 57 62 52 24 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 219 100.0 15 36 49 36 20 10 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 166 100.0 224 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OFLABOB. The conspicuous feature of this table is the detailed analysis of cases of injury of the arms and the hands, 75 out of the 106 titles used here in classifying injuries being devoted to injuries of these parts. These injuries cause by far the greatest part of the expense of com- pensation for physical injuries, and the space given to their study properly indicates their importance. As shown in title 11 all inju- ries to an arm, whether right or left (but not including injuries- to both arms at the same time), numbered 6,563, of which 40 resulted in death, 3,486 in temporary disability, and 3,037 in permanent disa- bility, the proportion being 0.6 per cent fatal, 53.1 per cent tempo- rary disability, and 46.3 per cent permanent disability. Of the cases resulting in permanent disability 26.6 per cent were compen- sated with 6 to 11 per cent of the earnings of the injured person, 21 per cent of the cases received 40 to 50 per cent of the earnings, 19.5 per cent from 12 to 19 per cent of the earnings, and 14.7 per cent 20 to 29 per cent of the earnings. The average amount of the pension to a workman thus permanently disabled was 23.1 per cent of his earnings. The age grouping shows that in the higher ages the injuries tend to result in permanent disability. The totals for injuries to the left arm and the right arm, as given in titles 9 and 10, show that injuries to the right arm are more frequent than to the left arm and that the average pension for permanent disability tends to be higher for the right arm, though not in the degree that might be expected. The highest average pensions are paid for the loss or total disability of the arm, the pension in percentage of earnings being 50.4 for the right arm and 48.1 for the left arm. The injuries to the hand are summarized in title 21. The total number of injuries to the hands compensated in the five-year period ending 1901 was 6,055; those causing temporary disability were 68.7 per cent of this number, those causing permanent disability were 30.8 per cent, and those resulting in death were 0.5 per cent. Of the cases resulting in permanent disability 28.9 were compensated with pensions ranging from 6 to 11 per cent of the injured persons' earnings, 21.2 per cent of the cases received 40 to 50 per cent of the earnings, while the average pension for all cases was 23.0 per cent of the injured persons' earnings. The age grouping shows that the pensions for the persons under 20 and for those over 50 tended to be higher than the average. The highest average pensions were paid for the loss or the total disability of the right hand, for which the average pension was 51.9 per cent of the wages; and for the loss or total disability of the left hand the compensation averaged 46.7 per cent of the earnings. Disability caused by the loss or total disability of fingers is the most frequent form of accidental injury met with in modern indus- trial life. The loss of earning power caused by such injuries is indi- CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 225 right hand, for instance, was compensated with pensions which aver- aged 19.5 per cent of the injured persons' earnings, or practically one-third of the pension for total loss of earning power, while the same injury to the left thumb (title 22) was compensated with pen- sions averaging 15.7 per cent of the earnings, or .slightly more than one-fourth of the pension provided for cases of total disability. The loss of the index finger (titles 24 and 25) is compensated with approximately one-sixth of the pension for total disability; practi- cally the same compensation is given in cases of injury due to stiff- ness of the first joint of the index finger (titles 48 and 49), the middle finger (titles 50 and 51), and the ring finger (titles 52 and 53). The title which summarizes all injuries to the hand, number 74, and which includes 31,203 cases, shows that the average pension amounted to 13.9 per cent of the earnings of the injured person; for the fingers of the left hand the average pension was 13.0 per cent, and for the fingers of the right hand 14.7 per cent. The injuries to the legs, while less numerous than the injuries to the fingers, naturally result in serious loss of earning power. The loss of one leg is compensated by pensions averaging 50.6 per cent of the injured persons' earnings. Fractures of the upper and lower leg which resulted in permanent disability were compensated with pen- sions averaging 27.6 per cent of the earnings for fractures of the upper leg and 22.8 per cent of the earnings for fractures of the lower leg. In the summary of all injuries to the legs or feet given in title 85, including 25,432 cases, the average pension granted was 21.2 per cent of the injured persons' earnings. Injuries to the eyes (title 92), numbering 5,412 cases, were com- pensated with pensions averaging 19.2 per cent of the injured per- sons' earnings. Of the remaining classes of injuries shown in the preceding table the largest number of cases, 4,537, are reported under the caption "injuries to several parts of the body" (title 100), in which several injuries occurring at the same time are included. The injuries desig- nated under "injuries to trunk" (title 97) number 4,355, and the average pension paid for permanent disability was 21.1 per cent of the injured persons' earnings. Title 93, injuries of the head, includes 3,365 cases, for which the average pension for permanent disability amounted to 18.9 per cent of the injured persons' earnings. SICKNESS INSURANCE. PBSSENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE. In its general aspects the problem of sickness insurance in Austria differs in no way from that in other countries. The purpose of the insurance is to provide means for restoring the earning capacity of the worker and during the period of disability to protect him from 226 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE 01" LABOB. the economic distress resulting from such loss of earning power. Aa a measure of practical convenience, temporary disability for a period of four weeks, when caused by accident, is included within the sick- ness insurance. While sickness or other temporary disability may be due to causes other than industrial, the policy of making compulsory insurance against sickness a feature of the industrial organization of a country is now regarded in Austria as the only practicable solution of the problem. Although the causes of sickness arise in part from the physical and mental constitution of the individual workman and in part from general living conditions, both causes are strongly influ- enced by occupations, by influences connected with occupations, and in particular by the general standard of life of the individual as fixed by his occupation and the income derived therefrom. The economic situation of the worker has, of course, considerable influence in either counteracting or increasing the possibilities of sickness due to the mental and physical constitution of the individual. An industrial population with earnings which permit of little or no leeway in their standard of hfe is in consequence unable to take measures for pro- tection against causes tending to produce ill health. It is well known that an industry providing its workmen with earnings sufficient only for a restricted standard of life will most probably be accompanied by a high sickness rate. Usually industrial plants are located in regions where the advantages from the point of view of economy in production have been the determining factor in selecting the loca- tion; it frequently happens that the housing accommodations of such industrial districts are inadequate to supply the demand, and the resulting crowding has considerable influence on the sickness rate of the workers. Besides this general aspect of the connection between sickness insurance and industrial life there is usually a direct relation between the occupations and the sickness rates of the workers; few, if any, occupations increase the worker's power of resistance to sickness, and most occupations have the opposite effect. Industrial occupa- tions frequently cause strains on certain muscles or parts of the body, require the worker to remain in places and to exert himself at times when no consideration of the special needs of the individual can be considered; in connection with some occupations certain special dangers arise which are due entirely to coiiditions prevailing in the industry or in its processes. Among these detrimental influences may be mentioned the creation of dust, deterioration of the atmos- phere by gases and odors, work with poisonous materials, working in extremes of heat or cold, sudden changes of temperature, etc. None of the causes of sickness due to the mental and physical peculiarities nf the individual worker furnishes a reason for ■nlacinc the burden of CHAPTER I, WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN. AXJSIELA. 227 the sickness insurance on other classes of the population, but the reasons above stated have been regarded by the Austrian Gov- ernment as sufficient grounds for instituting a system of insurance in which the cost is defrayed jointly by the employer and the insured workman. The practical advantage of collecting the work- man's share of the cost of the insurance at the source of his income, namely, from his employer, adds greatly to the efficiency of such a system. INDUSTRIES INCLUDED. Sickness and accident insurance in Austria are closely united by the provision of article 1 of the sick insurance law stating that the persons subject to the compulsory accident insurance are also subject to the compulsory sickness insurance. The industries included in the insurance are: (1) The factory and smelting industries, mining, shipyards, quar- ries, establishments using or manufacturing explosives, and all classes of establishments in which power is used. (2) Building trades and operations connected therewith. (3) Establishments subject to the provisions of the industrial code, as well as other business undertakings {sonstige gewerbsmdssig ietrie- benen TJntemehmung) . (4) Railway and other transportation and inland navigation. The preceding list does not include the house or house-working industries or agriculture and forestry; as explained below, any es- tablishment in these industries may be included in the insurance if the employer and his employees so desire. The framers of the sick insurance law evidently expected that the various Provinces of the Empire would enact laws instituting a state system of sick insurance for workers in agriculture and forestry, but the right of voluntary insurance under the existing system seems to have satisfied the demand for sickness insurance of workers in these industries. The group of industries designated under (3) above which are subject to the compulsory sickness insurance, because they are included under the provisions of the industrial code, comprises a great variety of establishments; expressed in general terms the industrial code regulates all enterprises carried on as a business, which are engaged in the production, working up, or transform- ing of articles of commerce, enterprises engaged in commerce, or enterprises for the rendering of services (messenger service, etc.). Under the term? "other business undertakings" are included such establishments as pharmacies, pawnshops, notaries' offices, private educational and training institutions, private post-offices, tobacco shops, stores of cooperative societies even if not conducted for profit, savings and credit banks, insurance companies, theaters, etc. This list is made from the decisions of the courts, and in each case it was 22S BEPOEI OP IHE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE, ruled that the distinguishing characteristic consisted of the under- taking being "conducted as a business" (gewerismdssig letriehen). One ruling of the courts calls attention to the fact that the law does not speak of "industrial" establishments as being the subject of the sickness insurance, the basis for deciding being whether an establish- ment is an enterprise regularly carried on, with some permanency of operations, making use of labor, and conducted for the purpose of profit or gain. The law specifically excludes from the insurance the workers in a number of employments, but as the exclusion is based partly on the status of the workers, the list of such workers is given on page 229. The right of voluntary insurance of those engaged in agricultxire, forestry, and the houseworking industries has already been mentioned. PERSONS INSURED. The classes of persons subject to the compulsory sickness insurance are workmen and administrative ofluicials {Arheiter und Betriebsbe- amte) . This includes apprentices, voluntary workers ( Voluntdre) , and other persons who receive either no wages or only partial wages because of their unfinished period of training. The term ' ' workman " presumes that an individual has voluntarily placed his services at the disposal of an employer, and enters into a relation of employer and employee, in return for which the workman receives a wage or other definite compensation. The courts have ruled that the com- pensation must be of the nature of a salary or wage payment. If it is a share of the profits, the relation of employer and workman is not established. In the case of employees compensated entirely by commissions, such, for instance, as an agent for a commercial undertaking who receives no regular wage or salary, but solely a payment in proportion to the amount of business transacted, there is no ground for including the employee in the compulsory sickness insurance; on the other hand, if such an employee receives a fixed minimum rate of compensation he is subject to the insurance com- pulsion. The law also includes a member of a family working, for instance, for a parent or a husband, the essential point being the rela- tion of an employer and employee, and the fact that the remuneraition is paid in the form of board and lodging does not alter such a relation. As an indication of whether such a relation exists, the courts have ascertained whether a wage-earner would have been employed if the member of the family had not performed the work. ' All workmen are subject to the compulsory insurance, regardless of the amount of their earnings ; administrative officials of an establish- ment, on the other hand, are included in the compulsory insurance if their annual earnings are less than 2,400 crowns ($487.20). In case the amount is greater, thev may insure themselves vol\intariIv, and, CHAPTEE I. — WOEKMEn's INSUBAKOE IN AUSTRIA, 229 like other persons so insured, must themselves pay the entire amount of the dues. The persons excluded from the insurance are the following: (a) Persons engaged in slight repairs to buildings, who are not employed by a firm of builders; (b) persons engaged in the construction of cer- tain buildings in rural districts, provided that such building work is not carried on as a regular business; (c) persons employed on vessels sailing the high seas, if such vessel is subject to the navigation code, or persons engaged in fishing on the high seas; (d) persons engaged in government establishments (imperial, state, district, or communal, or in a public institution), provided that they receive a fixed salary; (e) workmen and administrative officials of establish- ments engaged in agriculture and forestry (the status of such employees in case of disability caused by accident is explained on pages 36 and 37) ; (f) persons engaged in industrial operations, the work of which they perform at home, usually designated as workers in the home or house industries. The government officials of each district are authorized to exempt from the insurance the following classes of persons, if the latter agree thereto : (a) In accordance with the provisions of the industrial code, apprentices who are entitled to board, medical attention, and medi- cine for at least 20 weeks from the guild of the industry; (b) those persons who are entitled in case of illness to board, medical treatment, and medicine in the family of the employer for a period of 20 weeks or to the continuance of full salary or wages for the same period. The following classes of persons are permitted to insure themselves under the provisions of the sick insurance law if both the employer and employee agree thereto : (1 ) Persons employed as home workers or house workers; (2) persons employed in establishments engaged in agriculture or forestry. The last-named establishments are required, in case they are included under the accident-insurance law, to make provision for cases of temporary disability during the first four weeks of such dis- abihty, besides providing the benefits of the accident-insurance law at the conclusion of the four weeks. CHAEACTER OF DISABILITY COMPENSATED. The sickness insurance funds must provide benefits, first, for cases of sickness causing disability for more than three days; and, second, for cases of accidental injury during the first four weeks of disabiUty, if the accident is one which is entitled to compensation under the accident-insurance law. The sickness or accidental injury, for the time being, must cause disability to the extent that the claimant is unable to earn his living. The decision in the case is left to the physician in the service of the fund. The cause of the sickness has 230 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, no influence on the right of the disabled person to draw benefits, though the restrictions of the accident-insurance law (see article 6a of the law) apply in cases of disability due to accidents. For female members benefits must be paid for at least four weeks after childbirth. If the disability results in death, a burial benefit must be paid. The sickness insurance system therefore applies to cases of sickness, cases of accidental injury (for four weeks), cases of normal childbirth, and cases of death due to any of these. The exact definition of the term "sickness" has been the subject of many decisions of the various bodies which settle controversies. One point which is always insisted upon is that sickness is not invalidity. In cases such as advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, the insured person is sick only during the periods when the evidences of sickness (hemorrhage, coughing of blood, etc.) are present to the extent that a physician's services are necessary, and with the disappearance of such symptoms the "sickness" ceases, even though the sick person has not recovered and obviously can never do so. This distinction is necessary in order to avoid placing upon the sickness insurance the burdens of insurance against invalidity and against the weakness of old age. BENEFITS. The benefits provided by a sick fund must not be less than the following : 1. From the beginning of the sickness, free medical treatment as well as free medicines, and therapeutical appliances (eyeglasses, crutches, etc.). Medical treatment includes lying-in treatment. 2. In case the sickness lasts more than three days and the sick person is unable to work, then he shall be paid for each day, fromthe date of beginning of the sickness, a sick benefit equal in amount to 60 per cent of the current rate of wages for ordinary day labor in that district. The sick benefit is to be paid for a period of 20 weeks, at the end of each week, during the continuance of the disability. In cases of normal childbirth, the sick benefit is to be paid for at least four weeks after delivery. 3. In case of death the heirs shall be paid a funeral benefit of not less than 20 times the rate of wages for ordinary day labor mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The benefit is paid if the death occurs after the 20 weeks, provided that the sick person has retained his membership in the sick fund by continuing the payment of dues. If the disability is caused by an accident covered by the accident- insurance laws, the funeral benefits may be claimed both from the sick fund and from the accident-insurance institution. The rate of wages for ordinary workmen included in the insurance is determined by the officials of the district where the fund is located. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 231 Before a decision is reached, testimony on this point must be taken from the' trustees of the sick funds. The ratings must be revised from time to time, and must consist of the following classes: 1. Males — - (a) adults, (b) young persons. (") 2. Females— (a) adults, (b) young- persons. (°) The ratings for apprentices, learners, etc., are the same as for young persons. In case there is a wide variation in the rates of wages, the officials of the district are authorized to use classes or groups of wages. The intention of the law is to establish an average wage received by the insured persons in each district. Instead of the free medical treatment, free medicines, and sick benefit the sick person may receive free treatment and support in a- hospital at the expense of the sick fund ; this benefit may be granted in the following cases : 1. With the consent of the sick person, if the latter is living with wife (or husband) or with other member of family in a household or otherwise receiving home care; without the consent of the sick per- son, when the nature of the sickness requires special treatment. 2. In other cases, regardless of whether the insured person con- sents thereto. If the workman placed in a hospital has dependents whose support was derived entirely from him, the sick fund must provide the depend- ents with at least half of the usual sick benefit. Article 9 of the law authorizes the sick funds to increase the amount of the sick benefits above the minimum limits prescribed and this authorization includes the payment of sick benefits to the wives and children of members. The sick funds are expressly prohibited from engaging in invalidity insurance or the insurance of widows and orphans. The following are the maximum benefits which, the sick funds are permitted to pay : If the fund uses as a basis for computing the sick benefit an average rate of wages different from that already described, then such wage rate must not be lower than the official rate, and may not be liigher than 4 crowns (81 cents) per working day; the sick benefit may not exceed 75 per cent of the wage rate used as a basis for computation; the time for which benefits are paid may not exceed one year and the funeral benefit may not exceed 100 crowns ($20.30). All such increased benefits must be specified in the constitution of the fund, and the benefits may be changed by the regular procedure of amending the constitution, though such changes may not apply" to persons in receipt of benefits at the time the change goes into effect. The question of medical attention, always a difficult problem in. sick insurance, is still the cause of discussion between the physicians, "Young persons are those 16 years of age and under. 46598°— 10 16 232 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIOETER OP LABOB, the members of the sick funds, and the executive officials of the sick funds. The workmen and the physicians have advocated the free choice of physicians on the part of the sick persons, but as yet the funds have insisted on retaining the system of fund physicians, by which the fund has a corps of physicians, to any one of whom the sick person may apply for treatment. The fund makes a contract with the physicians for the treatment of any member who may apply to them ; the compensation of the physician is in the form of a fixed salary, or in the form of a salary varying with the membership of the fund, though occasionally in the form of a fee for services in each individual case. Such contracts ^-ith physicians can usually be obtained on favorable terms, except in rural districts where the scarcity of medical practitioners often leads to the system of pay- ment by other methods. A similar plan of securing discounts from apothecaries by making contracts in advance is in force in most localities. The amendment of April 4, 1889, to the sick insurance law pro- vides that the members of the various sick funds who are unable to pay dues because they are out of employment, retain their member- ship for a period of not less than six weeks, \nih. full rights to all the benefits just described. The same amendment also provides that the state officials may exempt from the compulsory insurance per- sons who in case of sickness are entitled to board and medical care in the family of the employer for at least twenty weeks or who receive their wages or salary during this period ; such exemptions are made only with the consent of the parties affected and only after an investigation of each case by state officials. DETERMINATION OF BENEFITS. The benefits begin with the first day of sickness for cases of sickness lasting more than three days. The amount of the benefit is based on the customary rates of daily wages for ordinary day labor in the area included in the jurisdiction of the sick fund. This rate of wages is determined by the government officials by agreement with the bodies which administer the sick funds, and in certain cases other bodies may be called in to give testimony. If this deliberation shows-that there is some difference in the rates paid for such labor, then the pohtical authorities are authorized to establish wage classes. The rates of benefits paid by the sick funds are not subject to change, and in cases where the existence of such a disability as to entitle the insured person to benefits is in controversy, the latter has the right to appeal from the decision of the medical officers of the fund. CHAPTEE I. workmen's INSUEANCE IN AUSTKIA. 233 SOTJBCES 0¥ INCOME. The means for the support of the various sick funds are procured by assessments levied in the form of a percentage of the wages of the insured persons. The latter pay two-thirds and the employers pay one-third of the rate fixed by the fund to which the workman belongs. The workman's share is deducted from his wages by the employer and transmitted by him to the fund together with his own' dues. The employer is not allowed to deduct any part of his share' of the dues from the wages of the workman. The share to be paid by the employers may be made higher than one-third if the em- ployers, meeting separately from the employees, propose such a measure, and if the employees, also in a separate meeting, accept the proposal. In each case there must be an absolute majority of those present at the meetings in favor of the proposal. According to article 26 of the sick insurance law, the maximum amount of dues which may be imposed on the insured persons in return for the minimum benefits of the law, is 3 per cent of the wages used as a basis for computing the benefits. To estabhsh this maxi- mum rate of dues, the employers and the insured persons must each meet separately and by a three-fourths vote of those present approve the proposal; a general meeting of the sick fund must then vote on the measure and approve it by a three-fourths vote of those present. The difficulties placed in the way of increasing the dues over the normal 3 per cent rate (2 per cent by the insured persons and 1 per cent by the employers) have resulted in securing a general acceptance of this rate among the sick funds. The system of contributions in use for members of the district sick funds shows the plan usually followed by the various types of the sick funds. Article 9 of the model constitution of a district sick fund provides that the dues of insured persons shall be 2 per cent of the rate of wages used for computing the sick benefits, and as the em- ployer pays dues equal in amount to one-half of the dues paid by the workmen, liis rate of dues is 1 per cent, though all rates of dues are subject to amendment by the general meeting of the fund. The dues of the workmen, as here suggested, contain no reference to age, the rate being a flat one for all members. While the flat rates are easier to compute and save some annoyance in the admin- istration of the fund, the Ministry of the Interior recommends that wherever possible the rates be arranged according to the age of the insured persons, and that either rates for groups of years or .for each year of age be adopted. The following table, computed for four age groups only, is one officially recommended for the district sick funds. 234 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. WEEKLY DUES FOR MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, BY AGE AT TIME OF ADMISSION TO FUND. [Source: Stoeger, Gesetze und Verordnungen uber die Arbeiterversicherung, 1908.] Weekly dues of members admitted at age of— Rate of daily wages used as the basis for computing benefits. 40 years and under. 41 to 50 years. 51 to 60 years. Over 60 years. Per cent of wages. Amount., Per cent of wages. Amount. Percent of wages. Amount. Per cent of wages. Amount. $0.12 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 ■ 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 80.016 .016 .018 .020 .020 .022 .022 .024 .026 .026 .028 .030 .030 .032 .032 .037 .039 .041 .043 .047 .049 .051 .053 .057 .059 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8. 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 $0,018 .020 .022 .024 .024 .026 .028 .030 .032 .032 .035 .037 .039 .041 .043 .045 .049 .053 .055 .069 .063 .065 .069 .073 .075 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2,2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 $0. 022 .024 .026 .028 .030 .032 .035 .037 .039 .041 .045 .047 .049 .051 .053 .057 .061 .065 .071 . . 075 .079 .083 .087 .093 .097 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2,7 2.7 2.7 2,7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 $0,022 .026 .030 .032 .14 .16... .18 .20 .22 . .039 .24 :26 045 .28 . 30- . . 051 .32 .35... 057 .37 .39. 063 .41 .45., 071 .49 .53 . 081 .57 087 .61. . 093 .65 .099 .69 .104 .73 .110 .77. . 116 .81 .122 This table is computed for the legal minimum of benefits, namely, 60 per cent of the daily wages as sick benefit and 20 times the daily wages as funeral benefit. Either the actual rate of wages may be used or an arbitrary rate may be decided upon, based on the customary rates of wages prevailing in the locality. The first column of the preceding table gives the rate of daily wages used in computing the sick benefit and funeral benefit, the second column gives the per cent of wages used in computing the dues, and the third column the amount of the dues when so computed. Thus, if the rate of daily wages of a member in the youngest age group be 4 crov/ns (81 cents), the weekly rate of wages will be 24 crowns ($4.87); the dues of the member earning this rate of wages are 1.2 per cent, making the amount of the weekly dues 29 hellers (5.9 cents). It will be noted that the percentage of the wages decreases with the higher rates of wages. This is due to the fact that the cost for medicine and for medical attendance remains constant for all members, and only the sick benefits and funeral benefits increase with the higher rates of wages. While his rate of wages continues the same the member remains in the age group to which he belonged at the time of entering the fund; if his wages are decreased after his age reaches that of a higher clasSj his rate of dues remains that of the age group to which he belonged at the time of joining the fund; but if his wages are increased after his age reaches that of a higher class, his dues must be revised to correspond CHAPTEB I. — WORKMEN. S- INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA, 235 both to his higher wage rate and higher- a^e-ckss. In such cases the following table must be used in computing the higher rates of dues: INCREASES IN DUES ON ACCOUNT OP INCREASE OF WAGES AND AGE, BY AGE PERIODS. [Source: Stoeger, GeseUe und Verordnungen uber die Arbeiterversichenmg, 1908.] Increase in daily wages of— Amount of increase in weekly dues when wages are in- creased at age of — 41 to 50 years. 51 to 60 years. Over 60 years. $0, 02 $0. 002 .004 .006 .006 .008 .010 .012 .014 .016 .016 .018 .020 .022 .024 .024 .026 . .028 .030 .032 .035 SO. 002 .004 .006 .008 .010 .014 .016 .018 .020 .022 .024 .026 .028 .030 .032 .037 .039 .041 .043 .045 $0 002 ,04 .06 008 .08 .012 .10 014 .12 .016 .14 .020 .16 .022 .18 .026 .20 .028 .22 .030 .24 .035 .26 .037 .28 . .041 .30 .043 .32 . ... . .045 .35 .'049 .37 . ... . .061 .39 .055 .41 . .057 The use of the table is best shown by an example : If a member is 35 years of age and earns daily wages of 1.60 crowns (32 cents), his rate of dues will be 1.5 per cent, or $0,028 per week; if at the end of 10 years his wages are increased by 40 hellers (8 cents) per day, then, at his new rate of wages, 2 crowns (41 cents) per day, his rate of weekly dues will be increased by $0,006, and will then be $0,034, or 1.4 per cent of his weekly wages. A corresponding increase in his sick benefits and funeral benefits will also be made. If a person not subject to the compulsory insurance has voluntarily joined the fund, his dues are computed from the preceding tables, but must be in- creased 50 per cent, as the employer pays no share of the cost of his insurance. As a matter of practical convenience, some funds use but few wage classes, such as the following : EXAMPLE OF RATES OF DUES USED, BY WAGE CLASSES. [Source: Stoeger, Gesetze und Verordnungen iiber die Arbeiterversicherung, 1908.] Weekly dues of members admitted at age of— Daily wages. 40 years and under. 41 to 50 years. 61 to 60 years. Over 60 year-s. Per cent of wages. Amount. Per cent of wages. Amount. Per cent of wages. Amount. Percent of wages. Amount. 10.12. . 2.2 1.5 1.3 {0. 016 .022 .032 2.5 1.9 1.8 SO. 018 .028 .043 3.0 2.4 2.2 SO. 022 .035 .053 3.0 2.9 2.7 $0,022 .24 .043 .41 .065 236 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. • In such cases all the members are rated in one of the three classes of wage rates. The method already explained is used in computing the dues, and the supplementary table for reckoning increases of dues is likewise used in the same manner. Administrative officials whose annual salaries are higher than 2,400 crowns ($487.20), as well as persons working without pay in the capac- ity of learners, must pay the regular rates of dues plus the 50 per cent paid by the employer for other employees. Those employees who do not receive a wage in money must be considered as earning the customary rate of wages for young persons as specified in article 5 of the model constitution for district sick funds and as required by article 7 of the law of 1888. The dues of such workers are computed in the ordinary manner and are paid by the employer, together with an increase of 50 per cent for his own share. No person compelled to insure pays an entrance fee. Persons insuring themselves voluntarily, however, must pay such a fee, equal in amount to six weeks' dues, computed as already described. There are no regulations concerning the dates on which dues are to be paid, each fund arranging the dates of payment of dues according to its own wishes. It is recommended by the Ministry of the Interior that the dues be collected in advance and that the periods of payment be made as long as practicable in order to reduce the amount of book- keeping, etc., to be done by the employer. The manner of making the collections and other details of administration are left to the discretion of the board of directors of the fund, but the Ministry of the Interior specifically directs that the operations of the fund shall be arranged to make no more demands on the employer than are unavoidable. ORGANIZATION AND FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. The administration of a compulsory sick insurance law calls for organizations in close touch with local conditions, and the member- ship of which is not too large for effective and immediate supervision. A system of sick insurance associations or funds formed on industrial lines would be the most desirable basis of organization, but in prac- tice such a plan has not proved feasible. In both Austria and Ger- many the principal organizations are those based on geographical lines, one compulsory insurance fund being created for each geograph-' ical subdivision of the country. In the two countries permission is granted to form organizations on trade lines, and in Austria such funds have been encouraged, whether formed by the employer and his employees for one establishment or formed voluntarily by workmen in several establishments engaged in the same industry. It is neces- sary, though, to take measures to prevent the formation of too large a number of funds, to protect the principal, i. e., the geographical fund, in each district by preventing the depletion of the latter's membership CHAPTER I.-^WOEKMEN 'S INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 237 and thus keeping it large enough to assure financial stability. While the two factors of geographical limits and industrial limits are the only ones necessary to be considered from the insurance point of view in creating such funds, at the time of the framing of the insurance system there were in existence a number of insurance organizations which had provided sick and other insurance for their members, and in some cases had done so for a long time. And as these organizations had become strongly intrenched in the life of the working population, and as the liquidation of their business was practically impossible, they were made part of the machinery of the new compulsory system. As a result of historical conditions the number of types of funds was therefore doubled, so that there are now at least sb: classes of funds — the district funds (the geographical funds), the establishment funds, the building trades funds, the guild funds, the miner's funds, the association funds (including the mutual aid societies), and in addition a subordinate type of fund connected with the guilds, called apprentices' funds. This great variety of funds is generally recognized as introducing an undesirable complexity in the administration of the insurance; the proposed plan for the reform of the insurance provides for but a single type of fund, the geographical fund, and thus proposes to simplify the system. The discussions in the national labor council indicate, however, that the proposed elimination of the nongeographical funds is meeting with considerable resistance, and one of the experts expressed the belief that this proposal would have to be abandoned. While the basis of organization of the sick fund permits of some variation, the method to be followed in the administration of the fund's affairs is clearly indicated from the nature of its functions. Proper supervision by the state officials is of course necessary, but otherwise emphasis must be placed on the fact that the cost of the insurance falls on the members, and the administration should be placed in their hands. Control of the claims of sick workmen can naturally be best exercised by their fellow-workmen, and it is reason- able to expect that the expenditures of the organization will be closely scrutinized when it is to the self-interest of the members to follow such a course. This plan is followed in all of the types of funds by making them mutual insurance organizations, which provide the benefits prescribed in the law and collect the means to defray the expense from the members by assessments in proportion to their wages. The principal features of the various classes of funds are as follows: DISTRICT SICK FUNDS. These organizations were created by the sick-insurance law and are Hot state institutions, but independent associations, managed by their own members, though subject to the supervision of state officials. As a rule, a district sick fund must be created for each administrative 238 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. district of Austria, an administrative district being somewhat similar to an American township. The headquarters of the sick fund must be located at the seat of the district, though this rule may be varied in connection with the practice of dividing, when necessary, a district into subdivisions with a sick fund for each, or of combining districts into one fund when the membership is too small to have a fund for each district. The law provides that a district sick fund shall be dissolved if the membership falls permanently below one hundred. The membership consists of all insured persons employed in the territory of the district who are not members of other funds. In case a member, through change of employment, ceases to be subject to the insurance, he may retain membership by continuing the payment of full dues and retaining his residence in the Austrian Empire, but such voluntary membership lapses when dues remain unpaid for four con- secutive weeks. Any person under 35 years of age who is not included in the compulsory insurance may voluntarily become a member of the district sick fund. The fund may not require an entrance fee from members subject to compulsory insurance, but for voluntary members the constitution must specify an entrance fee which shall be not less than the regular full contributions for six weeks. Whenever a new district sick fund is organized a constitution is drawn up by the district government officials which must conform to the model constitution published by ministerial decree. If the bene- fits proposed in the new constitution exceed the minimum benefits described in the law, then the new constitution must also be sub- mitted to the factory inspector and the chamber of commerce and industry for an opinion as to the wisdom of such a step. All amend- ments to the constitution must be approved by the district officials. The board of directors of the district sick fund is elected by the general meeting of the members -from their own number. This board conducts the business of the fund and exercises all of the powers of the fund. In particular the board must exercise an effective control, over the claims of members for sickness benefits. The employers who have in their service workmen who are mem- bers of the district sick fund must be given proper representation in the board of directors, in the general meeting, and in the supervisory committee. The basis of this representation is found by computing the relation between the employer's contribution and the whole amount of contributions received by the fund, though the employers may not have more than one-third of all the votes in the general meeting, in the board of directors, or in the supervisory committfte. The district sick ftmds are subject to the supervision of the state officials, who have the right of access to all the books and accounts of the fundj as well as the right to attend all the meetings of the com- CHAPTEE I. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 239 mittees and board of directors. If at any time the officials or com- mittees of the fund refuse to perform their duties, the state officials are authorized to perform these duties themselves or to appoint a representative to do so. The method adopted for assessing dues is that of a percentage of the wages of the insured persons, and in the case of the district sick funds the rate of dues of the insured members may be made equal to 3 per cent of their wages when the minimum benefits specified in the law are provided by the fund, only if a three-fourths majority of each class of members vote for it. As a matter of fact, the rate most frequently used by the district sick funds is 2 percent of the workmen's wages, the employers' share being 1 per cent, making the total sick fund receipts from both classes equal to 3 per cent of the wage roll. In general the district sick funds restrict themselves to providing the minimum benefits specified in the law, as the difficulty of regularly financing these benefits has led to a conservative attitude on the part of the officials whose consent is necessary before additional benefits can be introduced. The assets of the sick funds can not be used for any purpose except that of defraying the cost of benefits, paying the expenses of adminis- tration, and accumulating a reserve fund. To supply the means for the reserve two-tenths of the annual income must be set aside for this purpose, until the reserve equals twice the total average annual expenditure. The investments of the reserve must be of the same class as those prescribed by law for trust funds. The relation of the employers to the district sick funds has already- been referred to. The employer must notify the fund each time a person included under the insurance is employed or released, and must regularly forward to the fund the dues both of the workmen and of himself; the employers' share is one-third of the prescribed amount of dues and must be paid entirely from his own resources. In case an employee receives no money wages the entire insurance contribution must be defrayed by the employer. The possibility of a distribution of the burden more favorable to the workmen is opened by article 34 of the law which provides that such action may be taken if the em- ployer members in a separate session by a majority vote offer to take a larger share of the burden on themselves, and the proposal is accepted by a majority vote of the employees. Employers are not required to forward the contributions of persons who voluntarily insure themselves. All controversies between employers and their workmen or the sick ivncl relating to sick insurance contributions are settled by the super- visory officials of the local government ; controversies between insured persons and the sick fund are settled solely by the arbitration court of the fund, the decisions of which are not subject to appeal. 240 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The means of combating the greatest evil in sick insurance, that of malingering or of feigning sickness, are provided in the penalties which the board of directors are authorized to impose on members found guilty of fraudulent practices. For instance, the board may require such a member to pay twice the regular dues for the purpose of reim- bursing the fund for the expense caused by the malingering. The following reproduction of the model constitution of a district sick fund recommended by the Ministry of the Interior in the decree of October 20, 1888, shows the method of operation of this type of fund. Model Constitution foe a Disteiot Sick F"iJND.(a) Article 1. By authority of the provisions of the law of March 30, 1888, in regard to the sick insurance of workmen, a sick fund is hereby created for the district of the district court with the name of "District Sick Fund of ." This fund has its headcjuarters in and belongs to the sick fund federation of the territory of the accident insurance institution of . Art. 2. Members of the sick fund are all those persons employed in the territory covered by it and subject to the insurance on the basis of the law just mentioned, provided that such persons are not insured against sickness by one of the other funds mentioned in article 11 of the law, in the prescribed manner and amount. Any person not subject to the compulsory insurance and not over 35 years of age, and living in the territory of the distiict sick fund, is entitled to become a member of the district sick fund. Agricultural and forestry workers and officials, as well as workers of the house industries, are not subject to the age limit if they enter the district sick fund as a body upon the instigation of their employers, in accordance with article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law. Art. 8. The membership of persons subject to the insurance begins with the day on which they take up their employment. The same holds true for persons in the service of agricultural and forestry establish- ments, as well as establishments engaged in house industries, who have become members of the district sick fund on the basis of the provisions of article 3, paragraphs ■ 2 and 3, of the law. For all other persons entitled to become members of the fund, membership begins with the day of their application to the district sick fund. Art. 4. Persons subject to the insurance can give up membership while their employment continues in the territory of this fund only if they prove that they have insured themselves against sickness to the same extent as provided in this law in one of the funds named in article 11 of the law. Fund members subject to compulsory insurance who give up employment which calls for membership and do not faike up an employment by virtue of which they become members of another district sick fund, or one of the other funds specified in article 11 of the law, continue to be mem- bers just so long as they remain m one of the Kingdoms and Provinces of the Empire and pay the full dues specified in the constitution (see art. 9). The membership of these persons ceases and the right to benefit expires whenever dues have not been paid for four weeks in succession. Members of the fund just described who, because of unemployment, are unable to pay their dues, retain membership and the right to benefits for six weeks. Persons not subject to the compulsory insurance may give up membership in the district sick fund at any time. They are to be regarded as having given up membership whenever their dues remain unpaid for four weeks in succession. Art. 5. A customary rate of wages is to be established for the court district of and is to be in force from to as follows: 1. Male members: (o) Young persons $ . (6) Workmen $ . (c) Foremen, etc., $ . 2. Female members: (o) Young persons $- (b) Women workers $ . These rates remain in force after the time above specified until they are otherwise established by the proper officials. a Amtliclie Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1888, p. 91. CHAPTEB I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTKIA. 241 Art. 6. The employer must notify the sick fund of the persons subject to the insurance who have been employed by him, not later than the third day after begin- ning employment, and must notify the fund of the discontinuance of employment not later than the third day after the date of discontinuance. The first notification must contain the following: 1. Full name of the worker. 2. The wage class (or the daily earnings which-the person employed is to receive or which corresponds to his class of employment). 3. Date of birth. 4. The time of beginning of employment. (With the rate of wages must be included also bonuses and payments in kind, the latter being valued at the average price of the' locality. For piece rate wa^es, or where overtime payment is made, the statement will give the daily earnings with the week computed at six working days.) The notification of the discontinuance of the employment must contain: 1. The full name of the worker. 2. The time of leaving the employment or, if such be the case, the time of voluntary transfer of membership to one of the funds described in article 11 of the law. The notification of beginning and cessation of employment in the case of agricultural and forestry establishments, and establishments engaged in house industries whose employees have become members of the fund in accordance with article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, o^ the law; the same provisions regarding the notification of the beginning and ending of the employment hold as for the establishment subject to the insm'ance. Persons not subject to the compulsory insurance must themselves make the notice of beginning and ending of membership. If such notices are sent in writing, then the data given m paragraph 2 must be stated in full, together with the signature of the person sending the notice and his address. ^ Those employers who do not comply with the requirements regarding the notifica- tion of the beginning of employment must make good to the fund the total expense to which the fund is put because of the legal or constitutional requirements of sup- port for a person who has not been so reported or only announced after the sickness; in addition such employer is subject to the penalties described in article 67 of the law. Art. 7. The district sick fund must make out a membershijj card for each member announced, as specified in article 6 above. This card must, in addition to the data contained in the notification, also specify the amount of the daily sick benefit and of the penalty benefits to which the member has a claim, the exact address of the employer, the description of the establishment, as well as the address of the fund physician to whom the member must go. Membership cards will be given out in serial numbers and are to contain brief extracts from the constitution showing the rights and duties of the members. Members will themselves keep their membership cards. The loss of a card is to be immediately announced to the district sick fund, which will thereupon make the necessary inquiries and in accordance therewith make out a duplicate card. At the close of each fiscal year the employers who use the "customary daily wage" as the basis for measuring contributions and benefits, will give notice to the sick fund of the changes in the classes of workmen, or if another rate of wage is used for this purpose (such as actual wage) will give notice of the changes in the wage rate of the persons subject to the insurance who were employed by him. This notice must con- tain the names and the revised classes of workmen or the changed wage rates as the case may be, and the membership cards of the persons described must be sent with this notice. On the basis of this notice, the wage rates will be coiTected by the sick fund upon the membership card and the amount of sick benefit and the funeral expenses will be correspondingly revised and if need be new membership cards in place of the former will be issued. Art. 8. The receipts of the district sick fund consist of: 1. The current contributions of members subject to the insurance and their employers. 2. The entrance fees and the current contributions of persons not subject to the compulsory insurance. 3. Fines and all miscellaneous income. 4. The interest on the interest bearing assets. Of this income the following must be set aside for the reserve fund (see art. 19, par. 2): 1. The amount to be'set aside annually for the formation of a reserve fund in accord- ance with article 27 of the law. 2. The entrance fees of a person not subject to compulsory insurance. 3. The fines. 242 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER ®F LABOR. Art. 9. The computation of the contributions shall be made on the basis of the wages which are used for the computation of the sick benefit and the funeral benefit. (See art. 11.) Members subject to the insurance, as well as workmen and officials , of agricultural and forestry establishments, and workmen engaged in house industries insured in the sick fund in accordance with the provisions of article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law, will pay for each crown (20.3 cents) of the benefits specified in, the first sentence, 2 hellers (.4 of 1 cent), and in addition the employer shall pay one- half thereof. For establishment officials with annual earnings of more than 2,400 crowns ($487.20) as well as for learners, etc., the employer is not required to pay any contriisutions. These two classes of persons must pay, out of their own means, the full contributions, namely, 3 hellers (.6 of 1 cent) per crown (20.3 cents); the first named shall pay on the basis of a daily wage rate of 4 crowns (81 cents) and the latter on the basis of the "customary daily wage" established for young persons in article 5. Those persons subject to the insurance who do not receive any money wages are to be classed in one of the categories specified in article 5, and the contribution of 3 hellers per crown of the wage so determined shall be paid by the employer out of his own means. Members not subject to the compulsory insurance must pay 3 hellers per crown of the wage rate used in computing the sick benefit and the funeral benefit; exempted from this provision are those members named in the second paragraph of this article who are employed as workmen and establishment officials in agricultural and forestry, establishments, as well as those workers engaged in house industries. In addition to these current contributions, members not subject to the insurance must pay an entrance fee which is to be computed at six times the regular weekly contribution. Art. 10. The payment of the contributions (described in art. 9) of members subject to insurance and their ejnployers shall be made monthly in advance. For this piir- pose a list of those members who do not pay their contributions directly to the sick fund shall be made out and given to the employer at the beginning of each period of payment. This list shall contain: 1. The names of the members. 2. The amount to be paid by each individual member. 3. The sum of these contributions. 4. The total contribution of the employer. 5. The grand total of the contribution of the members and of the employer. The employer must forward the amount described in the list, not later than the third day after receiving the same, to the district sick fund, which will acknowledge the receipt thereof. The employers must deduct from their regular wages the contri- butions which must be paid by their employees in accordance with article 36 of the law. Employers are required to permit employees who so desire to inspect this payment list. The same regulations regarding the kind and method*of payment of contributions and their computation applies to those workmen of agricultural and forestry establishments and workers in house industries named in article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law. Establishment officials with an annual income of more than 2,400 crowns ($487.20), learners, etc., as well as persons not subject to the insurance, must pay their contributions directly to the district sick fund on Monday of each week for the week following. In computing these contributions a week will be taken as con- sisting of six working days. The contributions for the rest of the period of payment shall be put in the next payment list whenever the beginning of the employment falls within a payment period in the case of persons subject to the insurance and in the case of workmen and establishment officials of agricultural and forestry establish- ments, and workmen engaged in house industries who are members of the fund in accordance with article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law. In case of a member ceasing to be employed for whom contributions have been paid for the rest of a period of payment, the district sick fund must return such contribu- » tions or credit them for a correction of accounts at a later time. Art. 11. The eick benefit will be paid during the continuance of the disability, including disability as the result of an industrial accident, but for a period not longer than twenty weeks. The benefit will consist of: 1. From the beginning of the sickness and in cases of confinement, free medical attention, free medicine and medical appliances. 2. In case the sickness continues more than three days and the sick person is dis- abled he shall receive from the first day of the sickness a sick benefit for each day equal to 60 per cent of the "customary daily wages" (see art. 5); or he may receive 60 per cent of the actual daily wages. If the latter is less than the "customary daily wages," then the last named shall be used. If the actual wages exceed 4 crowns (81 cents), then the 4 crowns shall be used; CHAPTER I. — ^WORKMEN S INSURANCE- IN AUSTRIA. 243 3. In case of the death of a member a funeral benefit equal to 20 times the above specified rate of wages. In cases of normal confinement a sick benefit for four weeks from the date thereof. If the case continues longer, then sick benefit shall be paid up to the maximum time specified above. (For those members who because of unemployment are unable to pay their contri- butions the normal "customary daily wage, specified in article 5, shall be used in computing the sick benefit and the funeral benefit.) If a convalescent member again becomes ill within eight weeks and the sickness is the same, the second sickness will be regarded as a continuation of the first in computing the benefits. Aht. 12. The right to benefits starts with the beginning of membership for per- sons subject to the insurance and for workmen and officials of agricultural and for- estry establishments and workers of establishments engaged in house industries who join the fund in accordance with article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law. For those members who are not subject to the compulsory insurance and voluntarily join the fund the right to benefits begins six weeks after the date of their membership. If at the time that membership begins they are ill, then they cannot become entitled to benefits until six weeks after the end of the illness. Art. 13. The medical treatment of disabled members shall be provided by the fund physician except in the case of hospital treatment. Any expense which may be caused through the treatment of a member by any other physician will be reim- bursed by the district sick fund only if this treatment has taken place at its order or with the consent of the board of directors or in a case of emergency. Medicines and medical appliances, apparatus, etc., will be provided for the members upon the order of the fund physician in charge of the case at the pharmacy selected by the fund, unless otherwise ordered. The payment of the sick benefit will take place on each Saturday for the previous week upon the presentation of a sick certificate, which has been filled out by the sick fund or by a representative of the fund at the place where the sick person lives. Such a certificate must give the name of the sick person, kind of employment, the name of the sickness, and the number of days during which the sick person Was unable to work. In the first sick certificate the date of the beginning of thesickness must be stated and in the last certificate the date when the disabled person is able to resume work must be given. In computing the sick benefit Sundays shall be included. For disabled members who receive treatment in a hospital the filling out of the sick certificate shall be made by the hospital authorities. After deducting the cost of board in the hospital any residue will be paid to such a member as a sick benefit. If the person receiving treatment in the hospital has relatives whose support was up to that time defrayed out of his earnings, then for the time during which the injured man received treatment and board in the hospital at the expense of the sick fund one-half of the sick benefit must be paid by the fund to such relatives. Funeral expenses for a deceased member shall be paid on presentation of the death certificate. This payment shall be made either to the consort of the deceased or to those rela- tives who attended to the burial. In all other cases the district sick fund shall defray the cost of burial up to the amount specified in article 11. Art. 14. In place of the benefits specified in article 11, paragraphs 1 and 2, the physician of the fund or the board of directors may direct that free treatment and board in the hospital and free transportation thereto shall be provided. Those mem- bers who live with their spouses or with other members of their families in a common household or otherwise receive household care may be placed in a hospital only with the consent of such persons unless, in the opinion of the fund physician, the transfer to a hospital is necessary on account of the nature of the disability. In case the treatment is given in a hospital which receives special privileges from the Eublic, the expenditures for treatment and board in the lowest class shall be paid y the district sick fund to the hospital for a period of fqur weeks. After this time only the benefits specified in the constitution shall be provided. In the case of other hospitals the matter shall be arranged according to contract. Art. 15. Those persons who while their membership continues have ceased to be subject to the compulsory insurance, but continue to pay all contributions, and who do not live in the territory of the district sick fund, but still remain in Austrian terri- tory, receive in place of free medical treatment, medicines, etc., in case of sickness an increase in the sick benefit of 50 per cent. The sick certificates of such members are to be made out by the physician in charge at their own expense and must receive the certification of the parish officials of the locality. Members who purposely bring on sickness or, through fault of their own in partici- pating in brawls, etc., or through intoxication, have caused sickness can claim only n-ee medical treatment, medicines, etc. Members who injure the sick fund through malingering must pay double contributions until the damage caused the fund is cov- 244 EEPOET 01' THE COMMISSIOIfEB OF LABOE, ered by the extra payments. In all cases where an officer of a sick fund (or the representative entrusted with this duty) has reason to believe that the sickness has been brou^t on by one of the causes specified in paragraph 2, above, such a statement must be entered by him upon the sick certificate. Art. 16. In place of the provisions specified in article 2, paragraph 3; article 9, article 12, article 6, and article 10, in regard to the age of admission, the amount of the contributions, the waiting time before the beginning of the rights to benefits, the announcement of employment and discharge, the kind and method of payment of the contributions and its computations, other provisions may be made in regard to workmen of agricultural and forestry establishments and workers of establishments engaged in house industries who join the sick fund in accordance with article 3, para- graphs 2 and 3 of the law, but such other arrangements shall be made with the assist- ance and approval of the supervisory officials in accordance with article 27, para- graph 1, of the law. Akt. 17. When the nature of the employment of the person subject to the insurance is only temporary or is specified in the labor contract m advance to be less than one week, then the notification of the taking on of such employee must be made imme- diately. The notification of dismissal of the employee may be omitted if in the previous notification the length of the employment is stated, otherwise the same regulations shall be enforced is regard to the workmen specified in the first paragraph above and for workmen temporarily employed as for persons permanently employed. Akt. 18. Bookkeeping of the district sick fund shall be carried on according to the principles of single-entry bookkeeping. On the 31st of December of each year the books must be closed and the balance struck and the balance sheet must be prepared not later than the 1st of March of the following year. It must show; A. — In the receipts. 1. The current dues of members. 2. The cun-ent dues of the employer. 3. The other receipts (fines, etc.) 4. The interest from the iuterest-beaiing invested moneys. 5. Any increase in value of assets. 6. The amount of the reserve fund at the close of the preceding year. B. — In the ezpenditwres . 1. Pecuniary sick benefits paid out. 2. Expenditures for physician's service and control of sick cases. 3. Expenditures for medicines, appliances, etc. 4. Hospital expenses including transportation cost. 5. Funeral benefits paid out. 6. Amount transferred to the reserve fund of the federation. 7. Cost of administration. 8. Miscellaneous expenditures (depreciation of property, etc.) 9. Any decrease in value of assets. 10. Amount in the reserve fund at the present time. In addition the amount of the assets and the investment thereof must be shown accurately. In so far as the assets consist of securities they must be stated at their value on the exchange at the close of the current fiscal year. The balance sheet must be audited by the supervisory committee by the end of March and must be laid before the general meeting for approval. After the approval has been given and not later than the end of May, the balance sheet must be submitted to the supervisory officials of the Government. In addition statements must be enclosed which contain: 1. The number of members at the beginning and end of the fiscal year, by age groups and by sex, the number of persons subject to the insurance and the number not subject to the compulsory insurance at the beginning and end of the fiscal year, by nature of the employment. 2. The number of cases of sickness occurring during the course of the fiscal year and the number of days of sickness for which benefits were actually paid: (a) By age (date of birth). (b) By lie various classes of sickness and the nature of the employment of the sick member. 3. The number of cases of death showing (a) age (date of birth) and (b) the cause of death and nature of employment of the deceased member. The balance sheet must be brought to the knowledge of the employer as well as of all members. CHAPTEB I. WOEKMEn's INSTJBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 245 Aet. 19. The reserve fund must be accumulated until it is equal to twice the amount of the average annual expenditures, and if drawn upon, must be added to until this amount is again reached. 'The annual increase in the reserve fund of the district sick fund, including the amount to be added to the federation reserve fund, must be at least two-tenths of the annual contributions to the fund (contributions of the members and of the employers together) to which shall be added the income from entrance fees of persons not subject to the compulsory insurance and the receipts from fines. So long as the specified minimum amount of the reserve fund of the establishment sick fund has not been reached, there may not be any decrease in the .dues or increase in the benefits sUch as is described in article 30, paragraph 2 of the law. If it happens during the time that the reserve fund has not reached the specified minimum amount, that the annual increase of the reserve fund does not reach the amount prescribed in the second paragraph of this article, or if it happens that because of the excess of the expenditures over the income a decrease occurs in the reserve fund, bringing it below the prescribed minimum amount, then an increase in the dues shall be proposed unless through changes in the administration and in the control of the sickness, an improvement in the near future is in prospect (see article 31, paragraph 3). If this step is not taken upon the demand of the political officials of the State, then the latter shall change the constitution in accordance with article 30, paragraph 3 of the law, and the change shall be legally effected. If, however, in order to defray the cost of the minimum benefits of the district sick fund, the contributions of the persons subject to the insurance must be increased above the legal maximum, namely, above three per cent of the rate of wages used in computing the sick benefit, and such a step is not taken (see article 31, paragraph 2), then the political officials of the State shall proceed to dissolve the district sick fund in accordance with article 40, paragraph 2 of the law. As soon as the reserve fund reaches the .amount of three times the average annual expenditures, a corresponding reduction in the contributions must be undertaken or under the provisions of article 9 of the law, an increase in the benefits specified in article 26, paragraph 2 of the law, must be undertaken. If upon the demand of the political officials of the State such a step is not taken, then the necessary changes in the constitution shall be made by the latter officials. The constitution of the federa- tion of sick funds shall contain specifications in regard to the reserve of the federation and its use. Art. 20. If because of some unusual and unfavorable condition relating to the health of the community (such for instance as an epidemic), the casn on hand, together with the reserve fund, will not suffice to cover the expenditures of the immediate future, the board of directors are authorized to borrow money up to the amount of the regular quarterly income as a liability of the fund, such a loan to be covered by the regular or by an increased assessment. Art. 21. Arrearages of insurance contributions shall be collected by administrative process. Art. 22. The regulation concerning the investment of orphan court funds shall apply in regard to the investment of the reserve fund. Art. 23. The obligation of the district sick fund to provide benefits specified in the constitution also exists in cases where the disability is the result of an industrial acci- dent. If the district sick fund in case of such an accident provides benefits for a space of time for which the injured person has a claim upon an accident insurance institute, in accordance with the provisions of the law of December 28, 1887, on the accident insurance of workmen, then this claim up to the amount of the benefit provided (or even the whole amount of the claim, as the case may be) shall revert to the district sick fund, which alone shall be entitled to present the claim to the insurance institu- tion. Art. 24, The business of the fund shall be administered by the board of directors and the general meeting. In addition the supervisory committee acts as a controlling body for the matters referred to it in accordance with this constitution. Officials shall be appointed to care for the business of the fund. These shall take the oath of office from the supervising officials of the Government. Art. 25. The board of directors shall consist of nine members who shall serve for the tsrm of two years. The election of the board shall be by the general meeting in the following manner: In a separate election meeting the insured persons of the general meeting shall elect from their midst six members, and on the other hand the representatives of the employer shall in a separate meeting elect from their number three members. The election shall be by ballot in such a manner that each person entitled to vote shall write as many names upon a ballot as there are members to be elected. Those persons are elected who receive the largest number of votes. In case of the same number of 246 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. votes being cast for more than one person the tie shall be decided by lot. Elections shall take place under the direction of the previous board of directors ; only the first elec- tion after the creation of the fund shall be conducted by a representative of the super- visory ofBciala of the State, though the same procedure shall be had in case there is no board of directors. In case a member of the board of directors gives up his membership before the expiration of the term of office specified in the constitution, then in the next general meeting there shall be an election from that group of persons entitled to vote from which the member in question was sent to the board of directors. A person elected under such conditions shall remain in office only for the unexpired term of the member whom he replaced. Before each election following the first" election, the board of directors shall establish the relation of the contributions paid by those employ- ers who have in their employ members of the sick fund subject to the insurance, and the total amount of contributions received. If this computation shows that the con- tributions of the employer are materially less than one-thu-d of the total contributions, then the number of representatives to be elected by the insured members of the fund to the board of directors shall be correspondingly increased. A corresponding decrease of the number of the members to be sent to the board of directors by the members of the fund, must take place if before a later election it is determined that the total amount of the contributions of the employer is higher than that found at the last computation; the employers, however, shall never have more than one-third of the total votes in the board of directors. Art. 26. The board of directors selects from its own number a chairman and a vice- chairman. The election shall be decided by a majority vote and shall be for a two- year term. The board of directors holds a regular meeting monthly, though the chair- man is authorized to call special meetings when needed. A quorum of the board shall be regarded as present whenever all members have been properly notified of the meeting and at least half of the number including the chairman or the vice-chairman come to the meeting. Decisions of the board shall be made by majority vote of the members present. In case of a tie the chairman shall have a casting vote. The chairman shall preside at the meeting and in his absence or inability to serve, the vice- chairman. All motions which are passed by the board shall be entered in the book of minutes, together with the date of the session and the names of the members present and shall be signed by the latter. All members of the board of directors shall serve without compensation; they shiall, however, be compensated for any outlay of money which the exercise of their duties has caused. Aet. 27. The board of directors conducts the entire business of the district sick fund and acts as its representative, excluding such matters as are by the decision of the general meeting retained by that body. The duties of the board are as follows: 1. Supervision of the regular payment of contributions. 2. Supervision of the benefits to be provided by the fund. 3. Administration of the control of sick persons in accordance with the provisions of this constitution and especially in regard to imposing penalty contributions on those members who have injured the fund through malingering. 4. Investing the available moneys in interest-bearing securities. 5. The appointment of physicians and employees of the sick fund and directing their work. , ■ ■ 6. The preparation of the financial report and the balance sheet, as well as brmgmg motions before the general meeting in accordance with the provisions of the constitu- tion. 7. The communication of the financial reports and the balance sheet to the members and to the employers. , , , ■.•i- 8. Communicating the financial report, balance sheet, and the result of the auditmg of the same to the supervising officials of the State. _ . The chairman of the board or in his absence or inability to serve, the vice-chairman must represent the sick fund in dealings with officials and third persons, must call the general meetings, conduct the same, and execute its decisions. Art. 28. To control the business operations of the funds the general meeting each year shall elect a supervisory committee which until otherwise provided shall consist of six members. The committee shall be elected as follows: Four members shall be elected by those members of the fund who are entitled to vote, acting in a separate meeting, 2 members shall be elected by the representatives of the employers to the general meeting. When a change in the number of repre- sentatives of the 2 groups of members takes place, then the composition of the super- visory committee shall be changed in a corresponding fashion so that the two groups are represented in the supervisory committee in the same ratio as they are in the board of directors. Slembers elected to this committee may not be reelected for the term of office immediately following. CHAPTEB I. — WOBKMEn's INSTJBANCB IN AUSTBIA. 247 The supervisory committee shall watch over the administration of the constitution of the sick fund, periodically investigate the bookkeeping, count up the cash on hand, check up the balance sheet, and make a report of the general condition of the fund to the general meeting. It shall have the right to attend the meetings of the board of directors but shall have no vote, and by a unanimous vote may call a general meeting of the fund. Art. 29. The regular general meeting shall be held each year in the month of and special meetings as needed, but only it advertised at least eight days in advance in the newspapers specified in article 33, as well as by posting notices in the communes included within the territory of the fund. The call of a general meeting shall state the business to be brought before the meeting. ■ The general meeting consists of — (a) The regular members. (b) All representatives elected for two-year terms by employers who employ mem- bers of the sick fund or who have joined the district sick fund in accordance with article 3, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the law. instead of the above the general meeting may consist of — (a) Representatives of regular members elected for two-year terms and the number of such representatives or delegates shall be in proportion to the total number of such members as determined by the board of directors. (b) Same as (b) above. . Delegates must be 40 in number whenever the membership of the fund is more than 300 and up to and including 400. If there are more than 400 members in the fund, then tor ea^h additional 100 members 2 additional delegates are to be elected; in such a computation parts of the hundred less than 50 are not to be considered, but if over 50 then they are to be treated as 100. The delegates shall be elected from each commune; the number of delegates which the members in each commune of the terri- tory of the district sick fund have to elect will be specified by the board of directors in the same proportion which the number of members in the commune bears to the total membership of the fund . The number of representatives to be elected by the employers shall- be determined in such a manner that tor the first election the employers shall have one-third of the votes in the general meeting, but before each later election whenever a material change has taken place in the relation between the contributions paid by the employers and the total amount of contributions, the board of directors shall determine the number of representatives of the employers in the same proportion; but, however, this shall be so arranged that in no case shall the number of representa- tives of the employers be more than one-third of the total number of votes in the general meeting. The election takes place by communes and the employers entitled to vote in each parish of the territory of the sick fund shall elect as many representa- tives as their number bears to the total number of employers. The election shall be by written ballot and shall be conducted under the direction and management of the board of directors. The persons elected shall receive credentials from the board of directors which they shall show when they attend the general meeting. The employers shall be entitled to have themselves represented by their establishment officials both in the election of their representatives and in the general meeting accord- ing to article 18 of the law. Art. 30. The following matters are reserved for the action of the general meeting: 1. The election of the board of directors. 2. The election of the supervisory com- mittee. 3. The election of members of the arbitration court in accordance with the provisions of article 32. 4. Amending the constitution. 5. The approval of the annual report of the board of directors and releasing the latter from all obligations thereof. 6. The prosecution of claims which the fund may have against members of the board of directors or of the supervisory committee arising out of the official activi- ties of the latter, and the election of representatives for prosecuting these claims. 7. Making the decision in regard to the dissolution of the fund, subject to the approval of the proper oflScials. If the general meeting declines to release the board of directors at the conclusion of their term, a new board is to be elected which shall investigate the work of the previous board, and whenever necessary shall begin the requisite legal steps against them and make report thereon to the next general meeting. The general meeting may conduct business whenever at least thirtjr members are present, who, according to the constitution, were summoned to participate in the meeting. In case this number is not present, then within four weeks a- second general meeting shall be called with the same order of business, which is qualified to conduct business without regard to the number of those present. Measures shall be carried by an absolute majority of the total number of votes cast. In ease of a tie vote, the president shall cast the deciding vote. 46598°— 10 17 24§ EEPOB.T OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. Art. 31. A majority of not less than two-thirds of the votes cast is necessary in deciding upon amendnaents to the constitution, except those- changes in the contri- butions which are legally permissible and except the decision to dissolve the fund. The legally permissible changes in the' contributions need only a majority vote, with the exception of the case described in the following paragraph: Any increase in the contributions to be paid by the members subject to the insur- ance in excess of the 3 per cent of the wage used as the basis for computing the sick benefit, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of the legal minimum benefits of the sick insurance, can be made only if it is decided upon in the general meeting, and a vote is taken by the employers separately and by the workmen separately, and if by each vote a majority of three-fourths decides therefor. An increase of the. contributions over 2 and up to 3 per cent of the wage rate used in computing the sick benefits, of granting the benefits in excess of the legal minimum, or a decrease of the contributions, or an increase in the benefits in the cases mentioned in article 19, paragraph 5, must be decided as follows: In the general meeting a vote must be taken separately of the employers or the representatives thereof and of the workmen or their delegates, and in the case of each vote there must be a majority of the votes cast in its favor. Finally, the proportion of contributions paid by the members subject to compulsory insurance as compared with that of the employers can be changed in favor of the former only if such a step is first decided upon by the employers or their representa- tives separately and later is agreed to by the members of the fund in a separate meet- ing by an absolute maijority of the votes cast. , Akt. 32. The arbitration court consists of five meuLbers, three of whom are elected by the members (or their delegates) and two are elected by all persons entitled to vote in the general meeting, the term of oflice to be one year. The members of the arbitration court shall select a chairman by a majority vote from their number. The members of the court may belong neither to the board of directors nor to the supervisory committee. The arbitration court decides upon the following matters: (1) Controversies which arise between the persons insured and the board of directors in regard to claims for benefits. (2) Complaints against the actions of the board of directors in reference to the cases where members have been subjected to increased contributions because of damage to the fund through malingering. Such complaints must be made within fourteen days after the notification of the decision of the board. The decisions of the arbitration court are made by a majority vote. In case a member of the arbi- tration court withdraws therefrom before the expiration of the legal term of oflice, then the other members of the court elect a substitute in his place for the remainder of the term. Art. 33. All notices of the fund, especially notices of elections and of general meetings, notices of closing of accounts and all amendmeJits to the constitution, all changes in the amounts of the contributions and of the benefits, notices of changes ■ in the composition of the board of directors, etc., shaM be advertised in the newspaper. Aht. 34. In case of the dissolution of the fund, the existing property shall first be applied to extinguishing unsettled debts and to covering claims for benefits which arose before the time of dissolution. The remainder, if it does not exceed the legal amount of the reserve fund, shall be divided in proper proportions among those sick funds to which the members of the fund which has been dissolved enter. If there is still an excess after such distiibution, it shall be turned over to that federation of sick funds to which the dissolved fund had belonged. Art. 35. The fund is subject to the supervision of the state officials of the district of in accordiince with the provisions of the law. ESTABLISHMENT SICK FUNDS. Establishment siek funds {BefriebskrankenTcassen) are types of organization wtich Lad been created by tke industrial code before the sick-insurance law of 1888 was enacted. Such funds were insti- tuted as a means of providing for cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents) occurring among the employees of the larger industrial estab- lishments and constituted an acknowledgment of the higher trade risk nf tin's class of PstnblisVimATit, TVia In.Tir of 1 SS8 mnrlB flioao fmirla i^qt^: CHAPTEB I.^WORKMEn's INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 249 of the new sick-insurance system, and in fact rather encouraged their formation wherever such a course did not jeopardize tlie sta- biUty of the district sick fund in whose territory the establishment was located. The establishment funds in existence at the date of the passage of the law of 1888 may be classed into three groups. The first and most important were those funds created under the terms of the indus- trial code and were principally employees of factory establishments; the second group included the employees of the private railway and steamship lines, i. e., the transportation industries; while the third group included the funds composed of employees of government establishments, such as the government printing office, the govern- ment tobacco factories, .etc., where the employees did not have the status of officials. In other words, the sick funds in operation in 1888 were mainly confined to the industries conducted on a large scale, i. e., the factories and the transportation industries, where the trade risk is high, and to the government plants, where opera- tions are usually less subject to fluctuations than is the case with private plants. As far as the large industries were concerned the effect of the law of 1888 was to require the establishment funds to adopt a uniform method of operation and to establish a specific regulation of the proportion of the income to be provided by the employer. These two questions had been the cause of some hos- tility on the part of the worlimen to the establishment funds created under the industrial code. Under the law of 1888 on sickness insurance, an establishment must have at least 100 employees in one or more adjacent plants before an establishment fund may be created, but the state officials may grant permission to found a fund in a smaller establishment if they are convinced that the fund would be able to continue operations permanently. On the other hand, the proprietor of an establish- ment which has a high rate of sickness or accident may be required by the state officials to create such a fund for his employees, regard- less of the number of employees or even in opposition to his wishes. In general, the structure of the establishment type of fund follows closely that of the district fund, with such modifications as the difference in the problem calls for. The workmen have the same claim to benefits and the regulations regarding entrance fees, the "waiting time," etc., are the same as in the district funds. The employer also must furnish one-third of the contributions at his own expense. In addition the employer must assume the cost and responsibility of the bookkeeping and administration of the fund, and in case of necessity must, first, make loans without interest to the fund, and, second, if the employees are already paying dues equal to 3 per cent of their wages, he must advance the amount 5J&1; REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, necessary to cover the deficit. This additional liability of the employer, according to the discussion in the council of labor, is by Itself the justification for the existence of the establishment type of fund. According to the law, the employer is the trustee of the assets of the fund, and in case of the employer's bankruptcy the fund or its members are classed as preferred creditors. During the discussion in the national labor council on the proposed law for the amendment and extension of the insurance system, the value of the establishment type of fund was discussed by the repre- sentatives of the employers and workmen. According to the repre- sentatives of the employers, the advantage of this type of fund are as follows: (1) According to the official statistics, the costs of administration for the establishment funds were one-half of 1 per cent as opposed to 12.2 per cent in the case of the district funds. (2) Both the large and the small establishment funds operate without complaints because of their skilled management; the uni- formity and centralization of administrations avoid many of the evils existing in other types of funds. In particular the small estab- lishment funds show very favorable results because the small mem- bership permits of a more thorough control of claims than is the case with the large public funds. On the other hand, there are many conveniences for the workmen; for instance, a fellow-workman cus- tomarily brings the sick money, thus avoiding the trip to the fund headquarters by the sick workman and the delay caused by the crowding at the hours when the workman is obliged to make his visits there. This problem of going to the fund office is in the rural districts a matter of considerable importance, because it frequently means a railroad journey. (3) The public funds are not able to treat cases calling for special action as humanely as the establishment funds; the latter funds also receive special contributions, loans, etc., from the proprietor of the establishment. (4) The establishment fund is managed by officials, clerks, etc.; who serve without expense to the fund. In reply to these arguments the representatives of the workmen claimed that the establishment funds were sometimes used by the employers to the detriment of the workmen. Among other things it was stated that cases had occurred where workmen were dismissed from the establishment as soon as symptoms of disease or illness appeared, thus depriving the employee of the relief for which he had perhaps paid dues for a long period. It was also claimed that some employers had exerted pressure on those administering the fund for the purpose of reducing expenditures on account of sick benefits* medical attention, it was asserted, was easy to get, but the payment CHAPTER I. — WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 2'&1 of sick benefits was granted only after every obstacle had been put in the way of the sick workman; if he complained to the arbitration court it was claimed that his discharge soon followed. The objections of the workmen to the establishment type of fund may be summed up by saying that with this class of fund it was possible for an unscrupu- lous employer to force his employees to so manage the fund as to prevent the payment of benefits. The representatives of the em- ployers, however, would not admit that the evils referred to were of any great extent, and were inclined to question their existence. By both parties it was admitted that the difiiculty of changing from one establishment to another (when each establishment had a fund) in the case of an employee who had grown old in the service of one firm, was a source of hardship inseparable from the establishment type of fund. The employers, however, insisted that the practice of subjecting applicants for positions to a rigid physical examination was a necessary part of good business administration, that in the government shops and railways, for instance, the practice had been in use for many years, and that it was not a method of reducing expenditures for sick insurance. On account of the great importance of this type of fund, a transla- tion of the model constitution of an establishment fund recommended by the Ministry of the Interior is here given. The only parts of this model constitution which are not subject to change are those which contain provisions specified in the law on sickness insurance. The statements as to the method of computing dues, etc., given on page 239 for the district sick funds, may also be applied to the establish- ment funds. Model Constitution and By-laws for an Establishment Sick Fund. Article 1. The Manufacturing Company of Vienna herewith establishes a eick fund for the persons employed in its plants in accordance with the law of March 30, 1888, on the sick insurance of workmen. This fund bears the name "Sick Fund for the Plant of the Manufacturing Company, ' ' and has its headquarters in Vienna. Art. 2. The members of the establishment sick fund are the persons subject to the above-cited insurance law employed in the above-named plant who are not otherwise insured against sickness in the prescribed sum and as stated in the above law. Art. 3. Membership of the persons described in article 2 begins with the day on which they take up employment. ' Art. 4. The persons described in article 2 can give up membership in the establish- ment sick fund during the continuance of their employment only if they prove that they have become insured in accordance with the existing legislation on associations in an association sick fund as provided by the provisions of the above-named law on insurance against sickness. Members of the fund who give up employment subject to membership in the fund and do not take up an employment by virtue of which they become members of another establishment sicK fund, or become members of one of the other funds specified in article H of the above-named law, receive in case of disability, so long as they continue to reside in one of the Kingdoms or Provinces represented in Imperial Parliament, the rights of membership and with the same, rights to the benefits of the fund for six weeks. 292 SEFOSr Og XBB §fAffM^b0-,p<^rvAirjiA »- — s-M — - °«~" J. For E£^ -miAeBr. C, FcresKxi v a em't a s ^ 2. For iesaak: -rorlxe; Tli^se jax« T^Bsda ia ktce b^fiod Ae pedod abore ^edfied imtii tliejr are fixed at other raws by the projjer <3ffienk. Akt. 6. Tlui fins naa sive B^xke to iiie e^aMi -i imcat sick fmid of tiie peiBoos eabj«c^ u> tbe i£SQZUK% eEai^o^ei by dicBi aot bis iian &e tlucd d^^ &lr^^- of thc: ^rinplo;.-Eacst a£>l mi^ aba gire notice tiat tte eoi^oyiiieat hss ended ux iat/7 tbaa the- third d&v aits sach dale. Tliis liotice e ^isc coajain — 1. Thii full caniif: cf tte eniDkyee. 2. Wa2e c-kas ^yo'ira perxrs. etc. >. .?. Daife erf binh. 4. Date of beginriii^ cf empteyment. The orAiee eTS cf ihe etabl^uiieat sick: fond receive not later than the first pay div after the heginiung oi their employnieiit a membership book on which the name of the member is given and Tfhidi wmtains a reprint of the constitution. In this memb'rT^b.ip book the bookkeepers and c^cials . Deaths X.— Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths '. 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths : 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach- Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths. 9. Acute intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths 10. Clironic intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths XII. Diseases of the genito-urlnary system: Total for the group- Cases of disability '. . . . Days of disabiUty Deaths XIII. Diseases of the slcin: Total for the group- Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths 1. Acute dermatitis- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths : 5. Eczema- Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion; Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths Accidental injuries; Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths Per cent. 0.9 1.5 2.8 1.2 1.9 1.6 XV. .4 1.0 1.0 18.3 13.8 6.0 4.8 .6 1.6 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.6 .6 1.3 2.2 1.8 4.1 .4 1.1 Per cent. 0.8 1.6 3.0 1.1 1.8 1.6 .4 .9 1.0 19.0 14.9 7.1 7.4 6.4 .7 1.7 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.6 .7 .5 .7 .7 1.3 2.2 3.7 Per cent. 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.9 16.8 11.8 3.8 5.9 4.2 .4 1.7 1.5 .9 2.2 1.6 .4 1.1 1.6 2.3 S.O 6.0 1.9 Per cent. 1.3 3.1 4.7 3.2 4.5 1.6 1.4 2.5 1.6 23.7 15.2 3.1 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 .3 2.3 2.9 .4 5.4 5.6 1.3 1.2 1.3 2.3 2.8 .5 4.8 4.7 1.4 1.6 2.3 1.4 2.2 2.9 1.4 1.6 ■2.7 2.5 6.1 6.8 1.6 4.6 4.0 Per cent. 1.4 2.5 7.1 1.5 1.9 13.3 11.7 7.1 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.3 3.6 4.1 10.9 13.9 7.1 6.7 3.9 3.9 2.8 10.6 8.4 9.5 2.6 4.4 1.4- 3.2 .8 .9 4.0 1.6 3.6 2.8 4.7 3.0 3.3 2.6 .2 .2 1.0 . 2.0 4.1 6.3 6.2 1.1 2.1 3.4 4.7 3.6 3.2 4.8 4.1 2.8 2.0 CHAPTEB I. — ^WORKMEN B INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 327 DUE TO EACH CAUSE AMONG MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY OCCUPATIONS-Con. Brewers, malt- sters, distillers, Laun- work- Bakers and Butch- ers and etc. Commer- Restau- Hair dressers Work- ers in Chim- Team- , P^y laborers. confec- meat AH ployees of work- and print- ney sters, casual era. tioners, salters. Brew- all classes, ers. wig ing trades, 12,639. sweeps, etc., laborers, 2,730. 21,267. 12,616. tions, 8,462. ers, 7,742. 42,134. 32,698. makers, 3,174. 1,060. 12,295. etc., 86,929. Pa Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. cent. 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.6 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.8 1.0 .6 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 .9 3.3 1.9 .2 1.9 1.7 6.5 3.9 3.9 3.1 2.3 2.5 7.7 1.3 9.1 7.5 2.6 6.9 2.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 2.1 3.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 2.4 3.5 6.1 3.6 1.9 1.1 1.9 2.0 4.9 5.2 4.7 6.4 7.7 1.9 5.2 6.6 .3 .5 :2 .4 .4 .8 .7 1.2 .7 .6 .4 .6 .4 1.0 .3 .9 1.0 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.6 1.0 .5 1.0 14.7 2.0 12.9 10.9 4.9 13.2 5.2 13.2 4.3 16.8 3.7 16.9 3.9 13.2 3.5 16.2 4 4 16.2 14.9 16.6 9.2 9.6 9.2 10.1 10.0 11.5 17.0 10.6 8.7 10.3 11.0 13.3 11.1 3.6 1.9 6.9 5.2 6.3 7.0 3.9 1.9 9.1 5.2 6.2 4.7 4.6 4.2 6.1 6.2 4.6 6.4 2.9 6.7 3.7 6.1 6.0 1.6 3.3 2.8 3.6 3.6 2.7 5.2 1.3 3.1 1.8 3.8 4.3 .7 .7 .6 .3 1.0 .8 .8 .3 .8 .6 1.3 .6 1.2 .6 2.5 .6 1.3 .9 .6 .7 .3 1.4 1.5 .9 .3 2.3 2.3 .5 1.8 .8 1.6 .3 1.0 2.1 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.7 2.4 1.6 3.1 1.1 6.4 3.4 .6 1.3 .8 .8 .9 1.5 .3 .3 3.5 .8 1.9 .6 9.1 1.1 2.9 1.1 .4 2.6 .2 1.7 .4 .4 .2 .2 .4 .4 .3 .6 1.1 .8 .6 .3 .2 .3 .3 3.0 .6 .3 .1 1.2 .5 .6 .8 3.4 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.9 2.9 2.3 1.4 1.2 1.4 6.0 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.8 3.6 3.7 3.1 3.7 1.6 1.9 2.1 16.7 .7 3.9 4.2 2.8 5.8 2.6 3.5 3.2 2.9 5.5 4.9 4.1 4.0 4.3 8.7 6.6 3.0 6.7 3.6 4.8 2.1 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.3 .3 1.5 7.8 3.6 2.2 .6 .6 5.6 2.0 3.4 .6 1.3 4.4 .1 .5 1.0 1.9 1.2 1.1 2.7 .7 1.7 .3 .8 1.4 .8 .7 1.2 2.9 .5 .2 1.4 1.1 1.4 .2 1.5 .5 .7 .6 1.0 3.6 1.0 1.1 2.0 .6 .8 .1 1.3 .3 .6 .5 .6 2.9 .8 1.0 1.4 .6 .7 1.2 1.2 .9 1.4 1.4 .8 1.4 2.0 .6 2.0 .6 1.1 1.1 1.2 .8 1.3 1.3 .6 1.2 1.3 .4 2.7 .6 .6 2.5 1.4 .1 1.7 3.3 2.9 1.6 1.6 2.8 2.3 1.7 4.3 3.7 2.8 1.3 3.3 3.9 1.3 1.2 3.0 2.0 1.8 2.6 3.5 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.3 10.3 1.9 33.4 .3 8.1 .6 8.9 9.1 14.3 22.7 .6 19.0 19.1 7.0 7.2 15.2 2.6 8.2 32.7 20.2 20.3 7.0 5.8 4.9 6.3 12.3 27.2 15.6 4.1 3.9 5.9 6.1 2.8 1.2 3.9 .6 7.6 4.4 46598°— 10 328 KBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The table on page 315, showing the causes of disabiKty for the whole 709,876 persons included in the study, indicates that diseases of the digestive organs (XI) caused 16.4 per cent of all the cases, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.0 per cent and accidental injuries (XV) 13.2 per cent; these three causes, therefore, are responsible for sUghtly less than half of the cases of sickness or disability reported. No other class of sickness had a rate in excess of 10 per cent. If the three classes, diseases of the respiratory organs, tuberculosis and scrof- ula, and pneumonia are added together to obtain the rate for all lung diseases, it shows that these three caused 21.2 per cent of all the cases of sickness. When arranged in the form of per cent of total days of disability the data show that of each 100 days of disabihty diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 16.9 days, accidental injuries (XV) 13.3 days, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 12.2- days, tubercu- losis and scrofula (11-12) 8.6 days and pneumonia (11-11) 3.2 days. The three classes of lung diseases, namely, diseases of the respiratory organs, tuberculosis and scrofula, and pneumonia caused, therefore, 28.7 days out of each 100 days of disability of the group here studied. The column relating to deaths shows the dangerous character of dis- eases of the lungs. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 41.6 per cent of all the cases of death, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.7 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 9.3 per cent. These threecauses together, therefore, caused 63.6 per cent of all the deaths of the per- sons insured ; in other words, almost two- thirds of the workmen who died were victims of diseases of the lungs. Considering each occupation separately, the principal causes of the cases of disability, of the days of disability, and of the deaths, are as follows : For the building trades workers accidental injuries (XV) caused 18.9 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 16.0 per cent and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.6 per cent. Of each 100 days of disabihty accidental injuries (XV) caused 20.0 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.1 days, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 12.4 days. The death per- centages show the usual prevalence of lung diseases ; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 26.4 per cent of thedeaths, diseases of the respi- ratory organs (IX) 12.0 percent, and pneumonia (11-11) 11.4 percent. The workers in stone and earth had 16.0 per cent of their cases of disability caused by diseases of the digestive organs (XI), while accidental injiu-ies (XV) caused 14.4 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.9 per cent. The largest number of days of disability was caused by accidental injuries (XV) with 15.8 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) with 13.6 days and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 13.4 days of disability out of each 100 days. The largest number of deaths were caused by tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) which was responsible for 24.1 per cent of the CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEn's INSTJKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 329 deaths, diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 14.0 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.3 per cent, while pneumonia (11-11) caused 9.5 per cent. The glass workers, as is well known, suffer principally from dis- eases of the lungs; diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 17.7 per cent of the cases of sickness, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.3 per cent, and accidental injiu-ies (XV) 11.7 per cent. Of the total days of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 18.0 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.9 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 11.0 per cent. The cases of death are due mainly to the lung diseases ; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 59.5 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 18.9 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 5.4 per cent, or the three causes together were responsible for 83.8 per cent of the deaths of this group of workers. For flour millers the principal causes of disability were diseases of the respiratory system (IX), which caused 20.1 per cent of the cases, accidental injuries (XV), which caused 14.4 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.0 per cent. The duration of these cases is indicated by the fact that diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) were responsible for 18.6 days out of each 100, accidental injuries (XV) 15.9 days, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 9.8 days, tuber- culosis and scrofula (11-12) 7.9 days, and pneumonia (11-11) 6.1 days per 100 days of disability. The distribution of the principal causes of the deaths is as follows: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), 32.0 per cent of the deaths; accidental injuries (XV), 11.9 per cent; diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 10,7 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11), 9.4 per cent. In the case of wood sawyers the principal causes of disability are accidental injuries (XV) 21.6 per cent, diseases of the digestive sys- tem (XI) 13.4 per cent, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 13.0 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 5.3 per cent of the cases of disability. The number of days of disability due to each cause shows how serious accidental injuries are in this business. For each 1 00 days of disability in this occupation accidental injuries (XV) caused 25.6 days, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 12.7 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.3 days, and pneumonia (11-11) 5.9 days. The proportion of deaths due to the principal causes are diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 28.5 per cent, pneumonia (II-l 1 ) 20.0 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 17.1 per cent. The woodworkers, as contrasted with the preceding group, show a higher percentage of what may be termed indoor diseases. Dis- eases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 16.4 per cent of the cases of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 14.7 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 14.2 per cent. Diseases of the respira- tory system (IX) caused 19.4 per cent of the total days of disabihty. 330 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. accidental injuries (XV) 13.7 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10.3 per cent. The principal causes of death were as follows: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 49.9 per cent, diseases of the respi- ratory organs (IX) 12.1 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 9.1 per cent. In the occupation of turners the principal causes of disability were as follows : Diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 23.9 per cent, acci- dental injuries (XV) 11.7 per cent, and diseases of the digestive sys- tem (XI) 11.4 per cent. The number of days of disability shows that diseases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 26.2 days, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 15.2 days, and accidental injuries (XV) 9.0 days per 100 days of disability. The greater part of the deaths were caused as follows: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 59.5 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 8.8 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 7.3 per cent. Among the workers in meerschaum, reeds, etc., diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.5 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.7 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.2 per cent of the total cases of disability. Of the total days of disability dis- eases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 18.8 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.1 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 8.1 per cent. The principal causes of death were as follows: Tuber- culosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 43.8 per cent of the deaths, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 37.5 per cent; these two lung diseases together were, therefore, responsible for 81.3 per cent of the deaths. Genito-urinary diseases (XII) caused 12.6 per cent of the deaths. In the case of workers in gold, silver, etc., diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 17.9 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 17.8 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 7.1 per cent. Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 25.7 per cent of the total days of disability, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 14.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.2 per cent. The principal causes of death were: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 55.8 per cent, diseases of the re- spiratory organs (IX), 10.4 per cent, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 6.5 per cent. For the iron and metal workers accidental injuries (XV) caused 17.2 per cent of the cases of disabiUty, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.6 per cent, and diseases of the the digestive system (XI) 14.6 per cent. Of the total days of disability accidental inju- ries (XV) caused 16.9 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.8 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 10.4 per cent. The principal causes of death were as follows: Tuber- culosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 42.2 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 13.2 per cent, and pneumonia ai-11) 11.0 per cent. CHAPTER I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 331 Watchmakers and optical workers suffer unusually from indoor diseases, with the addition of a certain amount of disability due to the eyes. Of the cases of disability among musical instrument makers, dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 21.2 per cent, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 17.3 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.3 per cent. For each 100 days of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 21.4 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.5 days, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 12.3 days. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 36.7 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 20.0 per cent, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 13.4 per cent. Among tanners and leather workers diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 21.6 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 16.6 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 8.8 per cent of the cases of disability For each 100 days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 18.8 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.7 days, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 11.2 days. The deaths are principally due to lung diseases; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 32.7 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 20.0 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 18.2 per cent. Among workers in leather goods diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 15.6 per cent, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 15.5 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.6 per cent of the cases of disabihty. Of the total number of days of disability diseases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 16.3 per cent, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 15.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.4 per cent. The deaths of the workers in leather goods were largely due to lung diseases; the three causes, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) with 66.1 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) with 8.0 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) with 4.9 per cent of the deaths, were together responsible for 79.0 per cent of all the deaths of these workers. In the case of bookbinders diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 20.8 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 16.0 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 7.7 per cent of the cases of disa- bihty. The days of disability showed a prevalence of lung diseases ; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 21.1 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 18.2 days, and diseases of the digestive sys- tem (XI) 10.5 days per 100 days of disability. The proportion of deaths due to various causes shows that one of the very high rates is due to lung diseases. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 68.1 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.3 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 1.1 per cent of the deaths, or together 83.5 per cent of all the deaths were due to lung diseases. 332 BEPORT or THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. For workers in clothing and allied trades the principal causes of the cases of disability were: Diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 20.2 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 18.7 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), 6.4 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 19.7 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 14.2 days, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10.7 days per each 100 days of disability. The deaths were mainly due to lung diseases. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 53.5 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.3 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 5.9 per cent, or together 70.7 per cent of all the deaths were due to lung diseases. For textile workers diseases of the digestive organs (XI) caused 18.3 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.8 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 6.1 per cent of the cases of disability. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.3 per cent, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 13.8 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10.8 per cent. The deaths were largely due to lung diseases; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 50.0 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.5 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 7.7 per cent, or together these three causes were responsible for 70.2 per cent of the deaths of these workers. For flower makers, dressmakers, straw hat makers, etc, the prin- cipal causes of the cases of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 32.4 per cent; diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX), which caused 16.3 percent; and rheumatism (V-7), which caused 8.6 per cent of the cases of disability. For each 100 days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 28.7 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.5 days, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 9.8 days. The deaths due to lung diseases are above the average for the whole group of persons included in the study. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 42.8 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 14.3 percent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.3 per cent, or together 71.4 per cent of all the deaths were due to lung diseases. Diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 19.1 per cent of the deaths. In the case of laundry workers diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 18.6 per cent, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 14.7 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 10.7 per cent of the cases of disability. For each 100 days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 10.8 days, inflammation of the cellular tissues (II-5) 9.8 days, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 9.2 days. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 27.8 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 16.7 per cent, and genito-urinary diseases (XII) 16.7 per cent. CHAPTER I. — ^workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 333 For bakers and confectioners diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 21.5 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 12.9 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 10.3 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 7.7 per cent. Of the days of disa- bility diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 20.5 per cent, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 9.6 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 8.2 per cent. The deaths were largely due to lung diseases; tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 39.0 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 17.8 per cent, and pneu- monia (11-11) 8.9 per cent of all the deaths. In the case of butchers and meat salters accidental injuries (XV) are prominent as a cause of disability. These injuries caused 33.4 per cent, diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 10.9 per cent, and dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.9 per cent of the cases of dis- ability. For each 100 days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 32.7 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.0 days? and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 9.2 days. Diseases of the nervous system (VI) are prominent as causes of death in this occupa- tion. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 23.1 per cent, pneu- monia (11-11) 15.3 per cent, diseases of the nervous system (VI) 15.3 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 13.3 per cent of all the deaths. For workers in breweries, distilleries, etc., the cases of disability, by principal causes, are as follows: Accidental injuries (XV) caused 19.0 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.7 per cent, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 13.2 per cent. Of the total days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 20.2 per cent, dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.5 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 12.6 per cent. The principal causes of death were: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 45.5 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 11.9 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11), 9.9 per cent of all the deaths. For commercial employees diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.8 per cent, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 15.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 8.1 per cent of the cases of dis- ability. For each 100 days of disability diseases of the respiratory system (IX) caused 17.0 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.5 days, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10.0 days. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 41.2 per cent, dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.8 per cent, and diseases of the nervous system (VI) 7.8 per cent. For restaurant workers diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.9 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX) caused 12.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 8.9 per cent. For each 100 days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 17.0 days, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 334 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBK OF LABOR. 13.0 days, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 8.1 days. The principal causes of death were: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 4T).3 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.6 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 9.5 per cent of all the deaths. * For hairdressers and wig makers diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 17.2 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 7.0 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 22.4 per cent, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 13.6 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 10.5 per cent. The deaths were due principally to tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 46.2 per cent; diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 19.3 per cent, and pneumonia (11-12) 11.6 per cent; or, together, the three causes were responsible for 77.1 per cent of all the deaths. For workers in the printing trades diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 20.1 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 16.2 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 8.2 per cent. For each 100 days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 23.5 days, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 16.6 days, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 8.7 days. The deaths were principally due to diseases of the lungs; tuberculosis and scrof- ula (11-12) caused 65.4 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 7.6 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 7.6 per cent; or, together, these three causes were responsible for 80.6 per cent of all the deaths. For chimney sweeps diseases of the digestive organs (XI) caused 14.9 per cent, of the cases of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 14.3 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.7 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 12.5 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 12.3 per cent, and dis- eases of the digestive organs (XI) 10.3 per cent. The deaths were due principally to the following causes: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 27.4 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 18.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 9.1 per cent of the cases of death. For teamsters, drivers, etc., the principal causes of the cases of dis- ability were as follows: Accidental injuries (XV) caused 22.7 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.4 per cent, and dis- eases of the digestive organs (XI) 16.2 per cent. For each 100 days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 27.2 days, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 17.5 days, and diseases of the digestive organs (XI) 11.0 days. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 29.9 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 18.4 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 10.3 per cent. For day laborers, casual workers, etc., diseases of the digestive organs (XI) caused 16.6 per cent of the cases of disability, accidental CHAPTEB I. — WOEKMBn's INSUBANCE IK AUSTBIA. 335 injuries (XV) 15.2 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.5 per cent. For each 100 days of disabihty diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.9 days, accidental injuries (XV) 15.6 days, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.3 days. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula '(11-12) caused 28.7 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.0 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 11.9 per cent. The 1890 investigation of the causes of disability and death also presented the data classified by the industries in which the persons were employed. The first of the two tables following shows in sum- mary form the rates for all of the 504,051 persons included, by causes of disability or death, while the second table gives similar data by industries or classes of establishments. In each case the number of persons included in each industry is given at the top of the column. CASES OF DISABILITY, NUMBER OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES AMONG 504,061 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY CAUSES. [Source: Amtlicbe Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1893.] Cause of disability or death. II. Infectious diseases: 6. Inflammation of the cellular tissue (furuncle, carbuncle) 11. Pneumonia 12. Tuberculosis and scrofula , III. Venereal diseases: Total for the group IV. Growths: Total for the group v. Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases: 7. Acute rheumatism 8. Chronic rheumatism VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system: Total for the group 9. Neuralgia VII. Diseases of the eyes: Total for the group 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis. . . 4. Diseases of the cornea VIII. Diseases ol the ears: Total for the group IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group 3. Acute bronchitis 4. Chronic bronchitis 7. Pulmonary emphysema X. Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group ' 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the group 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach 9. Acute intestinal catarrh ^ ID. Chronic intestinal catarrh Xn. Diseases of the genito-urinary system: Total for the group Xin. Diseases of the skm: Total tor the group 1. Acute dermatitis 6. Eczema 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion: Total for the group XV. Accidental injuries: To tal for the group All diseases (excludmg confinements) Cases of disability per 100 members. Days of disability per member. 1.68 .97 1.25 0.23 .26 .69 .17 .04 .18 .05 4.90 1.13 .60 .23 2.08 1.66 .35 .21 1.33 .53 .25 .21 .06 .06 .23 .03 8.30 4.66 .99 .36 1.35 .58 .23 .12 .62 .22 .17 .08 10.70 3.88 .75 2.07 .25 1.18 .41 .13 .19 .04 .66 .16 2.14 .63 .36 .53 .29 .07 .06 .09 1.36 .25 6.20 60.71 1.02 9.17 Deaths per 1,000 members. 0.04 1.33 4.39 .22 .04 .05 .67 .02 1.38 .19 .18 .26 .43 .33 .67 .07 .07 .05 .05 .01 .06 .52 11.79 336 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, CASES OF DISABILITY PER 100 MEMBERS, DAYS OF DISABILITY PER MEMBER, AND [Source: Amtliche Naohrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1893.] Cause of disability or death. 11. 12, II. Infectious diseases: 5. Inflammation of the cellular tissue (furuncle, carbuncle)- C'ases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members Pneumonia — Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members Tuberculosis and scrofula- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members III. Venereal diseases: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members IV. Growths: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members V. Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases: 7. Acute rheumatism — Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 8. Chronic rheumatism- Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members 9. Neuralgia- Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members VII. Diseases of the eyes: Total for the group- Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disabUity per member Death rates per 1,000 members 4. Diseases of the cornea- Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members VIII. Diseases of the ears: Total for the group- Oases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members 3. Acute bronchitis — Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member Death rates per l,O0O members 4. Chronic bronchitis- Cases of disabiUty per 100 members Days of disabiUty per member .• Deathrates per 1,000 members Floor mills, 645. 0.31 .04 2.17 .70 1.65 1.65 .94 9.30 2.33 .49 1.65 .16 1.24 .30 .93 .17 1.24 .14 .06 12.40 1.48 1.65 6.82 Railroads. Steam, 120,438. 2.36 .33 .05 .90 .29 1.20 .70 .41 2.53 .12 .07 8.54 1.00 .02 .96 .19 .06 2.53 .46 2.13 .27 .01 1.15 .18 8.46 1.39 1.10 6.06 .73 .11 4.64 .12 .17 CHAPTBB I. WOEKMEn's INSXJBANCB IN AUSTEIA. 337 DEATHS PEE 1,000 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY CAUSES AND INDUSTRIES. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversichenmg, 1893.] Smelting- works, rolling mills, etc., 18,629. (Juarries and pits, 4,382. Brick works, lime, cement, etc., 9,119. Pottery, porce- lain, etc., factories, 11,682. Glass factories. Factories for metal and iron ware, 22,496. Chem- icals (ex- cluding match factories), 3,694. Match factories, etc., 3,796. Factories AU occupa- tions, 10,496. Glass grinding, 1,780. for heating and light- ing mate- rial, 4,362. 1.29 .17 .16 1.41 .38 1.66 .94 .49 3.01 .23 .06 0.94 .16 1.71 .17 1.16 .16 1.17 .16 0.34 .04 1.61 .19 .04 1.32 .36 1.20 1.48 .87 4.13 .25 .07 2.79 .34 0.97 .11 2.66 .46 2.67 .63 2.61 .84 .49 2.28 .07 .02 2.14 .37 1.43 1.60 .69 3.62 .04 .01 1.02 .30 .69 1.22 .95 6.13 .12 .04 1.02 .24 .67 1.30 .72 6.19 .04 .01 .96 .38 1.62 .29 2.98 1.16 .61 4.60 .06 .04 1.63 .36 1.84 .61 .36 3.95 .06 .02 .71 .24 .69 3.43 2.14 18.64 .06 .01 .87 .43 4.69 .28 .13 1.37 .23 .32 6.17 .67 .07 .03 .46 6.46 .61 .16 .01 .22 4.25 .36 .09 .03 .17 2.85 .40 .10 .03 .10 2.99 .38 .06 .03 .22 6.35 .71 .04 1.82 .26 .04 1.78 .31 .67 1.41 .17 .04 2.61 .34 .14 .03 .27 4.33 .51 .16 .06 .26 3.48 .32 .46 .12 .23 1.69 .26 7.75 1.07 .46 1.17 .30 .06 3.11 .49 .86 1.83 .22 .98 .17 .78 .12 .92 .26 .77 .17 .96 .07 1.08 .19 .79 .15 1.26 .16 .46 1.65 .23 .68 1.23 .17 .23 1.73 .24 2.40 .25 .88 1.98 .19 1.72 .23 .60 1.42 .17 3.66 .33 .67 3.32 .26 1.01 .16 '2.68 .33 .27 2.25 .23 1.45 .24 .79 .87 .12 .26 1.00 .12 1.74 .32 1.38 .79 .12 1.33 .18 .46 1.79 .24 1.16 .13 1.86 .30 1.36 .15 1.18 .07 2.06 .28 .92 .19 .46 .04 .34 .06 .32 .04 .77 .10 .70 .06 .79 .04 .76 .09 .87 .08 .18 .02 .60 .07 .41 .06 .67 .06 .27 .03 .47 .12 .13 .02 .06 .01 .60 .08 .43 .08 .13 .02 .09 .03 .37 .04 .09 .01 .16 .02 .27 .04 .20 .02 .06 (o) .31 .04 .04 11.06 1.74 1.33 5.78 .70 .27 1.48 .36 .13 .22 .02 .11 .01 \ .23 .03 13.38 1.79 1.13 6.85 .71 .11 2.37 .39 6.85 1.20 1.83 3.45 .48 .23 .82 .23 .23 10.08 1.07 1.21 5.32 .63 .65 .47 .07 9.06 1.76 1.81 3.84 .63 .17 1.84 .67 .36 8.71 1.28 2.57 4.36 .48 .38 .92 .16 .10 7.36 1.62 3.37 3.37 .64 1.12 1.57 .29 8.69 1.17 2.17 6.39 .61 .27 .97 .15 7.96 1.00 1.05 3.98 .45 12.40 2.17 2.98 8.73 1.47 1.24 .20 .63 1.31 .23 .23 o Less than one-hundredth of 1 day. 338 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. CASES or DISABILITY PER 100 MEMBERS, DAYS OF DISABILITY PER MEM INDUS Causes of disability or death. Flour mills, 645. Railroads. Steam, 120,438. IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs— Concluded. 7. Pulmonary emphysema — Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members X. Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1^000 members XI. Diseases of the digestive sytem: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members 9. Acute intestinal catarrh- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 10. Chronic Intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members XII. Diseases of the genito-urinary system: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Deathratesperl ,000 members XIII. Diseases of the skin: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,0-0 members 1. Acute dermatitis- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members 5. Eczema — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 7, Chronic cutaneous ulcers — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members XV. Accidental injuries: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1 ,000 members All diseases (excluding confinements): Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 0.47 .14 1.56 .31 .03 .16 .02 10.54 1.21 1.55 2.95 .25 .93 .42 1.55 1.40 .07 1.24 .13 .93 .22 1.86 .16 .29 6.36 1.19 3.10 66.36 9.71 17.05 0.32 .16 .26 .90 .26 .63 .29 .14 .50 12.78 1.27 .64 4.85 .46 .04 .31 .07 3.35 .28 .05 .17 .03 .06 .62 .15 .20 1.97 .26 .05 1.07 .19 8.48 1.45 1.12 67.23 9.77 9.76 CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEn's INSXJKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 339 BER, AND DEATHS PER 1,000 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY CAUSES AND TRIES— Continued. Smelting works, rolling mills, ete., 18,625. Quarries and pits, 4,382. Brick works, lime, cement, etc., 9,119. Pottery, porce- lain, etc., factories, 11,682. Glass factories. Factories for metal and iron ware, 22,496. Chem- icals (ex- cluding match factories), 3,694. Mateh factories, etc., 3,796. Factories All occupa- tions, 10,496. Glass grinding, 1,780. for heating and light- ing mate- rials, 4,362. 0.77 .17 .27 .57 .14 .32 .28 .07 .27 13.36 1.44 .76 4.93 .43 0.48 .11 .23 .39 .10 0.18 .04 0.22 .08 .26 .48 .08 .17 .17 .03 .09 10.43 1.29 1.04 3.26 .39 0.41 .12 .48 .67 .11 .38 .14 .03 .19 10.65 1.01 .48 4.32 .41 .10 .71 .09 0.17 .06 0.51 .13 .18 .80 .20 .44 .28 .10 .36 11.78 1.22 .46 3.58 .35 0.46 .18 .81 .61 .11 .54 .19 .05 .27 13.91 1.21 .81 6.82 .47 0.95 .10 0.85 .18 1.16 .62 .16 .46 .32 .10 .46 11.60 1.15 1.60 4.22 .46 69 .50 .11 .22 .21 .06 .22 10.40 .89 .77 3.98 .34 .11 .86 .10 .67 .14 1.12 .22 .04 1.12 6.34 .56 .56 1.80 .17 .42 .05 .11 .03 .08 .01 6.96 .77 .68 3.38 .31 13.99 1.79 .79 4.27 .42 1.30 .23 .11 2.66 .23 .06 .30 .08 .11 .81 .19 .38 2.08 .27 .06 .69 .07 .60 .06 .66 .16 .09 1.19 .14 .56 .06 1.20 .16 .13 2.12 .18 .04 .57 .09 .09 .86 .22 .22 2.68 .32 .09 .76 .06 .46 .06 .74 .09 .39 .07 .46 2.91 .15 .96 .08 2.75 .19 1.46 .11 1.01 .09 2.64 .33 .27 .19 .03 1.56 .17 .14 .04 .14 .01 .11 .64 .12 .44 2.99 .31 .23 .04 .13 .01 .06 .01 .40 .05 .09 .01 .57 .10 .44 .15 .43 1.90 .32 .45 .11 .10 2.08 .19 .34 .04 .61 .14 .95 .16 .63 1.71 .26 .78 .18 2.10 .24 1.12 .11 1.98 .21 1.12 .19 1.00 .12 1.00 .09 .55 .07 .74 .06 .22 .02 .27 .02 .37 .05 .21 .02 .37 .05 .37 .06 .14 .02 .61 .08 .14 .02 .28 .02 .43 .06 .32 .04 .37 .04 .11 .01 .36 .07 .34 .03 1.32 .13 .60 .12 .38 .04 .22 .02 .87 .13 .73 .07 .40 .08 .63 .10 1.93 .32 .16 14.75 2.17 .86 85.89 11.57 11.66 2.46 .34 1.64 .20 1.62 .32 1.63 .22 .90 .13 1.90 .35 .13 10.81 1.87 .13 73.23 11.13 11.38 2.03 .32 2.08 .65 .53 4.08 .91 1.28 .24 .23 12.28 2.20 .23 68.85 9.08 10.60 5.97 .86 .99 55.78 6.63 11.84 4.68 .73 .17 66.10 9.64 13.12 10.26 1.09 .38 63.12 7.90 13.05 3.76 .46 7.31 .92 1.08 73.15 8.99 16.16 7.20 1.22 .92 38.15 7.54 26.40 56.19 8.69 11.59 64.60 10.01 16.59 340 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. CASES OF DISABILITY PER 100 MEMBERS, DAYS OF DISABILITY PER MEM INDUS Textile factories, 168,960. Leather factories, 2,300. Paper and pulp factories. Cause of disability or death. All occu- pations. 16,246. Rag sorting, 841. II. Infectious diseases: 5. Inflammation of the cellular tissue (furuncle.carbuncle)— Cases of disability per 100 members ... 1.13 .17 .02 .73 .21 1.56 1.70 .90 5.24 .06 .01 1.43 .19 2.23 .27 .12 1.19 .31 1.60 1.21 .57 3.75 .38 .05 1.07 .12 Death rates per 1,000 members 11. Pneumonia- Cases of disability per 100 members . . 1.26 .36 1.74 .61 .35 2.61 .04 .71 .20 1.19 .95 .39 1.19 .48 .09 Death rates per 1,000 members 12. Tuberculosis and scrofula- Cases of disability per 100 members Death rates per l,0OO members III. Venereal diseases: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members.. IV. Growths: Total for the group- .16 .04 .15 2.95 .42 .06 .97 .25 .08 1.71 .29 .61 1.35 .18 .02 1.15 .21 .48 .08 .09 .03 .25 5.54 .61 .12 1.21 .21 .12 .05 1.19 2.62 .44 Death rates per 1,000 members V. Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases: 7. Acute rheumatism- 4.17 .48 Days of disability per member 8. Chronic rheumatism- Cases of disability per 100 members .83 .16 1.55 .19 Death rates per 1,000 members VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members 1.87 .26 .87 1.74 .25 2.19 .33 .43 1.55 .19 1.55 .13 Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 9. Neuralgia- 1.07 .10 Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members VII. Diseases of the eyes: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members 1.48 .17 1.52 .20 2.02 .28 Death rates per 1,000 members 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis- .40 .06 .78 .09 .63 .07 .24 .01 Days of disal)iUty per member Death rates per 1,000 members 4. Diseases of the cornea — .17 .04 .13 .02 .32 .04 .12 .02 Death rates per 1,000 members VIII. Diseases of the ears: Total for the group — .21 .03 .17 .01 .33 .03 .12 .01 Death rates per 1,000 members IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group — 6.90 1.28 1.65 3.38 .48 .22 .91 .23 .27 6.83 1.11 .43 3.35 .38 9.73 1.42 1.60 6.68 .58 .25 1.26 .37 .25 10.70 1.81 4.76 5.95 .53 Days of disability per member 3. Acute bronchitis- Cases of disability per 100 members Death rates per 1,000 members 4. Chronic bronchitis- Cases of disability per 100 members .87 .23 1.19 .32 Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members CHAPTER I. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 341 3EB,AND DEATHS PEE 1,000 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY CAUSES AND rRIES— Continued. Factories tor leather md paper articles, 642. Rubber factories, 1,153. Sawmills, planing mills, etc., 12,676. Factories for horn, mother- of-pearl, etc.. articles. 3,024. Breweries and dis- tilleries, 4,359. Sugar factories, 36,638. Tobacco factories, 32,520. Factories for food and drink products, 2,636. Factories for wearing apparel, 9,799. Printing establish- ments, 1,322. 2.18 .28 35 .03 1.70 .21 1.29 .12 1.10 .13 2.70 .30 .03 1.32 .27 1.39 .81 .42 3.55 .07 .02 1.60 .23 1.22 .12 .39 1.38 .29 2.37 1.26 .56 5.91 .12 .01 1.49 .18 0.53 .06 .93 .24 1.13 .37 1.70 .34 1.10 .94 .58 3.47 .35 .07 .79 ' .23 .66 .63 .48 3.97 .10 .03 1.06 .20 .92 .66 .32 2.75 .28 .08 .62 .17 .86 1.73 1.06 8.21 .59 .20 .82 1.69 .93 8.23 .21 .04 .63 .10 3.03 1.71 .85 6.23 .95 .91 4.34 2.04 .90 6.05 1.13 .26 .35 .36 .87 3.90 .34 .19 .08 .08 4.19 .61 .07 .01 .23 7.62 .58 .23 2.32 .32 .07 .02 .14 4.72 .47 .12 .06 .26 2.73 .54 .03 1.66 .42 .08 .08 .39 2.41 .42 .12 .05 .10 2.19 .29 .10 .94 .19 .38 .02 2.02 .42 2.02 .23 .33 .69 .11 1.74 .38 .78 .07 1.13 .46 .96 .12 1.83 .23 1.26 .36 .53 .06 1.40 .17 1.47 .18 1.84 .27 .47 1.40 .15 2.35 .21 .66 2.08 .13 1.03 .19 .69 .87 .06 1.73 .24 .60 1.45 .16 .03 1.19 .15 2.42 .51 .58 1.92 .34 .03 1.46 .31 2.62 .24 .79 2.06 .18 1.31 .25 .61 .92 .12 2.27 .62 .76 1.09 .16 1.21 .08 2.04 .42 2.49 .67 .26 .08 2.11 .20 2.25 .18 .62 .11 1.66 .23 .83 .13 .98 .14 .78 .22 .09 .02 .79 .05 .93 .06 .37 .02 .46 .04 .80 .14 .16 .01 .13 .03 .38 .06 .16 .02 .17 .04 .42 .04 .60 .06 .06 .01 .23 .03 .31 .08 .69 .04 .06 .02 .08 .01 .16 .04 .41 .05 .40 .06 .09 .03 .16 .02 .22 .04 .08 .01 .14 .03 .30 .02 1012 1.87 7.81 1.00 8.98 1.25 .95 4.38 .43 .16 1.70 .33 .16 5.59 .82 1.32 2.98 .33 .68 .83 .14 8.56 1.09 2.29 5.16 .61 .46 .89 .09 .23 9.12 1.1b 1.01 4.78 .47 .19 .95 .16 .06 6.85 1.47 .80 3.30 .61 .03 1.82 .39 .03 11.56 1.68 1.97 6.90 .68 6.19 1.05 1.53 2 80 .37 .41 .87 .14 7.03 1.17 1.51 7.01 .86 5.46 .31 3.63 .36 .43 .11 1.26 .30 .79 .38 .10 342 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOK. CASES OF DISABILITY PER 100 MEMBERS, DAYS OF DISABILITY PER MEM INDUS Cause of disability or death. Textile factories, 168,960. Leather factories, 2,300. Paper and pulp factories. All occu- pations, 16,246. sorting, 841. IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs— Concluded. 7. Pulmonary emphysema — Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members X. Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group- Cases of disability per 100 members Days'of disabihty per member Death rates per 1,000 members 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 9. Acute intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per menjber Death rates per 1,000 members 10. Chronic intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XII. Diseases of the genito-urinary system: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XIII. Diseases of the skin: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 1. Acute dermatitis- Cases of disabihty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 5. Eczema — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion: Total for the group — Cases of disabihty per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members XV. Accidental injuries: Total for the group — Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per l,0OO members All diseases (excluding confinements): Cases of disability per 100 members Days of disability per member Death rates per 1,000 members 0.31 .10 .28 .14 .37 .18 .07 .28 8.51 1.09 3.15 .38 .09 .16 .07 •1.15 .13 .03 .22 .04 .06 .58 .16 .22 1.84 .28 .04 .49 .06 0.S2 .18 .43 .83 .20 .43 .04 W 13.43 1.43 .87 5.96 .53 .43 .78 .12 2.00 .23 .52 .05 .35 .12 .30 .04 .10 .02 1.15 .26 .10 .54 .13 50.61 8.48 12.88 2.91 .42 1.26 .11 .07 1.83 .42 .43 4.00 .58 0.46 .12 .25 .65 .16 .23 .09 .55 13.91 1.47 1.11 5.31 .52 .12 1.23 .18 .06 2.35 .22 .12 .37 .06 .12 .64 .14 .12 1.96 1.74 .31 .12 7.69 1.30 58. 00 76. 07 8. 20 10. 21 10. 00 12. 62 0.59 .40 .71 .09 13.20 1.38 2.38 5.83 .47 1.19 .24 1.78 .29 1.19 .12 .01 1.19 .59 .04 ..24 '2.60 .38 1.19 74.32 10.11 13.08 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. OHAPTBE I. — ^WORKMEN S INSUBANCB IN AUSTRIA. 343 BEK, AND DEATHS PER 1,000 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY CAUSES AND TRIES— Concluded. Factories Factories lor leather Rubber Sawmills, planing for horn, mother- Breweries and dis- tilleries, 4,359. Sugar Tobacco Factories for food Factories for Printing establish- ments, 1,322. and paper articles, factories. mills. of-pearl. factories. factories. and drink wearing 1,163. etc.. etc., 36,638. 32,520. products, apparel. 642. 12,676. articles, 2,536. 9,799. 3,024. 0.47 0.87 0.31 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.34 0.47 0.36 0.46 .46 .38 .11 .01 .04 .08 .12 .10 .18 .12 .16 .69 .23 .41 .25 .42 .18 .66 .20 .68 .47 .35 .40 .39 1.06 .10 .02 .16 .05 .07 .08 .21 .05 .16 .19 .24 .13 .05 .16 8.99 .23 .23 .04 .23 9.22 .22 .12 .04 .11 8.90 .62 .28 .12 .66 11.61 .39 .20 .04 .39 9.78 .61 .18 .09 .41 8.38 1.61 .03 .30 .04 .76 9.35 16.57 8.93 7.79 1.00 1.24 .85 1.02 .78 .87 1.63 1.00 .96 1.00 1.56 2.96 .24 2.41 .33 3.31 .1.15 2.89 .68 3.49 .46 3.43 .61 2.67 .76 3.47 3.19 3.10 .23 .21 .25 .28 .33 .34 .47 .26 .27 .26 .08 .68 .23 1.72 .03 .73 .03 .93 .20 .66 .16 .35 .43 .79 .23 .04 .06 .09 .16 .14 .10 .11 1.40 .25 .14 .10 .08 1.56 3.04 1.59 .63 2.20 2.08 1.26 1.31 1.21 .17 .14 .14 .08 .10 .13 .27 .11 .12 .14 1.50 .16 .08 .23 .11 .01 .14 .26 .03 .03 .36 .10 .26 .03 .09 .02 .43 .06 .45 .11 .06 1.53 .36 .10 .23 .02 .47 1.04 .47 .63 .34 .56 1.05 .91 .12 .12 .11 .09 .11 .08 .39 .06 .24 .28 .87 .61 .32 3.32 .22 4.12 .31 1.60 .31 2.02 3.27 1.65 1.63 2.01 1.66 .47 .18 .40 .27 .20 .46 .05 1.29 .13 .27 .03 .31 .03 .03 .45 .29 .34 .22 .78 .10 .88 .10 .46 .04 .41 .05 .35 .06 .72 .10 .30 .04 1.25 .26 .65 .43 .23 .41 .43 .37 .38 .20 .02 .07 .03 .01 .05 .07 .04 .07 .05 .78 .36 .73 .43 .44 1.36 .32 .20 .30 .15 .14 .16 .12 .11 .09 .17 .09 .03 .10 .02 .16 .09 2.42 .43 1.65 1.92 ,93 1.03 1.40 1.36 .01 .04 .29 .04 .23 .27 .05 9.11 .21 .03 1.65 .14 .31 .39 5.14 4.16 6.68 7.74 7.52 4.02 2.79 2.57 .66 .66 1.06 .84 1.13 1.36 .31 .56 .44 .50 .55 63.32 .46 59.62 .98 60.96 .06 59.07 .10 47.66 64.67 60.36 57.61 56.23 53.33 8.27 7.49 8.58 7.18 7.16 7.78 11.06 7.76 7.90 8.19 9.35 6.94 9.23 9.26 10.09 10.92 14.08 12.22 13.47 17.40 46598°— 10 344 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. For all the industries mentioned in the tables on pages 336 to 343 the highest number of cases of sickness per 100 workers came from diseases of the digestive system (XI) with 10.70 cases; the next high- est rate was due to diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) with 8.30 cases per 100 workers; the third highest rate was from accidental injuries (XV) which caused 6.20 cases per 100 workers, while acute rheumatism (V-7) caused 4.90 cases. These are the only causes with rates of approximately 5 or more cases per 100 workers. For the 504,051 persons employed in the estabhshments included the average number of days of sickness per member due to each of the three principal causes is as follows: Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 1.35 days, diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 1.18- days, and accidental injuries (XV) caused 1.02 days of disability per person included. No other cause resulted in disability of more than one day per person. The principal causes of the deaths of the persons employed in these estabhshments were as follows: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) were responsible for 4.39 deaths per each 1,000 members, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 1.38 deaths per each 1,000 members, and pneumonia (11-11) caused the death of 1.33 persons per each 1,000 members. None of the other causes shows a rate in excess of one per thousand. For aU industries included in the study the number of cases of dis- abihty per 100 workers is 60.71. The industry showing the highest rate is railroads using horses as motive power, the rate being 123.61 cases of disabihty for each 100 members; the principal cause was diseases of the digestive organs, which were responsible for 44.89 cases per each 100 members. The second highest rate, 85.89, is for smelting works, rolHng mills, etc., the principal cause being accidental injuries which caused 14.75 cases of disability for each 100 members. The third highest rate, 76.07, is for paper and pulp factories; diseases of the digestive system, which caused 13.91 cases per 100 members, is the principal cause. The lowest rate, 38.15 is "for glass grinding; diseases of the respiratory organs, which caused 7.36 cases per 100 members, is the principal cause in this industry. The number of days of disabihty per member for all industries included in the table is 9.17. The industry showing the largest num- ber of days per member is smelting works, rolhng mills, etc., with 11.57 days per member, the principal cause being accidental injuries, which caused 2.17 days of disability per member. The next highest number of days per member, 11.13, is shown for factories for metal and iron ware, the principal cause being accidental injuries, which were respon- sible for 1 .87 days of disability per member. The third highest num- ber is for tobacco factories, in which there were 1 1 .06 days of disability fnr each member, the nrinciDal cause, di.seaaes of the diVpsfivp. svstp.m. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 345 causing 1.63 days of disability per member. The lowest number of days of disability per member, 6.63, is for brick works, lime, cement, etc., the principal cause being diseases of the respiratory organs, which caused 1 .07 days per member. The death rate from all causes for the industries included in the table is 11.79 per 1,000 members. The industry with the highest death rate is glass grinding, the rate being 26.40 deaths per 1,000 members; the principal causes of death in this industry are tubercu- losis and scrofula, these being responsible for 18.54 deaths per 1,000 members. The second highest rate, 17.40, is for printing establish- ments, the principal causes, tuberculosis and scrofula, having a rate of 6.05 per 1,000 members. The third highest death rate is 17.05 and is for flour mills, the principal causes of death also being tuberculosis and scrofula and causing 9.30 deaths per 1,000 members. The lowest death rate, 6.94 is for rubber factories, the principal causes in this industry being tuberculosis and scrofula, which caused 4.34 deaths per 1,000 members. The industries having the highest death rates from tuberculosis and scrofula are glass grinders, with a rate of 18.54 per 1,000 members; flour mills, with a rate of 9.30 per 1,000 members; and tobacco fac- tories, with a rate of 8.21 per 1,000 members. The lowest death rate, 1.19 per 1,000 members, is for the rag sorters in paper and pulp factories. In the two tables following the data relating to the causes of the disability are arranged to show the distribution of the cases of sick- ness and death among the causes; that is, for each 100 cases of sickness the tables show how many were due to each class of disease, and for each 100 days of disability the number of days due to each class of disease, and for each 100 cases of death the number of deaths due to each class of disease. In the first table the proportions for all of the 504,051 persons are arranged by causes of disability or death, while the second table presents similar data by industries or groups of establishments. At the close of the table is a text statement pointing out the leading causes of disability and death for each industry. 346 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. PER CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND OF DEATHS DUE TO EACH CAUSE, AMONG 604,051 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1893.J Causes of disability or death. Per cent Per cent of total of total Per cent cases of days of deaths due to disability due to disability due to each each cause. cause. cause. 2.7 2.5 0.3 L6 2.8 11.3 2.1 7.5 37.2 .3 .4 .5 .3 1.9 8.1 6.5 .3 1.9 2.6 .4 3.4 3.8 6.7 2.7 2.3 .2 2.2 2.3 .7 .5 .3 14.7 .9 .4 .4 13.7 11.7 7.7 6.3 1.6 1.6 2.5 1.5 .6 1.3 2.2 II. Infectious diseases: 6. Inflanunation of the cellular tissue (furuncle, carbuncle) 11. Pneumonia 12. Tuberculosis and scrofula III. Venereal diseases: Total for "the group IV. Growths: Total for the group V . Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases; 7. Acute rheumatism 8. Chronic rheumatism VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system: Total for the group 9. Neuralgia VII. Diseases of the eyes: Total for the group 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis 4. Diseases of the cornea VIII. Diseases of the ears: Total for the group IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group 3. Acute bronchitis ." 4. Chronic bronchitis 7. Pulmonary emphysema CHAPTER I. — WORKMEN S INSXHIANCE IN AUSTRIA. 347 PEE CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND OF DEATHS DUE TO EACH CAUSE, AMONG 604,061 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890— Concluded. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1893.] Causes of disability of death. Per cent of total cases of disability due to eacli cause. Per cent of total days of disability due to each cause. Per cent of total deaths due to each cause. X. Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the group 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach 9. Acute Intestinal catarrh 10. Chronic mtestinal catarrh XII. Diseases of the genito-urinary system: Total for the group XIII. Diseases of the skin: Total for the group 1. Acute dermatitis 5. Eczema 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion: Total lor the group XV. Accidental injuries: Total for the group 1.0 .4 17.6 6.4 1.2 3.4 .4 1.1 3.6 1.0 .6 2.2 10.2 1.9 12.9 4.5 1.4 2.1 .4 1.7 3.2 .8 .6 1,0 2.7 11.1 3.6 2.8 5.7 2.0 .2 .1 .5 4.4 348 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PEB CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY. AND OF DEATHS [Source: Amtliclie Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1893.] Cause ol disability or death. Flour mills, 645. Railroads. Steam, 120,438. II. Infectious diseases: 5. Inflammation of the cellular tissue (furuncle, carbuncle)- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 11. Pneumonia- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths , 12. Tuberculosis and scrofula— ' Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths III. Venereal diseases: Total for the group- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths IV. Growths: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths V. Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases: 7. Acute rheumatism- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 8. Chronic rheumatism — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths '. VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Per VII. Total for the group — Cases of disability. . . Days of disability. . . Deaths . Neuralgia — Cases of disability. . . Days of disability. . . Deaths Diseases of the eyes: VIII, IX Total for the group — Cases of disability., Days of disability Deaths 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis- Cases of disability Days of disability , Deaths 4. Diseases of the cornea— ■ Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths Diseases of the ears: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty , Deaths 3. Acute bronchitis- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 4. Chronic bronchitis- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths : cent. 0.5 .4 3.3 7.2 9.1 2.3 9.7 54.5 Per cent. 3.6 3.4 .5 1.3 3.0 12.3 LO 4.2 25.9 3.5 5.0 2.3 L6 1.9 3.1 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.4 .6 18.7 15.2 9.1 5.8 2.7 10. i Percent. 1.3 2.5 .2 .7 3.7 12.7 10 2 .2 1.4 1.9 .6 3.8 4.7 8.4 8.2 2.8 .1 1.7 1.8 12.6 14.3 11.3 9.0 7.5 1.1 6.8 1.2 1.7 » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CHAPTEB I. — ^workmen's INSUBANCB IN AUSTRIA. 349 DUE TO EACH CAUSE AMONG 504,061 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, 1890, BY INDUSTRIES. [Sotirce: Amtliche Naohriohten betr. Unfall- und Kranltenversicherung, 1893.] Smelting works, rolling mills, etc., 18,625. Quarries and pits, 4,382. Brick works, lime, cement, etc., 9,119. Pottery, porce- lain, etc., factories, 11,582. Glass factories. Factories for metal and iron ware, 22,496. Chem- icals (ex- cluding match factories), 3,694. Match factories, eta., 3,796. Factories All occu- pations, 10,496. Glass grinding, 1,780. ing and lighting materials, 4,362. Pa cent. 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 3.3 13.4 1.1 4.2 25.8 .3 .4 Per cent. 1.6 1.8 Per cent. 3.1 2.6 Per cent. 2.0 1.6 Per cent. 1.9 1.9 Per cent. 0.9 .5 Per cent. 2.1 1.7 .4 1.8 3.2 10.5 2.0 7.8 36.3 .3 .6 Per cent. 3.8 3.8 Per cent. 1.7 1.3 Percent. 4.1 4.5 4.5 6.9 23.9 1.4 6.4 21.7 .1 .2 3.8 6.6 12.1 2.9 8.9 30.6 .1 .2 1.8 3.1 5.3 2.2 10.0 46.7 .2 .4 1.6 3.0 4.4 2.1 9.1 47.4 .1 .1 2.5 5.0 2.2 3.2" 19.7 1.6 5.7 30.3 .1 .4 2.9 4.1 15.9 1.1 4.1 34.1 .1 .2 1.1 2.4 "4.4 1.3 4.3 29.4 .4 1.3 9.0 28.4 70.2 .2 .1 1.6 2.0 2.7 V.2 5.8 .1 .3 4.4 9.3 6.7 .3 .2 1.9 7.6 6.4 .2 .3 1.3 5.1 4.2 .2 .4 .8 4.7 4.8 .1 .3 1.9 7.3 6.4 .4 2.5 2.2 .4 2.4 2.8 5.9 1.9 1.5 .4 3.4 3.1 .2 .3 1.8 5.9 5.7 .3 .7 2.2 6.2 3.7 7 1 2 1.5 4.4 3.4 12.0 10.7 1.4 2.6 .4 3.6 4.2 7.4 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 2.7 1.2 2.2 2.5 .9 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 1.6 3.0 2.6 2.5 6.5 2.1 1.9 2.2 2.9 2.6 4.3 3.8 7.4 3.6 2.9 3.1 2.4 4.6 2.5 1.8 6.6 4.2 4.4 5.3 3.3 2.6 2.1 3.7 3.7 1.8 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.8 6.8 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.8 1.4 2.7 3.2 8.9 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.0 3.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 3.1 .9 2.8 3.1 1.4 1.9 .5 .3 .6 .7 .6 .6. 1.4 1.0 1.1 .6 2.1 .5 1.0 .8 1.2 .9 .3 .2 .9 .7 .5 .4 1.0 .7 .5 .5 .8 1.3 .2 .3 .2 .1 .7 .7 .6 .9 .2 .2 .1 .3 .4 .3 .2 .1 .3 .3 .5 .4 .3 .3 .2 (») .4 .4 .4 15.1 15.6 11.7 7.9 6.3 2.4 2.0 3.2 1.1 .3 .2 .2 .1 .4 .3 IS. 6 16.5 9.7 8.0 6.1 .9 2.8 3.4 11.6 13.2 17.4 6.9 6.3 2.2 1.4 2.6 2.2 18.1 16.1 10.2 9.5 8.0 4.6 .8 1.1 16.1 18.3 13.8 6.8 6.6 1.3 3.3 6.0 2.7 13.8 16.2 19.7 6.9 6.1 2.9 1.5 1.9 .8 19.3 21.5 12.8 8.8 8.5 4.2 4.1 3.8 11.9 13.0 14.3 7.4 5.7 1.8 1.3 1.7 14.2 11.5 9.1 7.1 5.2 19.2 21.7 19.1 13.5 14.7 2.2 2.3 4.6 2.0 2.3 1.5 350 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PEE CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND OF 1890, BY INDUS Cause of disability or death. Flour mills, Railroads. Steam, 120,438. Horse, 2,241. IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs— Concluded. 7. Pulmonary emphysema — Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths -. X. Diseases of the organs of circulation: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the grouj)— Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach — Cases of disability Days of dlsabihty Deaths 7. Chronic catarrh of the stomach — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 9. Acute intestinal catarrh- Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths 10. Chronic intestinal catarrh — Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths XII. Diseases of the genito-urinary system: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths XIII. Diseases of the skin: Total for the group- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths 1. Acute dermatitis- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths 5. Eczema- Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers- Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths XIV. Diseases of the organs of. locomotion: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths XV. Accidental injuries: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths r ceTit. 0.7 1.4 9.1 Per cent, 0.6 1.6 2.7 1.3 2.7 6.5 15.9 12.5 9.1 4.4 2.6 1.4 4.3 9.1 2.1 .7 1.9 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.8 1.6 1.4 2.8 3.0 9.6 12.3 18.2 .4 1.4 5.0 19.0 13.0 6.6 7.2 4.7 .4 .6 .7 6.0 2.9 .5 1.5 2.0 2.9 2.7 1.6 2.0 12.6 14.9 11.5 Per cent. 0.5 1.8 36.3 25.6 4.8 13.9 10.5 .1 .1 4.8 17.4 11.7 1.8 9.5 1.6 1.8 3.7 6.8 9.5 15.8 CHAPTEB I. WOEKMEK's INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 351 DKATHS DUE TO EACH CAUSE AMONG 504,051 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, TRIES— Continued. Smelting works, rolling mills, etc., 18,625. Quarries and pits, 4,382. Brick works, lime, cement, etc., 9,119. Pottery, porce- lain, etc., factories, 11,582. Glass factories. Factories Chem- icals (ex- cluding match factories), 3,694. Match factories^ etc., 3,796, Factories Total, 10,496. Glass grinding, 1,780. and iron ware, 22,496. ing and lighting materials, 4,362. Pa cent. 0.9 1.5 2.3 .7 1.2 2.7 .3 .6 2.3 15.6 12.4 6.4 5.7 3.7 Per cent. 0.8 1.2 2.2 .7 1.1 Per cent. 0.3 .6 Per cent. 0,4 .8 2.0 .9 .8 1.3 .3 .3 .7 18.6 13,5 7.9 5.8 4.1 Per cent. 0.6 1.5 3.7 1.1 1.4 2.9 .2 .4 1.5 16.9 12.8 3,7 6,8 5,2 .8 1.1 1.1 Per cent. 0.4 .8 Per cent. 0,7 1,2 1,6 1.1 1.8 3.9 .4 .9 3.2 16.1 11,0 4.0 4.9 3.1 Per cent. 0.6 2.0 5.3 .7 1.2 3.6 .3 .6 1,8 19 13.6 6,3 8.0 6.2 Per cent. 1.7 1.2 Per cent. 1.3 1.8 7 4 .9 1.7 1.9 .4 .9 1.9 18.6 13.4 6.6 7.1 6.1 .9 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.9 4.2 .6 .5 4.2 14.0 7.4 2.1 4.7 2.3 .7 .6 1.0 1,6 3.0 .2 .3 .1 .1 .6 1,0 3,0 11.8 8.5 6.5 6.7 3.4 24,9 20,6 6,8 7.6 4.8 18.0 11.5 10.3 6.5 4.6 4.4 1.6 2.0 .9 3.0 2.0 .4 .4 .7 .9 .9 1.6 3.3 2.4 2.3 .4 .8 .6 .8 .7 1.2 1.7 .7 2.1 1.6 1.5 .8 1.6 1.4 1.1 2.9 1.6 .4 .8 .8 .8 1.2 2.0 1.9 3.7 2.9 .8 1.0 .6 .6 .7 1.3 1.0 .6 .7 3.0 1.6 .9 4.9 2.9 2.3 1.4 2.6 1.2 3.6 3.7 1,8 .3 .3 2.8 2.0 4.5 1.5 .2 .4 .3 .2 .9 1.1 1.8 3.7 6.4 4.7 .4 .4 .2 .1 .2 .1 .7 .6 .1 .1 1.0 1.1 .8 1.6 3.3 3.4 3.4 .7 1.4 .8 3.3 2.4 .9 .5 .7 1.6 1.7 1.8 4.6 3,0 3,0 1.2 1.8 3.6 2.6 2.9 1.6 2.7 2.3 1,7 1,9 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.4 1.0 .7 1.2 .8 .6 .3 .4 .2 .7 .6 .3 .2 .4 .4 .6 .7 .3 .3 .9 .8 .2 .3 .7 .3 .6 .5 .4 .4 .7 .5 .2 .1 .4 .6 .6 .3 2.4 2.0 .9 1.3 .6 .6 .6 .3 1.2 1.2 1.0 .8 . 7 .9 .8 1,0 2,2 2.8 1.4 17.2 18.8 7.4 4.2 3.7 2.9 3.0 2.9 3,4 2.6 2.8 2.4 1.7 2.6 3.1 1.1 14.8 16,8 1.1 2,8 3,6 3.7 7.6 4.6 7.3 10.6 2.0 2,4 1.5 20.9 24.2 2.2 10.7 13.0 8.4 8.3 7,7 1.3 16.2 13.8 2.9 9,9 6.1 10,0 10.2 7.1 11.1 12.2 5.9 352 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. PEE CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND OF 1890, BY INDUS Cause of disability or death. Textile factories, 168,960. Leather factories, 2,300. Paper and pulp factories. All occu- pations, 16,246. Eag sorting, 841. II. Infectious diseases: 5. Inflammation of the cellular tissue (furuncle, carbuncle)- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 11. Pneiunonia — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 12. Tuberculosis and scrofula- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths Venereal diseases: III. Total for the group— -ty.. Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths IV. Growths: Per cent. 2.2 2.0 .2 1.4 2.5 12.1 3.4 10.6 40.7 Per cent. 2.5 2.3 2.2 4.4 17.4 1.1 4.3 26.1 Per cent. 2.9 2.6 1.0 1.6 3.0 12.7 1.6 6.6 29.7 Total for the group — lily.. Oases of disability . Days of disability Deaths V. Diseases of the blood and constitutional diseases: 7. Acute rheumatism- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 8. Chronic rheumatism — Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths VI. Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths 9. Neuralgia — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty ■. Deaths VII. Diseases of the eyes: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability . . . ., Deaths 3. Diseases of the conjunctiva other than conjunctivitis- Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths 4. Diseases of the cornea- Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths VIII. Diseases of the ears: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs: Total for the group- Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths 3. Acute bronchitis — Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths 4. Chronic bronchitis — Cases of disabiUty Days of disabiUty Deaths .5 1.2 5.8 5.0 .5 1.9 2.9 .6 3.4 3.4 4.7 2.7 2.1 .2 2.3 2.5 7.0 6.9 1.4 2.0 3.2 3.2 8.7 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.1 .7 1.3 1.1 13.6 15.1 12.8 6.7 6.7 1.7 1.8 2.7 2.1 11.8 13.5 4.3 5.8 4.6 1.5 2.8 Per cent. 1.4 1.2 .1 .3 2.0 7.3 6.0 1.0 1.6 2.1 2.9 3.2 3.4 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 12.8 13.9 12.7 7.5 5.7 2.0 1.7 3.6 2.0 OHAPTEB I. WOEKMEN S INSUEANCB IN AUSTRIA. 353 DEATHS DUE TO EACH CAUSE AMONG 504,051 MEMBERS OF SICK FUNDS, TRIES— Continued. Factories for leather and Rubber factories, Saw- mills, planing mills Factories for horn, mother- of-pearl. Brewer- ies and distil- Sugar factories, Tobacco factories. Factories for food and drink products, 2,536. Factories for wearing Printing establish- ments, 1,322. paper articles, 642. 1,153. etc., 12,676. etc., articles, 3,024. leries, 4,359. 36,638. 32,520. apparel, 9,799. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 4.0 0.6 2.7 2.2 1.8 4.4 2.5 2.2 3.1 1.0 3.4 .4 2.4 1.7 1.8 3.9 .3 2.2 2.1 1.5 3.2 2.5 2.3 .7 1.7 1.9 2.7 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 2.9 4.9 4.0 3.2 2.8 3.5 1.5 3.7 2.5 1 2 11.9 1.5 7.1 1.1 9.1 .9 - 12.7 1.3 6.1 2.9 19.4 2.2 6.1 3.3 17.4 3.1 1.6 3.8 10.3 12.1 6.8 6.7 4.5 5.4 9.5 7.2 11.8 11.0 66.6 62.5 37.6 42.9 27.3 32.5 58.3 48.4 46.2 34.8 .6 .8 .2 .4 .5 1.1 .1 .3 .2 .1 .4 .5 2.1 3.2 .6 4.8 12.5 6.5 .3 .7 .9 6.6 .1 .1 2.3 12.8 .1 .3 1.3 7.7 .2 .6 1.8 4.6 .1 1.0 3.2 4.3 .3 .6 .7 4.6 .7 .2 3.7 3.5 3.3 6.1 4.5 5.9 3.2 3.6 1.2 8.1 2.3 3.9 6.0 4.9 .2 2.8 6.4 3.7 .7 2.0 4.6 1.4 1.9 1.5 3.0 2.2 1.0 .8 6.1 1.4 1.5 4.5 3.0 3.8 4.6 2.4 .7 2.6 2.4 2.9 4.1 1.7 2.8 4.1 4.6 2.8 4.3 2.1 2.4 3.1 2.9 2.7 3.1 4.6 3.1 3.2 6.4 5.1 2.2 7.1 3.6 6.8 1.1 6.5 2.4 4.1 3.3 6.5 3.6 4.5 1.9 4.4 2.0 2.0 3.8 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.8 .8 2.1 .3 2.0 3.1 .2 2.5 2.1 1.5 5.1 4.6 .4 3.3 3.9 1.0 3.0 1.7 1.8 6.9 .8 2.3 2.5 1.5 1.9 2.8 3.0 1.6 1.7 1.4 .1 1.2 1.6 .6 .8 1.4 .3 .3 .7 2.7 .3 .6 .7 .3 .5 1.3 .1 .4 .7 .3 .3 .7 1.0 .1 .4 .5 1.0 .1 .2 .2 .5 .5 .8 .1 .4 .7 .5 .3 .1 .3 .5 .6 .6 .7 .8 .2 .4 .3 .3 .4 .4 .1 .1 .3 .4 .6 .2 18.6 12.9 14.2 9.7 14.4 15.0 11.6 20.5 13.0 13.2 22.6 13.4 14.6 11.4 15.2 14.1 13.3 20.4 13.3 14.3 10.3 6.9 14.3 5.2 22.7 8.7 9.2 7.8 5.7 5.6 16.1 12.3 11.4 5.9 8. 1 12.8 9.0 6.8 10.4 4.1 5.0 4.6 7.1 6.0 6.5 8.8 4.7 4.4 1.7 2.7 3.8 1.7 7.1 1.4 1.9 4.6 1.2 1.3 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.9 .5 .2 3.1 3.5 .2 3.0 1.8 1.8 .7 1.5 2.2 3.9 6.6 .7 1.2 354 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PEE CENT OF CASES OF DISABILITY, OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, AND OF 1890, BY INDUS Cause of disability or death. Textile Jactori"'s, 168,960. Leather factories, 2,300. Faper and pulp factories. All occu- pations, 16,246. Rag sorting, 841. IX. Diseases of the respiratory organs — Concluded. 7. Pulmonary emphysema — Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths , X. Diseases of the organs of circulation : Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability . Deaths 2. Inflammatory diseases of the heart valves- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XI. Diseases of the digestive system: Total for the group — Cases of disabiUty Days of disability Deaths 6. Acute catarrh of the stomach — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 7. Chronic catarrh of-the stomach — Cases of disability Days of disabiUty Deaths 9. Acute intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 10. Chronic Intestinal catarrh — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XII. Diseases of the genlto-urinary system: Total for the group— . Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XIII. Diseases of the sHn: Total for the group — ilfty. Cases of disability^ Days of disability Deaths 1. Acute dermatitis — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths 5. Eczema — Cases of disabilits Days of disability Deaths 7. Chronic cutaneous ulcers- Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths XIV. Diseases of the organs of locomotion: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days of disability Deaths , XV. Accidental injuries: Total for the group — Cases of disability Days ot disability Deaths Per cent. 0.6 1.2 2.2 1.0 1.7 2.9 .4 .8 2.2 16.8 12.9 5.4 6.2 4.5 .7 1.8 1.9 2.3 1.5 .2 .4 .5 .4 1.1 1.9 1.7 3.6 3.3 .3 1.0 .7 1.2 .2 2.3 3.1 5.9 6.4 1.0 Per cent. 0.9 2.2 4.3 1.4 2.4 4.3 23.2 17.4 8.7 10.3 6.5 4.3 1.3 1.5 3.4 2.8 5.0 5.1 2.2 1.3 1.2 2.2 3.2 5.1 4.3 7.1 Per cent. 0.6 1.2 2.0 1.6 4.9 .3 .9 4.4 18.3 14.4 7.0 5.1 1.0 1.6 1.8 .5 3.1 2.2 1.0 .5 .6 i:o 1.4 1.0 2.6 2.7 .6 1.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 10.1 12.7 Per cent. 0.8 4.0 1.0 17.8 13.6 18.2 7.8 4.6 9.1 2.4 2.9 9.1 1.6 3.3 3.2 4.8 1.3 2.1 3.4 3.8 9.1 5.1 4.5 CHAPTER I. workmen's INSUEANOE IN AUSTRIA. 355 DEATHS DUE TO BACH CAUSE AMONG 504,061 MEMBERS OP SICK FUNDS, TRIES— Concluded. Factories for leather and articles, 642. Rubber factories, 1,153. Saw- mills, planing mills, etc., 12,676. Factories for horn, mother- of-pearl, etc., articles, 3,024. Brewer- ies and distil- leries, 4,359. Sugar factories, 36,638. Tobacco factories, 32,520. Factories for food and drink products, 2,636. Factories for wearing apparel, 9,799. Printing establish- ments, 1,322. Per cent. 0.9 6.6 Per cent. 1.4 6.1 Per cent. 0.5 1.3 1.7 .9 1.7 2.6 .2 .6 1.7 14.2 9.9 2.6 3.8 2.9 .9 1.1 1.0 Per cent. 0.3 .1 Per cent. 0.4 .6 2.3 .7 1.0 2.3 .4 .6 2.3 16.6 10.9 11.4 4.8 4.6 2.3 2.9 2.0 Per cent. 0.5 1.0 2.3 .7 1.0 2.0 .2 .6 1.0 1-4.6 11.2 6.2 6.7 4.4 .3 1.2 1.3 1.0 2.3 1.7 1.3 .4 .4 .3 .6 1.0 2.0 6.8 6.9 .5 2.1 1.7 Per cent. 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.9 4.4 .5 1.1 3.9 19.7 14.7 3.3 5.8 4.3 .2 1.6 2.3 Per cent. 0.8 1.3 Per cent. 0.8 2.3 1.6 1.2 2.0 4.5 .4 1.1 3.0 17.6 12.0 4.6 5.6 3.4 1.5 1.4 1.3 Percent. 0.8 1.5 .9 1.2 .6 .3 .7 .7 .7 .6 3.2 .4 .5 3.2 17.4 12.9 2.0 2.3 8 7 .1 .6 5 4.4 17.1 12.1 16.7 6.4 2.8 27.5 16.6 15.5 14.2 3.6 6.7 3.9 14.6 12.2 4.4 6.7 2.8 6.7 3.4 6.8 3.2 .3 .6 .6 .8 .7 2.2 1.4 1.8 .4 1.0 2.9 2.1 16.7 .3 1.0 5.0 1.9 2.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 3.7 1.4 2.3 .2 .1 3.6 2.4 2.2 1.4 2.8 1.5 .7 .5 .4 2.3 1.7 .1 .3 .7 .7 .8 1.0 .4 2.6 3.5 2.2 2.7 2.4 .2 .6 .3 .2 .8 .6 .6 1.3 .4 •.2 .9 1.5 1.7 1.6 12.5 1.0 2.4 .7 1.3 3.5 6.2 4.7 1.1 1.3 .6 1.5 1.0 .6 2.2 3.0 2.3 4.2 4.3 1.7 3.4 6.0 6.7 2.9 3.8 2.7 2.8 3.6 3.7 3.1 2.7 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 .8 .6 .7 .7 .6 .6 1.6 1.3 .6 .6 2.3 2.4 .4 .3 1.0 .8 .7 .4 .4 .1 .7 .6 .8 .5 .8 .9 .7 .6 1.4 1.7 .6 2.1 1.2 1.4 .7 1.5 .7 1.3 2.2 2.2 .6 .8 .4 .4 .6 1.3 .3 .2 .3 .1 .1 .5 3.8 3.4 .7 .6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.5 .6 14.9 17.5 9.0 1.6 1.9 .2 2.8 2.8 .4 1.8 1.8 2.9 3.9 2.6 4.8 9.4 8.0 6.9 7.6 10.5 12.4 6.0 13.4 11.7 12.6 15.8 4.6 7.1 7.2 5.9 6.6 .7 4.8 6.1 <• Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 356 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. For all of the 504,051 persons employed in the establishments referred to above the per cent of cases of disabihty, of days of dis- abiUty, and of deaths are shown by causes in the table on pages 346 and 347. For all of the persons employed in the estabhshments included in the preceding table the principal causes of the cases of disabihty were as follows : Diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 17.6 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.7 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) caused 10.2 per cent of all the cases enumerated in the table. These are the only causes responsible for 10 per cent or more of the cases of disability, and together they total 41.5 per cent of all the cases occurring. Of the total days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 14.7 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.9 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 11.1 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 7.5 per cent. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 37.2 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.7 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 11.3 per cent, or together these three lung affections caused 60.2 per cent of all the deaths occurring. Considering each industry separately, the principal causes of the cases of disabihty, of the days of disability, and of the deaths are as follows : In the flour mills the principal causes of disability were : Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 18.7 per cent of the cases, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 15.9 per cent, and acci- dental injuries (XV), 9.6 per cent. Of the total days of disabihty diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.2 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.5 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 12.3 per cent. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 54.5 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) caused 9.1 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.1 per cent, the three lung diseases together being responsible for 72.7 per cent of the deaths. Accidental injuries (XV) caused 18.2 per cent and diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 9.1 per cent of the deaths. In the steam railroads diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 19.0 per cent of the cases of disabihty, acute rheumatism (V-7) 12.7 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.6 per cent, and accidental injmies (XV) 12.6 per cent, or together these four causes were responsible for 56.9 per cent of all the cases of disabihty. Of the total days of disabihty accidental injuries (XV) caused 14.9 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.3 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.0 per cent. Practically half of the deaths are due to affections of the lungs; tuberculosis a;nd scrofula (11-12) caused 25.9 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 12.3 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 1 1 .3 per cent of the deaths, or together 49.5 per cent of the deaths were due to lung affec- +,inns A r,p,i dental iniiiriea CXV) caused 11.5 ner cent of the deaths. CHAPTER I. — ^WOEKMBN's INSURANCE IN AUSTEIA. 357 On railroads using horse power, diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 36.3 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.5 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 9.9 per cent. Diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 25.6 per cent of the total days of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 15.8 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.5 per cent. Of the deaths tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 52.4 per cent, diseases of the nervous system (VI) 14.3 per cent, and diseases of the genito-urinary system (XII) 9.5 per cent. In smelting works, rolling mills, etc., accidental injuries (XV) caused 17.2 per cent of the cases of disabihty, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.6 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 15.6 per cent. Of the days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 18.8 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.5 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.4 per cent. The deaths were principally due to the following causes: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 25.8 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 13.4 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.7 per cent. For quarries and pits the leading causes of disability were: Acci- dental injuries (XV), which caused 20.9 per cent of the cases, diseases of the digestive system (XI), 11.8 per cent, and diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX), 11.6 per cent. Accidental injuries (XV) caused 24.2 per cent of the days of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 13.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 8.5 per cent. The deaths show the prevalence of lung affections in these establishments. Pneumonia (11-11) caused 23.9 per cent of the deaths, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 21.7 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 17.4 per cent, or together these three causes were responsible for 63 per cent of all the deaths. In brick works, lime, cement, etc., diseases of the digestive sys- tem (XI) caused 18.6 per cent of the cases of disabihty, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 18.1 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.7 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX) caused 16.1 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 13.4 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 13 per cent. The deaths were principally due to the following causes: Tuberculosis and scrofula (fl-12) caused 30.6 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 12.1 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 10.2 per cent, or together these three lung affections caused 52.9 per cent of all the deaths. In factories for the manufacture of pottery, porcelain, etc., dis- eases of the digestive system (XI) caused 18.6 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory system (IX) 16.1 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 8.3 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 18.3 per cent, diseases 358 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of the digestive system (XI) 13.5 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10 per cent. The principal causes of death were affections of the lungs. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 46.7 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.8 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 5.3 per cent, or together 65.8 per cent of all the deaths were due to these causes. In glass factories diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.9 per cent of the cases of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 16.2 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.8 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 16.2 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 13.8 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.8 per cent. The deaths are conspicu- ously due to affections of the lungs. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 47.4 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 19.7 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 4.4 per cent of the deaths, or together these three causes were responsible for 71.5 per cent of the deaths. In factories for the manufacture of metal and iron ware diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.1 per cent of the cases of dis- ability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.1 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) caused 14.8 per cent. Of the days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 16.8 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.6 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.0 per cent. The principal causes of the deaths were: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 36.3 per cent, dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX), 11.7 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11), 10.5 per cent, or together these three causes were responsible for 58.5 per cent of the deaths. In chemical factories diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 19.0 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.9 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.0 percent. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 13.5 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.0 percent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.2 per cent. The principal causes of the deaths were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 30.3 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 19.7 per cent, and diseases -of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.3 per cent of the deaths, or together these three causes were responsible for 64.3 per cent of the deaths. In match factories diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 24.9 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 7.3 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 20.6 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.5 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.5 per cent. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 34.1 per X _j; iU_ J__iU„ -„ :^ /TT 1 1 \ 1 r n », i , 1 J." «„„„ ^t CHAPTER I. workmen's IKSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 359 the respiratory organs (IX) 9.1 per cent, or together these three caused 59.1 per cent of all the deaths. In factories for the production of heating and lighting materials diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 19.2 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 18.0 per cent, aiid acute rheumatism (V-7 ) 12 .0 per cent. Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 21.7 per cent of the days of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 12.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.5 per cent. The deaths were principally due to the following: Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 29.4 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 19.1 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI), 10.3 per cent. In textile establishments diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.8 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX) 13.6 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 5.9 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 15.1 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.9 per cent and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 10.6 per cent. The deaths were principally due to affections of the lungs. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 40.7 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.8 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11) 12.1 per cent, or together these three caused 65.6 per cent of all the deaths. In leather factories diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 23.2 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.8 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7) 7.0 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 17.4 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.5 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 7.1 per cent. The principal causes of the deaths were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 26.1 per cent, pneumonia (11-11) 17.4 per cent, diseases of the nervous system (VI) 8.7 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 8.7 per cent of the deaths. In paper and pulp factories diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 18.3 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.8 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 10.1 per cent of the cases of dis- ability. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 14.4 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.9 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 12.7 per cent. The prin- cipal causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 29.7 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (II-ll) 12.7 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 12.7 per cent, or together these three caused 55.1 per cent of the deaths. In factories for the manufacture of leather and paper articles the principal causes of disability were as follows: Diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX), which caused 18.5 per cent, diseases of the digestive 360 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. system (Xi) 17.1 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV), 9.4 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 22.6 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.1 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (ii-12) 10.3 per cent. The only causes of death given are tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 66.6 per cent of the deaths, and diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 16.7 per cent. In rubber factories the principal causes of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 27.5 per cent of the cases, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 12.9 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV), which caused 6.9 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 16.6 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.4 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 12.1 per cent. The table shows only three causes of death, namely, tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 62.5 per cent of the deaths, growths (IV), which caused 12.5 per cent, and genito-urinary diseases (XII), whick caused 12.6 per cent. In sawmills, planing mills, etc., the priacipal causes of disability were diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 14.2 per cent of the cases, diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 14.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV), which caused 10.5 per cent. Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 14.6 per cent of the days of disability, accidental injuries (XV) 12.4 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 9.9 per cent. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 37.6 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 11.9 per cent, and dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) 10.3 per cent. In factories for the production of horn, mother-of-pearl, etc., articles, the principal causes of disability were diseases of the diges- tive system (XI), which caused 15.5 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 13.4 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.7 per cent. Of the days of disability diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 14.2 per cent, accidental injuries (XV) 11.7 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.4 per cent. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 42.9 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 14.3 per cent, and pneumonia (11-11), 7.1 per cent. In breweries and distilleries the leading causes of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 15.5 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 14.4 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7), 12.8 per cent. Of the days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 15.8 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 15.2 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 10.9 per cent. The leading causes of death were tuber- culosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 27.3 per cent of the deaths, CHAPTER I, workmen's IN-STJRANCE IN AUSTRIA 361 diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 22.7 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.4 per cent. In sugar factories the leading causes of disability were diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 15.0 per cent of the cases, accidental injuries (XV), 14.9 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 14.6 per cent. Of the days of disability accidental injuries (XV) caused 17.5 per cent, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 14.1 per cent, and diseases of the digestive system (XI) 11.2 per cent. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 32.5 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 12.7 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 9.2 per cent. In tobacco factories the leading causes of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 19.7 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 11.6 per cent, and acute rheumatism (V-7), which caused 4.6 per cent. Diseases of the digestive system (XI) caused 14.7 per cent of the days of disability, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 13.3 per cent,, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 9.5 percent. The leading causes of death were tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12), which caused 58.3 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 6.1 percent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 5.7 per cent of the deaths, or together these three lung affections caused 70.1 per cent of the deaths. In factories for the production of foods and drinks the principal causes of disability were diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), which caused 20.5 per cent of the cases, diseases of the digestive sys- tem (XI), 17.4 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV), 7.1 percent of the cases. Of the days of disability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 20.4 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.9 percent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 7.2percent. Thecauses of the deaths were principally lung affections; tuberculosis and scrof- ula (11-12) caused 48.4 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) 19.4 per cent, and diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 16.1 per cent, or together these three caused 83.9 per cent of the deaths. In factories for the manufacture of wearing apparel the principal causes of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 17.6 per cent of the cases of disability, diseases of the respira- tory organs (IX) 13.0 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV) 5.9 per cent. Diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 13.3 per cent of the days of disability, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.0 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 1 1.8 per cent. The leading causes of death were lung affections. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 46.2 per cent of the deaths, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) 11.4 per cent, and pneumonia (II-ll) 6.1 per cent, or together these three caused 63.7 per cent of the deaths. 362 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. In printing, etc., establishments the leading causes of disability were diseases of the digestive system (XI), which caused 14.6 per cent of the cases, diseases of the respiratory organs (IX), 13.2 per cent, and accidental injuries (XV), 4.8 per cent. Of the days of dis- ability diseases of the respiratory organs (IX) caused 14.3 per cent, diseases of the digestive system (XI) 12.2 per cent, and tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) 11.0 per cent. The leading causes of death were lung affections. Tuberculosis and scrofula (11-12) caused 34.8 per cent of the deaths, pneumonia (11-11) caused 17.4 per cent, and dis- eases of the respiratory organs (IX) 8.7 per cent, or together these three causes were responsible for 60.9 per cent of the deaths. STATISTICS OF SICKNESS, 1891-1895. The number of persons included in the special study for the five- year period 1891 to 1895 is shown in the following summary statement : NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS INCLUDED IN THE STATISTICS OF SICKNESS, 1891 TO 1895, BY AGE GROUPS AND CLASSES OF FUNDS. [Source: Amtliche Nachricliten betr. Unfall- und Ejankenversicherung, 1900.] NUMBEa. Age group. Males insured in- District lunds. Bstab- lishmeut lunds. Guild funds. Associa- tion lunds. Males. Females. Total. 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66to70,years Over 70 years Total 146, 415 549,886 391,260 351,289 282,815 221, 174 179, 369 136,561 99, 964 60,932 34, 978 16, 769 8,601 48,932 204,859 227,650 288,410 259,564 204,098 167,839 131, 274 94,799 58,836 33, 192 15, 662 7,451 4,644 174, 402 226,224 170,303 113, 645 74, 976 54,736 37, 960 26,341 15,287 8,674 4,171 2,148 24,522 126, 145 141,818 165, 183 164,632 137,997 121,065 97,618 70,576 43,525 24, 145 11,687 6,564 224,513 1,055,292 986,952 975, 185 820,656 638,245 522,998 403,403 291, 680 178,680 100, 989 48,289 24, 764 106,372 482,549 425,943 281,569 198, 426 141,887 111,467 82,685 58,928 34, 699 18, 773 9,106 3,782 330,885 1,637,841 1,412,895 1,256,754 1,019,082 780, 132 634,465 486,088. 350,608 213,279 119,762 57,395 28,546 2,479,993 1,742,566 913,510 1,135,477 6,271,646 1,966,186 8,227,732 PER CENT. Age group. 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years...:.. 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total Males insured in— District funds. 5.9 22.2 15.8 14.2 11.4 8.9 7.2 5.5 4.0 2.5 1.4 .7 .3 100.0 Estab- lishment funds. 2.8 11.8 13.1 16.6 14.9 11.7 9.6 7.5 5.4 3.4 1.9 .9 .4 100.0 GuUd funds. 0.5 19.1 24.8 18.6 12.4 8.2 6.0 4.2 2.9 1.7 .9 .5 .2 100.0 Associa- tion funds. 2.2 11.1 12.5 14.5 14.5 12.2 10.7 8.6 6.2 3.8 2.1 1.0 .6 100.0 3.6 16.8 15.7 15.6 13.1 10.2 8.3 6.4 4.7 2.8 1.6 .8 .4 100.0 Females. 5.4 24.7 21.8 14.4 10.1 7.2 6.7 4.2 3.0 1.8 1.0 .5 .2 100.0 Total. 4.0 18.7 17.2 15.3 12.4 9.5 7.7 5.9 4.3 2.6 1.4 .7 100.0 CHAPTER I. WOBKMEn's INSUEANCB IN AUSTRIA. 363 The total number of persons (each person being counted once each year for the five-year period) included in this study is 8,227,732, and this number consisted of approximately 6,000,000 males and 2,000,000 females. Of the males the largest number was insured in the district funds and the smallest number in the guild funds. The chief points of interest disclosed by the data relate to the age grouping of the two sexes. In the case of the males the highest percentage, namely 16.8 per cent, was included in the age group from 16 to 20 and the propor- tionate number decreased gradually but regularly to the highest ages; in the case of the females the largest proportion, namely, 24.7 per cent, was also included in the age group of 16 to 20, and the next higher age group shows but a shght decrease. Beginning with the ages of 26 and upward the number of females included in the insurance de- creased very rapidly. In the case of the males the ages from 16 to 35 include 61.2 per cent of the males insured; in the case of the females the same ages include 71.0 per cent of the females insured; in other words approximately six-tenths of the males and seven-tenths of the females in the insurance are under 35 years of age. The percentage rates for the different types of sick funds indicate that the association funds have a more even distribution of the age groupings of their mem- bers, while in the case of the guild funds the proportion of young per- sons is considerably above the average. The same concentration of the members among the younger age groups occurs also in the district fimds. The absolute figures show by each year of age and by sex the num- ber of persons included, the number of persons disabled, the number of cases of disability, the number of days of disability, the number of deaths, the number of confinements, and the number of days of confinement rehef . 364 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, PERSONS DISABLED, AND CASES OF DISABILITY IN SICKNESS-INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY AGE AND SEX. [Source: Amtliche Naohrichten betr. Unfall- und Kjankenversicherung, 1900.] Age (years). Number of persons included. Number of persons dis- abled. Cases of disability (exclud- ing conflnements). Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. 14 83,690 140,823 177,150 201,198 219,656 230,400 226,888 209,287 191,950 187,222 194,982 203,511 205,025 202,321 197,. 358 189, .332 181,149 175,357 169,692 164,575 159,739 151,293 140, 899 132, 692 125,961 120,761 117,932 116,577 110,757 104, 381 98,685 93,598 88,575 83,870 80, 441 77,322 73,195 68,173 62, 917 67.926 63; 740 48,919 43,449 39, 306 35,450 31,735 28,040 25,842 22,707 19,850 17,505 15,085 12,772 11,052 9,519 8,079 6,867 5,778 4,703 3,735 2,863 2,106 1,521 1,143 879 663 470 318 203 132 87 63 40 25 14 10 6 40,076 66,296 83, 158 94,285 100,991 102,738 101,377 98,014 91,973 84,557 78, 674 72,725 66,007 60,664 56,234 51,453 47,211 44, 474 41,880 39,445 37,522 35,105 32,052 29,720 27,887 26,457 25,771 25,047 23,812 22,269 20,784 19,555 18,315 17,265 16,501 15,748 14,866 13,839 12,803 11,751 10,777 9,758 8,617 7,740 6,896 6,065 6,391 4,824 4,242 3,697 3,224 2,780 2, ,381 2,090 1,833 1,566 1,246 960 729 568 430 311 220 165 120 88 68 53 33 23 11 5 3 3 2 123,766 207,119 260,308 295,483 320,647 333, 138 328,265 307,301 283,923 271,779 273,656 276,236 271,032 262,985 253,592 240,785 228,360 219,831 211,572 204,020 197,261 186,398 172, 951 162,412 153,848 147,218 143,703 140, 624 134,569 126,650 119,469 113,163 106,890 101,135 96,942 93,070 88,051 82,012 75,720 69,676 64, 623 58,677 52,066 47,046 42,346 37,790 34,031 30.666 26,949 23,547 20,729 17,871 15,163 13, 142 11,352 9,635 8,113 6,728 5,432 4,303 3,293 2,417 1,741 1,308 999 751 538 371 236 155 98 68 43 28 16 10 30,417 60,566 61,233 69,511 77,914 83,296 82,488 74,340 65,662 63,923 68,617 72,655 72,654 71,701 70,164 67,961 65,671 63,972 62,716 61,117 69,687 67,129 S3, 158 50,312 48,418 46,953 46,039 45,297 44,132 42, 193 40,376 .38,600 36,684 .35,074 33,845 33,083 31,803 29,709 27,780 25,775 23,8,34 21,850 19,828 18,074 16,501 15,149 13,77* 12, .575 11,244 9,872 8,804 7,637 6,514 5,641 4,879 4,246 3,619 3,080 2,582 2,075 1,610 1,184 856 657 493 359 262 182 121 76 48 34 22 11 9 7 4 14,397 24,180 29,165 31,973 33,064 33,077 32,006 30,333 28,301 26,960 24,235 22,632 20,766 19,143 17,990 16,967 15,838 15,052 14,413 13, 709 13,341 12,624 11,510 10,752 10,270 9,936 9,601 9,444 9,266 8,727 8,227 7,756 7,271 6,949 6,687 6,438 6,068 5,592 5,250 4,837 4,370 3,990 3,542 3,114 2,761 2,470 2,223 2,010 1,787 1,577 1,377 1,200 1,070 950 813 696 577 439 349 289 214 148 111 83 68 55 39 26 17 10 5 4 2 1 1 44,814 74,746 90,398 101,484 110,968 116,373 114, 494 104,673 93,963 89,883 92,752 95,187 93,320 90,844 88,154 84, 918 81,509 79,024 77,129 74,826 73,028 69,753 64,668 61,064 58,688 66,889 55,640 54,741 .53,398 50,920 48,603 46,355 43,955 42,023 40, .532 ,39,521 37,871 35,301 33,030 30,612 28,204 25,840 23,370 21,188 19,262 17,619 15,995 14,585 13,031 11,449 10,181 8,837 7, ,584 6,591 5,692 4,942 4,196 3,519 2,931 2,364 1,824 1,332 967 740 561 414 301 208 138 86 53 38 24 12 10 7 4 36, 132 60,447 72,714 82,258 92,490 99,745 99, .301 89,835 79,633 77,641 83,681 89,616 90,323 89,483 87,848 85,331 82,611 80,357 78,568 76,772 74,941 71,761 67,359 63,816 61,267 59, 339 67,999 57,218 56,054 53,797 51,701 49,544 46,963 44,951 43,670 42,783 41,122 38,434 35,956 33,412 30, 912 28,381 25,779 23,665 21,708 19,909 18,214 16,603 14,877 13, 169 11,767 10,213 8,742 7,599 6,628 5,751 4,861 4,160 3,513 2,810 2,193 1,636 1,192 901 669 491 354 237 156 102 63 46 31 15 11 9 5 16, 931 28,622 34,724 38,258 39, .538 39,667 38,537 36,549 34,383 31,699 29,503 27,636 25,368 23,598 22,430 21,093 19,516 18.459 17,783 16,943 16,498 15,568 14, 195 13,397 12,786 12,3.33 11,935 11,671 11,414 10,822 10,207 9,681 9,121 8,767 8,422 7,998 7,634 6,919 6,512 6,002 6, 453 5,037 4,463 3,926 3,486 3,133 2,838 2,537 2,237 1,992 1,789 1,568 1.369 1,233 1,064 905 767 ,591 463 383 283 203 150 103 81 71 46 30 18 13 7 4 2 1 1 53,063 89, 069 15 16 107,438 120,516 17 18 132, 028 19 139, 402 20 ... 137, 838 21 126, 384 22 114, 016 23 109, 340 24 113,184 26 117,252 26 ... 115, 691 27 113,081 28 110, 278 29 106. 424 30 102,127 31 98, 816 32 96, 351 33 93,715 91,439 34 87,329 36.... 37 81,554 77,213 38. ... 74, 053 39 71,672 40 69, 934 41 68,889 42 67,468 64, 619 44 61,908 45 ... 59,225 46 56, 084 53, 718 48 52, 092 49 50, 781 60 48, 656 51 45,353 52 42,468 53 39, 414 54 36,365 33,418 30, 242 56 57 27,. 591 58 25,194 59 23,042 00 21,052 61 19,140 62 17,114 15,161 64 13,556 65 11,781 66 10,111 67 8,832 68 7,692 69 6, 6.56 70 5,628 71 4,761 72 3,976 73 3, 193 74 2,476 75 1,839 76 . .; -. .. 1,342 1,004 78 750 79 ■562 80 400 81 267 82 174 115 84 70 85 50 86 33 16 88 12 9 90 5 CHAPTEK I. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 365 NUMBER OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, DEATHS, CONFINEMENTS, AND DAYS OF CON- FINEMBNT RELIEF IN SICKNESS-INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1896, BY AGE AND SEX. [Source: Amtliehe Nachrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversioherung, 1900.] Age (years). Number of days of disability (inclusive of days cared for in hospital). Number of deaths. Number of conflne- ments. Number of days of con- Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. finement relief. 14 444,824 776,907 958,817 1,110,616 1,270,452 1,380,936 1,391,883 1,276,464 1,142,661 1,112,480 1,193,866 1,274,399 1,280,444 1,279,847 1,275,840 1,252,896 1,224,134 1,204,171 1,197,787 1,190,603 1,179,189 1,150,299 1,094,006 1,041,769 1,006,723 992,348 993,274 994,972 986,607 968, 062 929,299 894,519 869,495 834,972 816,475 816,908 807, 290 766, 656 724,253 683,318 644,382 001,743 659,047 534,889 502,207 462,462 432,325 404,447 37?, 430 348,069 324, 857 292,633 260,425 233,923 207,802 184,737 164,290 147,568 129,628 111, 360 89,016 67, 048 61,227 39,403 31,376 24,630 17,721 11,893 8,410 6,248 3,257 2,271 1,478 845 469 495 362 234,899 424,165 535,888 602,440 634,333 651,282 646,663 620,236 587,311 654,203 627,249 602,646 468,306 445,022 423,441 393,413 372,370 360,056 351,168 338,701 330,022 315,233 293,436 276,337 261,632 252,705 249,144 245,731 239,963 229,646 218,989 208,797 194,869 186,663 186, 639 181,299 171, 101 169,563 151, 699 138,961 126, 147 116,885 107,069 97,984 87,547 80, 167 74, 763 09, 523 64,038 67,709 61,190 45,310 40,776 38,566 35, 626 31,521 26,838 20,625 17,619 16,639 10,843 7,631 6,393 6,201 4,491 3,665 3,041 1,978 1,176 960 413 199 163 90 45 679,723 1,200,072 1,494,705 1,712,966 1,904,785 2,032,218 2,038,546 1,896,690 1,729,972 1,666,683 1,721,114 1,776,944 1,748,760 1,724,869 1,699,281 1,646,309 1,696,504 1,664,226 1,648,955 1,529,304 1,509,211 1,465,532 1,387,441 1,318,096 1,268,256 1,246,063 1,242,418 1,240,703 1,226,670 1,187,597 1,148,288 1,103,316 1,054,354 1,021,636 ■ 1,002,014 998, 207 ■978,391 926,219 875,952 822,279 770,529 718,628 666, 106 632,873 589,754 542,619 507, 078 473,970 437, 468 405,768 376,047 337, 843 301,201 272, 478 243,428 216,268 191, 128 108,083 147, 047 120,999 99,859 74,679 67,620 44,664 35,867 28,195 20,762 13,871 9,686 6,208 3,670 2,470 1,641 935 514 495 362 223 442 670 906 1,141 1,348 1,468 1,430 1,302 1,202 1,223 1,291 1,291 1,287 1,293 1,264 1,262 1,294 1,326 1,346 1,382 1,367 1,298 1,302 1,306 1,271 1,260 1,317 1,375 1,373 1,330 1,294 1,278 1,261 1,292 1,330 1,324 1,273 1,229 1,188 1,150 1,118 1,064 1,030 973 937 918 872 808 755 723 669 629 681 630 489 420 387 350 ■ 306 256 190 146 119 86 71 57 40 29 16 10 12 11 6 2 1 2 155 369 573 714 812 901 919 849 791 767 722 681 618 563 633 502 459 431 413 388 374 349 313 297 283 269 285 288 271 267 260 243 237 228 229 208 196 196 190 190 169 158 159 154 141 123 113 118 120 116 106 101 91 84 73 71 65 48 44 35 23 19 16 14 11 12 10 6 4 5 3 5 1 1 378 801 1,243 1,619 1,953 2,249 2,377 2,279 2,093 1,960 1,946 1,972 1,909 1,860 1,826 1,766 1,721 1,726 1,739 1,734 1,756 1,716 1,611 1,599 1,589 1,540 1,646 1,605 1,646 1,640 1,586 1,637 1,616 1,489 1,521 1,538 1,520 1,468 1,425 1,378 1,319 1,276 1,223 1,184 1,114 1,000 1,031 990 928 870 829 770 720 065 603 660 485 435 400 340 279 209 162 133 97 83 67 45 33 21 13 17 12 7 2 1 2 38 181 637 1,819 3,904 6,641 9,011 10,818 11,729 12,069 12,182 11,948 11,360 10,361 9,386 8,670 7,625 6,862 6,254 5,628 5,027 4,398 3,821 3,190 2,627 2,249 1,854 1,423 1,033 703 446 253 133 79 52 42 29 27 20 11 3 2 3 2 3 2 996 15 4,783 16 16,952 17 48,764 18 104,925 19 175, 528 20 241,135 21 288,950 22 313,932 23 322, 827 24 325,464 25 . . .. 319, 591 26 303, 112 27 274, 965 28 248,420 29 ... 225,916 3D 198,973 31 . ' 178,211 32 162, 747 33 146,204 34 130,027 113,477 36 97,780 81,404 38 67,177 57, 177 40 46,632 35, 680 42 25,925 43 17, 547 44. 11,202 6,374 40 3,362 47 2,063 48... 1,360 49 1,068 50... . 814 51 697 52 540 53 265 64 95 65 56 60 84 67 56 68 74 69 47 60 61... 1 2 28 02 42 63 66 66 70 71 72 73 75 76 77 78 . 79 80 1 81 82 1 83 1 84 85 80 87 88 89. ... . .. 366 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The above figures are of interest as showing the basis for the rela- tive (lata presented in the following table: NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURATION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES, IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY SEX AND AGE. [Source: Amtliche Nachricliten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1900.] MAI,ES. Age Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. Per cent of per- sons dis- abled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of dis- ability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death rate per 1,000 members (per annum). 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23 24. 25: 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33 34. 35 36. 37 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43 44. 45 46, 47 48 49 60 61 52 63 54 65 66 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64, 65 66 67 68, 69 70 71, 72 73, 74 76 76 77 78 79 83, 690 140, 823 177, 150 201,198 219, 666 230, 400 226, 888 209,287 191,950 187, 222 194,982 203, 611 205, 025 202,321 197,358 189,332 •181, 149 175, 367 169,692 164, 675 169, 739 161,293 140, 899 132, 692 125,961 120,761 117, 932 115,577 110,757 104, 381 98, 685 93, 598 88, 676 83, 870 80, 441 77,322 73,195 68, 173 62,917 57,926 53, 746 48,919 43, 449 39,306 36,460 31,736 28, 640 25,842 22,707 19,850 17,606 15, 086 12,772 11,052 9,619 8,079 6,867 5,778 4,703 3,736 2,863 2,106 1,621 1,143 879 663 1.334 2.246 2.826 3.208 3.602 3.674 3.618 3.337 3.061 2.985 3.109 3.245 3.269 3.226 3.147 3.019 2.888 2.796 2.706 2.624 2.547 2.412 2.247 2.116 2.008 1.926 1.880 1.843 1.766 1.664 1.574 1.492 1.412 1.337 1.283 1.233 1.167 1.087 1.003 .924 .867 .780 .693 .627 .565 .606 .467 .412 .362 .317 .279 .240 .204 .176 .162 .129 .109 .092 .076 .060 .046 .034 .024 .018 .014 .011 36.3 35.9 34.6 34.5 35.6 36.2 36.4 35.5 34.2 34.1 36.1 36.7 36.4 35.4 35.6 36.9 36.3 36.5 37.0 37.1 37.4 37.8 37.7 37.9 38.4 38.9 39.0 39.2 39.8 40.4 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.8 42.1 42.8 43.5 43.6 44.2 44.5 44.3 44.7 45.6 46.0 46.5 47.7 48.1 48.7 49.5 49.7 60.3 60.6 61.0 61.0 51.3 52.6 62.7 63.3 64.9 66.6 66.2 56.2 56.3 67.5 66.1 64.1 43.2 42.9 41.0 40.9 42.1 43.3 43.8 42.9 41.6 41.5 42.9 44.0 44,1 44.2 44.5 45.1 45.6 45.8 46.3 46.6 46.9 47.4 47.8 48.1 48.6 49.1 49.2 49.5 60.6 61.5 62.4 52.9 53.0 53.6 54.3 55.3 66.2 66.4 57.1 67.7 57.5 58.0 59.3 60.2 61.2 62.7 63.6 64.2 66.5 66.3 67.2 67.7 68.4 68.8 69.6 71.2 70.8 72.0 74.7 76.2 76.6 77.7 78.4 78.8 76.1 74.1 1.19 1.20 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.22 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 1,26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 L28 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.37 12.3 12.8 13.2 13.6 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.2 14.2 14.3 14.6 14.7 14.8 15.0 15.2 16.6 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.7 19.1 19.6 ■19.9 20.1 20.5 20.8 21.2 21.7 22.6 23.1 23.2 23.7 24.4 26.1 26.4 27.6 28.6 29.8 30.8 31.4 32.1 33.8 35.5 36.9 39.6 40.6 41.0 43.0 43.7 46.9 50.2 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 10.0 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.0 12.3 12.9 13.6 14.2 14.6 15.1 15.7 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.4 20.4 21.2 21.8 22.9 23.9 26.6 27.5 29.8 31.1 31.8 33.7 34.5 35.7 37.1 CHAPTEE I. — ^WORKMEN S INSUKAlSrCE IN AUSTRIA. 367 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURATION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES, IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY SEX AND AGE— Continued. MALES— Concluded, Persons included. Per cent of per- sons dis- abled (pet annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of dis- ability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 1,000 members (per annum). 80 470 318 203 132 87 63 40 25 14 10 6 3 2 0.008 .005 .003 .002 .001 .001 .001 ■• (a) V< (o) (o) 55.7 57.2 59.6 57.6 55.2 54.0 55.0 44.0 64.3 70,0 66.7 66.7 60.0 75.3 74.6 76,8 77.3 72.4 73.0 77.5 60.0 78.6 90.0 83.3 100,0 60,0 1.35 1.30 1.29 1.34 1.31 L35 1.41 1.36 1.22 1,29 1,25 1,60 1,00 50,1 50,2 63,9 61.6 61.7 49.4 47.7 56.3 42.6 55.0 72.4 33,3 4.0 37.7 37.4 41.4 39.8 37.4 36.0 36,9 33,8 33.5 49.5 60.3 33,3 2,0 121,3 81 125, 8- 82 142.9 83 121.2 84 114,9 86 . . 190,5 86 275.0 87 240.0 88 142,9 89 100.0 90 333,3 91 92 600,0 Total 6,271,546 100.000 37.9 47.4 1.25 16.5 7,8 10.3 FEMALES. Persons included. Per cent of per- sons dis- abled (per an- num). Cases of disa^ bility per 100 persons (per an- num). Cases of disa- bility per person dis- abled. Aver- age days of durar tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of disa- bility per per- son in- eluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Num- ber of confine- ments per 100 persons (per an- num). Num- ber of Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. days of confine- ment relief per per- son In- cluded. 14 40,076 66,296 83. 158 94,285 100,991 102,738 101,377 98,014 91,973 84,657 78,674 72,725 66,007 60,664 56,234 51,463 47,211 44,474 41,880 39,445 37,522 35,105 32,052 29,720 27,887 26,457 25,771 25,047 23,812 22, 269 20,784 19,656 18,315 17,265 16,501 15,748 14,856 13.839 2,049 3,389 4,251 4,820 6,163 5,252 5,182 5,010 4.702 4.322 4.022 3.718 3.374 3.101 2.875 2.630 2.414 2,274 2,141 2.016 1.918 1.795 1.638 1.619 1.426 1.353 1.317 1.280 1.217 1.138 1.063 1.000 .936 .883 .844 .805 .759 .707 36.9 36.5 35,1 33.9 32.7 32,2 31,6 30,9 30,8 30,7 30,8 31.1 31.5 31.6 32.0 33.0 33.5 33.8 34.4 34.8 35.6 36,0 35.9 36.2 36.8 37.6 37.2 37.7 38.9 39.2 39.6 39.7 39.7 40.2 40.5 40.9 40.8 40.4 42.2 43.2 41.8 40.6 39.2 38.6 38.0 37.3 37.4 37.6 37.6 38.0 38.4 38.9 39.9 41,0 41,3 41,6 42,6 43.0 44.0 44.3 44.3 45.1 45.9 46.6 46.3 46.6 47.9 48,6 49,1 49.5 49.8 50.8 51.0 50.8 50.7 50.0 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.20 1,20 1.20 1,20 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.23 1,26 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.23 1.23 1.25 1.26 1.24 1.24 1,24 1,23 1,24 1,24 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.24 1.24 13.9 14.8 15.4 15.7 16.0 16,4 16,8 17.0 17.1 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.9 18.9 18.7 19,1 19,5 19,8 20,0 20.0 20.2 20.7 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.9 21.1 21.0 21.2 21.5 21.6 21.4 21.3 22.0 22.7 22,7 23,1 6.9 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 10.7 10.6 10.8 11.2 11,6 11,5 11.5 3.9 6.4 6,9 7,6 8,0 8,8 9.1 8.7 8.6 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.4 9,3 9,5 9,8 9,7 9.7 9.9 9.8 10.0 9.9 9,8 10.0 10.1 10.2 11.1 11.5 11,4 12.0 12,0 12,4 12,9 13.2 13.9 13.2 13.2 14,1 0.09 .27 .77 1.93 3,87 6,37 8,89 11.04 12.75 14.27 16.48 16.43 17.20 17.06 16,69 16,66 16,15 15.43 14.93 14.27 13.40 12.53 11.92 10,73 9.42 8.50 7.19 5.68 4.34 3.16 2.14 1.29 .73 .46 .32 .27 .20 .20 (') 16 0.1 16 .2 17 .5 18 1.0 19 1.7 20 2.4 21 3.0 22 3.4 23 3.8 24... 4.1 25 4.4 20... 4.6 27 4.6 28 4.4 29 4.4 30 4.2 31 4.0 32 3.9 33 3.7 34 3.5 35 3.2 30 3.0 37 2.7 38 2.4 39 2,2 40 1,8 41 1.4 42 1.1 43 .8 44 .6 45 .3 46 .2 47 .1 48 .1 49 .1 50 .1 fil .1 o Less than one-thousandth of 1 per cent. t> Less than one-tenth of 1 day. 368 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURATION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES, IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY SEX AND AGE— Concluded. FEMALES— Concluded. Persons included. Per cent of per- sons dis- abled (per an- num). Cases of disa- bility per 100 persons (per an- num). Cases of disa- bility per person dis- abled. Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of disa- bility per per- son in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Num- ber Of confine- ments per 100 persons (per an- numj. Num- ber of Age, (years). Number. Per cent of total. days of confine- ment relief per per- son in- cluded. 52 12,803 11,751 10,777 9,758 8,617 7,740 6,896 6,055 5,391 4,824 4,242 3,697 3,224 2,786 2,381 2,090 1,833 1,556 1,246 950 729 568 430 311 220 165 120 88 68 53 33 23 11 5 3 3 2 0.654 .601 .551 .499 .440 .396 .352 .310 .276 .247 .217 .189 .165 .142 .122 .107 .094 .079 .063 .049 .037 .039 .022 .016 .011 .008 .006 .005 .003 .003 .002 .001 .001 ^] \^ 41.0 41.2 40.5 40.9 41.1 40.2 40.0 40.8 41.2 41.7 42.1 42.7 42.7 43.1 44.9 45.5 44.3 44.7 46.3 46.2 47.9 60.9 49.8 47.6 50.5 50.3 56.7 62.5 57.4 49.1 51.6 43.6 45.6 80.0 66.7 33.3 50.0 60.9 61.1 60.6 51.6 5L8 50.7 60.6 61.7 62.6 52.6 52.7 53.9 65.5 66.3 67.5 69.0 58.0 58.2 61.6 62.3 63.5 67.4 65.8 66.3 68.2 62.4 67.5 80.7 67.6 66.6 64.5 56.5 63.6 80.0 66.7 33.3 50.0 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.26 1.25 1.26 1.30 L31 1.28 1.30 1.31 1.30 1.33 1.35 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.38 1.35 ,1.24 1.19 1.29 1.18 1.16 1.06 1.30 1.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.2 24.0 25.0 25.1 26.6 26.3 27.4 28.6 29.0 28.6 28.9 29.8 31.3 33.6 34.8 35.0 34.7 37.8 40.8 38.3 37.6 42.6 51.1 55.4 60.2 66.1 66.9 65.3 73.8 69.0 49.8 81.6 90.0 45.0 11.9 11.8 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.7 12.7 13.2 13.9 14.4 16.1 15.6 15.9 16.3 17.1 18.4 19.4 20.3 21.5 21.6 24.0 27.5 25.2 24.5 29.1 31.9 37.4 40.5 44.7 37.3 35.6 41.7 37.5 39.8 64.3 30.0 22.6 15.3 16.2 15.7 16.2 18.5 19.9 20.4 20.3 21.0 24.5 28.3 31.1 32.9 36.3 38.2 40.2 39.8 45.6 52.2 50.5 60.4 61.6 63.6 61.1 72.7 84.8 91.7 136.4 147.1 94,3 121.2 217.4 272.7 1,000.0 333.3 333.3 0.16 .09 .03 .02 .03 .03 .04 .03 53 (a) 54 55. (a 56 57 - (a 58 59 (a) 60 61 .02 .05 U 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 87 88 Total 1,956,186 100.000 34.3 41.9 1.22 18.8 7.9 10.0 8.91 2.3 " Less than one-tenth of 1 day. 6 Less than one-thousandth of 1 per cent. The age distribution as disclosed by the third cqluDan shows, for the males, two high points in the curve; the age of 19 shows 3.674 per cent of the total number, after which there is a slight decrease and again increasing at the age of 26, which includes 3.269 per cent. From this age there is a gradual decrease in the number of persons of each age. In the case of the females the age distribution shows % somewhat more even curve, the high point being at the age of 19, which contains 5.252 per cent of the persons; after this age there is a gradual decrease in the number of each age. The proportion of persons disabled, in the case of both males and females, is high for the younger years, such as 14 and 15, and decreases slightly in the years following, after which, especially after the sev- enteenth year, there is an almost constant increase in the proportion of disabled as the age increases. In the case of the females, however, the increase does not begin until about the twenty-fifth year, and as CHAPTEE I. WOKKMEN's INSUBANCE IN AUSTRIA. 369 a rule the proportion of females disabled in each group is less than the proportion of males. The cases of disability per 100 persons insured also shows that the males have higher rates than the females. In the case of the inales the rate begins with 43.2 cases per 100 persons at the age of 14. These decrease to 40.9 at the age of 17; there are some fluctuations until the age of 25, which has a rate of 44.0, and from this age on there is a regular increase in the number of persons disabled. The average for all males is 47.4 per 100 persons; in other words, slightly less than one-half of the persons included in the insurance become sick (or dis- abled by accident for a period of less than four weeks) during a year. In the case of the females the rates are lower, the average for all females being only 41.9 per 100 persons as against 47.4 for the males. The frequency with which persons fall sick or are disabled is indi- cated in the column "Cases of disability per person disabled." Here, too, the males show a higher rate than the females, the average for the males being 1.25 as against 1.22 for the females. With increasing age the rate shows a tendency to become higher except in the highest age groups. The average duration of a case of disability is higher among the females than among the males; for the females each case of disability averages 18.8 days as against 16.5 days for the males. In the case of the females the rate increases very rapidly with advancing age, and in practically all of the years specified in the table is two days higher than the rate for males. The number of days of disability divided by the total number of per- sons included gives another index of the cost of supplying sickness insurance at the various ages. In the case of the males this rate for all ages is 7.8 days as against 7.9 days for the females; this rate also shows the usual tendency for a constant increase with increasing age. As might be expected, the death rates for males are higher than those for females, the rule being for more dangerous occupations to be fiUed by men. For all the persons included in the insurance the rate for males is 10.3 per 1,000 members and for women 10.0 per 1,000. On the whole, there is a constant increase with advancing years, with but few fluctuations both in the case of the males and in the case of the females. For female insured persons the sickness insurance provides a benefit in case of confinement. The highest rate per 100 persons falls at the age of 26, the rate being lower for the years preceding and the years following this age. The last column of the table showing the days of confinement relief indicates practically the same tendency for the various ages as far as the number of days of relief is concerned. For a selected number of industries or groups of establishments the same data have been presented in the form shown in the table fol- lowing. 370 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OE LABOE. PEE CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY HATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES. [Source: Amtliche Nachrlchten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicberung, 1900.) 1. STEAM RAILROADS (MALES). Persons included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death rate per 1,000 members (per annum). Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 14 418 985 1,966 3,838 6,596 9,420 11,217 11,540 11,684 13,690 17,500 21,475 24,095 25, 642 26,063 125,633 24,906 24,214 23,461 22,702 21,743 20,646 19,376 18,136 17,196 16,461 16,143 15,-995 16,473 14,662 13,973 13,519 13,082 12,711 l'J,427 11,929 11,279 10,435 9,536 8,691 7,929 7,242 6,617 6,000. 5,332 4,739 4,207 3,707 3,204 2,788 2,462 2,123 1,776 1,501 1,232 986 816 670 648 440 330 233 163 119 81 62 33 20 10 8 5 1 0.062 .148 .295 .676 .991 1.415 1.685 1.734 1.755 2.042 2.629 3.227 3.620 3.837 3.916 3.851 3.742 3.638 3.625 3.411 3.266 3.102 2.911 2.725 2.683 2.473 2.426 2.403 2.324 2.203 2.099 2.031 1.966 1.910 1.867 1.792 1.696 1.568 1.433 1.305 1.191 1.088 .994 .901 .801 .712 .632 .567 .481 .419 .370 .319 .267 .226 .186 .148 .123 .101 .082 .066 .050 .036 .024 .018 .012 .008 .005 .003 .002 .001 .001 («) 59.3 59.4 59.0 57.0 56.7 53.2 51.9 48.6 45.0 44.4 44.5 44.1 43.7 43.8 43.1 42.6 41.9 41.9 42.8 43.4 44.1 43.7 42.8 42.8 42.6 43.1 42.9 42.2 42.8 43.1 43.8 44.1 43.7 44.4 44.0 43.7 46.2 46.6 45.4 46.8 46.4 46.4 47.9 49.1 48.3 48.0 48.6 60.5 51.3 49.9 49.6 50.9 62.1 62.7 64.0 65.8 68.6 67.9 64.6 63.6 56.4 60.9 60.1 68.8 61.7 67.3 63.6 65.0 90.0 75.0 80.0 100.0 90.2 91.1 82.4 79.2 76.9 74.9 73.6 69.2 64.4 62.6 63.0 64.1 64.6 64.3 63.1 62.6 62.3 62.4 63.2 64.6 65.1 64.3 63.6 63.9 64.2 64.3 63.3 62.1 63.5 64.6 65.5 66.6 66.5 66.0 66.0 66.7 68.4 69.1 68.8 69.5 70.4 69.4 70.7 73.0 73.0 74.3 75.4 77.4 78.0 76.8 77.8 81.0 82.0 83.6 88.9 89.2 87.0 89.4 91.4 86.8 90.0 106.0 105.5 101.7 114.8 121.2 109.1 110.0 130.0 125.0 160.0 300.0 1.52 1.63 1.44 1.39 1.38 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.43 1.41 1.42 L45 L48 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.49 1.49 L47 1.49 1.48 L47 1.49 1.49 1.51 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.48 1.60 1.50 1.49 1.60 1.49 1.50 1.62 1.61 1.52 1.51 1.52 1.52 1.60 1.48 1.49 1..51 1.55 1.65 1.63 1.62 1.64 1.57 1.69 1.67 1.59 1.65 1.60 1.49 1.64 1.68 1.62 1.60 1.74 1.76 1.73 1.86 1.80 1.71 1.69 1.44 1.67 2.00 1.50 11.9 11.6 11.7 12.0 11.9 11.8 12.3 12.8 12.8 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.1 12.2 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.3 13.6 141 14.5 14 7 14 8 14 9 16.3 16.0 16.3 16.6 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.8 18.2 17.9 18.4 19.2 19.7 20.5 21.1 21.4 22.1 23.1 24 7 24 9 23.9 25.8 27.9 29.2 29.6 30.1 31.6 33.3 34 7 35.0 38.0 40.6 44.8 47.1 50.6 61.7 47.1 50.3 62.4 47.8 48.6 66.3 57.8 70.9 34 8 3.5.8 62.7 10.7 10.6 9.6 9.5 9.1 8.9 9.1 8.9 8.2 7.7 7.7 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.8 9.6 9.6 9.9 10.1 10.1 10.5 11.0 11.2 11.2 11.7 12.0 11.8 12.3 13.1 13.6 141 14 7 15.1 15.3 16.3 18.0 18.2 17.7 19.4 21.6 22.7 22.7 23.8 25.5 27.3 29.0 31.1 33.9 35.3 40.1 43.0 43.9 46.5 49.9 53.1 63.3 64 9 58.8 61.4 63.6 92.2 43.5 57.2 188.0 16 41 16 17 4 4 18 19 48 20 21 5 22 23 4 9 24 25 3 9 26 4 2 27 4 1 28 4 3 29 4 6 30 4 3 31 . . 4 1 32 5 1 33 .... 5 6 34 5.7 35 6 6 36 5.8 37 6 8 38 6.7 39 6 9 40 8.0 41 7.8 42 7.7 43 9.1 9 7 45 9.0 46 .... 10.2 47 10.9 48 10.2 49 1 11.1 60 13.1 51 14 2 62 13.2 63 14 6 64 16.3 65 ... 16.7 66 18.6 67 20.3 68 20.3 69 20.7 60 24 S 61 27.2 62 ; 27.8 63 29.1 64 30.1 65 31.1 66 ... 31.0 67 37.3 51.1 69 51.8 70 47.8 71 m 73 56.8 74 57.6 75 55.8 61.3 77 92.4 78 86.4 79 96,2 60.7 81 50.0 83 125.0 200.0 86 1,000.0 Total 065,003 100. 000 44.5 66.1 1.48 16.0 10.6 8.4 <• Less than one-thousandth of 1 per cent. CHAPTEE I. WORKMEN S INSTJRANCE IN AUSTEIA. 371 PER CENT or PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH BATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 8. FACTORIES FKODUCING METAL, AND IRON PBODOCTS (MALES). Persons included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 1,000 members (per annum). 14 2,123 3,403 4,034 4,394 4,560 4,548 4,228 3,267 3,301 3,608 3,841 3,647 3,385 3,538 3,683 3,774 3,856 3,134 3,213 . 3,213 5,233 3,293 2,929 2,709 2,472 2,253 2,140 2,066 1,931 1,810 1,698 1,573 1,462 1,365 1,299 1,232 1,141 1,086 1,010 909 820 742 683 610 536 447 369 327 288 269 263 218 185 166 153 131 107 89 OS 49 33 26 17 8 6 5 3 1 1 1 3 4 1.S15 2.909 3.449 3.756 3.898 3.888 3.614 2.793 2.822 3.084 3.284 3.118 2.894 3.025 3.149 3.226 3.296 2.679 2.747 2.747 2.764 2.815 2.604 2.316 2.113 1.926 1.830- 1.758 1.651 1.547 1.451 1.345 1.250 1.167 1.110 1.063 .976 .929 .863 .777 .701 .634 .684 .521 .458 .382 .316 .280 .246 .230 .216 .186 .158 .142 .131 .112 .091 .076 .068 .042 .028 .022 .014 .007 .005 .004 .003 .001 .001 .001 .003 .003 50.2 53.2 63.6 64.3 65.4 55.6 66.4 62.1 53.4 47.6 46.9 53.0 57.8 54.1 60.3 46.2 42.2 49.8 47.4 45.4 43.4 41.5 43.6 44.3 46.1 46.2 45.7 46.1 48.0 47.4 46.6 45.6 46.3 44.5 45.3 48.7 49.2 46.9 44.9 45.8 46.6 45.4 46.8 45.9 46.5 47.9 50.7 54.4 52.8 48.0 49.0 53.2 66.8 58.4 54.2 51.1 63.3 66.2 61.8 61.2 63.6 66.4 68.8 87.5 66.7 40.0 66.7 100.0 100.0 64.9 69.3 68.4 68.7 70.4 71.3 72.4 79.3 68.7 61.5 69.8 66.9 72.7 69.2 66.4 60.7 64.3 63.7 60.4 58.0 56.6 53.8 58.6 60.1 59.7 60.4 69.7 61.1 64.4 62.7 61.2 61.7 62,0 60.6 62.7 67.7 67.7 66.9 65.0 62.5 62.4 61.9 62. 2 65.7 68.5 70.2 75.6 80.1 79.2 71.0 69.6 76.1 81.1 80.1 73.2 73.3 79.4 82.0 91.2 77.6 87.9 8S.5 70.6 . 112.5 100.0 60.0 100.0 300.0 100.0 1.29 1.30 1.28 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.29 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.28 1.32 1.31 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.30 1.34 1.36 1.32 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.34 1.32 1.31 1.36 1.37 1.36 1.38 1.39 1.38 1.43 1.46 1.37 1.34 1.36 1.36 1.43 1.47 1.47 1.49 1.47 1.50 1.48 1.42 1.43 1.43 1.37 1.35 1.43 1.49 1.46 1.48 1.27 1.38 1.35 1.20 1.29 1.60 1.60 1.60 3.00 1.00 11.9 12.7 13.2 13.5 13.5 13.3 13.2 13.5 14.3 13.9 13.4 13.7 14.0 14.6 15.3 15.6 15.8 16.4 16.9 16.7 16.6 17.1 18.2 18.3 17.4 17.0 17.9 18.9 19.7 21.2 21.0 19.9 21.7 22.9 21.5 22.5 26.0 23.8 22.7 25.2 25.9 27.6 28.0 28.0 30.5 30.8 29.1 33.2 39.6 40.4 40.4 44.9 46.6 53.3 61.1 56.1 69.2 65.3 68.6 82.2 88.9 64.6 69.3 65.2 60.8 57.7 88.0 100.3 188.0 7.7 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.6 9.5 9.5 10.7 9.8 8.5 8.0 9.1 10.2 10.1 10.2 9.4 8.6 10,4 10.2 9.7 9.2 9.2 10.6 11.0 10.4 10.3 10.7 11.6 12.7 13.3 12.8 12.3 13.6 13.9 13.5 16.3 17.0 15.9 14.8 15.7 16.2 17.0 17.4 18.4 20.9 21.6 22.0 26.6 31.3 28.7 28.1 34.2 37.7 42.7 44.7 41.1 47.0 53.6 53.5 63.7 78.2 48.3 48.9 73.4 60.8 34.6 88.0 301.0 188.0 2.4 15 4.1 16 6.2 17 7.1 18 7.5 19 7.0 20 8.3 21 10.7 22 9.4 23 8.0 24 7.3 26 6.6 26 8.3 27 6.8 28 7.1 29 7.9 30. 8.8 31 8.6 32.... 7.8 33 8.1 34 6.2 35 7.9 3U 9.6 37 10.0 38 9.3 39 9.8 40 10.7 41 10.7 42 12.9 43 16.0 44 18.8 46 15.9 40 16.0 47 16.4 48 16.9 49 20.3 50 19.3 51 20.3 62 20.8 53 17.6 54 18.3 65 29.6 66 29.3 57 27.9 68 33.6 59 38.0 60 46.1 Bl 42.8 62 45.1 03 33.5 64 43.5 65 45.9 66 27.0 67 54.2 68 05.4 69 61.1 70 56.1 71 67.4 72 88.2 73.... 81.6 74 90.9 76 115.4 76 117.6 77 126.0 79 80 333.3 81 82. 83.. 33.3 60.0 33.3 60.0 1.00 1.00 24.0 22.0 8.0 11.0 85 260.6 372 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA. TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY; AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 2. FACTORIES PRODUCING METAL AND IRON PRODUCTS (MAIjES)— Con. Persons included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death rate per 1,000 members (per annum), Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 86 3 1 0.003 .001 87 88 89 . 90 1 1 .001 .001 100.0 100.0 300.0 (a) 3.0O (a) 88.6 (a) 264.6 168.0 91. , Total 116,976 100.000 49.6 64.8 1.31 17.2 11.1 10.8 3. FACTORIES PRODCCING TEXTILE PRODUCTS (MALES). 14 8,739 12,686 13,638 13,429 13,022 12,477 11,767 10,819 10,012 9,728 10,108 10,644 10, 619 10,278 10,048 9,630 9,146 8,903 8,783 8,658 8,412 8,003 7,461 6.981 6,687 6,367 6,364 6,366 6,159 6,784 5,3G6 5,013 4,744 4,537 4.443 4,332 4,152 3,935 3,708 3,472 3,236 2,998 2,765 2,643 2,309 2,080 1,879 1,762 1,617 1,460 1,313 1,146 984 873 780 669 2.464 3.663 3.802 3.771 3.667 3.604 3.301 3.038 2.812 2.732 2.838 2.961 2.954 2.886 2.822 2.704 2.568 2.500 2.468 2.431 2.362 2.248 2.096 1.961 1.850 1.788 1.784 1.786 1.729 1.624 1.507 1.408 1.332 1.274 1.248 1.216 1.166 1.106 1.041 .975 .909 .842 .777 .714 . .648 .584 .528 .492 .464 .410 .369 .322 .276 .246 .219 .188 39.1 39.1 37.5 36.6 36.2 35.6 34.4 33.8 33.6 32,6 32.4 32.3 31.7 31.0 29.7 29.4 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.4 29.3 29.3 28.6 28.8 30.1 29.6 29.6 29.9 30.4 31.2 31.3 30.5 30.3 31.1 31.6 32.6 33.9 34.1 33.0 32.9 33.5 33.5 33.7 34.4 34.9 35.9 36.8 37.7 39.2 39.2 39.3 41.4 44.0 44.7 43.7 44.1 44.8 45.7 43.7 42.7 42.3 41.5 40.3 39.7 39.2 38.1 38.0 37.9 37.3 36.4 34.7 34.2 34.9 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.7 34.6 33.7 34.1 35.6 35.2 35.2 35.7 36.6 37.2 37.5 36.8 36.2 37.2 38.1 39.8 41.6 41.1 39.6 39.9 40.6 40.7 41.0 42.2 43.1 44.1 45.8 47.2 48.5 49.0 49.3 52.3 56.4 56.9 66.8 57.7 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.20 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.23 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.30 1.31 12.6 13.4 14.4 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.6 16.7 15.5 15.1 15.4 15.7 15.4 15.5 15.7 16.8 16.0 16.9 16.0 16.4 16.8 17.0 17.0 17.2 17.3 18.3 18.6 18.6 18.8 19.2 19.8 19.2 19.3 20.3 21.2 21,8 21.6 25.3 25.0 24.6 26.1 26.0 26.1 26.7 27.3 27.7 29.3 26.6 27.1 29.1 29.1 30.6 32.2 33.6 34.0 36.1 6.6 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.1 S.8 6.9 5.9 6.7 5.6 5.4 6.4 5.6 6. 6 6.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.7 5.9 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.0 7.0 7.6 8.1 8.7 8.9 8.8 8.6 8.8 9.3 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.4 10.8 12.0 12.5 13.1 14.2 14.4 16.0 17.9 18.8 19.3 20.8 2,9 15 3.3 10 5.2 17 6.6 18 6.2 19 7.4 20 8.3 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 9.7 9.0 7.2 7.6 8.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 31 32 33 8.0 8.2 8,3 34 35 3(i 37 38 9.3 9,1 8,4 9,7 10,9 39 10.7 40 9.8 41 9.3 42 9.7 43 11.4 44 13.2 45 11.2 46 11.0 47 13.7 48 17.8 49 20.5 50 19.7 51 19.8 52 19.4 63 19.9 54 ^■i 55 23.lJ» 66 24,2 57 23,6 58 24.7 59 26.9 60 31.9 61 30.8 62 27.2 63 33.6 64 37.3 65 41.0 66 49.8 67 , 48.1 68 60.0 69 70.3 a Not reported. CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 373 PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 3. FACTORIES PRODTJCINQ TEXTILE PRODUCTS (MALES)— Concluded. Persons included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability perlOO persons {per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. rate per 1,000 members (per annum). 70 558 466 397 329 253 192 144 107 76 69 41 25 18 13 8 6 4 3 2 0.157 .131 .112 .092 .071 .054 .040 .030 .022 .017 .011 .007 .005 .004 .002 .001 .001 .001 .001 45.0 46.8 49.4 50.2 50.6 49.5 60.7 49.5 52.6 57.6 58.5 60.0 61.1 46.2 50.0 60.0 25.0 33.3 50.0 59.5 61.6 63.0 63.8 66.6 65.6 72.2 72.0 72.4 79.7 73.2 80.0 77.8 61.5 62.5 60.0 25.0 33.3 60.0 1.32 1.32 1.28 1.27 1.30 1.33 1.42 1.46 1.38 1.38 1.25 1.33 1.27 1.33 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 36.3 38.3 43.7 45.0 43.0 40.9 40.3 42.8 51.9 56.8 57.9 57.9 50.6 40.9 68.2 68.0 11.0 17.0 17.0 21.6 23.6 27.6 28.7 28.2 26.9 29.1 30.8 37.6 45.3 42.4 46.3 39.4 25.2 42.6 34.8 2.8 5.7 8.5 71 68 7 72 73 72 9 74 83 76;:;:;: :. 78 1 76 90 3 77 78 . . 78 9 79 80 97 6 81 80 82 166 7 83 84 250.0 86 80 87 88 Total 356,095 100.000 32.9 39.0 1.18 17.7 6.9 11.1 4. FACTORIES PRODUCING TEXTILE PRODUCTS (FEMALES). Persons In- cluded. Per cent of persons dis- abled (per an- num). Cases of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Cases of dis- ability per person dis- abled. Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case otdis- ablUty. Days of dis- ability per person In- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Num- ber of confine- ments per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Num- ber of days of Age (years). Num- ber. Per cent of total. confine- ment relief per per- son in- cluded. 14 13,288 20,633 23,484 24,556 24,623 23, 795 22, 702 21,476 19,775 17,884 16,367 15,086 13,661 12,193 11, 199 10, 132 9,214 8,691 8,176 7,647 7,218 6,697 6,028 6,620 5,143 4,880 4,822 4,724 4,504 4,197 3.831 3.154 4.873 5.574 5.829 5.844 5.648 5.388 5.097 4.693 4.245 3.885 3.581 3.219 2.894 2.668 2.406 2.187 2.063 1.940 1.816 1.713 1.590 1.431 1.310 1.221 1.168 1.144 1.121 1.0G9 .996 .909 38.2 39.3 38.0 37.0 36.7 36.4 36.1 34.6 34.7 34.7 34.7 36.2 36.2 34.1 33.5 34.3 34.9 34.6 36.4 36.7 35.6 35.9 36.3 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.5 38.0 37.9 37.7 38.7 44.6 45.9 44.4 43.4 41.7 41.1 40.9 40.5 40.7 40.6 40.4 41.0 41.2 40.5 40.2 40.6 40.9 40.7 42.0 42.3 41.9 42.4 43.1 43.6 43.5 43.7 44 6 45.9 46.8 46.7 47.5 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.19 , 1.18 1.18 1.19 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.23 14.3 15.7 16.8 17.0 17.0 17.4 17.9 17.9 18.0 18.7 19.1 19.4 19.9 20.4 20.7 20.4 20.4 21.2 22.0 22.3 22.2 22.2 22.7 23.1 22.3 22.4 23.8 23.0 22.5 23.9 24.4 6.4 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.6 9.2 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.8 10.1 9.7 9.8 10.6 10.0 10.3 10.9 11.6 2.9 3.3 6.2 6.6 6.2 7.4 8.8 9.7 9.0 7.2 7.6 8.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.6 7.1 8.0 8.2 8.3 9.3 9.1 9.8 10.0 9.7 10.2 11.0 11.0 11.3 12.4 12.0 0.08 .20 .69 1.68 3.36 6.92 8.91 11.47 13.49 16.42 17.23 18.08 18.80 18.86 18.23 18.11 17.14 15.66 14.80 14. .33 13.33 12.18 10.98 9.63 8.13 7.15 6.16 4.87 3.75 2.60. 1.70 (") 0.1 15 16 17 .2 .4 18 9 19 1.6 20 2 5 21 3.2 22.... 3.8 23 4.3 24 4.8 25 5.0 26 5.3 27 6.3 28 6.1 29 6.1 30 4.8 31 4.4 32 4.2 33 4.0 34 3.7 35 "■" ■ 3.4 36 3.1 37 2.7 38 2.3 39 2.0 40 1.7 41 1.4 42 1.0 43.. .7 44 .5 a Less than one>tenth of 1 day. 374 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA. TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 4. FACTORIES PRODUCING TEXTILE PRODUCTS (FBMAIiES)— Concluded. Persons in- cluded. Per cent of persons dis- abled (per an- num). Cases of dis- ability 100 per- sons ' (per an- num). Cases of dis- ability per person dis- abled. Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Num- ber of confine- ments per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Num- ber of Age (years). Num- ber. Per cent of total. confine- ment relief per per- son in- cluded. 45 3,529 3,286 3,125 2,996 2,807 2,637 2,462 2,266 2,073 1,907 1,699 1,475 1,290 1,122 968 860 783 688 588 610 430 361 319 281 235 181 139 110 82 60 38 22 16 10 8 7 5 2 2 2 0.838 .780 .742 .711 .666 .626 .584 .536 .492 .453 .403 .350 .307 .266 .2.30 .204 .186 .163 .140 .121 .102 .085 .078' .067 .056 .043 .033 .026 .020 .014 .009 .005 .004 .002 .002 .002 .001 .001 38.7 38.8 39.1 38.6 39.7 39.8 38.8 39.7 40.2 39.3 40.7 41.4 41.1 41.4 42.3 45.7 44.2 42.4 44.9 42.4 42.6 44.9 44.6 47.3 51.6 51.9 52.6 55.5 50.0 43.3 42.1 59.1 60.0 50.0 75.0 85.7 60.0 50.0 47.5 47.0 48.4 48.1 48.6 48.5 47.1 48.9 50.0 48.6 50.6 51.5 61.1 61.7 63.4 66.0 63.4 51.7 54.3 64.3 56.8 66.2 5.5.8 57.3 62.1 64.6 66.2 75.6 69.5 60.0 60.5 77.3 73.3 50.0 87.6 100.0 60.0 50.0 1.23 1.21 1.24 1.25 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.25 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.23 1.21 1.22 1.21 1.28 1.31 1.25 1.26 1.21 1.21 1.24 1.26 1.36 1.39 1.39 1.44 1.31 1.22 1.00 1.17 1.17 1.00 1.00 23.2 22.4 22.8 24.0 24.2 24.6 25.3 25.0 24.6 25.1 26.0 26.1 26.7 27.3 27.7 29.3 31.4 34.2 35.2 32.5 32.2 32.6 35.3 38.4 38.5 39.2 35.9 38.7 48.7 50.3 40.7 35.6 33.4 34.2 ■ 47.0 56.7 76.7 46.0 11.0 10.5 11.0 11.6 11.7 11.9 11.9 12.2 12.3 12.2 13.1 13.6 13.6 14.1 14.8 16.4 16.8 17.7 19.1 17.6 18.0 18.3 19.7 22.0 23.9 2.5.4 23.8 29.2 33.9 30.2 24.6 27.6 24.5 17.1 41.1 56.7 46.0 23.0 12.5 13.7 12.8 14.0 12.8 9.9 12.2 12.9 14.5 16.3 13.5 17.6 21.7 26.0 22.7 19.8 26.8 32.0 42.6 37.3 32.6 36.0 40.8 42.7 42.6 60.8 64.7 64.5 61.0 66.7 78.9 46.6 66.7 100.0 260.0 428.6 200.0 1.13 .61 .29 .27 .29 .19 .16 .13 .05 0.3 .2 .1 .1 .1 C) .1 («) (») 46.. 47 48.. 49 60 . 51 ;.. 62.. 53 54.. 66 66 .07 (») 57 58 .09 (■>) 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 600.0 1 Total . . 421,316 100. 000 30.3 42.9 1.18 19.7 8.5 11.0 8.77 2 4 5. SUGAR FACTORIES (MALES). Persons included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disabilitv per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death rate per 1,000 members (per annum). Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 14 1,366 2,346 2,948 3,330 3,617 3,838 3,836 3,536 3,281 3,328 3,591 1.063 1.810 2.274 2.569 2.791 2.961 2.959 2.728 2.531 2.567 2.770 68.3 54.2 61.3 51.9 64.4 56.8 56.7 55.3 64.4 57.2 53.5 64.1 59.8 56.3 67.3 60.8 63.6 63.6 62.9 62.8 65.4 66.3 1.10 1.10 1.07 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.14 1.12 12.9 12.7 12.5 13.3 13.3 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.1 13.0 8.3 7.6 7.0 7.6 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.6 5.1 15 5.1 16 6.4 17 7.2 18 7.7 19 6.5 20 5.7 21 . . 6.2 22 6.7 23 6.3 24 7:2 a Less than one-tenth of 1 day. b Less than one-thousandth of 1 per cent. CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 375 PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 5. SXTOAR FACTOKIBS (MALES)— Concluded. Persons included 1 Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per aimum). Cases of disability per person d&abled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Days of disability per person included (per annum). Death rate per 1,000 members (per annum). Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 25 3,844 4,020 4,108 4,069 4,010 3,946 3,899 3,894 3,887 3,861 3,745 3,665 3,383 3,220 3,093 2,964 2,843 2,744 2,577 2,380 2,198 2,023 1,820 1,699 1,668 1,602 1,480 1,346 1,233 1,126 1,007 901 797 720 676 627 567 492 425 379 317 263 231 200 169 133 109 89 69 52 38 26 18 16 12 10 8 4 2 1 2.966 3.101 3.169 3.139 3.094 3.044 3.008 3.004 2.998 2.979 2.890 2.743 2.610 2.484 2.386 2.280 2.193 2.117 1.988 1.830 1.696 1.660 1.409 1.311 1.287 1.236 1.142 1.037 .951 .869 .777 .695 .616 .555 .522 .484 .437 .380 .328 .292 .245 .203 .178 .154 .130 .103 .084 .008 .053 .040 .029 .019 .014 .011 .009 .008 .006 .003 .002 .001 58.0 56.6 65.1 64.6 53.9 52.8 63.8 63.1 50.6 50.5 49.8 49.2 48.6 48.3 49.9 60.2 60.7 50.0 48.9 50.2 49.9 47.6 47.8 49.9 48.6 48.4 49.9 61.0 60.5 51.4 50.9 48.2 51.0 53.3 54.1 54.6 62.8 63.4 62.2 50.4 52.7 52.5 52.4 54.5 67.4 58.6 60.0 65.2 06.2 73.1 73.7 88.0 83.3 63.3 41.7 00.0 75.0 75.0 50.0 100.0 64.7 63.3 62.0 01.1 60.0 58.8 69.8 69.3 50.8 66.6 60.0 55.2 54.0 53.7 55.5 66.2 66.8 66.7 64.6 66.7 66.7 63.5 63.0 56.1 54.0 53.9 55.8 50.7 55.7 57.2 57.0 54.9 67.3 58.6 60.1 62.0 60.1 00.0 69.1 67.3 59.9 61.6 60.0 69.5 03.3 70.7 77.1 80.9 76.8 88.5 100.0 104.0 94.4 66.7 68.3 80.0 100.0 75.0 150.0 100.0 1.12 1.12 1.13 L12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.13 1.10 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.18 1.16 1.10 1.10 1.21 1.27 1.24 1.18 1.21 1.36 1.18 1.13 1.25 1.40 1.33 1.33 1.00 3.00 1.00 13.1 13.6 13.7 13.3 13.4 14.1 14.6 14.7 14.7 16.0 16.9 15.8 15.5 15.5 15.7 15.9 16.4 16.7 16.7 17.2 17.0 10.9 18.2 18.4 18.1 19.1' 18.6 19.3 20.3 19.2 20.4 21.5 21.8 23.3 24.7 25.3 24.9 27.0 29.5 28.1 20.4 27.7 33.3 35.1 33.0 34.7 35.6 31.2 29.7 35.0 51.9 03.0 46.0 40.6 53.6 43.0 25.5 57.7 19.0 31.0 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.7 8.7 8.3 8.6 8.9 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.8 8.3 9.3 9.3 9.1 9.7 9.6 9.1 9.6 10.1 9.8 10.3 10.3 10.9 11.3 11.0 11.8 11.8 12.0 13.7 14.9 15.7 15.0 16.3 17.5 10.1 16.9 17.1 20.2 20.9 20.9 24.0 27.4 26.2 22.8 30.9 61.8 05.0 43.4 27.1 31.3 34.4 26.5 43.2 28.5 31.0 6.8 2G 6.7 27 5.4 28 6.1 29 6.2 30 6.3 31 7.4 32 7.7 33 8.2 34 7.8 35 9.6 30 9.8 37 8.0 38 8.1 39 9.1 40 9.8 41 11.6 42 12.4 43 13.2 44 13.9 45 13.7 46. . 14.8 47 14.7 48 13.5 49 13.1 50 16.8 51 17.6 17.1 63... . 17.8 54 20.4 55. . . 25.8 56 27.7 57. . . 28.9 58 29.2 59. 23.7 m 30.7 61 46.8 62 42.7 63 44.7 47.5 05 47.3 49.4 67 56.2 68. . 05.0 09 . . 47.4 60.1 71 91.8 72 78.7 73 101.4 74 115.4 76 167.9 76 160.0 77 111.1 78 133.3 79 166.7 80 100.0 81 125.0 82 250.0 83 86 87 1 2 2 2 1 1 .001 .002 .002 .002 .001 .001 89 90 100.0 50.0 100.0 50.0 1.00 1.00 76.6 31.0 76.5 15.5 500.0 91 92 93 Total 129, 623 100. 000 52.6 59.0 1.12 16.5 9.1 10.8 376 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PEE CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1S95, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Continued. 6. TOBACCO FACTORIES (FElWAIiES). Persons In- cluded. Per cent of per- sons dis- abled (per an- num). Cases of disar bUity per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Cases of dis- ability per person dis- abled. Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Deatli rate 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Num- ber of con- fine- ments per 100 per- sons (per an- nimi). Num- ber of days of Age (years). Num- ber. Per cent of total. confine- ment relief per person in- cluded. 14 2,489 4,100 6,165 6,052 6,534 6,617 6,609 6,506 6,283 6,043 5,744 5,370 4,976 4,602 4,256 3,980 3,798 3,726 3,678 3,611 3, .522 3,318 3,010 2,731 2,525 2,377 2,328 2,295 2,160 1,981 1,822 1,694 1,599 1,528 1,470 1,393 1,298 1,187 1,087 998 924 845 769 709 639 556 489 432 361 311 270 231 207 193 174- 145 113 84 69 41 27 16 9 4 2 2 1.681 2.769 3.488 4.087 4.413 4.469 4.463 4.394 4.243 4.081 3.879 3.627 3.360 3.108 2.874 2.688 2. 565 2.516 2.484 2.439 2.378 2.241 2.033 1.845 1.705 1.605 1.572 1.550 1.459 1.338 1.230 1.144 1.080 1.032 .993 .941 .876 .801 .734 .674 .624 .571 .619 .479 .432 .375 .330 .292 .244 .210 .182 .156 .140 .130 .118 .098 .076 .057 .040 .028 .018 .011 .006 .003 .001 .001 32.6 36.6 37.3 36.4 35.6 35.9 36.6 36.1 37.2 38.0 38.9 39.3 39.0 39.7 41.2 43.0 42.7 41.0 41.0 39.6 39.1 39.7 40.2 40.7 40.1 41.1 38.4 37.3 39.3 38.0 38.2 38.9 39.8 40.1 40.3 39.9 39.4 39.6 41.1 42.2 42.0 42.4 42.3 41.3 42.2 44.1 45.6 46.3 44.9 45.7 48.9 50.2 49.8 50.8 60.0 49.0 51.3 52.4 52.5 53.7 51.9 50.0 44.4 50.0 100.0 100.0 41.2 46.9 48.4 47.3 45.8 46.9 45.6 46.3 47.7 48.6 50.2 51.1 50.8 52.5 54.8 57.1 57.2 54.3 53.6 51.8 51.6 52.6 53.4 54.3 53.2 54.8 52.8 50.7 51.9 49.7 50.3 50.8 52.0 52.8 53.8 54.3 53.2 52.1 63.7 56.0 55.0 56.0 56.3 54.7 64.6 57.2 63.0 63.4 62.1 62.7 65.2 68.8 68.6 71.0 70.7 71.7 77.9 76.2 71.2 78.0 85.2 87.5 88.9 75.0 100.0 100.0 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.30 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.34 1.33 1.31 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.38 1.36 1.32 1.31 1.32 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.36 1.35 1.31 1.31 1.33 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.30 1.38 1.37 1.38 1.37 1.33 1.37 1.38 1.40 1.41 1.46 1.52 1.46 1.35 1.45 1.65 1.75 2.00 1.50 1.00 1.00 13.1 13.4 14.5 15.5 16.0 16.6 17.0 17.5 17.9 18.2 19.0 19.4 19.1 19.9 20.3 20.1 20.3 20.9 21.6 22.0 22.3 22.5 22.2 23.2 22.5 22.4 21.5 22.4 23.5 22.6 21.6 22.7 23.7 24.4 25.1 26.4 25.7 26.8 26.7 26.5 26.2 25.0 27.0 30.3 29.9 29.3 30.4 33.4 .36.8 36.7 35.6 34.4 36.7 38.6 40.0 38.0 33.4 38.4 39.6 39.3 44.4 36.0 32.8 61.0 112.0 229.0 5.4 6.3 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.6 7.7 8.1 8.5 8.8 9.5 9.9 9.7 10.4 11.1 11.5 11.6 .11.4 11.6 11.4 11.6 11.8 11.9 12.6 12.0 12.2 11.3 11.3 12.2 11.2 10.9 11.5 12.3 12.9 13.5 13.8 13.7 14 14 4 14.8 14.4 14.0 15.2 16.6 16.3 16.8 19.1 21.2 22.9 23.0 23.2 23.7 25.2 27.3 28.3 27.2 26.0 29.2 28.2 30.7 37.8 31.5 29.1 45.8 112.0 229.0 4.0 5.1 8.3 10.6 11.6 11.9 11.8 12.8 12.3 10.6 11.7 14.3 14.5 13.7 14.8 16.1 15.8 15.6 141 11.9 12.5 13.9 14 11.7 11.1 10.5 10.3 11.3 11.1 11.6 10.4 10.6 10.6 10.5 12.2 12.9 13.9 12.6 13.8 15.0 14.1 18.9 18.2 15.5 141 16.2 20.5 30.1 30.5 28.9 40.7 43.3 33.8 31.1 23.0 27.6 26.6 23.8 33.9 48.8 37.0 125.0 0.04 .15 .89 2.48 4.97 8.45 11.91 15.89 19.62 22.42 25.16 28.06 29.74 29.18 28.78 28.19 26.15 24.53 23.36 21.16 19.51 18.81 18.64 16.66 14 30 13.25 10.27 6.76 5.42 4.64 3.02 1.66 .81 .59 .34 .14 .23 0.2 15 16 17 .7 18 1.4 19 2 3 20 3.3 21 4 4 22 5 5 23 24.. . . .. 7 1 25 26. 8 6 27 28 8 2 29 30 7.5 31 7 32 6.7 33 6 1 34 5.7 35 5.5 36 ... 5.3 37 4.7 38 4.0 39 3.8 40 2.9 41 1.9 42 1.5 43 1.3 44 .9 .5 46 .3 47 .2 48 .1 49 (") 50 .1 51 62 S3 54 '. 65.. 56 57 58 .16 .1 59 60. . . 61 62.. . . . 64 ■ 65 66 67 68 69 ... . 70 71 72 73 74 76 76 77 78 79 Total 148,074 100.000 38.8 50.9 1.31 20.3 10.3 12.6 14 09 4.0 CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 377 PEK CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH AGE, DISABILITY RATES, AVERAGE DAYS OF DURA- TION OF CASES OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY ESTABLISHMENTS AND AGES— Concluded. 7. BUILDING TRADES EMPLOYEES (MALES). Persons Included. Per cent of persons disabled (per annum). Cases of disability per 100 persons (per annum). Cases of disability per person disabled. Average days of duration of a case of disability. Davs of disabiUty per person included (per annum). Deatli Age (years). Number. Per cent of total. 1,000 members (per annum). 14 336 617 952 1,460 2,054 2,637 2,991 3,109 3,071 3,054 3,211 3,409 3,510 3,316 3,126 3,016 2,862 2,750 2,705 2,6,34 2,513 2,421 2,235 2,127 2,068 2,001 1,975 1,925 1,896 1,899 1,872 1,771 1,675 1,671 1,697 1,637 1,500 1,409 1,332 1,252 1,201 1,072 921 799 720 685 632 563 481 411 352 302 251 207 191 165 134 99 85 69 69 46 31 22 21 19 10 5 4 3 2 2 2 0.346 .634 .979 1.491 2.112 2.711 3.075 3.197 3.158 3.140 3.301 3.505 3.609 3.409 3.214 3.101 2.943 2.834 2.781 2.708 2.584 2.489 2.298 2.187 2.127 2.057 2.031 1.979 1.949 1.953 1.926 1.821 1.722 1.718 1.745 1.683 1.543 1.449 1.370 1.287 L235 1.102 .947 .822 .740 .704 .650 .679 .494 .423 .362 .311 .258 .213 .196 .170 .138 .102 .087 .071 .061 .047 .032 .023 .021 .019 .010 .005 .004 .003 .002 .002 .002 78.3 65.3 55.4 52.6 48.5 43.9 4L2 38.1 34.4 33.5 34.3 33.1 32.6 33.9 34.0 34.7 34.8 34.1 35.6 34.9 35.7 38.2 38.4 38.0 37.5 37.8 38.6 41.4 42.3 40.7 41.4 41.3 41.1 39.4 39.7 41.8 43.7 43.5 43.0 42.1 41.3 44.4 47.3 61.6 63.1 48,9 47.3 60.6 49.9 49.1 65.4 55.0 52.2 56.5 57.0 58.2 61.5 59.6 61.2 60.9 57.6 67.4 38.7 27-3 33.3 47.4 60.0 80.0 60.0 85.7 71.2 62.2 58.9 53.9 49.7 46.4 43.0 39.3 38.2 38.9 37.8 37.3 38.5 38.6 39.6 39.8 38.4 40.2 40.0 40.9 43.9 44.7 44.1 43.3 43.2 44.5 47.8 49.0 47.0 47.8 48.9 47.0 45.6 46.3 49.1 51.3 49.9 51.3 49.8 48.0 52.3 56.8 60.1 62.1 57.5 55.1 61.1 61.8 57.9 66.8 68.6 60.0 68.1 70.7 72.7 67.2 77.7 70.6 7.3.9 64.4 56.5 48.4 27.3 42.9 63.2 70.0 80.0 75.0 1.10 1.09 1.12 1.12 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13 L14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.14 L14 1.14 1.14 1.12 1.13 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.16 L16 1.16 1.14 1.16 1.13 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.14 1.16 L17 1.18 1.17 1.15 L17 L19 1.16 1.18 1.18 1.16 L17 1.18 1.17 L21 1.24 1.18 1.21 1.25 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.30 1.19 1.15 1.21 1.12 1.24 1.25 1.00 1.29 1.33 1.17 1.00 1.50 11.5 12.1 12.8 13.5 13.2 13.4 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.1 15.6 15.8 15.6 15.7 16.4 16.3 16.1 16.8 16.9 17.3 17.7 17.7 18.0 17.9 17.7 18.3 18.1 17.8 18.6 19.1 18.7 19.6 19.1 18.0 19.1 19.4 20.2 20.8 20.9 21.8 22.7 22.1 20.3 20.7 22.5 22.8 21.2 20.9 21.5 24.5 24.3 22.4 12.9 13.8 22.2 26.5 30.1 27.4 2.5.0 26.0 29.1 26.8 31.8 51.3 24.4 22.7 29.0 43.5 60.0 9.9 8.6 8.0 7.9 7.1 6.7 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.7 6.1 6.9 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.8 6.9 7.3 7.8 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.6 9.1 9.0 8.9 9.5 9.0 8.2 9.0 9.5 10.4 10.4 10.7 10.9 10.9 11.5 10.6 12.4 14.0 12.8 11.7 12.8 13.3 14.2 16.2 15.3 12.8 13.8 16.7 19.3 20.2 19.4 18.0 19.3 18.8 15.2 15.4 14.0 10.5 14.3 20.3 34.8 45.0 3.3 16 4.9 16 3.1 17 3.5 18. 4 9 19 6.5 20 5.7 21 4.8 22 4.9 23 6.6 24 6.9 26 5.6 26 4.8 27 6.7 28 . 6.1 29 5.0 30. . 5.9 31 6.2 32 5.5 33 6.6 34.... 9.2 35 9.5 36 7.6 37 8.0 38 9.7 30 13.5 40 13.8 41 14.5 42 15.3 43 12.2 44 12.3 45 13.6 46 13.8 47 13.8 48 15.9 49 19.6 so 17.3 61 14.9 52 20.3 53 22.4 54 15.8 55 16.8 66 18.5 57 27.6 58 30.6 59 26.3 60 28.5 61 24.9 62 25.0 63 34.0 64 36.9 65 36.4 66 39.8 67 33.8 68 41.9 69 48.5 70 59.7 71 70.7 72 70.6 73 87.0 74 68.0 75 43.5 76 32.9 77 90.9 78 47.6 79 ■ ■ 80 81 333.3 83 84 86 86 Total 97.268 100. COO 39.6 45.5 1.15 17.8 7.9 10.7 378 JJEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOB. The highest average rate for all ages in the six industries or groups of estabHshments here presented, as far as the percentage of persons disabled is concerned, is shown by the sugar factories with the rate of 62 .6 per cent . In the ages where the least sickness would be expected — for instance, the ten years beginning with the age of 25 — from 50.5 to 68.0 per cent of the persons employed in sugar factories suffered dis- ability which was relieved by the sickness insurance funds. The next highest rate for the number of persons disabled is shown by the metal and iron productions establishments. Here the average for all ages was 49.6 per cent, and in the years from 26 to 34 the rate ranged from 42.2 per cent to 57.8 per cent. The group of steam railroads had an average for all ages of 44.6 per cent, the building trades of 39.6 per cent, and the textile establishments, for females, had 36.3 per cent and for males, 32.9 per cent. In other words, the metal and iron establish- ments and the sugar factories each had approximately one-half of their employees disabled during the year. The cases of disability per 100 persons insured show that the rail- roads have an average of 66.1 cases per annum for persons of all ages; in metal and iron works 64.8 cases; for the sugar factories 59.0 cases, and the building trades 45.5 cases; female textile employees 42.9 cases; in male textile employees 39.0 cases. This rate is usually very high for the ages 14 and 15, after which there is a decrease, followed by an increase. In the highest ages included in the table — for instance, those over 70 — this rate is apt to be extremely high; in the case of the railroads, for instance, the cases of sickness per 100 persons insured for the ages of 70 or over are either close to 100 or in excess of 100. The duplication of cases of sickness, or the times that a person sick again becomes disabled, is highest in the case of the railway establish- ments, where for all ages the average is 1.48; this average is practi- cally the same as the rate for the persons 25 to 35 years of age.. In the case of the metal and iron factories the average for all ages is 1.31, which is somewhat higher than the rate for persons 25 to 35 years of age. The rate is considerably lower in the case of the building trades and the sugar factories, which have averages of 1.15 and 1.12, respectively. The average duration of each case of disability shows the usual tendency to increase with age. The highest average for the indus- tries here given is shown by the tobacco factories, with 20.3 days for all ages; the next highest average, 19.7 days, is for female textile workers; the average for male textile workers comes next, with an average of 17.7 days; the next highest rate is shown by the building trades; here the average for all ages is 17.6 days. Practically the same tendencies are shown by the number of days of sickness per person included in the insurance. ■ CHAPTEB I, — ^workmen's INSTJEANCB IN AUSTRIA. 379 The average death rate for all ages in the establishments included in this list is highest among the female employees of the tobacco factories, where the rate is 12.6 per 1,000 members; this rate shows wide fluctuations in the ages included in the tables ; for instance, the rate for the age 23 being 10.6 per 1,000 and for the age of 25 being 14.3 per 1,000. The next highest rate is shown for the employees of the textile establishments, the average rates for all ages being for males 11.1 per 1,000 and for females 11.0 per 1,000. The metal and iron factories, the sugar factories, and the building trades have practi- cally the same average death rate. In the case of the building trades the rates fluctuate considerably; for the age 38, for instance, the rate is 9.7 per 1,000 members, while for the age 39 the rate is 13.5 per 1,000. In the case of female employees engaged in textile factories and in tobacco factories the tables also give the confinement rates. These rates, however, because of the small number of persons included, show rather wide fluctuations, though the figures show that the number of confinements of the persons employed in tobacco factories is much higher than in the case of the textile factories. Sickness by occupations and industries. — The special study for the years 1891 to 1895 also shows the experience of the sickness funds classified by 18 groups of occupations and 24 groups of industries; three of the groups of occupations and six of the groups of industries show the data for males and females separately. In the following table the second column shows the number of persons included in the study, while the title for each occupation or class of establishment is followed by the average age of the persons specified as being included in that group. In the preceding table detailed information was given for 7 classes of establishments, each class comprising about 100,000 persons or over. These 7 classes are, however, included in the following briefer tables in order to permit of a comparison of all the 24 classes of industries by age groups. In considering the rates in the tables, the average age of the persons included should be kept in mind; e.g., while the death rates for males and females in textile factories (groups 21 and 22) for ah ages are almost identical, the fact that the average age of the females is much lower than that of the males means that the death rate for the females is, as a matter of fact, much higher than the rate for the males. 380 BEPORT or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 189S, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS. [Source: Amtliche NachrloMen bctr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1900.] OCCUPATIONS. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). 1. BUILDING TKADE3 W0KKKK3, MALE (AVEBAGE AGE 36.0 TEAKS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 70 years O ver 70 years Total. 2. WOODWOEKEES, MALE (AVEEAGE AGE 29.4 YEAES). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years , 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years , , 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years , 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years. Over 70 years Total. 3. TUENEKS, MALE (AVEEAGE AGE 29.6 TEAES). 15 years 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 31 to 36 36 to 40 41 to 46 46 to 60 51 to 66 66 to 60 61 to 66 66 to 70 Over 70 and under. years years years years years years years years years years years years Total. 4. GOLD AND SILVEK WOEKEES AND WOEKEES IN ALLIED INDUSTEIES, MALE (AVEBAGE AGE 30.3 YEAES). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 963 10,084 15,854 15,830 13,029 10,408 9,363 8,180 6,266 3,757 2,109 948 479 97,258 11,068 14,575 10,008 8,054 4,670 3,228 2,274 1,434 774 415 164 56, 799 49 6,099 8,714 7,601 5,635 3,092 2,264 1,282 902 317 166 67 26 36, 204 2,960 3,611 2,443 1,939 1,345 916 649 425 230 148 124 63 LO 10.4 16.3 16.3 13.4 10.7 9.6 8.4 6.4 3.8 2.2 1.0 .6 76.3 62.1 39.4 38.7 40.6 44.0 48.1 47.8 50.3 58.1 62.6 67.8 62.8 11.9 13.5 15.1 16.0 17.3 18.0 18.7 19.2 21.-6 21.3 22.6 23.3 28.0 100.0 45.5 17.5 0.1 19.5 25.7 17.6 14.2 8.2 5.7 4.0 2.5 1.4 .7 .3 .1 47.0 28.3 29.3 3L0 32.1 36.0 44.2 50.1 69.5 82.5 77.5 15.0 18.3 20.6 22.3 22.7 28.1 26.5 28.4 29.3 37.0 35.6 48.8 56.2 100.0 31.5 23.2 0.1 16.8 24.0 21.0 15.6 8.5 6.3 3.5 2.6 .9 .4 .2 .1 24.5 29.6 26.6 25.9 24.3 26.2 26.8 29.2 29.2 41.3 43.6 43.3 34.6 16.6 17.0 21.1 22.3 25.1 28.2 26.4 24.1 30.6 35.7 25.3 26.9 20.7 (» 19.9 24.3 16.4 13.1 9.1 6.2 4.4 2.9 1.6 1.0 .8 .4 12.6 36.0 32.7 26.2 27.1 30.0 24.2 26.2 37.9 36.5 30.4 53.2 52.4 21.0 21.8 22.3 21.8 23.0 21.7 27.6 23.7 34.6 27.8 65.9 46.4 49.0 14,850 100.0 24.0 9.1 7.0 6.0 6.2 7.0 7.9 9.0 9.2 10.9 12.4 14.1 15.8 17.6 7.9 7.1 6.2 6.9 6.3 6.6 8.7 8.5 10.2 12.9 18.5 21.2 40.3 43.6 2.4 4.9 4.5 6.5 6.4 6.6 7.3 7.7 7.0 12.6 15.6 11.0 10.3 6.0 2.6 7.6 7.3 5.5 6.2 6.5 6.7 6.2 13.1 10.2 20.0 24.7 26.7 " Less than one-tentli of 1 tier cent. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 381 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. OCCUPATIONS— Continued. Persons included. Cases of dis- ability per 100 per- sons 'per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded per an- num). Death rate Occupation and age group. Number. Per cent of total. per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 6. IRON AND METAL WOEKEKS, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 29.5 YEARS). 350 12,047 10,929 7,951 6,370 4,643 3,306 2,328 1,534 782 340 136 70 0.7 23.7 21.5 15.7 12.6 9.1 6.5 4.6 3.0 1.5 .7 .3 .1 27.7 41.1 38.8 36.4 33.0 32.6 36.1 40.0 41.0 41.6 61.2 72.1 50.0 14.4 16.1 16.9 18.4 19.7 20.7 20.6 25.9 27.2 27.9 27.7 27.6 57.1 4.0 6,2 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.7 7.2 10.4 11.1 11.6 16.9 19.9 28.6 2.9 5.4 21 to 25 vears 8.0 26 to 30 years . 10.3 11.6 12.5 41 to 45 years - 14.2 19.3 30.0 66 to 60 years . . . - 33.2 61 to 65 years.. 61.8 88.2 100.0 Total 50,786 100.0 37.8 18.7 7.1 11.2 6. WOEKEES IN LEATHER, MALE (AVEEAQE AGE 29.9 YEAES). 147 3,068 4,069 2,644 2,044 1,190 969 669 555 283 145 84 62 0.9 19.3 26.5 16.6 12.8 7.5 6.1 4.2 3.5 1.8 .9 .5 .4 22.4 32.8 24.9 24.2 23.2 26.4 24.9 29.9 26.1 42.8 31.7 61.9 66.6 15.8 17.7 18.1 19.6 20.5 19.0 20.6 20.3 21.8 26.7 36.7 37.8 29.4 3.6 6.8 4.5 4.8 4.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.7 11.0 11.6 23.4 16.4 6.8 16 to 20 years 6.8 21 to 25 years.. . 11.3 10.2 11.7 36 to 40 years 16.0 15.5 20.9 51 to 55 years 19.8 42.4 66.2 83.3 Over 70 years.. .. 161.3 Total 15,929 100.0 27.1 19.6 5.3 13.5 m yfiar. Less than one-tenth of 1 per 1,000. i Less than one-tenth of 1 day. « Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 382 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. OCCTJPATIONS— Continued. Occupation and age group. 9. TAILOES, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 28.3 YEARS). 15 years and under. 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Persons included . Number. Total . 10. TAILORS, FEMALE (AVERAGE AGE 23.8 YEARS). (") 16 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years '. 46 to 50 years 61 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 11. SHOEMAKERS, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 27.0 YEAES). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 43 years 46 to 60 years 51 to 65 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 12. GLOVE MAKERS AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 30.7 YEARS). 16 years and under _ 16 to 20 years 21 to 26 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years , 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years 119 10, 727 19, 761 14, 377 6,229 3,204 2,387 1,929 1,462 879 500 148 102 Per cent of total. 61, 824 273 8,290 8,793 4,263 2,095 836 307 94 27 16 24,994 15,043 18,018 11,948 6,360 3,696 2,607 1,357 923 442 186 66 32 60, 891 Total. 44 3,742 3,948 2,870 1,852 1,855 1,156 679 622 445 255 115 62 0.2 17.4 31.9 23.2 10.1 5.2 3.9 3.1 2.4 1.4 .8 .2 .2 of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). 100.0 1.1 33.2 36.2 17.0 8.4 3.3 1.2 .4 .1 .1 100.0 0.4 24.7 29.6 19.6 10.4 6.1 4.3 2.2 1.5 .7 .3 .1 .1 100.0 0.2 21.2 22.4 16.3 10.5 10.5 6.6 3.8 3.5 2.5 1.6 .6 .4 17,645 100.0 23.5 31.4 27.4 17.2 22.0 28.8 27.9 31.1 31.2 31.3 40.0 54.1 66.9 Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. 25.7 12.6 27.3 26.0 19.8 17.6 31.3 33.2 34.0 66.7 68.8 24.6 27.8 36.1 29.9 23.5 24.2 22.2 21.6 25.8 27.7 37.6 37.6 48.2 71.9 22.7 33.8 31.4 34.6 30.6 32.0 31.4 35.8 37.5 47.4 59.6 66.1 85.5 34.0 11.9 13.3 13.5 16.8 16.4 18.1 18.6 22.2 22.6 29.3 36.5 47.3 52.9 16.0 21.6 15.4 16.3 16.6 18.1 18.1 26.4 42.6 34.6 63.1 63.0 Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). 2.8 4.2 3.7 2.7 3.6 5.2 5.2 6.9 7.0 9.2 14.6 25.6 30.1 Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 16.6 10.6 14.0 16.6 17.8 20.8 22.1 20.3 23.4 26.7 27.2 25.2 36.5 26.7 17.2 13.4 16.8 17.8 17.0 18.0 19.7 24.7 24.7 22.9 24.5 29.6 23.2 37.3 19.3 4.1 2.7 4.2 4.1 3.3 3.2 5.7 8.4 14.5 23.1 36.5 4.1 3.0 6.0 6.0 4.2 5.0 4.9 4.4 6.0 7.1 10.2 9.5 17.6 19.2 4.9 3.0 6.7 5.6 5.9 5.5 6.3 7.8 8.8 8.6 11.6 17.6 15.3 31.9 6.6 8.4 6.1 7.1 5.9 9,8 14.4 10.9 19.7 25.3 39.8 44.0 74.3 117.6 9.4 3.7 5.9 6.2 5.6 6.7 10.8 13.0 10.6 111.1 62.5 6.1 4.5 6.5 8.3 7.4 11.0 10.3 10.4 14.7 16.3 43.0 32.3 35.7 31.3 ^1 12.9 8.7 10.8 15.6 24.2 26.5 24.1 22.5 39.2 62.2 112.9 14.3 a Not including confinements in data relating to disability. l> Less than one-tenth of 1 per 1,000. CHAPTER I. ^WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 383 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. OCCUPATIONS— Continued. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num) Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 13. GLOVE MAKEKS AND ALLIED mDUSTRIES, FE- MALE (AVERAGE AGE 29.7 YEAES).(li) 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 46 years 46 to 60 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years ; 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 14 BAKERS AND CONFECTIONERS, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 28.8 YEARS). 15 years 16 to 20 21 to 25 26 to 30 31 to 35 36 to 40 41 to 46 46 to 60 61 to 65 66 to 60 61 to 65 66 to 70 Over 70 and under . years years years years years years. . years. . years., years. . years. Total . 16. BUTCHERS, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 25.9 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 65 years 66 to 60 years. . : ■". 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years .' Total. 238 2,798 3,438 2,819 1,576 1,214 894 676 411 261 146 65 17 14, 630 227 7,656 8,060 6,434 4,164 2,727 2,194 1,411 876 423 220 93 41 34,516 179 5,601 5,927 4,430 2,088 1,082 569 269 163 77 36 21 6 20,. 1.6 19.3 23.7 19.4 10.8 8.4 6.1 4.7 2.8 1.7 1.0 .4 .1 0.6 22.2 23.3 18.6 12.0 8.3 6.3 4.1 2.6 1.2 .6 .2 .1 100.0 0.9 27.4 29.0 21.6 10.2 6.3 2.8 1.3 .8 .4 .2 .1 33.6 31.3 28.3 44.0 60.9 61.6 62.9 63.3 48.7 41.0 62.4 83.6 123.6 14.8 19.0 19.6 14.9 13.2 12.9 19.6 18.0 26.2 30.5 36.1 39.3 29.9 5.0 6.0 5.5 6.6 6.7 6.6 10.3 11.4 12.3 12.6 18.4 32.8 36.9 40.9 17.6 7.2 20.7 35.0 34.0 28.8 29.4 32.7 38.0 39.0 46.7 53.0 56.8 54.8 104.9 16.8 28.6 30.2 30.2 29.8 30.6 29.0 30.1 31.3 27.3 28.9 19.0 60.0 29.6 19.0 18.3 21.3 22.0 21.8 24.5 26.5 28.8 34.0 38.6 44.3 37.2 56.9 22.9 14.9 15.4 15.5 17.6 19.2 19.2 20.3 28.3 21.9 22.3 21.6 26.3 85.0 16.9 3.9 6.4 7.2 6.3 6.4 8.0 10.1 11.2 16.9 20.6 26.1 20.4 69.7 7.8 2.6 4.4 4.7 5.3 6.7 6.9 5.9 8.6 6.9 6.1 8.4 5.0 42.5 5.0 a Not including confinements in data relating to disability. l> Less than one-tenth of 1 per 1,000. c Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 9.3 11.0 8.9 7.4 16.8 17.8 29.2 43.8 62.1 64.5 58.8 12.1 4.4 4.8 7.0 7.3 8.4 11.4 16.0 23.4 30.5 28.4 45.6 43.0 97.6 9.8 5.6 2.0 4.0 3.6 6.7 7.4 10.6 18.6 18.4 13.0 55.6 4.6 384 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER or PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY BATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. OCCUPATIONS— Concluded. Persons included Occupation and age group. Number Per cent ot total. Cases of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 16. COMMERCIAL EMFLOTEES OF ALL KINDS, MALE9 (AVEBAQE AGE 29.3 YEAK3). 15 years and under , 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years , 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 60 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years , 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 17. PRINTERS, ETC., MALE (AVERAGE AGE 32.2 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 60 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 18. TEAMSTERS, MALE (AVERAGE AGE 35.8 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 471 13,686 16, 338 12,736 8,327 5,688 4,097 2,678 1,577 900 602 268 113 67,371 26 2,422 4,074 3,845 3,230 1,986 1,642 1,085 714 431 227 123 52 19,857 629 2,021 3,011 2,767 2,305 1,611 1,070 841 658 326 56 23 0.7 20.3 24.3 18.9 12.4 8.4 6.1 4.0 2.3 1.3 .7 .4 .2 9.1 18.8 19.1 17.5 17.3 18.1 19.2 21.2 23.7 26.1 32.3 30.2 47.8 15.4 18.6 20.1 20.8 22.6 22.6 24.5 23.9 24.1 27.8 36.9 34.0 43.3 100.0 18.8 0.1 12.2 20.5 19.4 16.3 10.0 8.3 6.5 3.6 2.1 1.1 67.7 47.3 39.6 36.9 38.3 33.1 34.8 36.6 43.8 41.3 44.6 43.1 55.8 17.9 20.0 23.9 25.9 24.4 27.7 24.2 30.2 36.6 40.6 33.1 62.3 84.7 25.9 0.1 4.1 13.3 19.7 18.2 16.1 10.6 7.0 6.6 3.7 2.1 .4 33.3 21.6 32.6 38.4 41.6 40.4 44.8 46.7 62.7 69.0 60.0 53.6 39.1 16.7 19.1 20.3 20.7 21.4 19.6 20.4 22.1 21.-7 20.1 21.9 27.4 35.7 1.4 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.7 5.1 6.7 7.2 11.9 10.3 20.7 4.0 10.3 9.5 9.4 9.6 9.3 9.2 8.4 11.0 16.0 16.8 14.7 22.6 47.2 10.1 6.6 4.2 6.6 8.0 8.9 7.9 9.1 10.3 11.4 11.9 11.0 14.7 14.0 2.1 5.2 5.8 6.3 7.1 10.0 11.7 14.3 23.6 27.8 41.8 65.9 61.9 8.3 11.1 12.0 14.3 13.6 15.8 16.8 23.0 29.4 37.1 44.1 65.0 15.8 4.8 7.9 6.6 9.8 13.9 22.3 27.1 34.5 28.7 62.1 89.3 173.9 15, 227 40.0 20.8 8.6 16. 4» CHAPTBE I. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 385 NUMBEB OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTBIES. Occupation and age group. Persons Included. Number. Per cent of total. Cases ol dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days ol dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 19. STEAM RAILWAYS (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 36.7 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 26 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 20. METAL AND IRON "WARE FACTORIES (MALE EM- PLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 31.3 YEARS). 15 years and under. 16 to 20 3 21 to 25 5 26 to 30 3 31 to 36 3 36 to 40 3 41 to 45 3 46 to 50 3 51 to 55 5 66 to 60 3 61 to 65 3 66 to 70 3 Over 70 3 ) years.. ) years., j years.. ) years.. ) years.. > years.. ) years., 5 years.. ) years.. ■) years. Total . 21. TEXTILE FACTORIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 32.2 YEARS). 15 years 16 to 20 21 to 26 26 to 30 31 to 35 36 to 40 41 to 45 40 to 60 51 to 55 56 to 60 61 to 65 66 to 70 Over 70 and under. years years years years years years years years years years years years Total. 1,403 33,037 75,789 126, 239 112,766 87, 285 73, 622 61,428 43,833 26,895 14,284 6,309 2,713 665, 603 6,526 21,764 17,664 18, 236 16,086 12,503 9,068 6,499 5,567 2,645 1,355 742 320 116, 975 21,425 64,223 61,211 49, 620 42,762 33,750 28,678 22,208 17, 349 11,576 7,287 3,864 2,142 366,095 0.2 6.0 11.4 19.8 17.0 13.1 11.1 9.2 6.6 4.0 2.1 .9 .4 90.8 75.8 64.4 63.3 63.9 63.9 64.2 66.6 69.4 73.0 78.0 85.5 95.6 11.7 12.0 12.4 12.5 13.7 15.1 16.8 18.3 20.8 24.4 29.5 35.7 48.4 100.0 66.1 16.0 4.8 18.6 15.1 15.6 13.7 10.7 7.8 5.5 3.9 2.3 1.1 .6 .3 67.6 70.3 66.9 64.4 58.0 59.6 62.2 63.9 64.0 67.5 75.5 77.6 83.8 12.4 13.3 13.7 15.0 16.7 17.8 20.1 22.7 24.8 29.2 39.1 54.4 69.1 64.8 17.2 6.0 18.0 14.4 13.9 12.1 9.5 8.1 6.2 4.9 3.3 2.0 1.0 .6 100.0 45.3 42.2 38.6 35.5 34.6 34.7 36.7 38.5 40.4 43.0 49.0 56.8 65.6 39.0 13.0 15.1 15.5 15.7 16.4 17.6 19.1 20.8 22.1 24.4 28.3 34.2 43.6 17.7 10.6 9.1 8.0 7.9 8.8 9.7 10.8 12.1 14.5 17.8 23.0 30.5 45.8 10.6 8.4 9.4 9.2 9.7 9.7 10.6 12.5 14.5 15.8 19.7 29.5 42.2 57.8 11.1 5.9 6.4 6.0 6.6 5.7 6.1 7.0 8.0 8.9 10.5 13.9 19.4 28.6 4.3 4.7 4.5 4.3 5.2 6.8 8.6 11.1 14.9 20.6 28.8 41.8 8.4 3.4 7.0 8.3 7.7 7.7 9.8 14.7 17.2 21.0 33.6 42.1 51.2 84.4 10.8 3.1 6.8 "8.4 7.1 8.6 9.9 10.9 16.4 20.5 25.9 33.3 56.2 78.4 11.1 386 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver, age days of dura^ tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- - eluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 22. TEXTttE FACTORIES (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, AVEE- AGE AGE 26.9 YEARS), (o) 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 23. SUGAR FACTORIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 33.5 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years ■. 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 61 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 24. TOBACCO FACTORIES (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, AVER- AGE AGE 29.9 YEARS), (a) 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years - 46 to 60 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 33, 821 119, 160 90,588" 56,299 38,428 26,393 20, 786 14,851 10,397 5,715 2,999 1,377 502 421,316 3,711 17,569 17,580 20, 153 19, 286 16, 215 12,742 8,818 6,191 3,721 2,180 996 461 129,623 30,977 29,946 21,612 17,855 12,971 9,952 7,288 5,041 3,162 1,605 832 244 148,074 8.0 28.3 21.5 13.4 9.1 6.3 4.9 3.6 2.6 1.4 .7 .3 .1 46.3 42.3 40.6 40.7 41.8 43.7 46.4 48.1 48.9 52.5 53.7 58.5 68.1 15.2 17.2 18.6 20.3 21.9 22.9 23.4 23.6 25.2 27.3 33.1 36.4 41.5 100.0 42.9 19.7 2.9 13.5 13.6 16.6 14.9 12.5 4.8 2.9 1.7 61.4 60.6 64.4 61.1 57.7 54.9 56.1 53.9 56.5 58.3 69.5 62.5 82.2 12.8 13.1 13.1 13.6 14.9 16.7 16.8 18.1 19.5 23.2 27.0 32.3 38.6 100.0 59.0 15.5 4.4 20.9 20.2 14.6 12.1 8.8 6.7 4.9 3.4 2.1 1.1 .6 .2 44.8 46.5 48.7 64.2 62.8 53.7 50.7 63.2 64.4 66.8 64.1 71.4 77.9 13.3 16.0 18.3 19.9 21.8 22.1 22.6 24.8 26.3 29.3 35.3 37.5 42.3 50.9 20.3 6.9 7.3 7.5 8.3 9.2 10.0 10.9 11.3 12.3 14.3 17.8 21.5 28.3 8.5 7.8 7.9 8.6 8.3 8.6 8.6 9.4 9.7 11.0 13.5 16.1 20.2 31.6 9.1 6.0 7.4 8.9 10.8 11.5 11.9 11.4 13.2 14.3 16.6 22.6 10.3 6.1 9.8 11.4 11.1 11.2 10.1 11.8 12.7 13.8 21.2 33.7 42.8 73.7 11.0 5.1 6.6 6.7 6.0 8.1 8.9 12.9 14.6 19.4 29.0 45.4 65.2 108.5 10.8 4.7 11.0 12.3 14.9 13.6 11.6 11.1 11.9 14.7 16.8 33.6 28.8 12.6 a Not including confinements in data relating to disability. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 387 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSUJIANCE FUNDS, ISOl TO 189E, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Persons included. Cases of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). .\ver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Occupation and age group. Number. Per cent of total. 25. SMELTING WOBKS, EOLLING MILLS, ETC. (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVEKAGE AGE 33.4 YEARS). 1,305 6,462 6,824 8,078 6,990 5,463 4,235 3,282 2,618 1,578 819 362 161 2.8 13.6 14.2 16.8 14.4 11.4 8.8 6.8 6.2 3.3 1.7 .8 .3 80. 1 93.1 94.1 90.8 81.9 74.0 76.2 79.0 82.2 90.2 93.9 93.6 78.3 10.6 11.6 11.9 12.1 13.2 14.0 15.6 16.0 17.6 20.2 21.9 27.6 43.1 9.2 10.8 11.2 11.0 10.8 10.3 11.7 12.7 14.6 18.2 20.5 25.9 33.7 3.8 6.0 21 to 25 vears 7.0 7.8 31 to 35 vears 10.4 9.7 41 to 45 vears ■ 13.2 17.1 23.4 34.2 61 to 65 years . . . 39.1 56.3 Over 70 vears . 56.9 Total . . . . ... 48, 067 100.0 85.6 13.8 11.8 11.8 26. BRICKYARDS, MANUFACTUBE OF LIME AND CE- MENT (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 35.7 YEARS). 15 years and under . 652 3,486 3,945 4,522 4,464 3,977 3,688 2,964 2,213 1,343 601 341 126 1.7 10.8 12.3 14.1 13.9 12.4 11.2 9.2 6.9 4.2 1.9 1.0 .4 66.6 45.0 45.6 47.1 47.4 46.9 48.6 50.2 51.2 52.2 64.9 61.0 68.3 11.7 11.8 11.6 13.2 12.7 13.6 14.2 16.4 16.2 17.9 21.6 27.6 31.6 6.6 5.3 5.3 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.7 8.3 9.3 14.0 16.8 21.6 3.6 7.6 21 to 25 years. . . 7.4 8.0 31 to 35 years.. . . 9.0 10.8 41 to 45 years.. ■ 13.1 20.3 51 to 55 years.. 18.6 23.1 61 to 65 years. . 50.0 66 to 70 years 60.0 Over 70 years... . 103.2 Total 32, 112 100.0 48.4 14.1 6.8 12.9 27. BRICKYARDS, MANUTACTUBE OF LIME AND CE- MENT (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 35.1 YEARS). 15 years and under 303 1,860 1,807 1,789 1,630 1,693 1,559 1,383 1,035 673 246 92 23 2.2 13.4 13.0 12.9 11.7 11.6 11.2 9.9 7.4 4.1 1.8 .7 .2 60.4 44.6 39.2 39.9 46.6 45.7 45.8 43.9 41.6 33.6 37.8 56.5 43.6 11.3 14.2 12.6 13.6 14.6 13.7 14.3 13.7 14.4 16.4 20.9 24.7 39.1 6.8 6.4 4.9 6.3 6.8 6.3 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 7.9 14.0 17.0 6.6 9.7 21 to25 years.. 3.9 26to30years 8.9 31 to 35 years . 8.0 5.0 9.0 46 to 60 years. . 11.6 9.7 56 to 60 years . 12.2 61to65years 32.6 66 to 70 years 10.9 Over 70 years 43.5 Total 13,893 100.0 43.4 14.1 6.1 8.7 388 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AMD DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Occupation and age group. Persons Included. Number. Per cent of total. of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). 28. CLAY AND PORCELAIN FACTOKIES (MALE EMPLOY- EES, AVERAGE AGE 31.6 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years , . 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 29. CLAY AND PORCELAIN TACTORIES (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 23.4 YEARS), (a) 15 years and under 16 to 20 years , 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years , 31 to 35 years , 36 to 40 years , 41 to 45 years ; 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years , 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years O ver 70 years Total . 30. GLASS FACTORIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 29.8 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years ■. 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years .■ 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years O ver 70 years Total 2,433 8,932 7,190 7,454 6,407 4,852 3,725 2,929 2,096 1,262 739 387 165 5.0 18.4 14.8 15.4 13.2 10.0 7.7 6.0 4.3 2.6 L5 48, 571 100.0 2,042 8,461 4,675 2,008 1,087 760 630 384 231 140 87 25 41.2 22.8 9.8 5.3 3.7 3.1 1.9 1.1 .7 .4 .1 3,729 11,761 7,696 6,257 5,280 4,431 3,640 2,681 1,862 1,042 615 304 162 100.0 7.5 23.8 15.6 12.7 10.7 8.9 7.4 5.4 3.8 2.1 1.2 .6 49,460 100.0 60.6 48.4 43.7 40.7 39.7 39.4 45.1 44.6 50.6 56.7 57.4 69.3 78.8 48.1 46.4 44.5 41.9 49.9 48.0 50.2 60.2 63.6 86.7 54.0 64.0 69.1 56.0 58.4 61.6 59.9 52.5 52.8 56.2 52.2 61.0 51.5 60.9 54.3 57.7 12.1 13.6 16.0 15.6 17.6 19.9 23.7 26.2 25.8 30.2 33.3 38.6 55.1 7.3 6.6 7.0 6.3 7.0 7.8 10.7 11.7 13.1 17.1 19.1 26.7 43.4 18.7 14.1 15.6 19.3 22.7 19.1 22.1 21.6 23.7 22.8 26.5 36.1 36.2 10.1 10.6 11.5 11.6 12.1 16.3 16.5 17.9 18.8 20.6 26.6 27.3 31.4 13.0 8.5 6.8 7.2 8.6 9.6 9.5 10.6 10.8 14.3 14.5 22.7 19.6 22.5 8.6 7.0 5.9 6.7 7.2 7.3 8.0 8.7 10.0 9.8 10.5 13.6 16.6 17.1 7.5 2.9 4.9 7.8 7.0 9.6 13.4 18.0 28.3 38.2 50.7 50.1 80.1 145.5 13.8 7.7 10.1 11.0 9.2 13.2 15.9 15.6 13.0 42.9 80.0 3.0 4.7 9.2 7.5 10.4 16.1 18.1 17.6 24.2 25.0 48.8 52.6 104.9 ■ 11.2 a Not including confinements in data relating to disability. CHAPTER I. — workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 389 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Persons included. Cases of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Death rate per 1,000 mem- bers (per an- num). Occupation and age group. Number. Per cent of total. 31. CHEMICAL FACTORIES (EXCLUDING MATCH FAC- TOKIES) (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 34.3 YEARS). 484 2,430 3,234 4,015 4,231 3,172 2,648 1,892 1,203 699 422 148 32 2.0 9.9 13.2 16.4 17.3 12.9 10.4 7.7 4.9 2.9 1.7 .6 .1 87.4 100.2 86.8 79.0 70.2 68.7 70.8 69.3 69.7 75.7 82.9 100.7 78.1 9.0 9.9 10.7 11.7 12.3 12.6 14.7 14.6 17.3 21.7 27.4 34.8 48.4 7.8 9.9 9.3 9.2 8.6 8.6 10.4 10.2 12.1 16.5 22.8 35.1 37.8 16 to 20 years 7.4 6.8 26 to 30 years 5.6 7.3 36 to 40 years 7.9 41 to 45 years 13.3 12.7 51 to 55 years 15.8 28.6 61 to 65 years 30.8 67.6 Over 70 years 125.0 Total . . 24,610 100.0 77.5 13.0 10.1 9.9 32. MATCH FACTORIES, ETC. (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 32.7 YEARS). 15 years and under. . 236 979 909 975 898 708 529 417 267 169 131 59 28 3.7 15.5 14.4 15.5 14.3 11.2 8.4 6.6 4.2 2.7 2.1 .9 .5 43.6 49.0 43.5 49.4 51.1 45.2 49.3 38.6 44.9 60.4 55.0 59.3 75.0 14.0 15.6 16.9 17.6 17.3 19.3 24.2 22.2 22.6 29.2 26.5 27.2 31.3 6.1 7.6 7.4 8.7 8.8 8.7 11.7 8.6 10.2 17.6 14.5 16.1 23.5 8.5 16 to 20 years 4.1 21 to 25 years 5.5 26 to 30 years 10.3 31 to 35 years 6.7 36 to 40 years 9.9 9.5 46 to 50 years 16.8 51 to 55 years 7.5 56 to 60 years 23.7 61 to 65 years 22.9 66 to 70 years 67.8 Over 70 years 71.4 Total .... 6,305 100.0 47.8 19.0 9.1 9.7 33. MATCH FACTORIES, ETC. (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, 607 2,529 1,835 1,075 691 408 306 186 116 64 27 11 6 7.7 32.2 23.4 13.7 8.8 5.2 3.9 2.4 1.5 .7 .3 .1 .1 37.7 48.0 62.2 55.0 49.8 43.1 50.7 40.9 33.0 27.8 55.6 36.4 116.7 13.0 14.2 17.5 18.4 21.2 25.2 25.1 21.0 29.8 20.9 24.5 31.3 48.1 4.9 6.8 9.1 10.1 10.5 10.9 12.7 8.6 9.8 5.8 13.6 11.4 56.2 6.6 16to20years 6.7 7.6 26 to 30 years 6.5 10.1 36 to 40 years 9.8 6.5 46 to 50 years . ... 66 to 60 years 74.1 66 to 70 years 333.3 Total 7,850 100.0 48.7 17.6 8.6 7,5 » Not including confinements in data relating to disability. 390 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. NUMBER or PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY KATES, DURATION OF DISABILIT AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1896, BY OCCUI TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. of dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded (per an- num). Dea rat pel 1,00 mei ber (pen num 34. HEATINO AND LIGHTING PLANTS (MALE EMPLOY- EES, AVEKAGE AGE 37.0 TEAES). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 30 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 61 to 55 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years ; Total 35. LEATHER FACTOEIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, ATEB- AGE AGE 35.3 YEAKS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 60 years 51 to 66 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 36. PAPER AND PAPER PULP (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 34.5 YEARS). 16 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years : 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 60 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 78 725 1,624 3,081 3,119 2,388 2,028 1,402 995 612 446 179 87 16,764 264 1,096 1,404 2,116 1,885 1,676 1,262 894 710 378 268 146 82 12,070 1,202 5,663 5,692 7,440 7,066 5,520 4,609 3,640 2,554 1,616 1,006 410 213 0.6 4.3 9.7 18.4 18.6 14.2 12.1 8.4 5.9 3.6 2.7 1.1 .5 47.4 71.6 65.3 58.2 59.3 57.5 69.3 60.1 66.5 60.0 74.0 74.9 89.7 11.1 13.1 12.9 14.0 15.9 17.6 20.6 22.0 24.6 30.9 29.1 40.1 43.0 100.0 61.1 18.3 2.2 9.1 11.7 17.6 15.6 13.0 10.6 7.4 6.9 3.1 2.1 1.2 .7 47.7 56.4 47.5 47.7 43.6 43.5 50.0 54.7 43.7 56.6 62.8 6L6 90.2 7.8 12.4 11.7 13.3 14.8 14.7 18.5 17.2 20.1 18.2 21.6 31.0 a). 7 100.0 48.8 15.4 2.6 12.0 12.3 16.0 15.2 11.9 9.9 7.6 6.5 3.6 2.2 .9 69.1 64.1 6L1 68.9 68.6 69.1 69.8 64,7 65.5 67.8 74.2 80.6 85.4 12.5 13.0 12.6 12.9 13.7 14.1 14.4 15.9 18.1 20.7 22.7 26.1 29.4 6.2 9.4 7.9 8.2 9.6 10.1 12.1 13.2 16.1 18.6 21.6 30.0 38.6 11.2 3.7 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.5 6.4 9.2 9.4 8.8 10.3 13.6 19-1 26-3 7.5 7.7 7.6 8.0 8.4 8.6 10.3 11.8 14.1 16.8 21.0 26.2 46,411 100.0 61.9 14.6 9.0 CHAPTEB I. WOEKMEN S INSUKANCE IN AUSTEIA. 391 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Continued. INDUSTRIES— Continued. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. ol dis- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age days of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person in- cluded fper an- num). 37. SAWMILLS, PLANING MILLS, ETC. (MALE EMPLOY- EES, AVERAGE AGE 33.8 YEAKS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 81 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years - Total 38. SATVMILLS, PLANING MILLS, ETC. (FEMALE EM- PLOYEES, AVERAGE AGE 28.1 YEARS). (") 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60.years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total . 39. BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES (MALE EMPLOY EES, AVERAGE AGE 33.7 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 875 4,572 6,280 7,275 6,907 4,728 3,808 2,600 1,650 909 417 178 71 40, 270 492 3,032 3,635 2,638 1,647 1,108 775 446 309 184 71 32 9 14, 378 160 1,918 2,651 3,169 2,788 2,169 1,808 1,107 696 445 223 97 73 17,183 2.2 n.3 15.6 18.1 17.1 11.7 9.6 6.5 4.1 2.3 1.0 .4 .2 44.6 50.6 46.1 47.6 60.9 52.8 64.2 54.0 55.4 60.2 60.2 86.6 88.7 12.0 13.1 13.2 13.5 14.1 15.9 15.8 18.8 20.1 22.4 27.6 29.4 28.6 6.3 6.6 6.9 6.4 7.1 8.4 8.6 10.1 II. 1 13.6 16.6 25.4 26.4 lOO.O 60.6 15.2 7.7 3.4 21.1 26.3 18.3 11.5 7.7 6.4 3.1 2.1 1.3 .5 .2 .1 51.8 47.7 37.5 34.5 39. 5 47.1 47.5 49.3 62.8 57.6 54.9 56.3 22.2 100.0 42.4 0.9 11.2 14.8 18.4 16.2 12.6 10.5 6.4 4.1 2.6 1.3 .6 .4 100.0 111.3 80.2 68.7 70.9 61.4 64.6 58.1 61.7 64.1 66.7 84.3 69.0 66.1 16.0 16.8 17.1 18.1 19.8 20.1 23.0 22.6 28.9 27.6 33.6 35.3 48.0 18.9 10.9 11.4 12.9 12.1 13.9 15.5 18.0 20.0 23.9 20.0 22.9 25.8 51.6 14.9 - 8.0 6.4 6.2 7.8 9.4 10.4 11.1 18.1 16.9 18.5 19.9 10.7 1.0 12.2 9.1 10.5 8.6 8.5 8.4 10.8 12.4 15.3 13.4 19.3 17.9 29.7 9.8 a Not including confinements in data relating to disability. 46598°— 10 26 392 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED, DISABILITY RATES, DURATION OF DISABILITY, AND DEATH RATES IN SICKNESS INSURANCE FUNDS, 1891 TO 1895, BY OCCUPA- TIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND AGE GROUPS— Concluded. INDTJSTKIES— Concluded. Occupation and age group. Persons included. Number. Per cent of total. Cases of di-s- ability per 100 per- sons (per an- num). Aver- age day-1 of dura- tion of a case of dis- ability. Days of dis- ability per person In- cluded (per an- num). 40. CLOTHING FACTORIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVER- AGE AGE 33.4 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 65 years '. 66 to 60 years 61 to (i5 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 41. CLOTHING FACTORIES (FEMALE EMPLOYEES, AVER- AGE AGE 25.9 YEARS). (o) 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years ' 51 to 55 years 66 to 60 years 61 to 65 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 42. PRINTING INDUSTRIES (MALE EMPLOYEES, AVER- AGE AGE 32.0 YEARS). 15 years and under 16 to 20 years 21 to 25 years 26 to 30 years 31 to 35 years s% 36 to 40 years 41 to 45 years 46 to 50 years 51 to 65 years 56 to 60 years 61 to 66 years 66 to 70 years Over 70 years Total 310 1,824 2,439 2,973 2,601 1,934 1,452 1,045 645 400 251 125 1,261 5,592 4,493 2,474 1,480 961 698 408 321 207 146 68 27 18, 136 440 1,606 1,473 1,737 1,700 1,205 882 547 316 233 212 66 60 1.9 11.3 15.2 18.5 16.2 12.0 9.0 6.5 4.0 2.5 1.6 .8 .5 50.6 42.0 39.0 38.1 38.9 42.1 40.6 43.7 45.1 45.3 46.4 56.8 62.5 12.0 12.4 13.9 15.8 16.6 17.8 19.1 22.4 22.3 28.9 29.6 27.8 60.2 100.0 41.0 17.5 7.0 30.8 24.8 13.6 8.2 5.3 3.8 2.2 1.8 1.2 .8 .4 .1 37.1 42.7 47.8 46.8 45.9 46.7 40.7 48.3 43.3 39.6 42.5 67.4 14.1 16.1 17.9 19.9 20.9 24.2 24.4 20.8 23.1 27.2 20.8 33.1 48.9 44.6 18.7 4.2 15.4 14.1 16.6 16.3 11.5 8.4 5.2 3.0 2.2 2.0 .6 .5 35.0 47.9 51 2 47.7 46.6 47.3 47.8 45.9 51.3 51.9 74.5 92.4 98.0 13.4 16.0 19.0 20.5 22.1 20.7 19.4 27.0 29.8 35.3 40.6 38.9 48.8 6.1 5.2 5.4 6.0 6.5 7.5 7.7 9.8 10.1 13.1 13.4 15.8 31.4 7.2 5.2 6.9 8.6. 9.1 9.6 11.3 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.8 8.8 19.0 43.4 8.3 4.7 7.7 9.7 9.8 10.3 9.8 9.3 12.4 15.3 18.3 30.3 35.9 47.9 10,467 100.0 21.0 10.5 o Not including confinements in data relating to disability. CHAPTER I. workmen's INSUEANCE IN AUSTRIA. 393 Cases of sickness per 100 persons. — (a) By groups of occupations: The disability rates when, presented by occupations show only 3 occupations with 40 or more cases of disability per annum per 100 persons included; these are building trades (1) with a rate of 45.5, glove makers and allied workers, females (13) with a rate of 40.9, and teamsters (18) with a rate of 40.0. Seven of the groups of occupations have sickness rates of between 30 and 40 cases per 100 persons; these are printers (17) with 38.9; iron and metal workers (5) with 37.8; bookbinders, females (8), with 37.8; glove makers (12) 34.0; bakers and confectioners (14) with 33.8; woodworkers (2) with 31.5; and gold and silver workers (4) with 30.6. Only one of the groups con- tained in the table shows a rate below 20, this being commercial employees of aU kinds (16) which had 18.8 cases of sickness per 100 persons included. ' (b) By groups of industries: Eleven of the groups of establish- ments have a disability rate (that is the cases of sickness per 100 persons) in excess of 50 ; the most conspicuous of these is the group smelting works, rolling mills, etc., (25) with a rate of 85.6 ; the chem- ical factories (31) had a rate of 77.5. Two groups, steam railway establishments (19) and breweries (39), each have a rate of 66.1, while three other groups of establishments have rates in excess of 60, namely, the metal and iron ware factories (20) with 64.8, paper and paper pulp factories (36) with 61.9, and heating and light- ing plants (34) with 61.1. Four of the groups of establishments have rates in excess of 50 and under 60, namelj", sugar factories, males (23), with 59.0; glass factories (30) with 57.7; tobacco factories, females (24), with 50.9; and sawmills, planing mills, etc., males (37), with 50.6. The lowest disability rate shown in the table is that for the textile factories, males (21), which had 39.0 cases of sickness per 100 persons employed. Average days of duration of a case of disability. — (a) By groups of occupations: The number of cases of disability per 100 persons included was higher when the data were presented by establishments than when presented by occupations; the average duration of a case of disability is higher when the data are presented in the form of occupations than when given by establishments. Thus the higher rates of duration of disability are shown to be principally for the occupations. Thus in the case of the occupation of printers (17) the average duration is 25.9 days, while for printing establishments (42) the average duration of a case of disability is 21.6 days, and in the case of woodworkers (2) the average duration is 23.2 days, while for sawmills, planing mills, etc., (38) the rate for females is 18.9 and for males (37) 15.2 days. In the case of groups of occupations 8 have the average duration of a case of disability of 20 days and over. These are printers (17) with 25.9 days, gold and silver workers (4) 394 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. with 24.0 days, woodworkers (2) with 23.2, bakers and confectioners (14) with 22.9 days, commercial employees of all kinds (16) with 21.5 days, teamsters (18) with 20.8 days, turners (3) with 20.7 days, and bookbinders, males (7), with 20.0 days. The lowest rate for any group of occupations is that for tailors (9), with 16.0 days per case. (6) By groups of industries: When the data are presented for establishments only two groups of establishments have an average duration in excess of 20 days, namely, printing establishments (42) with 21.6 days and tobacco factories, females (24), with 20.3 days. The lowest rates for any group of establishments are found in the case of glass factories (30) with 13.0 days and chemical factories (31) also with 13.0 days per case. Days of disability 'per person included. — (a) By groups of occupa- tions: When arranged by groups of occupations the printers (17) had 10.1 days of sickness for each person included; this was the only rate for occupations in excess of 10 days per annum per person inchided. The teamsters -(18) had 8.5 days per person included. Seven of the groups of occupations had over seven but less than eight days of sickness each year per person included ; these were the building trades (1) with 7.9 days, bakers and confectioners (14) with 7.8 days, woodworkers (2) with 7.3 days, gold and silver workers (4) with 7.3 days, bookbinders, females (8), 7.3, glove makers (13) 7.2 days, and iron and metal workers (5) with 7.1 days. The lowest rates are as follows: The tailors, males (9), with 4.1 days, the tailors, females (10), with 4.1 days, and commercial employees of all kinds (16) with 4.0 days per person included. I (6) By groups of industries: When the days of disability are dis- tributed among the persons included in the study the arrangement of the groups of establishments somewhat resembles that presented for the cases of disability per 100 persons. The smelting establish- ments (25) had 11.8 days of sickness per person employed; heating and lighting establishments (34) had 11.2 days, and metal and iron ware establishments (20) had 11.1 days per person employed. Four of the groups of establishments had more than 10 and under 11 days of sickness each year per person employed. These were rail- roads (19) with 10.6 days, printing establishments (42) with 10.5 days, tobacco factories, females (24), with 10.3 days, and chemical factories (31) with 10.1 days. The lowest rate is found in the estab- lishments for the manufacture of bricks, lime, and cement, where the males (26) had 6.8 days and the females (27) had 6.1 days of disability per pei'son employed per annum. Death rates. — (a) By groups of occupations: The occupation of printers (17) shows the highest death rate per annum of any of the groups of occupations, the rate for this group being 15.8 per 1,000 persons included, while teamsters (18) have a rate of 15.4 per 1,000 CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 395 persons; these two groups of occupations being the only ones with a death rate in excess of 15.0 per 1,000. Four of the groups of occupa- tions have rates over 12.0 and under 15.0 per 1,000; these are glove makers, males (12), with 14.3, leather workers (6) with 13.5, gold and silver workers (4) with 13.1, and glove makers, females (13), with 12.1. Five of the groups of occupations have rates in excess of 10.0 and less than 12.0 per 1,000; these are bookbinders, females (8), with 11.5, woodworkers (2) with 11.3, iron and metal ware workers (5) with 11.2, building trades workers (1) with 10.7, and bookbinders, males (7), with 10.5. The rates under 10.0 per 1,000 are turners (3) with 9.8, bakers and confectioners (14) with 9.8, tailors, males (9), -with 9.4, shoemakers (11) with 8.8, commercial employees (16) with 8.3, tailors, females (10), with 6.1, and butchers (15) with 4.5. • (&) By groups of industries: Heating and lighting establishments (34) with a rate of 15.5 per 1,000 is the only group having a death rate of over 14.0. Seven of the establishment groups have death rates of over 12.0 and less .than 14.0 per 1,000; these are printing establishments (42) with 13.9, clay and porcelain factories, males (28), with 13.8, breweries (39) with 13. 7^ leather factories (35) with 13.1, factories for the manufacture of brick, lime, and cement, males (26), with 12.9, tobacco factories, females (24), with 12.6, and cloth- ing factories, males (40), with 12.1 per 1,000. Seven of the groups of establishments have death rates in excess of 10.0 and less than 12.0 per 1,000. These are smelting establishments (25) with 11.8, glass factories (30) with 11.2, textile factories, males (21), with 11.1, textile factories, females (22), with 11.0, metal and iron ware factories (20) with 10.8, sugar factories (23) with 10.8, and woodworking fac- tories, females (38), with 10.4 per 1,000. The lowest death rates are shown by the group of establishments matchmaking, females (33), with a death rate of 7.5 per 1,000 members. OLD-AGE AND INVALIDITY INSURANCE. THE INSURANCE OF OFFICIALS IN PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS. The agitation for a system of insurance for salaried persons, private officials, etc., employees in private establishments, began in the year 1 888. Previous to this date, the organizations of officials known as the Allgemeiner Beamtenverein, Galizische Privatbeamtenverein, Landes- verband der Privatbeamten des Konigreichs Bohmen, and others, had conducted such insurance for over a quarter of a century. As a result of the agitation of these organizations the Ministry of the Interior made a study of the economic condition of private officials in the year 1897; the investigation included 99,537 persons and showed that 70 per cent of these were without insurance of any kind. 396 KEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. In May of 1901 the Government brought into the Pariiament a bill providing a system of insurance for officials and salaried persons. This bill proposed a system of pensions for old age, invalidity, unem- ployment, pensions for widows, and pensions for orphans, but met with considerable opposition both from employers and from the per- sons covered by the proposed law. The principal objections related to the long waiting time, the small amount of the pensions and the high contributions, the absence of a. state subsidy, and the restricted number of persons included. The employer's objections were based mainly upon the fact that the bill did not specify definitely the amounts to be paid by the employer, as well as the complicated nature of the organization of the insurance. As a result of the discussion which arose in this connection a new bill was brought forward in December, 1905. The new bill omitted some of the features of the first bill and was modified sufficiently to overcome many of the objec- tions which had previously been raised. In its new form the bill was finally passed on December 16, 1906, and came into force on January 1, 1909. (°) Competent authorities state that much dissatisfaction exists on the part of the persons insured and that the system is regarded as necessarily imperfect and is to be considered as only the first stage of this type of insurance. As no statistics of the operations of this class of insurance have as yet been published it is not possible to indicate the scope of the insurance. INDTTSTKIES COVEKED. The insurance obligation extends to all of the persons described below regardless of the nature of the industry in which they are employed, except persons engaged in domestic service or in the service of the central Government. Persons in the service of other governments (cities, provinces, etc.) are included unless some law or regulation makes provision for the disability covered by the present law. PERSONS INSURED. COMPULSORY INSURANCE. The accident and sickness insurance systems include the adminis- trative officials of establishments without regard to salary limifr. The commercial code {Eandelsgesetzbuch), article 60, provides that employees in commercial establishments shall be entitled to salary and maintenance for 6 weeks in case of disability not caused by the erhployee's own fault. "■ A translation of this law will be found in the Bulletin of the International Labor Office (English edition), volume I (1906), pp. 398-418. CHAPXEE I.-^WOEKMEN 'S INSURANCE IN AUSTEIA. 397 The law of 1906, however, makes compulsory the insurance of all persons holding positions (Angestellte) with private employers, who are 18 years of age or over, and who receive compensation in the form of monthly or annual salary and the amount of whose salary from any one employer is at least 600 crowns ($121.80) per annum. The same class of persons, if employed in the government service, are also insured in case they have no claim to a "normal" invalidity or old-age pension and provision for their survivors ; persons in the ser- vice of the imperial court, in the service of the Empire, or of a govern- ment institution are exempted from this requirement. The term "person holding a position" (Angestellte) does not include those persons who are employed directly in the production of com- modities or whose work consists mainly of physical labor, as workmen in industries, mining, agriculture and forestry, or as apprentices or servants engaged in such kinds of work ; neither does it include persons subject to the Domestic Service Law (Gesindeordnung) , or whose work is principally domestic or personal service. In case of doubt, the lower political officials decide whether any person is subject to the compulsory iasurance. The law exempts the following classes of persons: (1) Persons who secure a position of the kind subject to insurance, only after they have reached their fifty-fifth year of age; (2) persons who have already been granted an invalidity or old-age pension because of a position which they have held, but only in -case their pension is at least equal to the lowest pension provided by the law; (3) persons who are permanently employed outside of the territory covered by the law; (4) persons in the employ of railroads which are public- service undertakings (the Ministry of Railroads is authorized to make special regulations for such persons); and (5) persons who are over 55 years of age when the law comes into effect. VOLUNTARY INSURANCE. A person who ceases to be employed in a position subject to the compulsory insurance may retain his rights in the insurance system by continuing the payments (with the right to make lower payments) at his own expense. This right is also granted in case an insured person is employed in a foreign country by an Austrian employer. CHARACTER OF DISABILITY. OLD AGE. The claim to an old-age pension may be made after dues for 480 months have been paid, regardless of whether the claimant is dis- abled in any form or whether he continues to be employed. The 398 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. period of 480 months would ordinarily mean 40 years, and as the insurance obligation begins with the 18th year, this would mean the 58th ye'ar of age as the normal date of beginning the old-age pen- sion. As explained below, however, this age limit may be consider- ably reduced by the payment of additional amounts of dues. INVALIDITY. Any insured person, regardless of age, has a claim to an invalidity pension in case he is disabled; the fbllowing persons are, however, not included in this class: (1) Those who, even though disabled, are able to earn an amount exceeding the invalidity pension, but such amount must be at least 600 crowns ($121.80) ; (2) persons who have purposely caused the disability or whose disability was received during the commission of an illegal act, the illegality being estab- lished by a court sentence; in such cases all or part of the pension may be paid to the members of the family of the disabled person if they live in the territory covered by the law and have a right of maintenance against the injured person. As defined by the decree of February 22, 1908, disability in the meaning of the law practically consists of " occupational disability," i. e., physical or mental inability to perform the labor on which the injured person has previously been engaged. Disabilities of any kind whatever, which do not prevent the insured person from following his previous vocation, do not constitute invalidity in the meaning of the law. If the insured person after the occurrence of the disability enters a new occupation, he is not entitled to a pension for invalidity as long as his earnings exceed the amount of the pension, but in such cases the earnings must be at least 600 crowns ($121.80). BENEFITS. The benefits provided by the law consist of (1) an old-age pension, (2) an invalidity pension, (3) pension to the surviving widow, (4) schooling benefit for the surviving children, and (5) a system of return of premiums paid in the cases specified. The right to the benefits provided by the law ceases in the case of persons (1) who, because insured under the accident-insurance law, are granted a pension for total or partial disability, as long as such a pension is continued and if such a pension exceeds the invalidity pension; if the latter pension exceeds the former, the excess is to be paid; (2) who reside outside of the territory covered by the law, though this provision may be suspended in favor of those countries which make reciprocal agreements on this subject; (3) who are pun- ished by confinement in a penal or reformatory institution for a period of over 30 days, as long as the sentence continues. CHAPTEK I, workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 399 OLD-AGE PENSIONS. After the insured person has paid dues for 480 months he becomes entitled to the invalidity pension as an old age or retirement pension regardless of whether he is disabled or continues to be employed. The amounts of these invalidity pensions are stated on page 400, where they are designated as "basic pensions." Under normal cir- cumstances the old-age pension would begin with the 58th year of age; the law permits the insured person to postpone the receipt of his old-age pension from year to year, but with the right to begin drawing benefits at any time he desires after dues have been paid for 480 months. In case of postponed pensions the amount of the old-age pension is increased by the amount by which the reserve has increased. The following table shows the amount of the increase of the old-age pensions under these circumstances: AMOUNT OF INCREASE OF OLD-AGE PENSIONS IN CASE PENSIONER POSTPONES MAKING CLAIM. Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. Untall- und Krankenversicherung, 1908.] Age when right Amount to which each $100 of old-age pension due at specified ages is increased when claim is post- poned for— to pen- sion be- gins. 1 year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 68 69 60 $108. 54 108.82 109.11 109.43 109.77 110. 12 110. 61 110.91 111.36 111.84 112. 36 112. 94 $118. 11 118.73 119. 40 120. 12 120.88 121. 69 122. 57 123.51 124.54 125, 66 126.90 $128. 87 129. 93 131. 06 132.28 133.58 134.97 136. 49 138. 13 139. 94 141. 92 $141. 03 142. 62 144. 33 146. 18 148. 16 150.30 152. 66 165. 21 158.06 $154.80 157. 06 159.50 162. 13 164. 99 168.10 171. 52 176. 29 $170. 47 173. 56 176. 90 180. 66 184. 62 188.88 193.71 $188. 39 192.60 196. 99 201.92 207. 33 213.32 $208. 94 214. 37 220. 32 226.88 234.16 $232. 68 239. 75 247. 65 266. 24 $260.23 269. 38 279.58 $292. 39 304.24 $330. 22 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 1 I When a claim to a postponed pension is made, the pension is com- puted by adding to the amount of the pension for the last completed year, as shown in the table, one-twelfth of the increase for the cur- rent year for each full month which has elapsed. The beginning of the pension year is dated from the time of the first nayment of dues. INVALIDITY PENSIONS. The right to an invalidity pension begins with the first day of the calendar month following the loss of earning power; if the claim for the pension does not specify the date when the loss of earning power occurred, the date of the claim must be used as the date of beginning of the disability. However, if the claimant has the right to sick bene- fits under the sickness insurance law, the right to draw the pension begins when the benefits from the sick fund cease to be paid. 400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOITER OF LABOR. The dues and benefits of the insurance system are classified on the basis of wage or salary classes. The salary classes are (article 3 of the law) : Salary class. Amount of salary. I From 600 to 900 crowns ($121.80 to $182.70). Over 900 to 1,200 crowns {1182.70 to $243.60). Over 1,200 to 1,800 crowns ($243.60 to $305.40). Over 1,800 to 2,400 crowns ($366.40 to $487.20). Over 2,400 to 3,000 crowns ($487.20 to $609). Over 3,000 crowns ($609). II Ill IV... V VI .. The invalidity pension consists of two amounts, the basic amount and the supplement, each being arranged in classes corresponding to the salary classes. The basic amounts of the invalidity pensions are: Salary class. Basic pension. I. . 180 crowns ($36.54). 270 crowns ($54.81). 360 crowns ($73.08). 540 crowns ($109.62). 720 crowns ($146.16). 900 crowns ($182,70). II Ill IV V VI This amount of pension is increased in proportion to the length of time for which dues hare been paid. The increases begin with the expiration of the "waiting time," and are arranged to correspond with the wage classes. For each twelve payments of monthly dues the increase in the amount of the annual pension is as follows: Salary class. Amount by which pen- sion is increased. I 9.00 crowns ($1,827). II 13.50 crowns ($2,741). III IV . 27.00 crowns ($5,481). V 36.00 crowns ($7,308). VI 45.00 crowns ($9,135). The right to receive the invalidity pension ceases with death and with recovery from the iavalidity. widows' pensions. The widow's pension is equal in amount to one-half of the pension which the deceased husband was receiving or was entitled to receive at the time of his death. To be eligible for a pension the marriage must have taken place one year before the date of death, the deceased husband must have been under 50 years of age at the date of mar- riage, the deceased must not have been in receipt of an invalidity pension from this insurance at the date of the marriage, the widow must not be divorced or separated from the husband at the time of CHAPTER I. WOBKMEN's INSUEANCE IN AXJSTEIA. 401 death, and must not have been convicted by a court of complicity in the husband's death. The right to draw the pension begins with the first day of the cal- endar month following the date of the husband's death and ceases with death or remarriage. In the latter case a settlement is made by paying three times the amount of the annual pension to which she was entitled. orphans' pensions. The schooling benefit (ErzieJiungsheitrdge) is a pension paid begin- ning with the first day of the calendar month following the date of death of the insured person and ceasing with the completion of the eighteenth year of age or with prior death of the orphan. The amount of the schooling benefit in the case of half orphans is one-third of the basic amount (see page 400) of the pension of the deceased parent, and in the case of children bereaved of both parents two-thirds of that amount. These pensions are to be^given to each child, but the sum of the pensions of the children bereft of one parent in case and as long as the father lives may not exceed 50 per cent of the above-mentioned basic claim of the parent, and in case and as long as the widowed mother receives a widow's pension it may not exceed 75 per cent of the above-named basic amount; in the case of children bereft of both parents, the amount may not exceed 200 per cent of the basic pension, but with the provision that in any case the total amount of the pension may not exceed the amount of the pen- sion which the deceased parent had either acquired or was entitled to. For children bereft of both parents the amount of the pension is computed on the value of that parent's pension which was the higher. RETURN OF CONTRIBUTIONS. If the insured person dies before the expiration of the "waiting time" the surviving widow and children who would have been entitled to a pension had the waiting time been outlived are entitled to a lump-sum settlement; the amount of this settlement is equal to 200 per cent of the basic pension amount which would have accrued to the insured person at the expiration of the ' ' waiting time" (120 months for which dues have been paid). This benefit of course is not paid if the survivors are granted a survivor's pension. Dues without interest are returned to an insured person whose obligation to insure ceases because he is no longer engaged in the occu- pations covered by the law or because he has removed his residence to an area not covered by the law. Female persons- are entitled to receive the full amount of the premium reserve if, within two years after leaving an occupation subject to the insurance, they contract marriage. 402 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. DUES. The assurance of the pensions and other benefits is obtained by a system of premiums from which a reserve is accumulated. In addi- tion to this reserve the law requires that any surplus due to econo- mies of management shall be turned into a special fund for the purpose of forming an emergency reserve. The amount of the dues or pre- miums charged for each month varies in proportion to the salary classes and is as follows: Salary class. Amount of monthly premium. I . „ 6 crowns ($1.22). II 9 crowns (S1.83). Ill 12 crowns (52,44). IV ; 18 crowns ($3.65). v.. 24 crowns ($4.87). VI 30 crowns ($6.09). It will be noted that the monthly dues are approximately 1 per cent of the amount of the annual salary earned by the insured person. In the first 4 salaried classes the employer pays two-thirds of the dues and the insured person the remaining one-third. In the 2 highest salaried classes, namely, those receiving salaries in excess of 2,400 crowns ($487.20) the employer and insured person each pay one-half. In reality there is a seventh class, because those insured persons who receive salaries in excess of 7,200 crowns ($1,461.60) must pay the dues entirely at their own expense. After dues have been paid for 480 months the obligation to pay dues ceases. The employer is required to pay all of the premiums as they become due and has the right to deduct the insured person's share from the salary received by the latter. Dues which remain unpaid may be collected in the same manner as taxes, and must have added to them 4 per cent for the time overdue, plus 4 per cent col- lection charges. The failure to collect dues by this process does not cause the insured person to lose his right to a pension. CONTBIBTTTION OF THE STATE. The dues or contributions paid by the insured persons and the employers are intended to cover the cost of the insurance; the State, - however, according to article 37 of the law, will provide an annual subsidy of 100,000 crowns ($20,300) to be used in defraying the expense of salaries of the administrative officials. THE WAITING TIME. Unless the invaUdity or the death of the insured person has been caused by an accident connected with his employment, he must have paid dues for not less than 120 months in order to become entitled to the invalidity pension, the widow pension, or the orphan pension. CHAPTEE I. WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN AUSTEU.. 403 GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. THE PENSION INSTITUTE. The administration of the insurance is centralized in one institution covering the whole country; it is called the "Pension Institute" (Pensionsanstalt) and has subordinate offices which attend to the details of the business and act as local agents for the institution. The Pension Institute is a corporation with all the rights and duties of a legal person, subject to state control, and located in Vienna. The constitution and any amendments thereto must be approved by the minister of the interior, who also draws up the first draft of the constitution. The points or the features which must be approved by the state officials are specified in the law; they relate to the meetings, composition, power to act, etc. of the board of directors and of the general meeting, in regard to the making up and auditing of the annual accounts, the form of the official notices of the institute, etc. The Pension Institute consists of the general meeting and the board of directors. The general meeting consists of delegates from the em- ployers and the insured persons, one-half the number to be selected from each class. The delegates are chosen for not longer than 5-year terms by committees of the district offices, these committees consist- ing of the persons entitled to be represented, namely, the insured persons and the employers. Each 51 members in any district office are entitled to elect 2 delegates, but each district office must have at least 2 delegates. The general meeting must convene at least once each year. It elects the members of the board of directors, approves the annual report of the board of directors, decides upon amend- ments to the constitution, upon the purchase and sale of real estate, upon the salary payments of the officials of the institute and of the district offices, and upon the reimbursement of expense of delegates. The board of directors is composed of a president, who must be learned in law and who is appointed by the minister of the interior for a five-year term, and of 20 members composed of ten employers and ten insured persons. The members are elected by the general meeting from their own number, must be Austrian citizens, and are elected for terms of not more than five years. The board of directors represent the institute and administer its affairs in so far as the matters are not reserved for the general meeting or for the district offices; in particular it decides upon the permanent investment of the property of the institute. The members of the board serve without salary, but must be reimbursed for actual expenditures. The board is authorized to delegate such of its duties as it deems proper to committees or to salaried officials. The appointment or dismissal of officials and of the insurance experts requires the approval of the minister of the interior. 404 BEPOKT or THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. THE DISTRICT OFFICES. A "district office" {Landesstelle) must be created for each Province of the Empire and be located in the capital of each Province. The minister of the interior, however, is authorized to make changes in the territory subject to each office and to make such other changes as may seem desirable, these changes to be made in agreement with representatives of the Province in question. The district offices con- duct the business of the insurance in their respective territories, give notice of the extension of the insurance, attend to the collection of the dues and the granting of pensions. The official bodies of the district offices consist of the general meeting and of the committee. The general meeting is composed of delegates elected in proportion to the number of persons insured and consists of not less than 30 nor more than 100 members. The employers and the insured persons meet separately ; each elects delegates by written ballot. The gen- eral meeting must hold at least one session each year. The general meeting chooses the members of the executive committee and the associates of the courts of arbitration. The executive committee of the district office consists of a chairman, who shall be learned in the law and who shall be appointed by the minister of the interior for a 5-year term, and of 10 members, composed of 5 employers and 5 insured persons elected by the general meeting. Claims for pensions must be made to the district offices by submitting the proper docu- ments. The office through the official physician is authorized to. investigate the condition of claimants for pensions ; it can also make further investigation which may be necessary to determine the status of a claimant. To examine claims for pensions, the executive committee is authorized to appoint from its midst a pension committee {Rewten- Tcommission) consisting of the chairman of the committee, 1 insured person, and 1 employer. Decisions in regard to granting or disallow- ing a claim for pension, upon the amount of a pension, or upon the withdrawal of a pension must be unanimous. If a unanimous vote upon the question can not be obtained, the matter shall be transferred to the board of directors for decision. If the pension committee disallows a claim for invalidity pension, a new application for a pension may not be made until the expiration of one year unless important changes have occurred in the condition of the claimant. To settle disputes arising under the administration of the law an arbitration court is created for each district office. This court has jurisdiction of appeals against claims which have been allowed {their amount and method of computation) and in regard to the disallowing of claims provided that such appeals are made within 6 months of the time of the decision. The court consists of the following persons : CHAPTER I. WOEKMEJif's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 405 A permanent chairman, 4 associates, and the necessary number of substitutes. The chairman and his substitute are appointed by the minister of justice in agreement with the minister of the interior, from the persons fiUing state judicial offices. The associates, half of whom are insured persons and half of whom are employers, are elected by the meeting of the district office. The decisions of the court of arbitration are final. The law also provides for the creation of courts of arbitration to settle controversies arising between the Pension Institute and the substitute institutes mentioned below. OTHER INSTITUTIONS ALLOWED TO CONDUCT THE INSURANCE. In order to protect existing institutions which provide insurance of this kind for the persons mentioned as subject to the compulsory insurance, the law allows them to continue their operations in the future. The obligation to insure is fulfilled if a person insures hirnself with one of these existing institutions or takes out an insur- ance contract which complies with certain specific regulations. The institutions which may be substituted for the central Pension Insti- tute are private pension companies, pension funds, old-age funds, etc., as well as the existing registered aid funds. The benefits provided by such organizations must be not less than the minimum benefits specified in the law ; the contributions of the insured persons and the share thereof to be paid by the employers may exceed the amount specified in the law only if the benefits provided are proportionately in excess of those specified in the law. In case the insured person changes his contract from one insurance institution to another, or to the gov- ernment Pension Institute, the transfer of the premium reserve credited to this person must be not less than the amount given in the law. The institutions or organizations which are permitted to supply the insurance of this class must be subject to state supervision; first in the year 1910 and every five years thereafter an actuarial balance of these organizations shall be struck, and measures are to be taken, when necessary, to assure the payment of the obligations ; the consti- tution, the amendments thereto, the dissolution of the organization, and the method of dissolution must also be approved by the govern- ment officials. In case the number of members is less than 100, the organization must provide sufficient guaranties, technically com- puted, to assure the payment of obligations. The recognition of such substitute organizations for this insurance rests with the minister of the interior, and he is authorized to set up standards which must be complied with in order to secure such recognition. All insured persons in the service of any one employer, who are not insured in the govern- 406 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER or LABOB. ment Pension Institute, must as a rule always be insured in the same substitute organization. Insurance contracts which are allowed to take the place of insur- ance in the government institute must be in the form of approved contracts with home or foreign insurance companies authorized to do business in the country, and these companies must comply with the general rules set forth for the substitute organizations as above explained. Arrangements are also provided for the transfer of the insurance of any one person or of all the persons in one establishment or of all the persons in any organization from one insuring organization to another; when such a transfer is desired the approval of government officials must be secured and the new organization must comply with the rules already stated. PROPOSED SYSTEM OF INSTJEANCE FOR OLD AGE AND INVAIIDITY. As already stated, there is practically no insurance against old age in Austria for workmen in industries. The official plan for the reform of the workmen's insurance system includes a system of insurance against invalidity and old age. In general this plan may be said to bear a close resemblance to that of Germany; employer and employee each contribute one-half of the dues, the employee's part being deducted from his wages. Benefits are based on the amount of dues paid in, and the State adds a subsidy to each pension granted. The following is a summary of the principal features of the proposed system : AMOUNT OF DUES AND BENEFITS. Wage-earners subject to the insurance are to be insured against both invalidity and old age, while independent persons subject to insurance are insured against old age only. Old-age pensions begin with the sixty-fifth year of age; if a work- man becomes an invalid before this time, he receives an invalidity pen- sion. The amount of the invalidity or old-age pension is dependent upon the length of time for which dues have been paid and the amount of these dues. The survivors of an insured person are granted a lump sum, but not a pension. Female insured persons, when they marry, have returned to them one-half of the dues which have been paid. The table following shows the amount of the dues and the pensions payable at the expiration of 20, 30, and 40 years, respectively, for each class of wage-earners . CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 4or AMOUNT OF WEEKLY DUES AND AMOUNT OF PENSION PAYABLE AT THE END OF 20, 30, AND 40 YEARS, RESPECTIVELY, BY WAGE CLASSES. [Source: Soziale Rundschau, December, 1908.) Wage class. Weekly wages. Weekly dues (one- half paid by em- ployer and one-half by workman). Amount of annual pen- sion after payment of 50 weeks' dues in each_ year for— 20 years. 30 years. 40 years. Workmen: I 4.80 crowns and under ($0,974) $0. 024 1 .049 1 .073 ]• .097 } .122 .146 O.203 $29.23 40.19 51.16 62,12 73.08 84.04 40.19 $31. 67 45.07 58.46 71.86 85.26 98.66 45.07 $34 lO" Ila Over 4.80 to 7.20 crowns (J0.974 to Jl.'462)... Over 7.20 to 9.60 crowns (S1.462 to $1.949). . . Over 9.60 to 12.00 crowns ($1,949 to $2.436). . Over 12.00 to 14.40 crowns ($2,436 to $2,923). Over 14.40 to 19.20 crowns ($2,923 to $3,898). Over 19.20 to 24.00 crowns ($3,898 to $4,872). Over 24.00 to 30.00 crowns ($4,872 to $6,090). Over 30.00 to 36.00 crowns ($6,090 to $7,308). Over 36.00 crowns ($7.308) lib 49.94 Ilia Illb IVa . IVb 81. 61. Va Vb VI 113. 27 Independent persons (one class only). 49. 94 a Per month. PERSONS INSURED. The insured persons are divided into two classes, the dependent and the independent. The dependent persons include the following: Industrial and agricultural workmen, day laborers, domestic servants,, members of the family employed, apprentices, workers in domestic shops, house tutors, house seamstresses, house laundresses, and home employees of all kinds. It is estimated that the preceding^ occupations include approximately 6,000,000 persons. The obliga- tion to insure begins with the sixteenth year of age; but persons who are already invalids or who are over 60 years of age or who receive a salary in excess of 200 crowns ($40.60) monthly or 2,400' crowns ($487.20) annually are exempted from this obligation. The independent persons insured are the proprietors of an industrial or other gainful undertaking or of an agricultural or forestry estab- lishment; those persons, however, whose annual income exceeds 2,400 crowns ($487.20) or who do not regularly employ more than two wage-workers who are not members of their family are excepted. PAYMENT OF DUES. In the case of workmen the dues are arranged in wage classes and are to be paid one-half by the workmen and one-half by the employers. The amount of these dues is shown in the preceding table. The minimum monthly dues in the case of a workman whose- annual income is 480 crowns ($97.44) and under are 50 hellers (10.2 cents), and in the case of an annual income between 480 crowns ($97.44) and 2,400 crowns ($487.20) are at least 1 crown (20..3 cents) per month ; these minimum rates may be increased by the various- 46598°— 10 27 408 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. States of the Austrian Empire for all or part of the territory subject to their jurisdiction. The insured persons are allowed to make voluntary single pay- ments of dues in excess of the amounts specified in the table; but such voluntary payments may not exceed more than 100 crowns ($20.30) in any one year. The legislative body of each State is allowed to make regulations regarding such voluntary payments. The volun- tary payments are treated as single deposits and the rights accruing therefrom are computed on an actuarial basis. The beginning of the old-age pension arising from such voluntary payments may be fixed at 65 years of age. LENGTH OF TIME FOE WHICH DUES MUST BE PAID. The length of time — the so-called waiting time — for which dues must be paid is as follows: First, in the case of workmen, to become entitled to an invahdity pension dues must be paid for 200 weeks; included in such time are weeks actually spent in military service or time lost on account of illness preventing employment. For the old- age pension the time for which dues must be paid is 30 years, com- puted from the beginning of the insurance and without considering any temporary interruption in the payment of dues. This period is shortened for those persons who become entitled to benefits immedi- ately after the enactment of the law; for such persons the number of contributory weeks for which dues must be paid in order to secure a claim for an old-age pension is to be specified by a later law. In the case of independent persons, the period for which dues must be paid in order to secure the claim to an old-age pension is 200 contributory weeks. LOSS or CLAIM TO PENSION. For workmen the loss of employment means exemption from the obhgation to insure; but in such cases he may retain his rights by maldng minimum payments. The same holds true for independent persons, who are temporarily exempted from the insurance. In case an independent person is unable for any reason to pay the full amount of his dues, he is entitled to maintain his claim by extremely small payments. In case of bankruptcy of his employer, the rights of the workman are not lost by the failure of the former to pay the dues. LUMP SUMS PAID TO SUBVIVOES. In case of the death of an insured person, lump sums of varying amounts are paid to his survivors, including the widow and legiti- mate and legitimated children under 16 years of age. The parents of the deceased, as well as grown children, and brothers and sisters under 16 years of age who were sustained by him may also be given a CHAPTER I. WORKMEN S INSTJKANCE IN ATTSTRIA. 409 lump sum. Dues for 40 weeks must have been paid in order to secure the right to such payments. An illustration of the amount of these payments to be granted to survivors is shown in the following table, it being assumed that con- tributions have been paid for 50 weeks in each year : BENEFITS IN THE FOKM OF LUMP SUMS TO SURVIVORS OF INSURED PERSONS, BY WAGE CLASSES. fSource: Soziale Rundschau, December, 1908.] Lump-sum benefits paid to survivors of insured persons. Wage class. Widow without children. Widow with one child. Widow with two children. I S24.36 30.45 36.54 42.03 48.72 54.81 30.45 S36.54 45.68 64.81 63.95 73.08 82.22 45.68 $48 72 II 60 90 Ill IV 85 26 V VI 109 62 » Assuming 12 monthly contributions of 1 crown (20.3 cents) each. Female insured persons who subsequently marry have a right to one-half of the dues paid in if such dues have been paid for a period of 200 weeks. ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION. Three classes of organizations are to be used to administer the pro- posed insurance system: (1) local offices; (2) state offices, and (3), im- perial offices. The local offices and state offices are called "district offices," and the plan proposes that they shall be used for sickness and accident insurance as well as for old age and invalidity insurance. Their duties are to transact the busmess of the insurance with the employers and the insured persons, receive tlie notices of the beginning and cessation of the compulsory insurance, receive the dues, keep the records of the claims, and assist a committee on pensions to make decisions. The directorate of the local office is composed of three classes of persons, namely, workmen, employers, and independent persons, each having one-third of the membership. The workmen and the employers are elected from the boards of directors of the sick funds, while the representatives of independent persons are to be appointed until a method of election is decided upon. The state offices are really three different bodies; the pension committees for invalidity and old-age insurance are selected from the directorates of the district offices and decide upon claims for pensions ; the state offices proper are independent administrative bodies to which is intrusted the duty of investing the reserve of the insurance; 410 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOlirEK OP LABOB. cooperating with these two bodies are the territorial accident insur- ance institutions which have been described on page 79 of this report and whose duties consist in performing the clerical work for the pen- sion committees of the state offices. The central office for the whole system is the "Invalidity and Old Age Pension Fund," located in Vienna. This body is managed by the board of directors composed of one-fourth each of representatives of the workmen, of employers, of insured independent persons, and of insurance experts. The duties of this body consist of organizing and supervising the administration of the entire invalidity and old-age insurance system. ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES UNDER THE PROPOSED SYSTEM OF INVA- LIDITY AND OLD-AGE INSURANCE. It is estimated that the number of persons subject to the proposed insurance obligation will be approximately 6,000,000 workmen, and 3,000,000 independent persons; allowing for any omissions, the probable number of insured persons may be assumed to be 10,000,000. In the case of the independent persons no wage classes have been provided for, but the dues are 1 crown (20.3 cents) monthly unless the annual income is under 480 crowns ($97.44), when the dues are 50 hellers (10.2 cents). If it is assumed that insured persons of this class actually pay eleven months' dues in each year, then the average annual amount from each will be between SJ crowns ($1.12) and 11 crowns ($2.23). On the basis of the census of 1900 it is estimated that there will be 2,700,000 persons of this class, and the receipts from this group will therefore be 28,370,000 crowns ($5,759,110). For the workmen included in the insurance the dues are arranged in six wage classes, ranging from 12 hellers (2.4 cents) to 72 hellers (14.6 cents) per week. Assuming that each year 40 to 50 weeks of contributions would be paid, the annual receipts per insured person would be from 4.8 crowns (97.4 cents) to 36 crowns ($7.31). Assum- ing 5,350,000 workmen subject to the insurance, the annual receipts in the form of dues from this group would be 88,450,000 crowns ($17,955,350). In the case of the members of the family who work with the insured person the dues are arranged in three classes, amounting to 12 hellers (2.4 cents), 24 hellers (4.9 cents), and 36 hellers (7.3 cents) per week, respectively, and the annual receipts from dues from this group would be between 5.4 crowns ($1.10) and 16.2 crowns ($3.29). Assuming that there are 1,750,000 insured persons of this group, the annual receipts from their dues would be 12,160,000 crowns ($2,468,480). As shown above, the estimated number of persons subject to the proposed insurance obligation will be 9 800,000. The total annual CHAPTER I. workmen's INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 411 receipts from dues from the three classes above made would be, there- fore, 128,980,000 crowns ($26,182,940). The following table gives the official estimate of the annual receipts from dues, by occupation groups and by the three classes of persons subject to the proposed insurance. ESTIMATED ANNUAL RECEIPTS FROM DUES IN THE PROPOSED INVALIDITY AND OLD AGE INSURANCE SYSTEM. [Source: Soziale Rundschau, December, 1908.] Occupation group. Amount of dues from- Inde- pendent persons. Work- men. Members of fami- lies of workmen. Total receipts. Agriculture and forestry Industry and mining Commerce and transportation. Liberal professions Domestic service 83,761,590 1, 183, 490 709, 370 44, 660 $3,751,440 10, 562, 090 2, 425, 850 56, 840 1, 159, 130 ?2, 324, 350 89, 320 54, 810 S9, 837, 380 11,834,900 3, 250, 030 101,500 1, 159, 130 Total. 5,759,110 17, 955, 350 2, 408, 480 26, 182, 940 The amount of dues specified in the above table, it is estimated, would be paid as follows: By independent persons for their own insurance, about 28,000,000 crowns ($5,684,000); by the employers for their employees (including the members of the family working with the insured person), about 55,000,000 crowns ($11,165,000); by the workmen, about 46,000,000 crowns ($9,338,000). The amounts to be paid out under the proposed system, as shown in the official estimate, would be as follows: ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES OF THE PROPOSED INVALIDITY AND OLD AGE INSURANCE SYSTEM. [Source: Soziale Rundschau, December, 1908.] Year of the insurance. Old ago pensions tor inde- pendent persons. Invalidity and old age pen- sions for workmen and mem- bers of their families working with them. Lump sums to sur- vivors of insured persons. Return of dues in cases of marriage. Expense of administra- tion, including state subsidy of $406,000 per annum. Total. 1st.. $365, 400 1,684,900 2,862,300 3,187,100 3,390,100 3,552,500 3,694,600 3,796,100 3,877,300 3,978,800 4,547,200 4,790,800 6,156,200 5, 237, 400 5,278,000 $2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2, 436, 000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2, 436, 000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 2,436,000 $2,801,400 2d 4, 120, 900 3d 6,298,300 4th 5,623,100 5th $609,000 2, 192, 400 4,141,200 5,947,900 7,632,800 9,277,100 16,138,500 21,112,000 26,897,600 30,206,400 33,860,'.0O $385,700 466,900 527,800 588,700 649,600 710,500 812, 000 872,900 913,500 913,500 913,600 6, 820, 800 6th $649,600 1,786,400 2,943,500 4,100,600 5,156,200 9,581,600 12,606,300 15,691,900 17,417,<00 19,386,500 9, 297, 400 7th 12, 586, 000 8th 15, 712, 200 9th 18, 696, 300 10th 21,658,600 15th 33, 615, 300 20th 41,818,000 30th 51,095,100 40th 66,210,700 Stationary point 01,874,400 412 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The preceding table may be summed up by stating that the expend!^ tures for old age pensions for independent persons will begin at the end of five years of waiting time, namely, with the 6th year, and the amount in that year will be $649,600; in the 10th year it will have reached the amount of $5,156,200; in the 40th year, $17,417,400; and ia the period immediately following the 40th year a stationary point will be reached, when the expenditures will be $19,386,500. Of this amount, as is explained below, the State, it is estimated, will pay $6,699,000. For the invalidity and old age pensions for workmen and members of their families working with them, the expenditures, it is estimated, will be as follows: In the 5th year, $609,000; in the 10th year, $9,277,100; in the 20th year, $21,112,000; and when the stationary point is reached, after the 40th year, the annual expenditure, it is estimated, will be $33,860,400. Of this sum it is estimated that the State will have to provide $11,794,300. The payments of lump sums to survivors, it is estimated, will be in the 1st year, $365,400; in the 2nd year, $1,684,900; in the 10th year, $3,978,800; and after the 40th year, when the stationary point is reached, it is estimated that the expenditure will be $5,278,000. The amount returned to female insured persons upon their mar- riage will begin in the 5th year with $385,700, and ia the 30th year will be about $913,500, which is also estimated to be the amount when the stationary point is reached. The costs of administration, it is estimated, will be $2,436,000 annually, of which the State will provide $406,000. The total cost, therefore, of the proposed system is estimated to be in the 1st year $2,801,400, in the 10th year $21,558,600, and grad- ually increased until the stationary point, after the 40th year, is reached, when the amount, it is estimated, will be $61,874,400. The expenditure incurred by the State in connection with the proposed sys- tem will be as follows: An annual contribution of $406,000 for costs of administration by the Government, to each pension a subsidy of 90 crowns ($18.27), and, finally, supplementary pensions to insured persons performing military service. The subsidies to these pensions begin in the 5th year, and therefore in the first 4 years the only expenditures by the State will be about $406,000 for cost of admin- istration. In the 10th year after the inauguration of the insurance system the state subsidy for pensions to independent persons is estimated at 13,200,000 crowns ($2,679,600), and for workmen 23,600,000 crowns ($4,790,800), makmg a total of 36,800,000 crowns ($7,470,400). In the 20th year it is estimated that the subsidies for independent persons will be 29,000,000 crowns ($5,887,000), for the workmen 48,800,000 crowns ($9,906,400), and the payments for per- sons engaged in military service 100,000 crowns ($203,000), a total of 77,900,000 crowns ($15,813,700). When the stationary pomt is CHAPTEE I. — WOEKMEN's INSUEAKCE IN AUSTEIA, 413 reached after the 40th year it is estimated that the expenditures by the State on account of independent persons will be 33,000,000 crowns ($6,699,000); for the workmen, 58,100,000 crowns ($11,794,- 300); for persons in the military service, 5,300,000 crowns ($1,075,- 900), making a total of 96,400,000 crowns ($19,569,200). Add to this the amount granted for costs of administration, the total will be 98,400,000 crowns ($19,975,200). In round numbers, therefore, it is estimated that the State will have to provide at the end of 10 years about 40,000,000 crowns ($8,120,000). At the end of 20 years, 80,000,000 crowns ($16,240,000), and after the 40th year about 100,000,000 crowns ($20,300,000). It is stated that these amounts have been estimated on the basis of the available actuarial informa- tion, but that such data can be relied upon only for comparatively short periods of time, and the program provides for a thorough revision of the whole system at the expiration of 12 years. INSURANCE OF MINERS. HISTORY. Miners' reHef societies or provident funds (Bruderladen) are known to have existed in Austria as early as the year 1280. As in other countries the miners were among the first of the industrial workers to found institutions for the relief of distress caused by sickness, acci- dental injury, invalidity, and death. These organizations were usually local societies confined to each mining operation and grad- ually became almost universal. Their legal status was regulated by a series of official decrees, issued at various times, applying to in- dividual funds, and naturally lacking in uniformity. The first uniform regulation of the miners' funds was contained in the Mining Code of the year 1854, which also made compulsory the creation of such funds at each mine. The employees were required to become members and to pay dues, but no company contribution was exacted of the mine owners. The code failed to provide regulations regarding the amount of the benefits and of the dues, the right to change member- ship from one fund to another, and contained no provisions relating to the maintenance of assets to assure the meeting of future obliga- tions. The need of such provisions in the law were recognized, but it was not until 1889 that a new law was enacted. The law of July 28, 1889, as amended by the acts of January 17,. 1890, and of September 17, 1892, is the statute which at present regulates the miners' funds. PKESENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE. The miners' reUef funds at present conduct sickness insurance, accident insurance, old age and invahdity insurance, and have sys- tems of benefits for widows and orphans. The funds are required by law to be divided into two sections, the sickness insurance section 414 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABGK. and the pension section. The sickness section provides relief for cases of temporary disability, whether caused by sickness or industrial accident, and for death benefits when death results from either of these causes; the pension section provides the benefits specified below for permanent disability and the benefits for widows and orphans. INDUSTRIES COVERED. Miners' relief funds are required to be established at each mining op- eration where ' ' reserved ' ' minerals are worked . The term ' ' reserved ' ' minerals includes all minerals which are useful because of their con- taining metals, sulphur, alum, vitriol, or common salt; also cement materials, graphite, asphalt, and all varieties of coal. The acces- sory establishments connected with the above mining operations, such as rock-crushing plants, smelting works, amalgamating works, coke ovens, extracting works, reducing works, transportation work, and construction work, are also subject to the compulsory insurance. PERSONS INSURED. Membership in the miners' relief funds is compulsory for all work- men and foremen, male and female, in the industries enumerated. The members are divided into two classes — full-benefit members and partial-benefit members. Those employees who are engaged only for definite periods of time as temporary employees in work accessory to mining operations, such as work on roads, railways, bridge work, drainage work, etc., are classed as partial-benefit members and are required to join only the sick-fund section of the organization, and are insured in the pension section against invalidity caused by accident during employment only. In addition to the workmen and foremen as already specified, all administrative officials of the establishment, regardless of their salaries, must be members of the sick fund, while administrative officials whose salaries are less than 2,400 crowns ($487.20) must be enrolled as partial-benefit members as above defined in the case of temporary employees. Apprentices, volunteer workers, learners, and other persons who on account of incompleted training receive either no wages or less than the prevaiHng rate of wages, are to be classed either as fuU-benefit members or. as partial- benefit members, according to whether they are employed in actual underground mining work. Article 14, subsection 1, of the law of 1889, authorizes the funds to provide benefits for other purposes than the insurance of the persons just enumerated; the model constitution which the organizations are compelled to follow includes under this head the providing of physicians' services, medicines, and therapeutical supphes for the wives and children of the insured persons in case of sickness. The statistical reports show that the insurance of these dependents is extensively practiced. CHAPTEE I, — WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN AUSTEIA. 415 DISABILITY PROVIDED FOR. The relief funds are divided into two sections, the sickness insurance section and the pension section. In the sickness section benefits are provided for temporary disabihty for a period of 20 weeks, whether caused by sickness or by industrial accident. Sickness includes childbirth. The model constitution provides that where the disa- bility has been purposely caused or where it has resulted from intoxi- cation or participation in disorderly or illegal acts, the right to the pecuniary benefit is lost. The sickness section of the fund must also provide a death benefit in case the disability results in death. The pension section of the fund must provide the benefits described below for permanent disabihty caused by sickness, accident .occur- ring in the course of the employment, and old age or invahdity. The permanent incapacity need not necessarily be total incapacity for any labor, but benefits may be granted when incapacity for mine work is present; in other words, if the disability prevents the insured person from performing underground mine labor or similar heavy mine work he may be granted a pension for permanent disability even though it may be possible for him to perform some other Idnd of work. According to a decree of the Ministry of Agriculture of 1905, in any given case it depends on the connection between the sickness, old age, or the industrial accident and the incapacity for mine work, as well as between such incapacity and the fact that the workman is in need and under the circumstances is unable to apply his working capacity to mine work. A claim to a pension therefore exists when the occu- pational incapacity is the cause of the workman's loss of income and there is no possibility of again securing an income from mine work. BENEFITS OF THE SICK-INSURANCE SECTION. The sick benefits which the funds are required to provide are the same as those which the industrial sick insurance funds must provide under the law of March 30, 1888. These benefits consist of (1) free medical attendance, medicines, therapeutical supplies, etc.; (2) in case the disability lasts more than three days and the insured person is unable to work, a pecuniary benefit equal to 60 per cent of the pre- vailing rate of wages for ordinary day labor, payable during the con- tinuance of the disability but not longer than for 20 weeks; (3) in case of death, a funeral benefit equal to 20 times the rate of wages for ordinary day labor. These benefits are the minimum which the societies may offer; increases on these may be made in several ways, the one most fre- quently adopted being the use of 60 per cent of the actual wages earned by the insured person as the basis for computing the pecun- iary sick benefit and the funeral benefit. The medical treatment 416 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. may be given in a hospital or other medical institution, in which case the dependents of the beneficiary may be granted one-half of the regular pecuniary benefit. BENEFITS OF THE PENSION SECTION. The benefits of the pension section consist of pecuniary benefits in case of invalidity and benefits to survivors. Invalidity Pensions. — Articles 4 and 5 of the law of July 28, 1889, require the pension section to provide, in case of permanent total disability caused by invalidity, sickness, old age, or injury from indus- trial accident, a pension of not less than 200 crowns ($40.60) for male members and 100 crowns ($20.30) for female members. Pensions are granted only for total disability; no benefits for permanent partial disability being provided in the law. These pensions may either be uniform for all members or may be arranged to vary according to the length of membership. The model constitution for miners' societies describes the pension system in detail. The invalidity pensions for male members consist of the following six classes: Amount of pension. Class 1 200 crowns ($40.60) II 240 crowns ($48.72) III 280 crowns ($56.84) IV -320 crowns ($64.96) V 360 crowns ($73.08) VI 400 crowns ($81.20) The first class includes all male workmen during the first five years of their employment in mining; the second class includes foremen and establishment ofiicials who have not previously belonged to a miners' fund. Enrollment in a higher pension class takes place after each five years of membership or when a workman becomes a foreman or official. A partial-benefit member, who is transferred to the full-benefit class, is enrolled in the first or in the second class, depending on whether he becomes a workman or a foreman. The female members are restricted to benefits equal to one-half of the pensions provided for male members and enrollment in higher classes is regulated in the same way as in the case of male members. Full-benefit members who have previously been members of other miners' funds subject to the law on miners' funds, on entering a new fund are enrolled in that pension class to which the amount of the reserve transferred to their account entitles them; at the same time every effort must be made to place such members in classes which will provide them with the same benefits as their membership in the other fund had entitled them. With the approval of the board of directors of the fund, a fuU-benefit member who so desires may have himself enrolled in a higher pension class at any time regardless of the restrictions mentioned above, but CHAPTEE I. WOKKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTEIA. 417 in such cases he must himself pay all additional dues, including the employer's share. The employer is not required to contribute toward voluntary insurance of this or any other kind. The right to a pension in case of invalidity caused hj industrial acci- dent begins immediately v?ith the determination of the disability; for invalidity due to other causes, the right to a pension begins only after the disabled person has been a full-benefit member in good stand- ing for at least three years. In case of transfer from another fund, credit must be allowed for the years of membership in the fund to which the member had previously belonged in computing the three years' membership. The pension fund necessarily adjusts its dues so that in the earlier years of membership each member pays a sum sufficient to accumu- late a reserve large enough to cover the pension liability. In case a full-benefit member accepts employment in another mine, his reserve is transferred to the relief fund of the new employer; in case a full- benefit member resigns from a relief fund, his share of the reserve is retained by the fund for one year and if during this period he reenters the fund or joins another fund, the share of the reserve is placed to his credit. If he does not reenter any miners' fund, then at the close of the year his share of the reserve, if it is less than 100 crowns ($20.30) may be paid to him in cash on his demand. Otherwise the share of the reserve must be deposited in the postal savings bank to his credit, to accumulate at compound interest. If he later joins a miners' relief fund, the deposit is transferred to the reserve of the pension section of the fund; if he does not join a miners' fund, the deposit accumulates until one of the following events occurs : Until he becomes an inmate of a state institution, when it is paid to the institution for his benefit; or until the government officials of his place of residence certify that he has become permanently disabled, when it is paid to him directly; or until proper proof of his death is furnished, when it is paid to his heirs. Benefits to Survivors. — In case a partial-benefit member is killed as the result oi an accident in the course of his employment, or if a full- benefit member dies, even if at the time he is in receipt of a pension for invalidity, pensions are granted to the widow and orphans. These pensions to the widow and orphans consist of fractions of the pension to which the member himself was entitled in case of disability. The pension of the widow is equal to one-half of the member's pen- sion; the pension of each fatherless child is equal to one-sixth of the father's pension, while each child bereft of both father and mother receives a pension equal to one-third of the father's pension. If the member was a female, the children's pensions are likewise fractions of the pension to which she would have been entitled in case of inva- lidity. The sum of the pensions of the widow and orphans may not exceed three-fourths of the pension of the deceased male member and 418 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. similarly in the ease of orphans bereft of both father and mother, the sum of the orphans' pensions may not exceed three-fourths of the parent's pension. Pensions to orphans are continued until they com- plete their fourteenth year. The payment of the pensions begins immediately after the death of the insured person. The fact that the latter has purposely caused his own death does not deprive his dependents of their right to a pension. In case a full-benefit member marries, the right to join the widow and orphan branch of the pension fund depends on the result of a medical examination which the fund physician makes. If the exam- ination shows that the member is not free from physical defects which make him liable to an early death, he is allowed to insure only against death caused by accident in the course of his employment. Children under 14 years of age, from a previous marriage, however, are not affected by the result of such an examination in case of a full-benefit member who is a widower about to marry. Widows and orphans have no claim to pensions if the marriage occurred after the member had begun to receive an invalidity pension. Widows as well as orphans may not receive pensions if a court con- victs them of purposely causing the death of the member. A widow who was divorced from the deceased by a court sentence pronouncing her the guilty party in the suit also is debarred from making a claim for a pension. If in the former case, the children are not involved in the sentence of guilt they are granted the pensions of orphans bereft of both father and mother, and the same treatment is accorded chil- dren of a marriage dissolved on account of the guilt of the wife. In case of remarriage, the widow's pension stops, but she may be granted several years' pension as a settlement; this feature is not made obligatory by the law, but the Ministry of the Interior regards such a benefit as advantageous, especially because it makes more definite the status of such persons in case they later again become widows entitled to a pension. DETERMINATION AND REVISION GE BENEFITS. Article 4 of the law on miners' relief societies authorizes the organi- zations to provide pensions to members permanently disabled ; this has been officially construed to mean permanent total disability, the necessary consequence being that cases of partial disability are ngt entitled to benefits, although it is not always feasible to distinguish total from partial disability. The physician of the fund makes a report on each application for an invalidity pension to the board of directors of the fund, and the latter then decide upon the ques- tion of granting the pension. If the member is dissatisfied with the decision of the board, he may appeal to the court of arbitration connected with each fund. While pensions are presumed to be granted only in case of permanent disablity, yet if a pensioner appears CHAPTER I. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN AUSTRIA. 419 to have recovered his working capacity, the fund has the right to cause a new medical examination to be made at any time and revoke the pension award ; against such action the pensioner may appeal to the court of arbitration. SOURCES OF INCOME. \ SICK-BENEFIT SECTION. Employees' Dues. — The dues of the employees are based on the rate of wages used in computing the benefits and consist of li hellers (three-tenths of 1 cent) for each crown (20.3 cents) of wages received. Establishment officials whose annual earnings exceed 2,400 crowns ($487.20) pay double the rates of other insured persons. The insurance of members of the families of employees must be borne by the latter alone, as the employers are required to pay dues only for the compulsory features of the insurance system. Employers' Dues. — The dues of the employer are equal to those of the workmen; for establishment officials whose annual earnings exceed 2,400 crowns ($487.20), the employer pays no dues. For those employees who receive no money wages, the employer must pay both his own and the employee's dues. PENSION SECTION. Employees' Dues. — The dues of the funds vary according to the industry in which the establishment is engaged. In the official decree which prescribes the dues, the establishments are classified into four groups: (1) soft coal mining, (2) mineral salt mining, (3) other mining, and (4) smelting. For full-benefit members the dues consist of two kinds, those for the invalidity benefit and those for the widow and orphan benefit. The following tables show the rates for the invalidity pension and for the widow and orphan pension. The rates given are for male members; the rates for female members are one-half of those for males. The monthly dues, it will be noticed, vary considerably in the four groups; a person 30 years of age, for instance, would pay invafidity pension dues of $0,244 if he obtained employment in an establish- ment engaged in iron-ore mining or any other mining of the third group; for smelting establishments the rate is $0,248, for soft coal mining $0,272, and for mineral salt mining $0.39. The monthly dues for the widow and orphan benefit are only par- tially reproduced in the following table, the years intermediate be- tween the five-year points being omitted. The age referred to is the age of admission to the fund. "Whenever a member is advanced to a higher pension class his dues from that time forward consist of the dues formftrlv nnid. inp.rfiased bv the dues for the new amoimt com- 420 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. puted at the age when the advance is made. Thus a member engaged in soft coal mining, aged 30, wife also aged 30, would pay $0,406 per month for a pension of 200 crowns ($40.60) ; if at the age of 35 his claim is increased by 40 crowns ($8.12), his dues will be increased by the addition of 40 per cent of the rate given in the table for the age of 35 with age of wife 35 (40 per cent of $0,235, the rate for 100 crowns) or $0.41 plus $0,094. The members insured only against accidents occurring in the course of the employment (partial-benefit members) are not divided into classes according to the industry in which the^ establishment is engaged. For the invalidity pension the dues are three-fourths of 1 per cent of the wages, and for the widow and orphan pension they are one-half of 1 per cent of the wages. These dues are simply the premium necessary to provide the capitalized value of the pensions granted each year. Emploteks' Dues. — The employers' dues for the pension funds are equal in amount to those paid by the employee and are forwarded by the employer together with the dues of the employee which havfe been deducted from the latter's wages. The employer is not required to contribute toward any pension insurance which the employee may voluntarily assume. MONTHLY DUES OF FULL-BENEFIT MEMBERS (MALES) ELIGIBLE FOR AN INVA- LIDITY PENSION OF 200 CROWNS ($40.60). [Source: Amtliche Naehrichten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherung, 1890, Beiblatt 9.] • Age of admis- sion to limd. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. 20 years. 21 years. 22 years- 23 years - 24 years. 25 years. 26 years. 27 years. 28 years. 29 years. 31 years. 32 years. 33 years. 34 years. 35 years. 36 years - 37 years. 38 years. 39 years. 40 years. 41 years. 42 years. 43 years. 44 years. 45 years. 46 years. 47 years. Amount of monthly dues for members ■ in — Soft coal mining. SO. 130 .138 .146 .160 .158 .166 .175 .183 .191 .203 .211 .223 .235 .248 .260 .272 .288 .305 .321 .337 .357 .378 .402 .426 .455 .483 .516 .548 .585 .625 .670 .715 .767 Mineral salt mining. SO. 162 .171 .183 .191 .203 .215 .227 .244 .256 .272 .288 .309 .325 .345 .369 .390 .414 .443 .471 .503 .536 .577 .617 .658 .706 .759 .820 .885 .954 1.031 1.117 1.210 1.311 Other mining. 1.102 .106 .114 .118 .126 .134 .142 .150 .168 .171 .179 .191 .203 .215 .227 .244 .260 .276 .292 .313 .333 .357 .382 .410 .438 .471 .608 .548 .589 .637 .690 .743 .804 Smelting. $0. 106 .114 .118 .126 .134 .142 .150 .168 .166 .176 .187 .195 .207 .219 .231 .248 .260 .276 .292 .313 .333 .357 .378 .406 .434 .463 .495 .532 .672 .617 .666 .715 .771 Age of admis- sion to fund. 48 years. 49 years. 50 years. 61 years. 62 years. 63 years. 64 years. 55 years. 56 years. 57 years. 58 years. 59 years. 60 years. 61 years. 62 years. 63 years. 64 years. 65 years. 66 years. 67 years. 68 years. 69 years. 70 years. 71 years. 72 years. 73 years. 74 years. 76 years. 76 years. 77 years. 78 years. 79 years. 80 years. Amount of monthly dues for members engaged in — Soft coal mining. SO. 820 .877 .938 1.003 1.072 1.141 1.218 1.295 1.368 1.433 1.490 1.539 1.579 1.612 1.640 1.661 1.681 1.697 1.713 1.726 1.742 1.758 1.774 1.795 1.823 1.865 1.896 1.946 2.010 2.083 2.164 2.261 2.387 Mineral salt mining. SI. 421 1.543 1.669 1.807 1.967 2.119 2.298 2.485 2.671 2.846 3.000 3.138 3.262 3.354 3.439 3.516 3.685 3.664 3.719 3.792 3.865 3.942 4.019 4.101 4.182 4.283 4.373 4.490 4.645 4.831 5.026 5.404 6.664 Other mining. SO. 869 .938 1.015 1.092 1.177 1.267 1.364 1.462 1.559 1.648 1.726 1.790 1.843 1.888 1.924 1.963 1.973 1.993 2.010 2.026 2.042 2.064 2.067 2.083 2.107 2.132 2.176 2.241 2.322 2.424 2.642 2.651 2.887 Smelting SO. 828 .893 .958 1.031 1.108 1.190 1.276 1.364 1.453 1.531 1.600 1.661 1.709 1.760 1.786 1.815 1.839 1.869 1.880 1.900 1.920 1.945 1.965 1.993 2.026 2.068 2.099 2.144 2.209 2.286 2.375 2.481 2.602 CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 421 MONTHLY DUES OF FULL-BENEFIT MEMBERS (MALES) TO ACQUIRE RIGHT TO WIDOWS' PENSION OF 100 CROWNS ($20.30) AND THE CORRESPONDING ORPHANS' PENSIONS. [Source: Amtliche Naohriohten betr. Unfall- und Krankenversicherang, 1S90, Belblatt 9.] Age of husband BOFT COAL MIN- ING. 20 years 25 years 30 years 35 years 40 years 45 years 60 years 55 years 60 years 65 years 70 years MINERAL SALT MINING. 20 years. 25 years. 30 years. 35 years. 40 years . 45 years., 60 years. 65 years. 60 years. 65 years. 70 years. OTHEn MINING. 20 years 26 years 30 years 36 years 40 years 46 years 50 years ■65 years 60 years 66 years 70 years Amount of montWy dues when age of wife is— 15 years. SMELTING. 20 years . 25 years . 30 years . 35 years. 40 years . 45 years. 60 years. 65 years. 60 years . 66 years. 70 years. $0,187 .223 .270 .357 .475 .646 .914 1.340 1.892 2.529 3.654 .166 .207 .208 .357 .491 .702 1.072 1.093 2.509 3.723 6. 411 .231 .280 .349 .451 .697 .816 1.206 1.778 2. 667 3.772 5.168 .207 .262 .313 .410 .648 .751 1.076 1.677 2.408 3. 620 6.047 20 years. $0. 171 .203 .260 .333 .443 .605 .809 1.279 1.790 2.387 3.410 .1.50 .191 .248 .333 .469 .662 1.011 1.612 2.387 3.516 6.021 .211 .266 .325 .422 .564 .775 1.129 1.697 2.477 3.488 4.783 .187 .231 .292 .382 .516 .711 1.035 1.575 2.306 3.276 4.701 25 years. $0. 154 .187 .231 .305 .406 .564 .812 1.198 1.669 2.233 3. 117 .138 .171 .223 .300 .418 .609 .942 1.510 2.245 3. 293 5.611 .195 .235 .296 .390 .624 .727 1.064 1. 604 2.294 3.203 4.397 .171 .211 .264 .353 .475 .662 .974 1.474 2.144 3. 033 4. 366 30 years. SO. 138 .166 .203 .272 .365 .512 .747 1.112 1.535 2.062 2.883 .122 .150 .195 .268 .378 .552 .861 1.397 2.083 3.049 5.173 .175 .211 .264 .353 .475 .666 .987 1.498 2.099 2.919 4.011 .1.54 .187 .240 .317 .430 .605 .901 1. 376 1.981 2.789 4.011 years. 80. 122 .146 .179 .235 .321 .455 .670 1.007 1. 406 1.880 2.615 .10? .134 .171 .231 .329 .487 .767 1.259 1.890 2.786 4.730 .154 .187 .235 .309 .422 .597 .893 1. 372 1.941 2.636 3.620 .138 .162 .207 .280 .382 .544 .816 1.259 1.827 2.546 3.066 40 years. $0,106 .126 .154 .203 .276 .390 .685 .889 1.255 1.693 2. 313 .093 .114 .146 .199 .280 .414 .062 1.104 1.681 2.497 4.259 .134 .102 .203 .268 .365 .620 .788 1.220 1.746 2.391 3.240 .118 .142 .179 .240 .329 .471 .719 1.121 1.644 2.314 3.321 45 years. $0,089 .100 .130 .171 .231 .329 .491 .759 1.076 1.470 2.007 1. 2, 3.700 .114 .1.38 .171 .223 .309 .438 .674 1.066 1.618 2.107 2.883 .102 .122 .150 .203 .270 .398 .009 .966 1.433 2.042 2.904 60 years. $0,069 .089 .106 .138 .187 .264 .398 .621 .889 1.226 1.750 .005 .081 .097 .130 .183 .272 .443 .751 1.165 1.790 3.207 .093 .114 .142 .187 .252 .301 .562 .877 1.271 1.782 2.404 .081 .102 .126 .106 .227 .325 .603 .804 1.206 1.734 2.650 55 years. $0. 057 .073 .089 .114 .160 .207 .317 .491 .700 .983 1.421 .049 .065 .081 .100 .146 .211 .341 .581 .905 1.413 2.019 .073 .093 .114 .160 .203 .284 .4.38 .702 1.023 1.449 2.030 .061 .081 .102 .134 .183 .256 .398 .641 .974 1.417 2.116 CO years. .50.041 .067 .073 .089 .118 .102 .244 .378 .540 .765 1.100 .032 .049 .005 .081 .110 .168 .256 .434 .670 1.064 2.058 . 0.63 .073 .093 .118 .1.58 .219 .337 .644 .788 1.129 1.604 .045 .065 .085 .106 .142 .199 .309 .499 .759 1.117 1.693 65 years. $0,024 .041 .061 .077 .089 .122 .183 .284 .402 .5.66 .816 .020 .037 .063 .009 .085 .118 .187 .317 .479 .763 1.635 .032 .0.53 .073 .093 .122 .166 .256 .406 .593 .844 1.206 .028 .049 .069 .089 .110 .150 .231 .378 .572 .844 1.299 70 years. $0 012 .024 .041 .067 .073 .093 .1.38 .211 .296 .406 .585 .012 .020 .037 .O.M .009 .085 .134 .223 .341 .628 1.080 .012 .032 .0.53 .073 .093 .126 .191 .305 .434 .017 .885 .012 .032 .053 .073 .093 .114 .175 .2S4 .426 .629 .902 FINANCIAL ORGANIZATION. SICK-BENEFIT SECTION. The financial organization of the sick-benefit funds is comparatively simple; the current receipts are adjusted to meet current expenses, though the sick-benefit section is supposed to keep on hand a reserve equal to two years' expenses. The law specifies no rates of dues for 422 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. the sick funds, though the model constitution contains a rate regarded as adequate by the Ministry of Agriculture, but which is to be varied to meet fluctuations in the financial condition of the funds. The rates adopted by the funds have apparently not been excessive ; during the ten years previous to the year 1904, for instance, about 35 per cent of the sick funds operated with a deficit, while 16 per cent had no reserve whatever. PENSION SECTION. Insurance against old age and invalidity and the provision of pen- sions for widows and orphans naturally call for a more complex organization than sickness insurance. The dues are premium rates supposed to be sufficient to provide the capitalized value of the pen- sions arising each year; insurance of this class requires the accumula- tion and administration of large reserves. Article 35 of the law on miners' funds requires them to make up every five years an actuarial balance shoAving the assets and liabilities of the pension section. The assets' must show (1) the current value of the securities in which the reserve is invested; (2) the amount of the receipts for the current year from the full-benefit members; and (3) the amount of the receipts for the current year from the employer. The liabilities consist of (1) the value of all pensions being paid for invalidity of members and for widow and orphan relief; (2) the value of the pension claims of the full-benefit members for themselves, their widows, and their orphans; and (3) the value of the pension claims of pensioners for their widows and orphans. This actuarial statement must be submitted to the government mining ofiicials of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, who in turn have its accuracy tested by the state insurance officials. In case three such five-year tests show that at each period the reserve has increased by more than ten per cent in excess of the requisite amount, the state insurance experts must either recommend a reduction of the dues or an increase in the ben- efits. If, on the other hand, the reserve shows a decrease under the same conditions, the state insurance experts must recommend either that the benefits'be decreased or the dues be increased. The rates of dues now in force were published in 1890, and were computed on the basis of the experience previous to that date. The results of the use of these rates since 1890 indicate that they were not high enough to cover the expenditures caused by the system of benefits provided by the law of 1889. In the discussions in the labor council on the reform of the insurance system it was stated that in 1881 the actuarial deficit of the funds was. 42,000,000 crowns ($8,526,000) and in 1889 was 56,000,000 crowns ($11,368,000), while in the year 1903 about 25 per cent of the funds were operating with an actuarial deficit. During the discussions of the labor council the unfavorable condition of the funds CHAPTER I. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 423 was ascribed in part to the sins of the past and in part to the small average membership of the funds. Since insurance against accident, invalidity, and old age can properly be conducted only in organiza- tions large enough to permit the law of large numbers to operate, the financial efficiency of the funds is seriously reduced by the existence of a number of comparatively small funds. In general, it may be said that the size of the pensions provided by the funds is dependent on the number of members, as the statistics show that the larger funds usually provide higher average pensions than the smaller funds; the financial situation is further complicated by the fact that the smaller funds have a higher proportion of pensioners than the larger funds. The proposals for the reform of the miners' funds all refer to the small size of many of the funds and contain measures for the consolidation of the Aveaker organizations. THE CENTRAL RESERVE FUND. One feature of the financial administration which has proved of con- siderable importance to the miners' funds is the central reserve. This reserve is practically a system of reinsurance for cases of mass accidents, defined by the law as accidents in which five or more insured persons are killed or injured. Any fund required to pay benefits arising from such accidents is entitled to receive a subsidy from the central reserve, the amount of the subsidy being regulated by the circumstances of each case. The reserve is composed of dues paid by the mine operators; the amount of the dues to be collected is determined each year and assessed pro rata on the wage roll of each establishment, but may not exceed one-tenth of 1 per cent of the wages paid during the year. The wage roll is made up in the same manner as the industrial estab- lishments subject to the accident insurance law prepare their reports of wages for the accident insurance institutes. Unpaid assessments are collected in like manner as public taxes. The administration of the central reserve is conducted by a com- mission consisting of the following persons: (1) A representative of the minister of agriculture; (2) four employer members of boards of directors of miners' funds, appointed by the minister of agriculture ; (3) four workmen members of boards of directors of miners' funds, appointed by the minister of agriculture; (4) the expert of the Min- istry of Agriculture whose field embraces this subject; (5) one actuary from the directorate of the government insurance office; and (6) a representative of the Ministry of Finance. The minister of agricul- ture is ex-officio chairman of the commission. The commission, by an absolute majority vote, determines the rate of assessment each year, and decides upon the amount of the subsidy to be given to a pension fund in each case of a mass accident. Each ACtinoo -tA 424 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOE. year the commission must report on the operation of the fund to the national legislature. The members of the commission serve without pay, and in the case of the representatives of the employers and the workmen, are appointed for three-year terms. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. The type of organization used for the miners' insurance is that of the establishment fund described under the sickness insurance system for industries, though the functions of the miners' funds are more exten- sive than those of the establishment funds. As in the case of the latter funds, the principal administrative organs are the general assembly of the organization, the board of directors of the fund, and the supervisory committee. The board of directors of the fund may vary in number, but at least two-thirds of the members must be elected by the workmen, while the remainder is selected by the employer. The election of members of the board is by ballot, and an absolute majority of the votes cast is necessary to secure a choice. The term of office is three years ; in case of a vacancy in the board, a substitute must be elected from the group in which the vacancy exists for the remainder of the unexpired term. Members serve without salary, though they are recompensed for actual expenditures in behalf of the fund. A person elected to membership on the board of directors may not decline to serve, unless he is over 60 years of age or unless he has also served for the three-year term immediately preceding the election. The board of directors administers the general business of the fund and in particular supervises the admission to the fimd of mine- workers subject to insurance, the accoimting system, the assessment of the dues and their payment, the granting and withdrawal of pen- sions and other benefits; administers the reserve fund, exercises the control over the members in receipt of sick benefits, pensions, etc.; imposes fines for violations of regulations, laws, etc.; appoints the employees of the fund, selects the fund physicians, prepares the annual and other reports of the funds' operations, and conducts the elections of elective officials. The president of the board of directors acts as chief executive of the fund. The general meeting or assembly must meet at least once each year in annual session, while special meetings may be called by the board,of directors. At least one-half of the members must be present to form a quorum. The general assembly elects the members of the board of directors and the members of the supervisory committee ; it passes on the annual reports and balance sheets, decides on questions of amal- gamation with other funds, the admission of employees of other plants and establishments to insurance in the fund and the participa- tion of the fund in federations of funds. The general assembly alone can amend the constitution. CHAPTEB I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 425 A supervisory committee is elected each year, whose duties consist of general supervision of the operations of the fund, with authority to make reports to the mining officials of the governments and to call special meetings of the general assembly for the purpose of securing special action on matters of importance. Controversies in regard to insurance matters must be settled by the arbitration courts, one of which is established at the headquarters of each mining district ; each court is composed of five persons, a perma- nent president, who must be a government official, and four associates, two of whom are selected from the number of the employers and two from workmen members of the boards of directors of the funds located in that district. The term of office of the associates is four years, but the elections must be arranged so that one-half of the membership is elected every two years. The decisions of the court of arbitration are not subject to appeal and are enforced by the officials of the regular civil courts of the country. The procedure before the arbitration court is regulated by administrative decree. Disputes arising between the mine operator on the one side and the fund on the other, in regard to insurance mat- ters, must be decided by the political officials of the government acting in concert with the mining officials. The miners' funds located in each mine district are subject to the control of the mine officials of that mine district ; the supervision of these officials is principally confined to enforcing the observance of the legal regulations. They have authority to inspect the books, papers, and other property of the fund, to attend all meetings of the official bodies of the fund, and to call meetings of these bodies. The repre- sentatives of the funds have the right to appeal from the action of the mining officials to the minister of agriculture, who has charge of all matters relating to mining and the insiirance of mine employees. STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. The change in the mining law in 1892 makes it necessary to present the statistics of the miners' relief societies in two sets of tables. In the first table following the number of societies shows a decrease from 363 in 1874 to 327 in 1891, while the total number of con- tributors shows an increase from 107,783 in 1874 to 145,823 in 1891. The total number of pensioners in 1874 was 20,140, against 35,582 in 1891. The decrease in the number of societies, accompanied by an increase in the total number of contributors caused an increasein the average number of contributors per society from 296.9 in 1874 to 445.9 in 1891. The period 1892 to 1907 shows a decrease in the number of societies from 295 in 1892 to 180 in 1907; the number of sick funds of the societies also shows a decrease from 259 to 146 for this period. In 1907 the number of obligatory members was 176,847, who had 426 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. insured 197,080 of their dependents. The pension funds show the same tendencies as the sick funds; for this period the number of funds decreased from 292 in 1892 to 175 in 1907, while the member- ship increased from 138,364 in 1892 to 177,376 in 1907; the insured dependents show an increase from 213,713 in 1892 to 325,805 in 1907. The number of partial-benefit members decreased from 15,705 in 1892 to 5,135 in 1907, a decrease of 67.3 per cent since 1892. The number receiving pensions was 35,403 in 1892 and 57,645 in 1907. The following tables present the experience of the rehef societies in regard to sickness, invalidity, and death for the period 1875 to 1907: MEMBERSmP OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1874 TO 1891. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. t. Aokerbau Ministeriums, 1874-1891.) Socie- ties. Contributors. Depend- ent wives and chil- dren. Pensioners. Year. Mem- bers. Partici- pants. Total. Former mem- bers. Widows. Orphans. Total. 1874 363 365 354 364 349 346 344 346 346 .3.38 335 354 345 341 340 334 328 327 90,260 86,269 86,461 80,706 81,695 81,766 82,964 84,610 86,708 91,677 94,963 94,829 94,112 96,293 99,572 111,316 120,086 125, 696 17,523 17,404 19,078 20,934 18,222 17,398 19,852 23,265 23,966 23,890 23,439 26,686 21,668 21,473 23,320 19,959 21,240 20,127 107,783 103,663 106,639 101,640 99,917 99,164 102,816 107,875 110,674 115,667 118,402 120,416 115,780 117,766 122,892 131,275 141,326 145,823 («) 130,903 121,792 124,721 138,446 139,178 140,000 148,375 151,075 169,411 162,884 175,604 179,077 183.204 186,006 201,810 211,422 215,621 5,922 6,509 6,846 7,210 7,576 7,757 7,861 7,866 8,009 8,262 8,485 9,263 9,662 10,072 10,415 10,659 11,020 11,635 8,037 8,539 8,868 9,218 9,739 9,885 10,062 10,607 10,7.37 11,112 11,425 12,802 13,088 13,262 13,495 13,831 14,447 14,663 6,181 6,413 6,485 6,828 7,153 7,200 7,357 7,548 7,559 7,734 8,079 9,070 8,978 9,018 8,967 8.963 9; 049 9,394 20,140 21,461 22,199 1875 1876 1877 23,266 24,468 24,842 1878 1879 1880 25,270 25,921 1881 1882 26,305 1883 27,108 1884 27,989 1885 (f) 1886(6) 1887(6) 1888 (i>) 1889(6) 1890(6) 1891(6) 31,125 31,728 32,352 32,867 33,443 34,616 36,682 a Not reported. 6 Including figures relating to the state salt works. MEMBERSHIP OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1892 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1892-1907.) Socie- ties. Sick-benefit funds. Year. Num- ber of funds. Membership. Dependents. Obliga- tory mem- bers. Pension- ers. Total. Of obliga- tory mem- bers. Of pen- sioners. Total. 1892 295 274 274 274 269 265 254 248 242 233 220 218 210 205 198 180 269 224 224 229 226 225 203 200 195 189 175 170 170 168 161 146 137,5.31 140,124 142,143 147,843 151,844 158,504 169,908 165,424 179,791 174,984 169,764 165,138 163,104 165,647 169, 332 176,847 12,681 5,239 4,900 4,809 6,089 5,941 7,370 8,068 8,920 8,890 9,593 9,854 9,352 11,168 14,317 13,265 150,212 145,363 147,043 152,652 167,933 164,445 167,278 173,492 188,711 183,874 179,357 174,992 172,456 176,805 183,649 190,112 176,905 164,600 146,907 153,309 159,374 169,633 168,660 174,694 180,846 188,768 195,300 193,874 195,801 195,904 187,001 197,080 .11,531 9,091 6,119 6,020 8,084 8,023 9,293 10,017 11,087 11,370 13,373 12, .376 12,272 11,083 9,446 10,060 188,436 1893 163,591 1894 . 163,'026 1895 159,329 1896 167,458 1897 177,556 1898 177,853 1899 184,711 1900 191,933 1901 - 200,138 1902 ... 208,673 1903 206,250 1904 208,073 1905 206,987 1906 196,447 1907 207,130 CHAPTEB I. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 427 MEMBERSHIP OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1892 TO 1907— Concluded. Socie- ties. Pension funds. Year. Num- ber of funds. Membersbip. Depend- ents of members. Persons receiving pensions. Full- benefit members. Partial- benefit members. Total. 1892 295 274 274 274 269 265 264 248 242 233 220 218 210 205 198 180 292 270 264 264 261 258 246 243 238 231 218 216 206 202 194 175 122,669 127,922 131,732 126,790 133,761 140,306 143,934 161,847 166,733 166,633 162,356 168,241 156,447 160,701 163,812 172,241 15,705 14,795 14,593 12,401 10,564 10,149 10,267 8,463 8,452 6,876 6,606 6,433 6,890 6,446 5,224 6,135 138,364 142,717 146,325 139,191 144,325 150,455 154,201 160.310 175,185 172,509 168,960 164,674 162,337 166,147 169,036 177,376 213,713 218, 200 229,586 233,603 239,224 247,981 259,051 269,535 2S3,537 296,141 311,731 310,699 313,401 318,367 314,820 325,805 35,403 1893 36,437 38,194 38,923 40,392 1894 1895 1896 1897 41,797 J898 42,163 1899 43,860 1900 , 46, 693 1901 47,673 1902 49,774 51.312 1903 1904 63,801 54,957 1905 1906 56,591 1907 57,645 SICKNESS, INVALIDITY, AND DEATH AMONG MEMBERS OF THE MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1875 TO 1891. [Source: Statisticbes Jabrbuch des k. k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1876-1891.] Cases of sickness. Total days of sick- ness. Average duration of eacb case of sickness (days). Cases of invalidity due to— Cases of death due to— Year. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. All causes. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. All causes. 1875 1870 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 a)... 1880 {<■)... 1887 «).•■ 1888 0.)... 1889 a)... 1890 <■)... 1891 <■)... 77,663 78,145 81,394 83,713 82,438 85,690 86,152 88,404 97,899 107,846 108,441 106,731 106,875 114,908 116,294 143,076 125,009 814,984 748,471 764,596 816,013 815,089 791,071 848, 627 878,670 946,123 995,530 1,033,903 1,020,878 971,118 1,078,975 1,098,063 1,440,092 1,261,377 10.50 9.60 9.40 9.70 9.80 9.20 9.90 9.90 9.70 9.20 9.50 9.60 9.17 9.39 9.44 10.07 10.09 74 36 195 91 84 49 60 48 63 39 61 64 83 112 95 90 99 771 899 970 787 821 736 669 699 770 897 1,046 1,214 1,068 1,190 1,202 1,112 1,420 845 935 1,165 878 905 785 719 747 833 936 1,107 1,278 1,151 1,302 1,297 1,202 1,619 175 107 146 160 143 151 158 152 152 183 308 140 141 183 ISO 216 258 1,364 1,407 1,677 1,600 1,685 1,448 1,593 1,408 1,564 1,588 1,637 1,644 1,382 1,684 1,597 1,805 1,596 1,539 1,574 1,823 1,760 1,828 1,599 1,751 1,660 1,716 1,771 1,945 1,684 1,523 1,867 1,777 2,021 1,854 o Including figures relating to the state salt works. 4ii» EEPOET OF THE COMMISSION EK OJJ' I^AiJUIt. SICKNESS AND DEATH AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SICK-BENEFIT FUNDS, 1892 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. k. Aokerbau Ministeriums, 1892-1907.] Cases of sickness due to— Days of sickness due to— Aver- age du- ration of each case of sick- ness (days). Oases of death due to— Year. Acci- dents while 3,1 work. Otlier causes. All causes. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. All causes. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. All causes. 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 7,167 6,623 8,501 15,622 16,604 14,045 18, 208 19,111 19,137 20,968 18,252 18,021 19,287 21,234 22, 204 26,539 117,733 134,461 116,634 105, 596 98,090 104,037 102,670 115,973 114,002 123,073 104,698 107,517 96,170 119,233 121,368 132,747 124,900 140,984 125,135 121,218 114,694 118,082 120,878 136,084 133,139 144,041 122,960 125,538 115,457 140,467 143,572 158,286 117,875 131,815 168,762 213,968 230,954 205,365 247,937 260,195 270,217 304,147 268,368 261,020 272,075 295,793 301,741 346,918 1,195,600 1,636,671 1,468,648 1,390,648 1,364,075 1,389,910 1,371,893 1,544,826 1,606,838 1,640,904 1,461,110 1,471,859 1,490,181 1,624,853 1,664,854 1,777,936 1,313,475 1,668,386 1,627,300 1,604,616 1,686,029 1,695,265 1,619,830 1,805,021 1,777,055 1,945,051 1,719,478 1,732,879 1,762,256 1,920,646 1,966,595 2,124,854 10.52 11.83 13.00 13.24 13. 82 , 13.51 13.40 13.36 14.09 13.50 13.99 13.80 15.26 13.67 13. 09 13.42 515 218 394 228 200 181 177 193 200 217 227 127 125 216 195 187 1,534 1,509 1,267 1,245 1,340 1,289 1,216 1,348 1,401 1,411 1,267 1,149 1,143 1,169 1,004 1,104 2,049 1,727 1,661 1,473 1,540 1,470 1,393 1,641 1,661 1,628 1,494 1,276 1,268 1,385 1,199 1,291 INVALIDITY AND DEATH AMONG MEMBERS OF THE PENSION FUNDS , 1892 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1892-1907.] Cases of invalidity of— Cases of death of— Year. Full-benefit mem- bers due to — Partial-ben- efit mem- bers, caused by acci- dents while at work. Full-benefit mem- bers due to— Partial-benefit members due to— All classes of mem- bers. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. Acci- dents while at work. Other causes. 1892 105 118 160 169 170 210 205 206 170 222 212 214 230 259 192 276 1,521 1,636 1,647 1,756 2,021 1,865 1,803 2,151 2,064 2,380 2,833 2,572 2,486 2,461 2,558 2,419 43 2 17 15 18 22 25 17 26 26 27 29 20 26 24 17 501 214 389 203 178 168 164. 173 249 201 210 122 127 206 182 182 1,342 1,245 1,144 921 999 1,006 1,057 1,074 1,097 1,160 976 944 1,005 1,009 921 1,021 (°) 5 15 20 11 6 11 17 12 11 10 4 2 4 6 6 6136 106 99 134 122 126 119 142 94 101 81 85 76 72 65 58 1,979 1893 1,570 1894 1,647 1895 1,279 1896 1,310 1897 1,305 1898 1,361 1899 . . 1,406 1900 1,462 1901 1,463 1902 1,277 1903 1,155 1904 1,210 1906 1,291 1906 1,173 1907 1,266 "Included in "other causes.' i Including deaths from accidents while at work. The preceding tables show an increase in the number of cases of sickness from 77,663 in 1875 to 125,009 in 1891, while in 1907 the number of cases of sickness had increased to 158,286, or more than double the number in 1875; the total number of days of sickness involved in these cases was 814,984 in 1875, with an average duration of 10.50 days for each case of sickness; in 1907 the average duration CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 429 of each case of sickness was 13.42 days. For the period 1875 to 1889 the average duration of each case of sickness remained practically the same; from 1889 on there was a gradual increase. The total number of cases of invahdity shows but little change from 1875 to 1890; and from 1891 to 1907 there was an increase from 1,519 cases to 2,712 cases. From all causes there were 1,539 cases of death in 1875 in both classes of funds; in 1907 there were 1,291 deaths among the members of the sick funds and 1,266 deaths among the members of the pension funds. The number of deaths from accident while at work in 1875 was 175 while in 1907 it was 187 for the members of the sick funds; among the members of the pension funds, the cases of death caused by accident while at work were 219 in 1893 and 187 in 1907. A full account of the financial operations of the miners' funds during the period of 1875 to 1891 is given in the Twelfth Special Report of the Commissioner of Labor, "Coal Mine Labor in Europe," on pages 74 to 77. The following tables give the data for the later period in order to permit of a partial comparison of operations under the compulsory insurance system for miners with the system for other industries. The following tables show the receipts and expenditures of the miners' relief societies for 1892 and for the period 1900 to 1907: 430 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOBi RECEIPTS OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES (SICK-BENEFIT AND PENSION FUNDS) IN AUSTRIA, 1892 AND 1900 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuoh des k. k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1892 and 1900-1907.] Sick-benefit funds. Pension funds. Year. Contributions of obligatory members for — Contri- butions of opera- tors. Contributions of obligatory members. Contri- Their own in- surance. Insurance of their depend- ents. Total. Full- benefit members. Partial- benefit members. Total. butions of opera- tors. 1892 $225,532 304,620 395,884 382,893 385,696 401,864 424,436 439,587 488,715 $47,629 93,999 105,195 106,464 107,473 110,415 120,320 122,864 134,076 $273,161 458,619 601,079 489, 357 493,169 512,279 544,756 662,451 622,791 $256,371 410,723 441,620 428,846 433,780 449,405 473, 208 486,996 539,726 $764,335 812, 362 872,863 847,223 836,624 876,977 892, 952 915,584 950,735 $36,716 9,683 8,182 7,332 6,975 6,459 6,041 5,997 5,889 $800,051 822,045 881,045 854,555 843,499 883,436 898,993 921,581 956, 624 $823, 176 1900 875, 474 1901 1,049,368 914, 556 1902 1903 1904 . 876,147 937,910 943,341 960,216 1,028,323 1905 1906 1907 EXPENDITURES OF THE SICK-BENEFIT FUNDS OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1892 AND 1900 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1892 and 1900-1907.] Year. Sick ben- efits. Special _ relief. Funeral expenses. Medical attend- ance and supplies. School contri- butions. Admin- istration. Total. 1892 ■•$234,' 14 339,879 366,856 336,882 342,909 359,106 398,882 420,577 497,124 6 86,072 24,261 28,036 31,330 34,471 38,581 41,340 46,805 46,899 6 $19,631 25,801 26,134 25,380 24,740 25,471 27,752 25,432 28,172 $226,917 354, 147 406,089 406,918 422,481 438,127 448,759. 462,978 608,907 $6,104 1,135 1,630 1,335 2,156 1,201 1,449 1,468 1,503 $21,550 65,362 67,172 77,119 75,010 79,270 76,940 84,326 92,817 $.514,388 810,585 895,917 878, %4 901,767 941,755 c998,i76 1,041,586 1,174,422 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 a Including special relief and funeral expenses for Lower Austria, not reported separately. ft Not including figures for Lower Austria, the amount being included in sick relief. c This total is not the correct sum of the items; the figures are given as shown in the original report CHAPTER I. workmen's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 431 EXPENDITURES OF THE PENSION FUNDS OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1892 AND 1900 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch des k.k. Ackorbau Ministeriums, 1892 and 1900-1907.] Pensions for— Share of the re- Year. Full- benefit members. Partial- benefit members. Widows. Orphans. Total. serve returned to with- drawhag members. 1892 oi$441,014 774,302 811,640 900,220 908,208 1,013,939 1,053,0.57 1,117,039 1,134,775 6S936 4,329 4,626 5,391 7,365 6,428 9,338 12,784 8,743 $236,366 309,070 317,083 333,337 340,244 357,950 373,726 .383,890 397,271 $52,508 75,875 77,180 80,646 - 82,414 86,516 92,104 94,798 99,315 $730,824 1,163,576 1,210,429 1,319,594 1,398,231 1,464,833 1,528,225 1,008,511 1,040,104 $3,451 1900 1901 101 431 1902 100,135 184,870 245,771 253,430 1903 1904 1905 1900 1907 365, 902 " Including payments to partial-benefit members in Salzburg, Moravia, Carinthia, and Camiola. <> Excluding payments to partial-benefit members in Salzburg, Moravia, Carinthia, and Camiola. The receipts for 1892 were $2,152,758, which increased to $3,147,464 in 1907. Of this amount $1,162,517 was reported from the sick funds and $1,984,947 from the pension funds. The receipts in 1892 were composed of 49.9 per cent of contributions from workmen and 50.2 per cent of contributions from employers; in 1907 the pro- portions were 50.2 per cent from workmen and 49.8 per cent from employers. The total expenditures for all purposes in 1892 were $1,248,663, which increased to $3,170,428 in 1907. Of this amount $1,174,422 was expended by the sick funds and $1,996,006 by the pension funds. Each item of expenditure has increased for both funds since 1892, except that for school contributions. The largest rate of increase in expenditures of the sick-benefit funds is shown under the item of special relief. The item of administration in 1907 was 7.9 per cent of the total expenditure. Among the pension funds the largest item of expenditure was for pensions to full-benefit members; the item of share of reserve returned to withdrawing members shows a rapid rate of increase and in 1907 amounted to $355,902. toz KBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. The following table shows the assets of the societies for the periods under discussion: ASSETS OF MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES IN AUSTRIA, 1892 AND 1900 TO 1907. [Source: Statistisches Jahrtucli des k.k. Ackerbau Ministeriums, 1892 and 1900-1907.] Assets ot sick-tenefit funds. Assets of pension funds. Year. State mines. Private mines. Total. State mines. Private mines. Total. 1892 S2,348 24,796 27, 476 30,337 32,389 34,842 37,118 39, 343 40,708 S74,279 697,933 667,721 776,611 865,040 925, 954 998,718 1,053,844 1,096,653 S76,627 622, 729 695, 197 806,848 887,429 960,796 1,035,836 1,093,187 1,137,261 $854,455 1,232,806 1,275,943 1,344,698 1,372,857 1,372,787 1,430,405 1,437,643 1,424,684 87,368,973 14, 272, 782 15,627,259 16,862,203 17,886,713 18,759,055 19,738,086 20,469,927 20,916,268 $8,223,428 1900 . 15, 505, 688 1901 16,903,202 1902 . 18,206,901 1903 19,258,672 1904 20,131,842 1905 .. 21, 168, 490 1906 21,897,470 1907 22,340,952 The preceding table shows the assets of the societies separately for state and private mines, giving a total of 18,300,055 in 1892, with an increase to $23,478,213 in 1907. In 1892 the total assets for the sick funds were $76,627, which increased to $1,137,261 in 1907. The assets of the pension funds also show a decided increase, being $8,223,428 in 1892 and $22,340,952 in 1907. CHAPTEB I. — WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTRIA. 433 The following table shows the receipts and disbursements of the central reserve fund: RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS OF THE CENTRAL RESERVE FUND OF THE MINERS' RELIEF SOCIETIES, 1890 TO 1907. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten betr. UnMI- und Krankenversicherung, 1890-1909.] Year. Receipts. Cash on hand. Contri- butions of mine owners. Interest. Sale of securi- ties. With- drawn from banlc. AU other. Total. 1891. 1892. )W- 1894. 1895. 1897. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1B04. 1905. 1908. 1907. $21 42 310 36 4 249 212 66 472 107 295 111 48 $4, 596 20, 979 22, 607 22,286 20, 552 20,854 21, 626 22, 225 23, 412 23,944 24, 658 27,573 30, 669 28, 198 27, 761 27, 889 28,883 31, 037 $122 732 1,111 1,243 1,015 1,596 1,879 2,775 3,722 4,965 5,674 6,934 7,988 9,300 10,113 12,444 13, 898 14,990 [I] [I] $406 150 '4," 060 b) b) bl b) SI 1 2 2 2 328 3,454 65 960 149 697 114 117 123 (b) b) (b) $40, 176 41, 452 46,281 46, 210 47, 365 61, 137 61,253 67, 464 78, 821 74, 463 76, 190 88,754 79, 386 94, 075 Disbursements. Amount of reserve fund at the close of year. Year. Subsi- dies to funds. , Ad- minis- tration. Pur- chase of seciiri- ties. Depos- ited in banlc. Cash on hand. All other. Total. 1890(0) $208 342 421 324 404 435 402 430 427 428 607 446 4.63 669 599 612 694 576 b) b) m 814, 800 'w,mh' 22,508 20, 812 34, 927 32, 415 21,671 39,211 20,711 36, 927 43, 371 36, 779 46, 303 m m b) $19,618 19, 189 20,734 21, 648 26, 120 2,5,531 27, 262 33,086 38, 674 36, 281 35, 369 44, 668 36, 960 46, 046 (b) b) b) m $42 310 36 b) b) b) 82,064 57' (6) (6) b) (i>) $40. 176 41, 462 46,281 46, 210 47, 365 61, 137 61,263 67, 464 78, 821 74, 463 76, 190 88, 764 79, 386 94, C75 c $4, 417 1891 c 25, 534 1892 $12,992 32, 480 3,248 21,518 4,647 1,624 35,805 1893 c 26, 662 1894 42,714 1895 39,449 1896 57,760 1897 80,833 1898 4 249 212 65 472 107 295 111 48 10 2 2 45 16 11 169 2 31 8 108, 176 1899 132, 408 1900 812 12, 180 165,314 1901 186, 167 1902 231,147 1903 16, 646 261,929 1904 301,062 1905 340, 262 1906 4,974 2,132 372, 479 1907 410,344 n The period from October 1, 1889, to December 31, 1890. b Not reported. c Assets at close of the year. The primary receipts of the fund are of course the assessments on the employers in proportion to the wages paid. Since 1891 the assessments show a gradual increase, the amount paid being $20,979 in 1891 and $31,037 in 1907. Owing to the steady increase in the total amount of the reserve, the receipts from interest have increased from $122 in 1890 to $14,990 in 1907. The total receipts, including the item "withdrawn from bank," were $40,176 in 1894 and $94,075 434 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. in 1907. The disbursements of the fund have shown great fluctua- tions since the creation of the institution, due of course to the irregular occurrence of the mass of accidents which the fund is designed to re- Ueve. The subsidies for the relief of such accidents were highest in 1893, when f32,480 was expended for this purpose; in 1895 the fund was again called on for heavy payments, the amount being $21,518. The expenditures for this purpose since 1900 have averaged much less than for the period previous to that date. The expenditures for administration, as would be expected, are very small. The total amount of the reserve-has grown rapidly; it amounted to $42,714 in 1894 and $410,344 in 1907. Except for the years 1893 and 1895, the receipts have always been sufficient to defray the expenditures with- out encroaching on the principal of the reserve, and in 1907 the interest produced by the reserve amounted to approximately 50 per cent of the assessment paid by the mine owners. PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. Amtliche Nachrichten des k. k. Ministeriums des Innern, betreffend die Unfallversiche- rung und die Krankenversicherung der Arbeiter. Vienna, 1889 to 1910. Baernreither, J. M.: Grundfragen der sozialen Versicherung in Oesterreich. Ergeb- nisse der Beratungen des Arbeitsbeirates. Vienna, 1908. Bellom, Maurice: Les lois d'assurance ouvriere h l'6tranger. Paris, 1894. Berichte des osterreichischen Ackerbau-Ministeriums an den Reichsrat tiber die Gebarung und die Ergebnisse der Krankheits-, Mortalitats- und Invaliditats- statistik der Bergwerksbruderladen. Vienna, 1890-1910. Berichte des Vorstandes der Arbeiter-Unfallversicherungsanstalt fur Niederosterreich in Wien, betreffend die zur Beseitigung dea Betriebsdefizits dienlichen Massnah- men. Mit einem Anhang, betreffend die Betriebs- und Unfallstatistik der Jahre 1890-92. Vienna, 1896. Blank: Die Pensions- Versicherung der Privatbeamten in Oesterreich. Prague, 1908. Bodiker, T.: Die Arbeiterversicherung in den europaischen Staaten. Leipzig, 1895. Borght, A. von der: Grundzlige der Sozialpolitik. Leipzig, 1904. Bulletin des assurances sociales. Paris, 1890-1910. Bulletin dea intemationalen Arbeitsamtea. Jena, 1902-1910. Congrfes international des asaurancea Bociales. (Reporta of proceedinga of.) Conrad, Elster, Lexis, und Loening: Handworterbuch der Staatswiaaenschaften. Dritte Auflage. Jena, 1909-10. Denkschrift des Niederosterreichischen Gewerbevereins zur Reform des Unfall- versicherungsgeaetzes. Vienna, 1895. Ehrlich, Sigmund: Arbeiter-Pensionen mit Staatahilfe. Vienna, 1901. Ergebnisse der iiber die Standesverhaltnisse der Privatangestellten im Jahre 1896 eingeleiteten amtlichen Erhebungen. Vienna, 1898. Ergebnisse der zum Zwecke der Revision der Gefahrenclasseneintheilung iiberpriiften Unfall-Statistik der Jahre 1890-1896. Auf Grund der bezuglichen Vorlagen der Arbeiter-Unfallversicherungsanstalten zusammengestellt im k. k. Ministerium des Innern. Vienna, 1899. Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik der f unfjahrigen Beobachtungsperiode 1897-1901. Vols. I and II. Auf Grund der von den Arbeiter- Unfallversicherungs-Anstalten vor- gelegten Zahlkarten bearbeitet im k. k. Ministerium des Innern. Vienna, 1904. Ergebnisse der Unfallstatistik der f iinfjahrigen Beobachtungsperiode 1902-1906. Vol. I. Auf Grund der von den Arbeiter-Unfallversicherungaanstalten vorgelegten Zahlkarten beairbeitet im k. k. Ministerium des Innern. Vienna, 1909. CHAPTEB I. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN AUSTBIA. 435 Frankenberg: Die Versicherung der Arbeiter-Witwen- und Waisen in Deutschland. Archiv fur soziale Gesetzgebung, etc. Jahrgang 10 (1897). Fuster, E . : La statistique du risque prof essionnel et les enqugtes autrichiennes. Paris . (Publications du ministfere du travail.) Koegler: Die Pensions-Versicherung der Privatbeamten. Zeitschrift fur Volkswirt- schaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Vienna, 1906. Konig: Die Ergebnisse der Kranken versicherung in Oesterreich im Vergleich mit der des Deiitschen Reichs. Vienna, 1896. Mandl; Gesetz vom 28. Dezember 1887, betreffend die Unfallversicherung der Arbeiter, mit den einschlagigen Verordnungen und Erlauterungen aus der osterreichischen und deutschen Spruchpraxis. Vienna, 1893. Mandl: Gesetz vom 20. Juli 1894, betreffend die Ausdehnung der Unfallversicherung, sowie die revidierte Einteilung der Betriebe in Gefahrenklassen und die Durch- fiihrungsvorschriften. Vienna, 1894. Manes, Alfred: Versicherungs-Lexikon. Tubingen, 1909. Mataja, Victor: Grundriss des Gewerberechtes und der Arbeiterversicherung. Leip- zig, 1899. Mayer, J.: Die Bergwerksbruderladen. Vienna, 1900. Menzel,AdoIf: Die Arbeiterversicherung nachosterreichischemRechte. Leipzig, 1893. Meyer, Hugo: Beitrage zur Pensions-Versicherung. Jena, 1893. Notice 8ur la statistique des accidents du travail en Autriche. Paris. (Publications du ministfere du travail.) Osterreichisches statistisches Handbuch fiir die im Reichsrate vertretenen Konig- reiche und Lander. Vienna, 1890-1909. Protokoll uber die in der Zeit vom 25. November bis 5. Dezember 1895 abgefiihrten Verhandlungen des durch Experte verstarkten Versicherungsbeirates, betreffend angeregte Abiinderungen des Arbeiterversicherungsgesetzes. Vienna, 1896. Rosenfeld, S.: Die zeitliche Verteilung der Verungluckungen im oesterreichischen Bergbau. Statistische Monatsschrift, 1907. Rosin, H.: Die Rechtsnatur der Arbeiterversicherung. Tubingen, 1908. Schmidt, F.: Statistische Studien iiber die Entwickelung der osterreichischen Gewerbegenossenschaften. Statistische Monatsschrift, Band XIV. Schumacher: Die staatliche Pensions-Versicherung der Privatangestellten mit beson- derer Beriicksichtigung des osterreichischen Gesetz entwurfs. Archiv fur Sozial- wissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, 1904. Schumacher: Zur Frage der Pensions-Versicherung der Privatangestellten. Cologne, 1902. Sociale Verwaltung in Osterreich. Vol. 1. Die Arbeiter-Unfallversicherung in 0.=!ter- reich. Vienna and Leipzig, 1900. Soziale Praxis. Leipzig, since 1891. Soziale Rundschau. Herausgegeben vom k. k. arbeitsstatistischen Amte im Handels- ministerium. Vienna, 1900-1910. Statistisches Jahrbuch des k. k. Ackerbau-Ministeriums. Vienna, 1874-1909. Stoger, Otto: Articleon"Bruderladen." OesterreichischesStaatsworterbuch. Zweite Aufl., Band I. Stoger, Otto: Gesetze und Verordnungen iiber die Arbeiterversicherung. Vienna, 1908. Verhandlungen des Arbeitsbeirates uber die Reform der Arbeiterversicherung. Herausgegeben vom k. k. Arbeitsstatistischen Amte im Handelsministerium. Vienna, 1908. Verkauf, L. : Oesterreichisches Jahrbuch der Arbeiterversicherung fiir 1906. Vienna, 1907. Verkauf, Leo: Die Kranken versicherung in Oesterreich und das osterreichische Gesetz iiber die Unfallversicherung der Arbeiter. Jahrb. f . Nat. u. Stat., n. F., Band 7. Verkauf und Emminghaus: Kollectivversicherung in Oesterreich. Zacher, Dr. Georg: Die Arbeiter- Versicherung im Auslande. Heft VII, Heft Vila, Berlin. CHAPTER II. WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 437 CHAPTER II. WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN BEIGIUM. INTRODUCTION. Belgium is one of the smallest and most densely populated coun- tries in Europe. Its area is not much larger than the land area of Maryland. Its population at the date of the census of December 31, 1900, amounted to 6,693,548, making the average density 589 inhabitants per English square mile. On December 31, 1907, the population was estimated at 7,317,561. Industrially Belgium is one of the most highly developed coun- tries of Europe. According to the industrial census of 1896, there were at that date (October 31) 337,395 establishments and 1,102,244 persons occupied in industrial pursuits, of whom 265,021, or 24 per cent, were women. In 1895, the year of the latest data, the rural population consti- tuted only 18.79 per cent of the whole, or less than one-fourth of the urban population of the country. As early as 1846, when the first industrial census was taken, Quetelet, the celebrated sociologist, said that "there are only a few countries where the workman's activity is applied to as many branches of industry as in Belgium; there is hardly an industry that is not carried on in that country." According to the census returns of 1900, the total number of per- sons employed in industry was 1,372,251. This figure is, however, somewhat in excess of the actual number of persons employed, since the method followed in the census enumeration was to include persons with more than one occupation under each group, such persons thus being counted more than once. 46598°— 10 29 439 The returns according to the four principal divisions of the indus- trial population are as follows : NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS IN BELGIUM ENGAGED IN THE FOUR MAIN DIVISIONS OF INDUSTRY, 1900, BY CLASS AND SEX. [Source: Annuaire statistigue de la Belgique, 1908.] Persons engaged in- Total. Class and sex. Mining and metal industries. Industries connected with— Mixed in- dustries. Per cent ol total per- sons in in- dustries. Vegetable products. Animal products. Employers; 18,993 ■m 58,181 2,281 9,239 710 77,616 50,667 164,029 53,931 11.96 3,93 Total 19,266 60,462 9,949 128,283 217,960 15.88 Salaried employees: Male . . 4,535 8 1,551 156 394 11 3,469 51 9,949 226 .72 FeTialp .02 Total 4,543 1,707 405 3,620 10,175 .74 Overseers: Male 5,539 11 1,915 123 488 49 2,255 146 10,197 329 .75 Female . . . . .02 Total 5,550 2,038 537 2,401 10,626 .77 Wage-earners: Male 338,369 17,547 198,904 43, 139 33,057 14,125 295,023 193,426 865,353 268,237 63.06 19.55 Total 3oo,916 242,043 47,182 488,449 1,133,590 82.61 All classes: Male 367,436 17,839 260,551 45,699 43,178 14,895 378,363 244, 290 1,048,538 322,723 76.49 23.51 Total 385, "275 306,250 58,073 622,663 1,372,251 100.00 As seen from this table, the independent employers, numbering 217,960, constituted 15.88 per cent of all persons engaged in industry in 1900; wage-earners constituted 82.61 per cent of all; and the remaining 1.51 per cent were engaged in industry as salaried employees and overseers. The following table shows the number of persons employed in gainful pursuits in 1900, according to class, also the number of persons not gainfully employed. As has been stated the occupation rather than the person was taken as the unit in the tabulation, which gives, in the case of persons following more thai one vocation, a result in excess of the actual number of individuals at work. For this reason the figures representing the total popula- tion in the table are somewhat in excess of the correct figures However, the difference is not so great as to affect to an appreciabl< extent the computed results showing the distribution of the popula tion among the several groups or classes mentioned. CHAPTER II. WOKEMEK S INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 441 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS IN BELGIUM ENGAGED IN GAINFUL PURSUITS AND OF PERSONS NOT GAINFULLY EMPLOYED, 1900, BY CLASS AND SEX. [Source: Annuaire statistique de la Belgique, 1908.] Class. Males. Females. Total. Per cent of total ■popula- tion (com- puted). 1,049,528 322,723 1,372,251 248,336 114,222 341, 653 68,023 192,012 312, 989 136,900 11,340 108,249 61,396 55,458 297,320 385,236 125,562 449,902 109,419 247,470 610, 309 Public officials and employees, including soldiers and sailors in service of the State 1 81 Skilled agriculturists, horticulturists, arboriculturists, etc 6 50 Proprietors, capitalists, annuitants, and pensioners Laborers employed in agricultural, horticultural, and for- 1.58 8 82 1,267,235 1,201,762 660,663 2,420,485 1,927,898 3,622,247 Persons not gainfully employed 52 33 Grand total 3,518,625 3,403,871 6,922,396 100 00 According to this table, the number of persons employed in industry in 1900 was 19.82 per cent of the total population. Persons of all classes employed in agricultural and kindred pursuits numbered slightly more than 10 per cent of the entire population, while the ratio of persons in commercial occupations to the total population was 5.57 per cent. These figures show that, next in importance to the industrial element of the Belgian people, are the classes engaged in agricul- tural and commercial pursuits. The question of providing insurance for workmen, who comprise such a large percentage of the country's population, has long engaged the attention of economists and statesmen in Belgium. While the general compulsory accident insurance plan now in operation in that country is an innovation, optional insurance of workmen, either by private insti- tutions or institutions managed under the auspices of the State, has existed for more than half a century. Prominent among the earlier institutions organized for this purpose are the miners' funds. In Belgium, as in other countries, the creation of funds for the insurance of workers exposed to the risks of mining operations preceded that for any other class of employees. As early as 1812 such an institu- tion was in existence, but it was not until 1839 that a permanent fund was established. In that year 25 mining companies of Liege united for the common insurance of their employees. Their example was followed by other mining centers until, before the expiration of a decade, a general system of insurance was in operation throughout the mining districts of Belgium. The scheme of insurance which was adopted provided for the division of the country into six districts, in each of which was located 442 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. a central institution which insured miners against accidents and, to a hmited extent, against old age and invalidity. In addition, special funds for the payment of sick benefits were created. Each institu- tion framed its own constitution and by-laws and provided for its own system of dues and benefits. In the organization of the funds the greatest possible freedom was left to the mine owners, all being required, however, to report annually to the Government, which exercised financial control over the institutions. Mutual aid societies furnish a second class of institutions which have played an important part in the development of workmen's insurance in Belgium. The origin of these organizations may be traced back to the old trade guilds that existed prior to the French Revolution. It was not until about the middle of the last century, however, that mutual aid societies began to acquire prominence in the economic life of the nation. In 1851 a law was promulgated which gave recognition to societies complying with certain conditions by conferring upon them the rights of legal persons, and which encouraged their formation by exempting them from court fees and stamp and registry duties. Owing, however, to various restrictions that were placed upon their activities and the interference by local administrations in their management, the growth of the recognized societies was quite slow until 1894, when a law greatly extending their rights and privileges was enacted. Since then their develop- ment has been much more rapid. The activities of the friendly societies cover a wide range of mutual assistance. In addition to those which insure their members against accidents, sickness, and old age, there are societies that grant loans to members, others that furnish insurance against cattle diseases and against damages from hail storms, while still others assist members in building houses or in joining the General Savings and Eetirement Fund of the State. This last-named institution, which was established by legislative act in 1850, offers a very successful example of state voluntary insurance. Owing to the magnitude of its operations, it constitutes a most important factor in the improvement of the condition of the working classes. Until 1865 the functions of the fund were limited to furnishing insurance against old age and invalidity. In the latter year a general savings bank was created by law and joined to this institution, and in 1889 its work was further enlarged by an enact* ment permitting the loaning of its funds to building associations to aid in the provision of workmen's homes. Since 1891 annual sub- sidies have been granted by the Belgian legislature to mutual aid societies which induce their members to become depositors with the fund. CHAPTEB II. — workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 443 The modern movement for a general system of workmen's insurance in Belgium may be said to date from the creation of the National Labor Office in 1894. Although the various institutions mentioned in the preceding paragraphs had long been in existence, the lack of trustworthy information concerning the actual condition and needs of the working people had operated to prevent any popular agitation in favor of a general insurance law. But with the organization of the Labor Office, charged with the threefold duties of conducting statistical investigations, watching over the execution of existing labor laws, and studying new legislative measures for promoting the welfare of the workman, the need of more adequate protection to wage-earners against the risks of their employment became apparent. Various measures intended to supply this need were from time to time intro- duced in the legislature, but it was not until 1903 that a general accident insurance law was enacted. The slowness with which legislation for a general system of accident insurance moved has been attributed partly to the hostile attitude of the Belgian people toward government interference in matters social and economic and partly to the fear of disturbing the industrial status of the country, which is dependent to a large extent on foreign markets for the sale of its manufactured products. In addition, the strongly developed spirit of association and mutual help, embracing as it does practically all branches of human activity, served to render the need of government intervention seemingly less imperative. At the present time there are six classes of institutions in Belgium the purposes of which are the insurance of workmen against either accidents, sickness, or old age and invalidity. These are: (1) The General Savings and Retirement Fund (Caisse Generale d'Spargne et de Retraite) under the guaranty of the State; (2) The National Provident Fund for the Aid of Workmen Injured by Accidents {Caisse de Prevoyance et de Secours en Faveur des Victimes des Acci- dents du Travail), which is purely charitable in nature; (3) The special miners' insurance funds; (4) mutual aid societies; (5) mutual insurance funds organized by large employers of labor; and (6) com- mercial insurance companies. In addition, there are various estab- lishment funds maintained either wholly or in part by employers for the benefit of their employees, special funds for the aid of fishermen and sailors, and relief funds for the widows and orphans of state employees. Pensions are allowed aged and infirm employees of the Government after a fixed term of service. A system of insurance against unemployment also is in operation in many cities of Belgium. Under this system, the workman is encouraged to provide against want during periods of involimtary idleness by depositing, while employed, a part of his earnings in a fimd established for that purpose. This deposit, when withdrawn 444 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR, in case of need, is supplemented by an additional amount from the city treasury. A characteristic common to all forms of industrial insurance in Belgium is the absence of legal constraint in the selection of the under- writer, the Government intervening in the matter only to the extent of supervising and controlling the agencies chosen for carrying the insurance. In all the various measures proposed in the legislature for securing compensation to injured workmen, freedom of choice in this respect was made a cardinal principle. Two state institutions , the Guarantee Fund created by the compensation act of December 24, 1903, and the General Savings and Retirement Fund, assist indirectly in carrying out the provisions of the law now in force. The Guarantee Fund has for its function the safeguarding of employees' interests in cases where employers or their insurance underwriters prove unable to fulfill their obligations. The General Savings and Retirement Fund, although authorized to do a general accident insurance busi- ness, has thus far limited its activities to taking over the payment of annuities due to injured workmen from their employers. ACCIDENT INSURANCE. INTKODTJCTION. In Belgium, until recently, the liability of employers for injuries to their employees was regulated by articles 1382 to 1384 of the Code Napoleon. According to this law an injured workman has a right to claim indemnity from his employer only in case he can prove that the accident was due to the fault of the employer or his agent. It makes the worker alone bear all the consequences of the danger inherent to a greater or less extent in every industry, and forces upon him the doctrine of the assumption of risk. The earliest efforts for the "reform of this condition were aimed primarily at the "inversion of proof" — that is, the introduction of a rule of procedure by which the responsibility of the employer would be assumed unless he could prove that the accident was not due to his fault. (") The commission appointed by the Government in 1886 to investigate the conditions of labor in the Kingdom rejected this proposition, which was offered by one of its members, on the ground that it would lead to more strained relations between employers and workmen and would not relieve the difficulties of the situation. The early measures proposed by various writers were purely legal remedies. The social aspects of the problem were emphasized in some of the replies made to the inquiries of the labor commission of 1886-87, and in a resolution adopted by the First Congress on Social Economics, held at Liege in September, 1886. {'') Among the plans «De la responsabilit^ et la garantie, by Charles Sainctelette, 1884. 6 Die Arbeiterversicherung in den europaischen Staaten, by T. Bodiker, 1895, p. 154. CHAPTER II. WOBKMEN's INSUBANCE IK BELGIUM. 445 suggested to the labor commission as offering the best solution of the problem was one providing for compulsory insurance. C^) According to this scheme compulsory insurance should be insti- tuted mainly in large establishments and for workers who earn less than 2,000 francs ($386) yearly, and only injuries sustained by workers ffom accidents arising from an unknown cause or from acci- dents due to vis major should be compensated. Each accident, until the cause of it is established, should be considered as of unknown origin. Accident insurance should be established in conjunction with sick insurance, which should also be compulsory. The expense of the first should be borne by the employers, that of the second by the employees and employers jointly. The choice of the insurance company should be free, but the State should exercise control over these companies. The employers might even be their own insurers, provided that, in case of an accident, they deposit in the " Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignation" the capital necessary to yield the indem- nity fixed by the law. The labor commission accepted the principle of compulsory insur- ance, but rejected the plan of free choice of an insurance company, as well as that of state insurance. It favored the German system of trade associations in the various branches of industry, under the super- vision of the State. At the second congress, which was held at Liege, September 4 to 7, 1887, the question of compulsory insurance was again discussed. The congress declared it desirable to organize compulsory insur- ance through legally incorporated associations and to introduce the payment of premiums to be fixed at the end of each fiscal year. The miners' aid societies were to serve as a model for these associa- tions. The risk schedules were to be fixed by a court. The asso- ciation should be managed by a joint board of employers and em- ployees. This board was to decide upon claims for indemnity and have the power to supervise through its delegates the establishments joining their association. Compulsory insurance was to be extended to all workmen and smaller officials whose yearly earnings did not exceed 2,000 francs ($386), and who were employed in: First, indus- trial establishments using steam, electric, water, gas, or wind power, and also those using explosives; second, mines, quarries, dockyards, and ia the building trades; and, third, railway and steamship service. A royal decree might extend the range of establishments where compulsory insurance was to be introduced. The expense of main- tenance of an injured worker was to fall upon the sick insurance fund for the first tliree weeks of his disability. C") " Lea lois d'assurance ouvrifere k I'^tranger, by M. Bellom, 1896, p. 933. '' Die Arbeiterversicherung in den europaischen Staaten, by T. Bodiker, 1895, p. 156. 446 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. At the Third Congress on Social Economics, which was held from September 7 to 10, 1890, a new scheme of insurance was presented. In the discussion that followed the report some members expressed their dissent from the principle of compulsory insurance advocated in it, but the resolution in favor of compulsory insurance was carried by an overwhelming majority. The congress recommended the report to the Government for consideration. At the same time the con- gresses of the Labor party and of the Democratic league, the Congress on Labor Accidents, held in Paris in 1889 on the occasion of the World's Exposition; the Catholic Congress of 1892, at Mechlin, and a number of provincial and communal corporations and associations of employers all passed resolutions in favor of compulsory insurance. The question was widely discussed and debated, and many eminent writers declared themselves in favor of it. BILL OF MAY 17, 1890. (a) On May 17, 1890, a bill was introduced in the Chamber of Repre- sentatives providing compulsory insurance for all workers and small officials earning less than 1,800 francs ($347.40) yearly. The insur- ance was to be effected through employers' associations in every industry employing at least 10,000 workmen. Each industry was to have its special arbitration board, composed of employers and employees in equal numbers, which would fix the indemnity and settle disputes. The employers were, under certain conditions, to be allowed to insure their workers in private companies having depos- ited in the state treasury an amount not less than 100,000 francs ($19,300). Employers employing over 2,000 persons could act as their own insurers. Seven-tenths of the premiums were to be paid by the employers, two-tenths by the workers, and the remaining one- tenth by the local or state charity organization. The bill retained the responsibility of the employer for all accidents occurring through his fault. The employee, on the other hand, was not to be entitled to any indemnity if the accident was caused by gross negligence or a criminal act on his part. The annual indemnity was not to exceed 80 per cent of the last average yearly wage. Industrial diseases developed in the course of work were to be indemnified at the same rate as accidents. Medical help was to be furnished free of charge. Insurance associations were to enjoy the privileges of legal persons. They were also to be allowed to issue insurance against sickness and invalidity; but the accounts were to be kept separately from those of accident insurance proper. To meet the expenses which the adop- tion of this bill would impose upon the State, a change in the existing "Die Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande. Dr. Zacher. Heft XII, p. 24. CHAPTER II. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 447 inheritance law was proposed entitling the Government to the prop- erty of intestates with relatives no nearer than the sixth degree. On January 18, 1891, the Government appointed an extra legisla- tive commission of five experts to prepare a new draft of a law relat- ing to the labor contract and accident compensation. BILL or AUGUST 13, 1891. (o) The plan adopted by the commission was introduced in the Cham- ber by the minister of justice on August 13, 1891. According to this plan the burden of proof was put on the employer; insurance was made compulsory in extra hazardous industries and optional in others ; compensation was definitely fixed by a schedule, so that arbitrary rulings of the courts could be dispensed with; the annuity granted was 65 per cent of the average yearly earnings; the cost of medical treatment was not to exceed 100 francs ($19.30); the cost of burial was not to exceed 50 francs ($9.65). The employer had a right to insure his workers in an ordinary insurance company, by which means the entire responsibility was shifted from him to the insurance com- pany. The owner of a factory employing 10 men and using motor power was obliged to provide safety appliances. Neither of the two plans was discussed in the Chamber owing to the pressure of work on account of the proposed changes in the organic law of the Kingdom and to the subsequent dissolution of the legis- lature. In its draft of a law regulating the labor contract the superior coun- cil of labor, in 1895, included a section bearing on accident compen- sation. It proposed to relieve the employer from any obligations in case of an accident due to gross negligence of the employee, but to make him share the liability in case of an accident brought about by causes not traceable to anyone's fault, but inherent in the industry. It admitted, in other words, the "risque professionnel," which was to be borne equally by both parties. On November 19, 1896, a new scheme of workmen's compensation, elaborated by the Labor Office, was submitted to the council. This scheme proposed compulsory insurance for establishments employ- ing more than four men and using motor power. This insurance was to be carried by special associations similar to those in Germany, the cost being borne by both employers and employees. The same associations should insure men engaged in small industries and agri- culture, for whom the insurance was to be optional and the cost of which was to be borne equally by employer and workman. If not insured, the employer should be compelled to compensate the injured "Die Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande. Dr. Zacher. Heft XII, p. 29. 448 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. worker to the extent of half the amount to which he would be entitled for a similar injury in a large establishment. The council, after making some changes, approved every proposi- tion submitted by the Labor Office except the plan of giving to the insurance associations the sole privilege of carrying the insurance. Owing, however, to the differences of opinion revealed during the debates concerning the project and to the predominant sentiment in favor of the free choice of the insurance underwriter displayed at the Fourth International Workingmen's Insurance Congress, held in Brussels from July 26 to 31, 1897, the Government dropped the project and drafted a new one based on French, English, and Danish models. BILL OF APRIL 26, 1898. (a) This bill was introduced in the Chamber by the minister of iudustry and labor on April 26, 1898. The interesting features of this new bill were: 1. It gave to the worker a right to claim compensation in prac- tically all classes of accidents, only those caused intentionally by the victim being excluded. 2. The amount of compensation was to be equal to half of the wage loss caused by the accident, this being based on the principle of equal responsibility assumed by the employer and employee by virtue of the labor contract. 3. Insurance was not to be obligatory. 4. The payment of compensation was to begin with the third week after the accident. 5. In case of bankruptcy of the employer or his insurer the claims of the victim or his relatives for compensation were to be considered next to the wages claims. 6. In case of an annuity the employers had to deposit either in the General Savings and Retirement Fund or in an approved insur- ance conapany the sum necessary to cover the cost of such annuity. 7. The employers might form mutual insurance associations, which should assume all the obligations of individual employers. 8. Jurisdiction over matters of accident compensation should be given to a trade council, and in case of disagreement in the latter to the justice of the peace. This bill shared the fate of its predecessors and died with the dis- solution of the legislature on May 7, 1900. oDie Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande. Dr. Zacher. Heft XII, pp. 38-43. CHAPTER II. workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 449 Bin or MABCH 12, 1901. (a) On March 12, 1901, a new bill was introduced in the Chamber by the minister of industry and labor. It was referred to a parliamen- tary committee (la section centrale), in the name of which a report was made on November 5, 1901. It was later referred to a special committee, from which it was reported on May 6, 1903. On July 16 the bill was passed by the Chamber, and on December 17 by the Senate. It was sanctioned by the King and promulgated as law on Decem- ber 24, 1903, and went into effect on July 1, 1905. THE WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ACT. INDUSTRIES INCLUDED. The industries and establishments included in the provisions of Article 2 of the act are the following: I. Mines, surface mines, quarries, coke ovens, manufacturing of coal briquettes; ovens and workshops for dressing ores and quarry products; Blast furnaces, steel works, mills for producing and working over iron and other metals; smelteries; Machinery construction and metal works, forges, iron foundries, locksmith and stove shops; the working of metals; the manufacture of bolts, nails, screws, chains, wire, cables, firearms, knives, and other metal implements or hardware; Plate glass, glass, cut glass, and hollow glassware factories; the manufacture of ceramic products; Manufacture of chemical products, gas and its by-products, explosives, matches, oils, candles, soaps, paints and varnishes, india-rubber, and paper; Tanneries and currying plants; Flour mills; breweries, malt-houses, distilleries; manufacture of artificial mineral waters; sugar factories; Masonry, carpentry, painting, and other branches of the building trades; chimney sweeping, earthwork, well digging, paving, highway construction, and other civil engineering works; Forestry establishments; Establishments for land transportation of persons and goods; establishments for inland navigation, tracking, towing, and dredging; warehouses for packing, loading, and unloading; the operation of telegraphs and telephones; Establishments, the running of which involves the use of steam, air, gas, or elec- tricity, the tension of which exceeds the limit to be fixed by a royal decree; And, in general, establishments where machinery run by other than human or animal power, is used otherwise than temporarily. II. Industrial establishments, not comprised under the heads above enumerated, in which at least five workmen are usually employed ; Agricultural establishments in which at least three workmen are usually employed; Mercantile shops in which at least three workmen are employed. III. Establishments, not above mentioned, which, upon the advice of the indus- trial accident commission, shall be declared, by a royal decree, as dangerous in character. o Revue du Travail, 1901, pp. 446, 1360. 450 EEPOET, OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The extent of the application of the law thus appears to be quite comprehensive. However, the smaller agricultural and commercial undertakings, employing fewer than three persons, and the entire field of domestic service remain unprotected. PERSONS AND ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED. By virtue of the new law workmen, and apprentices whether receiving any wages or not, as well as salaried employees who, on account of their participation in the process of production, are exposed to the same risks as workmen, and whose annual earnings do not exceed 2,400 francs ($463.20), must be compensated by the employers in the industries enumerated above for all injuries by accidents sus- tained in the course of and by reason of the execution of the labor contract. The question of negligence is thus evidently waived entirely in the law, not even gross negligence constituting a defense against the payment of compensation. Accidents brought about intentionally by the victim are not compensated. COMPENSATION FOR DISABILITY. When the accident causes temporary total disability for more than a week, the injured person is entitled to a daily allowance of 50 per cent of the average daily wage, beginning with the day following the accident. If the temporary disability is or becomes partial, the allowance is made equal to 50 per cent of the difference between the wages earned before the accident and those earned by the injured worker until complete recovery. If the disability is or becomes per- manent, the injured worker receives an annual compensation of 50 per cent, determined by the degree of disability, as stated above, commencing from the day when the disability is adjudged to have become of a permanent character. At the expiration of the term for revision, which is set at three years, the annual allowance is suc- ceeded by a life annuity. The employer must defray the cost of medical treatment and of medicines during the first six months after the accident. If the employer has established at his exclusive cost a medical and phar- maceutical service and has made announcement of it by posting notices in the factory, the injured workman has no choice of physician or druggist. This regulation also holds good when by virtue of the labor contract the parties agree to have medical and pharmaceutical service provided by the employer. In other cases the injured person has the choice of a physician and pharmacist, but these expenses must not exceed certain rates determined by the royal decree of August 30, 1904. CHAPTER II. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 451 COMPENSATION FOR DEATH. When the accident has caused the death of the workman, the fol- lowing indemnities must be granted: 1. The sum of 75 francs ($14.48) for funeral expenses. 2. A sum representing the value of an annuity of 30 per cent of the annual earnings of the deceased, calculated upon the basis of his age at death, to be distributed as follows: (A) The dependent widow or widower, living with the deceased at the time of death and married before the accident, when no children, parents, or dependent relatives survive, receives the whole amount of the indemnity; four-fifths of it if either one child under 16 years of age or any other lawful heir under this law survives; three-fifths if two or more children under 16 years of age survive. (B) Legitimate children born or conceived before the accident, and illegitimate children, if recognized before the accident, under 16 years of age, receive the residue of the sum after the consort's claim has been settled. In case of no surviving consort, the children and grand- children share in the amount of compensation according to the degree of relationship. (C) Relatives in the ascending line who were dependent on the deceased. (D) Brothers and sisters under 16 years of age, dependent on the deceased, are entitled to compensation only in absence of consort or children. Persons of group C have priority over those of group D. Persons belonging to the same groups share the sum due to them in equal parts. The shares of the widow or widower and also those of the relatives in the ascending line are converted into life annuities, those of other heirs into temporary annuities expiring at the age-of 16 years. Some changes in the arrangements may be made at the request of the interested parties by the justice of the peace. Heirs may also demand to have one-third of the capital value of the life annuities paid in cash and have the annuities reduced accord- ingly. The value of the life annuities is calculated according to tables based on Belgian mortality from 1892 to 1901, approved by the industrial accident commission and sanctioned by a royal decree of August 29, 1904. These tables are reproduced here and the method of using them is explained in the example which follows . 452 EEPORT OM THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. TABLE FOE CALCULATION OF LIFE PENSIONS. [Source: Eevue du Travail, 1904.) Age. 12 years . 13 years. 14 years - 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years . 19 years. 20 years. 21 years. 22 years. 23 years . 24 years - 25 years. 26 years. 27 years. 28 years. 29 years. 30 years - 31 years. 32 years . 33 years . 34 years . 35 years . 36 years - 37 years . 38 years . 39 years. 40 years. 41 years . Present value of an annual pension of 1 franc. Francs. 25. 3026 25. 0809 24. 8559 24.6287 24. 4072 24. 1904 23. 9761 23.7660 23.5665 23.3776 23. 1832 22. 9830 22. 7769 22. 5684 22. 3467 22.1225 21. 8920 21. 6553 21. 4122 21. 1626 20.9065 20. 6437 20. 3745 20. 0988 19. 8164 19. 5275 19. 2320 18. 9300 18. 6215 18. 3068 Annual pension secured from the payment of 1 franc. Francs. 0. 039521 .039870 . 040231 .040603 . 040971 . 041338 .041708 .042076 . 042433 .042775 . 043134 .043510 . 043904 .044316 . 044749 . 045202 . 045678 .046178 . 046702 .047253 .047832 . 048440 . 049080 . 049754 . 050463 .051309 .051996 . 052826 . 053701 . 054624 42 years . 43 years . 44 years . 45 years . 46 years. 47 years . 48 years . 49 years. 50 years. 51 years. 52 years . 53 years . 54 years. 55 years., 56 years. 57 years., 58 years . 59 years,, 60 years . , 61 years.. 62 years., 63 years., 64 years . . 65 years.. 66 years.. 67 years. . 68 years . . 69 years . . 70 years . . 71 years.. Present value of an annual pension of 1 franc. Francs. 17. 9858 17. 6587 17. 3254 16.9865 16.(i419 16. 2919 15. 9367 15. 5768 15. 2119 14. 8428 14. 4700 14. 0935 13. 713P 13. 3315 12. 9470 12. 5606 12. 1730 11. 7846 11. 3961 11.0079 10. 6207 10. 2351 9.8515 9. 4706 9.0933 8. 7200 8.3511 7. 9874 7. 6295 7. 2779 Annual pension secured from the payment of 1 franc. Francs. 0. 055599 . 057718 . 058870 .061380 . 062748 . 064198 . 065738 . 067372 . 069108 . 070954 . 072918 . 075(MO . 077237 . 079614 .082149 . 084856 . 087749 .090843 . 094155 .097703 . 101507 . 106689 . 109971 .U4678 . 119744 . 126197 . 131070 . 137402 Age. 72 years.. 73 years.. 74 years. . 75 years. . 76 years . . 77 years.. 78 years.. 79 years . . 80 years . . 81 years.. 82 years.. 83 years.. 84 years.. 85 years . . 86 years., 87 years,. 88 years . . 89 years.. 90 years.. 91 years.. 92 years.. 93 years . . 94 years . . 95 ,years . . 96 years . . 97 years . . 98 years . . 99 years . . 100 years. 101 years . Present value of an annual pension of 1 franc. Francs. 6.9334 6. 6960 6. 2666 5. 9455 6.6331 5. 3301 5.0365 4. 7525 4. 4787 4.2151 3. 9620 3.7193 3. 4875 3. 2661 3. 0552 2.8545 2.6649 2.4855 2.3163 2. 1662 2.0058 1.8654 1. 7336 1. 6136 1.4942 1.3865 1.2861 1. 1545 .9547 .8447 Annual pension .secured from the payment of 1 franc. Francs. 0. 144229 . 151607 . 159570 . 168194 . 177522 . 187613 . 198660 .210415 . •niiii . 237242 . 252397 .268867 . 286738 .306175 .327310 . 360324 . 376248 . 402333 . 431723 . 463778 . 498664 . 536078 . 576867 . 619770 . 609254 . 721240 . 778149 . 866175 1. 047449 1. 183852 TABLE FOR CALCULATION OF ANNUAL PENSIONS EXPIRING AT THE COMPLETION OF THE 16TH YEAR. [Source: Revue du Travail, 1904.] Present Annual Present Annual Present Annual value of pension value of pension value of pension a tem- secured a tem- secured a tem- secured Age. porary from the Age. porary from the Age. porary from the pension payment pension payment pension payment ofl ofl. ofl ofl ofl oil franc. franc. franc. franc. franc. franc. Under 1 Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. Francs. year 10. 2102 0. 097941 6 years 8.7601 0. 114284 11 years 4.7456 0.210721 lyear...... 11.3802 .087871 7 years 8.0120 . 124812 12 years 3.8557 .269366 2 years 11. 1762 .089483 8 years 7.2406 . 138112 13 years 2. 9372 . 340460 3 years 10.6856 . 093683 9 years 6. 4377 . 156334 14 years 1.9892 .502714 4 years 10. 0952 . 099056 10 years 5. 6061 . 178377 16 years 1.0105 .989609 6 years 9. 4462 . 105862 EXPLANATION OF PENSION TABLE. The column of the first table headed "Present value of an annual pension of 1 franc" serves for the computation of a pension fund in cases of total or partial permanent disability and in case of death. For example, if an accident was the cause of permanent total disa- bility to a workman aged 44 years, who previous to the accident earned 1,200 francs ($231.60) per annum, this workman is entitled to CHAPIEB II, — WOEKMEN's INSUBANCE IN BELGIUM. 453 an annual indemnity of 600 francs ($115.80). To find the amount of capital required to yield such a pension yearly, it is only necessary to multiply 600 francs by the number in this column corresponding to the age of 44. This number is 17.3254; the product of multiplication, 10,395 francs ($2,006. 24), is the required amount. The column of each table headed "Annual pension secured from the payment of 1 franc" serves as a basis for the conversion of capital into life or temporary pensions, respectively. For instance, a widow 35 years of age is left with two children, aged 12 and 7 years, respectively. Suppose that the amount of compensation to be divided is 8,379.67 francs ($1,617.28). The widow has a right to three-fifths of the amount, or to 5,027.80 francs ($970.36), each child to one-fifth of it, or to 1,675.93 francs ($323.46). Now, the 5,027.80 francs ($970.36), when converted into a life annuity will yield 250.15 francs ($48.28), derived by multi- plying the amount due by the number in the third column of the first table, corresponding to the age of 35, i. e., multiplying 5,027.80 francs ($970.36) by 0.049754, we get 250.15 francs ($48.28). Similarly, the rates in case of conversion of the amounts due to the children into temporary annuities will be easUy computed by means of the same column of the second table. The annuity for the 12-year-old child will amount to 434.66 francs ($83.89), and that of the 7-year-old child, to 209.18 francs ($40.37). DETERMINATION OF WAGES. The wages which are to serve as a basis for computing the amount of indemnity are the actual wages received by the worker in the establishment where the accident occurred during the year preceding the accident. In case the injured man worked in the particular establishment less than a year, the amount of the earnings received by him for the period he was actually employed, plus the average earnings of a workman of the same class for the remainder of the year, is taken as a basis. When the industry is seasonal, the earnings in this industry plus the other earnings of the workman during the remainder of the year are taken. In computing the amount of the indemnity, earnings of over 2,400 francs ($463.20) are left out of consideration, and in case of apprentices and workers under 16 years of age, the annual earnings used as a basis must not be taken at less than 365 francs ($70.45). BUEDEN OF PAYMENT AND INSURANCE. The entire cost of compensation is put upon the employer. Any agreement waiving wholly or in part the responsibility of the employer in this respect is null and void. He can, however, be relieved of the burden of paying compensation, if he insures his workmen either in 454 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. an approved insurance company or in the General Savings and Ketire- ment Fund, which is authorized by the act to do a general accident insurance business. In case the employer does not insure his workers he is obliged to pay annually into the Guarantee Fund an amount determined every year by a royal decree. This Guarantee Fund has been established for the purpose of paying indemnities accruing under its provisions in cases where employers prove unable to do so. Employers may, however, be exempted from paying this tax by a ministerial decree upon the recommendation of the industrial acci- dent commission, if they satisfy the requirements enumerated in the royal decree. According to the decree of December 22, 1904, only those employers may be exempted (1) who ordinarily employ at least 500 persons; (2) who have taken proper measures for prevention of accidents in their establishments ; and (3) who have deposited with the "Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations " a security amounting to at least 3 per cent of the amount of the annual wages paid to their workmen. This security must in no case be less than 100,000 francs ($19,300) or larger than 500,000 francs ($96,500). The employers or the insti- tutions carrying their insurance may also transfer the burden of pay- ment of temporary allowances to mutual aid societies for a period not greater than six months, under the following conditions: (1) That they pay into the mutual aid societies' funds not less than one- third of the membership dues of their employees; (2) That the mutual aid societies with which such arrangements have been made grant to their members the same benefits in case of sickness as in case of injuries; and (3) That if the allowance granted by a mutual aid society is smaller than that accruing under the law, the difference must be paid by the employer or his insurance underwriter. The compensation for temporary disability is payable at the same time as wages. The annual allowances and pensions are paid quar- terly. The funeral expenses must be paid within a month after death. The payments due under the present law to the victims of accidents or to their surviving beneficiaries are subject to seizure only in cases of obligations incurred for necessaries of life. The law does not debar the injured workman from suing persons, other than the employer and his agents or employees, for injuries sus- tained through an accident caused by them. In case the injured person recovers damages, the employer may deduct that amount from the sum otherwise due from him. The employer may, on his own initiative and risk, sue such persons in the name of his workman, thus relieving himself in case of recovery of the whole or a part of the burden of payment. CHAPTEE II, WOBKMEN's INSUEANCE IN BELGIUM. 455 REPOETIN6 OF ACCIDENTS. Every accident occurring to a workman in the course of his employ- ment which causes either death or disability must be reported within three days by the employer or his representative, in writing to the factory inspector and also to the registry office of the justice of the peace or to the arbitration committee organized by virtue of the act. The report must state the nature and the circumstances of the accident, the name of the company in which the employer is insured, and include a medical certificate stating the condition of the injured employee. This report may be made also by the injured person or by his relatives. In any case the registry office issues a notice in acknowl- edgment of the receipt of the report. If, the employer, for any reason, disputes the case, a special inquiry into the circumstances of the accident is made by a labor inspector. His findings are filed in the registry office of the justice of the peace and copies of the report can be obtained by the interested parties from that office. The failure on the part of the employer to comply with the above-men- tioned regulations is punishable by a fine of from 5 to 25 francs ($0.97 to $4.83). JURISDICTION. The justice of the peace of the district in which the accident occurred is the court of first instance for all actions relative to the amount of compensation due to injured workmen or their relatives, and also relative to the revision of the amount of compensation. In cases involving 300 francs ($57.90) or less his office is the court of last resort. But in cases of employers affiliated with the recognized mutual insurance associations claims may be referred to the arbitra- tion committee, which similarly is the court of last resort in cases involving 300 francs ($57.90) or less; in more important matters appeal from its judgments may be taken. This arbitration com- mittee is composed of a magistrate as president, appointed by the court of appeals, and of equal numbers of employers and workmen. If no judgment in a case can be obtained immediately, a temporary daily allowance to the injured person or to his relatives may be ordered by the justice of the peace. An appeal from a judgment ordering the payment of temporary or life annuities does not interfere with the payment. If the em- ployer who is ordered to pay the annuity is not insured in a recog- nized insurance company, the judge may order the furnishing of a bond to guarantee the payment up to the time of the second hearing of the case in the court of appeals. Revision of compensation because of aggravation or diminution of disability or death of victim may be made within three years following 46598°— 10 30 456 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. the final judgment or the voluntary agreement of the parties in the matter. All agreements, certificates, and other documents relating to the enforcement of the act are free from registration and stamp duties. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COMMISSION. A technical committee was instituted by the royal decree of January 10, 1904, in conformity with the law, and attached to the Ministry of Industry and Labor. This committee is known as the industrial accident commission. It consists of 11 members, including two actuaries, a physician, a representative of the employers, and a rep- resentative of the workmen. All the members, with the exception of the representatives of capital and labor, who are elected by the superior labor council, are nominated by the Crown. Besides per- forming the duties which devolve upon it under the present law, the commission must discuss all questions submitted to it by the min- istry on the subject of compensation for industrial accidents. Owing to the short time which has elapsed since the law went into effect, little data relative to its operation are available. On July 1, 1905, the date when the act became eflFective, there were 31 organi- zations authorized by royal decree to issue insurance against acci- dents. Of these, 20 were fixed premium companies and 11 were mutual funds organized by employers. Since that date one fixed premium company has been permitted, after complying with the necessary requirements, to discontinue its business. The figures shown in the following table, while given only as approximations, serve to convey a general idea of the extent to which the compensation law is being applied. It is reasonably cer- tain that on December 31, 1907, from 90 to 95 per cent of all workmen to whom the act is applicable had been insured against accident by their employers : (") APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND AMOUNT OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1905 TO 1907. BY YEARS. [Source: Revue du Travail, 1908.] Establishments insured. Annual wages of persons insured. Year. In mu- tual in- surance funds. Infixed premium com- panies. Total. In mutual insurance funds. In fixed pre- mium com- panies. Total. ^ 1905 14,352 16,733 18,066 38,032 45,278 50,032 62,384 62,011 68,098 $51,791,975 62,561,336 68,198,673 $99,839,730 105,232,285 112,351,283 $151,631,706 1906 ■ 167,793,621 1907 180,549,966 a Revue du Travail, 1908, p. 987. CHAPTER II. — workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 457 The following table, taken from a recent publication of the Bel- gian Labor Office, will give an idea of the actual extent of the opera- tions of accident insurance under the act, on December 31, 1908: NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND AMOUNT OF ANNUAL WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, DECEMBER 31, 1908, BY INDUSTRIES. ISource: Rapport relatlf k I'ex&ution de la lol du 24 dfeembre, 1903, sur la reparation des dommages resultant des accidents du travail pendant les ann^ 190^-1908.] Establishments insured. Annual wages of persons insured. Industry. In mutual insurance funds. In fixed premium com- panies. Total. In mutual insurance funds. In fixed premium companies. Total. Coal mining 55 7,941 10,366 29 6,092 38,977 84 14,033 49,343 t24,869,525 (<■) 36,077,642 54,155,927 (<■) 97,398,555 $29, 025, 452 Agriculture . 133,476,197 Various industries and com- merce . . . Total 18,362 45,098 63,460 !> 60, 947, 167 6101,654,482 !> 162, 501, 619 "Not reported. 6 Not including wages of agricultural workers not reported. In the absence of definite statistics, the number of employees covered by the provisions of the law can only be approximated. It is estimated, however, that at the end of the year 1908 there were about 994,000 persons insured under its terms, of whom 355,000 were insured in mutual funds and 639,000 in companies charging a fixed premium. In addition 21 estabUshments, employing approxi- mately 42,000 workmen, were allowed to insure through the medium of guaranty funds. STATE INSTITUTIONS. THE GUARANTY FUND. The state Guaranty Fund was created for the purpose of pajdng compensation accruing under the provisions of the law in cases where employers or their insurance underwriters prove unable to do so and when such inability is established by judicial procedure before a justice of the peace. It is maintained by taxes levied upon those employers who fail to take insurance with the authorized institutions and who are not exempted from contributing to the fund by a ministerial decree upon the recommendation of the industrial accident commission. The regulation of the amount and method of levying these taxes is left to royal decree, but this tax shall not exceed 2 francs ($0.39) for an establishment employing fewer than 4 persons, and the propor- tional tax in addition to it for every worker employed in an establish- ment in excess of 4 shall not be more than 50 centimes (10 cents). 458 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. ACCIDENT PENSION DEPAETMENT OF THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND. Articles 14 and 35 of the compensation act empower the General Savings and Eetirement Fund {Gaisse GenSrale d'Spargne et de Retraite), a state institution, to carry on the operations of accident insurance provided by the act. Up to the present iijxxe, however, this institution has limited its operations to taking over the- payment of annuities due to injured workmen from their employers, preferring not to compete with private concerns in the field of accident insiu-ance proper. An additional reason for this restriction of the fund's activi- ties with regard to accident insurance is the fact that, as all contribu- tions to this institution are purely voluntary, it is considered good policy to avoid the friction that necessarily exists between the claim- ant and the insurer in the adjudication of claims. The royal decree of June 28, 1905, establishes the premium tables for the sale of annuities, which are based on the mortality tables pre- pared by the above-mentioned fund in 1903, the interest on capital being assumed at 3 per cent, and the cost of administration at 2 per cent. The accounts of accident annuity service are kept separately from the accounts of the various other departments of the fund, thus making the statistics of its operations very easily obtainable. The first purchase of an accident annuity was effected on September 8, 1905. From that date till December 31, 1905, a sum of .47,286 francs ($9,126.20) was paid into this department of the fund, of which 47,079 francs (19,086.25) were converted into annuities; during 1906, 337,641.63 francs ($65,164.83) were paid into the fund, of which 337,182.48 francs ($65,076.22) were converted into annuities. ANNUITIES CURRENT ON DECEMBER 31 OF EACH YEAR OF OPERATION OF THE FUND, BY YEARS. Year. Number of annuities. Tem- porary. Life. Total. 1906 117 217 262 92 170 231 209 1907 387 1908 .- 493 The total payments into the fund up to the close of the year 1908 amounted to 898,233.60 francs ($173,359.08). CHAPTER 11. — WOEKMEN S INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 459 NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND. The third state institution of interest in connection with accident compensation, although purely charitable in nature, is the National Provident Fund for the Aid of Workmen Injured by Accidents {Caisse de prevoyance et de secours en faveur des victimes des accidents du travail), popularly known as "King Leopold's Fund," which was created on July 21, 1890, on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the reign of Leopold II. The capital, out of the proceeds of which accident benefits are granted, amounts to 2,000,000 francs ($386,000). In 1906 the legislature voted 90,000 francs ($17,370) to the fund. The total number of benefits granted, their total value, and the average value per person are given by years in the following table : BENEFITS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND FOR THE AID OF WORK- MEN INJURED BY ACCIDENTS, 1891 TO 1908, BY YEARS. [Source: Revue du Travail, 1910.) Fiscal year. Number of benefits granted. Total value of benefits. Average value of a benefit. 1891 2,667 3,409 4,863 4,420 5,606 6,413 6,025 5,607 5,891 5,312 5,445 6,147 5,629 6,619 4,672 2,434 2,200 2,223 118,626 23,287 31,259 26,098 34,038 42,731 38,115 41,171 47,102 44,970 50,690 57,210 48, 016 49, 438 42,411 22,381 20,324 21,921 1)6.98 1892 -. 6.83 1893 6.43 1894 6.90 1895 6.07 1896 6.66 1897.. 6.33 1808 7.34 1899 a 00 1900 8.47 1901 9.31 1902 9.31 1903 8.68 1904 8.80 1905 9.08 1906 9.20 1907 9.24 1908 9.86 Beginning with 1905 the number of persons compensated and the total amount of the benefits granted by the King Leopold II Fund has decreased considerably (about 50 per cent), owing to the intro- duction of compulsory insurance, which took effect on July 1 of that year. The following table gives the number of persons compensated by the fund, according to occupation, marital condition, and result of accident, for the fiscal years 1892-93 to 1903-4. After that date the reports of the fund do not give detailed statistics of the various classes of beneficiaries. 460 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. BENEFICIARIES OF THE NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND FOR THE AID OF WORKMEN INJURED BY ACCIDENTS, CLASSIFIED BY OCCUPATION, MARITAL CONDITION, AND RESULTS OF ACCIDENTS, 1893 TO 1904. [Source: Annuaire statistique de la Belgique, 1897 to 1906.] Item. Number ot beneficiaries Occupation': Miners Quarrymen Factory workers Agricultural laborers . . . Small industry workers- Sailors and fishermen. . Miscellaneous Marital condition: Unmarried Married ( with children) Married (without chil- dren) Widows (with children) Widows (without chil dren) Accidents resulting in— Death , Complete disability. . . Partial disability Incapacity for work- Over 6 weeks , Under 6 weeks 4,863 1,427 831 137 261 162 2,045 1,218 2,753 630 131 131 240 37 133 2,297 2,166 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 4,420 1,194 218 761 216 167 186 1,367 2,625 487 207 113 224 56 174 2,016 1,950 5,606 1,617 197 890 249 181 241 2,234 1,237 3,245 241 217 151 22 123 2,707 2,603 6,413 1,841 270 1,038 392 307 220 1,501 3,706 747 254 206 222 52 207 2,887 3,045 6,025 1,688 210 954 269 287 211 2,406 1, 522 3,447 736 148 172 148 49 134 2,810 2,884 5,607 867 191 802 482 435 176 2,665 1,364 3,221 743 126 154 178 56 153 2,593 2,627 I. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 5,891 794 211 783 518 489 123 2,973 1,529 3,241 122 191 118 2,630 2,806 5,312 1,030 130 793 478 186 101 2,619 1,206 3,185 665 116 102 64 - 187 2,407 2,562 5,445 877 252 921 728 84 77 2,606 1,070 3,386 769 83 147 223 2,423 2,638 6,147 966 280 499 799 415 216 2,972 1,326 3,710 828 112 172 55 43 117 2,833 5,629 1,052 275 813 656 434 169 2,130 1,119 3,461 664 129 156 106 93 206 2,648 2,476 5,619 1,108 168 728 390 426 197 2,612 1,160 3,528 670 108 153 102 84 142 2,735 2,556 Since July 1, 1905, assistance has been granted to such victims of accidents as can not claim indemnity under the act and to those for whom the legal compensation is insufficient. The rate of compensa- tion granted by the fund is 1 franc (19 cents) per day, increased by 20 centimes (4 cents) if the injured person is married and by 10 cen- times (2 cents) additional for each child under 16 years of age. PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. The private insurance institutions authorized to write accident insurance in Belgium may be divided into four groups : (1) Commer- cial insurance companies; (2) mutual insurance funds (employers'); (3) miners' provident funds; and (4) mutual aid societies. COMMERCIAL INSURANCE COMPANIES. The royal decree of August 29, 1904, regulates very minutely the conditions under which commercial insurance companies are author- ized to issue accident insurance. In order to obtain authorization the insurance companies must file applications and submit details of their organization, their balance sheets for the latest year's operations or, if required, for the last two years; the conditions of policies issued and the technical bases on which the premium tables are calculated; they must also submit all additional information required by the government authorities. In order to obtain authorization an insurance company must have a capital of at least 1,000,000 francs ($193,000), of which at least one- fifth must be in cash. Independent of the amount legally required CHAPTEB II. — WOEKMEN's INSUBANCE IN BELGIUM. 461 as a reserve, at least one-twentieth of the net profits accruing from the industrial accident insurance business must be put aside to form a security fund. When this fund reaches the amount of 200,000 francs ($38,600) further accumulation ceases to be obligatory. For- eign companies are subject to the same regulations, the additional requirement being that they must establish a branch office in Belgium and make it their legal residence and recognize the authority of the Belgian courts. The authorized companies have to furnish a security of 300,000 francs ($57,900) before they are allowed to start business. Beginning with the second year the security must be so adjusted as to become equal to one and a half times the amount of indemnities paid or pay- able during the preceding year. It need not, however, exceed the sum of 1,500,000 francs ($289,500), and must not at any time be less than 300,000. francs ($57,900). This security must be given either in cash or in the following bonds: (1) At least half of it in Belgian government securities or securities guaranteed by the Belgian Gov- ernment; (2) bonds of the Communal Credit Society ; (3) bonds of the Belgian Provinces and townships; (4) bonds of foreign governments and such securities as are guaranteed by foreign states, in quantities prescribed in the decree of authorization or in a subsequent ministerial decree. These securities are accepted only on the condition that they were not during the previous six months quoted in their principal markets at a rate less than the capitalized value of their income at 4 per cent. The provincial and communal bonds may be accepted at the rate of 95 per cent of their market value. If their value diminishes more than one-tenth of their market value at the time of depositing, the minister of industry and labor may compel the company to cover the difference. If, on the other hand, their value exceeds the original value by more than one-tenth the minister is likewise empowered to add the increase to the assets of the company. The security must be deposited at the "Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations." In addition, the companies are obliged to keep a mathematical reserve to cover their obligations. This mathematical reserve must be invested: (1) Not less than 40 per cent in the bonds, and in the proportions prescribed, for security investments; (2) not over 40 per cent in Belgian real estate mortgages; and (3) not over 20 per cent in -bonds of Belgian corporations which for the previous five years have satisfactorily met all their business obligations. The accident insurance companies pay only temporary benefits, and even these they may transfer to mutual aid societies for six months. As to the pensions, the capital necessary to cover their cost must, at the beginning of each pension, be paid by the company into the General Savings and Retirement Fund, or to another institution 462 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. allowed to do accident pension business, unless the company itself has been granted this right by the Government. Such deposit must be made within a month after settling, in case of death, and within a month after the expiration of the revision term, in case of permanent disability. The policies of the companies must contain the most important provisions of the law, the rights and obligations of the insured and of the insurer, and the conditions and methods of canceling policies. The accounts of industrial accident insurance must be kept sepa- rately from the accounts of the other departments of the companies, and each year very detailed reports of their transactions in industrial accident insurance must be submitted to the minister of industry and labor and be published. On the request of the minister, the companies must at any time produce all books, contracts, accounts, policies, and other documents in order to facilitate the work of the ministry in controlling and checking the accounts submitted by them. In the year 1905, 20 insurance companies were authorized to write indus- trial accident insurance, 7 of them being domestic and 13 foreign. The operations of these companies on January 1, 1906, were, according to a report of the French Ministry of Labor and Social Providence, (") as follows: Number of establishments insured, 38,032; number of workmen insured, 584,340; amount of wages insured, 517,304,300 francs (199,839,730): According to these data, the number of workmen insm'ed in the ordinary insurance companies was on January 1, 1906, about 50 per cent of the total niunber of Belgian workmen. The recent report of the Labor Office on accident insurance gives a summary of the operations of 19 insurance companies doing acci- dent insurance business for the years 1905 to 1908. This summary, jointly with that of the employers' mutual insurance funds, is given in the table on page 464. EMPLOYEKS' MUTUAL INSURANCE FUNDS. Articles 17 and 19 of the compensation act authorize employers to form insurance associations which enjoy all judicial rights and privileges, as the right of suing and of being sued in the courts, exemp- tion from stamp and registry duties, and the right to receive gifts and donations bestowed upon the recognized "caisses communes des ouvriers mineurs^' by virtue of the law of March 28, 1868. In order to obtain "recognition," the employers' associations must file applications similar to those of the insurance companies and must attach to the application (1) a precise statement of the technical bases of their premium tables, and (2) the text of their a Recueil de documents but la pr^voyance sociale r^unis par le Ministfere du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Les Assxirances Sociales en Belgique, par Joseph Bagasse. Paris, 1907. CHAPTEE II. workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 463 general insurance regulations, if this is not included in the constitu- tion and by-laws The constitution and by-laws must mention (1) the official name and the residence of the association; (2) the purpose for which it is established, as some of the funds include in their objects, aside from insurance against industrial accidents, hospital service and medical treatment, as well as accident prevention; (3) the conditions and the manner of admission, withdrawal or exclusion of members; (4) the extent of personal obligations assumed by the members in regard to the guarantee capital (this obligation of each member must extend to at least double the amount of the annual premium paid by him); (5) the organization of the administration of the fund, the methods of nomination, the powers and the terms of office of the managers; (6) the methods of computing the premium tables; (7) the method of regulating the indemnities and organizing the medical and pharmaceutical service, if any; (8) the method of bookkeeping; and (9) the method of procedure in case of change in the constitu- tion or in the event of business liquidation. The compensation in case of disability must be paid within six months after the accident. No provision in the constitution or by-laws of these associations can change this provision of the compensation act. The number of employers forming a mutual fund may not be less than 5 and in such case the number of persons employed by them must be at least 10,000. On the other hand, associations with a membership of 30 may be "recognized" even if they jointly employ only 5,000 workers. All the regulations concerning the guarantee funds and reserves apply to the mutual insurance funds in the same measure as to insur- ance companies. The eleven funds in existence at the present time are the following : (" ) (1) The Mons Miners' Fund. (2) The Charleroi and Basse-Sambre Miners' Fund. (3) "La Belgique industrielle." (4) "La Carriere." (5) The Belgian Farmers' Fund. (6) "Caisse patronale de 1' Alimentation et des Industries a faibles dangers." (7) "Gemeenschappelijke Verzekeringskas van bouwwerk, handel en nijverheid." (8) The Textile Industries Fund. (9) The National Agricultural Fund. (10) "La Mutuelle des Syndicats r6imis." (11) "Le Syndicat g6n6ral." "Revue du Travail, 1910, d. 94. 464 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOB. The operations of these funds on January 1, 1906, were according to the report of the French Ministry of Labor and Social Providence, (") as follows: Number of industrial establishments insured, 14,352; number of workmen insured, 299,460; annual amount of wages insured, 268,352,200 francs ($51,791,975). The number of workmen insured in these funds constituted about one-fourth of the total number of Belgian workmen. More detailed information as to the accident insurance and finan- cial statistics of the insurance companies and of the employers' mutual insurance funds is contained in the latest available report of the Labor Office on that subject, a summary of which is reproduced in the following two tables. The first table shows that the commercial insurance companies did about 62.5 per cent of the accident insurance business during the period 1905 to 1908, when measured by the amount of the total premiums paid. PREMIUMS PAID AND RELATION OF EXPENSES THERETO IN EMPLOYERS' MUTUAL FUNDS AND IN COMMERCIAL COMPANIES, 1905 TO 1908, BY YEARS. [Source: Rapport relatif k rexfioution de la loi du 24 ddcembre, 1903, sur la reparation des dommages r&ultant des accidents du travail pendant les annSes 1905-1908.] Premiums paid. Cost chargeable to ac- cidents for the cur- rent year. Commissions and gen- eral expenses. Total expenses. Character of insurance organization and year. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of to- tal ex- penses. Per cent of pre- mi- ums, paid. Amount. Per cent of to- tal ex- penses. Per cent of pre- mi- ums paid. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- urns paid. Employers' mutual funds: 1905 $645, 130 1,449,402 1,604,641 1,562,341 1,102,388 2,408,707 2,671,402 2,595,612 1,747,518 3,858,109 4,276,043 4,157,953 36.9 37.6 37.5 37.6 63.1 62.4 62.5 62.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $398,439 941,913 990,338 1,064,498 671,945 1,696,512 1,888,359 1,888,106 1,070,384 2,638,425 2,878,697 2,952,604 89.9 90.0 89.8 89.1 68.5 73.8 75.1 75.3 75.1 78.9 79.6 79.8 61.7 65.0 61.7 68.1 60.9 70.4 70.7 72.7 61.2 68.4 67.3 71.0 844,935 104,266 112,578 129,681 309,515 601,214 627,318 618,759 354,450 705,480 739,896 748,440 10.1 10.0 10.2 10.9 31.5 26.2 24.9 24.7 24.9 21.1 20.4 20.2 7.0 7.2 7.0 8.3 28.1 25.0 23.5 23.9 20.3 18.3 17.3 18.0 $443,374 1,046,179 1,102,916 1,194,179 981,460 2,297,726 2,515,677 2,506,865 1,424,834 3,343,905 3,618,593 3,701,044 68.7 1906 72.2 1907 68.7 1908 76.4 Commercial compa- nies: 1905 89.0 1906 95.4 1907 94.2 1908 . . 96.6 All organizations: 1905 81.5 1906 86.7 1907 84.6 1908 89.0 An interesting fact to be noticed in connection with this table is the difference in the cost of administration of these two kinds of insurance institutions. In case of the ordinary insurance companies, the commissions and administrative expenses are reported to con- o Eecueil de documents sur la pr^voyance sociale r^unis par le Ministfere du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Les Assurances Sociales en Belgique, par Joseph Bagasse. Paris, 1907. CHAPTER II. WOEKMEN's INSXJHANCB IN BELGIUM. 465 stitute about 25 per cent of the total expenses, while they amount to little more than 10 per cent in case of the employers' mutual insurance funds. This relative difference in the cost of administra- tion is the main difference in the relative accident insurance cost to the two kinds of insurance institutions and explains to a consider- erable extent the differences in the percentage relation of total expenses to the total amount of premiums paid, as these ratios are not far apart for insurance companies and employers' funds when only the amount chargeable to accidents (that is total expense less cost of administration) is compared with the amount of premiums paid. This indicates that the employers' funds made during the period larger profits than the insurance companies. These statistics can not serve as a basis for any definite conclusions as to the superi- ority and greater efficacy of one or the other insurance institution, but the facts for this particular period would seem to indicate that employers' mutual insurance funds possess certain advantages over the commercial companies. STATUS ON DECEMBEB 31, 1908, OF CASES OF COMPENSATION FOR DEATH AND PER- MANENT INCAPACITY OF WORKMEN INSURED IN EMPLOYERS' MUTUAL FUNDS AND IN COMMERCIAL COMPANIES, 1905 TO 1908, BY YEARS. [Source; Rapport relatif & I'exficution de la loi du 24 dfeembre, 1903, sur la reparation dea dommages r^ultant des accidents du travail pendant lea ann^es 1905-1908.] Cases occurring In— Result ol accident and character of insurance or- 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. ganizations. Set- tled. To be set> tied. Total. Set- tled. To be set- tled. Total. Set- tled. To be set- tled. Total. Set- tled. To be set- tled. Total. Death: Employers' funds Commercial companies. 112 137 ■■5" 112 142 218 300 8 27 226 327 184 257 21 59 205 316 161 183 50 116 211 299 Total 249 5 254 518 35 553 441 80 621 344 166 610 Permanent incapacity: Employers' lands Commercial companies. 320 584 15 28 335 612 719 1,288 53 140 772 1,428 698 1,331 150 355 848 1,686 292 539 476 1,216 . 768 1,765 Total 904 43 947 2,007 193 2,200 2,029 505 2,534 831 1,692 2,523 The preceding table indicates that on December 31, 1908, the per- centage relation of unsettled cases to those settled in connection with permanent disability was 34.2 for the employers' mutual insurance funds and 46.5 for the ordinary insurance companies, while in fatal cases the respective figures were 11.7 and 23.6. The difference in the ratios is most striking in the last instance. As to the amount of compensation, no data are contained in the report from which the above information was taken. An earlier report of the labor office {"), published in 1909, shows that the -if^ft i-i*%i-»f »>Q 1 tia artrtirl qti fa H ii +»*Qirsromen habitually working with their hands for an employer in consideration of a wage, whether such work be performed on time wage or piece wage, at home or away from home, and whether it be domestic, agricultural, industrial, or handicraft work. To the same class belong old persons who during their active life corresponded to the foregoing definition. Wives or widows of workmen rank as "workers" within the meaning of the act, whether they themselves come within the definitions here stated or not. " Old Age Pensions, by Wm. Sutherland, p. 219. 512 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. A person is held to be "indigent" when his resources are unde ordinary circumstances insufficient to enable hina to support himse. and his family in accordance with the standard of comfort prevailin among workmen of his trade in the district in which he reside! As resources are considered the earnings of a husband, wife, an children or grandchildren residing with the claimant, and also hi and their savings, and the relief which may be received from publi charities. All the government subsidies are granted up to the point when th individual payments plus the government allowances entitle th beneficiary to a pension of 360 francs (169.48). In order to facilitate the attainment of such an annuity the deposit made by the beneficiaries on reserved capital are regarded as if mad^ on alienated capital, and the age at which the pension is to begii to run is taken as 65, although the beneficiary is entitled to it at th age of 55 years. Owing to the larger subsidies allowed, the number of new member aged 41 years and over who joined the fund after the law went int( effect has been considerably larger than the number of persons of th( same category who joined before the passage of the law. This ii especially true, as is seen from the following table, of persons whos( ages range between 51 and 60 years. The average annual per cent which these persons comprised of al persons who joined the fund in the three years preceding 1900 was something over 2; in 1900 it increased to 6.7 per cent; in 1901, tc 11.2 per cent, and in 1902 it reached the high-water mark of 18.1 pei cent of the total. From 1902 to 1905, the last year for which this information has been published, there was a considerable decrease ii the proportion of new accounts opened by persons of this age group TOTAL NUMBER OF NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED, AND NUMBER OPENED BY PERSONS 41 TO 60 YEARS OF AGE, 1897 TO 1905. [Source: Annual reports of the General Savings and Retirement Fund (Caisse g6n4rale d'^pargne et di retraite).] Total new accounts. New accounts opened by persons— Year. 41 to 50 years of age. 51 to 60 years of age Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. 1897 17,159 43,873 66,712 136,384 133,606 90,597 114, 978 78,861 85,138 1,196 3,028 4,311 14,187 12,340 7,378 6,393 5,175 5,068 7.0 6.9 6.5 ' 10.4 9.2 8.1 6.6 6.6 6.0 403 917 1,320 9,079 14,942 16,419 10,447 7,764 6,765 2.< 1898 2.1 1899 2.( 1900 6.' 1901 - . 11. i 1902 18.1 1903 . 9.1 1904 9.! 1905 7.1 CHAPTER II. WOBKMEN S INSUEANCE IN BELGIUM. 513 In order to defray the cost of the apphcation of this law, a special fund was created, maintained by an annual state allowance of 12,000,000 francs, ($2,316,000) per year, which amount by virtue of the law of February 18, 1903, was increased to 15,000,000 francs ($2,895,000). The different Provinces also grant subsidies to the fund. The fol- lowing table gives the amount of subsidies each Province has con- tributed during the period from 1903 to 1907, the year of the latest available information. The largest subsidies have been granted by the Provinces of Hainaut and West Flanders, industrially the two most highly developed Provinces of Belgium. SUBSIDIES GRANTED TO THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND, 1903 TO 1907, BY PROVINCES. [Source: Annual Reports of the General Savings and Retirement Fund (Calsse gfe^rale d'4pargne et de retralte).] Province. Amount of subsidy granted in— 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. $7,403 14,881 20,411 10,322 22,967 4,055 2,895 15,470 $7,871 15,408 23,092 10,432 22,774 3,896 2,895 15,438 $7,085 14,547 25,602 10,399 25,656 4,252 2,894 16,061 $7,720 14,611 28,143 10,625 22,774 4,575 2,895 14,585 $7, 130 Brabant 13,876 29,508 10,301 19,747 4,716 West Flanders East Flanders Hainaut Liege Llmbcrg 2,760 Namur 14, 496 Luxemburg 837 Total 98, 404 101,806 106,496 105,928 103, 371 ALLOWANCES TO MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES. Any recognized mutual aid society which aims to affiUate its mem- bers with the General Savings and Retirement Fund and whose administration is known to be satisfactory is entitled to an allow- ance of 2 francs (39 cents) for every account opened with the fund on which the amount of at least 3 francs (58 cents), not including public subsidies, has been paid during the preceding year. A special budgetary appropriation is provided for that purpose. By virtue of the law the members of the mutual aid societies enjoy greater privileges than other people. They receive the state allow- ance without regard to the amount of direct taxes paid by them and without regard to the 1 6-year age hmit provided by the law. The following table illustrates the influence this provision of the law has had upon the growth of the mutual aid societies. The figures shown are for the period from 1894 to 1906, the last year for which this information is available. The number of these societies regis- tered in 1900 was almost double that of the year before, and the num- ber of new accounts ooened by them in the fund more than doubled. 514 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. The total amount of payments on the accounts did not keep pace with the number of accounts opened, thus showing that the majority of new depositors were recruited chiefly from among the poorer classes of the population. NUMBER OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES AFFILIATED WITH THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND, NUMBER OF ACCOUNTS OPENED, AMOUNT OP PAY MENTS INTO THE FUND, AND TOTAL AMOUNT OF ALLOWANCES GRANTED TO THEM BY THE GOVERNMENT, 1894 TO 1906. I Source: Annuaire statistique de la Belgique, 1902, 1903, 1907, 1908.] Number of societies. Number of accounts. Total payments to the fund. Total allow- Year. Old. (») New. Total. ances granted by State. 1894 107 147 226 416 933 1,786 3,327 4,319 4,597 4,813 4,933 5,089 5,305 4,169 5,089 7,211 17,769 29,163 37,497 94,105 197,067 291,799 346,128 400,787 430,815 470,000 1,335 2,978 4,904 12,930 36,916 64,706 134,476 131,148 88,497 70,603 66,336 71,442 73,171 5,504 8,067 12,115 30,699 66,079 102,203 228, 681 328,205 380,296 416,731 466,122 602,257 643,171 $18,016 21,816 41,137 111,993 184,752 422,203 560,188 800,601 1,017,719 1,104,024 1,181,201 1,277,960 1,387,358 $3,857 5,785 8,878 1896 1896 1897 1898. 64,413 10?, 270 209,691 337,921 426, 499 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 551 174 1904 604,077 650 525 1905 1906 713,858 " The discrepancy between the total number of accounts shown at the close of one year and the number of old accounts at the beginning of the following year is explained by lapses during the year. It may be seen from the following table of payments made by the various intermediary organizations into the retirement fund during the period from 1888 to 1904, the last year for which the facts shown in the table were reported, that the mutual aid societies for the last few years contributed over 97 per cent of all the payments, and that about 87 per cent of the payments of all the mutual aid societies were made by the so-called "mixed societies," which are composed chiefly of workmen. CHAPTER II. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 515 PAYMENTS MADE BY INTERMEDIARY ORGANIZATIONS TO THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND, 1888 TO 1904. [Source: Compte rendu des operations et ds la situation de la Caisse gtaSrale d'^pargne et de retralts. 1897, 1904.] Provincial and communal ad- ministrations. Employers and railroads. Schools. Year. For worlcmen. For salaried employees. For both work- men and salaried employees. Adult. Professional. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Nimi- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. 1888 4 4 S 4 4 4 12 30 69 144 144 137 120 92 103 98 110 $840 910 1,028 909 639 1,084 1,218 3,038 4,344 6,703 10,753 20,468 8,426 8,694 13,013 0,448 7,433 3 5 7 15 15 18 21 10 26 4 32 10 19 12 9 6 3 $10,760 13,029 11,632 22,267 20,368 16,445 16,660 15,747 36,696 25, 651 11,453 1,893 5,632 3,431 6,901 3,316 1,812 1 3 4 5 6 8 21 14 32 3 6 1 $3,694 4,822 6,343 6,986 8,783 11,044 16,830 8,726 26,688 1,793 6,166 491 1890 1891 1 1 . 1 2 5 6 5 4 4 3 1 1 3 $15 99 i 1 3 69 123 144 142 103 20 4 17 S2 4 5 280 1,175 1,442 1,846 1,802 446 36 273 1866.... 1896.... 1897... 1898 1 1 2 $790 770 560 112 239 413 152 1899... 1900 3 488 69 102 1901 61 1902 1 4 2 476 1,061 1,655 29 1903... 1904... 2 3 2,644 1,766 19 41 Mutual aid societies. Year. societies. Banks, etc. Nonwork- men. Mixed.(6) Pupils. organizations. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Ajnount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. 1888 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 $158 444 33 170 6 23 67 16 127 379 184 185 ' 11 91 1 1 2 3 9 8 9 9 11 12 14 10 10 10 10 9 9 . $1,355 1,753 4,284 6,436 7,366 16,838 12,040 11,216 13,990 17,296 22,641 18,748 11,281 9,800 9,033 10, 131 8,347 1 3 10 45 61 85 114 165 222 346 836 1,628 3,068 3,879 3,999 4,151 4,225 $384 249 1,529 4,868 8,006 10,517 14, 700 17,225 26,733 44,996 168,230 311,949 460,869 668,611 827,306 933,382 1,002,747 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 6 10 12 11 17 13 61 42 14 $50 1889 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 13 19 24 22 36 84 70 84 $432 1,666 2,345 2,537 2,919 3,418 4,286 4,190 14,267 17,623 16,503 25,960 29,945 56, 693 46,189 49,410 749 1890 62,686 1891 6,310 1892 7,436 1893 964 1894 929 1896.... 1890.... 1897.... 1898.... 1899.... 1900... . 1901.... 1902.... 2 6 51 130 235 514 563 651 703 744 $35 137 2,565 14,369 36,065 45,329 67,926 92,300 92, 786 100,261 10,843 0,648 4,921 14,455 9,236 10,357 10,240 11,522 1903.... 1004.... 1 1 84 79 8,029 7,388 » Since 1898 the mutual aid societies of industrial establishments have been included with mixed mutual aid societies. ' Composed chiefly of worlcmen. The payments made into the fund by individuals constitute a very small per cent of all payments. The table following gives a summary of the number and the total and average amount of payments made into the fund, according to the system of insurance selected and according to the classes of depositors. 516 EEPOBT or THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PAYMENTS MADE TO THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND AND THE AMOUNT AND THE PER CENT OF SUCH PAYMENTS, ACCORDING TO CLASS OF DEPOSITORS AND SYSTEM OF INSURANCE SELECTED, 1900 TO 190V. [Source: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse gSnfaale d'^pargneet de retraite.] NUMBER. Year. Intermediary organ- izations. Alienated capital. 83,283 143, 695 213, 016 253, 343 280,427 322, 102 338,969 '244,717 Reserved capital. Alienated capital. 710, 601 809,233 878,280 847, 636 867, 343 897,735 929,906 480,987 Private individuals. 6,259 5,266 14,586 15,961 19, 566 21, 454 20,275 16,688 Reserved capital. Alienated capital. 13,281 11,709 11,671 10,180 9,762 9,680 9,477 6,902 Governmentj on behalf of soldiers. 8,278 8,319 7,163 7,636 6,462 Reserved capital. 40,120 36,513 41,445 38,248 Purclias- ers of im- mediate pensions. 417 268 134 155 Govern- ment al- lowances and sub- sidies. 42,399 398, 197 692,691 730,082 776, 435 827,533 877,019 965, 673 Total. 866, 116 1,368,406 1,810,403 1,903,640 1,991,116 2,122,080 2,224,727 1,769,677 PER CENT OF TOTAL, NUMBER. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905.: 1906 1907 9.73 10.49 11.77 13.31 14.08 15.18 15.24 13.91 82.96 59.14 48.61 44.63 43.06 42.30 41.80 27.33 0.74 .38 .81 .84 .98 1.01 .91 .96 1.66 .86 .64 .63 .49 .46 .43 .39 0.05 .03 .- -.01 .01 .01 4.96 29.10 38.26 38.35 38.94 39.00 39.42 54.88 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.43 .42 .34 .34 .37 2.00 2.02 , 1.72 1.86 2.17 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 AMOUNT. $99, 407 172, 647 243, 268 294, 072 317, 986 355, 130 425,630 448, 318 $431, 625, 773, 809, 863, 922, 994, 1, 062, $79, 223 110, 460 146, 768 152, 538 167„075 205, 765 200, 368 163, 302 $46, 839 52, 590 45, 902 49,941 32, 525 44, 796 34, 856 28, 703 $23, 876 24,028 20,660 22,049 18, 413 $109,717 115, 688- 106, 442 119, 535 110, 799 $305,051 388, 925 172, 777 37,338 21, 998 $26,993 358, 166 530,006 544, 613 739, 401 793, 602 1, 708, 708 1,910,777 2,021,930 2,281,916 2,448,225- 2, 645, 431 2,741,942 PER CENT OF TOTAL AMOUNT. 10.06 10.10 12.73 14.64 13.94 14.61 16.09 16.35 43.69 36.63 40.46 40.06 37.83 37.69 37.60 38.76 8.02 6.47 7.63 7.54 7.32 8.40 7.67 5.96 4.74 3.08 2.40 2.47 1.43 1.83 1.32 1.05 30.86 22.76 9.04 1.85 .96 2.63 20.96 27.74 26.94 32.40 32.42 32.07 33.18 100.00 1901 100.00 100.00 1903 1904 1.18 1.06 .84 .83 .67 6.43 6.07 4.31 4.62 4.04 100.00 100.00 100.00 1906 100.00 JOO.OO AVERAGE AMOUNT. 1900.. .. $1.19 1.20 1.14 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.26 1.83 $0.61 .77 .88 .96 1.01 1.03 1.07 2.21 $12.66 21.02 9.99 9.66 8.54 9.69 9.88 9.79 $3.63 4.49 3.93 4.91 3.33 4.68 3.68 4.16 $776.21 932.67 669.68 278.64 141.92 $0.61 .90 .77 .75 .95 .96 .97 .94 $1.15 1901 1.25 1902 . . . 1.06 1903 1904 1905 $2.88 2.89 2.88 2.89 2.85 $2.88 2.88 2.89 2.88 2.90 1.06 1.15 1.15 1906 . 1.19 1907 1.66 CHAPTER II. — workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 517 The table shows that in 1900 the intermediary organizations made 92.69 per cent of the total number of payments; the number of pay- ments made by individuals amounted to 2.3 per cent, and the number of payments made by the state and provincial authorities amounted to 4.96 per cent of the total. In 1908 the number of payments made by the Government in the form of allowances and subsidies amounted to 54.26 per cent of the total. This large increase is probably due to the number of payments which are being made for the constantly growing numbers of aged persons entitled to the 65-franc ($12.55) annual pensions. The number of payments made by intermediary organizations in 1908 amounted to 42.15 per cent, and that made by private individuals was 1.18 per cent of the total number of payments. The amount of payments made by the intermediary organizations constituted in 1900, as seen from the table, 53.75 per cent of the total amount paid into the retirement fund. Private individuals con- tributed 12.76 per cent, the purchases of immediate pensions 30.86 per cent, while allowances and subsidies constituted only 2.63 per cent of the total amount paid in. A change in the relative importance of the amount of payments made by the various classes of depositors took place in the next year, when the law of May 10, 1900, went into effect. The share contrib- uted by the State and Provinces increased to 20.96 per cent of the total amount of payments and it has continued to increa,se since, amounting to 33.18 per cent of the total in 1907 and 33.16 per cent in 1908. The relative importance of the payments made by intermediary organizations declined in 1901, but reached 56.06 per cent of the total payments in 1908. It should be noted in this connection that the majority of payments of the intermediary organizations were made on reserved capital, while in case of private individuals the opposite is true. To find a plausible explanation for this phenomenon, in view of the fact that payments on reserved capital are less advantageous than those on alienated capital, one must consult the table. It will be observed that the average amounts per payment made by members of the mutual aid societies are smaller than those made by the individual depositors, who are more able to provide for old age than are persons who make provision for old age through the medium of some society expressly formed for that purpose. It will be further observed that within both these classes of depositors those who pay on alienated capital are able to make larger payments than those who pay on reserved capital. It seems, therefore, that there is a greater disinclination in the case of poorer depositors to part with their savings, and as a result the majority of the members of mutual aid societies and of private individuals less capable of saving prefer to make their payments on reserved mthAr fVlon Qlionatorl r>or>i+til 518 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. A writer of noteC) states that "fathers of families usually prefer payments on reserved capital, while bachelors and widows without children prefer the second mode of payment. The first desire to accumulate some money and leave it to their children at the cost of satisfying themselves with smaller pensions, while the latter care for larger pensions only. The payment on alienated capital is also pre- ferred by persons who enter the fund at a rather advanced age, and also by persons who, having for a long time made payments on reserved capital and having accumulated some considerable sum, desire to have their future pensions increased without increasing the amount of payments." All these factors would naturally make the average deposit on the alienated plan larger than that on the reserved plan. In order to induce larger numbers of depositors on alienated cap- ital, the fund introduced in 1904 a scheme by which a deposit on unreturnable capital entitles the owner to a pension equal in amount to that due on reserved capital plus a special life insurance policy. This policy is issued by the life insurance department of the fund created in 1899 for the purpose of enabling workmen to acquire houses through a system of partial payments and at the same time insure their lives for the balance of the purchase price that may be due if they die before their houses are fully paid for. Thus, instead of leaving to his family a certain sum, the depositor provides it with a house which he himself enjoyed during his lifetime. The number of new accounts opened with the fund during the fifteen years from 1891 to 1905, classified according to the occupa- tion and sex of the depositors, is given in the next table. Since 1905 this information has not been published. It is interesting to note that, with the exception of minors under 18 years of age, the largest percentage of new accounts for the period from 1891 to 1905 was opened by factory workers and artisans, followed by laborers and by persons living from fixed incomes, etc., in the order named. Although the absolute figures for factory workers opening new accounts in the retirement fund after 1900 were much larger than those previous to that date, the relative numbers as compared with the total number of new depositors are lower than they were down to 1897. This is due to the very rapid increase in the numbers of young depositors, especially school children, which began in 1897. The proportion of new accounts opened by day laborers and agri- cultural laborers fluctuates about an average of from 9 to 10 per cent of all new deposits. Those workers constituted on the average some- thing over 2 per cent of the total number of depositors. The number of accounts opened by mine workers was very small, the largest being for 1903 and 1904. "Pensions de vieillesse, by A. Vander Moere, p. 9. CHAEXEB II. — WOKKMBn's INSXJEANCE IN BELGnJM. 519 NUMBER OF NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED IN THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIRE- MENT FUND EACH YEAR ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPATION AND SEX OF THE DEPOSITORS, 1891 TO 1905. [Source: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse giSn&ale d'4pargne et de retraite. 1891 to 1905.] New accounts opened ty- - Persons livmg Es- Per- Arti- Agri- tab- fixed in- Sex and sans cul- Lib- lish- TotaL year. Mine work- ers. and fac- tory tural and day Do- mes- tics. Sol- diers. Mer- chants. Teach- ers. Clerks. eral pro- fes- ment su- per- persons without definite der 18 work- labor- sions. in- occupa- of ers. ers. tend- tions, ents. house- wives, etc. HALES. 1891 289 1,832 125 99 2 43 20 203 34 51 33 526 3,257 1892 147 1,154 717 54 33 27 231 24 32 33 472 2,924 1893 114 1,363 309 74 5 74 29 206 23 28 61 661 2,937 1894 324 1,82V 249 62 3 42 21 228 27 16 48 979 3,826 1895 337 3,293 671 77 4 81 18 366 94 46 65 156 6,107 1890 421 5,562 946 156 15 108 81 474 66 25 45 823 8,723 1887 378 6,743 1,687 153 12 14(1 106 688 71 48 68 3,376 13,470 1898 514 8,385 2,908 353 36 395 286 1,134 258 70 191 15,528 30,069 1899 493 10,556 4,207 391 67 590 485 1,625 68C 137 389 «4,574 44,094 1900 956 22,754 9,291 956 55 2,520 517 2,798 937 377 1,566 36,929 79,665 1901 1,187 18,460 8,80C 803 55 1,278 512 2,705 522 610 810 36,250 71,992 1902 734 15,448 6,04C 486 39 762 341 2,584 278 298 395 23,272 50,677 1903 2,988 31,274 12,546 1,195 6,744 905 241 2,828 275 461 1,568 22,797 83,822 1904 1,355 14,861 6,678 517 479 701 15( 2,023 29S 503 490 21,309 49,365 1905 768 10,427 4,464 299 11,970 727 145 1,735 197 519 349 20,594 52,194 FEMALES. 1891 103 268 47 62 64 374 373 1,111 1,384 5,682 1 8 2 2 16 25 129 275 546 2,751 27 39 48 21 90 72 111 535 800 2,725 3 9 19 12 16 16 38 166 276 1,040 14 19 18 21 13 25 38 182 216 300 1 3 4 12 20 13 69 80 116 i 2 5 8 2 2 11 19 80 3 i 2 I 9 22 143 119 279 241 248 349 862 802 2,578 4,773 15,828 115 327 208 236 113 427 2,174 8,888 14,602 28,069 38S 1892 950 1893 588 1894 612 1895 68a 1896 1,826 1897 3,689 1898 13,814 1899 22,618 1900 5 56,729 1901 2 6, 808 4,350 2,806 1,266 298 255 77 118 15,904 30,729 61,614 1902 1 4,70C 2,724 1,763 764 268 191 36 7S 11,667 17, 728 39, 920 1903 3,536 3,008 3,340 1,546 1,547 1,791 1,246 1,096 1,150 620 589 658 169 171 158 323 163 192 42 26 27 82 110 128 8,911 8,631 10,093 14,681 14,165 15,407 31,156 1904 29,496 1905 32,944 TOTAL. 1891 289 1,935 126 126 2 46 34 204 34 54 152 641 3,643 1892 147 1,422 725 93 42 46 231 25 32 312 799 3,874 1893 114 1,410 311 122 5 93 47 208 25 28 292 869 3,525 1894 324 1,889 251 83 3 54 42 232 32 17 296 1,216 4,438 1895 337 3,357 587 167 4 97 31 37S 102 47 414 269 5,790 1896 421 5,936 971 228 15 125 106 494 6S 28 907 1,260 10,549 1897 378 7,116 1,816 264 12 178 144 701 75 57 870 5,650 17,159 1898 514 9,496 3,183 888 36 561 4M 1,19E 27C 79 2,769 24,416 43,87? 1899 493 11,940 28,436 4,753 1,191 67 866 701 1,705 599 159 5,162 39,076 66,712 1900 981 12,042 3,681 65 3,560 817 2,914 1,017 520 17,393 64,988 136,384 1901 1,189 24,269 13,150 3,609 55 2,544 81( 2,960 599 728 16,714 66,979 133,606 1902.... 735 20, 148 34,810 17,869 8,764 14,092 2,249 3i 1,626 60S 2,775 314 376 12,062 41,000 1903 2,988 2,441 6,744 1,625 410 3,151 317 643 10,479 37,478 114,978 1904 1,355 8,226 1,613 '47! 1,29C 321 2,186 324 613 9,121 35,464 1905.... 768 13,767 6,255 1,449 11,970 1,386 303 1,927 224 047 10, 442:36, UOl 85,138 46598°— 10 6W EEPOET 0* THE COMMISSIOSTEE OP LABOS. The percentage of wom«n depositors constantly increased till 1#01,, wlien it reached 46 per cent of the total number of new depositors. Female depositors consisted mainly of housewives, factory workers, domestics, day and agricultural laborers, and school girls. The following table classifies the adult women joining the fvmd during the period 1891 to 1905, according to marital condition. After 1900 the per cent of married women opening accounts con- stantly increased; in the last three years of the period they consti- tuted more than 50 per cent of the total number of women. The per cent of widoTrs, although not very large, slo-viiy increased after 1900. The per cent of spinsters decreased, although the largest numbers of spinsters entered the fund drsring the years 1900 and 1901. WOMEN JOINING THE GENERAL SAVINGS ANB RETIREMENT FUND^ ACCORDING TO MARITAL CONDITIONS, 1891 TO 1905. {Source: Comptc rendu 'des operations et de Ja sitmation de la Caisse gtofoaled'^paErgne et de retrMle, 1891 to 1906.] MaxEJEd women. Widows. 1 Spinsters. Year. • Numtier. Bericent: 8f iotal. ; JSTumber. Percent' ottotal. : Number, ra- cent oftetaL Total. 1«91 7^; 287: 1S2: ITS' 246 762 544 1,586 3,050 9,068 13,665 11,M4 8,559 8,«90 9,233 27.7' 47.7: 40.0.' 46. 6 '. 43.0 53.7 36.0 32.2! 37. 6 ■: 31.7. 43.9: 49.7! 51. 9 i 52.8! 32.71 20 83 88: 41 52 58 49 186 122 898 1,482 1,812 1,3T8 1,619 2,316 V.4; 5.3 t Bs.o; m9: 9.1 1 4.2 j 3.2' 2.1 ; 1.5 3.1 i 4.8; 8.1 8.3 S.9 13.2 176^ 293. 140 1«0 272 i689 1922 3,3X4 4,S44 18,784 16,838 9,376 6,S38 5,732 5,988 '64.9 47.0 37.0 42.6 47.9 42.1 60.8 «5.7 m9 66.8 42.2 39.8 37.S 34.1 • 271 ia2. ; ■ •esB 1898 : ■ 3S0 1894.., - E76 1895 ' 570 1896 1,399 1,615 4,926 8,116 28,670 1897 1898 189S 1980 ' 1901 30,S85 22,a M,-4?5 15 3fl 1S02 _ J. 1S03 - • 1904 . .- , 1965 17,587 The classification of the depositors according to age, for the period from 1897 to 1905, the year of the latest available information, is given in the following table. It shows that the largest number of depositors were, with the exception of the year 1903, when the sol- diers' pensions were transferred to the fund by virtue of the law of March 21, 1902, between the ages of 10 and 20 years. This is fol- lowed ^Y ^^ group between the ages of 21 and 30 years. After 1898 cioldren from 6 to 9 years of age constituted about 15 per cent of the total number of depositors. The per cent of persons over 50 years of age imcreased considerably after 1900, as has been pointed out already. CHAPTER II. — WORKMEN S IKSXJEANCE IN BELGIUM. 521 NUMBER OF NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED IN THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIRE- MENT FUND, ACCORDING TO THE AGES OF THE DEPOSITORS, 1897 TO 1905. rSuurce: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse gto^rale d'^pargne et de retraite, ' 1897 to 1905.1 New accounts opened by depositors aged— Total Year. 6 to 9 years, inclusive. 10 to 20 years. 21 to 30 years. 31 to 40 years. 41 to m years. 51 to 60 years. Over 60 years. new accounts opened. 1897 1,223 7.247 12,490 19,948 21,210 14,651 13,380 13,533 14,787 7,427 17,470 26,814 46,195 45,871 26,414 24,153 21,981 23,219 3,996 8,624 12,491 25,582 21,551 14, .390 49,998 20,615 20,544 2,812 6,420 9,086 20,8.54 17,158 10,993 9,655 7,629 7,876 1,196 3,02S 4,311 14,187 12,340 7,378 0,867 6,195 5,099 403 917 1,320 9,079 14,942 16,419 10, 564 7,769 6,778 102 167 200 539 ■634. 352 .361 2,139 6,,S35 17,159 1898 43,873 1890 66,712 1900 136,384 1901 133,606 1902 90, 597 1903 114,978 1904 78.861 1906 85,138 The number of persons receiving life pensions and the total and the average amount paid such persons for a series of years are given in the following table. It shows that the average amoimt of a pension in 1900 was almost one and a half times as large as in 1890 and almost twice as large as in 1880. But it has been constantly decreasing since 1900, and in 1908 it reached the low average of 92.4 francs ($17.83). I". The large increase in the number of pensioners in 1908, as well as the decrease in the average amount per pension, is explained by the fact that in that year more than 10,000 persons born in 1843 and af&liated with the fund under the provisions of article 9 of the law of May 10, 1900, attained 65 years of age and entered upon the enjoyment of their pensions. NUMBER AND AMOUNT OF PENSIONS PAID BY THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIRE- -. .,,••• . « . MENT FUND, 1880, 1890. AND 1900 TO 1908.] [Source: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse gSn^rale d'fipargne et de retraite, 1880, 1890, 1900 to 1908.] Year. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pen- sions. Average amount per pen- sion. Year. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pen- sions. Average amount per pen- sion. 1880. 664 1,438 ■ 3,937 4,462 4,869 5,644 $24,163 68,287 277,396 309,958 321,716 322,150 $36. 39 47.49 70.46 69.47 66.07 67.08 1904 6,438 7,332 8,277 10,115 21,907 $321,834 320,857 330, 479 356, 191 390,690 $49.99 1890 1906 43.76 1900. 1906 39.93 1901 1907 35.21 1902.. 1908 17.83 1903 A far better insight into the situation can be gained from the table following, which classifies the pensioners according to the amount of pension they were receiving from 1900 to 1908. 522 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOE. For the first three years of the period the largest proportion of pensions were those from over 24 to 120 francs ($4.63 to $23.16), but beginning with 1903 over 55 per cent of all pensions have been of 120 francs ($23.16) or less. This is unquestionably due to the large num- ber of aged persons who receive the benefits provided by the law of May 10, 1900. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PENSIONS PAID BY THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIREMENT FUND ACCORDING TO AMOUNT, 1900 TO 1908.) [Source: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse gSn^rale d'ipargne et de retraite. 1900 to 1908.] Pensions paid of the value of— Year. 12 francs ($2.32) or under. Over 12 to 24 francs ($2.32 to $4.63). Over 24 to 120 francs ($4.63 to $23.16). Over 120 to 360 francs ($23.16 to $69.48). Over 360 to 720 francs ($69.48 to $138.96). Over 720 to 1,200 francs ($138.96 to $231.60). Total pen- sions paid. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. 1900 182 394 597 1,151 1,644 2,097 2,375 2,829 12,214 4.6 8.8 12.3 20.4 25.5 13.6 28.7 28.0 55.8 537 500 536 609 753 991 1,278 1,616 2,658 13.9 11.2 11.0 10.8 11.7 28.7 15.4 16.0 12.1 1,061 1,138 1,217 1,364 1,522 1,717 2,023 2,497 3,455 27.0 25.5 25.2 24.2 23.6 23.5 24.4 24.7 15.8 645 733 755 771 788 826 884 1,433 1,844 16.3 16.4 15.5 13.7 12.2 11.2 10.7 14.1 8.4 755 861 898 885 880 869 868 883 880 19.1 19.3 18.4 15.7 13.6 11.8 10.5 a? 4.0 757 836 866 864 851 832 849 867 856 19.1 18.8 17.6 15.2 13.4 11.2 10.3 8.5 3.9 3,937 4,462 1901 1902 4,869 5,644 6,438 1903 1904 1908 7,332 1906 .... 8,227 10,115 21,907 1907 1908 Finally, the relative importance of the various agencies through which payments were received from 1888 to 1907 is shown in the fol- lowing table. It will be noted that more than 95 per cent of all pay- ments made t® the General Savings and Retirement Fund in recent years were received through the medium of the central fund and through post-offices, while the agencies of the national bank and the regularly constituted branches of the fund have been of constantly declining importance. CHAPXEK II,-tWOBKMEn's INSUBANCE IN BELGIUM. 523 AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH PAYMENTS TO THE GENERAL SAVINGS AND RETIRE- MENT FUND WERE MADE, 1888 TO 1908. [Source: Compte rendu des operations et de la situation de la Caisse g&&ale d'epargne et de retraite. 1888 to 1908.1 Central fund. Post-offlces. National bank. Branches of the fund. Total pay- ments. Year. Amount. Percent of all pay- ments. Amount. Per cent of all pay- ments. Amount. Percent of all pay- ments. Amount. Per cent of all pay- ments. Amount. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 142,195 66,586 78,797 107,167 156,185 146,470 171,787 230,778 218,847 234,431 276,751 369,363 267,684 674,020 803,806 930,618 1,118,154 1,205,657 1,296,137 1,397,668 1,436,046 67.7 58.3 44.6 49.7 51.2 46.8 50.5 50.8 44.3 45.9 40.9 41.6 27.1 39.4 42.1 46.0 49.0 49.2 49.0 61.0 50.8 $5,893 7,798 17,759 60,116 78,314 101,659 123,466 150,045 164,476 184,336 296, 119 387,065 616,298 934,846 1,031,774 1,015,055 1,093,752 1,169,682 1,265,107 1,268,863 1,307,965 9.5 6.8 10.0 27.9 25.7 32.6 36.3 33.0 33.3 36.0 43.8 43.6 62.4 54.7 54.0 60.2 47.9 47.8 47.8 45.9 46.2 $13,387 35,574 77,168 42,926 69,011 61,754 39,313 71,295 98,832 83,861 99,236 125,798 99,936 90,480 67,163 70,384 63,362 64,852 76,469 80,049 78,364 21.6 31.2 43.6 19.9 22.6 19.8 11.5 15.7 20.0 16.4 14.6 14.2 10.1 5.3 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 $811 4,261 3,105 5,391 1,492 2,831 6,664 2,217 11,652 8,668 4,494 5,321 4,446 9,364 8,035 5,873 6,648 8,133 7,718 6,363 4,932 1.3 3.7 1.8 2.5 .5 .9 1.7 .6 2.4 1.7 .7 .6 .4 .6 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 $62,286 114,219 176,829 215,600 305,002 312,714 340,219 464, 335 493,807 511,196 676,600 887,537 988,364 1,708,709 1,910,778 2,021,930 2,281,916 2,448,224 2, 646, 431 2,741,943 2,827,307 CRITICISMS. The law of May 10, 1900, has been criticised by many writers from various points of view. The following is a summary of the principal criticisms : The allowances given to the members of the mutual aid societies and the subsidies granted for their organization and propaganda have led to a mushroom growth of these societies, with no spirit of the eco- nomic solidarity which formerly constituted the backbone of the movement. The desire to share in the government allowances is at present the sole motive for joining the mutual aid societies. Moreover, almost all of the Belgian mutual aid societies are small political associations which during elections exercise great zeal and social influence in securing voters. The campaigns are thus subsi- dized in an indirect way by the government money. Some writers criticise the law on the ground that the subsidies and allowances are altogether too small and insufficient, and claim that the industrial workers, and especially miners, who constitute a large part of the industrial population, have shown a very moderate enthusiasm over the new law. It is also claimed that the system has been especially favorable to agricultural laborers, to small landowners, and to the lower "bourgeoisie;" in other words, to those classes 524 KEPOET or THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB, which are in better circumstances than the bulk of industrial workers. On this ground it is maintained that the law puts a tax upon the whole of society for the benefit of these classes which are more or less favorably situated and able to make savings. It is a kind of double favoritism. Finally, the system is thought to be very expensive. It is esti- mated that on the average only about 55 per cent of the total amount of deposits on account of old-age insurance are made by individual efforts, while 45 per cent are various state, provincial, and municipal subsidies and allowances. KINEBS' BELIEF FUNDS. Up to 1905 the legal standing of the miners' funds was regulated entirely by the law of March 28, 1868. To be officially recognized the societies had to furnish a copy of their constitutions to the proper official of the Ministry of Public Works. The funds enjoyed the fol- lowing advantages: (1) The right of suing and of being sued in the courts; (2) exemption from stamp and registry duties; (3) the right to receive gifts and donations. The funds were required to furnish annual reports of their receipts and expenditures to the Ministry of Public Works. The administration of each fund wa;s vested in the hands of a com- mission, of which the governor of the Province or the commissioner of the district was president ex officio. The other members consisted of the chief engineer of mines (ex officio), a number of representative mine owners or managers of mines, and a number of mine foremen. They served without pay, though transportation and actual expenses of subsistence while on duty were provided. Above the provincial commissions was the national commission on provident funds, ap- pointed by the Crown and attached to the Ministry of Public Works. The year 1905 marked an important epoch in the history of thg miners' provident funds. The general compulsory insurance law against accidents, which became effective on July 1 of that year, put an end to the essential reason for their existence. Article 38 of the law gave them express authority to continue their functions under certain prescribed conditions, among which were the obligation to continue the payment of pensions in consequence of accidents occur- ring prior to the taking effect of the law and to provide the reservQg, guaranties, and securities to be determined by royal decree. The conditions under which the miners' funds could enjoy government recognition were announced in the King's decree of December 5, 1904, but the terms imposed were regarded as too onerous, and three of the funds, those of Liege, Luxemburg, and Namur, began the liquidation of their affairs. The three remaining funds, those of CHAPTER n. — WOBKMEn's INSUKANCE IN BELGIUM. 525 Couchant de Mons, Centre, and Charleroi, were reorganized to meet the requirements of the law. The Couchant de Mons fund has, since 1891, possessed separate accident and retirement departments. The work of its reorganization has therefore been quite simple. The retirement fund has continued to exist on its actual assets and charges and the contributions of mine owners equal to 1 per cent of the wages paid to their workmen. The accident fund went into liquidation on July 1, 1905, continuing, how- ever, the payment from its reserve funds and subsidies of pensions assumed prior to its dissolution. Following the example of Mons, the Centre fund was reorganized as follows: Two distinct departments were created, the first to provide for retirement and the second charged only with the liquidation of pensions and allowances granted for accidents prior to July 1, 1905. The reserve funds on hand June 30, 1905, were divided between the two departments. To supplement this, a contribution of 2 per cent of wages, half of which is paid by the workmen and half by the mine owners, is divided between the retirement fund and the accident fund in the ratio of 1.4 to 0.6. The mine owners of Charleroi have not followed the example of those of Centre, preferring to maintain a single fund for the payment of accident compensation and retirement pensions. However, no compensation is allowed by the fund for accidents occurring after June 30, 1905. The rate of contribution of employers has been fixed at 1^ per cent of the average wages paid to workmen during the ten- year period 1895-1904. Following the plan inaugurated at Mons and Centre, the Charleroi fund grants pensions to all workmen fulfill- ing the conditions of age and length of service prescribed in the con- stitution, irrespective of whether their whole time was spent in mines affiliated with that fund or in those belonging to the other provident funds. C) According to the latest available information, the administration of the fund is vested in the hands of an administrative commission of 15 members. The governor of the Province, the commissioner of the district, and the engineer of miues are members ex officio of the commission. The other members of this commission are elected by the society, 8 from the proprietors, directors, etc., and 5 from the foremen, bosses, and workmen. The elected members serve for a period of two years. The commission elects its own officers and appoints the necessary employees of the fund, including the medical officers. The decisions of the commission are by majority vote, but a majority of seven votes is necessary to grant or withdraw a life pen- sion. All mine owners affiliated with the fund transmit each year o Annales des mines de Belgique, tome XIII, pp. 1339-1343. 526 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEE ■ OF LABOE. to the commission a statement of the sums paid and distributed by them on account of the provident fund and on account of the special- aid fund. The commission publishes the tables for the whole fund in May of each year. The commission directs the financial operations of the fund and decides upon the applications for pensions and other relief. The establishments affiliated with the fund must make a report every three months showing, first, the amount due to the fund by the owners of the mining establishments, and second, the amounts dis^ bursed by the establishments on the. orders of the commission. The general assembly of the fund holds a regular annual meeting. This assembly is composed of representatives of all the establishments affiliated with th« fimd, the establishments being entitled to votes in proportion to the number of their employees, each establishment having at least 1 vote, but none having more than 10 votes. The assembly elects the officers and administrative commission of the fund and approves the statement of the accounts of the fimd. The Charleroi fund grants life pensions to each workman 65 years of age who has been connected with affiliated establishments for thirty complete years. This age of 65 years is reduced to 60 if the work- man has been employed underground the greater part of his service. The Centre fund has the same provisions as to age, but requires thirty-eight complete years of service in the affiliated mines. In case of total disability for further work at the age of 55 and after having completed at least thirty years of service the workman is also entitled to a pension. The Couchant de Mons fund grants pensions to workmen 65 years of age who have been connected with affiliated establishments for thirty-five years and who have been actually employed between the ages of 55 and 65 years. This 65 years of age requirement may be reduced to 60 in case of absolute inability on the part of the workman to continue his work. The old-age annual pensions provided by the Charleroi iund range from 110 to 114 francs ($21.23 to $22); those granted by the Centre fund range from 180 to 240 francs ($34.74 to $46.32), and those granted by the Mons fund range from 144 to 204 francs ($27.79 to $39.37). («) The following table shows the membership and the receipts of the six miners' provident funds in existence prior to July 1, 1905, the date on which the compulsory accident insurance law became effective, for the years 1845, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890 to 1905. The effects of the liquidation of three of the funds and the reorganization of the remaining three are shown in the figures for 1905. 1 Rapport sur lea travaux de la commission des pensions ouvrifere?, pp. 8-14. CHAPTER II. workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 527 MEMBERSHIP AND RECEIPTS OF THE SIX MINERS' PROVIDENT FUNDS OF BELGIUM, BY SPECIFIED YEARS, 1845 TO 1905. (Source: 1845-1904, Annuaire statistlque de la Belgique, 1871-1907; 1905, Annales des mines de Belgique tome XIII. The six provident funds are those of Couchant de Mons, Charleroi, Centre Lieee Naiuur' and Luxemburg.] > o > ; Year. 1845, 1850, 1860, 1870 1880 1890, 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1890 1897 1S98 1899 190O 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Member- ship. 22,393 47,309 80, 783 95,809 106, 633 117, 396 117,265 116, 420 114, 697 117,359 119,063 120, 044 118,490 123, 220 123,131 133,313 134,039 134, 701 137,946 136, 770 132,161 Receipts. Deduc- tions from wages. Contribu- tions of employers. (.") S353, 421 384, 037 415, 932 383, 170 407, 582 417,547 428, 112 446, 756 488, 804 524, 431 666, 188 604,696 572,717 604,880 676, 096 390, 677 State sub- sidies. 18, 641 8,651 8,724 8,725 8,680 8,734 8,667 8,676 8,490 8,681 8,613 8,663 8,644 8,631 7,536 9,851 Provincial subsidies. (") («) a) ») (°) $1,891 1,891 1,890 1,886 1,883 1,292 1,286 1,481 1,347 1,307 1,478 1,264 1,264 1,283 1,399 1,264 Other. 563, 580 49, 697 65,628 55, 828 67,910 57, 896 56. 194 56, 361 58. 195 68, 633 65,388 68, 729 74, 608 80, 316 93, 633 89, 223 Total. $61,841 71,460 193, 398 283, 685 347,991 506,447 624, 203 623, 712 487,043 515,891 626,794 530,044 556,111 603, 313 642, 862 806,036 743,248 713,477 763,695 736,007 638,582 a Not reported. The expenditures, liabilities, and assets of the same funds are shown in the next table: EXPENDITURES, LIABILITIES, AND ASSETS OF THE SIX MINERS' PROVIDENT FUNDS OF BELGIUM, BY SPECIFIED YEARS, 1845 TO 1905. [Source: 1845-1904, Annuaire statistique de la Belgique, 1871-1907; 1905, Annales des mines de Belgique, tome XIII. The six provident funds are those of Couchant de Mons, Charleroi, Centre, Liege, Namur, and Luxemburg.] Year. Expenditures. Pensions. Assistance. Administra- tion, etc. Total. Liabilities. Assets. 1845 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1891 1892 1893, 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. $285, 162 290, 311 304, 499 328,717 338, 909 366,291 369, 029 379, 315 387, 687 392, 317 b 395, 688 402,961 409,866 415, 632 419,986 $105,217 111,619 115,460 119, 899 121,630 129,769 134, 640 144, 185 147,981 154, 226 6156,668 158, 726 167, 287 171,451 177.427 498, 781 $8,224 11,121 8,418 9,044 10, 243 9,964 8,627 8,873 8,826 9,255 6 9, 392 10,169 11, 638 11,125 11,028 10, 943 $32, 381 61,062 146,086 262,424 376, 602 398, 603 413,051 428,377 467, 660 470, 782 495, 024 512, 096 532, 373 544,494 655, 798 b 560, 748 571, 856 588,780 698, 208 608,441 509, 724 $23, 120 39,066 94, 894 251,788 346, 646 394, 298 391,127 420, 806 437, 496 461,312 480,911 500, 419 620,979 634, 207 644,245 549, 510 562, 169 673,952 682, 958 588, 284 477, 241 $133, 793 202,455 698, 607 1,029,890 1,249,767 1,253,496 1,364,721 1,460,056 1,489,437 1,534,216 1,565,987 1,589,749 1,613,487 1,672,306 1,759,414 2,004,702 2,176,842 2,301,639 2,396,023 2,686,589 . 2,572,584 " Not reported. 6 Obtained from Aimales des mines de Belgique, tome VI. 528 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSION'S OF LABOB, The membership of the six provident funds increased from 22,393 in 1845 to 132,161 in 1905. The receipts and expenditures show a corresponding increase. In 1845 the total receipts were $51,841, and in 1905 they were $538,582. Of these amounts the employers fur- nished by far the greater part, their share amounting to 72.4 per cent of the total in 1905, while the proportion paid by the employees in that year was 8.8 per cent of the total receipts. State and provincial subsidies and "other" receipts made up the balance. The expenditures show a similar growth. In 1845 the amount ex- pended was 132,381, while in 1905 it was 1509,724. The amount expended for pensions alone was 1419,986 in 1904, or 69 per cent of the total expenditure, while the amount expended for other forms of relief was $177,427, or 29 per cent of the total expenditure. Under the term liabilities is included the annual pension and other charges which the funds must meet. In 1905 these charges were $477,241, as compared with $23,120 in 1845. The assets of 'the fund increased from $133,793 in 1845 to $2,572,584 in 1905. The total amount of invalidity and old-age relief granted by each of the six provident funds for the period from 1902 to 1905, and a com- parison of the per cent of total expenditures for old-age and invalidity relief with that of accident relief is given in the following table: PERSONS AIDED AND AMOUNT EXPENDED FOE INVALIDITY AND OLD-AGE RELIEF BY EACH OF THE SIX MINERS' PROVIDENT FUNDS OF BELGIUM, 1902 TO 1905. [Source: Aimales des mines de Belgique, tomes IX, XI and XIII.] Invalidity and old-age relief. Per cent of total aid Amount pressed of aid, ex- Fund and year. Persons a,id6d. Amount of aid. granted for — of total wages, (o) granted for— Number. Per cent of total em- ployees.o Total. Per person aided. Accident relief. Invalidity and old- age relief. Accident relief. Invalidity and old- age relief. Mens: 1902 2,386 2,473 2,565 2,671 2,237 2,336 2,406 2,561 2,006 2,054 2,173 2,262 3,308 3,332 3,433 m 1 1 8.3 8.5 8.9 9.1 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.3 ia7 19.7 11.1 11.9 9.5 11.2 9.9 m .03 .03 $54,695 56,465 58,383 60,165 39,024 40,284 42,204 44,806 56,220 58,677 60,279 63,087 97,268 99,617 101,339 m 23 23 $22. 92 22.83 22.76 22.53 17.44 17.24 17.54 17.50 28.03 28.57 27.74 27.89 29.40 29.90 29.52 m 23.00 23.00 64.05 63.02 61.83 58.80 74.29 74.03 73.57 72.53 46.18 45.10 44.55 42.86 37.10 37.00 37.04 m 99.81 99.81 100.00 100.00 81.17 81.10 81.22 83.41 35.95 36.98 38.17 41.20 25.71 25.97 26.43 27.47 53.82 54.90 55.45 57.14 62.90 63.00 62.96 m .19 .19 1.76 1.31 1.65 1.56 .96 .92 1.04 1.14 1.09 1.05 1.07 1.13 .72 .69 .73 m 1.58 1.48 1.68 2.31 1.15 1.04 1.10 0.99 1903 .77 1904 1.02 1905 1.09 Caiarleroi: 1902 .33 1903 .. . .32 1904 .37 1905 .43 Centre: 1902 1.27 1903 1.28 1904 1.33 1905 1.51 liege: 1902 1.21 1903 1.18 1904 1.24 1905 (') Namur: 1902 - - .003 1903 19B4 .003 1905 Luxemburg: 1902 43 46 46 40 5.5 5.6 5.6 4.8 404 407 425 359 9.40 8.85 9.24 8.98 18.83 18.90 18.78 16 59 .37 1903 .24 1904 .25 a In mines alEliated with tbe miners' provident funds. 6 Not reported. CHAPTBB II, — WOBKMEN's INSUEANCE IN BELGIUM. 529 The totals show that, on the average, about 10,500 persons were receiving invalidity and old-age relief each year, that the amount granted for such relief was about $250,000 per annum, or about $22 per person aided. The proportion of invalidity and old-age relief to all relief granted was, on the average, over 43 per cent, while that granted for accidents was higher (something over 56 per cent of the total). The next table shows the total old-age and invalidity relief granted by the six funds combined for each year from 1894 to 1904, the last year for which the complete data were reported, the same percent- age comparison with accident relief being followed. From the poiat of view of the finances of the funds, the important feature brought out by this table is the general relative increase of expendi- tures for invalidity and old-age relief since 1894, which are out of proportion to the reserves. In 1894 the relative amount was 36.5 per cent of the total relief granted, while in 1904 it had increased to 43.94 per cent. The total amount expended increased from $168,087 in 1894 to $262,629 in 1904, while the amount expended for each person increased from $24.61 in 1894 to $24.72 in 1904. The amount expended for invalidity and old-age relief, when com- pared with wages paid to the insured persons, show some fluctuations, but, on the whole, it may be regarded as stationary. PERSONS AIDED AND AMOUNT EXPENDED FOB OLD-AGE AND INVALIDITY RELIEF BY THE SIX MINERS' PROVIDENT FUNDS OF BELGIUM, 1894 TO 1904. [Source: Annales des mines de Belgique, tomes IX and XL] Invalidity and old-age relief. Per cent of total aid granted for— Amount of aid, ex- pressed as per cent Year Persons aided. Amount of aid. of total wages, (o) granted for— Number. Per cent of total employ- ees.(») Total. Per per- son aided. Accident relief. Invalidity and old-age relief. .^.ccident relief. Invalidity and old-age relief. 1894 6,830 7,389 7,745 8,247 8,719 9,010 9,326 9,688 9,981 10,242 10.623 5.80 6.20 6.45 6.82 7.08 7.32 7.00 7.23 7.41 7.42 7.77 8168,087 182, 890 192,963 204, 463 214, 391 224,060 229, 418 237, 337 247,634 255,475 262,629 $24.61 24.75 24.91 24.79 24.69 24.87 24.60 24.50 24.81 24.94 21.72 63.80 62.30 61.68 60. S4 69.98 59.00 68.39 67.75 67.09 56.49 56.06 36.50 37.70 38.32 39.06 40.02 41.00 4L61 42.25 42.91 43.51 43.94 1.38 1.40 1.39 1.36 1.26 1.17 .91 1.05 1.08 1.01 1.09 0.83 1895 .85 1896 .86 1897 .87 1898 .84 1899 .81 1900 .65 1901 .73 1902 .81 1903 .78 1904.... .86 a In mines afliliated vpith miners' provident funds. The organization of the funds along empirical rather than scientific actuarial lines and the lack of reserves sufficient to meet the increas- ing expenditures for invalidity were the causes of constant apprehen- sion as to their ultimate ability to meet their obligations. 530 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Frequently, in order to make ends meet, the funds were forced to change the amount of pensions from year to year, to make them cor- respond to the financial status of the funds. This uncertainty as to the amount of pension, as to the amount of discounts from workmen's wages, and as to the safety of the whole fund, has been recognized as one of the very important defects of the miners' relief funds. The second defect was the absence of an adequate representation of the workmen in the administration of the funds. The foremen and workmen were always in the minority on the administrative boards, and were nominated by the general assembly of the employers. This made the workers very feebly interested in the organization and gave to the whole institution a charitable character. The third and the most serious defect was that, up to 1901, the differ- ent provident funds had no reciprocal arrangements by which a mine, worker who had worked in more than one coal field could receive proper credit for the time spent in regions other than the one where he was last employed. Thus a mine worker 65 years of age, who had worked for forty years in the different fields of the Province of Hainaut — e.g., fifteen years in the Centre, fifteen years in the Charleroi, and ten years in the Couchant de Mons field, would have received no pension whatever if the Centre had been his last place of employment, and if the Couchant de Mons had been the last place the pension would have been a reduced one, equal in amount to slightly over one-third of the normal pension. Since 1901, it has been arranged that these three funds are to grant pensions to workmen for the total number of years which they have been employed in the Province, each fund to grant a partial pension, based on the number of years the miner was employed in its district. FISHERMEN'S AID AND PROVIDENT FUNDS. A description of the old-age and invalidity insurance institutions of Belgium would not be complete without some mention of the fisher- men's and the sailors' provident funds. The origin of the first is due to private initiative. Subsequently these funds were legally recognized by royal decrees, as follows : The Blankenberghe fund, on February 2, 1843; the Heyst fund, on October 17, 1843; the La Panne-Adinkerke fund, on December 28, 1843; the Ostend fund, on December 2, 1850; and the Nieuwpoort fund, on November 25, 1851. The Blankenberghe fund ceased 'to exist in 1867, as the vessel owners and the fishermen suspended their contributions to its support. The Ostend, Nieuwpoort, and La Panne funds have undergone many changes since their organization. The object of these funds is to furnish reUef to the aged, sick, injured, and disabled fishermen and their families. The funds are administered by boards of from five to seven persons, who serve gratuitously. The personnel of these boards is ordinarily composed CHAPTER II.— workmen's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 531 of the burgomaster of the locality, a member of the bureau of charity, two shipowners, a fisherman, and two pilots or cockswains. According to the constitution, the resources of the funds are derived from (1) deductions from the yield of the fishing; (2) contributions of shipowners and of fishermen, and (3) subsidies of public authori- ties, gifts, legacies, etc. The contributions of the shipowners and fishermen, with the exception of the La Panne fund, are a very insig- nificant quantity, the main resources being donations and subsidies and 1 per cent deductions from the total catch. The funds have thus lost their provident features and are now usually regarded as charity organizations. Pensions are granted to fishermen when they become incapacitated for further service on the sea either as a result of accident, sickness, or age. Old-age pensions are granted in Nieuwpoort at the age of 50 years, if the beneficiary is unable to pursue his work on the sea. The pen- sion amounts to 10 francs ($1.93) per month. In La Panne the required minimum age is 55 years. The pensions granted vary from 7 to 11 francs ($1.35 to $2.12) per month according to the age at which the pensioner enters upon the enjoyment of his pension. The pension of 11 francs ($2.12) per month is granted only to those who begm to draw a pension at the age of 75 years. The minimum age requirement in Ostend is 60 years. At that age, if the fisherman has been in active work, he is entitled to a pen- sion of 10 francs ($1.93) per month; if not, he is entitled to 6 francs ($1.16) only. These sums are increased in proportion with the age when the beneficiary begins to draw his pension. If he begins to enjoy it at the age of 75 he is entitled to a pension of 25 francs ($4.83) per month. In Heyst the minimum age limit is 65 years, and the pensions vary from 6 to 10 francs ($1.16 to $1.93) per month. A few extra francs are added to the pension by some of the funds if the wife of the pen- sioner is over 60 years of age. The funds also provide for the widows and children and for dependent parents and unmarried sisters of deceased fishermen. These pensions vary from 5 to 10 francs (97 cents to $1.93) per month in the various localities. An additional 2 francs (39 cents) are granted for each child under 14 years of age. The widows' pensions cease in case of remarriage. In 1898, the Ostend fund was paying 121 invalidity pensions, 121 old-age pensions, and 275 widow pen- sions. In the same year the Heyst fund was paying 3 invalidity, 19 old-age, and 27 widow pensions; the Nieuwpoort fund, 12 old-age and 7 widow pensions; and the La Panne fund, 27 old-age and 26 widow pensions. (") No recent data concerning the operation of these funds are available. ° Rapport sur les travaux de la commiBsion des pensions ouvri&res, pp. 17-19. 532 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. SEAMEN'S AID AND PROVIDENT FUND. Article 11 of the law of July 21, 1844, provided for the oi^niza- tion, under goTernmental control, of provident funds for the aid of seamen on vessels flying the Belgian flag. Under the terms of this law a seamen's fund was established in Antwerp on September 19, 1845. Its constitution was amended on several occasions, the last amendment being made October 29, 1888. In 1908 the number of seamen belonging to the fund was 4,170, of whom 2,033 were Belgians, and 2,117 foreigners. The resources of the fund are : (1 ) Four per cent deductions from the salaries of the captains, second officers, and mechanics of the first grade; 3 per cent deductions from the wages of all other employees; (2) contributions from the shipowners equal to, IJ per cent of the wages paid to the crew; (3) legacies and bequests; (4) fines collected from the members of the crew, and (6) interest on invested capital. During the first ten years of its existence the fund was granted an annual subsidy of 10,000 francs ($1,930) by the State. Pensions are granted by the fund to persons: (1) Incapacitated for further work as a result of accident occurring in the course of employment; (2) disabled by infirmities contracted in their service, on the condition that they hsid belonged to the fund for at least 15 years, and had completed at least 10 years' service; (3) incapacitated by old age, under the conditions that they had belonged to the fund for at least 20 years and had been in service for at least 15 years. The armuities granted by the fund amount to: Seven hundred and fifty francs ($144.75) to captains; 525 francs ($101.33) to second officers and first mechanics; 450 francs ($86.85) to lieutenants and second mechanics; 375 francs ($72.38) to lower officers, sailors, stokers, etc.; and 225 francs ($43.43) to apprentices and cabin boys. Also the fund grants annuities to widows and children of deceased members who were connected with it for at least 20 years and had completed at least 15 years of service. The annuities granted to widows vary from 225 francs ($43.43) to 600 francs ($115.80), accord- ing to the rank of the deceased husband. Temporary assistance and relief are granted by the fund in eases of sickness, accident, and loss of property after the wrecking of a ship. The constitution of the fund provides that in case the resources of the fund are not sufficient to enable it to meet its obligations, the deductions from the salaries and wages of the employees must be increased proportionately to meet the shortage. ('') o Rapport sur les trava,ux de la commission des pensions ouvri^res, pp. 14, 15. CHAPTEE II. WOBKMEN's INSUBANCE IN BELGIUM. 633 CONCLUSIONS. In conclusion it may be stated that all the Belgian old-age insur- ance institutions, with the notable exception of the General Savings and Retirement Fund, are doomed to eventual financial bankruptcy, since their organization is not based on actuarial principles. This fact has been pointed out on many occasions by various writers and investigators. It is with apprehension that one looks to the future of many of the provident funds in Belgium. It is to be feared that the 20th century will dearly pay for the blunders of the 19th in the organization of these institutions. One can safely say that with the exception of the General Savings and Retirement Fund under the guarantee of the State and of a few private institutions, the Belgian provident funds have, in general, two faults — they are improvident and they lack the spirit of justice. They are improvident because their expenses are higher than their resources justify and because they do not publish periodically com- plete balance sheets of their operations. They are inequitable, first, because the premiums are not com- puted according to the risks carried for different classes of members of the fund; second, because in order to acquire a pension a contin- uous period of employment is required, and ui case of failure to com- plete a certain number of years of work, the insured forfeits all the money he had put into the fund.(") On the other hand, the law of May 10, 1900, although it has suc- ceeded to a considerable extent, through the system of subsidies, in inducing working people to insure themselves against the contingen- cies of invalidity and old age, appears inadequate to make this practice popular and effective. There are still many who are not insured, and a very large number of those insured are entitled only to pensions which can not make them independent in their old age. PROPOSED LEGISLATION. A bill to amend the existing law on invalidity and old-age insur- ance in Belgium was introduced in the Chamber of Representatives on March 20, 1907. The author of the measure (*) argued in support of it that "the indifference of the working people in regard to old-age insurance is due to the fact that they are too busy in providing for their present needs to think of the future," and that "in order to overcome their inertia a system of compulsory insurance which would guarantee a minimum old-age and invalidity pension of 360 francs ($69.48) per year should be introduced. This compulsory insurance should be " Institutions de prgvoyance, by L. Duboisdenghien, pp. 49, 50. 6M. "Warocqu^. 534 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. extended to all laborers, industrial as well as agricultural, and to me as well as to women." It was thought that this system would not discourage* thrift an private initiative, because a workman would still be free to depos: his savings with the view of enlarging his old-age pension beyon the minimum of 360 francs ($69.48). According to the proposed scheme, every working person woul have the right to enter upon the enjoyment of his pension at th age of 65 years in case of agricultural and industrial workers and a 60 years in case of miners. The author of the bill estimated that the total number of person having the right to claim old-age pensions would be 139,242; th total expense of these pensions would be 360 francs ($69.48) > 139,242 = 50,127,120 francs ($9,674,534.16) ; and the number of thos who could claim invalidity pensions was estimated at 12,167, whic represents an expense of 4,380,120 francs ($845,363.16). The tots expense would be 54,507,240 francs ($10,519,897.32). , These expenses should be met in equal shares by the working people by the employers, and by the State. This would mean for the work ing people an expense of 5 centimes (1 cent) each per working daj The share of the Government would be partly covered by the repea of the law of May 10, 1900, as far as it applies to the classes named h the proposed amendment, and to meet the remaining charge a ta: of 1 per cent on bonds and shares of stock was proposed, it beinj estimated that such tax would yield 2 million francs ($386,000), als( a tax of 50 centimes (10 cents) on each thousand francs ($193) 6 operations on the Stock Exchange, which was estimated to yield 11 million francs ($2,316,000). The remainder of the necessary amoun was to be derived from the tax on alcohol. (") On December 9, 1908, the bill was amended in order to make thi pensions relating to the various classes of laborers more uniform an( to propose the grant of invalidity pensions to all persons who becam( invalids before the enactment of the bill into law. A more recent measure is the one relating to old-age pensions foi miners introduced in the Chamber of Kepresentatives by th< minister of industry and labor on July 27, 1909. The general pur pose of this bill was to secure to workmen insured in the miners provident funds the same advantages that the law of May 10, 1900 conferred on members of mutual aid societies afiiliated with the Gen eral Savings and Retirement Fund. The bUl provides for yearly pen sions of 360 francs ($69.48) to miners employed below ground or attaining 60 years of age. For other miners the age at which pensions begin is fixed at 65 years. These pensions are to be paid by th< a Revue du Travail, 1907, p. 440. CHAPTER II. — WOEKMEN's INSTJKANCE IN BELGIUM. 535 General Savings and Eetirement Fund under the guaranty of the State, with which the miners are to be affiliated individually, through, their provident funds, in the same manner as are members of mutual aid societies. Payments on each account opened with the General Savings and Retirement Fund are not to be less than 30 francs ($5.79) yearly, of which one-half is to be contributed by mine owners and one-half by the workmen. To this amount is to be added the state subsidy provided by article 5 of the law of May 10,, 1900, making a total credit of 39 francs ($7.53) to the employee for each deposit of 15 francs ($2.90) made by himself. Payments by mine owners are to be regarded as alienated capital, while those of employees may be either alienated or reserved at the option of the depositor. Workmen between 55 and 65 years of age may select the time for entering upon the enjoyment of their acquired pensions, as provided by article 4 of the act of May 10, 1900. Payments cease to be obligatory when the acquired annuity attains to 360 francs ($69.48).(«) UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. INTBODTJCTION. Until the introduction of the Ghent system of aiding the unem- ployed, practically the only agencies for dealing with the problem of unemployment in Belgium were the various free municipal, coopera- tive, and philanthropic employment bureaus existing in almost every city and the labor colonies {depot de mendidte of Merxplas and the maisons de refuge of Wortel and of Hoogstraeten), which, in fact, are simply punitive institutions for beggars and vagrants. Unemployment insurance, the beginnings of which are traceable to trade unions, has been only slightly developed in Belgium, owing to the precarious position of these labor organizations. Until about a decade ago the number of trade unions in Belgium was on the whole very insignificant. The existing unions were small local organiza- tions which aimed chiefly at mutual help during trade disputes. When such disputes were threatening, the membership and contri- butions would grow, but as soon as the danger was over the majority of the members would for the time being sever their relations with the union. No permanent out-of-work insurance could be organized by the unions under such unstable conditions. As a result of the inquiry into the aims of the existing trade unions undertaken by the third congress of the "Commission syndicale du parti ouvrier," held in Brussels in December, 1901, it was found that 58 unions had for their exclusive object resistance during strikes; 31, Revue du Travail, 1909, pp. 953-964. 46598°— 10 35 536 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. resistance and mutual help; 36, unemployment insurance; 14, unem- ployment insurance and mutual help; and 2, the granting of pensions. (") Out of the 145 unions only 50 had organized unemployment insur- ance in 1901. Since that time the number of labor organizations has increased and unemployment insurance funds have become intro- duced extensively. In 1905 the number of unions granting unem- ployment relief was 221, with a membership of about 40,000 persons. But the amount of relief granted and the length of the out-of-work period compensated for, as well as many other constitutional pro- visions, vary greatly among the different unions and localities. The following is a summary of the main provisions of the Belgian unions in regard to the out-of-work insurance funds : The predominant monthly membership dues range from 1 to 2 francs (19 to 38 cents). The conditions for admission required by the majority of the unions are an age of not less than 18 3'^ears and not more than 50 years and at least two years of actual work in the trade. Very often the earning of a minimum wage of from 20 to 30 centimes (4 to 6 cents) per hour is also required. The unemployed workman has a right to claim benefits only if he is a member in good standing and if he has belonged to the union for at least six months, in some organizations, for a year in others. A year is the most commonly accepted minimum, although in some organi- zations it is set at two years. j- The benefits are usually paid within a week after they have been granted, although in some cases they are paid only after fourteen days. '- The rate of benefit ranges from 50 centimes (10 cents) to 2 francs 50 centimes (48 cents) per day, according to the financial status of the organization. The practice of granting higher or lower rates in accordance with the length of time during which a member has belonged to the union, so common in the English and in the German labor organizations, is not followed in Belgium. Nor does length of membership in the imion effect the time for which benefits are to run. In both cases the unions usually lay down uniform rules relating to all members, with no regard to the length of time for which they have been connected with the organization. The time for which benefits are granted varies from three weeks to six months. The Belgian unions recognize two kinds of unemployment : One is the ordinary unemployment caused by lack of work, and the other is temporary unemployment caused by a breakdown of machinery, a fire, or something of that sort. There exist two different rates of assistance for the two kinds of unemployment. In some unions the o Crosson du Cormier: Les caissea syndicalea de ch6mage, p. 49. CHAPTEB II. workmen's INSUEANOE IN BELGIUM. 537 compensation in case of unemployment of the first kind is higher than that in case of unemployment of the second category; in others, exactly contrary rules prevail. Another interesting feature to be noted in this connection is that the Belgian unions grant assistance also in case of partial unemploy- ment, as when a workman is employed for less than a certain fixed number of hours during a week. Among the unions which were the earfiest in establishing out-of- work insurance funds are those of the city of Ghent. In 1897 out of a total of 43 unions in existence, 22 had unemployment funds. But the benefits granted were, with the exception of those of the printers' and the metal workers' unions, exceedingly small. While one book printers' union was granting a weekly benefit of 12 francs ($2.32) for seventy-five days and one metal workers' union was grant- ing 10 francs ($1.93) weekly for fifty days, the union of workers engaged in the manufacture of food products was granting only 3 francs 50 centimes (68 cents) weekly for twenty-eight days, and one of the textile workers' unions was giving 3 francs (58 cents) weekly for five weeks. There were two textile workers' unions whose relief in the shape of several loaves of bread weekly was granted for a few weeks. Toward the close of the nineteenth century the question of unem- ployment in Belgium became very urgent and pressing. The city ofiicials of Brussels and of its six suburbs, realizing its gravity, in 1894 ordered an inquiry into the problem, the results of which were to serve as a basis for the organization of a mutual insurance fund against the risks of unemployment within the territory represented, such fund to be aided out of the public treasury. (") A similar investigation was made in Mons in 1896. Furthermore, since the organization of the Belgian Labor Office, annual reports of unemployment in the city of Ghent have been regularly published in the Kevue du Travail. These statistics refer to trade-unionists only, who comprised in 1901 more than half of the total working population of the city of Ghent, out of 36,500 workingmen about 20,000 belonging to trade unions. C") The following table, which has been compiled from data published annually in the Kevue du Travail, shows the proportion of unemployed members of trade unions in Ghent during the twelve years 1896 to 1907, the last year for which the information is aA^ailable, the facts being arranged according to the main industries. As explained in the note at the foot of the table, the figures represent yearly averages obtained by computation from the monthly reports of trade unions. "Revue du Travail, 1896, p. 28. !> Varlez: Die Kommunalversicherung gegen Arbeitslosigkeit in Gent, p. 210. 538 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PEOPOETION OF UNEMPLOYED MEMBERS OF EEPOETING TEADE UNIONS IN THE VARIOUS INDUSTEIES OF THE CITY OF GHENT, 1896 TO 1907.(o) ISource: Eevue du Travail, passim.] Salaried employees, traveling agents, overseers. Printing and publishing. Textiles. Building trades. Year. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of umons report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship OJ unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1896 2,134 2,148 2,224 2,247 2,427 2,503 2,513 2,734 2,890 2,853 3,012 2,924 26 19 17 15 18 14 18 20 21 17 19 19 1.2 .9 .8 .7 .7 .6 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 418 333 376 397 399 382 407 429 432 426 474 479 19 9 3 10 13 17 12 19 8 14 17 6 4.5 2.7 .8 2.5 3.3 4.5 2.9 4.4 1.9 3.3 3.6 1.3 8,670 8,775 8,031 7,564 8,852 • 9,515 8,680 6,928 6,444 6,390 7,210 8,596 162 203 222 139 122 148 149 115 118 93 89 92 1.9 2.3 2.8 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.1 1,293 1,140 967 735 584 693 559 588 606 616 578 1,101 256 130 78 - 70 92 56 57 66 67 59 41 74 19.8 11.4 8.1 9.5 15.8 9.8 10.' 2 11.2 11 "1 1897. 1898 1899. 1900 1901. . 1902 1903. 1904 1905 9.6 1906 1907. 6.7 Woodworking. Metal working. Food products. Clothing. Year. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total . mem- . ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. . Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1896 1897 1,195 1,011 ' 905 825 967 970 890 870 894 985 994 1,271 52 18 20 13 26 -44 34 41 48 44 46 42 4.4 1.8 2.2 1.6 2.7 4.5 3.8 4.7 5.4 4.5 4.6 3.3 1,912 1,996 2,032 1,971 2,065 2,137 2,215 2,174 2,024 2,144 2,327 2,780 28 40 68 38 36 81 87 77 47 39 26 32 1.5 2.0 3.3 1.9 1.7 3.8 3.9 3.5 2.3 1.8 1.1 1.2 352 322 306 268 262 291 325 342 355 371 ■371 424 29 27 21 18 20 23 21 31 24 26 28 18 8.2 8.4 6.9 6.7 7.6 7.9 6.5 9.1 6.8 7.0 7.5 4.2 539 452 424 327 266 335 394 443 289 339 326 455 46 49 83 61 38 48 82 71, 63 51 34 54 8. '5 1898........ 19 ''6 1899. 18 7 1900 1901 14 3 1902 20.8 1903 1904... . 16.10 21.'8 1905 15.0 1906 1907.. 10.-4 11.9 ..'i Transportation. Miscellaneous. Total of all industries reporting. Year. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Total mem- ber- ship of unions report- ing. Unemployed members. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1896 97 159 119 95 110 76 93 84 75. m C) (») 5 19 17 3 16 2 6 9 4 m 5.2 11.9 14.3 3.2 14.5 2.6 5.4 10.7 . 5.3 m m m 230 276 266 280 468 461 501 442 494 518 569 998 35 22 17 10 16 11 15 16 .14 14 14 15 15.2 8.0 6.4 3.6 3.4 2.4 3.0 3.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.5 16,840 16, 612 15,650 14,709 16,400 17,261 14,577 15,034 14,503 cl4,663 =15,861 cl9,028 658 536 546 377 397 446 480 465 414 ";357 c314 £355 3.9 1897 n 1898 1899 •.... 2.6 1900 2,4 1901;... . 2.6 1902 . 3.3 1903 3.1 1904 , 2.9, 1905 c2.4 1906 c2.0 1907.. . cl.g o The figures reproduced are annual averages of reports made by trade unions on the 16th of each month, from December to November, inclusive. i> Not reported. c Not including members engaged in transportation. CHAPTER II. — WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. 539 During the twelve-year period from 1896 to 1907 the largest propor- tion of unemployed workmen was in the building trades, in the clothing industry, in the manufacture of food products, and in transportation. The more detailed monthly statistics of unemployment, which are too bulky to be reproduced here, give a better insight into the situation than the annual averages. In December, 1899, for instance, there were 71.5 per cent of unemployed unionists reported in the building trades; in August, 1900, there were 45.3 per cent in the clothing trade; and in January, 1907, the per cent of unemployed unionists in the latter industry was 55.1 per cent of the total membership. In view of prevailing conditions the city council of Ghent appointed on December 19, 1898, a commission charged with the duty of devising some effective agency for unemployment relief. The commission was composed of six city officials, six manufacturers, six workmen, and four economists, selected in such a manner as to represent the various economic interests as well as all political parties. On June 14, 1900, the final report of the commission was presented to the city council. The commission, recognizing the difiiculty of establishing a stable basis for unemployment insurance on account of lack of sufficient data on which to formulate probability tables, on account of lack of uniformity in risks and, what is most important, on account of the difficulty of distinguishing between simulated and real involuntary unemployment, disapproved of the voluntary and compulsory out-of- work insurance schemes existing in various European cities, and recom- mended in their stead, for a three-year trial, a system based on ithe prin- ciple of assisted self-help. A sum of 20,000 francs ($3,860) was to be distributed annually among workmen who previous to their unemploy- ment had made some effort to provide for such a contingency, such distribution to be made either through a trade union out-of-work insurance fund or through a savings fund to be established especially for that purpose. This second provision was made for the purpose of enabling workmen who do not belong to and are not willing to enter trade unions to share, nevertheless, in the municipal subsidies in case of unemployment. The plan was thought to have many advantages: First. The ease with which it could be started and at once operated on a large scale. As over 50 per cent of the workmen were organized in trade unions, the expenses of organization and propaganda could be saved. Second. It was thought that the system would induce workmen to make greater efforts in providing for the possibilities of unemployment, as the subsidies were to be given in proportion to personal thrift. The higher the benefit paid by the out-of-work insurance fund or the greater the accumulated savings, the larger would be the amount of the municipal subsidy. In no case, however, could this subsidy be 540 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. larger than the trade-union benefit, and it could never exceed 1 franc (19 cents) per day or 50 francs ($9.65) in the course of one year for one recipient. Third. The administration of the system was to be very simple and inexpensive. It left the whole management to the trade unions, %vhich are better able to judge whether a man is really invol- untarily out of work or not. It is to the interest of every member of the union to see that no abuse is tolerated. Every month each trade union desiring to share in the municipal subsidy was to submit to the special controller designated by the municipality an account of the state of unemployment and of the benefits paid to the unemployed members. The controller was to be pledged not to divulge any per- sonal information to persons other than the members of the adminis- trative committee of the municipal fund. This method was agreed upon after some discussion in the commission, some members of which wanted reports specifying the names of the recipients in order to make no fraud possible, while others advocated complete secrecy until some misuse of the money was suspected. The fourth important feature of the scheme was the special savings fund to which work- men not desiring to join labor unions could contribute, with the under- standing that all sums withdrawn from the fund in case of unemploy- ment up to 6 francs ($1.16) a week would entitle them to municipal subsidies equal to those of trade-unionists. On October 29, 1900, the municipal council approved all but one of the recommendations of the commission. The only recommenda- tion on which the council disagreed was the one relating to the amount of the appropriation. The commission, recommending a 20,000-franc ($3,860) appropriation, based its computation on the probable num- ber of future members of the fund. It estimated it at 20,000 and, allowing 1 franc (19 cents) per member, arrived at the above figure. This estimated average of 1 franc per member was lower than the cor- responding average in any other European city where unemployment insurance existed at that time. The council voted only 10,000 francs ($1,930) for the first year. The work on the constitution and by-laws of the fund was completed on June 3, 1901, and the scheme was put in operation on August 1 of the same year. In 1903 the three suburbs of Ghent — Ledeberg, with a population of 14,226, Mont-Saint Amand, with a population of about the same number, and Gendbrugge, with a population of 11,743 — joined the Ghent fund, thus forming the so- called Ghent Intercommunal Fund. The communes of Waerschoot, Wetteren, and Heusden have since been admitted to membership in the fund. In 1904 the city council voted unanimously to continue the system, thus making it a permanent institution. On February 22, 1904, the constitution of the fund was modified slightly. The maximum period during which the subsidies are payable was raised from fifty CHAPXEB II. — WOBKMEN's INSTJEANCE IN BELGIUM. 541 to sixty days per year; adult females were authorized to receive the same rate of subsidy as adult males, and in case of nonunionists the provision that a deposit must be made three months before with- drawal in order to entitle the depositor to claim municipal subsidy was abrogated. The fund was authorized to allow subsidies to all such organizations as will institute out-of-work insurance. The fund was also empowered to accept donations destined for unemployment relief. A further provision was made that the reserves and special incomes shall be utilized for subsidies to workmen whose period of unemployment is exceedingly prolonged. The following is the consti- tution of the fund as modified on February 22, 1904: Article 1. There is established by the city of Ghent and its suburbs ("The Ghent Agglomeration") a special fund to encourage provision against unemployment. This fund shall receive from the communal administrations of the Ghent Agglomera- tion annual subsidies, the amount of which shall be determined by the communal councils according to needs and circumstances. Each subsidy shall be payable January 1. The affiliated communes shall pay interest at the rate of 3 per cent per annum on all sums paid after the date when they are due. The city of Ghent shall advance the cost of administration of this fund. The other communes shall contribute to this expense in proportion to their population. The subsidies of the various communes shall be carried in a special account, each commune being required to look out for the needs of the unemployed having resi- dence within that commune. Art. 2. This fund shall be administered by a committee elected every three years. Ten members of this committee shall be appointed by the communal council of Ghent. Each member shall have an alternate, who shall replace him in case of resignation. Three of the delegates from Ghent shall be communal councilors and five shall be members of the associations of workmen and of employees affiliated with the fund. Any member who shall have absented himself without cause for three consecu- tive meetings shall be considered as having resigned, and provision shall be made for his replacement. The communal council shall fill all vacancies which may occur in the administra- tion of this fund through resignation, retirement, or otherwise. The burgomaster of Ghent, or an alderman delegated by him, shall have the right to preside at the meetings of this commission. In such cases he shall have a casting vote, but only in case of a tie. Each one of the suburban communes affiliated with the fund shall also have the right to appoint one delegate, who shall have the same rights as the ten delegates of the communal administration of Ghent. Art. 3. The resources referred to in article 1 shall constitute the ordinary budget of the unemployment fund. These resources shall be employed exclusively to aid the workmen and salaried employees of the affiliated communes in getting adequate unemployment benefits. To these ordinary resources may be added the proceeds of subscriptions, festivals, bequests, or other donations. These extraordinary resources, other than the communal subsidies, shall constitute a special account which the committee shall have power to employ for the purpose of combating the effects or causes of unemployment in any manner which may seem to it to be most efficacious. 5.42 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Art. 4. The special fund shall encourage proviBion against unemployment in the following two ways: First. By adding to the insurance benefits granted by the trade unions to their members out of employment; Second. By augmenting the efficacy of savings made with the purpose of com- bating the financial consequences of unemployment. Art. 5. The special fund shall increase the insurance benefits accorded by the labor unions by granting the unemployed a subsidy proportionate to the amount of the unemployment benefit. The unemployment benefits shall not be increased by more than 100 per cent nor be granted to one member for more than sixty days per annum nor amount to more than 1 franc (19 cents) per day. Strikes and lockouts or their consequences, as well as illness and physical incapacity for work, shall not be reasons for indemnification by the unemployment fund. Art. 6. Associations of workmen and salaried employees that wish to have their members participate in the subsidies of the present fund shall report each month the number and amount of benefits which they have paid, and must submit annually the balance sheet of their operations, as well as forward their by-laws and regulations. Art. 7. The committee shall appoint an auditor, whose duty shall be to examine into the correctness of the information furnished by the associations and individuals. This auditor shall have the right to control all the books of the participating asso- ciations in regard to insurance against unemployment and to communicate to the committee the data thus obtained. All the members of the committee shall pledge themselves not to divulge any personal information which they have obtained from the said books. Art. 8. Any association or person refusing to submit to the requirements of these by-laws and the regulations which shall be adopted shall immediately cease to par- ticipate in the subsidies. The committee is authorized to impose regulations for the purpose of control, to which all the associations and persons affiliated with the fund must submit within three months after notice to those concerned. Under the same conditions it may adopt general measures for the purpose of removing abuses which have been brought to its notice. The retirement of the offender shall cease after he has submitted to the measures imposed. Art. 9. Workmen and salaried employees not belonging to a trade union affiliated with the fund can participate in the subsidies granted to those who save to provide for unemployment. The subsidies shall be given in one of two ways: Either directly to individual saving persons or to members of associations affiliated with this part of the unemploy- ment fund. Art. 10. By submitting to the measures of control prescribed by the regulations every unemployed workman and salaried employee who is a bona fide possessor of a savings account in the General Savings and Retirement Fund can, when he makes withdrawals of savings, obtain the same additional payments as members of organiza- tions insured against unemployment. Every mutual association, cooperative association, labor union, establishment fund, workmen's society, or other group which has organized a system of savings for the purpose of relief of unemployment may be authorized to organize for itself the control under conditions agreeable to the committee of the fund. The payments granted to owners of savings accounts shall not exceed the amount of those granted to insured persons. The committee is authorized to permit the affiliation of all associations which, under any form whatever, have for their object the encouragement of provision CHAPTER II. WOEKMEN's INSTJKANCE IN BELGIUM. 543 against unemployment, and is authorized to grant to the members similar subsidies in appropriate form. Art. 11. Any unemployed person who refuses employment indicated by the committee shall be excluded from participation in the benefits. The committee shall, for this purpose, put itself into the closest possible communi- cation with other institutions, public or private, which make efforts to overcome unemployment. Art. 12. Each month the committee shall fix the amount of the additional pay- ment which in case of unemployment shall be made to the amount of the insurance benefits and savings withdrawals. Art. 13. For those communes of Ghent and its suburbs which consent thereto the committee is authorized to employ the reserves of preceding years and sums especially designated for this purpose, to constitute a special fund with the object of prolonging the period of additional payments to workmen and salaried employees who con- tinue to be unemployed after their benefits have been exhausted. These special subsidies, which shall be equal in amount to the last additional pay- ments received, may be granted for half of the length of time for which benefits have been obtained. Art. 14. The committee shall publish annual reports of its operations. Art. 10. The committee shall adopt at its first meeting regulations indicating the details of organization, the exact conditions of participation, and the formalities to which the payments shall be subject. Of the provisions contained in the by-laws two are of special interest. The first refers to the rate of subsidies. The by-laws pro- vide that the committee shall meet once a month and establish the rate of allowances for the next month in accordance with the financial status of the fund. The decisions of the committee must immediately be announced to the local newspapers, to the labor exchange, and to the delegates of the various affiliated associations. The second pro- vision refers to the method of paying the subsidies. In case of unionists the payments are made through the agency of the respective labor organizations, but persons not belonging to such organizations must, in case of unemployment, register their names at the labor exchange; giving their exact address, occupation, and the name of the last employer. Every day the director of the labor exchange sends a list of names of all these applicants to the secretary of the fund, who is charged with the verification of the facts. The decision of the com- mittee must follow within three days. In case of prolonged unemploy- ment, the workman whose claim to an allowance was approved by the committee must sign his name at the labor exchange every day on which he remains out of work and for which he wishes to obtain benefits. If he fails to register for four successive days he is considered as having found employment. If, however, he has failed for four successive days to register but is still out of work and desires to continue drawing benefits, he must make out a new application at the labor exchange. The report of the Ghent unemployment fund for the year 1908 includes several additions to the original plan: It has been observed that certain names reappear regularly among the beneficiaries from 54;4 KEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. year to year, and that these persons draw each time the maximum benefits obtainable. To prohibit this practice the committee adopted the rule that a person who has drawn the full amount of benefits for one year has no right to claim benefits for the following two years. (") This provision may perhaps serve to stop the ill practice on the part of some workmen, but it will certainly prove a great hardship to those workmen who are really out of work each year for a period of sixty days or more, and it seriously questions the efficiency of the system in meeting the problem in trades where protracted involuntary unem- ployment is quite common. Two other important additions have been suggested by the Strass- burg plan and seem to be rational, although vehemently objected to on the part of some unions. These additions were made for the sake of a more effective control of the unemployed and with a view to concentrate the labor market. One provides that every member of the fund is obliged to subscribe to the labor exchange, thus securing the services of the exchange any time when he happens to be out of work. The advantages of this arrangement to the fund are obvious. By a better adjustment of the supply of labor it diminishes the amount of unemployment and thereby saves unnecessary expendi- tures. The labor exchange, on the other hand, derives its advantages from the securing of a clientele of earnest and efficient workmen. The other feature of the new provision is the introduction of a more strict control over the unemployed by the labor exchange. At Jpresent every workman when out of work must except for some valid reason appear at the labor exchange every day, and, upon the request of the director of the exchange, even several times a day, during his unemployment, and have the special card issued to him by his trade union properly stamped. The number of out-of-work days registered at the labor exchange constitute the basis of his claim for compen- sation, at least as far as municipal allowances are concerned. The unions are free to adopt this or any other plan they choose in awarding their benefits. STATISTICS OP THE FTTND. Turning now from the organization of the Ghent scheme and its fundamental bases to its practical operations, the fact will be noted that at the outset 21 unions signified their desire to join the fund, and that 20 of these, with an aggregate membership of about 13,000, wete, after scrutiny, accepted as eligible. The table following gives a summary of the situation of unemployment insurance in Ghent fe-om August 1, 1901, to December 31, 1908. a Rapport sur le foncf ionnement du fond intercommunal de ch6mage de I'agglo- m^ration gantoise. Gand. 1909. p. 39. CHAPTER n. "WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN BELGIUM. "545 OUT-OF-WORK RELIEF GRANTED BY THE GHENT UNEMPLOYMENT FUND TO TRADE UNIONISTS, 1901 TO 1908. [Source: Revue du Travail, passim.] Num- ber of per- sons afflll- ated with fund. Persons receiving benefits. Aver- age bene- fit per per- son. Total num- ber of days for which bene- fits were paid. Aver- age bene- fit day. Aver- age num- ber of days bene- fit. Out-of-work relief. Year. Num- ber. Per cent of total mem- ber- ship. Trade- union benefits. Municipal allowances. Ghent. Sub- urbs. Total. Total benefits. 1901(o). 12,985 12,239 12,246 11,996 11,736 13,578 17,426 17,788 2,089 3,250 2,71.1 3,010 2,019 2,601 3,683 7,439 16.1 26.6 22.1 25.1 17.2 19.2 20.6 41.8 S2.23 3.41 4.01 4.40 5.34 4.57 3.52 3.71 6,676 31,325 30,296 36,402 34,966 35,751 36,729 81, 565 SO. 70 .35 .36 .36 .31 .33 .34 .34 3.2 9.6 11.2 12.1 17.3 13.7 10.3 10.9 S3, 449. 91 7,953.67 6,852.50 8, 144. 17 6,862.94 8,062.70 8,045.67 18, 757. 77 $1,206.99 3,121.02 3,036.08 4,570.60 3,610.30 3,438.72 4,038.77 7,806.76 $1,206.99 3,121.02 4,015.03 6,095.80 3,910.54 3,829.84 4,678.<;6 9,013.34 S4, 656. 90 11,074.69 1903.... 1904.... 1905.... 1906.... 1907.... 1908(6). S378.95 625.20 400.24 391. 12 639.09 1,205.68 10, 867. 53 13,239.97 10, 773. 48 11,892.54 12,624.13 27,771.11 o The last five months of the year. 6 Provisional figures for out-of-wort relief benefits, subject to correction. The amount of benefits granted by the unions for the last five months of 1901 was greater than the corresponding amount for the whole year 1898. When, in 1900, the recommendations of the com- mission were made known, the unions began preparing to take advan- tage of the opportunity by organizing out-of-work insurance funds. From August 1 to December 31, 1901, they distributed as unem- ployment relief 17,875 francs ($3,450), and in 1902 this sum increased to 41,210 francs ($7,954). The year 1908, following the acute eco- nomic crisis, witnessed a large increase in the amount of benefits granted. The membership of the fund increased to 17,788 and the total amount of benefit granted was more than that of any two previous years put together. The municipal subsidy for this year was almost double that of the preceding year and amounted to 48 per cent of the trade-union benefits. The table also shows that the combined benefits of the unions and of the municipality amount on the average to about 34 cents per day. There seems to exist no constant ratio between the number of unemployed workmen and the average daily benefits, nor between the former and the amount of municipal subsidies. The average number of days for which the unemployed workers were compensated was about twelve for the first seven complete years of the existence of the fund. In 1905 when the proportion of unemployed was relatively low the average number of out-of-work days for which compensation was given was 17.3; in 1908 when the proportion of unemployed was the largest (41.8 per cent) the average number of out-of-work days compensated for was 10.9, the lowest 546. EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. for the whole seven-year period, except 1902 and 1907. The decrease in the average number of days of benefits was, however, smaller than the increase in the proportion of unemployed persons. As regards the second part of the Ghent system, viz, the unemploy- ment insurance of workmen not belonging to trade unions, the plan was a complete failure. In spite of all efforts, only thirteen such persons belonged to it in 1903.(°) A slightly greater activity among nonunionists in providing for the risks of unemployment has been noticed since certain provisions of the fund were modified and since collective savings were invited through the agency of special societies. But the number of persons belonging to the special fund for non- union workmen is nevertheless still very insignificant. The Ghent plan has thus, with the exception of the' savings fund for the nonunion workmen, realized to a very considerable extent all the expectations of its organizers. It has stimulated personal initiative in saving and thrift among workmen, and has created a system of insurance which works well and is simple and inexpensive. It has the advantage over other systems of optional insurance in that it does not draw to the fund exclusively such persons as constitute " bad risks." It also escapes the shortcomings of a system of general compulsory insurance, whereby good risks must bear the burden of bad risks, by granting subsidies to trade organizations within which every member presents more or less the same risk. Among the objections raised against the Ghent system the two most important are: First. That the system tends, by means of municipal help, to strengthen the position of trade unions and, indi- rectly, that of the Socialist party, to which the majority of the mem- bers of trade unions belong. It is considered to be intervention on the part of the municipahty, not only in economic affairs but in political, as well. Second. It is maintained that the system will, cause congestion of population, either through the influx of labor from other localities where no unemployment insurance exists, or through the creation of artificial hindrances to the mobility of labor, since persons who have made provision for out-of-work contingencies and who are, in case of unemployment, entitled to benefits, are not disposed to forfeit their right to such benefits by removal from the locality. Although no perceptible congestion has thus far been noticed in Ghent, yet, unless a national fund be organized, this danger will con- stantly threaten the city. "Great Britain, Board of Trade: Unemployed in Foreign Countries, pp. 191, 192. CHAPTEE II.— 'WOEKMEN's INSXJEANCE IN BELGIUM. 547 EXTENSION OF THE GHENT SYSTEM. The Ghent, system of unemployment insurance was soon copied in practically all of the Belgian cities. The city of Brussels tried for a short time the Bern system, but soon discontinued it and introduced the Ghent plan. The system is now being carried into many other European countries, as France, Holland, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Scandinavia, and others. The following table summarizes the situation of the communal unemployment funds in Belgium during the eight-year period from 1901 to 1908: OUT-OF-WORK BENEFITS EECEIVED BY MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS FROM COMMUNAL UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS, 1901 TO 1908. [Source: Revue du Travaii, 1909.1 Num- ber of funds. Num- ber of cities be-. long- ing to the funds. Num- ber of trade unions affili- ated with the funds. Num- ber of unem- ployed persons com- pen- sated. Num- ber of days for which com- pen- sation was p subsidy was increased to 3,000 francs (1579). The distribution of these insignificant sums does not seem to have been altogether equi- table, since the strongest societies, which obviously could show a very .large amount of membership dues, were entitled under this system to> a special bonus. This method of distribution lacks the most signifi- cant feature of the Ghent system, viz, elasticity, as two-thirds of the- sum are awarded in proportion to two factors which have nothing to- do with unemployment insurance, viz, number of members and amount of membership dues. In 1906 the method of distribution of the subsidy was somewhat modified, as follows: One-fifth, 600 francs ($115.80), was granted in proportion to membership, two-fifths in proportion to the amount of dues, and two-fifths in proportion to the amount of out-of-work benefits granted. In 1907 a further change was effected. The amount of the subsidy was raised to 7,500 francs ($1,447.50), half of which was divided irt proportion to membership dues and half in proportion to the out-of- work benefits paid during the preceding year. The sum was divided among 47 trade unions, which granted during the year 53,688.75 francs- ($10,361.93) to 4,292 unemployed workmen in compensation for 27,329 out-of-work days. In 1908 two subventions were granted: An ordinary subsidy of 12,000 francs ($2,316) was divided among the unemployment insurance funds which had been in existence at least one year, and an extraordinary credit of 10,000 francs ($1,930) was distributed among certain trade unions particularly affected by th& mdustrial crisis. The Province of Antwerp has since 1903 granted an annual sum of 1,500 francs ($289.50) as aid to the unemployed. The method of dis- tribution is in proportion to the membership of the unions. The sunt of 250 francs ($48.25) is granted to unions with more than 200 mem- bers, 200 francs ($38.60) to those which have a membership ranging from 150 to 200 persons; 150 francs ($28.95) when the membership is from 100 to 150, 100 francs ($19.30) when the membership is from 50 to 100, and 50 francs ($9.65) when the membership is less than 50 persons. In 1908 the subsidy amounted to 2,500 francs ($482.50) and was divided among 64 unions. A large subsidy is granted by the Province of Hainaut. It has amounted annually to 10,000 francs ($1,930) smce July 18, 1905, and is intended to encourage insurance against unemployment in the unions of workmen, commercial travelers, agents, and salaried em- ployees earning less than 2 000 francs ($386) annually. 46598°— 10 36 652 EEPOKT OF THE OQMMISSI'OJSEB OF LABOK. In oxder to be entifcled to a share in this proviacial subsidy a s(»et jnost submit its constitation aad regulations ftud its annual bialajHc sheet, and it nru^ have at least 40 naeaaahass. On Jaauaiy 19, 190S, the provincial council xiecided to divid© tia subsidy into two parts. The larger, amounting to 7/M) feant ($1,-351), was to be divided as regular subsidies among the uniosi ,The rate of this subsidy was fix«d at 50 per cent of the union feenefiil not exceeding 1 .50 francs (29 cents) daily lor sixty days in the cours of a year. The second pairt, 3,000 francs ($579), was set apart to cover th expenses incid Companies Issuing insurance under the law of January 7, 1898, exclusively. c Headquarters in Hillerod. ■I April! to March 31. « Number of railroad companies. / Net amount of property. B Number of dairies. » Besides guarantee fund: 21,432 kroner (55,804) in 190G; 21,762 kroner (35,832) in 1907. * Number of abattoirs. I Besides obligation bonds of owners: 120,000 kroner ($32,160). » Companies issuing Insurance under the law of January 7, 1898, and other insurance also. I Including 1,366 accident policies coming under the law, with total annual premiums of 73,241 kroner ($18,629). "■ Besides the guarantee fund: 400,000 kroner ($107,200). ,„ , , , , . r»„,^, i " Including 1 187 accident policies coming under the law, with total aimual premiums of 62,457 kroner ($16,738). Besides the guarantee fund: 73,600 kroner ($19,725). P October 1 to September 30. » Besides the guarantee fund: 900,000 kroner (5241,200). >■ Not Issuing insurance under the law. 582 KEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. The expenses of the council during the year 1906-7 were as follows To president of council and appointees. $2, 680. OC To assietantB, physicians, oflSce expenses, and house rent for council 5, 473. 25 Expenses in fishermen's section. Expenses in seamen's section. . . 8, 153. 22 535. 22 746. 02 Total 9, 434. 46 The following table gives the salient statistics, as far as available, for workmen's insurance under the law of January 7, 1898, from the time it went into force to the close of 1907 : STATISTICS OF ACCIDENT INSURANCE AMONG WORKMEN UNDER THE LAW OF JANUARY 7, 1898, FOR THE YEARS 1899 TO 1907. [Source: Statistical Yearbooks, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Item. 1899. (a) 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1900. 1907. Cases reported to coun- 1,906 435 1,471 229 2,280 481 2,237 342 131 404 103 22 2,258 469 2,271 356 212 454 113 36 2,126 497 2,124 355 1,189 397 82 i 8 2,482 636 2,394 407 ' 1,376 423 80 14 8 2,251 576 2,241 391 1,225 430 87 22 7 2,200 615 2,266 355 1,256 470 83 16 8 2,600 708 2,647 358 1,439 568 86 17 2 2,652 898 2,507 Cases still under re- view at close of year. Cases examined dui- ingyear(&) Cases determined: Lawinapplicable(c) Recovered fully 296 1,431 Cases of permanent disability: 25 per cent and un- 203 25 ) 1= 574 26 to 50 per cent... 51 to 75 per cent... 76 to 100 per cent.. 73 18 6 Total 243 629 603 498 625 546 576 673 671 Compensation (with- out daily pecuniary aid) (,i) . 346,682 S120,376 $149,439 1112,487 $442,309 $126,811 S127, 332 $139,388 $143, 404 o January 15 to December 31. 6 Including cases reopened or reconsidered, in each year, beginning with 1900, as follows: 3, 1, 26, 31, 30, 33, 40, and 45, respectively. c Either because the industry was not covered by the law or because the accident occurred under circum- stances not entitling to compensation. d Not including additional award in cases reopened or reconsidered. ACCIDENT INSTJKANCE OF SEAMEN. On October 11, 1904, there was presented to the Folkething by the minister of the interior a bill concerning the insurance of seamen against the results of accidents in navigation. This bill had been drawn up by the Government after conferences with the council of workmen's insurance, the central union for Danish navigation, and the accident insurance society of Danish fishermen, and an effort had been made to satisfy all the just claims presented by the repre- sentatives of shipping interests. The bill thus prepared by the min- ister of the interior passed both houses of the Diet with little oppo- sition and but slight amendments, and became a law April 1, 1905. CHAPTER in. — workmen's INSTIKAlirCE IN DENMARK. 583 Provisions of the Law of April 1, 1905. This law is based upon the general principles of the accident in- surance law of January 7, 1898, with certain variations rendered necessary by the conditions peculiar to navigation. Chief among these is the provision for obligatory insurance, which was regarded as necessary because accidents at sea may involve many persons at the same time, so that in many cases, if the burden of compensation were to be borne by the employer alone, it might overwhelm him and the persons insured would themselves be inadequately protected. The main provisions of the law are as follows : SHIPS to which it applies. The law applies to all Danish ships which are subject to registration; that is, to those ships having a tonnage of 20 tons or over, with the exception of war ships and other unregistered ships owned by the Government and of certain other classes of ships to which other accident insurance laws apply. PERSONS TO whom THE LAW APPLIES. The law applies to all, both officers and men, who, as belonging to the ship's equipment, are engaged to perform service on a ship to which the law applies in return for pay of any kind or without pay, and who, therefore, as a rule are to be found entered in the ship's roster as prescribed by law. But there are excluded from insurance under this law such as receive over 2,400 kroner (.$643.20) a year in fixed money paj'ment for service on the ship, and, in the case of fishing ships, such as are insured under the fishermen's accident insurance law of April 3, 1900. In the case of registered ships of less than 300 tons the right of insurance imder this law applies to the captain, even if he is wholly or partly the owner of the vessel. It does not apply to passengers, even if, in return for a reduction in the price of the passage, they perform service on board ship. If a person who, according to the foregoing provisions, is entitled to insurance meets with an accident which gives him a claim to insurance under the workmen's accident insurance law of January 7, 1898, his claim under the present law is null and void. If a person entitled to insurance under the present law meets with an accident against which he may be insured also according to the provisions of the fishermen's accident insurance law of April 3, 1900, his claim under that law is null and void. The survivors of a seaman fatally injured are entitled to compen- sation if, at the time of the accident, they were Danish citizens or resi- dents of the Kingdom, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, or the West Indian colonies. If they live elsewhere, they are still entitled 46598°— 10 38 584 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE, to compensation, provided the seaman was a citizen of a foreign state which gives compensation for accidents to the survivors of Danish seamen on an equality with its own subjects. But if this is the case in only one part of aiiother kingdom, the mutual arrangement holds for that patt only. ACCIDENTS TO WHICH THE LAW APPLIES. The law applies to accidents which may occur in navigation or be caused by the conditions under which navigation is carried on, including all work on and about a ship, loading and unloading of the cargo, and carrying it to land or on board, conveyance to and from the ship, and also boarding and landing; acts performed at sea for the purpose of saving human life or recovering goods ; and, finally, the making of expeditions on the land in the performance of the ship's business. Compensation awarded for accidents which have occurred during attempts to save human life on the sea is made good from the state treasury. CLAIMS TO COMPENSATION. The provisions of the law concerning claims to compensation are, in the main, the same as the corresponding provisions of the accident insurance law of 1898. But it is to be noted that the daily pecuniary aid for captains, steersmen, machinists, stewards, accountants, physicians, and the like is 2 kroner (53.6 cents), while for the rest of the crew it is 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents). If the injured seaman receives medical attendance and care in a foreign country under a Danish consul's (or vice consul's) guarantee of payment, the daily pecuniary aid is given to the consul (or vice-consul) in question, who deducts the expenses for medical attendance and care and pays the remaioder to the injured seaman. For permanent incapacity to work compensation of not less than 1,800 kroner ($482.40) or more than 4,200 kroner ($1,125.60) is given, and in case of death a sum of not less than 1,200 kroner ($321.60) or more than 2,800 kroner ($750.40), without special burial assistance. For permanent disability of less than 10 per cent no compensation is » given. If a seaman who has been killed by an accident leaves no widow or children entitled to compensation, the council of workmen's insur- ance decides whether the compensation, wholly or partly, shall be given to others for whom he was either the sole or partial support at the time of the accident ; if he was only contributing to their support, the amount of the compensation for each person shall not exceed 800 kroner ($214.40). Concerning the injured seaman's status during the first thirteen weeks after the accident, the present provisions of the marine law remain in force. CHAPXEB III. — workmen's INSUBANCE IN denmaek. 585 THE OBLIGATIONS OF INSUEANCE. The employer to whom the obligation of insurance under this law applies is the Danish shipowner, who has command over the shipping question. Every employer, except the state or communal govern- ment, is under obligation, as soon as the duty of insurance under the present law comes to devolve upon him, to turn over his risk to a mutual company of employers, recognized in connection with this law by the minister of the interior, or to a company Avith limited liability. On each ship to which this law applies a plain statement to this effect, and also a statement showing what recognized company has assumed the insurance, shall be posted in a conspicuous place acces- sible to the crew. In the same way there shall be posted on the ship an excerpt from the present law, stating the rights which it grants to the crew and the obhgations it imposes on them. PEOCEDUKE IN CASE OF ACCIDENT. Every accident which is supposed to involve a claim under this law shall be reported to the council of workmen's insurance by the employer concerned as soon as possible, within eight days at the latest if the accident happens outside of the harbor or roadstead, or within eight days at the latest after the ship has reached a harbor or roadstead. If the accident happens in a foreign port where there is a Danish consular official, the report is to be made to him; otherwise in the first port entered by the ship or crew after the accident where there is such an official. But if the report is not made within the prescribed time this shall not prevent the injured seaman or his sur- vivors from making a claim for compensation later, provided this be done within a year from the date of the accident. If a person entitled to insurance under this law is lost in the total wreck of a ship or disappears in some other way, under circumstances which make it probable that he has perished but which afford no sufficient proof of it, his death shall be regarded as proved unless there is received within two years from the time at which he is last known to have been alive some refiable information which makes it probable that he is not dead. THE COUNCIL OF WOEKMEN's INSURANCE. In the council of workmen's insurance a special section may be established for the consideration of cases under this law. This sec- tion consists of the president of the council, who is also president of the section, the 2 members of the council who are appointees of the King, and 4 special members chosen by the minister of the interior, of whom two shall be representatives of the shipowners and two of the insured persons. 586 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION. An injured seaman over 30 and under 55 years of age may choose whether the sum of money awarded him shall be paid in lump sum or transformed into an annuity. In the case of a man whose age does not come within these limits the council may purchase an annu- ity, even if he should prefer to have the money paid in lump sum. While the law has been in operation too short a time to admit of many details as to its actual workings, the decisions of the council m applying it during the first year of its operation throw a great deal of light upon the difficulties which the council must encounter and its fitness to cope with them. On the whole, the law has worked smoothly and there has been excellent cooperation between the Government and those directly interested. With a view to making the provisions of the law known to the latter, the minister of the interior issued a manifesto before the law went into force, defining the responsibilities of shipowners and captains under the law. Through the medium of the Danish Shipowners' Mutual Insurance Society for Seamen this manifesto was placed in the hands of all owners of Danish ships subject to registration. In this connection it may be noted that since the law went into force the coiincil and the recognized insurance companies have cooperated in seeing that shipowners fulfill their obligations under this law, and that in order to facilitate this control the com- panies have agreed to notify the council at once when a policy is can- celed or allowed to lapse. Enforcement of the obligation to insure seamen has beeii effect- ively promoted by the board of managers of mustering, to which shipowners are reqmred by law to report the extent to which the insurance is covered under the law. If the board discovers that an owner has failed to comply with the law it must report the case ; but it has no authority to detain the vessel, which may therefore sail away without the crew's having been insured. But this is of no great practical significance, because, such cases are not likely to arise often, and arrangements could at once be made to force the owner to comply with his obligations. The obligation to transfer the risk to a recognized company devolves , upon all shipowners except the state and communal governments, which may themselves carry the risk. ' The administration of this phase of the law has not met with any great difficulties, partly because the law's provisions as to what ships are included are so simple and clear as to give hardly any occasion for doubt and partly because the measures of control at hand have proved especially effective. As already stated a shipowner may, if he please, insure his crew with a mutual company of employers, and among the owners of sail- CHAPTEB III. — WOEIiMEHr's INSURANCE IN DENMAEK. 587 ing vessels there appeared at first a tendency to form local mutual companies, but the council objected to the recognition of such com- panies, giving as its reasons that such companies could not attain sufficient size to be capable of withstanding the variations in the annual amount of compensation. In seafaring there is always the probability of a catastrophe, and as Danish sailing ships had for many years tended to decrease in tonnage, it would therefore be doubly unfortunate to divide the risks on sailing vessels among many small companies. After receiving this protest the minister of the interior refused a petition for the recognition of a local company. It may be said that the experience of 1906 proved the justice of the council's objection. On the other hand, recognition was accorded to the Danish Ship- owners' Mutual Insurance Company for Seamen, established by the alliance of the Society of Danish Steamship Owners and the Society of Danish Sailing-ship Owners. This insurance society consists of two sections, for steamships and sailing ships, respectively, which, though under joint management, are quite distinct so "far as their responsibility for risks is concerned. The sailing-ship division includes practically all the sailing vessels to which the law applies, because their owners may obtain state aid in the payment of premiums only by joining this society. Recognition has also been given to the Employers' Accident Insur- ance Company, a mutual society, but in this case with the limitation that if there be ships belonging to an industrial establishment the workmen of which have been insured by the owner with the society, the owner may cover insurance for the crews of those ships with the society, according to the present law also. This society has been required to make a deposit, which is at present fixed at 50,000 kroner (§13,400). The following conditions are attached to the recognition or author- ization: (1) The deposit shall be made in acceptable Danish securities or in other equally satisfactory securities. The company shall not, without the council's consent, exercise any control over the disposi- tion of the deposit, whereas the council is entitled to dispose of as large an amount of the deposit as may be necessary to cover unpaid claims for compensation, in which case the amount used must at once be replaced. If the company objects to the council's disposition of the deposit it may appeal the case to the minister of the interior. (2) The company shall make an accurate annual report of its business in connection with this law. (3) The company shall report to the minister of the interior every alteration of its by-laws. (5) The recognition may at anj^ time be withdrawn by the minister of the interior, but he is not obliged to return the deposit until, in the coun- cil's opinion, there is no longer reason to fear that further claims for 588 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. compensation may come up as a result of accidents which occurred before the withdrawal of the recognition. Working of the Law. In its administration of the law the council has, to a considerable extent, made use of its experience in connection with other accident- insurance laws, but the peculiar conditions of navigation have given occasion to some variation from the usual practice and to new diffi- culties, which deserve particular mention. ACCIDENTS IN FOREIGN PORTS. Some difficulties have arisen in connection with accidents occurring in foreign ports. Such accidents are reported by the captain of the ship, not to the council, as a rule, but to a Danish consular official, who must obtain and forward certain written evidence, as prescribed by the law and in accordance with special instructions issued Decem- ber 27, 1905, by the minister of the interior. From these instructions it appears that the report and the written testimony are to be sent to the minister of foreign affairs and by him to the council. The insur- ance companies require, on the other hand, that accidents be reported to them at once, without the intermediate loss of time incident to the special taking of evidence, so that it frequently happens that the company learns of an accident before a report of it has reached the council. Since this may, in various ways, cause inconvenience, the council has arranged with the insurance companies that, after a cer- tain interval, they send it a list of cases which have been reported to them but concerning which they have not been advised by the council. Difficulties have also arisen from the fact that the captain is often ignorant of the injured seaman's place of residence or usual stopping place on land. His birthplace is recorded in the roster, but not his residence. In various cases this has made it impossible to determine who the survivors were or whether there were any persons entitled to compensation. However, this has probably not been a very serious matter, for most of the cases concerned foreigners whose survivors would, as a rule, have no claim under the law. Inconvenience may also be caused in cases of disability, since the injured seaman is usually discharged immediately after the accident; and unless he is placed in a hospital the owner or captain can, as a rule, give no information concerning his whereabouts to the council, which can, therefore, learn nothing about the progress of the case unless it receives an application from the seaman himself. But in this case, too, it is safe to assume that injustice to the injured seaman will result only exceptionally, for he will have learned from the placard on board that he is insured and may, therefore, be expected to apply to the council if he thinks himself entitled to compensation. Yet it is CHAPTEB III. workmen's INSTJBANCE IN DENMARK. 589 unfortunate that these cases must be laid aside without having been decided, especially as the law contains no provision for the lapsing of the claim should it not be presented within the prescribed interval. The council would, therefore, like to have included in the roster of a ship information concerning the residence of mustered men. Kecently it has sought to avoid the inconvenience in some degree by sending to shipowners and to the injured seamen, immediately after notification of an accident, a notice to the effect that if the injured seaman is mustered out before his claim to compensation has been adjusted the captain shall inform himself concerning the injured seaman's working capacity at the time he is mustered out and also his future place of residence, and that this information is to be sent to the council as soon as possible. Because it is on the open sea that many accidents occur, and hence that a rather long interval often elapses before the injured seaman can be examined by a physician, it is sometimes very hard to decide whether or not there was any causal connection between the injury alleged and the accident reported. In such cases the council must decide according to its best judgment. SHIPS TO WHICH THE LAW APPLIES. No serious difficulties have arisen in connection with the question as to what ships are included under the law. PERSONS TO WHOM THE LAW APPLIES. The decision of whether a person may properly be insured under this law depends upon whether, from the nature of his contract and from the kind and duration of his work on board ship, he may be said to belong to the ship's equipment. Whether his name is found entered in the ship's roster is indeed a matter of significance, but it can not be decisive. Thus the council has regarded as belonging to the ship's equipment, and as such entitled to be insured under this law, persons who are employed for daily wages on the tugboats of a tugging com- pany, but who have not been mustered. If a person can be accounted a member of the ship's equipment the shortness of his service on board has nothing to do with his right to be insured. Thus, a shipowner who was obliged now and then to hire extra help was informed by the council that he must insure them under the law. On the other hand, the right to insurance exists only if and so long as the crew are performing service on a ship subject to regis- tration. In a reply to a steamship company's inquiry whether a crew which it usually employed on a ship subject to registration, but which also sometimes performed service on a reserve ship of less than 20 tons, was also insured under the law while doing duty on 590 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the latter, the council answered that the crew in question was not insured under this law while doing duty on a ship not subject to registration, without regard as to whether the latter was a reserve ship or whether the crew usually did duty on a ship subject to regis- tration. ^ THE BEGINNING AND CESSATION OF INSURANCE. Although, according to the law, all the persons who have been mustered for the ship and whose names are found on the ship's roster have the right to be insured, it does not follow that the act of mustering or of discharging marks the beginning or the cessation of the insurance. The insurance is held to begin as soon as the person has been hired for and has begun the service which designates him as in the ship's equipment and continues until this service is ended, even if the discharge has taken place beforehand. Captains, mates, and others who, after the ship has been berthed, remain in the owner's service, continue to have charge of the ship, and to execute Work on her, etc., are reckoned as still belonging to the ship's equipment, even when not signed for a voyage, and are, therefore, under those conditions entitled to insurance under the law. On the other hand the insurance does not apply to persons who, without belonging to the ship's equipment, are engaged to perform certain work on board, such as loading, unloading, repairing, sail sewing, etc., or to take temporary charge of the ship while in dock. While making this general interpretation the basis of its decisions, the council always takes into consideration the circumstances of the individual case in question. In view of the importance in this connection of the" question whether a man has been duly mustered, the council ernphasizes the desirability of having him mustered, if possible, at the time he is engaged. The council has decided that if a Danish shipowner has had a ship built or has bought one in a foreign country and then sends a crew from Denmark to man the ship, the crew in question will ordinarily be reckoned as insured from the date at which they are to begin service on the ship, but the insurance may also be construed to include the journey to the ship. But with reference to this question as well as to that of what accidents the crew are insured against _ before they begin service on the ship, the council reserves the right to decide according to circumstances in each individual case. In cases of seamen and stokers. who, after the ship has been laid up or has come to harbor, are discharged and who are afterward engaged to do cleaning, repairing, etc., on board, the principal rule is that if they are hired by the day and on the same conditions as occasional common laborers, so that they come and go at will, they CHAPTEB III. workmen's INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 591 will be entitled to no insurance from the owner after they are dis- charged. But cases will arise in which the workmen, although they have been paid off and are working for daily wages, are so closely connected with the ship that they must be regarded as a part of its equipment and are so entitled to insurance. Whether or not this is the case can be decided only according to the special circumstances of the individual case. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PRESENT LAW AND THOSE OF JANUARY 7, 1898, AND APRIL 3, 1900. The present law provides that if a person entitled to insurance under article 4 of the law of January 7, 1898, meets with an acci- dent which gives him a claim under that law his claim under the present law becomes null and void. This provision concerns certain industries which are included under the law of January 7, 1898, and which, as a necessary part of their business, use ships which are subject to registration, as in manufacturing, submarine construction, and the like. Sometimes the use of ships may constitute so large a part of such an industry that all the accidents happening in connection with the use of the ships will be brought under the law of 1898, and, there- fore, any claims brought under the law of 1905 become null and void. This was held by the council in the case of a wherry which was regularly used in a bay by a cement factory to transport clay from its clay pits to the factory itself. In general the crews on ships thus connected with industrial establishments will sometimes be employed in such a way as to be insured under the law of 1898 and sometimes in such a way as to be insured under the law of 1905; and in the latter case, insurance must be covered with a company recognized under the law of 1905. In answer to a question from a firm of engineers and entrepreneurs, which used steam tugs and barges for various submarine construc- tion works, the council stated that such of these steam tugs and barges as were subject to registration came under the law of 1905 and that, therefore, it devolved upon the firm to insure captains and crews according to the provisions of this law, but that if a person insured under this law should meet with an accident which would entitle him to claim compensation under the law of January 7, 1898, his claim under the present law would be null and void. This would apply to the industry here in question in the case of an accident caused by the work of submarine construction or any other work included under the law of January 7, 1898, article 4A, No. 6. The council was asked to state whether or to what extent the crew on a registered barge which belonged to a steam mill and was used exclusively for the transportation of goods for it, manned by a 592 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. crew consisting of mill employees, should be insured under this law. The council answered that the barge came under the law of 1905, and the crew should be insured according to its provisions, but that as long as it was used as cited and manned by mill employees, it must be regarded as a part of the mill industry and hence the claims of those entitled to insurance would come under the law of 1898 and not under that of 1905. This is illustrated by the council's reply to an inquiry as to what extent the crews on steam sand suckers (Sandsugedampere) were insured according to the law of 1905. The council replied that sand suckers were included under that law and that it, therefore, applied to the crew proper but not to the factory employees who, during their work in the service of the factory, were sent on board the sand suckers. During this work, as during their work in the factory, they would be insured under the law of Jan- uary 7, 1898. It follows from the nature of the case that no general rule for determining under what circumstances the crews of ships subject to registration will be entitled to insurance under the law of Jan- uary 7, 1898, or under that of April 1, 1905, can be stated. Usually the dividing line between that part of the ship's work which comes under the law of 1898 and its other work is so indefinite that in many cases it will depend upon the special circumstances whether the one or the other law applies. Some guidance is afforded by the council's reports of its decisions of doubtful cases in connection with the law of 1898. The council can only declare that as a rule it devolves upon the owner of each business which comes under the law of 1898 and who controls a ship subject to registration to cover insurance for the crews with a company recognized under the present law. As to the relation between the present law and that of April 3, 1900, the former contains the provision that if a person entitled to insurance under it meets with an accident which also gives him a claim to com- pensation under the law of April 3, 1900, this latter claim becomes null and void. ACCIDENTS TO WHICH THE LAW APPLIES. The provisions of the law regarding accidents to which it applies have given rise to less doubt than have the corresponding provisions in the law of January 7, 1898. The council has been asked to inter- pret it in only one case, that of a steamship company which inquired to what extent a seaman insured under the law of 1905 would be insured against the results of an accident occurring to him while on land. In reply the council cited those special provisions of the law according to which it applies to accidents caused by conveyance to and from the ship, together with boarding and landing, and also to CHAPTEE in. workmen's INSUBANCE IN DENMAEK. 593 the making of expeditions on land in the performance of the ship's business and interprets them as follows : As the expression "boarding and landing" concerns conditions near the ship, "conveyance to and from the ship" must be assumed to refer to the conveyance of the seaman to or from his vessel lying out in the harbor or roadstead; and the provision can, therefore, not be made to include an accident which occurs to the seaman on land while he is going to his ship. Only when he has come so near the ship that the special conditions of navigation make themselves felt can accidents be brought under the law as having been caused by these conditions. To what extent this is the case will depend on the special conditions in the individual cases. A fall on a slippery street, far from the ship, is not included under the law, simply because it happens to a seaman on his way to the ship, any more than a work- man is insured under the law of 1898 against accidents occurring to him on his way from home to the factory. In the expression "the making of expeditions on land in the per- formance of the ship's business," it is assumed that the person is sent, expressly or tacitly, to perform a ship duty on land and that the acci- dent occurs to him in connection with his duty. CLAIMS TO COMPENSATION. The provisions of this law concerning compensation to survivors are the same as those of the law of January 7, 1898, with the addition of a clause providing that the council may determine, in case the injured seaman leaves no widow or children entitled to compensation, that the compensation shall accrue to persons to whose support he has contributed, in which case the compensation to each person may not exceed 800 kroner ($214.40). The novel provision that compensation may be paid to persons to whose support the deceased has merely contributed was applied in 5 cases during the first year. The experience of the council indicates, on the whole, that there are many seaman, especially on sailing ves- sels, who give their parents or others assistance which is of real eco- nomic value to them. As far as this holds true the provision meets a demand. On the other hand, the administration of this provision is very diffi- cult, because in the first place it is often well-nigh impossible to find out just how much aid has been rendered, because this must be decided from the statements of interested persons who have, as a rule, kept no exact account of the amounts received; and, moreover, it is difficult in many cases to judge whether or not the aid rendered amounted to partial support of the recipients. The council has ruled: (1) That in order to be thus regarded the aid must have been so considerable that its loss is of substantial significance to the recip- 594 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. ients, and (2) that the support must have been given with sufficient regularity to render it probable that the recipients have been able to depend on it and have counted' on it in planning their expenditures. On the other hand, it is impossible to require that the aid shall have been given in specific amounts at definite times, as a certain amount per month or per quarter, for as this is very rarely the case such a requirement would to a great extent deprive the provision of its significance. CASES OF HEBNIA. Inasmuch as the council's decisions in cases of hernia have given rise to much misunderstanding, it will be well to state briefly, from a 1902 report, the rules which it follows in the consideration of these cases. It has been established by medical science that hernia usually comes about gradually as the result of a long series of exertions and of inter- nal and external influences, but only seldom as a result of a single occurrence so that it can give the patient a claim to compensation under the accident insurance law. While hernia is developing it frequently causes no trouble, so that the patient is as a rule quite unaware of his injury. Only when it has grown so large as to be plainly apparent and to cause pain is his atten- tion directed to it, and since this last stage in the development often results from a severe strain, a kick or the like, he will naturally regard this as the cause of an injury which has really been developing for some time. Hernia may, however, be caused by an accident, but this can be regarded as the case only under certain conditions. 1. It must be possible to indicate as a cause of the trouble some particular accident, as a blow or a kick on the abdomen, a fall or the like, or an extraordinary physical effort, such as is not usually required in the work. ' 2. The symptoms which usually accompany the sudden appear- ance of hernia must be described by the victim with some degree of pertinence, and in particular they must have been so acute as to force him to cease work at once and very quickly .seek medical assistance. 3. Finally, the description of the hernia given by the physician after his examination must naturally give no reason to doubt that it arose a very short time before the examination. TYPICAL CASES. The council's method of administering the law may be illustrated by the following special cases: A sailor 25 years of age fell and was fatally injured while board- ing, in the night, the steamer on which he worked. He was unmar- CHAPTER III. workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 595 ried. His father, a master shoemaker, claimed compensation on the ground that the deceased had contributed at least 200 kroner ($53.60) a year to his support. It was ascertained, however, during investigation of the merits of the case that during the last year before the son's death the father had received from him only 50 kroner ($13.40) and a new winter coat at Christmas. In preced- ing years he had received 30 kroner ($8.04) on one occasion and at another time 15 kroner ($4.02) and a used winter coat. The father declared that the attorney's statement that the support given him by his son had amounted to 200 kroner ($53.60) a year must have been the result of a mistake and that he himself had not expected to be granted compensation, but had been urged to ask for it. A cook about 16 years of age perished in a shipwreck. The year before (in 1905) he had gone on a 9 months' voyage, with a wage of 14 kroner ($3.75) a month, and in the winter had lived at home and by occasional labor earned between 30 and 40 kroner ($8.04 and $10.72). It was stated by his mother that he had given his parents most of his income, namely, in the case of the preceding year, about 100 kr.oner ($26.80). The father, a helmsman, had in 1905 a cash income of some- what more than 700 kroner ($187.60). As the amount which the pa- rents had received from their young son and which was, in part, to be regarded as pay for his board at home, could not be called con- tribution to their support, they were awarded no compensation. In this connection it may be noted that the council does not, as a rule, regard the assistance which a very young son may give his parents, slight and occasional as it must be, as a contribution to their support. A sailor 19 years of age who perished in a shipwreck left a mother who was 51 years old and had been a widow 3 years. She owned a house on which there was a debt of 1,200 kroner ($321.60), and had really lived by the support given her by her son and by a society for the relief of widows, from which she received 20 kroner ($5.36) a year. The deceased had given her 15 kroner ($4.02) a month for the last 2 years. As this regular and fixed payment had evidently been a sub- stantial partial support to the mother, she received compensation to the amount of 800 kroner ($214.40). A seaman 21 years of age who lost his life in a wreck was survived by his parents. The father, feeble and of poor eyesight, could earn by his trade of wooden-shoe making only about 300 kroner ($80.40) a year. Besides paying 0.75 kroner (20.1 cents) a day for the time during which he lived at home in the winter, the deceased had helped his father by paying the interest on a mortgage of 1,200 kroner ($321.60) on his property valued at 1,400 kroner ($375.20). During each of the last semesters he had thus given his father 25, 25, 20, 20, and 30 kroner ($6.70, $6.70, $5.36, $5.36, and $8.04), and he had in addition presented him with 27 kroner ($7.24) for a new kitchen 59e EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEH OP LABOH, range and 10 kroner ($2.68) the day before he was mustered. As the deceased had given his father help which was really quite considerable, in view of his father's small income, compensation was awarded. Statistics. The principal statistics for the insurance of seamen are given in the following table: STATISTICS OF ACCIDENT INSUEANCE UNDER THE LAW OF APRIL 1, 1905, AMONG seamen", for the YEARS 19IM AND 1907. [Source: Die Arbelter-VersieheruDg im Aoslande, Dr. Zaeher. 1908, Helt lb.] Item. 1906. Steam- Sail vessels. Total. 1907. Steam- ships. Sail vessels. Total. Cases reported to coancil Cases sttU under review at close of year Cases determined Cases rejected Cases of temporary disability Cases of permanent disability: 10 to 25 per cent ^. 26 to 50 per cent 51 to 75 per cent 78 to 100 per cent - 265 75 190 16 124 112 33 79 7 21 377 188 269 23 145 11 3S4 86 343 20 24S 27 5 441 119 430 2T 274 33 5 4 1 Total.. 43 Daily pecuniary aid Compensation for disability Cases of death ^ Cases of death in which compensation was granted Compensation to sarvivors Number of working days of insured $778 $3,186 40 f6,003 2,867,772 $316 $388 47 20 $12,141 1,355,284 $1,094 $3,574 87 $18,143 4,223,066 $2,060 $10,011 45 10 $6,271 3,212,641 $688 $1,790 41 12 $5,829 1,327,695 $2, 74a $11, 801 22 $12,100 4,540,336 ACCIDENT mSUBANCE OF FISHEBUEN AND OTHEBS. In the discussions preliminary to the passage of the accident insur- ance law of January 7, 1898, fishermen and agricultural laborers were included among those for whom provision was to be made, but owing to lack of the necessary statistical information the insurance of these two classes of workmen was postponed. Pkovisions OF THE Law OF Apeil 3, 1900. By the law of April 3, 1900, the benefits of the law of 1898 were extended to Danish fishermen, with such modifications as were ren- dered necessary by the peculiar conditions of the industry. Its main provisions are as follows : FISHEEMEN TO WHOM THE LAW APPLIES. Under this law the right to compensation for the results of accidents which temporarily or permanently diminish his working capacity is granted to every native of Denmark who fishes for a living, either in- dependently or for others, on condition that he join a recognized acci- dent insurance society and pay an annual membership fee of 5 kroner ($1.34). In fatal cases compensation is made to survivors. CHAPTEK ni. workmen's INSUEANCE IN DENMARK. 597 ACCIDENTS TO WHICH THE LAW APPLIES. The accidents to which the law applies are those which occur (1) during fishing or as a result of the special conditions under which it is carried on, or (2) during voluntary attempts to save human life on the sea, or (3) in navigating on fishing vessels when not engaged in fishing. Furthermore, the occupations leading to the accident must be plied on a Danish vessel. If a fisherman has availed himself of insurance under this law and is employed to fish by another who conducts a fishing business without taking part in actual fishing, he may demand from his employer complete or proportionate repayment of the dues he has paid to the insurance society without any deduction from his wages. INDEMNITY. The indemnity takes the form of daily payments or of a lump sum, and is made in accordance with the rules of the law of January 7, 1898, with the following variations: The daily wage is estimated at 2.5 kroner (67 cents) and the annual wage at 600 kroner ($160.80), and in case of death a sum of 2,500 kroner ($670) is granted, without any special burial aid. SOURCE OF FUNDS. That part of the expenses of this insurance which is not covered by the fishermen's payments is made up by the State. ADMINISTRATION. The administration of the law is intrusted to a special commission of the council of workmen's insurance, established by the minister of the interior and composed of 4 members, of whom 2 are men experi- enced in fishing. SUPPLEMENTARY LAW OF MARCH 30, 1906. By the supplementary law of March 30, 1906, which became effective October 1 of the same year, the advantages of the fishermen's insurance were extended to those seamen to whom the law of 1905 does not apply, namely, such as are employed on ships of less than 20 tons. This law affords to every citizen of Denmark who, partly or wholly supports himself, either independently or in the employ of another, by navigation in ships or boats, by ferry or lighter service, as a skilled man beyond the usual range of pilot boats or as a man especially hired for service on pleasure boats, by procuring stones from the water {Stenfiskeri) , sand digging in water, removal of wreck- age from the sea bottom, pilot service, diving or salvage work, cutting and haryesting ice or other like labor, the right of becoming a member of the Accident Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen, recognized 598 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. according to the law of April 3, 1900. If the person in question meets with an accident which gives him a claim to insurance under the Accident Insurance Law of January 7, 1898, or that of April 1, 1905 his claim under the law of April 3, 1900, becomes null and void. Otherwise the same provisions hold for persons insured under this law as for the other members of the Accident Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen. Like the law of April 1, 1905, this law contains the further provision that if a member of the Accident Insurance Society becomes fatally injured by accident and leaves no wife and children entitled to insur- ance, the council of workmen's insurance may decide whether the compensation, wholly or partly, shall fall to others of whom the deceased was either the sole or partial support when the accident occurred; but if this support was only partial the amount of the com- pensation for each individual may not exceed 800 kroner ($214.40). The fishermen's insurance section of the council may, by the action of the minister of the interior, be increased by the addition of 2 mem- bers. Finally, it is provided that by state order the provisions may be made to apply, wholly or partly, to persons who are engaged in piloting. By royal order of August 10, 1906, the law was made to. apply to the Faroe Islands. Working of the Law. According to the 1906 report of the Accident Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen the privileges granted by the law had up to that time been claimed to a very limited extent. This accident insurance society is really a state insurance institu- tion and not a society in the ordinary meaning of the word, since its members have no voice in its management, which is intrusted to three directors named by the minister of the interior. However, it must be remembered that the fishermen have two representatives in the fishermen's insurance section of the council of workmen's insurance. With this board of directors the persons insured are, moreover, con- nected through the local oflicers, who, to the number of 156 (besides those on the Faroe Islands), are scattered over the whole country. In November, 1906, there was held in Copenhagen a meeting of rep- resentatives of these local officers. The representatives were chosen from the whole country, with special reference to the different condi- tions under which fishermen work in different regions. The meeting was held in connection with the adoption of new by-laws for the society and also for the purpose of discussing its business in general. The opinions expressed indicated, on the whole, that the work of the society had been of benefit to the fishermen. CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEn's INSUBANCE IN DENMAEK. 599> At this meeting requests were made for minor changes in the busi- ness management of the society. For instance, it was asked that it- be made easier for a shipowner at all times to have the whole crew insured. These requests the directors promised to comply with as far as possible. The new by-laws, which had been prepared for the society by the^ minister of the interior, were required in consequence of the effects o£ the law of March 30, 1906, on the society's business. This law of March 30, 1906, gave to men engaged in certain occupations on ves- sels of less than 20 tons the right to membership in the Accident- Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen, and also made the insurance^ of fishermen who belong to the society apply to accidents occurring: to them when engaged in any of the occupations specified in the law" of March 30, 1906, as well as to those met with during fishing. More- over, this law, like the Seamen's Law of 1905, provided in cases of a- fatal accident for the possible giving of compensation under certain, circumstances to survivors to whom the fatally injured person had rendered only partial support. ILLUSTRATIVE CASES. The following rejected cases, quoted from the 1906 report of the- fishermen's insurance section of the council of workmen's insurance^ may be of interest as illustrating the council's application of these: laws: On May 31, 1906, at 4.30 in the morning, a fisherman of northwest- Jutland left home to go shooting on the beach. Later in the day his- clothes were found on the beach and, about 3,000 feet away, his gun. was found with two gulls which had been shot. On June 1 1 his body was washed ashore. Under these circumstances the coimcil thought- that even if it were to be assumed that an accident had taken place,, this could not be regarded as caused by fishing or by the conditions- imder which it was carried on or as in other respects fulfilUng the con- ditions of section 1 of the law. Hence, it refused the widow compen- sation. But the case was appealed to the minister of the interior, who- decided that the hunting of sea birds on the west coast of Jutland- was an occupation subsidiary to fishing and that consequently the fisherman in this case had met with an accident occasioned by the business of fishing or by the conditions under which it is carried on^ So compensation to the amoimt of 2,500 kroner ($670) was given the widow. In the following cases compensation was refused because the acci- dents had caused no reduction of working capacity: A fisherman injured the forefinger of his right hand while testing; the motor in his boat, which was drawn up on the shore. He lost half of the first joint of the finger and could not move the remaining; 46598°— 10 39 600 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. part freely. The councU's refusal of compensation was sustabed by the minister of the interior. While removing fish from a net a fisherman injured the tendon of the forefinger on his left hand. Incisions were made along the tendon and he was incapable of work about four months; but when the finger was examined by the coimcil's physician eight months after the accident only a Uttle stiffness was apparent. While fishing a fisherman had the third and fourth fingers of his left hand injured by the motor of his boat. The third finger healed but the fourth retained permanent injuries. There was a scar on the middle joint; the nail was deformed and defective; the first joint was stiff; in the middle and third joint there was a bend of 90 degrees; the point of the finger could be brought within 2.5 centimeters (0.98 inch) of the palm. The council's refusal of compensation in this case was appealed to the minister, who sustained it. Wliile rowing against the current in working with his nets a fisher- man strained himself and suddenly felt severe pains in the right side of his abdomen. The next day the physician found a strangulated scrotal hernia on the right side as large as a man's fist. By means of an operation the man was cured, not only of the strangulation which had doubtless resulted from the stram but apparently of the hernia itself as well, the size of which indicated that it had existed for some time. The council's refusal of compensation was appealed to the minister, who sustained it. Statistics. The growth in membership of the society from the close of 1902 to that of 1 907 appears from the following statement : Memters, 1902 |J«^ 1903 ;::;: If^ }904 5 284 190o 7' 4Q2 1906 ''Ill 1907 ^'"^ The rapid increase after 1905 was due to the provision of the Seamen's Insurance Law of April 1, 1905, that owners of fishmg ves- sels of 20 tons or over might, if they chose, insure the crews in the Accident Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen. Many shipowners, especially on the Faroe Islands, have taken advantage of this pr(m- sion because if they do so they need pay only a fixed yearly pre- mium of 5 kroner (SI. 34) per man. As seen from the table the society had 5,284 members at the begin- ning of 1906. During the year it gained 2,839 members and lost 721, so that the membership on December 31, 1906, was 7,402. For the same date, 1907, it was 7,945. CHAPTEB in. workmen's INSTIRANCB IN DENMARK. 601 The society's activity from 1902 to 1907 is set forth by the follow- ing table, giving the number of cases reported, with the disposition made of them, and the main items of expense: STATISTICS OF ACCIDENT INSURANCE AMONG FISHERMEN UNDER THE LAW OF APRIL 8, 1900, FOR THE YEARS 1902 TO 1907. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versioherang im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Helt lb.] Item. 1903. 1901. 1907. Cases reported to council Cases stul under review at close of year Cases determined Cases rejected Cases recovered fully from disability , Cases of permanent disability: S to 23 per cent 2(i to 50 per cent 61 to 100 per cent 101 37 o89 9 35 30 2 1 Total. 22 26 33 Dally pecuniary aid Compensation for disability Deaths Death cases in which compensation was granted Compensation to survivors S795 S2,S65 6 G $4,020 $1,974 $3,772 12 10 $6,700 $1,833 $3,663 10 $5,360 $2, 069 $4, 419 13 12 $8,040 $2,073 $4,100 12 10 S6,700 $2, 787 6 $5, 700 20 17 $6,995 a Including two cases to be reheard and finally determined. & In addition, $145 in cases mentioned in note a. It will be of interest to consider somewhat in detail the statistics here given for 1906. In addition to the 76 cases reported during the year, the council had for consideration 19 cases left over from the year before. In addition to the 10 rejected cases listed there was another which later was appealed to the minister of the interior, who reversed the council's decision. Evidently this accounts for the fact that in the re- port of the Accident Insurance Society of Danish Fishermen the num- ber of rejected cases is given as 11, In each of the 10 fatal cases in which compensation was granted to widows, the amount was 2,500 kroner ($670). The fact that the insurance society's report gives the number of these cases as 9 is accounted for by the fact that the case mentioned above, in which compensation was at first denied and, after appeal, granted, was a fatal case in which the recipient was a widow. Of the 14 cases of temporary disabiUty there were 9 in which the recovery took place within thirteen weeks after the accident and 5 in which the invalidity lasted longer than for thirteen weeks, so that daily pecuniary aid was given by the society. The 26 cases of permanent disability involved an expenditure of 15,300 kroner ($4,100.40) for invalidity grants, or an average of $157.70; 915.27 kroner ($245.22) for hospital treatment, or an aver- age of $9.43; 6,559 kroner ($1,757.54) for daily pecuniary assistance, or an average of $67.60. 602 EBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. In the case of 57 fishermen there was information as to whether or not they belonged to sickness-insurance societies which gave pecun- iary aid during the first thirteen weeks. Of the 57, 39 had and 18 did not have such membership. In 6 cases appeal was made to the minister of the interior, who sustained the council's decision in 2 cases, reversed it in 1, and char- acterized 3 decisions as not subject to appeal. The receipts and expenditures of the society for the year 1906 are given in the following table : INCOME. Amount on hand at beginning of year $181. 64 Membership dues $8, 872. 61 Membership dues in advance 965. 80 9, 838. 41 Interest 27.20 Deficit per year paid by State 5,628.80 Due from State at close of year 1, 520. 77 Total $17,196.82 EXPENDITURES. Due from State at beginning of year 181. 64 Paid to survivors 6, 030. 00 Paid on account of disability 4, 391. 56 Paid on account of daily pecuniary aid ' 2, 073. 11 Paid on account of physicians' service 105. 42 12, 600. 09 Paid to local leaders 860. 24 Paid for inventory 34. 07 Administration : Members' books, statutes, and members' lists 120. 23 Salaries 1,247.90 Office expenses 422. 55 Postage 96. 26 Meetings 112. 83 1,999.77 Amount on hand at close of year 1,521.01 Total 17, 196. 82 Of the total expenditures, the members by their contributions of 5 kroner ($1.34) each paid 68 per cent and the remaining 37 per cent was paid by the State. The widely varying amounts of the state grant for the years from 1902 to 1907, inclusive, together with the percentage which it constituted of the total expenditures, appears from the table following. CHAPTEB III. WOEKMEN S INSXJBANCE IN DENMARK. 603 AMOUNT OF STATE GRANT AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EXPENSES OF THE ACCI- DENT INSURANCE SOCIETY OF DANISH FISHERMEN, 1902 TO 1907. (Source: Die Arbelter-Verslcherung Im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Heft lb.) Year. State grant. Per cent of total expenses. 1902 t2,613.69 7,829.39 6,491.62 9,856.33 5,628.80 9,764.56 27 1903 £3 1904 49 1906 58 1906 37 1907 48 accident instteance of workmen in agriculture, etc. Provisions of the Law of April 3, 1906. At the time of the passage of the workmen's accident insurance law of January 7, 1898, the Government stated that its reason for not including workmen in agriculture and forestry in the law's provisions was the lack of accurate statistical information concerning these industries, and that as soon as such information was available a special bill would be brought forward. To fulfill this promise the Government, after consultation with those whose interests were most vitally concerned, drew up a bill providing for the insurance of work- men in agriculture and forestry ; but in order to obtain the necessary statistical basis for an estimate of the financial burden which would be imposed on these industries, the law of April 3, 1906 was enacted, which provided that all physicians should report certain accidents to which they were called in their respective districts and which hap- pened (1) in agriculture or in a subsidiary industry carried on in con- nection with it, such as stock breeding, gardening, or the nursery business, during the summer semester, April 15 to October 15, 1906, and (2) in forestry during the entire year, from April 15, 1906, to March 31, 1907. Only such accidents were to be reported as resulted in death or in disability of more than three days' duration. Of the statistical information thus collected, which was arranged and pub- lished by the state statistical bureau, the following is of special interest. Statistics. The number of accidents in agriculture was 3,748, or 20 per day, on an average. They were, however, very unevenly divided as to both time and place. The daily average, which was 12 during the first half of April, gradually increased to 31 during the first half of August, and then sank again to 16 during the first half of October. In north and west Jutland the number of reported accidents in proportion to the population was much smaller than in the other regions of the 604 BEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. country, a difference which is probably ascribable in great measure to the fact that in these thinly populated regions, where it is not easy to procure a doctor, the people m'ore often dispense with medical assistance in the case of comparatively slight accidents. The classification of these accidents, according to cause, is shown by the following table: NUMBER AND FEB CENT OF ACCIDENTS IN AGEICULTUEE EEPOETED TO CEETIFY- ING PHYSICIANS, BY CAUSES, APRIL 15 TO OCTOBER IS, 1«06. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Helt lb.] Cause. Number. Per cent. 95.3 039 320 465 703 235 433 Driving and riding 17 Motors and macliinery 8 5 12 4 Falls 18 8 6 3 ,11.6 Total 3,748 100.0 Of the persons injured about one-sixth were women. The division of accidents among the age groups shows, as in Germany, an increase of accidents with advancing age. The accident rate per 10,000 males in each age group is as follows : Under 15 years, 54; 15 and under 30 years, 93; 30 and under 60 years, 91; 60 years and over, 102. The fact that the second and third age groups show almost the same accident rate is probably due to the fact that in the older of the two there are more independent men as compared with the number of hired laborers, and that the former do less of the dangerous work. Of the 3,748 accidents only 463, or 12.3 per cent, caused permanent disability or death, as appears from the following table : NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF ACCIDENTS OCCUEEING IN AGEICULTURE TO MEN AND TO WOMEN BY EESULTS, APRIL 15 TO OCTOBER 15, 1906. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1008, Heft lb.] Result. Accidents to men. Accidents to women. Total. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Without permanent result 2,803 257 51 8 45 88.6 8.1 1.6 .3 1.4 482 77 13 2 10 82.0 13.2 2.2 .3 1.7 3,285 33*- 64 10 55 87.7 Permanent disability: 25 per cent and under ... . 8 9 26 to 50 per cent 1.7 51 to 100 per cent .3 Death 1 4 Total 3,164 100.0 684 100.0 3,748 100.0 CHAPTEB III. WOEKMEN's INSUKANCB IK DENMARK. 605 Of the accidents in each age group which resulted in permanent injury the percentage is shown, for both sexes, by the following table : PERCENTAGE OF ACCIDENTS WHICH RESULTED IN PERMANENT INJURY IN AGRI-. CULTURE, REPORTED APRIL 15 TO OCTOBER 15, 1906, BY AGE AND SEX. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versicherung im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Helt lb.] Age group. Under 20 years 20 and under 40 years 40 and under 60 years CO years and over It is evident that not only the number of accidents but also the probability of permanent injury increases with age and that the increase is greater in the case of females than in that of males. One thousand two hundred and sixty-eight males and 255 females, including wives and children working for the husband or father, were injured in carrying on their own business, while 1,896 males and 399 females received their injuries while working for others. With reference to males the following gives the distribution of acci- dents per 100,000 among the various occupation groups: Among proprietors, 441 cases of accidents with 54 resulting in per- manent disability; among peasants, 665 accident cases with 75 result- ing in permanent disability; among small peasants, 684 and 93; among cotters, 645 and 137; day laborers, 662 and 120; servants, 1,232 and 92. The fact that the laborers seem to have met with fewer accidents than the cotters and small peasants is probably due to the fact that the latter are older. Of the number injured who were engaged in small farming (that of small peasants and cotters) only one-sixth were outside the family, while in the case of middle sized farming (that of the peasants) the corresponding fraction was three-fifths, and in larger farming nine- tenths. The division of accidents according to days of the week shows that Monday had the greatest number of accidents; while the average -number of accidents per day was 20.4, the average number on Mon- day was 24.1. In forestry, in the 351 days from AprU 15, 1906 to March 31, 1907, there occurred 247 accidents, of which 1 caused death and 44 per- manent disability. In its consideration of the total number of accidents in agriculture, the state statistical bureau proceeded from the assumption that the number of accidents during the winter semester is about three-fourths that during the summer semester. If the accidents in forestry are 606 KEPOET OF THE -COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. then added and the number thus obtained is. increased by 12 per cent, to make allowance for the number of accidents not reported, there is obtained a total of 7,600 accidents producing incapacity to work of more than three days' duration. According to the census of Febru- ary 1, 1901, there were 412,000 males and females over 15 years of age in agriculture and forestry. When this number is increased by the probable number of children and married women who take part in agricultural work, the result can scarcely be less than 500,000, making the average number of accidents 15 per 1,000 persons per year. In the estimate of the number of accidents producing permanent results, the statistical bureau made allowance for the fact that the probable number of cases which were reported as without lasting results but which would later prove to be cases of slight reduction of working capacity, increases by 5 per cent the number- of cases of disa- bility. With the further addition of the "machine accidents" which occurred in agriculture and forestry and which came under the law of January 7, 1898, the resulting total number of accidents producing disability which occurred in agriculture and forestry during the year becomes 800, and that of fatal accidents 100. The number of the former per 100,000 persons is 170 and of the latter 20. The total number of accidents producing disability was 190 per 100,000. Thirty-six and seven-tenths per cent of the-injured persons were members of sickness-insurance societies. The percentage of each class of those injured which belonged to these societies is as follows: Cotters, 61.9; small peasants, 50.9; day laborers, 50.4; domestics, 28.7. Calculation was also made of the probable annual cost to agriculture and horticulture of the proposed insurance. The 375 cases in agri- culture of at least 10 per cent invalidity were treated as 78.06 cases of total disability, and by a similar reduction, 5.75 cases of total disa- bility were credited to forestry. Fifty-five persons fatally injured by accidents left 27 widows or children not provided for. On the assumption that for complete disability 3,600 kroner ($964.80) and for death 2,500 kroner ($670) were to be paid, the following calcula- tion was made: AGRICULTURE (184 DAYs). 78.06 disability cases, at 3,600 kroner ($964.80). . J ?75, 312. 29 27 cases of death, at 2,500 kroner ($670) (widows and children), and 2 cases with other survivors, at 2,500 kroner ($670) 19, 430. 00 Estimated expense for burial, at 20 kroner ($5.36) 268. 00 Total 95,010.29 FORESTRY (351 DAYs). 5.75 disability cases, at 3,600 kroner ($964.80) 5, 547. 60 1 case of death 670. 00 Burial expenses 13. 40 Total 6,231.00 CHAPTEB III. — WOBKMEn's INSUKANCE IN DENMARK, 607 If the estimated daily pecuniary aid — 3,900 kroner ($1,045.20) for agriculture and 2,600 kroner ($696.80) for forestry — is added, and the expenses for a year reckoned, including a 25 per cent item for admin- istration and the amount of compensation for "machine accidents" which have hitherto come under the law of January 7, 1898, the result is 916,000 kroner ($245,488). But allowance must be made for the fact that the number of accidents used as a basis of computation includes those to employers, who have no claim under the proposed law, so that about 200,000 kroner ($53,600) should be deducted from this total. A degree of error must also be allowed for the assumption that the voluntary insurance provided for by the bill would be used to the fullest extent, as will certainly not be the case. In the discussion of the bill it was stated that the Government had considered the advisability of establishing by law mutual insurance societies, of which every employer whose industry came under the law should become a member whenever the obligation of insurance of workmen under this law should come to apply to him, but that it had decided to follow as far as possible the same principle as in the Seamen's Accident Insurance Law of April- 1, 1905, and to depend upon the experience and ability displayed by the rural population in the organization and management of voluntary cooperative institu- tions ; hence the Government had deemed it sufficient to impose upon employers the obligation of turning over their risks to societies recog- nized by the State and to arrange for the control necessary to enforce this regulation. The bill was presented to the Folke thing by the minister of the interior November 6, 1907. It provided for the compulsory insur- ance of (1) such workmen in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture as are employed on property assessed for the state land tax at an amount exceeding 12,000 kroner ($3,216), and (2) workmen in stock breeding, dairying, turf and reed cutting, and machine threshing, and for voluntary insurance, with a state grant, for those persons — owners, users, or workmen — who work on property assessed at a value of 12,000 kroner ($3,216) or less. This boundary line, which was supposed to mark the beginning of the employment of outside labor to any considerable extent, was moved down, by amendment in the Folkething, from 12,000 kroner ($3,216) to 6,000 kroner ($1,608), and some less important changes were made. A request for the adoption of the payment of an annuity instead of a lump sum for total disa- bility and death, and also other requests, for example, that of the Social Democrats for the inclusion of rural artisans, were not granted; but it was stated that these matters could be considered in connection with the revision of the law of January 7, 1898, which would soon be necessary. 608 eepoht of the commissioneb of labor. Provisions of the Law of May 27, 1908. After passing both houses, the bill became law on May 27, 1908, to go into force June 24, 1909. Its main provisions are as follows: COMPULSORY INSURANCE. Industries Included.— That portion of the law providing for compulsory insurance applies to (1) .workmen employed in agricul- ture, forestry, and horticulture on property of an assessed value of not less than 6,000 kroner ($1,608), and (2) those employed in stock breeding, dairying, turf and reed cutting, and machine threshing, and also to workmen in any other occupations of the same class which the minister of the interior may, at the suggestion of the council of workmen's insurance, include, and (3) workmen ia subsidiary occupa- tions who work with machinery which comes under the law. Persons Included. — The insurance applies not only to the work- men themselves and to foremen whose annual cash salary does not exceed 1,500 kroner ($402), but also to the members of the employer's family, . except his wife, who, by virtue of the nature and extent of their work, are to be regarded in the same light as the other workmen, and who are at least 10 years old. Accidents Included. — While accidents which occur during service in the personal household of the employer, provided this is completely separate from the business establishment, or during personal service for him or his family, are as a rule excluded, they are included when the work ia question is only temporary and the person injured is otherwise entitled to insurance under the law. Accidents coming under the present law are treated according to its provisions, even though they may hitherto have come under the law of January 7, 1898. This is not, however, the case when the industry in question falls under article 4A, No. 1 and No. 10 (concern- ing factory and mill work) of the law of January 7, 1898, which, to such industries, will still be made to apply. All agricultural work, therefore, which is carried on by means of motors, and which has hitherto been covered by the law of January 7, 1898, will henceforth be included under the present law.. Details op this Insurance. — ^The arrangements for this com- pulsory insurance are like those of the law of April 1, 1905, which pro- vided for compulsory insurance through companies recognized by the* minister of the interior. Control. — As a means of enforcing compliance with the obliga- tion of insurance the law prescribes that every employer to whom it applies shall post, in a place accessible to all his workmen, a placard stating to what recognized company he has turned over his risk. He shall also put up, at the side of the placard, a sheet on which he shall CHAPTEB III. workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 609 post the "insurance mark" which is recognized by the minister of the interior and is given to the employer by the recognized insurance company as a receipt for premiums paid. It shall bear the printed name of the company and the statement of the length of time the insurance holds good. If the insurance mark for the current period is not posted, anyone is authorized to notify the police, whereupon the matter becomes the occasion for a public complaint. VOLUNTARY INSURANCE. The voluntary insurance may be taken over only by mutual socie- ties, either such as are formed especially for the purpose or those which also undertake compulsory insurance. The law applies to any person who, at the time of meeting with an accident, is employed by the owner or user of a property which is assessed for the purpose of state tax at not more than 6,000 kroner ($1,608), and which is used in, agriculture, forestry, or horticulture. It applies likewise to any person who is himself the owner of a property as described, or is mar- ried to the owner of the property. A person who is wholly or partly employed upon the property above specified in the home of the owner or user, who does not himself personally and regularly take part in the work, is entitled to demand from the employer, without dimunition of his wages, the repayment, wholly or partly, of the amount he has paid out for insurance under the provision of this section of the law. But this provision will be of little practical significance, because it is very exceptional for the owner or user of so small a property not to take part in the work . himself. One-half of the expenses occasioned the societies by this voluntary insurance is borne by the state treasury. ADMINISTRATION. For the consideration of cases under this law a special section of the council of workmen's insurance is formed, which has only the president in common with the other sections. The other members are: Two named by the King, of whom one is a physician, and six others who are chosen by the minister of the interior, of whom two are employers and two workmen. The former are nominated by the United Danish Landowners, the latter by the committee of the sick- ness societies. These four members take part in the discussion of all questions concerning compulsory insurance. In the discussion of matters concerning voluntary insurance the two employers do not take part, but their places are taken by two members chosen by the minister of the interior, at the suggestion of the United .Danish Cotters' Societies. 610 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Although the law was not to go into effect until June, 1909, the insurance companies prepared at once, and it soon became evident that most of the insurance would fall to mutual companies, which would in various ways make use of the important cooperative organ- izations already existing in Denmark. For example, the Accident Insurance of Dairies, which had assumed the risks of the cooperative dairies under the law of January 7, 1908, and which, under a new name, Accident Insurance of Agriculture, has prepared to do business under the new law, will collect the dues of the members by the easy and cheap method of keeping them back from the amounts due for milk delivered. SICKNESS INSURANCE. Introduction. The characteristic feature of insurance against sickness in Denmark is the fact that voluntary self-help is supplemented by grants from the State, which on this account exercises a certain measure of control. The foundations for voluntary sickness insurance among the working people were laid by the guilds, most of which had sick benefits, and some old-age benefits. When the monopoly of the guilds was destroyed in 1862 the sickness insurance was continued under free organizations, which at first were confined to the towns, and formed of members who were skilled workmen, but toward 1870 the mem- bership basis was broadened and the societies spread into the rural districts. As interest in social betterment increased, about 1860, the subject of the development of sickness iasurance claimed public attention, and its consideration was intrusted by the State to four successive com- missions, created in 1861, 1866, 1875, and 1885. The report of the commission of 1875, made October 25, 1878, although it led to no legislative action, attracted much attention and was discussed in the press and at many public meetings held throughout the country. Attention to the subject was further directed by a similar movement in Germany, and as a result of the agitation the commission of 1885 found that the main lines along which sickness insurance must be developed in Denmark had already been fairly well determiaed. This commission, in its report of October 31, 1887, formulated two bills, one on accident insurance and the other on sickness insurance. These two kinds of insurance it aimed to make mutually supplemen- tary. The voluntary benefit societies had undergone great develop- ment since 1870, having nearly doubled in number and in member- ship, so that in 1885 there were about 1,000 societies, with a total membership of 164,000. The commission perceived that these vol- untary societies must be made the foundation of a national institution of sickness insurance, and it therefore recommended that they should CHAPTEB III. — WOKKMEN^S INSURANCE IN DENMAEK. 611 be formally recognized or authorized and granted public aid on condi- tion that they comply with certain conditions and submit to a measure of government control. This report, with slight amendments, became the basis of the law of April 12, 1892, which law still governs sick- ness insurance in Denmark. Law of April 12, 1892. conditions for recognition by the state. To obtain recognition and aid from the State a sick-benefit society must restrict its membership within either local or trade boundaries, and must admit any indigent person between the ages of 15 and 45 years not suffering from an incurable or- chronic disease. Persons suffering from such diseases may join, provided they claim no benefit on account of the disability due thereto. But any recognized society must admit to membership a former member of a dissolved society or of a society from which he has withdrawn by reason of change of residence, even though he may have passed the maximum age limit. No one may belong to more than one recognized society, nor, by joining other sickness-insurance societies, secure himself assistance in excess of his annual earnings. A society must, as a rule, have at least fifty members ; its rules must be economically sound and it must submit to government inspection. BENEFITS. Members and their wives, and their children under 15 years of age, are entitled to free medical aid at home or in hospitals which are main- tained by the State and communes. Members are also entitled to free transportation for physician and midwLEe up to a Danish mile and one-half, equivalent to 7.02 English miles. SOURCES OF INCOME. The income of the societies is derived from: 1. Membership dues (initiation fees go to the reserve fund); 2. Communal aid; 3. State aid, amounting to one-fifth of the total yearly dues, but not exceeding 2 kroner (53.6 cents) per member. ADMINISTRATION . The general supervision of the societies is under a state-appointed inspector, who is assisted by a committee elected by the managing boards of the various societies and at present consisting of nine mem- bers. The inspector exercises certain controUing functions and acts also as general adviser and guide to the societies. He calls an annual meeting of the committee, in which the general affairs of the societies are discussed, and he travels through the country each year, 612 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOS. holding meetings with the local officers. He makes an annual report to the minister of the interior, which is published. The committee, at its annual meeting, as already stated, discusses matters of general importance to the societies, and proposes the an- nulment of the recognition of offending societies and the recognition of new societies. OBSTACLES TO SUCCESS OF LAW. Although it was generally conceded that national sickness insur- ance, to be successful, must be founded on the voluntary associations, yet there was widespread apprehension that these associations could not meet the demands of an effective national sickness insurance. They were not well distributed over the country and were not found at all in the poorer regions where they were most needed. Nor did the membership extend down to the poorest classes. If there be deducted from the membership in 1885 the wives and children of members the nominal membership of 164,000 is reduced to about 120,000, one-third of whom were in Copenhagen, one-seventh in the provincial cities, and the rest in the rural districts. Moreover, most of the societies were small, 60 per cent having less than 100 members, and 25 per cent less than 50 members. Consequently it was with the greatest dif&culty that they performed their functions, especially in the rural districts. There was lack of uniformity as to the kindj amount, and basis of benefits. Most of the city societies gave free physician's attendance and pecuniary aid, though the amount of the latter varied widely. Moreover, free medicine was often given and, as always in the Copenhagen societies, free hospital care. Of the coun- try societies about three-fifths gave pecuniary assistance, either alone or in connection with free medical attendance and medicine ; but here, too, there were great variations, both in the amount of the daily pay- ment and in the length of time during which it was continued. About two-thirds of the societies gave funeral benefits, and some of them rendered support to widows and old people. The richer and better organized city societies resented being placed on a par with the poorer and less effective societies, and were disposed to resent government control. Despite these difficulties a tactful policy on the part of the Govern- ment soon won the support and cooperation of the societies, and uni- formity and consistency in administration gradually followed where confusion and arbitrary action had been the rule. In this transforma- tion the meetings held by the inspector throughout the land were the most important factor, because they afforded him opportunity, through close personal contact with the officers of the v-irious socie- ties, to convince them of the government's desire to interfere as little as possible in the management of their affairs. The necessary reforms were sought through tactful persuasion rather than by force of authority. CHAPTEE III. WOBKMEn's IISTSUBANCE IN DENJUAEK. 613 Working of the Law anb Statistics. The law went into effect August 1, 1892, but no societies were recog- nized before January, 1893. During 1893, 457 societies were recog- nized. At the end of 1907 the total number of recognized societies was l',451, with a membership of 552,660. The following table shows the annual growth of the number of societies from 1893 to 1907, inclusive: NUMBER OF SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES RECOGNIZED EACH YEAR THE LAW OF APRIL 12, 1892, 1893 TO 1907. UNDER Year recognized. Societies nized. Year recognized. Societies recog- nized. 1893 457 79 93 96 82 99 113 91 68 1902 1894 1903 46 1895 1904 1896 1905 60 1897 1906 39 1898 1907 33 1899 Total 1900.. 1 463 1901 Of these 1,463 societies 16 have, in the course of time, ceased to exist, and 5 have been divided, each to form two, so that the total number of societies at the beginning of 1908 was 1,452, including one in the Faroe Islands. That haste did not mark the action of the societies in seeldng recognition under the law may be seen from the following table, which shows the number of societies recognized in the series of years 1893 to 1906, by periods in which organized: NUMBER OF SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES RECOGNIZED, 1893 TO 1906. {Source: Sygekasseinspectorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1906.] Number ol societies recognized in— Period in which organized. 1893. 1804 and 1895. 1896 and , 1897. 1898 and 1899. 1900 and 1901. 1902 and 1903. 1904 and 1905. 1906. Total. Prior to 1863 48 109 151 97 52 12 17 44 25 74 6 10 35 19 102 10 24 44 37 97 8 22 33 13 25 68 6 7 21 14 8 48 1 6 20 20 9 53 4' 9 5 3 18 91 1863 to 1869 205 1870tol879 367 1880 to 1889 230 1890 to 1899 370 1900 to 1906 177 Total ... . 457 172 178 212 159 104 109 39 1,430 As was to have been expected greater numbers were recognized in the earher years than in the later years, but the chief significance of the table lies in its evidence that, despite the state aid and the benefi- cence and practical success of the law from the first, many of the older societies hesitated a long time before seeking recognition. Attention has already been called to the fact that previous to the law of 1892 many of the societies were too small to be effective. How €14 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. well this difficulty has been overcome is shown by the facts that, on January 1, 1907, the average number of members per society for the entire country was 362; that there were but six societies with a mem- bership of less than 60, and that two societies numbered over 10,000 each, while 640 had an enrollment of from 200 to 500 members. The average per society was 1,697 in Copenhagen, 555 in the provincial cities, 280 in the rural districts of the islands, and 231 in the rural districts of Jutland. The following table shows the classification of the societies according to size: NUMBER OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, JANUARY 1, 1907, BY NUMERICAL STRENGTH AND GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1906.] Number ol societies having a membership of— Geographical group. Under fiO. 50 and under 100. 100 and under 200. 200 and under 500. 500 • and under 1,000. 1,000 and under 2,000. 2,000 and under 5,000: 5,000 and under 10,000. 10,000 and over. Total. 1 6 11 32 60 12 33 187 263 15 58 261 306 16 28 49 26 10 16 3 10 4 4 1 2 76 Provincial cities 150 Rural districts: Islands 2 3 534 658 Total 6 109 .495 640 119 28 14 5 2 1,418 The law of April 12, 1892, provides that the basis of membership shall be either a common locahty or a common trade. The following table shows that the most of the societies — 1,337 of the 1,418 — base their membership on the former: NUMBER OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, JANUARY 1, 1907, BY KIND OF MEMBERSHIP AND GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1906.] Geographical group. Societies with mem- bership restricted to— Factory societies. Total. A locality A trade. Copenhagen 39 121 627 650 37 18 76 11 7 8 150 Rural districts: Islands 534 Jutland 658 Total 1,337 55 26 1,418 One of the chief defects of the sickness-insurance societies before 1893 was, as already stated, that in both city and country the great mass of unskilled workmen, the very ones most in need of sickness insurance, were not included in the membership. To what extent this defect has been remedied is strikingly shown by the following table, drawn from the inspector's report for 1905 and showing how the CHAPTEE III. — WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 615 male members of sickness societies were divided January 1, 1905, among the various occupation groups: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF TOTAL MALE MEMBERS IN RECOGNIZED SICKNESS. INSURANCE SOCIETIES, JANUARY 1, 1905, BY CLASSES OF OCCUPATIONS, IN CITIES. AND IN RURAL DISTRICTS. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versicherung Im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Heft lb.] Male members. Occupation. Male members. Occupation. Total number. Per cent ol total. Total ■ number. Per cent- of total. CITIES. 1,916 496 27,636 536 41,020- 2,007 4,010 3,334 7,881 536 2.1 .6 30.9 .6 45.9 2.2 4.5 3.8 8.8 .6 KUKAL DISTEICTS. Domestics 22,008 21,032 43,479 1,939 324 956 29,714 6,569 639 17.* Waiters Agricultural laborers 16.6- Small farmers, cotters, etc 34.1: 1.5 Joufueymen and apprentices.. Small tradesmen Annuitants. .y Factory workers .8 23.4 Other independent workers Other assistants 5.2. Occupation not specified Total .5 Occupation not specified Total 89,372 100.0 126,650 100.0. It is noticeable that in the towns skilled workmen constituted nearly half the membership, while almost a third were unskilled work- men. Six and six-tenths per cent were men working on their own. account (Erhvervedrivende) — master mechanics, independent trades- men, and others. A comparison with similar statistics collected in 1896 shows that the absolute number of male members of sickness societies in Copen- hagen had about doubled in the interval, and that the membership in provincial towns had become four times as great. In Copenhagen, the growth was due especially to large accessions of unskilled work- men, while in the provincial towns it was rather evenly divided among, the groups. It is evident that the sickness societies have gradually penetrated to the more indigent classes of the population. In the country districts the division among occupations is more even. Mechanics constituted somewhat less than one-fourth and peasant farmers 34.3 per cent of the total number, while most of those- remaming were divided among the two groups of domestics and agri- cultural laborers. A comparison with the conditions in 1896 shows that during the interval the absolute number of male members had become two and one-half times as great. It is among domestics and all kinds of small agriculturists that this mcrease makes itself felt, so that here also it may be concluded that the sickness societies have worked downward in society. That Denmark is covered by a network of societies is shown by the following table, which gives the percentage of parishes having at least one society in 1906. It wiU be noticed that Thisted, one of th& poorest regions of Jutland, had a society in every parish. 46598°— 10 40 616 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. PERCENTAGE OF ALL PAHISHES IN EACH COUNTY HAVING RECOGNIZED SlCE- NESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, 1906. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1006.] Pereentage Percentage of all par- ofaHixar- ishes in ishesin tbe county- the county Counties in islands. having Counties in Jutland. having recognized recognized sickness- sickness- insurance insurance societies. societies. Piaesto 96.6 95.4 Thisted 100 Soro Vejle 95.5 Odense 95.3 93.9 Aarhus . ■. 95 3 Holbaek Hjorring 92.9 93 4 Ringkobing 92 3 Maribo 90.5 Viborg 91 82.3 89.4 Svendborg 82 1 Aalborg. .. 83 9 77.8 Elbe 81.6 '■ Previous to the law of 1892 tkere was but little uniformity among societies regarding the maximum age limit for the admission of mem- bers. For two-thirds of the societies it was above 40 years, for 38 societies it was above 60 years, and there were 10 societies which prescribed no maximum age limit. An investigation inade by the in- spector ia 1894 showed that in the city societies 50 per cent and ia the rural societies 57.9 per cent of the male members were above 40 years of age. In 1905 a similar investigation showed that in Copenhagen 43 per cent, in the provincial cities 42.4 per cent, and in the rural dis- tricts 43.1 per cent of the male members were above this age. It is noticeable that there exists to-day no great difference between the city and country in this respect. The distribution of all male mem- bers, according to age classes, is as follows: 25 to 30 years, one-eighth; 30 to 40 years, one-fourth; 40 to 50 years, one-fifth; 50 to 60 years, one-eighth. It is desirable that the majority of the members shall be comparatively young men, and this improvement in age conditions is significant of strength. The credit for the advance made in this respect is due largely to the central societies, which have for years worked for the lowering of the maximum age limit. In this effort they have had the support of the inspector, and now a maximum age limit of 40 years is imposed upon every society belonging to a central society. PROPORTION OF MALE AND OF FEMALE MEMBERS IN RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSUR- ANCE SOCIETIES, 1906, BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1906.J Geographical group. Male members. Female members. . Total. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Copenhagen 61,722 41,710 74,497 75,623 47.9 60.1 49.8 49.7 67,070 41,473 75,068 76,505 52.1 49.9 50.2 50.3 128,792 83,183 149,665 152,12& Rural districts: Islands. _ Total 253,552 49.4 260,116 50.6 513,668 CHAPTEB III. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN DENMAKK. 617 It will be noticed that in Copenliagen and the rural districts the female members slightly outnumber the male, while in the provincial cities the opposite is the case. For the country as a whole the female members outnumber the male, the percentages being 50.6 and 49.4, respectively. The growth of membership of the societies, their itemized annual expenditures, and the average number of sick days per member since the law went into effect appear from the followin.g tables: NUMBER or EECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, TOTAL MEMBERSHIP, AND TOTAL AND ITEMIZED EXPENDITUEE,-1893 TO 1907. [Source: Statistical Yearbooks, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Number of — Amount expended for— Year. Socie- ties. Mem- bers. Pecuniary aid. Hospital service. Medicine. Pbyaician and con- veyance. Adminis- tration. Total expenditure. 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 457 536 628 724 800 902 1,014 1,104 1,171 1,228 1,271 1,320 1,379 1,418 1,451 116,703 134,193 154,882 179,377 201,939 231,653 266,516 302, 198 333,028 367, 553 402,551 436, 115 474, 029 613,979 552,962 $117,735.61 130,691.02 157,047.46 163,886.83 200,818.83 214,943.77 271,742.89 314,946.10 342, 506. 68 358,563.45 407,507.13 427,838.42 480,239.65 465, 137. 85 543,941,64 $13,676.31 17,304.76 21,198.00 25,639.86 29,319.47 34,964.89 42,652.20 49,731.69 60,416.31 73,331.77 88,003.43 106,355.62 122,779.11 138,250.21 153,309.13 $32,739.15 37,879.39 44,278.16 47,797.53 57,016.13 63,208.34 80,481.20 94,893.98 116,462.35 120,288.58 133,504.74 138,474.26 156,115.18 155,242.75 178,181.14 $71,364.65 101,167.32 118,831.20 138,779.24 165,632.31 190,398.46 231,138.21 265,361.00 296,673.86 340,221.98 384,894.63 420,114.39 469,810.97 602,348.85 671,598.71 $22,562.92 22,448.76 26,339.04 33,873.06 35, 625. 64 40,098.69 46,941.27 58,798.66 66,060.74 72,671.08 78,934.04 85,958.32 93,601.41 99,217.62' 109,932.80 $258,078.64 316,391.24 SOT, 693. 86 409,876.52 488,311.28 643,614.15 672,966.77 783,731.43 882,109.94 965,067.46 1,092,843.9V 1,177,741.01 1,321,546.32 1,360,197.28 1,656,963.42 AVERAGE ANNUAL COST PER MEMBER OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCI- ETIES EOa EACH ITEM OF SICK BENEFIT, AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF DAYS SICK, 1893 TO 1907. [Source: From Sygekasseinspettorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet.] Average number of days sick. Cost per member for— Year. Men. Women. Pecuni- ary aid. Hospital service. Medi- cine. Physician and con- veyance. Ig93 _, ,,..... 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.5 5.8 6.3 5.7 6.6 5.5 6.3 6.4 5.2 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.4 5.2 4.8 5.1 4.7 5.0 6.1 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.3 4.6 $0.99 .99 1.01 .91 .99 .91 .99 1.04 1.13 .92 .99 .96 1.02 .88 .99 $0.12 .13 .14 .15 .15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .21 .23 .25 .27 .28 .36 $0.61 .65 .68 .61 .58 .57 .64 .65 .72 .68 .69 .67 .68 .66 $0.76 1894 .80 1895 .81 1896 .83 1897 .87 1898 .88 1899 .93 1900 .93 1901 .94 1902 .98 1903 1.00 1904 1.01 1905 1.04 1906 1.02 1.09 It will be seen that while the membership has increased 374 per cent the cost of administration has increased 387 per cent. 618 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. The average amount of pecuniary aid per menaber is strikingly- uniform throughout the period. The first year it was $0.99. It reached the highest point in 1901, when it amounted to $1.13. In 1907 it was $0.99. The cost of hospital service has steadily increased. The average cost per member was 12 cents the first year, and in 1907 it was 36 cents, so that the total increase during the period was 200 per cent. But this increase was not due to increased sickness, for, as shown by the table, the average number of sick days per member has progres- sively declined; but it represents a healthy growth in appreciation of the superiority of hospital treatment over that possible in. the home. The increased use of hospitals has undoubtedly effected a decrease in the amount of sickness among members. The average number of sick days per member in 1893 was 6.2 for men and 5.5 for women; in 1907 it was 5.2 for men and 4.6 for women. While a part of this improvement is due to the superiority of treatment in the hospital over treatment at home, a part is due to the general improvement in sanitation, and a large part is directly due to the improved methods of control, especially the use of sick tickets, which members applying for aid must present. This pro- cedure is, as a rule, confined to rural societies. The tickets are pro- curable from certain society officials and are usually furnished free, though in some societies a small fee is charged. During this period the cost of medicine per member shows a marked, though somewhat irregular, increase. In 1893 it was 51 cents and in 1906, 66 cents, which makes an increase of 29.4 per cent. A part of this may be accounted for by improved service, but it was largely due to the abuse of the privilege of free medicine. On account of this difficulty there is a growing tendency toward less liberality in the supplying of medicine. Experience has shown that even a triffing charge serves to check the excessive demand for medicine. At the time of their recognition 448 of the societies gave free medicine, wholly or in part. January 1, 1907, conditions were as foUows: Two hundred and fifty-six societies furnished all medicine free, 300 furnished half of the medicine, 53 furnished from two-thirds to four- fifths of the medicine, and 102 a smaller, sometimes an inconsiderable, part. Altogether 43 per cent of the societies furnished free medicine, wholly or in part. In the cost of physician's attendance there has been, since 1893, a very decided, steady increase, except a slight falling off in 1906. In 1893, for all Denmark, this item amounted to 76 cents, and in 1907 to $1.09, making an increase of 43.4 per cent. The growing comparative importance of this item of expense is shown by the following table, in which a comparison is made of the CHAPTEB III, WOKKMEN S INSURANCE IN DENMAEK. 619 proportionate expenditure for the different items in 1893 and the proportionate expenditure for the six-year period 1901 to 1906: PER CENT OF TOTAL AMOUNT EXPENDED BY RECOGNIZED SICZNESS-INSURAilCE SOCIETIES IN 1893 AND IN THE SIX-YEAR PERIOD 1901 TO 1906, BY ITEMS OF EXPEND- ITURE. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til ludenrigsministerlet, 1906.] Item of expenditure. Per cent of total expended during 1893 in all Den- mark. Per cent of total expended during 1901 to 1906 in- All Den- mark. Copen- Provin- cial cities. Rural districts. Pecuniary aid Hospital service Physician and conveyance Medicine Administration Total 45.6 6.3 27.7 12.7 8.7 36.5 8.7 35.4 12.1 7.3 40.9 8.4 26.5 14.3 36.6 8.7 30.4 16.9 7.4 25.3 8.9 54.0 7.4 4.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The increasing cost of medical service is more marked in the rural districts than in Copenhagen, and is greatest in the rural districts of Jutland, as shown by the following table : AVERAGE ANNUAL COST PER MEMBER FOR PHYSICIAN AND CONVEYANCE TO REC- OGNIZED SICKNESS INSURANCE SOCIETIES, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRICTS, 1893 TO 1907. [Source: Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet, 1906.] Average annual cost per member for physician and conveyance in— Year. Copen- hagen. Provin- cial cities. Rural districts in — All Den- Islands. Jutland. mark. 1893 10.79 ,80 .79 .76 .83 .84 ' .87 .89 .91 .91 .93 .92 .94 .92 .95 $0.75 .77 .79 .81 .84 .89 .92 .94 .98 .99 1.00 1.02 1.05 1.10 1.17 $0.69 .79 .76 .79 .83 .82 .87 .88 .88 .91 .96 .96 .99 .96 1.03 $0.83 .90 .98 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.12 1.04 1.05 1.10 1.14 1.13 1.16 1.11 1.17 $0.76 1894 .80 1895... .81 1896 .83 1897 .87 1898 .88 1899 .93 1900... . .93 1901 .94 1902... .98 1903 l.OO 1904.. . 1.01 1905 1.04 1906 . . 1.02 1907 1.09 In 1907 this item amounted to 95 cents in Copenhagen, to $1.17 in the provincial cities, to $1.03 in the rural districts of the islands, and to $1.17 in the rural districts of Jutland. Despite the fact that the transportation item is greater in rural districts, this is not the main cause of the difference of expense. The originators of the law fully intended that the state grant should at least cover the expense for medical attendance, but so great has 620 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. this item become that it far exceeds the state grant, which since the first five years of the law's operation, has, as shown by the following table, fallen short of meeting it. AGGREGATE ANNUAL COST OP PHYSICIANS' ATTENDANCE AND CONVEYANCE COM- PARED WITH STATE GRANT TO RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, 1893 TO 1907. [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark and Die Arbeiter-Versioherung im Auslande, 1908, Heft lb.] Year. Annual cost of physicians' attendance and convey- ance. State grant. State grant greater (-I-) or less (-) than cost of physi- sians attend- ance by— 1893 $71,346.65 101,167.32 118,831.20 138, 779. 24 165,632.30 190,398.48 231,138.21 265, .361. 00 296,673.85 340,221.98 384,894.63 420,114.39 469, 810. 96 502,348.8.5 570, 956. 58 $92,494.04 110,051.79 127, 518. 96 146,777.70 166,580.22 190,323.15 223, 443. 66 256, 674. 59 285,963.77 316,900.89 350,288.86 382,064.02 416,361.58 453,280.73 493,851.91 -I-S21, 129. 39 1894 . -1- 8, 884. 47 1895 -1- 8,687.76 1896 -t- 7, 998. 46 1897 + 947.92 1898 - 75. 31 1899 — 7, 694. 55 1900 - 8,686.42 1901 . — 10,710.08 1902 - 23,321.09 1903 — 34,606.77 1904 — 38,050.37 1905 — 53, 449 38 1906 — 49,068.12 1907 . — 77, 104 67 The resulting burden upon the societies can be met only by increas- ing the membership dues, a process which, if continued, must even- tually exclude from membership the more indigent classes, a danger which has occasioned the Government grave concern. The cause of this excessive cost of the free medical aid provided for by the law has been the lack of adequate control. Physicians have sought to substitute payment by visit for fixed annual remuneration and also to introduce a system of allowing members free choice of physicians. Although this policy on the part of physicians, especially in the latter respect, has been the main cause of the difficulty, it has been also partly the fault of the members themselves, who are prone to abuse the privilege of free medical aid. As a measure of control it has been found necessary to require a member desiring medical attendance to secure a sick ticket from the proper official, and physi- cians are paid only for services rendered to members who have pre- sented such tickets. It is found that a shght charge for these tickets affords a useful check on the excessive demands for medical attend- This expedient has been adopted by many societies volun- ance. tarily, and by many others under compulsion from the inspector, who always insists upon it when any society's annual report shows a dis- proportionate expenditure for medical attendance. The usual charge varies from 15 ore (4.02 cents) to 50 ore (13.4 cents), sometimes amounting to 1 krone (26.8 cents), but seldom to more. CHAPTER III. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 621 Pecuniary aid formerly constituted the largest item of expense for the societies. The average expenditure per member changed but httle during the period from 1903 to 1907. In 1903 it was 99 cents; it reached its highest point in 1901, when it was $1.13; in 1907 it was 99 cents. But its relative importance has decidedly dechned. In 1893it formed 45.6 percentof the total expenditures of all the societies, as against 36.5 per cent for the six-year period 1901 to 1906. It is now surpassed by the expenditure for medical attendance, which in 1893 was only about two-thirds as great. The comparative import- ance of the pecuniary aid varies greatly in different parts of the country. In Copenhagen it amounts to about two-fifths of the total expenditures, in the provincial towns to somewhat more than one- third, and in the rural districts to slightly over one-fourth. The following table shows the division of the societies according to the amount of the daily pecuniary aid. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES PAYING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT OF DAILY PECUNIARY AID TO MEN AND TO WOMEN, WHEN RECOGNIZED AND JANUARY 1, 1907. Classified amount of daily pecuniary aid. Socities paying each classified amount of daily pecuniary aid— At date of recogni- tion. Number. Percent. January 1, 1907. Number. Per cent. Men: 40 6re (10.7 cents) to 49 ore (13.1 cents) . . . 50 ore (13.4 cents) to 59 ore (16.8 cents) . . . 60 ore (16.1 cents) to 096re (18.5 cents). . . 706re (18.8 cents) to 79 ore (21.2 cents). . . 80 8re (21.4 cents) to 89 Ore (23.9 cents) . . . 90 ore (24.1 cents) to 99 ore (20.5 cents) .. . 100 6re (26.8 cents) to 109 ore (29.2 cents) . 110 6re (29.5 cents) to 119 ore (31.9 cents). 120 6re (32.2 cents) and over Women: No pecuniary aid Under 40 8re (10.7 cents) 40 Bre (10.7 cents) to 49 6re (13.1 cents) . . . 50 6re (13.4 cents) to 59 ore (15.8 cents) .. . 60 ere (16.1 cents) to 69 ore (18.5 cents). . . 706re (18.8 cents) to 79 ore (21.2 cents). . . 80 6re (21.4 cents) to 89 Sre (23.9 cents) .. . 90 ore (24.1 cents) to 99 6re (26.5 cents) . . . 100 Sre (26.8 cents) to 109 Sre (29.2 cents) . 779 307 92 63 11 4 124 45 1,425 186 66 814 266 61 12 1,425 54.7 21.5 6.4 4.4 .8 .3 8.7 3.2 100.0 13.1 4.6 57.1 18.0 3.6 100.0 670 331 130 75 29 5 117 21 35 1,413 120 735 350 1,416 47.4 23.4 9.2 5.3 2.0 .4 8.3 1.5 2.5 100.0 8.5 2.5 51.9 24.7 6.2 2.7 1.5 .4 L6 100.0 The table following shows to what extent the societies have, at the time of recognition, restricted the duration of their pecuniary aid to the minimum of thirteen weeks prescribed by the law, and what changes have since taken place in this respect. 622 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES PAYING DAILY PECUNIARY AID, BY CLASSIFIED BENEFIT PERIODS, AT DATE OF RECOGNI- TION AND JANUARY 1, 1907. Societies paying daily pecuniary aid each classified number of weeks— Classifleci benefit period. At date of recogni- tion. January 1, 1907. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 13 weeks . 821 346 257 6 57.4 24.2 18.0 .4 845 328 242 3 59 6 13 weeks and under 26 weeks 23.1 17.1 .2 1,430 100.0 1,418 100.0 It appears that there has taken place a shght reduction in the duration of the pecuniary aid. Three-fifths of the societies give it for only the required thirteen weeks. In view of the fact, already noted, that the average amount of pecuniary aid per member has remained about the same, it is evident that there has been a tendency toward the giving of a larger amount for a shorter time. The itemized income of the societies for the years 1901 to 1906 inclusive, is given in the following table: INCOME OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES, BY SOURCES OF INCOME, 1901 TO 1906. Source. Income each year. Total. Per cent 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. of total. Membership dues Initiation fees, fines, etc. Income from property... Dues, honorary mem- $583,802 11,055 26,069 3,525 17, 434 20,432 266,075 $644,019 12,669 30,162 3,831 19,050 18,789 286,064 $720,427 14,479 31,441 3,989 21,285 19,459 316,901 $789,563 16,339 34,031 3,894 23, 109 18,736 350,289 $860,281 16,618 36,491 3,881 23, 121 24,126 382,064 $949,000 18,585 39,957 4,081 25, 966 18,089 416, 361 $4,547,092 89,746 198,151 23,201 129,965 120,231 2,008,354 63.9 1.3 2.8 .3 Communal grants Gifts, etc 1.8 1.7 State grant 28.2 Total 918,992 1,014,484 1,127,981 1,235,961 1,346,582 1,472,639 7,116,639 100.0 It will be noted that the membership dues constitute nearly two- thirds of the total income, and that the amount of the state grant is somewhat less than one-half of the membership dues. As already mentioned there has been among the societies a marked tendency to increase the membership dues. The table following shows to what extent this has taken place for men and women, respectively . CHAPTEB III. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 623 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF RECOGNIZED SICKNESS-INSURANCE SOCIETIES IN DEN- MARK RECEIVING EACH CLASSIFIED AMOUNT OF ANNUAL DUES, AT DATE OF RECOGNITION AND JANUARY 1, 1907, BY SEX. Societies receiving each classified amount of annual dues from— Male members— Female members— Classified annual dues. At date of recognition. January 1, 1907. At date of recognition. January 1, 1907. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Under 2 kroner (10. 536) 2 57 644 394 105 48 73 32 55 15 0.1 4.0 45.2 27.6 7.4 3.4 5.1 2.2 3.9 1.1 21 142 703 342 130 61 20 3 3 1.5 10.0 49.3 24.0 9.1 4.3 1.4 .2 .2 5 66 644 414 142 77 43 13 11 1 3 2kroner $0,536) and under3 kroner (S0.804) 28 568 436 147 51 65 31 67 20 2.0 40.2 30.8 10.4 3.6 4.6 2.2 4.8 1.4 4.7 Skroner 10.804) and under 4 kroner (S1.072) 45.5 4kroner 11.072) and under 5 kroner (81.340) 23.2 Skroner $1,340) and under 7 kroner ($1.876) 10.0 7kroner ($1,876) and under 9 kroner ($2.412) 5 5 3.0 11 kroner ($2,948) and under 13 kroner ($3.484) 13 kroner ($3,484) and under 15 kroner ($4.020) M} VrOTifir ($4 09/1} nnd nvp.r .9 .8 .1 Total . . 1,425 100.0 1,413 100.0 1,425 100.0 1,416 100.0 It will be noted that for male members the annual dues are from 3 to 7 kroner ($0,804 to $1,876) in more than four-fifths, and from 3 to 5 kroner ($0,804 to $1.34) in over 70 per cent of the societies; while for women the same dues are required respectively in more than four-fifths and in about three-fourths of the societies. The fact that the number of societies requiring the higher membership dues from women has gradually increased is a natural result of the fact that more and more women have come to receive pecuniary aid, and that in a gradually increasing percentage of cases the higher amounts have been granted. From members with children higher dues are often required than from single members. The 1,430 societies which received state recognition during the first fourteen years owned property amounting to 1,566,808 kroner ($419,904.54), making an average of 6.48 kroner ($1.74) per member. January 1, 1908, the 1,451 recognized societies owned 4,227,904 kroner ($1,133,078.27), to which should be added the state grant of 1,842,731 kroner ($493,851.92), due them for 1907, making the total amount of the property of the societies 6,070,635 kroner ($1,626,930.18). OLD-AGE INSURANCE. Introduction. During the last haH of the nineteenth century numerous proposals were brought forward to provide some support for the aged poor. The minister of finance in 1883 introduced into the Folkething a bill providing at small cost for the care of the aged. This bill, which 624 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. provided for voluntary insurance with a state grant, was again pre-p sented in 1884 in altered form, but only reached the &st reading. During the parliamentary session of 1889-90 the minister of the interior presented to the Folkething a bill providing for poor relief in general, and further also for support to the aged poor, to be granted not on the basis of contributions from the beneficiaries but on con- dition of former efforts at self-support. The bill distinguished two classes. One composed of those contemplated by the ordinary poor relief laws, and the other composed of those who, after passing their sixtieth year, for the first time were without sufficient means of sup- port. This bill contained the following: "If a person who is enti- tled to care in this country and who has not been convicted of a crime comes to need support after the completion of his sixtieth year, the public aid which is given for the necessary maintenance of him and his family or their medical care is not to be regarded as poor relief. Provided, That the man in question has hitherto had no such relief. And 'provided further, That within the last ten years he has been a member of a recognized sickness-insurance society or has sought in some other way acceptable to the communal authorities, as by a suitable contribution to a society for old-age relief or the like, to insure himself against becoming a burden on public charity." It was provided further that, where conditions justified it, this support might consist in placing the beneficiaries in special asylums, in hos- pitals, or in similar institutions. This bill was again considered by the Folkething during its session of 1890-91. It was amended so as to make it more comprehensive, but afterward the connection between the project for poor relief and that for old-age support was abandoned because, on March 9, 1891, some members of the Folkething presented an independent bill entitled a "Law concerning old-age support for the worthy poor aside from poor relief." This bill carried out in greater detail the main purpose contained in one section of the poor relief bill. The bill finally became the "Law of April 9, 1891, concerning old-age support for the worthy poor aside from poor relief." Law of April 9, 1891, Concekning Old-age Suppoet. The provisions of this law, as amended by the law of April 7, 1899, that of May 23, 1902, and that of March 13, 1908, are as follows: THOSfi ENTITLED TO OLD-AGE SUPPOET. Every Danish citizen who, after completing his sixtieth year, is not in a position to provide for himself and those wholly dependent on him the things necessary for subsistence and for medical attendance and care in case of sickness, and who has been a resident of the CHAPTEB in. WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 625 country during the ten years immediately preceding the date of appli- cation is, under certain conditions, entitled to receive old-age sup- port. In the case of a person who has returned from a foreign land the amendment of April 7, 1899, provides that this residence period of ten years may be waived if circumstances warrant it. Under this law a separated wife, or a widow recently the wife of a citizen, has all the rights of a citizen, though herself not a citizen before marriage. CONDITIONS OF OBTAINING OLD-AGE SUPPORT. No one may be an applicant who has been convicted of any crime of which he has not been pardoned, and by the amendment of April 7, 1899, it is provided that no one may be an applicant who, within the preceding ten years, has been found guilty of vagrancy or men- dicancy or who has lived in such a way as to offend public morality. Though formerly acceptance of poor relief within the preceding ten years barred the applicant from old-age support, this period has been reduced to five years by the amendment of March 13, 1908. But in the case of a widow or a divorced, separated, or abandoned wife who, with her husband, has received poor relief, this period may be waived, as provided by the amendment of April 7, 1899, which provides that in this connection assistance given in case of sickness, including medicine, hospital care, etc., shall not be accounted poor relief. The applicant must not have deprived himself of the means of support for the benefit of children or others, nor must he, by his manner of life or in any other way, have caused his own need. APPLICATION FOR OLD-AGE SUPPORT. In Copenhagen application shall be made to the magistracy, accom- panied by properly attested papers setting forth the applicant's claim to old-age support, and outside Copenhagen to the communal authorities. After the claim of an applicant has been allowed the communal authorities decide in what form and to what amount support shall be given. It is to be observed that the amount of relief is not reg- ulated by a prescribed schedule, but is determined by the communal authorities in accordance with the petitioner's need. INCOME ALLOWED THE PETITIONER. Income and necessary dwelling which the petitioner may have through private support, up to a total value of 100 kroner ($26.80) a year, are left out of consideration in judging his need. The com- munal authorities are also authorized, when circumstances justify 626 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR, it, to ignore such income as the petitioner may have from annuities, inheritances; pensions, or the Hke, provided their value, together with that of the dwelling and the private support he may have, does not exceed 100 kroner ($26.80) a year, as provided by amendment of April 7, 1899. THE EXTENT AND NATURE OF THE SUPPORT. The support shall amount to what is necessary at the time for the maintenance of the petitioner and his family and their medical attendance and care in sickness, and it may consist"" of money or, if circumstances justify it, of care in an asylum. The provisions of law which apply to the poor in general with regard to parish journeys (Sognerejser), the use of physician and mid- wife and compensation to them, and for burial aid apply also to persons who may be supported under the present law. If any expense is thus incurred by the commune it is to be refunded according to the rules in sections 7 and 10 of the amendment of April 7, 1899. CONTINUANCE OP THE SUPPORT. Provided the beneficiary's need has not resulted from temporary causes, he retains the support once granted him as long as his condi- tion remains unchanged. If he commits acts which, under this law, would exclude him from obtaining support, or if he wastes what he receives for his support, the latter is forfeited. STATE AH). One-half of the total expenditures for old-age support shall be borne by the State. And by the amendment of May 23, 1902, it is provided that the state grant shall be divided among communes in proportion to their expenditures. COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS. Complaints made by the needy against the communal authorities may not be made to the court but shall be heard by the superior magistracy, whose decision, if the complaints are not sustained, is final; but if sustained, may be carried to the minister of the interior. In Copenhagen complaints are made directly to the minister of the interior. Working of the Law. The actual working of the law and the spirit in which it has been interpreted may best be shown by citing some typical cases which have come up in the course of its administration. CHAPTEB III. — workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 627 STATUS OF MARRIED WOMEN. The head of the family is the one required to make " appHcation and to satisfy the conditions of the law. But poor reUef to the wife is regarded as poor relief to the husband. A deserted or separated wife may apply direct for old-age support, and if the husband has disappeared is not required to prove that he has not received poor relief. THE GRANTING OF SUPPORT TO PERSONS WITH INCOME. The object of old-age support, as distinguished from poor relief, is to enable the beneficiary to continue an independent existence, and therefore the amount of support is apportioned, not alone accord- ing to the momentary need of the applicant but also according to his economic status in general. Hence the purpose of the law involves permitting the beneficiary to retain his income. Many questions have arisen as to the nature and amount of such income, and many test cases have come up. In general the amount is in proportion to the size of the applicant's family^ Furthermore, his former social position and standard of living are taken into account. Thus, grants have been refused to persons possessing 500 or 600 kroner ($134 or $160.80), yet a certain widow with 900 kroner ($241.20) was granted 50 kroner ($13.40) a year. She had lived long in the town and had enjoyed greater prosperity, but was incapable of earning anything. A parent is not to be granted support on the ground that he wishes to save his property for his children, but he may nevertheless obtain old-age support if he be under obligation not to spend his capital. As a case in point, support was granted a widow who had been left 2,000 kroner ($536) by her husband's sister, with the express request that she should use only the annual income and pass on the capital to her husband's children by a former marriage. Support was refused to a man 77 years old who, with his wife, had maintenance and free dwelling and private property to the value of 200 kroner ($53.60), but whose capital of 1,000 kroner ($268) was invested in a land mortgage foreclosable on six months' notice. Possession of real estate does not necessarily debar one from obtaining old-age support. Support was refused to a peasant farmer who owned a house and 5 tonder (6.80 acres) of good land, valued at 4,000 kroner ($1,072) and bearing a mortgage for 2,800 kroner ($750.40). The property was impaired by neglect and the fact that it was impossible to deter- mine the amount of the net income was held to be sufficient cause for withholding support. 628 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. Support was refused a lone widow 72 years old who owned a house valued, exclusive of the mortgage, at 42 kroner ($11.26). Her wish to keep the house for her son could not be considered. Sixty-nine kroner ($18.49) a year was granted to a man who owned 3^ tonder (4.76 acres) of land, valued at about 4,000 kroner ($1,072) and mortgaged for 2,200 kroner ($589.60), and who had 80 kroner ($21.44) in the savings bank. He was 65 years old and in fairly good health. Doubt often arises as to whether the possession of a fixed annual income should debar an applicant from receiving old-age support. A sheriff, against the protest of the parish authority, had granted 50 kroner ($13.40) to a widow 76 years old who had a yearly income of 138.50 kroner ($37.12), which she had secured to herself by investing her capital. In appealing the case to the minister of the interior the parish authority stated that the maximum amount ever granted by it to single persons without income was 125 kroner ($33.50). The minister laid stress on the fact that the woman had really earned her income, and that therefore the only question was whether a smaller amount should be granted. In the case of a woman who had free residence in an institution (Stiftelse) and an income besides from legacies, etc., of 387 kroner ($103.72) a year, but who was a patient in a hospital and wished to be admitted to an old-age society home because she saw of no other way of getting the necessary constant care, the minister of the interior decided that if she was in a helpless condition the public must care for her, either at home or, if necessary, in an asylum. When a person asks to be taken into an old-age asylum where full support is given, it is customary to make the sur- render of the greater part of his income a condition of admission. The minister of the interior supported a sheriff in his decision that a parish should pay 24 kroner ($6.43) a year to a soldier's widow who had a pension of 9 kroner ($2.44) a month and was incapable of work. Such support had formerly been given her by the parish, but had been withdrawn because she had received an extra payment of 30 kroner ($8.04) from the pension fund. THE GRANTING OF OLD-AGE ' StJPPORT TO PERSONS WHO LIVE WITH THEIR CHILDREN OR OTHER RELATIVES OR ARE SUPPORTED BY THEM. It is provided by the law that an applicant for old-age support must be in need at the time of making application. Still, support may be granted on account of need which, though not actually present, is plainly imminent, as in the case of a person supported by those on whom he has no ground of claim, either by reason of a moral obligation or of some property arrangement. The minister CHAPTEB m. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN DENMAEK. 629 of the interior sustained a parish in its refusal to grant the petition of a peasant's widow, 76 years old, who was without occupation, but . who had for years lived with her son. The son acknowledged having promised his father that he would keep his father and his mother, as far as possible, from becoming dependent on public charity. Support was likewise refused to a husband and wife who lived with their son, a farmer, helping with the work as much as they could and receiving total support from him as members of his family. They were, therefore, neither needy nor in apparent danger of becom- ing so, nor had the son asked for old-age support for his parents as a condition of their remaining in his home. On the other hand, the minister of the interior ordered a parish to grant support to a widow 81 years old living in the home of her son-in-law, a teacher, who had stated that without the support it would be impossible for him to continue to keep her. The minister, in his order, referred to the age of the widow, to the fact that she had before going to live with her son-in-law enjoyed old-age support, and to the further fact that the amount granted could only partly support her. If an applicant for old-age support is receiving support from a relative, the minister of the interior does not approve of the com- mune's requiring proof that the relative will withdraw the necessary maintenance, although sufficiently prosperous to give it and is per- haps even under some moral obligation to do so. THE GRANTING OF SUPPORT TO PERSONS IN BUSINESS. Old-age support may be granted to a i^eedy person even though he is carrying on a business which involves rather large expenditure. For instance, the fact that an applicant kept a boarding house and had to pay 1,000 kroner ($268) a year for rent was not considered ground for refusing him support. TEMPORARY SUPPORT. In the case of temporary need temporary support may be granted and afterwards withdrawn when the need ceases. In the case of an applicant who occupied a rented house with 3 tonder (4.08 acres) of land, but who needed help on account of his wife's sickness, the minister of the interior decided that the man could not be granted permanent support, but that the parish should consider his claim to temporary support for his wife's medical attendance and care. The minister ordered that the town should give support to a man who had become needy because of unemployment, but whose petition the town had refused because he had but recently completed his sixtieth year and had moved to the town from the country only two years before. 630 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, NEED FOR WHICH THE APPLICANT IS RESPONSIBLE. Neither poor management merely nor the acts specified in sections 2b and c, unless these acts have been the cause of the applicant's need, debar him from receiving old-age support; but if his right to claim support be once forfeited he can not subsequently recover it. In many cases money gifts or loans made in the past by applicants to their close associates or relatives, especially to those by whom they are now wholly or partly supported, do not preclude them from receiving support. Moreover, old-age support is generally awarded a petitioner who, in the course of years, has lived up his capital, even if he has consumed annually a somewhat larger sum than the old-age support, if granted, would amount to. A widow who had loaned her son 500 kroner ($134) seven years before and four years later had loaned her son-in-law the same amount, but could not collect the money, was awarded support. Support was given a widow who, five years before, had turned over 2,000 kroner ($536) to her son and daughter in return for her future support. They could no longer provide for her entire support. Support was, on the other hand, refused to a man who in 1889 had won 10,000 kroner ($2,680) in a lottery, but who in 1898 had spent it all, partly in settling debts, partly in support of grandchildren, and partly on lottery tickets. In 1896 he had turned over the remaining 2,000 kroner ($536) to his housekeeper to set her up in business, with the understanding that if she succeeded she should support him; but the business failed. Old-age support was refused to a widow who in the course of five years had used up 5,000 kroner ($1,340). Loss of capital resulting to the applicant by having gone security for a near relative does not necessarily debar him from receiving support. For example, support was granted a widow who from the 1,700 kroner ($455.60) left her by her husband had spent, first, 800 kroner ($214.40) and, afterwards, 600 kroner ($160.80) in order twice to free her son-in-law from criminal responsibility. If the applicant has given up his right to an income which assured him of more or less support, he will, as a rule, be debarred from old- age support. For example, support was refused to a man who had moved from his home in the town where he had a registered title to income sufficient to cover house rent, maintenance, clothes, and burial. This income he had made over in return for an annuity of 1,800 kroner ($482.40). REQUIRED RESIDENCE. The minister of the interior has been liberal in his interpretation of what constitutes the ten years' residence required by the law. Thus, old-age support was granted to a woman who, after residing CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN DENMAEK. 631 in the same commune thirty-six years, had spent ten years in America, from which she had returned three years before. RELATION TO POOR RELIEF. In the matter of poor relief the minister of the interior has taken the position that while it is unwise to give poor relief with the under- standing that it is not to be regarded as such, yet, when this has been done, it does not preclude old-age support. A case in point is one in which parents were given old-age support although their children had been aided at confirmation time from poor relief funds, the commune had given assurance that it should not count as poor relief. Again, a widow was given old-age support who had received fuel from poor relief funds but had been assured that the aid so given should not be accounted poor relief. AMOUNT AND KIND OP OLD-AGE SUPPORT. In the determination of the amount of old-age support the amount of the property which the applicant already has, if any, must be taken into account. As it is not intended that he shall receive so much aid as to enable him to retain his property, it is the usual pro- cedure to estimate the annuity which he could buy with his property and to deduct this amount from the sum which would otherwise be given him. Although the law provides that the applicant shall receive support enough for his necessary maintenance, the literal interpretation of this provision would mean a constantly increasing amount, wliich is not in accordance with the purpose of the law. It is intended that, so far as possible, the grant shall be of the nature of a pension. The Government has urged that for ordinary cases a certain standard of allowance, conforming to locality and to conditions of age, working capacity, and health, be determined and established, with the object of maldng the grant equal to the amount that would be given as poor relief under similar circumstances, with a liberal addition, partly because of the beneficiary's worth and partly because of the fact that teinporary extra aid will not be required except in unusual cases of sickness. Under the original law of April 9, 1891, the fixing of the amount of support was left to the judgment of the communal authorities, but by the amendment of May 23, 1902, it was provided that (1) income and lodging which the applicant may have through private support, up to a total value of 100 kroner ($26.80), is to be left out of account in judging his need, and (2) that if conditions warrant it any income from annuities, legacies, pensions, and the like may also be left out of account provided that the total amount, including the items under 46598°— 10 41 632 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. (i), does not exceed 100 kroner ($26,80) a year. By private support presumably is meant support rendered by a private individual who may, at any time, withdraw it. It has been the intention that such contributions shall benefit the individual rather than the commune. If the value of the free lodging exceeds 100 kroner ($26.80) the excess is to be deducted from the amount of the support ; if not, said value is added to the rest of the private support, and if the total does not exceed 100 kroner ($26.80) no deduction is to be made. The minister of the interior has held that a person receiving old- age support in money may not receive other contributions toward his ordinary support. So the request of a recipient of old-age sup- port that a wagon be furnished to carry his firewood for him was refused. Though old-age support usually takes the form of money, it is sometimes rendered in kind, especially in the form of fuel. The cost of maintenance in asylums of various kinds and also burial expenses may be met as old-age support. STATE AID. The law provides that for one-half of its expenditures for old-age support (not including administration expenses) a commune shall be reimbursed by the state treasury. In the original law of April 9, 1891, this provision was made with the limitation that the state grant should not exceed 2,000,000 kroner ($536,000) a year, and that the maximum should not be granted until the fiscal year 1895-96; from 1891-92 to 1894-95 the annual grant should be only 1,000,000 kroner ($268,000). However, the amendatory act of May 8, 1894, mcreased the grant for 1894-95 by 400,000 kroner ($107,200); and the act of AprU 10, 1895, raised the maximum for 1895-96 to 1,600,000 kroner ($428,800). By the amendatory act of April 7, 1899, the maximum annual grant from 1898-99, inclusive, was fixed at 2,000,000 kroner ($536,000). By a special law the amount was in- creased by 70,000 kroner ($18,760) for '1901-02. Finally, by the amendatory act of May 23, 1902, it is now provided that the State may grant half of the expenditure without any limitation. The state grant has been noticeably less than half the expenditures of the commune only for the years 1892 and 1893, when it was 40 per cent and 47 per cent, respectively. The amount of the grant for each year from 1892 to 1907, inclusive, is shown by the table on page 640. Since the state grant is not made until the close of the year, as pro- vided by the minister of the interior in his circular of June 1, 1891, there is paid to the commune an advance on the grant due to them. Formerly such an advance was made only to the commune that asked for it, and it amounted for each commune to about one-fourth of its expenditures for old-age support during the year in question; but CHAPTER UI. — workmen's ISTSUKANCE IN DENMABK. 633 in February, 1903, it was ordered by the minister of the interior that thenceforth there should be paid to each commune, without formal request, an advance on the state grant for old-age support amounting to one-third of the commune's expenditures for such support during the year immediately preceding. The loss of civil rights which is involved in the acceptance of poor rehef is not annexed to old-age support. The recipient of old-age support retains his right to vote and to hold office. He may marry without the consent of the commune. He has a right to take up his residence wherever he wishes in the country and may not be sent back to the commune from which he is entitled to poor relief. In general the commune has no claim either on the recipient himself or on his estate for repayment of the support given. This difference between old-age support and poor relief is some- times manifested by the manner in which they are given. Thus, in Copenhagen these two lands of aid are given in separate offices with separate entrances. Moreover, the recipients of old-age support who live in the suburbs may get their support from the local branches of the Copenhagen Savings Bank. And, finally, the recipients of old-age support may consult the communal physician at his home, but the recipients of poor rehef must go to the district office. According to the ministerial orders of November 30, 1895, and September 7, 1900, recipients of old-age support are not excluded from the enjoyment of the rights of members of recognized sickness societies. By ministerial order of April, 1893, it was provided, in accordance with the law, section 6, that those receiving old-age sup- port should be regularly visited by inspectors. Statistics. The table following shows the number receiving old-age support, 1892 to 1907, in Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, the provincial cities, and the rural districts respectively. The recipients are classified as direct recipients and indirect recipients (wives, children, etc.), and the former are classified as heads of families, male and female, and single persons, male and female. 634 REPOKT OP THE COMMISSIGNEB OF LABOR. NUMBER AND SEX OF DIRECT RECIPIENTS OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT, CLASSIFIED BY HEADS OF FAMILIES AND SINGLE PERSONS, AND NUMBER OF INDIRECT RECIPI- ENTS, 1892 TO 1907, BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Statistical Yearboota, Bureau of Statistics of Denmarlc.l Direct recipients. Indirect recip- ients or depend- ents. Goographieal group. Heads of families. Single persons. Total. Male. Female. Male. Female. DECEMBEB 31, 1892. Copenhagen . . 750 1,254 S8 8,669 4 10 4 87 471 641 52 3,476 2,781 2,988 382 9,390 890 1,632 116 10,331 4,896 6,426 Frederiksberg and other trade centers 652 31,853 Total. . 10,671 105 4,640 15,541 12,869 43, 826 DECEMBER 31, 1893. 783 1,294 99 8,793 7 127 492 714 63 4,015 3,090 3,222 419 10,184 967 1,582 120 10,392 5,329 6,840 Frederiksberg and other trade centers Rural districts . 698 33, 611 'otal 10,969 169 5,274 16,915 13,051 46,378 DECEMBER 31, 1894. 826 1,377 110 9,112 15 30 2 155 656 743 64 4,043 3,238 3,474 461 10,489 1,110 1,703 123 10,783 5,745 Provincial cities 7,327 Frederilcsberg and other trade centers Rural districts . 760 34, 682 Total... 11,425 202 5,406 17,662 13,719 48, 414 DECEMBER 31, 1895. Copenhagen 900 1,499 120 9,266 9 26 2 108 580 751 71 4,270 3,529 3,595 600 11,030 1,156 1,824 135 11,108 6 174 Provincial cities. . . 7,696 Rural districts ■ 828 35,772 Total 11,776 145 5,672 18,664 14,223 60,469 DECEMBER 31, 1896. 963 1,667 121 9,719 22 27 2 120 627 799 73 4,296 3,689 3,834 669 11,547 1,280 1,906 132 11,637 6,581 Provincial cities 8,133 Frederiksberg and other trade centers Rural districte 897 37,319 Total 12,370 171 5,795 19,639 14,955 62,930 DECEMBER 31, 1897. 998 1,601 124 9,842 27 27 3 115 636 847 82 4,332 3,908 4,021 601 11,885 1,325 1,978 140 11,797 6,893 Provincial cities 8,474 Rural districts ... 960 37,971 Total 12,565 172 5,896 20,415 15,240 64,288 DECEMBER 31, 1898. r,Oppnhagpn 1,048 1,670 141 10, 112 23 24 2 110 680 920 109 4,518 4,087 4,233 654 12,428 1,378 2,072 _ 158 12,289 7,216 Provincial cities 8,919 Frederiksberg and other trade centers 1,064 39,457 Total.. 12,971 159 6,227 21,402 16,897 56,656 DECEMBER 31, 1899. Copenhagen 1,055 1,751 156 10,196 29 24 2 112 677 982 123 4,621 4,275 4,439 687 12,686 1,379 2,186 172 12,168 7,415 9,382 1,139 39,773 Total 13, 157 167 6,403 22,087 16,896 57,709 CHAPTER III. WOBKMEN S INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 635 NUMBER AND SEX OF DIRECT RECIPIENTS OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT, CLASSIFIED BY HEADS OF FAMILIES AND SINGLE PERSONS, AND NUMBER OF INDIRECT RECIPI- ENTS, 1892 TO 1907, BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS— Concluded. Direct recipients. Indirect recip- ients or depend- ents. Geographical group. Heads of families. Single persons. Total. Male. Female. Male. Female. DECEMBER 31, 1900. 1,060 1,879 163 10,074 38 26 2 103 670 1,014 129 4,754 4,410 4,624 717 12,973 1,414 2,341 180 11,950 7,692 Provincial cities . . . . 9,884 Frederiksberg and other trade centers 1,191 39,864 Total 13,176 169 6,567 22,724 15,885 58,521 DECEMBER 31, 1001. 1,120 100 2,080 10,130 35 732 83 1,163 4,914 4,706 641 6,084 13,310 1,477 107 2,606 12,176 8,070 831 Provincial cities and trade centers 22 108 10, 945 40,638 Total 13,430 165 6,882 23,641 16,366 60,484 DECEMBER 31, 1902. Copenhagen 1,244 122 2,245 10,293 32 798 99 1,255 5,081 5,223 626 5,434 13,443 1,603 131 2,795 12,262 8,900 978 26 94 11,755 41,173 Total 13,904 152 7,233 24,726 16,791 62,806 1,316 143 2,367 10,489 29 829 102 1,326 5,125 5,461 661 6,767 13,781 1,686 163 2,961 12,419 9,319 1,069 Provincial cities and trade centers 30 94 12,451 Rural districts 41,908 14,314 153 7,382 25,670 17,218 64,737 MARCH 31, 1905. 1,368 155 2,426 10,646 33 865 107 1,473 5,405 5,769 725 6,134 14,287 1,722 167 2,932 12,567 9,737 1,154 26 91 12,991 42,996 Total 14,595 150 7,840 26,905 17,388 66,878 MAECH 31, 1906. 1,458 164 2,565 10,831 37 883 114 1,538 5,474 5,983 817 6,449 14,606 1,823 185 3,065 12,722 10,184 1,280 Provincial cities and trade centers 27 90 13,644 Rural districts . 43,723 15,018 154 8,009 27,855 17, 795 68,831 MARCH 31, 1907. 1,606 166 2,711 10,869 47 927 124 1,586 5,490 6,266 885 6,730 14,825 1,936 185 3,291 12,795 10,682 Frederi Icsberg 1,360 29 77 14,347 Rural districts 44,056 Total 15,252 153 8,127 28,706 18,207 70,445 636 EBPORX OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. It will be noted that after 1902 the fiscal year ends on March 31. Therefore in some cases it is impossible to make comparisons for the entire period. It is seen that in 1894 a little more than one-half of al] direct recipients of old-age support were single women and that 69.9 per cent and 44.1 per cent of the number of direct recipients in Copen- hagen and in the rural districts, respectively, were single women. For 1907 the corresponding figures are: Denmark, 55 per cent; Copen- hagen, 71.6 per cent; and the rural districts, 47.4 per cent. From these percentages it is seen that the number of single women receiving support is greater in Copenhagen than in the rural districts and that this contrast is becoming less marked, for, while the percentage in Copenhagen for 1907 is higher than for 1894, that in the rural districts is also higher. The increase in the number of single women during this period is 93.5 per cent for Copenhagen as against an increase of 66.7 per cent in the number of single men; for the rural districts the increase in. the number of single women was 40.7 per cent and that in the number of single men 30.3 per cent. The distribution of the direct recipients of old-age support accord- ing to age is shown for the various locahties in the year 1906 by the following table: NUMBER OP DIRECT RECIPIENTS OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT, BY AGE GROUPS AND SEX AND PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION OF SAME AGE GROUP AND SEX, YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1900. [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Copenhagen. Frederiks- berg. Provincial cities and trade centers. Rural districts. All Denmark. Age group and sex. Num- ber. Per cent of total popu- lation of same age group andT sex. Num- ber. Per cent of total popu- lation of same age group and sex. Num- ber. Per cent of total popu- lation of same age group and sex. Num- ber. Per cent of total popu- lation of same age group and sex. Num- ber. Per cent of total popu- lation of same age group and sex. 60 and under 65 years: Men 481 1,422 696 1,712 1,164 2,886 10.6 30.7 20.9 42.5 28.1 40.8 59 198 66 221 153 398 6.9 19.5 10.5 26.7 15.9 24.7 528 915 1,064 1,569 2,511 4,002 8.8 22.1 22.7 38.8 36.1 47.1 2,105 1,704 4,005 3,264 10,146 9,751 7.7 17.2 18.0 30.3 29.6 36.7 3,173 4,239 5,831 6,756 13,974 17,fl37 8.2 Women ' 21.5 65 and under 70 years: Men 18.9 34.4 70 years and over: 30.2 Women 38.9 Total 8,361 30.1 1,095 18.5 10, 579 30.9 130,975 23.6 51,010 25.6 a This total is less by 26 than the sum of figures given for rural districts in the preceding table; the reason is not apparent. The figures are given as in the original report. The percentages, which refer to the year 1906, show the ratios of the number of direct recipients of old-age support in each age group to the total number of persons in the locality in question of the CHAPTER III. workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 63.7 same age group and sex. It will be noted that the number of recipi- ents increases rapidly from class to class and that the number of women, especially in the younger classes, far exceeds that of m^en; also that of all the heads of families and single persons in Denmark above 60 years old 25.6 per cent receive old-age support, while for Copenhagen, the provincial cities and trade centers, and the rural districts, respectively, the per cent is as follows: 30.1, 30.9, and 23.6. It is seen from the following table that temporary old-age support is granted but little, that it is given to men more often than to women, and that it is, relatively, of least importance in the rural districts: NUMBER AND SEX OF DIRECT EECIPIENTS OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT TEMPORARILY GIVEN, IN THREE FISCAL YEARS, BY GEOGRAPmCAL GROUPS. [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] 1904r-5. 1905-6. 1906-7. Geographical group. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 85 18 109 70 16 12 24 34 101 30 133 110 82 17 108 102 26 18 20 36 108 35 128 138 94 19 84 60 62 15 15 25 146 Frederiksberg 34 Provincial cities and trade centers . 99 Rural districts 85 Total 288 86 374 309 100 409 257 107 304 From the following table it is seen that comparatively few direct recipients of old-age support are supported in asylums: NUMBER AND SEX OF DIRECT RECIPIENTS SUPPORTED IN ASYLUMS, TWO FISCAL YEARS, BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Heads of families. Single persons. Geographical group. 1905-6. 1906-7. 1905-6. 1906-7. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Total. Male. Fe- male. Total. 34 5 36 37 1 22 5 37 24 214 15 114 242 469 47 107 231 683 62 281 473 247 20 109 227 476 60 187 229 723 Frederiksberg 80 Provincial cities and trade centers 296 456 Total 112 1 88 685 914 1,499 603 952 1,5.55 The proportion in Copenhagen is by far the largest. In fact, the number of such beneficiaries in Copenhagen nearly equals that in all the rest of the country, and it will also be uoticed that the single persons greatly predominate, and that of these about two-thirds are women. The number of recipients of old-age support in asylums has increased faster from year to year than has the total number of recipients of old-age support. 638 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. The following table shows the average annual support per indi- vidual and per direct recipient from 1895 to 1907; AVERAGE ANNUAL AMOUNT OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT PEE INDIVIDUAL AND PER DIRECT RECIPIENT, 1895 TO 1907, BY GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPS. [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Average annual amount of old-age support per individual. Year. Copen- hagen. Provin- cial cities. Trade centers, includ- ing Freder- Iksberg. Freder- iksberg. Provin- cial cities and trade centers except Freder- Iksberg. Rural districts. All Den- mark. 1895 S31.83 32.91 33.50 34.60 36.19 36.01 37.39 40.18 41.44 41.72 42.19 43.44 S24.24 25.14 26.25 27.45 28.44 29.96 $36.02 36.15 37.40 38.39 39.92 40.06 $16. 10 16.70 17.36 18.12 18.81 19.57 20.48 21.54 22.19 23.61 24.47 26.64 $19. 54 1896 20.32 1897 21.11 1898 22.04 1899 22.87 1900 23 83 1901 544.19 45.18 46.03 46.76 50.13 52.31 $31. 78 33.60 35.05 36.86 38.39 40.64 24.96 1902 26.49 1903(a) 27.76 1904-5 29.19 1905-6 30.27 1906-7 31.81 Average annual amount of old-age support per direct recipient. Year. Copen- hagen. Provin- cialcities. Trade centers, includ- ing Freder- iksberg. Freder- Iksberg. Provin- cial cities and trade centers except Freder- iksberg. Rural districts. All Den- mark. 1895 S39. 30 40.08 41.63 42.79 43.36 44.25 45.85 49.09 50.56 50.79 51.32 52.99 $31.69 32.89 34.28 35.79 37.13. 39. 21 $41.81 42.76 43.86 45.05 47.01 47.16 $23. 37 24.25 25.17 26.35 27.14 28.03 29.25 30.31 31.51 33.30 34.51 36.12 $27.23 1896 28.31 1897 29.37 1898 30.68 1899 31.63 1900 32.77 1901 $50.68 52.09 63.64 54.66 68.60 60.83 $41. 70 43.92 46.02 47.66 49.67 52.48 34.25 1902 36.21 1903 (o) 37.82 1904-6 39.42 1905-0 40.84 1903-7 42.89 a As given for this table in the original report. But in other tables, same report, the period is shown as January 1, 1903, to March 31, 1904. It will be noticed that from 1901 on a different classification is used. Comment on this table will be confined to direct recipients. It is evident that in all the divisions the amount of support has steadily increased. In Copenhagen it has increased from $39.30 in 1895 to $52.99 in 1906, an increase of 34.8 per cent. In the rural districts it has increased from $23.37 to $36.12, an increase of 54.6 per cent. In the provincial cities and trade centers, except Freder- iksberg (from 1901 to 1906), it has increased from $41.70 to $52.48, an increase of 25.9 per cent; and in Denmark as a whole it has increased from $27.23 to $42.89, an increase of 58.2 per cent. CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEN's INSUBANCE IN DENMARK. 639 It will be seen that the increase has been more rapid in the rural districts than in Copenhagen or in Denmark as a whole, but that despite this fact the amount per direct recipient is decidedly lower in the rural districts. The greatest increase, though this is not shown by the table, has occurred in the provincial cities. The following table shows, for the year 1906-7, the proportionate division of the recipients of old-age support among the various groups based on the amount of support received, and also the per cent for all Denmark, 1905-6: PER CENT OF DIRECT RECIPIENTS OF OLD-AGE SUPPORT RECEIVING EACH CLASSI- FIED AMOUNT, BY SEX AND CONJUGAL CONDITION, 1906-7.(n) [Source: Statistical Yearbook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] Per cent receiving each classified amount. Classified amount of old-age support, sex, and conjugal condition. Copen- liagen. Freder- iksborg. Provin- cial cities and trade centers, except Freder- iksberg. Rural districts. All Denmark. 1906-7. 1905-6. HEADS OF FAMILIES. Male: Under 50 kroner (S13.40) 6.2 4.1 17.8 23.0 48.9 0.6 6.4 17.8 12.4 63.9 1.1 9.9 19.2 18.6 51.2 7.1 26.2 26.1 18.7 21.9 5.8 20.9 24.0 19.0 30.3 6.5 22.6 2.5.0 18.8 27 1 60 kroner and under 100 kroner (S26.801. 100 kroner and under 150 kroner (140.20) . 150 kroner and under 200 kroner ($53.60) . 200 kroner and over Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Female: Under 50 kroner ($13.40) 6.0- 44.0 36.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 14.7 29.4 29.4 23.5 4.3 20.4 44.1 20.4 10.8 4.5 26.0 39.0 18.6 11.9 100 kroner and under 150 kroner ($40.20) . 36.8 150 kroner and under 200 kroner ($53.G0) 17 8 9.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 SINGLE PERSONS. Male: Under 50 kroner ($13.40) 11.2 6.8 25.8 28.6 27.6 1.8 11.2 22.4 26.0 38.6 8.2 28.1 31.8 20.0 11.9 7.1 22.6 29.2 22.1 19.0 7.1 50 kroner and under 100 kroner ($20.80) . . 100 kroner and under 150 kroner ($40.20). 160 kroner and under 200 kroner ($53.00) . 8.3 19.8 29.8 42.1 2,-1. 4 31.0 20.4 16.1 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Female: Under 50 kroner ($13.40) 5.8 2,3.2 33.4 27.8 10.8 1.1 12.9 31.5 34.5 20.0 1.6 15.6 28.3 30.4 24.1 7.9 30.8 37.1 17.3 6.9 6.8 25.2 33.9 23.0 12.1 0.3 50 kroner and under 100 kroner ($20.80) . . 100 kroner and under 150 kroner (840.20) . 160 kroner and under 200 kroner ($53.00). 200 kroner and over 27.8 35.0 20.7 9.6 Total. . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 o April 1, 1906, to March 31, 1907. It is noted that of the male heads of families receiving old-age support in 1906-7, in Copenhagen 48.9 per cent, in the provincial cities 51.2 per cent, in the rural districts 21.9 per cent, and in Den- mark as a whole 30.3 per cent received support of 200 kroner ($53.60) or more. It is evident that grants of 100 kroner ($26.80) or more 640 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. are xauch more numerous in towns than in the rural districts. In Copenhagen 89.7 per cent of the male and 50 per cent of the female heads of families receive 100 kroner ($26.80) or more, while in the provincial cities 89 per cent of the male and 82.3 per cent of the female heads of families receive 100 kroner ($26.80) or more, and in the rural districts 66.7 per cent of the male and 75.3 per cent of the female heads of families receive 100 kroner ($26.80) or more. The following table shows the expenditures for old-age support from 1892 to 1907, inclusive: TOTAL AMOUNT EXPENDED FOE OLD-AGE SUPPORT BY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRICTS AND TOTAL NUMBER AIDED, 1892 TO 1907. [Source: Statistical Yearljook, Bureau of Statistics of Denmark.] ■ Amount expended. Year. Copen- hagen. Pro- vin- cial cities. Trade cen- ■ ters, in- clud- J^. eriks- berg. Freder- iks- berg. Provin- cial cities and trade centers, except Freder- iksberg. Rural dis- tricts. Total. State aid. Grand total. Num- ber of per- sons aided. 1892 :.. $71,687 81,209 82,006 91,693 98,647 109,027 116,425 123,302 130,306 139,704 164,318 181,934 227,417 190,744 203,508 215,249 $72,315 73,091 77,467 86,273 94,061 $9,002 9,089 9,636 10,695 12,118 $260,803 257,620 267, 926 293,985 316,059 341, 167 367,046 389,729 409,724 435,080 464,208 476,878 596,098 628,064 654,831 694, 147 $413,707 421,009 437,036 482,446 520,875 666,413 610,615 650,316 688,680 739,536 812,497 862,012 1,077,516 942, 173 1,003,049 1,080,562 $271,827 373,097 433,818 481,573 622,636 565,400 609,830 660, 525 689,069 740,630 812,498 887,702 1,109,627 968,747 1,026,387 1,095,192 $685,534 794,107 870,853 964,019 1,043,611 1,130,813 1,220,345 1,300,841 1,377,749 1,480,166 1,624,996 1,749,714 2,187,143 1,900,920 2,028,436 2,175,754 43,826 46,378 48,414 50,469 52,930 64, 497 1893 1894. 1895 1890 : 1897 $9,160 10,059 JO, 944 12,079 13,399 16,290 17,955 22,445 19,877 23,038 26,096 $106,069 116,386 126,341 136,571 161,353 168,681 185,246 231,566 203,488 221,672 245,071 1898 r" 66,442 57, 576 1899 1900 58,347 60,484 62,806 1901 . . 1902 1903 W 1903-1904 (!>) .. 64 737 1904-1906 ( c) . 66,878 1905-1906 (c) 68,831 1906-1907 («).. 70,445 o Estimated. !> January 1, 1903 to March 31, 1904. c The year April 1 to March 31. A steady increase is apparent. From 1892 to 1900 the amount expended doubled. During the entire period the total expense increased 217 per cent, while the increase in the number of bene- ficiaries was only 60.7 per cent. It would appear that the great increase in the expenditures is largely due to greater liberality in the amount of support awarded. Critici.sm of the Law. It is not within the scope of this study to discuss the advantages or disadvantages in general of the Danish system of furnishing sup- port to the aged poor as against the system in vogue in other lands, but it will not be out of place to notice the chief objections which have been urged against it. Summed up they were as follows: CHAPXEE III. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 641 1. The insured is not protected in his rights, for the community fixes the amount of support to be granted. The law, however, can be easily administered by the commune, since the insured pays noth- ing toward the funds from which he derives his support. 2. Since the insured pays nothing directly toward the funds the law tends to undermine his self-respect and to work harm to his moral character. 3. Some communes in order to save money decrease or even annul the "pension" as soon as the pensioner obtains an income, either from employment or from other sources. This is demoralizing, because it provokes a disinclination to work after a man has reached his sixtieth year. 4. The law discourages saving for old age. When urged to save one rephes, "With old-age support organized as it now is there is no need of saving." To support this last contention the fact has been pointed to, that in general there is less activity than formerly among government employees — notably those of the post-office— in providing pensions for themselves. 6. But the chief fault of the law lies in permitting the head of the commune to fix the amount of support. The commune's effort at economy results in the granting of an amount too small to provide for the actual wants of the recipient, and thus the purpose of the law is defeated. Some attempts have been made to change -this condi- tion of affairs. The pohcy of the city of Copenhagen has been to lay down fixed rules governing the amount of support which should be granted. Before the amendment of May 23, 1902, rules were estab- lished fixing the proportion of income which should be taken into account in determining the amount of support. For example, the income from savings should serve to increase by one-half the amount of support granted, and the magistrates have recognized that a cer- tain minimum sum is necessary to sustain life. Proposals fob Changes in System of Grafting Old-Age Support. Tlie commission appointed in 1903 to consider, among other ques- tions, that of a general system of disability and old-age insurance, presented in its report of 1908 two legislative proposals: A. — Plan for a general sj^stem of disability and old-age pensions based on the principle of insurance. B. — Plan for the extension of the existing system of old-age support. In plan A the underlying idea is that of compulsory insurance combined with the principle of "help to self-help." Every person 642 EEPOKT OE THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. in the country is obliged, on completing his sixteenth year, to pur- chase a disability and old-age pension in a national institution of insurance. When this pension becomes payable he is entitled to receive also whatever additions are earned by his contributions. Plan B provides for disability support ( Understottelse) for all resi- dent citizens of Denmark over 18 years old whose working capacity has been reduced to not more than one-third the normal working capacity and who can not earn a living for themselves and those dependent on them. According to this plan the support shall sup- plement the incomes of the recipients up to a certain total amount, determined according to their place of residence, age, sex, and family position. Old-age support is to be given according to fixed rates, graduated according to place of residence, age, sex, and family posi- tion; and it is prescribed that the support granted according to the rates shall not exceed the maximum limits prescribed for disabihty support. In return for these grants from the public, this plan, like the present law, requires no contributions from the beneficiary. The only stimu- lus to self-help is afforded by the conditions which must be fulfilled before a person can claim support, especially by the requirement that he shall not have received poor relief within the last five years before petitioning for support. The plan provides for all disabled, irrespec- tive of the time at whieh their disability began. In commenting on this plan the comniission points out that it will necessitate only a slight addition to the expenses of the existing sys- tem of old-age support, and also that its adoption will result in a decrease in the expenditures for poor relief. The main provisions of the two plans are as follows : PLAN A. Persons to whom the iill applies. Every person residing in the kingdom and every employee on a Danish ship who is entitled to poor relief is compelled, under the provisions of the bill, to provide himself a disability pension and an old-age pension from the completion of his 65th year, by paying premiums from his 16th to his 30th year to the royal institution of insurance, to the state institution of life insurance, or to a recognized Danish life insurance company. Persons over the age of 16 and under 30 at the time the law goes into effect are to pay premiums for the following fourteen j^^ears. The biU does not apply to persons who are disabled when they reach the age at which they should insure or when the bill shall take effect as law. CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEN's INSUBANCE IN DENMABK. 643 Payment of premiums. The required premium is 5 ore (1.3 cents) per day. For persons under 18 years of age, and for those between 18 and 25 years who live with their parents, or with persons acting as guardians or who are away from home for the sake of an education, the premiums are paid by the parents or by those standing in loco parentis. For persons who are performing military service they are paid by the State. The hus- band must pay his wife's premium. A person who does not work for wages, or who does so only inci- dentally, may postpone the obligation to pay premiums until after his 22nd year, in which case he must continue the payments until the completion of his 36th year and must pay 6 ore (1.6 cents) per day. The commune in which a person lives, or that from which he is entitled to poor relief, may pay one-half of his premium for the year. An employer who employs in his business persons other than his wife, or his children, under 18 years, must pay the State an amount of two-thirds of an ore (3.57 mills) a day for each workman or work- woman (boy or girl) according to an estimate based on the average whole days of work for the last five years, normally required to carry on the business. The amount paid the State by employers forms a special fund, under the control of the board of directors of the royal insurance institution. This fund is to be added to the state grant for disability and old-age pensions. The details in this connection are to be regu- lated by the minister of the interior. Collection of premiums. Premiums are to be paid monthly — the State excepted — to the communal authorities. A claim to back premiums has the same preferential right as that of unpaid state taxes. The bill throws the payment of uncoUectable premiums on the communes from which the insured persons concerned are entitled to poor relief, in which case, if the person's failure to pay is not due to his lack of means, or if it is due to his shiftlessness or intemperance, the payment of the premium by the commune may under certain conditions be made to involve the same results as are involved in the acceptance of poor rehef, but not for a longer time than one year. All premiums collected by the communes, together with those the communes themselves owe, are to be paid over to the royal institu- tion of insurance, which shall collect the premiums due from the State and shall in turn pay to the state institution of life insurance and the recognized Danish life insurance companies contemplated under this bill the premiums due them. 644 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Administration. The management of the royal institution of insurance is intrusted to a board of directors who are appointed by the King, and are entitled to pensions under the pension law of January 5, 1851. Of these directors one must be a lawyer who shall act as president of the board, one shall be a mathematician who shall be versed in the technique of insurance, and one shall be versed in medicine. Attached to the board are two auditors, one appointed by the Landsthing and one by the Folkething. The finances of the institution of insurance are regulated partly by the annual financial law or supplementary law and partly by the minister of the interior. Claims to 'pensions. Claims to invalidity or old-age pensions are settled by a disability council, consisting of the president and 12 other members (male or female). The president of the board of directors of the institution of insurance is likewise president of the disability council. Two other directors of the royal institution of insurance are also made members of the council. Six members, together with their substitutes, are appointed for a term of six years by the minister of the interior, namely, two physicians and four employers who are engaged respec- tively in commerce, industry (including handicrafts), agriculture, and navigation (including fishing). The other four members and their substitutes are chosen for six years by. the council as provided for in the law concerning recognized sickness societies; they shall be engaged respectively in the same industries as the employers in the council. Everyone to whom the provisions of the present bill apply is entitled to receive a disability pension after the expiration of two years from the time at which he becomes subject to insurance, or subjects him- self to insurance, if his working capacity is reduced to one-third of that of a person fully capable of work. If the disability is due to an accident the provision for the two years' interval does not apply. If the reduction of working capacity is regarded as only temporary, the right to a disability pension does not begin until the expiration of the thirteenth week after the beginning of the disability and con- tinues only so long as the working capacity is to be regarded as reduced to one-third or less. The communal authorities through whom the disability pension is paid must report to the disability council if the recipient in question is, in the opinion of the communal authorities, no longer entitled to receive the disabiUty pension accord- ing to the preceding provisions. CHAPTER III, — workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 645 If the reduction of working capacity is regarded as permanent, the right to a disability pension begins at the time at which the reduction of working capacity is to be regarded as haTing begun. Persons who have completed their 65th year of age are entitled to receive old-age pensions on the same conditions as those prescribed for persons whose reduction of working capacity is not regarded as temporary. A'p'peals. Appeals from the decision of the council shall be made within two months to the minister of the interior, whose decision is final. Qualifications of persons entitled to support. The income of the person in question, or the joint income of the husband and wife as long as they continue to live together, as esti- mated for the purposes of communal taxation, must be less than the following: Single persons in Copenhagen or Frederiksberg, 800 kroner ($214.40) ; other cities, 700 kroner ($187.60) ; rural districts, 600 kroner ($160.80). Married persons or providers for famihes, in Copenhagen or Freder- iksberg, 1,200 kroner ($321.60); other cities, 1,050 kroner ($281.40); rural districts, 900 kroner ($241.20). The provisions concerning length of residence, moral character, acceptance of poor relief, etc., are the same as in the present law. State grants. The state grant per individual for disability pensions is 132 kroner ($35.38) a year. The grant per individual for old-age yearly pensions is as follows : At the completion of the 65th year 132 kroner ($35.38) At the completion of the 67th year 144 kroner ($38.59) At the completion of the 69th year 156 kroner ($41.81) The state grant is given for the years when the income of the per- son concerne'd, as estimated for purposes of communal taxation, is less than the amount prescribed, but the amount of the grant must not be so large as to bring the person's income for the next year within the limit of taxation. One-fourth, increasing by the addition of one-sixteenth every five years until it amounts to one-half of the expenses incurred by the state treasury in this connection, is refunded to it by the commune in which the person concerned Uves. Every person between 30 and 51 years of age is entitled to cover his insurance within five years from the time this bill takes effect as law with the royal institution of insurance, the state institu- tion of life insurance, or one of the Danish life insurance companies 646 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. which may be recognized under this bill and to receive the same grants which are made to persons subject to insurance. The person concerned must first declare to the royal institution of insurance that he agrees to the conditions imposed by the law on persons sub- ject to insurance. The amount of the premium is 6 ore (1.6 cents) a day, and it is paid for fourteen years. "When insurance is covered by such persons more than five years after the time this bill takes effect as law, or by persons between 51 and 60 years of age, the state grant shall be made to only one-half the usual amount and, in the case of disability except that caused by accident, it shall be shown to have begun more than four years after the insurance was covered. PLAN B. Persons to whom the iill applies. These are, in general, the same as in plan A, but it is provided that old-age support shall first be given at the age of 60 years instead of 65 years. Conditions of receiving support. Provisions concerning moral character, length of residence, accept- ance of poor relief, etc., are the same as in the present law. Invalidity and old-age support are given only if the persons claim- ing such support have a yearly income of less than is shown in the following table : MINIMUM PRIVATE INCOMES, BESIDES WHICH JUSfNUAL OLD-AGE AND DISABILITY SUPPORT MAY NOT BE CLAIMED. Locality. Women (married or unmarried). Single men. Heads of fami- lies. $58.96-180.40 60.92-67.00 42.88-53.60 t75. 04-4107. 20 64.32- 93.80 53.60- 80.40 $101.84-4134.00 other cities 85. 76- 120. 60 Rural communes . . 69.68- 107.20 Amount of support. The amount of the disability and old-age support shall be such as to make the recipient's total annual income, including the support, equal to the above prescribed amount, but with the reservation that in the case of a husband and wife who live together support shall not be granted to either of them to such an amount as to make the income of the family exceed the amount of annual income above prescribed for the head of the family. CHAPTEB III, — workmen's INSUBANCE IN BENMAEK. 647 ANNUAL AMOUNTS OF OLD-AGE AND DISABILITY SUPPORT, IN EACH AGE CLASS. Copenhagen and Frederiks- berg. Other cities. Rural districts. Age class (years). Women (married or unmar- ried). Single men.() Women (married or unmar- ried). Single men. (a) Heads of faini- lies.(*) Women • (married or unmar- ried). Single men.(a) Heads of fami- lies. (6) 60 to 64 66 to 69 70 to 74 75 to 79 80 and over.. $19.27 26.80 28.94 40.20 30.65 63.60 48.24 67.00 58.96 80.40 125.73 37.62 38.69 54.94 61.46 72.36 64.32 89.78 75.04 107. 20 $38.69 63.60 67.89 73.70 77.18 93.80 91.12 113.90 101. 84 134. 00 $16.08 24.12 24.12 34.84 32.16 46.56 40.20 56.28 50.92 67.00 $21. 44 32.16 32. 16 48.24 42.88 64.32 63.60 80.40 64.32 93.80 $29. 48 40.20 45.66 60. 30 61.64 80.40 75.04 100. 60 -85.76 120. 60 $13. 40 21.44 20.10 29.48 26.80 37.62 33.60 45.66 42.88 63.60 $18. 70 26.80 26.80- 40.20 34.84 63.60 45.56 67.00 63.60 80.40 $29. 48 32.16 40.20 60.92 60.92 69.68 61.64 88.44 69.68 107. 20 o Rates also apply to women who have one child to provide for. ' Rates apply to men who have besides themselves one or several children to provide for, and to women who have liesldes themselves several children to provide for. Regardless of the income limit, free hospital aid or sickness aid at home shall be given to recipients of disability or old-age support. If the person in question has capital, his estimated annual income shall include the amount which he could obtain at the time of making a claim to disability or old-age support by investing the capital in an annuity in the state institution for life insurance for his life time — in the case of unmarried persons and wives who have capital of their own — or for his life time and that of his consort ; and whenever there- after his income is estimated he shall be regarded as the possessor of such an annuity, even if he shall in the meantime have used up the capital or part of it. Administration. The disability council consists of a foreman and 10 other members. The foreman is appointed by the King. The other members and their substitutes are appointed as provided for in Plan A. The functions of the council are in general the same as provided for in the former project. The detailed provisions of this project are, in general, the same as those of the present law concerning old-age support. The most strik- ing variation from the present law is foimd in the provision that the support is to be given according to fixed rates, varying with the ages of the recipients, whereas in the present law the determination of the amount of support is left to the commune concerned. Effect of Old-Age Stjpport on the Cost of Poor Relief. The advocates of old-age support insist that it will eventually do away with a large part of the expense of poor relief, while, on the other hand, the opponents of old-age support have urged that its recipients 46598°— 10 42 648 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. are usually persons who have derived their support from relatives or employers or from their own efforts, and who would not have become applicants for poor relief. Just what the influence of old-age sup- port on the amount expended for poor relief is the available statistics do not show. As seen from the following table^ during the earlier years of the law's operation there was a radical decline in the aver- age per capita expenditures for poor relief, but later these expendi- tures again increased, though not, as far as these statistics show, to the o*riginal amount. Similarly, the combined expenditures for poor relief and old-age support declined during the second period under consideration, and again increased during the third, when, unlike the expenditures for poor relief alone, they were higher than during the first period. TOTAL AMOUNT AND AMOUNT PER INHABITANT EXPENDED FOR POOR RELIEF AND OLD-AGE SUPPORT, PY FIVE-YEAR PERIODS, 1890 TO 1904-5. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versiciierung im Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Heft lb.] Poor relief. Old-age support. Total. Period. Amount. Per in- habitant. Amount. Perm- habitant. Amount. Per in- habitant. 1890 to 1894... 32,076,533 1,966,881 2,234,772 SO. 9380 .8442 .8978 S394,134 569,588 829,785 SO. 1796 .2439 .3323 82,470,667 a 2, 538, 149 3,004,557 $1. 1176 1895 to 1899 1.0881 1900 to 1904-5. . 1. 2301 <2 This is more by S2,( original report. ) than the sum of the items. The figures hive been given as they appear in the Prof. William Scharling sums up the effect of old-age support on the expense of poor relief, as follows : (") The old-age support, which was introduced April 9, 1891, affected, the expenses for poor relief. From 1891 to 1894 the expenses of the communes for poor relief diminished considerably, because part of the needy were now helped through old-age support. During this period the yearly expenditures for poor relief were reduced from 7,464,000 kroner ($2,000,352) to 6,741,000 kroner ($1,806,588), a decrease of 723,000 kroner ($193,764), while the gross expenses were decreased by 885,000 kroner ($237,180). But if one assumes that without the introduction of old-age support these expenditures would have in- creased at the same rate as formerly they would have been about 1,644,000 kroner ($440,592) greater than they were in reality. But if the actual reduction of these expenditures is regarded as the minimum amount saved by the commune and the above-mentioned 1,644,000 kroner ($440,592) as the maximum, and if the average of the two is taken as the probable saving to the commune, the following result is obtained for th& three groups of communes : The rural com- munes have saved about 1,000,000 kroner ($268,000) in poor-relief expenses and have spent about 1,000,000 kroner ($268,000) in old-age a Armengesetzgebung in Danemark . Von Dr. William Scharling. Handworterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Jena, 1909. CHAPTEE III. — WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 649 support; thus the change has cost them nothing, whereas the State now distributes 1,000,000 kroner ($268,000) among the needy of the rural communes. The total expenditures for old-age support in the rural communes in 1894 was 2,060,000 kroner ($552,080), of which the State paid half. Copenhagen has saved about 150,000 kroner ($40,200), but has had to spend about 300,000 kroner ($80,400) in old- age support (besides 300,000 kroner ($80,400) refunded by the State), and the other cities have Hkewise had to spend 300,000 kroner (S80,400) (besides 300,000 kroner ($80,400) refunded), but have saved about 100,000 kroner ($26,800) in poor-relief expenses. Since that time the expenditures for poor relief have, as the result of the great increase in old-age support, increased but slightly. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. Introduction. Up to 1903 most of the legislative efforts made in Denmark to mitigate the evils of u^iemployment were directed toward providing pecuniary aid to the unemployed. By the laws of November 27, 1853, February 15, 1855, and January 15, 1856, there was given to the communal authorities in Copenhagen and provincial towns and to the parish authorities the right to give exceptional aid to those who, on account of the dull times, would otherwise be in need of assistance from public charity. This aid was in no case to be regarded as poor relief. No commune might, in the course of a year, make grants to an amount in excess of the amount of its poor rates for the year, unless with the consent of the minister of the interior. County councils were authorized to make grants to poor and heavily bur- dened communes from the county poor-relief fund — eventually from the county allotment funds — for this purpose. After the passage of the law of March 8, 1856, which provided for the procuring of funds for free poor relief and for the management of such funds, the funds for the relief of the poor {de Fattiges Kasse), which were established by this law, were used as the medium. The funds for the relief of the poor were intended to afford means of free provision for the poor in addition to the regular public charity, and only persons who were iiot Teceiving the latter might be given aid from these funds. Thus the poor-relief funds came to be regarded by the administra- tion as adapted for use in connection with unemployment, and in the circular of February 9, 1877, addressed to all the sheriffs, it called upon the communal authorities to consider carefully whether, on account of the prevalent scarcity of employment, there might not be occasion to increase the contributions to the funds for the relief of the poor so as to make them sufficient to provide for the aid of those whose distress was caused solely by want of employment. At the same time the wish was expressed that the communes would start 650 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. employment on such public works as they might already have deter- mined upon or as might be necessary in the near future. By a circular to the sheriffs of October 11, 1872, the minister of the interior called for information on conditions of labor in Denmark, and on September 20, 1875, a commission was appointed by the King to investigate this matter. It reported in October, 1878. Various Laws. By the law of March 10, 187-9, providing for arrangements to relieve the distress occasioned by unemployment and the severity of the winter, the authorities of rural communes were authorized to make contributions from the communal funds, without the consent of the county councils, to the local funds for the relief of the poor. At the ' same time there was given to parish communes, to Copenhagen, and to the provincial towns full freedom to collect without ministerial consent the funds necessary for this assistance. A noninterest- bearing loan of one-half million kroner ($13.4,000) was put at the disposition of the communes by the State. In the Rigsdag session of 1902-3 a bill providing for a state grant to the funds for the relief of the poor was passed by the Folkething. I In the Landsthing it was referred to a committee, which reported May 12, 1903. In the session of 1903-4 the bill, without important alteration, was again presented by the Government, and after being accepted by the Rigsdag with some changes it became law March 29, 1904, to go into force April 1, 1907. According to this law a commune which has during the fiscal year made direct cash contribu- tion from its general funds to a fund for the relief of the poor in the commune (in Copenhagen to an aid society recognized as such by the minister of the interior) may claim the refundment of one-third of this grant from the state treasury, but the state grant shall not exceed 10 ore (2.68 cents)' per inhabitant of the commune according to the last general census. The communal authorities of Copenhagen, which had already, in 1903, granted 50,000 la-oner ($13,400) to the Copenhagen aid society, proceeded, after the passage of the law, to grant the society 60,000 kroner ($16,080) for the fiscal year 1904-5 and 75,000 kroner ($20,100) the year following. The grant was made on condition that the money be used to save from the necessity of receiving public charity during temporary need persons who, under ordinary circumstances, would presumably be able to take care of themselves. In distributing the grant the society required that the recipient should be resident in the commune of Copenhagen and entitled to poor rehef there. Furthermore, he must not have received public charity in the last two years, and he should, on the demand of the society, join a sickness insurance society. Under the same conditions foreigners who had resided in Copenhagen for five consecutive years and had not received public charity in CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE .IN DENMAKK. 651 that time might share the grant. A person who, on account of unem- ployment, had been aided from the commune's grant to the society- might only under special circumstances receive aid again for the same reason the following year. Eecipients of old-age support were not entitled to aid. If the man of a family desolated his home by drunkenness, laziness, or other unworthiness no aid was, as a rule, given. From the commune's grant of 60,000 kroner ($16,080) for 1904-5 the number of persons in Copenhagen who received unemploy- ment benefit is shown by the following statement: Number. 75 to 100 kroner ($20.10 to $26.80) 26 60 to 70 kroner ($16.08 to $18.76) 9 50 kroner ($13..40) 491 40 kroner ($10.72) 431 30 to 35 kroner ($8.04 to $9.38) 434 25 kroner ($6.70) 18 Total 1, 409 1,615 persons were refused aid. The total amount distributed in aid was 58,000 kroner ($15,544), the remaining 2,000 kroner ($536) being expended for administration expenses. The excessive unemployment of the winter of 1907-8 led to the passage, on May 27, 1908, of two laws which had been proposed by the Social Democrats. One of them, loiown as the "Law concerning aid in connection with the unusual unemployment," gives to the communal authorities, in their discretion, the power to give to aid societies {lijaelpekasser) and benevolent associations a grant in excess of the maximum fixed by the law of May 4, 1907. It also permits iahe societies of unemployment recognized in the fiscal year 1907-8, which, at the time the law went into effect, had existed less than a year, to give aid to their members who were in the society at the time of its recognition, provided it should be proved to the inspector that the society had the necessary funds. The communal authorities were authorized, without the consent of a higher author- ity, to make such societies an unusual grant in excess of the maximum fixed by law, and the minister of the interior was empowered to make to such societies an advance on the state grant. The other law empowers the minister of finance to make a loan of not exceeding 4,000,000 kroner ($1,072,000) to communal authorities who shall start works of reconstruction in Copenhagen or in other towns. Requests for the loan were to be made before the expiration of the fiscal year 1908-9. Unemployment Aid by Trade Unions But the most effective agents for mitigating the evils of unemploy- ment in Denmark were the trade unions, which, for many years, set aside special funds for this purpose. Many of them, especially those 652 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOFEB OF LABOK. 1904 $110,406 1905 123,612 1906 82,239 1907 75,637 of the bakers, bookbinders, joiners, coopers, vat men in paper facto- ries, typographers, and the smiths and machinists, have had, in various years, societies for aid to the unemployed, and, year by year, the unions have spent more money for this object; but in most of the other trades it has been the pohcy to aid the unemployed only by occasioiial grants in especially bad times. Just how much has been given in all for this purpose it is impossible to state, but the statistics have been increasingly accurate in recent years. Following is a state- ment, taken from the Yearbooks of the Bureau of Statistics of Den- mark, giving the estimated amounts of money expended in aid to the unemployed, including traveling aid, by trade unions, each year, from 1899 to 1907, inclusive: 1899 $50,595 1900 63,616 1901 92,990 1902 110,489 1903 98, 102 These amounts have been used exclusively for real unemployment aid, that is, for aid to those who, although fully able to work, are without employment because there is no work' to be had in their occupations. No account is here taken of aid to those whose inability to work is due to sickness or invahdity or to workmen involved in strikes or lockouts, but on the other hand, the aid such workmen receive because of inabiHty to get work after the siclaiess or the strike is ended, is included. A statistical report made at the general meeting of the cooperative federation of trades in April, 1905, contains the following statistics concerning the unemployment aid rendered by the trade unions in 1904. In this year there were, in 94 federations and individual societies, 90,111 organized worlanen, and in the course of the year these societies paid out in aid the total amount of 411,962 kroner ($110,405). But the report notes that the actual amount was probably somewhat larger, as the information received was not complete. The following table leaves out of account 11 organizations with a total membership of 9,906. In 3 of these organizations, with a com- bined membership of 6,910 — the Danish Railroad Federation, the Union of Officials of Street Railways and Omnibuses, and the Com- munal Workmen's Federation of Copenhagen — there could be no talk of unemployment, because in these organizations work with the railroad, etc., was a necessary condition of membership. The Central Organization of Assistants in Stores and Offices, with 1,932 members, had at one time a society of unemployment insurance, but this had suspended its activity while the central organization was yet in existence. Concerning the remaining 7 organizations, with 1,064 members, there was no information. Of the other 83 organiza- CHAPTER III. — workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 653 tions, with 80,205 members, some gave unemployment aid according to definite rules and some did not. In the following table they are grouped according to their methods of giving aid and the amount contributed by each group in 1904 is indicated. AMOUNT OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT EXPENDED IN 1904 BY TRADE UNIONS, NUM- BER OF UNIONS AND TOTAL MEMBERSHIP, BY DESCRIPTION OF AID GIVEN. Description of aid. Number of unions. Total member- ship. Total amount of aid. Aid given according to definite rules Aid given according to no definite rules Traveling aid only Aid given by separate sections, not by federation Total 11 1)7 37,059 28,829 6,430 7,837 $103, 837 893 1,896 3,779 80,205 110,405 a Seven of these gave aid, but no travel aid to the unemployed. & Federations. In the 39 organizations which had definite rules to govern the giving of aid to the unemployed, including traveling aid, the methods followed were various. Some of these societies had special unemploy- ment societies, others had not; but even where these unemployment societies were found they were so dependent upon the unions and received so much help from the strike funds, etc., that they are not to be regarded as independent organizations. The total amounts of aid given in 1904 by these 39 organizations, classified according to the rates of aid per member, are given in the following table : NUMBER OF ORGANIZATIONS, MEMBERSHIP, AND TOTAL AID PAID AMONG 39 TRADE UNIONS PAYING UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS ACCORDING TO DEFINITE RULES, BY CLASSIFICATION OF AMOUNT PAID PEE MEMBER, 1904. Classified amount of aid per member. Number of organi- zations. Number of members. Total aid. Under 5 kroner (11.34) 5 kroner (J1.34) and under 10 kroner (S2.68) . 10 kroner (12.68) and under 15 kroner ($4.02) 15 kroner ($4.02) and over Total 13,750 7,133 3,435 12, 741 39 37,059 $5,917 14, 745 12,800 70, 375 103, 837 Despite all that had been accomplished by legislation and by the voluntary activities of the trade unions it was, however, generally felt that the evils of unemployment could be adequately combated only by means of some form of insurance supervised and aided by the State, and the question was referred to a parliamentary commission, together with the questions of general insurance against old age and invalidity. One of the members of the commission, an inspector of the Danish societies of sickness insurance, suggested that Danish in- surance against unemployment should be based upon the tradi- 654 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABGR. - .tional Danish principles which had been embodied in the Danish Sickness Insurance Law of April 12, 1892. These he outlined as follows: (1) The insurance should be voluntary. (2) By means of fixed maximum and minimum amounts of aid it should be kept within reasonable but sufficient limits. (3) The organs of the insur- ance should be independent societies of unemployment existing for this. purpose only. (4) Public aid (at least that of the State) should be obligatory. (5) Control over the societies should be exercised by an authority, who, like the inspector of sickness societies, could collaborate with them more directly and less formally than a central adminis tr a tion . These ideas were incorporated, with slight changes, in a bill which was presented to the Rigsdag during the sessions of 1902-3, 1903-4, and 1904-5, but failed of becoming law. In the report on this bill at each session the objection was made that the solution of the problem should be left to the commission, which was then occupied in studying the question. Pkovisions of Law of April 9, 1907. The commission prepared an independent bill similar to the bill unsuccessfully advocated in the three preceding sessions of the Rigsdag and presented it to the Rigsdag during the session of 1906-7 and with only slight modifications this bill became the law of April 9, 1907. T^e main provisions of the law are as follows: A society of unemployment {Arbejdsl0shedskasse) is defined as a society of paid workmen in one or several definite occupations which occur in commerce, office work, agriculture, and transportation (com- mon laborers included) who have united to assure each other, by means of definite contributions, of help in case of unemployment of the kind coming under the law. Such a society must have no other purpose. RECOGNITION OF SOCIETIES. Every society of unemployment has a right to receive public recognition and consequently public aid on certain conditions. This recognition is given by the minister of the interior on the recommen- dation of the inspector of unemployment. Members may be admitted who merely pay membership dues but have no claim to aid. ^ To obtain public recognition a society must, as a rule, have at least 50 members. It may be connected with one or several definite occu- pations, and in that case must comprise at least one section of the country; or it may be of merely local limitation. A trade society may be divided into local sections. CHAPTEB III. workmen's INSXTEANCE IN DENMAKK. 655 CONDITIONS OF ADMISSION TO MEMBERSHIP. Only paid workmen whose economic condition is such as to entitle them to receive state aid through a recognized sickness society may be participating members of recognized unemployment societies. But a society in existence when this law went into effect (August, 1907) might, if it petitioned for the privilege within six months, obtain recognition with the understanding that those of its members who did not fulfill the above condition, but who were members of the society before the confirmation of the law, might be participat- ing members of it; but the membership fees of such members would not be taken into account in fixing the amount of the state grant. The age limit for admission to a society is fixed by its by-laws, but no one may become a member who is less than 18 years nor more than 60 years of age, save in the case of a member transferred, from one society to another. Admission to an unemployment society as a participating member may not be refused to anyone who fulfills the above prescribed con- ditions and who belongs to the trade or trades, or in the case of a society of local limitation to the locality for which the society is intended. Persons who are not paid workmen and whose economic condition does not entitle them to state aid through a recognized sickness society may, if in other respects they fulfill the prescribed conditions, demand admission to a recognized unemployment society as contributing members, with the right to become participating members as soon as all the necessary conditions are fulfilled; if a participating member ceases to fulfill the prescribed conditions he may become a contributing member, with the right — regardless of his age, but in other respects under the usual conditions — to acquire later the status of a participating member. The amount of the annual membership dues is fixed by the by-laws of each society. When a contributing member becomes a participating member he must pay dues as such. The question of whether a person fulfills the prescribed conditions of membership, and of whether he may become a participating mem- ber or merely a contributing member, is decided by the inspector of unemployment; his decision may be appealed to the minister of the interior, who will decide the matter after securing an opinion from the jury of unemployment. No one may belong to more than one recognized society of unem- ployment at the same time. No member of a recognized unemploy- ment society may, by joining several unemployment societies, assure himself of daUy pecuniary aid in excess of two-thirds of the average wage in the trade or trades in the locality concerned. 656 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. INCOME AND PROPERTT OF SOCIETIES. The annual income of a society, including the public grant, must be fixed at an amount which may be regarded in the light of experience as sufficient to pay the aid prescribed in the by-laws; but this aid must be large enough to be of substantial assistance to them. In case of need an extra contribution may be required of members. The income and property of a society must be kept intact and sepa- rate from other funds and must not be loaned or used for any but the specified purposes. THE STATE GRANT. Each society receives from the state treasury an annual grant equal to one-third of the total amount of the society's income, fixed' as above prescribed, except as before mentioned in connection with conditions of membership. It shall not, however, exceed 250,000 kroner ($67,000).. The grant is divided among the societies in pro- portion to the amounts of their income. GRANTS FROM COMMUNES. The commune in which a member lives or in which he is entitled tq poor relief is authorized, without the consent of a higher authority, to contribute to the payment of his membership dues for the current year, but not more than one-sixth of the amount. Communes in which recognized unemployment societies have headquarters or ^ sections are entitled, without; the consent of a higher authority, to contribute to the society or societies an amount not to exceed, in one year for any one society one-sixth the amount of the membership dues of those of the society's members who were residents of the commune on the preceding March 31. EXTENT AND KIND OF AID. The extent and kind of aid to be given is decided by the board of managers of a society in each individual case. The following kinds of aid may be given: (1) Traveling aid; (2) aid in payment of house rent; (3) daily pecuniary aid; (4) aid in kind. On an average the daily aid (aid in payment of rent, daily pecu- niary aid, and aid in kind) must not exceed two- thirds of the average » wage in the trade or trades concerned or, in the case of a society limited to a locality, two-thirds of the ordinary wage in the territory covered by the society, but it must not be less than 50 ore (13.4 cents) or more than 2 kroner (53.6 cents). If a member who is entitled to aid on account of unemployment gets work for which the pay is less than the maximum aid above mentioned, the society may make up the difference. CHAPTEE III.— WORKMEN 'S INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 657 No aid is given to anyone before he has been a member of the society at least a year and has paid his membership dues. Aid is not given for the first six days of unemployment, an interval which may be increased by the by-laws to fifteen days. But this provision does not apply when traveling aid only is given. For societies which include seasonal workmen among their members it may be determined by the minister of the interior, after consulting the jury of unemployment, that at certain specified times of the year no aid shall be given to members or to the seasonal workmen in question until the unemployment has lasted more than fifteen days, and in that case what the exact number of days shall be. Traveling aid must not exceed the amount that would be given as daily pecuniary aid in twelve successive months. CASES IN WHICH AID MUST NOT BE GIVEN. Aid must not be given (1) during strikes or lockouts, to persons involved in them; (2) to members whose unemployment is due to sickness or invalidity, as long as the sickness or invalidity continues; (3) to members who are out of work because they quit work without sufficient cause or who are guilty of the excessive use of intoxicating drinks or of quarrelsomeness toward employers or fellow- workmen; (4) to members who are paying a penalty imjtosed upon them; (5) to members under arrest; (6) to members who are receiving fixed poor relief; (7) to members who refuse to accept suitable work provided for them by the society; (8) to members who are performing military service. If the board of managers of a society refuses aid to an unemployed member under any of the provisions (1), (2), and (6) to (7) inclusive, their decision may, within a month, be appealed to the jury of unemployment, which makes its decision according to circumstances in each case. The jury's decisions may likewise bo appealed, within a month, to the minister of the interior, whose decision is final. AMOUNT OF AID DURING THE YEAR. The by-laws of a society shall fix the limit of aid to be rendered in twelve consecutive months at not less than the amount of daily pecuniary aid for 70 days. The minister of the interior may recognize societies which substi- tute 50 for 70 days in the above provision, but this substitution may be made only exceptionally and only if the daily pecuniary aid is fixed at not less than 75 ore (20.1 cents). If a member has, for at most 3 consecutive years, received the maximum aid no further aid may be given him until he has remained a paying member during the entire following year. 658 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. ADMINISTRATION . The supervision of the societies is intrusted to an inspector of unerhployment. Every society sends one delegate to an annual meeting. A society having over one thousand members has a right to send two delegates and also one delegate for each additional 1,000 members. The delegates are chosen from among the members of the society by its board of managers. At the annual meeting, presided over by the inspector, the business and cooperation of the societies are dis- cussed, and the delegates choose from their number six to serve as the jury of unemployment and also six substitutes. The members and their substitutes serve for six years; and it is so arranged that half of them shall retire every three years. The jury of unemployment consists of the above-mentioned mem- bers and the inspector as foreman. It is the function of the jury to form a connecting link between the individual societies, to fix rules ' for their cooperation, including those for transference of members from one society to another and, as far as possible, to secure uni- formity in the rules of the different societies for the giving of aid. The inspector of unemployment goes through the annual reports of the societies and maintains general supervision of the societies, aiding them with information and advice and assisting in the estab- lishment of new societies. He has a right to inspect the books and the accounts of the societies and to be informed of all that is done. ; The decision of a dissolving society as to the disposition to be made of its surplus (which may never be divided among the members) requires his approval. His assent is required to every change in the by-laws, though his decision in this connection may be appealed to the minister of the interior. The inspector reports annually to the minister of the interior concerning the activity of the societies. Each of the trade societies, with one exception, has a central com- mittee with headquarters at Copenhagen, and local sections, varyiag in number, extent of territory, and organization according to the needs of the different trades. These sections are administered by boards of managers, who, in the large societies, receive annual salaries, but in the small societies serve without pay. THE NUMBER OF SOCIETIES. The recognition of societies of unemployment under this law has gone on more rapidly than even ardent advocates of the law antici- pated. The first act of recognition embraced 4 societies, and during the administrative year April 1, 1907, to March 31, 1908, 34 were recognized. By May 1, 1908, 3 more had been recognized, one of which was of local limitation, so that the total number of trade CHAPTEB III. — WOKKMEn's INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 659 societies which had been recognized under the law up to the above date was 36. A list of these giving their respective trades, member- ship at the time of recognition, territory covered and dates of recognition, is given in the following table: UNEMPLOYMENT SOCIETIES RECOGNIZED UNDER THE LAW OF APRIL 9, 1907, WITH DATE OF RECOGNITION, TERRITORY COVERED, AND MEMBERSHIP AT DATE OF RECOGNITION. [Source: Die Arbeiter-Versicherung ini Auslande, Dr. Zacher. 1908, Heft lb.] Date of recognition. September, 1907.. October 1,1907... November 1, 1907. December 1, 1907., January 1,1908... Unemployment society of— Territory covered. February 1,1908.. April 1,1908 Total Coopers Bakers, pastry cooks, and confectioners Woodworkers Bricklayers and hod men Plasterers Cork cutters and sorters Textile workers Joiners Holders Printers Shoemakers Millers Day laborers Brush makers Carpenters Saddlers and upholsterers Chewing-tobacco workers Bookbinders Metal pressers Hat makers Boiler and machine tenders Confectionery, chocolate, and biscuit workers. Brass founders and metal workers Journeyman masons Tanners Skilled iron and metal workers Iron and metal polishers Wood carvers and decorators Tobacco workers Marble and stone workers Stucooworkers Lithographers, etchers Glove makers Turners Butchers and meat-industry workers Ship carpenters Denmark. ....do.... ....do Seeland . . . Denmark. ....do..... ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do do Seeland . . . Denmark. do do do do do do.... do.... dc... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... Seeland . . . Denmark. do.... do.... do.... do.... do.... Member- ship at date of recogni- tion. 680 1,960 1,900 1,600 130 190 3,500 6,400 1,400 3,200 2,500 450 20,000 160 4,000 1,000 335 750 65 140 1,160 90 360 4,000 200 9,800 80 130 3,880 90 140 300 100 320 1,250 350 72,600 It will be noticed that of these societies 33 have all Denmark as their territory or zone of operation, while there are 3 which comprise only Seeland and neighboring islands. The only local society before mentioned comprises 3 communes in Seeland. It is to be noted that the law applies not only to workmen m the narrow sense but also to clerks in stores, waiters in restaurants, etc., although they are not included in any of the societies recognized at the time this table was compiled. The membership of the societies, as given in the table, is only approximate, because the number of members necessarily fluctu- ates considerably from month to month, especially at the beginning of winter when unemployment drives some members, especially m 660 BEPOKX OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. the building trades, out of the country, or at least makes a difference in the' payment of dues, so that the membership rights of some members become doubtful. It may be noted in this connection that a mem- ber who is in arrears in the payment of dues is treated as follows: If the limit (2 to 8 weeks) has not been passed he may, by paying the arrears, preserve all rights; if, on the other hand, the limit has been passed he may, in some societies, regain his rights by paying the arrears; but in others he must, like a new member, ,pay dues for an entire year before becomiag again entitled to receive aid. With regard to the society of day laborers, of which the member- ship is given in the table as 20,000, it may be noted that at the con- gress of the federation of Danish workmen, in September, 1908, it was voted to make membership in the society of unemployment obligatory on all sections of the federation after April 1, which would increase the membership of the unemployment societies by about 8,000. In the following statement the 34 societies recognized during 1907-8 are classified according to the number of members: Societies. Under 100 membera 4 100 and under 200 members 7 200 and under 500 members 6 500 and under 1,000 membera 2 1,000 and under 2,000 members 5 2,000 and under 5,000 members 7 5,000 and under 10,000 members 1 10,000 and under 20,000 members 2 Total: 34 TRANSFER OF MEMBERS. The task of regulating the freedom of members to move about from one society to another, which has proved of even greater impor- tance in connection with unemployment insurance than with sick- ness insurance, has occasioned the jury of unemployment much difficulty. According to the provisions of the law a workman who, for any reason, gives up his trade for another, even though for a short time, and is consequently obhged to move from one society to another, must pay dues in the latter society a whole year before acquiring the right to aid, and on returning to the society connected' with his own trade he must again do the same. This is of great practical significance, because the specializing within the societies is so extensive that workmen often move from one to another. This makes it difficult for the managing boards to exercise their right of assigning members to positions, because a member can not be expected to accept work if such acceptance will affect his rights to unem- ployment insurance in the unfortunate manner described. After CHAPIEE III. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN DENMABK. 661 • thorough consideration of the question the jury decided that a mem- ber of a trade society of unemployment who takes work in another trade for which a society of unemployment has been established must at once join the latter and pay his dues after he has been at work a week. In this society he acquires a right to aid when he has been at work 13 weeks and has paid his dues, and in the mean- time he retains his right to aid from the society he has left. On joining a new society he need pay no initiation fees. A member who goes to a foreign land must join a foreign society with which the Danish society has made a reciprocal arrangement, but must also pay dues to the latter or, on his return, remain for an entire year a paying member without any claim to aid. This has been regarded as a regrettable arrangement. But the desire of the workmen's representatives for an arrangement under which a Danish workman in a foreign country may, by joining a foreign society, retain membership rights at home and a foreigner in Denmark may have the corresponding right, can not be gratified by the Government until foreign lands shall, like Denmark, have established a system of effective control and recognition. RESERVE FUND. The reserve fund required of each society by the law is necessary because, as the public grant is not made until the close of the admin- istrative year, the amount must be advanced by the societies. Of the 36 recognized trade societies 34 were, before obtaining recog- nition under the law, trade union aid societies, consisting of special sections of their respective unions with their own special statutes. These were in a position to grant aid at once after obtaining recog- nition, whereas the new societies had to wait twelve months in accord- ance with the provision of the law that members must pay dues for twelve consecutive months before receiving aid. But to gain recog- nition an old aid society must have money equal to the state grant for one year. AGE OF SOCIETIES. All the societies, as seen from the following statement, are of recent origin. The oldest and best organized society, that of the printers, was established in 1880. ^ , ^, Societies. Fouiidedl880-1889 ^ Founded 1890-1900 ^^ Founded 1900-1907 ^^ Founded same year as recognized 4 Total 2^ 662 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SEX OF MEMBERS. The members are ©f both sexes in those occupations in which both are engaged; but in this case there are usually two rates of member- ship dues and of aid, one for the highly paid workers who have served an apprenticeship, usually men, and the other for workers who act as assistants and receive lower pay, usually women. This is done in 10 societies. Of the total membership of the societies, 7.6 per cent are women and 92.4 per cent are men. AMOUNT OF MEMBERSHIP DUES. As seen from the following statement, the amount of the member- ship dues varies greatly in the different societies : Societies. Membership dues 4 and under 10 kroner ($1,07 and under $2.68) 13 Menibership dues 10 and under 15 kroner ($2.68 and under $4.02)..; ii Membership dues 15 and under 20 kroner ($4.02 and under $5.36) 5 Membership dues 20 kroner ($5.36) and over 4 Total 37 The four societies requiring a fee of over 20 kroner ($5.36) are those of the coopers, bakers, stucco workers, and stonecutters; the size of the dues is owing, not to their giving exceptionally high rates of aid, but to the especially great risk of unemployment in these occupa- tions. In fixing the membership dues the inspector had to use great circumspection. In most occupations sufficient data for an exact estimate of the risks were lacking, but the inspector attempted to fix the amount too high rather than too low, although if a society objected to the dues as too high he did not insist. The statistics of all the societies provide for extraordinary assessments to cover possible deficits, but such assessments are undesirable since the state grant is proportionate to the amount of the ordinary membership dues only. AID. TJie waiting period. The waiting period which must elapse between the beginning of the unemployment and the giving of aid varies in the different societies. ^ In 28 societies the period was 6 to 7 days; in one society, 8 to 10 days; in 7 societies, 10 to 14 days, and in one society more than 14 days. The usual length is therefore 6 to 7 days (that is, a week), according as the society gives aid every day or only on week days. Duration. By only 2 societies has aid been given for more than 70 days in the course of one year, the limit of time imder the law. The privilege of reducing this limit to 50 days has been taken advantage of by onB society only, that of day laborers. CHAPTER III. — workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 663 Amount. The variation in amount of the daily aid in the different societies is shown by the following statement : Societies paying a single rate of aid: Number. Under 1 krone (26.8 cents) 1 1 krone (26.8 cents) and under 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) 9 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) to 2 kroner (53.6 cents) 5 Societies paying one rate first part of period and another rate second part of period: Higher rate — 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) 4 2 kroner (53.6 cents) 1 Lower rate — 0.50 krone (13.4 cents) 1 1 krone (26.8 cents) 4 Societies paying rates according to length of membership : Higher rate — 1.25 kroner (33.5 cents) and under 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) 2 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) to 2 kroner (53.0 cents) 12 Lower rate — 1 krone (26.8 cents) and under 1.25 kroner (33.5 cents) 10 1.25 kroner (33.5 cents) to 1.50 kroner (40.2 cents) 4 Societies combining the two latter method? 3 It will be noted that 15 societies have but one rate; in 9 societies the aid vai'ies from 1 to 1.5 kroner (26.8 cents to 40.2 cents); in 5 societies the aid is higher at the beginning of the period of unemploy- ment (usually for the first 35 to 42 days) ; in 14 societies higher aid is given to old members, those who have belonged to the society unin- terruptedly for from three to five years; in 3 societies these two forms of graduation are combined. Form. One society gives only local aid, but all the rest give aid for trav- eling expenses as well, while many also give (1) aid in paying rent and moving expenses, (2) aid in kind, and (3) Christmas aid to those out of work for from eight to ten days before Christmas. The form of the aid depends on the conditions of the occupation, and especially its degree of concentration. The aid for traveling is, of course, comparatively unimportant in the case of occupations which are limited to certain regions, while other trades, for instance, that of a smith or a machinist, which are pursued in nearly every village, almost require such compensation. Even were there a much better organized system of labor bureaus than at present exists, it would be necessary for the societies to leave the search for work to some extent to the members themselves and to aid them during the eearch. The poorer the organization of the labor bureau the more must men travel in search of work, and such traveling, especially when it does not take a man outside his own country, is likely to lead 46598°— 10 4.^ 664 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. to vagrancy. So the payment of traYeling expenses is not regarded as a very happy form of compensation to the unemployed; but it is held that it will continue to be necessary in some trades. In some countries, Germany and Sweden, for example, it is thought that unemployment insurance should be secondary to the organization of employment and that the latter should be accomplished through communal bureaus; but in Denmark, on the contrary, there is only one public employment bureau, that of Copenhagen, established in 1901, and it is believed that such bureaus can not take the place of those organized along trade lines, but that the latter should be attached to societies of unemployment. Ever since the establish- ment of the Danish system of unemployment societies an attempt has been made to solve through them the problem of unemploy- ment. In this connection an investigation was made of the rules followed by the various unemployment societies in their employ- ment bureau work, and the results reported to the jury of unem- ployment, which discussed the question at several meetings and finally decided to transfer the existing trade-union employment agen- cies to unemployment societies of the same trades, and also to attempt to organize such employment agencies for the occupations which lacked them, in connection with their unemployment societies. The form of this organization was also determined. Aid during strikes. Although a member involved in a strike is not, according to the law, entitled to aid during the strike, this does not apply to a member who, before the beginning of the strike, was reported as out of work. How- ever, the jury pointed out, in making this ruling, that such members will not as a rule depend upon the unemployment society for aid, because they will prefer th.e considerably greater aid obtainable from the union strike funds, and that this will tend to prevent the possible misuse of the funds of an unemployment society during a strike. The jury also held that when a strike in one trade causes unemployment in another the members of the latter are entitled to %id. The following table shows the number of unemployed trade-union members and the total aid rendered from 1902 to 1907. The figures for 1907 are for those unions which had not as yet complied with the requirements of the State, and were therefore unrecognized. It will be noticed that while the number of unemployed is somewhat higher in 1907 than it was in 1906 there is a considerable reduction in the amount of aid rendered, but not as much as one might be led to ex- pect. But if we add to this sum the amount expended by the rec- ognized societies, the total amount expended for the year 1907 is 495,352 kroner ($132,754), as against 461,240 kroner ($123,612), the maximum amount expended. This was in the year 1905, when, as seen by the table, there was a very large number of men out of work. CHAPTER III. workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 665 It is evident that the claims of the commission that the unions are unable to cope with the problem as effectively alone as by state coop- eration, so far as the iirst year of the law's operation is concerned, are borne out. NUMBER OF TRADE-UNION MEMBERS UNEMPLOYED LAST DAY OF EACH MONTH AND TOTAL OUT-OF-WORK AND TRAVEL BENEFITS PAID, 1902 TO 1908. LSource: Statistical Yearbook, 190S-9, Bureau of Statistics of Denmari:,) Montli. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 21,857 17,425 16,214 19,778 11,260 15,203 21,943 14,867 14,960 16,687 10,025 14,264 18,720 11,182 12,659 12,460 8,031 5,896 13,515 6,919 9,452 8,885 3,800 3,600 15,347 4,672 9,204 8,079 2,625 2,708 15,650 4,952 6,680 6,897 2,316 3,738 14,095 5,308 5,784 6,594 2,806 3,874 12,990 5,073 5,895 8,201 2,774 4,491 11,580 5,966 5,903 6,774 2,969 3,114 12,438 8,690 7,121 9,172 3,721 3,558 14, 180 12,521 9,963 10,104 5, .384 6,370 20, 155 15,645 13,328 12,445 8,606 8,179 8110, 489 $98, 102 Jll 0,406 $123,612 $82, 239 $75,6.37 1908.(a) January February Marcli April May June July August September Octoljer November December Total out-of-work and travel benefits 13,547 13,913 11,218 7,451 C,229 5,770 6,951 0,463 7,602 9,854 13,166 18,016 $195,058 The following statistics show the receipts and expenditures for the years ending March 31, 1908 and 1909, the first two years of the law's operation. 1907-8. 1908-9.(a) Number of recognized societies at close of year 34 44 Number of members at close of year: Men 64,789 77,202 Women 5,660 6,634 Total. 70, 449 83, 836 INCOME. Dues of participating members: Ordinary dues $48, 179. 97 $227, 363. 96 Extraordinary dues 3, 213. 86 57, 176. 72 Dues of other members 288. 63 3, 959. 96 Fines, initiation fees, etc 115. 24 452. 92 Donations 5, 140. 24 771. 84 Interest on capital 175. 81 5, 175. 61 State grants 40,222.24 Communal grants 3. 48 22, 658. 32 Total : 57, 117. 23 357, 781. 57 EXPENDITURES. Daily pecuniary aid Jjo, 213. 36 $333, 037. 97 Travolingaid 1, 218. 86 5, 901. 62 Christmas aid 925. 67 5, 856. GO Moving aid 460. 16 1, 078. 96 Aid in kind 14.74 12,173.36 Cost of administration 6, 022. 76 29, 898. 08 ' Total 63, 855. 56 387, 9 16. 59 Amountof property 108,820.86 87,208.54 Due from the State 154, 410. 61 o Figures showing the operations of the law during the second year becoming available while this renOrt Wna in nrooa ho.fii V,«o.i oH.-1qH har^ 666 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. Amount of the state grant. It soon became evident that the maximum fixed for the state grant by the law was too low. Communal grants. As to the two provisions of the law for voluntary grants from com- munes, it may be noted that the first provision — for direct grants to members of societies — is intended especially for small communes where account can easily be taken of individual conditions and that under the second provision — for grants to societies — the commune of Copenhagen decided in 1908 to allow the maximum amount. Results of the Law. The good results of the law have been credited to three factors: (1) The high social development of Danish workmen and their com- prehension of the importance of unemployment insurance; (2) the form of state control, and (3) the fact that in this insurance liberty and obligation are so well combined that while the law leaves the workmen free his union, requires him to belong to the society of unemployment. As in the case of sickness insurance, the very marked success with which the initial difficulties of instituting insurance against unem- ployment have been overcome is due largely to the effor;t inade in administering the law to win the confidence and support of the trade unions. ... >;,;, _ The following is the model form, as approved and published by the minister of the interior, for the by-laws of trade unemployment societies in Denmark, organized under the law of April 9, 1907: Model By-laws for Trade Unemployment Societies. BY-LAWS For Unemployment Society in , Denmark. PURPOSE AND CIRCUMSCRIPTION. Article 1. Unemployment Society, which has its headquarters in -, exists for the purpose of insuring its participating members of mutual aid in case of unemployment which is not attributable to the causes mentioned in article 11 of these by-laws. ADMISSION. Art. 2. Only paid workmen whoso economic position does not prevent them from being participating members of a recognized sickness society and who belong to the trade and are resident in , Denmark, may be admitted to the unem- ployment society as participating members. No one who is less than 18 or more than 40 years old may be admitted as a partici- pating member. CHAPTER III. WOEKMEN's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 667 Admission to the society as a participating member may not be refused to anyone if he fulfills the above prescribed conditions. (See art. 6.) Art. 3. Members with means who were admitted to the unemployment society before April 9, 1907, may, in the future, continue to be participating members pro- vided that the society petitions for recognition before February 1, 1908. But for dues which are paid by such members the society receives no grant from the State. Art. 4. The society also admits as nonparticipating members such men and women as desire to advance the interests of the society without having any right to receive aid from it. Such members may become participating members later, regardless of their age, provided that all the necessary conditions are complied with and that they have entered the society as nonparticipating members before (year). Participating members who can not be regarded as without means must either become nonparticipating members (with suspended rights of membership) or with- draw from the society. Nonparticipating members (with suspended rights of membership) pay annual dues of kr. When a nonparticipating member becomes a participating member, he ia required to pay the customary dues of participating members. Art. 5. Admission to the unemployment society is granted by the local section, with the approval of the superior officers of the society. If admission is refused, because the person in question is not regarded as without means, he may demand that the question of whether he is entitled to admission shall be decided by the com- mittee mentioned in article 7 of the sickness insurance law of April 12, 1892. Dis- agreements as to whether a member may still be regarded as without means (art. 4) are to be settled by the same committee. If admission is refused or the person is expelled from the society because it is alleged that he does not fulfill the conditions prescribed in articles 2 to 4, he may submit the question to the inspector of unemployment for decision. Appeal may be made from the decisions of the sickness society committee and of the inspector of unemployment to the minister of the interior, whose decision is final. Aet. 6. The directors of the society may refuse admission to persons who are to be regarded, on either physical or moral grounds, as unsuited for regular industrial activity or for cooperation with their overseers or fellow-workmen. If such persons are admitted as members, the board of directors is authorized to deprive them of their membership. The decisions made by the board of directors may be appealed by the person concerned, within a month, to the committee mentioned in article 18 of the law concerning unemployment societies, which makes its decisions with due considera- tion of the special circumstances of the individual cases; the decisions of the com- mittee may be appealed, within a month, to the minister of the interior, whose decision is final. Art. 7. A member who has been expelled on account of failure to pay his dues, but who fulfills the other conditions of the by-Uws, may obtain readmission by paying the amount in arrears and also the amount which has come due since his expulsion, but not more than kr. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS. [This paragraph is primarily intended as a guide for the individual societies in the preparation of their special by-laws.] Art. 8. Aid may be given as — 1. Traveling aid. 2. Aid in paying rent. 3. Daily pecuniary aid. 4. Aid in kind. The average amount of daily aid (aid in paying rent, daily pecuniary aid, aid in kind) corresponds to the amount of daily pecuniary aid prescribed by the by-laws of 668 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the society (for example, 1 kr.).« The extentand nature ot theaidare determined by each individual society; but under whatever form it is given, the aid shall be kept within the limits prescribed in article 9. If a member who is in need ot aid on account of unemployment obtains, through the assignment of the board of directors of the society or by his own efforts, work for which he is paid an amount which is less than the aid rendered by the society, the board of directors may increase his income up to the amount of that aid. Art. 9. No one may receive aid in the course of twelve consecutive months from the beginning of the aid to an amount in excess of (at least 70 kr.).6 If, in the course of three consecutive fiscal years, a member has received aid amount- ing altogether to (at least 210 kr.), he may receive no further aid from the society until he has been a member during the whole of the next fiscal year and has paid his dues for this period. Members who in the course of three consecutive years have not worked in the trade at least weeks lose their right to aid until they shall have worked at their trade again at least weeks in the course of twelve months and have paid their dues as participating members for twelve full months. Akt. 10. 1. Aid is given to no one unless he has been a member of the society for at least the twelve months immediately preceding the granting of the aid and has paid his dues as a participating member. 2. Apprentices who have been admitted to the society as nonparticipating members and have paid 5 kr. in dues for one year, may, six weeks after the completion of their apprenticeship, receive traveling aid from the society, but only provided that they have, at the time of receiving aid, attained the age of eighteen years. In the case of unskilled workmen, the completion of eighteen years takes the place of the completion of the apprenticeship. 3. Those subject to military duty are exempt, during the time of their service, from the obligation of paying their dues, but they are entitled to receive aid at the close of their service, if, at the time of receiving it they have been members of the society for at least twelve months and during this period have paid their dues for at least three months. 4. Aid is not given for the first ( c) days of unemployment. But this does not apply if only traveling aid is given, or if the member has had during the period ot unemployment temporary employment after the beginning of the aid. Akt. 11. The unemployment society may not give aid — 1. During a strike or a lockout to the persons involved. 2. To members whose unemployment is due to sickness or invalidity, as long as the sickness or invalidity lasts. 3. To members whose unemployment is due to their having left their work without good cause, to their excessive use of intoxicating liquors, or to their quarrelsomeness toward their employers or fellow-workmen. The average daily aid may not exceed two-thirds of the average wage in the trade or trades in question, if the society is a trade society; and if it is merely a local society, the average daily aid may not exceed two-thirds of the usual wage within :. the circumscription of the society. It shall not, however, be less than 50 0re or more than 1 kr. a day; there is no reason why the amount and duration of the daily pecun- iary aid may not vary for different members according to the time of their admission to the society. 6 The minimum payment in twelve months may, in exceptional cases, be fixed at an amount equal to daily pecuniary aid for fifty days at 75 0re per day; but in gen- eral it shall equal the amount of daily pecuniary aid for seventy days as prescribed by the by-laws. cThe number of days must be at least six and at most fifteen; but for seasonal workmen, the number of days may be fixed at more than fifteen. CHAPTER III. workmen's INSUKANCE IN DENMAEK. 669 4. To members who are paying a penalty imposed on them. 5. To members who are in prison. 6. To members who are permanently receiving poor relief. ' 7. To members who refuse to accept suitable work to which they are assigned by the officers of the society. No aid may be granted to members who are performing military service. If the board of directors refuses aid to an unemployed member under the above pro- visions, numbers 1 to 3, 6, and 7, he may appeal from the decision, within one month, to the committee mentioned in article 18 of the law concerning unemployment, which shall render its decisions according to the special circumstances of the individual cases. Appeal may be made, within one month, from the decisions of the committee to the minister of the interior, whose decision is final. Aet. 12. According to article 7 of the law concerning unemployment societies, no one may enjoy membership rights in more than one recognized unemployment society at the same time. If anyone is, at the time of his admission, a member of another unemployment society which is not recognized, or it he later obtains member- ship in such a society, notice of this fact is to be given to the local board of directors, which is charged with the duty of preventing any member from insuring himself, by joining several unemployment societies, of daily pecuniary aid in excess of the average daily wage in his trade. Violation of the above provisions or deceit practiced toward the society involves the forfeiture of membership rights. Art. 13. In connection with the local sections and the main society, employment bureaus may be established, to which the member must report the beginning and end of his unemployment. Members to whom work is assigned are subject to the pro- visions made by the directors of the society in this connection. Art. 14. If the society has come to an agreement with another organization concern- ing the mutual transfer of members (art. 26 and art. 18 of the law concerning unem- ployment societies) and if a member gets work within the circumscription of said organization, he shall join the latter; unless he does this, he may, on his return, obtain readmission only as a new member according to the rules of article 7. Art. 15. No participating member may decline election to the position of director of the society or of auditor, but this obligation holds for one term of office only. Art. 16. (a) If a member wishes to retire from the unemployment society, he shall announce the fact to the board of directors of the society during the week (the month), at the expiration of which his retirement is to be regarded as having taken place. (6) If a workman ceases to work at his trade, he may remain in the society only with suspended rights of membership (compare art. 4). Art. 17. The weekly (monthly) membership dues for participating members are per member. Extra dues may be assessed according to the changing needs of the society. Art. 18. The members are required to pay their dues e^'ery week (every month). Anyone who omits the payment for successive weeks is expelled from member- ship and may be readmitted only in accordance with article 7. Art. 19. The commune in which a member resides or that from which he is entitled to poor relief is authorized, without obtaining the consent of the higher authorities, to contribute to the payment of his dues for the current fiscal year, but not more than one-sixth their amount. Such a contribution does not involve, for the person in whose interest it is made, the results involved in the acceptance of poor relief. Com- munes in which recognized unemployment societies have their headquarters or sections are authorized, likewise without the consent of the higher authorities, to contribute to the society or the societies in question, provided that the contribution of the commune for any one society during one fiscal year shall not exceed one-sixth the amount of the dues of those members who were resident in the commune on the preceding March 31. 670 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. LOCAL SECTIONS. Article 20. In places where at least members are working, a local section is established, with the consent of the directors of the main society. Where fewer members are working, a branch is formed. Art. 21. The local sections are managed by a president, a treasurer, and directors, who are elected at the regular general meeting of the sections for . At the same time auditors are elected for the same period. The local board of directors itself chooses the vice-president, who undertakes the direction if the president is pre- vented, by absence or other cause, from attending to his duties. In the case of the retirement of the treasurer, a new treasurer is to be chosen at once. The local board of directors shall secure compliance with the laws, shall concern itself with the execution of the orders given by the main board of directors, and shall keep a record of the unemployment in the section during the preceding month and turn it in to the main board of directors at the close of each month. At the close of each fiscal year a brief report of the work of the section during the preceding year^ together with a list of the members who were living within the circumscription of the section on March 31, is sent in. It is the duty of the local board of directors to see to it that a request is made to the communal authorities for a grant in accordance with article 9 of the law concerning unemployment societies, and that the resulting grants are sent in to the main society. The local board of directors is responsible to the members of the section and shall compensate them for any loss which may be occasioned them by mismanagement of the society. Members are responsible for the paying over to the main society of the dues paid by them to the local board of directors. The branches keep no accounts, but are attached to the nearest local section, to the treasurer of which the membership dues are sent at the close of each month. Art. 22. If the amount of the membership dues and of the communal contributions does not suffice to pay the expenses of the local section, the fact is to be reported to the main treasurer, who shall then send the requisite amount to the section gud take a receipt for it. The request to the main society for a grant shall be signed by both auditors, and- may not be made on account of the nonpayment of membership dues. , Art. 23. Within two weeks after the close of each quarter, a general meeting is held in each local section, at which the local accounts for the preceding quarter are pre- sented, after revision, for the approval of the members, after which the accounts are sent at once to the main treasurer. It is the business of the local auditors to assure themselves — as, for example, by the inspection of the post-office receipt — that the surplus is sent to the main society at the same time as the accounts. Art. 24. Extraordinary general meetings may be called whenever the main board of directors or the board of directors of the section desires them or if members present a written petition to this effect to the president of the section. the main board of directors. Art 25. The main board of directors consists of a president, a chief treasurer, and - — directors who are elected by a delegate assembly, which also elects auditors and substitutes for all these officers. The persons elected serve until the next delegates' assembly. The main board of directors itself chooses its vice-president. The members of the main board of directors and the auditors are residents of , where the society has its headquarters. Art. 26. The main board of directors, which adopts its own order of business, meets whenever it thinks necessary and at the request of at least of its members. The main board of directors does the daily business and attends to all the affairs of the socie'ty, always in accordance with the law and with the orders of the inspector of unemployment. The board may make arrangements, subject to the approval of CHAPTEK in. workmen's INSURANCE IN DENMARK. 671 tho delegate assembly, with other associations for the mutual granting of traveling aid to members in accordance with the detailed rules laid down, by the unemployment committees (see art. 18 of the law concerning unemployment societies). Such agree- ments must be approved by the inspector of unemployment, and he may require that previous notice be given him. The main board of directors may also, between general assemblies, cause a general vote of all the members to be taken on questions which, need to be decided quickly. DELEGATE ASSEMBtlES. Art. 27. Every years a delegate assembly is held, on the call of the main board of directors, and this assembly is the highest internal authority of the society. It alone may make and unmake by-laws, always subject to the approval of the inspector of unemployment. To the representative assembly a report of the work and finances since the last assembly is made, and the projects presented are considered. Every section belonging to the society may present petitions, which are to be sent to the main board of directors not later than two months before the meeting of the delegate assem- bly. The projects are sent to the sections not less than one month before the holding of the delegate assemblies. Art. 28. The local sections may cause themselves to be represented at the assembly by one representative for the first members, and above this number by one for every members up to members; by one for every up to , and by one for every above members. (a) A plurality vote decides (see art. 38). The members of the main board of directors are, of course, entitled to take part, but they have no right to vote on the question of the approval of the business management. Art. 29. At the delegate assembly there are chosen representatives for Jutland, for Fyen, for Seeland-Bornholm, for Lolland-Falster, and for Copenhagen, who, in of each year, hold, with the main board of directors, a meeting of representatives for the decision of questions concerning the work and finances of the preceding year. From among the representatives there are chosen as many confidential agents aa the society is entitled, according to article 16 of the law concerning unemployment societies, to send to the annual general meeting provided for in the same paragraph. Art. 30. The expenses of the delegate and representative assemblies, including the traveling expenses of the delegates and representatives and money paid for wages and for board and lodging, are repaid by the main society, after being determined by the delegate assembly. The delegate assembly likewise fixes, with the approval of the inspector of unem- ployment, the salary of the president, of the main treasurer, and of other officers, and also the grant to the sections for administration. ACCOUNTING. Art. 31. The main treasurer receives all moneys paid to the main society and pays for the work of keeping the accounts. He shall accurately enter in the books of the society every item of income and expenditure, with the date at which the amount was received or paid out. The society may not have on hand more than kr. in cash. The amount above this is turned over to a reliable bank under the control of the main board of directors or is invested in interest-bearing securities. The income and the property of the society shall be kept absolutely separate from the funds of other associations and may not be loaned or given to other associations or used for other-purposes. Art. 32. The main treasurer may draw money on the savings-bank book of the society if he and a member appointed for the purpose by the main board of directors have " The proper number should be fixed with due reference to the conditions of each individual trade. 672 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. signed a voucher for the amount in question. The amount drawn out shall, in every case, be entered in the savings book. Art. 33. Every month the main treasurer prepares, from the information concerning unemployment sent him by the sections, a review of the conditions in this respect. In April of each year he prepares the accounts for the entire fiscal year (April 1 to March 31). The accounts must, in order that the society may receive the state grants, be sent to the inspector of unemployment before the end of May, accompanied by a report of the society's work during the same period and a list of the members of the society, with a statement of the dues and the communal residence of each member on March 31. The auditors shall carefully examine the accounts and also ascertain that the securities and cash are on hand, and shall draw up their report accordingly. At least every three months a special auditing shall be made. The main treasurer shall draw up a balance sheet to accompany the accounts. Art. 34. If the books have not been properly kept the main treasurer shall turn over to the society all the property of the society. This board is authorized to remove, provisionally, the main treasurer and replace him with another. Art. 35. The main board of directors is authorized to examine the vouchers and take an inventory of the property, and to audit the books of the sections and those of the main society. Art. 36. It is the duty of the sections to send in the dues and the accounts every quarter (every month). Art. 37. The reserve fund is made up of the yearly surplus, including unusual items of income. From the reserve fund any deficit in unfavorable years is covered. If the reserve fund does not suffice the year's deficit, the remaining amount is covered by special assessments on the participating members before the final account is sent in to the inspector of unemployment. Art. 38. The capital and surplus of the society may never be divided among the members. In the event of the society's dissolution the consent of the inspector of unemployment must be obtained before the funds are disposed of. The unemployment society of may be dissolved only if the delegate assembly so decides by the vote of at least three-fourths of the delegates present, and if the same majority results from a subsequent written vote among the members of all the societies. Art. 39. These provisions go into effect on the day on which the unemployment society receives public recognition in accordance with the law of April 9, 1907. The approval of the inspector of unemployment is required for every change in these by-laws. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Annuaire de la Legislation du Travail, Bruxelles. Arbejdsl|zi8hedsinspekt0rens Indberetning til Indenrigsministeriet. 1907-8. Kj0ben- havn. 1908. (Report of the Inspector of Unemployment to the Minister of the Interior. 1907-8. Copenhagen, 1908.) Bellom. Les lois d' Assurance ouvrifere k I'Etranger. Tome II, 5th partie; tome III, 2nd partie. Beretninger fra Arbejderforsikrings-raadet. Kfibenhavn. (Reports of the Council of Workmen's Insurance. Copenhagen.) Beretninger fra Arbejderforsikrings-raadets Afdeling for Fiskeres Forsikring. K0ben- havn. (Reports of the Fishermen's Insurance Section of the Council for Work- men's Insurance. Copenhagen.) Beretninger fra Arbejderforsikrings-raadets Afdeling for S0folks Forsikring. K^ben- havn. (Reports of the Seamen's Insurance Section of the Council for Workihen's Insurance. Copenhagen.) Beretninger fra Ulykkesforsikringsforeningen for Danske Fiskere. K0benhavn. (Reports of the Accident Insurance Societies for Danish Fishermen. Copenhagen). CHAPTER III. — WOEKMEN's INSUKANCE IN DENMARK. 673 Bulletin de I'Office du travail, Paris, 1902, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1908. Bulletin des Assurances Sociales (Bulletin du Comity permanent international des Congrfes internationaux des Assurances sociales). Paris. Det Nordiske Arbejdertor8ikringsm0de i K^benhavu (The Scandinavian workmen's insurance convention held in Copenhagen). September, 1907. Forsikringstekniske og Unders^gelser vedr0rende Invaliditetsforsikring. Ved A. C. V. Petersen og Harald Westergaard. K0benhavn, 1908. (Estimates and investigations concerning the technique of invalidity insurance. By A. C. V. Petersen and Harald Westergaard. Copenhagen, 1908.) Forslag til Lov om anerkendte Arbejdsl^shedskasser (Memorial for a law concerning recognized unemployment societies). Copenhagen, 1906. Haandbog for Bestyrelser af Sygekasser (Handbook for managers of sickness societies). Odense, 1902. Kobstadforeningens Tidsskrift (Journal of Municipal Affairs). L'assurance sociale en Danemark, 1905-1908. Report to the International Workmen's Insurance Congress in Rome, 1908. Lovtidende (Official Gazette). Copenhagen. National okonomisk Tidsskrift (Journal of Political Economy). Published by the National Association of Political Economy. Reglerne om Alderdomsunderstottelse belyste vedministerielle Afgorelaer. (Rules concerning Old-age Support Interpreted by Ministerial Decisions.) By Hans Andersen. Copenhagen, 1905. Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, Berlin, IV, 1906; V, 1907. Revue du Travail, Bruxelles, 1907. Sociale Rundschau, Wien, 1901, 1903, 1906, 1907, 1908. Statistisk Aarbog (Statistical yearbook). Published by the state bureau of statistics Copenhagen. Statistiake Meddelelser, 4. Rsekke, 25. Bind, 3. Hsefte: Ulykkestilfselde i land- og Skovbrug. Kabenhavn, 1907. (Statistical Communications, 4th Series. Volume 25. Numbers. Accidents in Agriculture and Forestry. Copenhagen, 1907.) -( Statistiske Meddelelser. 4. Rsekke. 30. Bind. 7. Hsefte. Alderdomsunder- st^ttelelsen. 1897-1901. K0benhavn. (Statistical Communications. 4th series. Volume 30. Number 7. Old Age Support. 1897-1901. Copenhagen.) Sygekasseinspektorens Indberetninger til Indenrigsministeriet. Kj0benhavn. (Re- ports of the Inspector of Sickness Societies to the ]\Iinister of the Interior. Copen- hagen.) Sygekasseloven, 1892-1907 (Sickness Society Laws, 1892-1907). By Clara Black. Copenhagen, 1907. Tidsskrift for Arbejderforsikring (Journal of workmen's insurance). Published by V. L. Faber. Copenhagen. Tidsskrift for Forsorgelsesvsesen og Filantropi (Journal of social insurance and philan- thropy). Published by Dr. Chr. Kampegaard. Trap. Die Versicherung Unbemittelter ausserhalb des Armenwesens in Danemark. Von Cordt Trap. International Workmen's Insurance Congress, Vienna. TJlykkesforsikringsloven af 7. Januar 1898. Under hvilke Forhold og i hvilken Udstra3kning paahviler der Arbejdsgivere Ansvar efter Loven? (Accident Insu- rance Law of January 7, 1898. Under what conditions and to what extent are employers responsible under the law?) By V. L. Faber. Copenhagen, 1907. Westergaard, Professor Harald. Arbeiterversicherung in Skandinavien. Hand- worterbuch der Staatswissenschaften. Erster Band, ^'erlag ^'on Gustav Fischer in Jena, 1908. Zacher, Die Arbeiter-^'orsicherung im Auslande, von Dr. Zacher. Danemark. Heft I., la, lb. Berlin. CHAPTER IV. WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 075 CHAPTER IV. WORKMEN'S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. INTRODUCTION. As is shown by statistics of occupations of the French people in 1901, agriculture claimed 41.5 per cent of the population gainfully employed, manufacturing and extractive industries (including mining) 30.9 per cent, commerce 9.2 per cent, transportation 4.2 per cent, and personal and domestic service 5.2 per cent. The earlier methods of compiling occupational statistics were so different that comparisons are not entirely satisfactory, but in 1891 agriculture and industry seem to have held about the same position as ten years later. According to the earlier census the.number of salaried employees was 899,099, of wage-workers 7,104,949, and domestic servants 1,609,432, making a total of employed persons of 9,613,480. In 1901 there were 10,359,665 employed wage-workers and salaried employees, and 314,530 unemployed ones, making the total number of wage-workers and salaried employees 10,674,195. The increase by over one million is mainly due, however, to the inclusion of the army and navy among the employed in 1901. With the exclusion of these groups, numbering over 600,000, the total increase in ten years is only from about 9,600,000 in 1891 to 10,000,000 in 1901. But even this smaller number is over one-half of all persons in gainful occupations, and over one-fourth of the total population of France. Within the last 15 or 20 years the activity of France in social legislation has been quite remarkable. Scarcely a year has passed without some important enactment for the protection of the interests, or the fostering of the welfare of the wage-workers. The importance attached to such measures in France may be gauged by the exist- ence since 1906 of the Ministry of Labor and Social Providence {Ministere du Travail et de Prevoyance Sociale) with separate bureaus of labor, of social insurance, and of mutual institutions, and the follow- ing consultative bodies: A superior council of labor, superior council of statistics, superior commission of industrial labor, commission for codification of labor laws, commission on industrial hygiene, com- mission on unemployment funds, superior council of cheap dwellings, superior commission of savings banks, superior commission on the National Old-age Retirement Fund, superior commission of the national life insurance and accident insurance funds, consultative 677 678 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. committee on industrial accident insurance, consultative committee on life insurance, superior council of mutual benefit societies. Discussion of the various problems embraced in the comprehensive title "social insurance" and legislative proposals date back to the end of the eighteenth century, the period immediately following the great revolution. But effective work began much later. The period since 1850 may. be divided into two well-defined periods, that of encouragement of voluntary effort, which lasted until the beginning of the nineties, and the last 20 years, during which the compulsory principle has expressed itself in many enactments. The act of July 15, 1850, concerning mutual benefit societies, supplemented by the decrees of March 26, 1852, created the so-called recognized and approved societies, conferring various privileges upon them. The National Old-age Retirement Fund was established in 1851 in virtue of the act of June 15, 1850. This institution was to encourage voluntary old-age insurance by providing a safe institution for such insurance. These were the two main contributions to the problem of popular insurance in the period known as the Second Repubhc (1 848-1 852) . The following period of the ' ' Second Empire' ' (1852-1870) was rather fruitless in the line of social legislation; only toward its close (1868) were the funds for voluntary insurance against death and against accidents created. The results of this earlier legislation were rather meager, with the possible exception of the National Old-age Retirement Fund which, however, was taken advantage of by an economic group other than that for which the institution was originally intended. Very little was accomplished in the special field of social insurance during the following 25 years. The only legislative enactments worth mentioning in this connection are the act of April 11, 1881, which materially improved the condi- tions for retirement of registered seamen, a group numerically unim- portant, but with a very high accident and invalidity rate, and the act of July 20, 1886, which effected a financial reorganization of the National Old-age Retirement Fund. With the enactment of the law of June 29, 1894, concerning com- pulsory sick and old-age insurance for miners an era of activity in legislation was begun. Within the last 15 or 16 years at least 18 important acts may be mentioned ; and the very short time elapsing between separate acts, often of a few days only, shows that many important problems of social insurance have been carefully studied simultaneously. This rapid succession may obscure the fact, which must be emphasized, that many years of study, parliamentary con- sideration, and expert investigation have preceded each of the more important acts. On December 27, 1895, an act for the regulation and control of the voluntary establishment funds for retirement of employees was CHAPTEB IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN PRANCE. 679 adopted, and only four days later the act of December 31, 1895, con- cerning the National Old-age Eetirement Fund, which established a system of subsidies to old-age and invalidity pensions voluntarily acquired. The close of the session of the National Assembly in 1898 was marked by a series of important measures. On April 1 , 1898, the new. law concerning mutual benefit societies was adopted after nearly 17 years of discussion. This facilitated the organization of such societies and increased the government subsidies. April 9, 1898, the general accident compensation law was adopted, and on April 21, 1898, the accident insurance fund for seamen was created. While the first of these three acts was one relating to voluntary insurance only (though including the principle of government subsidy) the last act established a fund for compulsory insurance and the act of April 9, 1898, introduced a system of compulsory compensation with so many encouragements of insurance as to be classified as a compromise between voluntary and compulsory insurance. After the legislation of 1898, an interval of several years followed during which the new laws were being tried and an adjustment to the new conditions was taking place. The act of June 30, 1899, defin- ing the limits of application of the accident compensation law to agri- cultural establishments, and the act of May 15, 1899, permitting the national accident insurance fund to issue insurance under the act of April 9, 1898, were measures of secondary importance. On March 22, 1902, a new act introduced certain minor modifications in the compensation system, mostly strengthening the rights of the injured persons. On March 31, 1903, the provisions for compulsory old-age insurance of miners were materially improved, the Government vot- ing an annual subsidy of 1,000,000 francs ($193,000) for the increase both of the current and future pensions, and only one-third of this con- tribution was exacted from mine owners by means of increased taxa- tion; so that the principle of state subsidy to old-age pensions was extended to miners. On April 22, 1905, the first important step in the field of unem- ployment insurance was taken. One hundred and ten thousand francs ($21,230) were appropriated by the legislature to be distrib- uted under certain conditions as a subsidy to unemployment funds. Thus France was the first country to apply the so-called Ghent system of unemployment insurance on a national scale. The year 1905 was very fruitful in enactments concerning insur- ance. The accident compensation law was further revised on March 31, 1905. As a result of a discussion for over 15 years of the old- age problem, and being unwilling as yet to introduce a compulsory system of old-age insurance, as demanded by many, the National 46598°— 10 44 680 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Assembly adopted the act of July 19, 1905, designated as an act con- cerning compulsory relief of aged and infirm persons, which in its essence is a system of noncontributory pensions to all indigent per- sons who are over 70 years of age or who are infirm or incurable. This system is in its essential features similar to the British old-age •pension law, which is much better known and which was enacted in 1908. On December 29, 1905, a new act, thoroughly revising the com- pulsory system of accident insurance for seamen, was promulgated. On April 12, 1906, the accident compensation system was extended to the large group of commercial employees, and by the act of July 18, 1907, voluntary extension of the compensation system to estab- lishments not subject to, it was permitted. In 1908 the old-age and invalidity insurance system of seamen was revised and the benefits to seamen extended. The act of July 21, 1909, regulates the pension funds of railroads, makes these funds com- pulsory, and establishes a very high minimum of pensions for retire- ment, invalidity, and for widows and orphans. Finally, the recent act of April 5, 1910, orders the introduction of a general old-age and invalidity insurance, supplementary to the act of 1905 and the special systems existing for miners, seamen, and railroad employees, com- pulsory for all wage-workers and salaried employees and voluntary for farmers and independent producers. This long list, in which only the most important acts are enumerated, illustrates the difference between the development and present con- ditions of workmen's insurance in France and in the Germanic coun- tries. In France social insurance is growing gradually and preference for a voluntary system, strong in the beginning, gradually yields in individual branches of industry. As a result, there is no one uniform system, though a certain tendency toward uniformity may be observed. Another characteristic feature is the frequent revision of the exist- ing systems. The French system of social insurance as a whole must not be taken as a final completed structure. It is as yet in the process of building. In a few sentences the present status may be summa- rized as follows : (1) A system of accident compensation including industrial and commercial employees, with insurance encouraged in many ways. (2) Voluntary but subsidized and regulated sick insurance. (3) A system of compulsory old-age and invalidity insurance which is complete as far as wage-earners are concerned, but far from uni- form, including very high pensions not only for old age and invalidity, but also for widows and orphans for certain industrial groups; less liberal provisions for the large majority of employees and a noncon- tributory pension system in addition to the old-age insurance. (4) The beginning of a national unemployment insurance system. CHAPTEB IV. — WOEKMEN S INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 681 ACCIDENT INSURANCE. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION FOB INJUBIES. INTRODUCTION. The liability of employers for injuries to employees prior to the enactment of the workmen's compensation law of April 9, 1898, was based upon the principle of the Koman law that every person must answer for an injury done to another by himself or his agent. Arti- cles 1382 to 1384 of the Civil Code, which are still in force, provide that any damage done by one person to another must be repaired by the one who is at fault; that he is not only responsible for damages which he has done by his act but also by his negligence and impru- dence; and that he is likewise responsible for injuries caused by the acts of persons for whom he is responsible or by things which are in his charge. Under this law the workman had almost no recourse against the risks incurred on account of the constantly increasing use of machin- ery, the intensity of the labor, and the large numbers of working people in the same establishments. If killed or injured during labor, he had no right to indemnity unless he could prove negligence on the part of his employer. If he was a victim of one of the many purely fortuitous accidents, which, according to a ministerial circular, include over half the accidents occurring in the industries, he was deprived of all right to indemnity. Even if his injuries were due to the fault of his employer he could not obtain compensation without bringing suit and proving his case, to do which he had to compel his fellow-worlcmen to jeopardize their positions by having them testify against their employer. In brief, it was found in France that of ten cases of injury scarcely one or two resulted in the indemnifica- tion of the victim. C^) The law of April 9, 1898, established the principle of compensation after twenty years of agitation and parliamentary struggle against the apparent injustice of the existing employers' liability law. The subject first received the attention of the National Assembly in 1880, when a bill was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on May 29 of that year, with the view of providing a remedy. Other bills of a similar character were introduced on November 4, 1881, and Janu- ary 20, 1882. These propositions, which were intended to apply to all industries, aimed to place the burden of proof upon the employer instead of the employee, holding the employer liable for all injuries unless he could prove negligence on the part of the injured employee. Numerous other bills to the same effect were introduced from 1881 " Circular of the minister of commerce of August 24, 1899. Recueil de Documents BUT les Accidents du Travail, 1908, No. 1. 682 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, to 1883. Among these were bills providing for the application of the principle of the trade risk, for a reversal of the burden of proof with a simplification of procedure in liabiUty cases and for the creation of a special tribunal for the adjudication of the same. These measures were the subjects of many discussions and reports. They all culminated in the drawing up of a bill by a parliamentary commission which was adopted by the Chamber of Deputies on October 24, 1884, but which failed to pass the Senate. The Govern- ment then instituted an extra-parliamentary commission which formulated a proposition which served as a basis for two government bills, one introduced December 29, 1885, and the other February 2, 1886. Other bills emanating fron^i members of the National Assembly were introduced in 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891, 1893, and 1895. On March 24, 1896, a bill was introduced in the Senate based on the principle of trade risk, but excluded inexcusable negligence either on the part of the employer or employee. The compensation consisted of a maximum and a minimum indemnity varying according to the degree of incapacity of the injured workman. The guarantee con- sisted of a lien on the property of the employer (privilege sur les liens du patron), and those who wished to relieve themselves of direct liabiHty were permitted to insure themselves in a guarantee asso- ciation or insurance company. When this bill reached the Chamber of Deputies it was considerably altered. The Chamber yielded in the matter of dispensing with an arbitration tribunal and also with compulsory state insurance. It agreed to permit the employers to remain their own insurers, either individually or collectively, but insisted upon requiring them to deposit in the National Accident Insurance Fund a capital sum neces- sary to provide for the annual pensions to be allowed under the law for cases of death and permanent disability. In the case of employers who did not wish to assume the risk in case of temporary disability, a mutual insurance institution was provided for in which employers could insure if they chose. These mutual institutions were to be organized by territories and they were to be required to make deposits with the National Accident Insurance Fund. Finally, to guard against loss through insolvency on the part of employers, the creation of a guarantee fund was provided for similar to the one proposed in the senate bill which passed that body in 1895. When this bill was returned to the Senate in its altered form, the proposition to require the deposit of funds with the National Accident Insurance Fund was rejected on the ground that it would withdraw too much capital from the hands of employers and on the other hand would create too great an accumulation of capital in the national fund. The senate committee to which the matter was referred insisted, in its report, upon the provisions of the original bill of 1896, CHAPTER IV. — WOEKMEN S INSUEANCE IN EEANCE, 683 which aimed to secure the workmen by giving them a Hen on the employers' property and permitted voluntary mutual insurance. It retained, however, the provision for the maintenance of a guarantee fund. The idea of territorial organizations was rejected, the com- mittee preferring to leave the grouping of these institutions to the employers. Finally, it recommended a recession by the Senate from the propositon to have a maximum and minimum compensation and to accede to the proposition of the Chamber for a fixed compensation (indemnite forfaitaire) . This bill, however, was again replaced by another senate measure introduced February 14, 1898, which contained three important modifications. The idea of reorganizing the National Accident In- surance Fund (Caisse des Accidents) and making it, as an ofiicial fund, a competitor of private enterprises was abandoned, and in its stead the National Old-age Retirement Fund was henceforth to be charged with certain new functions. The provision concerning a lien on the employers' property was made to apply only to claims arising from temporary disability. Finally, a guarantee fund managed by the National Old-age Retirement Fund was to be organized. This senate bill, with slight modifications, was adopted by the Senate March 19, 1898. The Chamber of Deputies adopted it without modification March 26, 1898, and it became a law on April 9, 1898. It went into operation on July 1, 1899. Since the enactment of the original law several changes and addi- tions have been made in the act of April 9, 1898, and some supple- mentary acts were adopted. Though the proposal that the Government extend the operations of the National Accident Insurance Fund by embracing insurance under the new act was rejected by the Senate at the time of deliberations con- cerning the act of April 9, 1898, the necessity for such a measure soon became evident and the proposal to that effect introduced into the Chamber of Deputies on May 9, 1899, became a law on May 24 of that year. The committee of the lower chamber in reporting favorably on this bill on May 15, 1899, pointed out that such entrance of the Govern- ment into the field of insurance against the obligations under the law of April 9, 1898, was necessary in the interest of the smaller employer, who was not strong enough to establish his own accident fund, and if isolated ih rural or semirural communities was not in a position to avail himself of the advantages of a mutual insurance association, and therefore was entirely at the mercy of commercial insurance companies. As the law of 1898 appUed to all establishments utilizing me- chanical power, the question arose whether in an agricultural estab- lishment provided with such mechanical power it applied to all em- ployees of such establishment. The act of June 30, 1899, removed 684 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE, this uncertainty by expressly stating that the law of 1898 did not apply to any agricultural accidents except those occasioned by agri- cultural machinery driven by mechanical power. Thus the French accident compensation law has as yet left the entire group of agri- cultural laborers unprotected, with the minor exception of accidents due to more complex agricultural machinery. Various suggestions for changes in the act of April 9, 1898, were made in the National Assembly very soon after the law went into effect. They referred to extensions of the application of the law to commerce and agriculture, material changes in the system of com- pensation, and minor changes in administrative details. A bill con- taining such changes passed the Chamber of Deputies and was for- warded to the Senate on June 5, 1901. The suggested amendments met, however, strong objections in the Senate, and the bill aa amended in the upper chamber, and finally agreed to by the Chamber of Deputies on March 21, 1902, limited itself to certain changes of detail, concerning the procedure of compensation ana' adjudication of conflicts. While the most urgent changes in procedure were thus early dis- posed of, parliamentary work continued, and many other changes originally contained in the bill which passed the Chamber of Deputies were finally embodied in the act of March 31, 1905, which amended 9 out of the 34 articles of the law, mainly concerning itself with better methods of determining the wages or earnings of the injured employee, the methods of payment, the details of medical treatment, such as the free selection of physicians, a scale of medical fees, the revision of compensation granted, the capitalization of small pen- sions, various punitive measures, and finally the rights of foreign workmen under the law. The independent act of April 12, 1906, extending the system of compensation to the employees of mercantile establishments, is the most important enactment in this field since the adoption of the original law of 1898. Arguments against the injustice of depriving mercantile employees of the benefits of the protection granted to industrial employees were heard early in the application of the act of April 9, 1898. A proposal to extend the law to all wage-workers was made in the Chamber of Deputies, December 13, 1900, and on December 2, 1901, it was proposed to extend the law to mercantile establishments. On June 10, 1902, a bill to that effect was pre- sented by the commission of the Chamber of Deputies. The law to that effect did not pass, however, until four years later. The act of April 12, 1906, combined two separate measures, the inclusion of mercantile establishments and further regulations of . employers' mutual accident insurance associations. CHAPTER IV. WOBKMEN'S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 685 The problem of further extension of the compensation system to other branches of labor, hitherto unprotected, has not yet found a £nal solution in France. The main groups of wage-earners still not protected, are the large majority of agricultural laborers, with the exception noted above, the domestic employees, and other employees of private persons not in industrial or mercantile establishments. As a partial solution of this problem, and as a preparatory measure, the law of July 18, 1907, was enacted, permitting employers and employees not covered by the law to subject themselves to its pro- visions by mutual consent, thus waiving the provision of the civil law concerning employers' liability. Further efforts at legislation not yet adopted, will be discussed under the caption of "Proposed reforms." PRESENT SYSTEM. The French workmen's compensation system, as it now stands, includes provisions both for the liability of employers and the insur- ance of the working people, and occupies a middle ground between the British workmen's compensation act of December 21, 1906, and the Italian compulsory accident insurance law of March 17, 1898. Persons and Industries Covered. — The system applies to all workmen and salaried employees in the building trades, factories, workshops, shipyards, transportation by land and water, public warehouses, mining and quarrying, the manufacture and handling of explosives, agricultural and other work in which mechanical power is used, and mercantile establishments. It also applies to state, departmental, and communal estabhshments engaged in any of the industries enumerated above. In addition it permits other employers to place themselves under the provisions of this law by allowing them to make a formal declaration to that effect before the mayor of the community in which the establishment is located. This law applies, however, only to such employees as sign a declara- tion of adherence. The employer in this case may, by a formal declaration, renounce his adhesion to the law, but this right is not accorded to the employees who have signed the declaration of adherence. Injuries Compensated. — The law gives a right to a fixed com- pensation, to be paid by the employer, for all injuries sustained by wage- workers or salaried employees, if due directly to their work, causing disability for five or more days, or death. If the injury was caused intentionally by the victim, no right of compensation accrues. Whenever it is proved that the accident was due to inex- cusable neglect (fmdc inexcusable) on the part of the workman, a court has power to reduce the compensation. If the inexcusable 686 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER, OF LABOR. neglect was on the part of the employer or his agents, the compen-, sation may be increased beyond the fixed rates, but not so that the compensation granted may exceed either in single allowances or in total amount, the annual wages upon which the compensation is^ based. Compensation for Disability. — ^When the accidental injury, causes- disability, the employer becomes liable to the victim for the following payments: (1) The necessary cost of medical and surgical treatment. (2) If the person is totally and permanently disabled, a pension equal to two-thirds of the annual wages of the victim. (3) If his disability is partial, but permanent, a pension equal to one-half the amount of the loss of his earning capacity. (4) If the incapacity is temporary and continues more than four days, a daily allowance, including Sundays and holidays, equal to one-half the wages the victim was receiving when injured, if the wages were fixed; and if the wages were variable, the allowance is equal to one-half the average daily wages received during the month immediately preceding the accident. The payments in cases of temporary disability become due from the fifth day after the day of the accident, but if the incapacity lasts more than ten days, then the payments become due from the first day of the accident. These compensations are payable at intervals not exceeding 16 days, at the usual place of making wage payments, and they are due until the day of the death of the victim, until his complete recovery, or until the victim is- declared to be permanently incapacitated. Funeral Benefits. — The employer is also required to pay the fun- eral expenses of the victim of an accident. This amount, however, is not to exceed 100 francs ($19.30). Compensation for Survivors. — In case the accidental injury causes death, a pension not exceeding in the aggregate 60 per cent of the annual wages of the victim becomes payable to the dependents by the employer from the time of the death of the victim. This pension is distributed as follows : (1) The surviving widow or widower receives an annuity equal to 20 per cent of the annual wages of the deceased victim, provided he or she was neither divorced nor otherwise legally separated from the deceased. This annuity continues during life or until the bene- ficiary remarries. In case of remarriage, a final lump-sum pay- ment equal to three times the annuity is made. (2) The children of the deceased victim who are under 16 years of age, including illegitimate children recognized by the victim before the accident, receive {a), in case one parent survives, an allowance equal to 15 per cent of the annual wages of the deceased if there is CHAPTEK IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 687 but one such child, 25 per cent if there are two, 35 per cent if there are three, and 40 per cent if there are more than three such surviving children; (&) in case both parents are dead an annual allowance equal to 20 per cent of the annual wages of the deceased victim for each child, provided that all the surviving children shall not receive more than 60 per cent between them. (3) Each ascendant and each descendant under 16 years of age who was dependent upon the victim at the time of his death, if no wife or husband and no children survive, receives an allowance equal to 10 per cent of the annual wages of the deceased, the total in no case to exceed 30 per cent of such wages. If the annual wages of the deceased exceeded 2,400 francs ($463.20), only one-fourth of the excess over that amount is considered in com- puting the above pensions. Time and Place of Payment. — The pensions which are allowed in cases of death or permanent disability are payable quarterly at the residence of the beneficiary or at the chief town or canton in which the beneficiary resides, and if paid by the National Retire- ment Fund they are payable by an agent of this organization to be designated by the beneficiary. Foreign Workmen. — Workmen of foreign nationality receiving pensions under this act, as well as their dependents who may be entitled to benefits and who leave French territory, are paid a lump sum equal to three years' pension allowances in final settlement of their claims, provided this sum does not exceed the actual capital value of the pension allowed. Foreign heirs of workmen of foreign nationality, if living outside of French territory at the time of the accident, are not entitled to any benefits. The provisions concern- ing foreign beneficiaries may be altered, within the limits of the other benefits granted by virtue of this law, if by treaty the country of the foreigner grants equal advantages to Frenchmen. Such treaties have been made with Belgium, Italy, Great Britain, and Luxemburg. Rights of Beneficiaries. — Allowances under this law are non- transferable and are exempt from attachment. The victim of the accident is permitted to choose his own physician and apothecary, but in that case the employer need not pay more than an amount fixed by the justice of the peace of the canton where the accident occurred, this amount to be based upon a list of charges established at intervals of not less than two years by order of the minister of com- merce upon the advice of a special commission consisting of repre- sentatives of physicians and apothecaries' societies, trade unions, employers' associations, accident insurance and guarantee compa- nies. In all cases where hospital treatment is required the employer is required to pay for such treatment, in addition to giving the com- pensation for disability, the entire hospital charges, not to exceed 688 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. the rates in certain schedules provided by law, but in no case may it exceed 4 francs (77.2 cents) per day in Paris or 3.50 francs (67.6 cents) in other parts of France. The physicians, apothecaries, and hospitals have a right of action against the employers for such services or supplies. Bases for Compensation Payments. — The following provision is made for determining the wages upon which the compensation payments are to be based: 1 . In the case of workmen who were engaged in the establishment for 12 months prior to the accident, the wages serving as a basis for fixing the pensions must be the actual remuneration received either in money or in kind. 2. If a workman was employed less than 12 months in the estab- lishment, the basis must be the actual remuneration received since the time of his engagement, increased by the pay which he might have received had he been so employed during the rest of the period, as estimated by the average remuneration received by workmen in the same class of employment. 3. If the employment was not continuous, the compensation is based on the remuneration received during the period of employ- ment and on the actual earnings elsewhere during the rest of the year. 4. In the case of an employee under 16 years of age or an appren- tice, the wages which serve as a basis may not be less than the lowest wages paid to an able-bodied workman of the class to which he is destined or for which he is preparing himself in the establishment, but his allowance in case of temporary disability must not exceed the amount of his regular pay. In the absence of employees of this class in the same establishment the wages of such employees in simi- lar establishments of the locality or of similar localities must be taken as a basis. 5. If the yearly wages of the injured workman exceed 2,400 francs ($463.20), only one-fourth of the excess over this amount is con- sidered in computing pensions. There is no such limitation ia the case of temporary disability payments. Lump-sum Payments. — While the compensation payments under the act are in the form of pensions in cases of death and permanent disability, provision is made in the law whereby the victim may demand, after the-pension has been definitely determined, that this pension be reduced by one-fourth and that there be paid to him a cash sum equal to one-fourth the sum necessary to constitute the capital for the payment of the pension, calculated according to the tables prepared for this purpose by the National Old-age Retirement Fund. With regard to the pension, a workman who is entitled to it has a right to demand that it, or the pension remaining after the one-fourth deduction, be converted into an annuity revertible to his CHAPTER IV, WOEKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FBANCE. 689 wife, in which case, of course, the amount of the annuity is reduced in such a measure as not to augment the charge placed upon the employer. The amounts to be paid in such cases are fixed by the courts. No other arrangements concerning lump-sum payments are per- mitted, except that pensions of not over 100 francs ($19.30) may, by mutual consent when the beneficiary is of age, be replaced by a lump sum. In this case, also, the amount of the payment must be fixed according to the above-mentioned tables. Revision of Compensation. — A revision of the compensation payments may be made in the case of permanent disability within three years by either party because of an aggravation or diminution of the disability of the victim. During the treatment of a case of temporary disability the employer may designate, before a justice of the peace, a physician of his own choice to keep him informed of the condition of the patient. Such designation, duly certified by the justice of the peace, gives the physician a right of access to the patient once a week in the presence of the attending physician, who must receive 2 days' previous notice by registered letter. Failure on the part of the patient to present himself at such a visit may cause a suspension of compensa- tion payments by decision of the justice of the peace. If the employ- er's physician certifies that the patient is able to resume his work and the latter contests, the employer may, in case of temporary disability, require the justice of the peace to hold a medical inquiry on the case within 5 days. In case the accident has resulted, or, according to the medical certificate, is likely to result in the permanent disability or death of an employee, the justice of the peace of the canton must, within 24 hours, undertake an investigation of the cause, nature, and extent of the injury, and ascertain the daily and annual wages which the victim had received. He must also ascertain the name, date, and place of birth of the victim and of each beneficiary, and the name of the insur- ance company or other organization in which the employer may be insured. If he is not satisfied with the medical certificate he may designate a physician to examine the victim. He may also engage the services of an expert at the inquiry. In fact, instead of the workman being required to produce the evidence necessary to sus- tain a claim as in other civil procedure, the law makes it the duty of the justice of the peace to gather all the evidence necessary to sustain a claim of a workman or of his personal representatives. The inquiry must be closed at the earliest possible time, and not later than 10 days after the accident. Where this is not possible the fact must be duly certified in the record. The justice of the peace must notify both parties by registered letter of the close of the inquiry 690 RBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. and the deposit of the report with the record clerk, where either party may have access to it, or have it mailed to him for examination free of postage. After 5 days the report and papers are transmitted to the president of the civil tribunal of the arrondissement where the accident occurred. In the case of death or permanent disability the president of the civil tribunal of the arrondissement must, within 5 days after the receipt of the necessary documents call before him the employer, the insurer, if any, and the injured person or his representatives, and all the parties are required to appear in answer to this summons. If an agreement concerning the amount of the compensation can be reached, and it is in accordance with the provisions of this law, the amount is then definitely fixed by an order of the president of the court. If the court considers that the inquiry of the justice of the peace did not bring out sufficient evidence, the court may order a new inquiry at which witnesses are publicly heard. If an agreement can not be reached, a proceeding at law must be had. Appeals may be taken as in other civil cases. The workman or his personal representatives need not go through the formalities necessary in the other cases to sue as a poor person in order to secure the assistance of counsel, but has a right by law to obtain such services. The plaintiff is absolved, furthermore, from the payment of all court costs, even though he loses the case. Demands for a revision of the rate of compensation on account of an increase or a decrease in the disabihty of the victim or his death on account of the accident may be made within 3 years from the date when the daily allowances ceased to be due, if no pensions had been received; or from the date when an agreement had been reached or an order of the court issued concerning the fixing of the pension. Settlement of Disputes. — All matters in dispute concerning the benefits granted in cases of temporary disabihty, namely, compen- sation allowances, medical or surgical aid, medicines, and funeral expenses are settled finally by the justice of the peace of the canton. His court is a last resort in claims for the payment of medicines and medical or surgical attendance amounting to not over 300 francs ($57.90). If higher amounts are involved, appeals to higher courts may be taken within 15 days. If one of the parties maintains that the incapacity is permanent and supports the claim by a medical certificate, the justice of the peace must declare himself incompetent and must transmit this declaration to the president of the civil court within 3 days. Othee Eecoukse. — No workmen whose cases come within the scope of this law have legal recourse to any other assistance except that above mentioned. If, however, the injury was caused during labor by a person other than the employer or his agents or workmen, CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 691 the victim or his representatives may claim indemnity under the civil code from the person responsible for the injury, but any indemnity thus received must correspondingly reduce the compensation to be paid by the employer. This action against a third party may also be taken by an employer, at his own risk, in the name of the victim or his representatives should the latter fail to do so. Insurance. — While not imposing any obligation of insurance, the law provides various optional methods by which the employer may transfer the obligation of paying compensation to special institutions or organizations through payment of stipulated sums. This can be done in various ways. Arrangements for compensation of cases of temporary disability are permitted with mutual benefit societies, or establishment funds, and for payment of all forms of compensation under the law with private or mutual insurance companies; mutual associations of employers known as "syndicats de guarantie"; the National Accident Insurance Fund; the National Old-age Retirement Fund; and mining and other establishment funds. The conditions under which such insurance is arranged, and the results of operations of these insurance institutions are described in detail on pages 712 to 763. Reporting Accidents. — With regard to the reporting of accidents, the law requires the employer or his agent, under penalty of a fine for noncompliance, to report to the mayor of the commune within 48 hours (not counting Sundays and holidays) every accident causing incapacity to work on the part of the employee, and the mayor is re- quired to make an official record of the same. This notice and record must give the name, title, and address of the employer, the place, hour, and nature of the accident, the circumstances under which the acci- dent was caused, the nature of the injuries and the names and ad- dresses of all the witnesses to the accident. If in four days the victim has not returned to work, the employer must transmit to the mayor a physician's certificate showing the condition of the victim, the probable consequences of the injury or the time within which it will be possible to know the result definitely. A similar report may be made by the victim or his representatives any time within a year after the accident. The mayor must immediately notify the depart- ment factory inspector or the mine inspector of the district, and within five days must transmit the certificate to the justice of the peace of the canton. Penalties. — All agreements made which are contrary to the work- men's compensation law are null and void. A number of special penalties are provided for violations of the workmen's compensation law. For the failure of an employer to give notice of an accident causing incapacity within 48 hours, a fine of from 1 to 15 francs ($0.19 to $2.90) is provided, which fme is in- 692 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOSTEE OP LABOB. creased to from 16 to 300 francs ($3.09 to $57.90) if the offense is re- peated within one year. A similar fine is provided for failure to post a copy of the law and administration regulations pertaining to it in every workshop. The law of March 31 , 1 905, adds a number of special penalties which were suggested by experience. Governmental Supeevision. — ^All companies or associations which undertake the insurance of employees against risks or to guarantee the payments comprehended by this law are subject to the supervision and control of the Government and are required by the latter to maintain such reserve or guaranty funds as are deemed proper and sufficient. The legal and administrative conditions under which the various insurance institutions are operated are stated in greater detail in another section, in which their activity is studied. Consultative Committee. — ^An act adopted March 31, 1905, which made a number of modifications in the original law, provided for the appointment of a consultative committee, the appointment of which had previously been made by virtue of the decree of February 28, 1899. The functions of this committee are to consider and give advice upon all questions pertaining to the enforcement of the work- men's compensation law, especially those provisions which relate to the supervision and control of insurance companies which assume the risks of employers. This committee consists of 24 members, namely, 2 senators and 3 deputies elected by their respective colleagues, the director of insurance and social providence, the director of labor, the general director of the Caisse des Dep6ts et Consignations, (") 3 members of the Institute of French Actuaries, the president of the Tribunal of Commerce of the Seine or a section president appointed by him, the president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce or a member ap^ pointed by him, P workmen members of the Superior Council of Labor, a professor of the facility of law of the University of Paria, 2 directors or administrators of mutual labor accident insurance or guarantee societies, 2 directors or administrators of industrial acci- dent insurance companies, and 4 experts in the field of industrial accident insurance. Security op Payments. — ^A very important provision of the law is that which secures to the victims of accidents the payments due them. The Chamber of Deputies endeavored to effect this by means "f compulsory insurance. The Senate, however, opposed compulsory insurance and substituted for it another plan. " A government institution for the deposit of trust funds and for similar functions.- It 18 intrusted with the financial operations of the various government insurance institutions. CHAPTEE IV. — WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FKANCE. 693 In. the case of temporary benefit payments, medical and phar- maceutical aid, and funeral expenses the law gives the victim, his creditors, or his legal representatives a preferred claim on the prop- erty of the employers. In the ease of permanent incapacity or death, where pensions are paid to the victims or their heirs, respectively, the State guarantees the payments. That is, if the employer or the company through which he has contracted insurance fails to pay the pensions due, such pensions wiU be paid by the National Old-age Eetirement Fund. To meet this obligation a special machinery has been created by the act of 1898, which is known as the Guarantee Fund. Into this fund all employers covered by the provisions of the law must make pay- ment, and from this fund compensation is paid to all claimants who are unable to collect such compensation. The amount of contributions required by the law differs for several groups of employers. The original act of 1898 established a surtax of 4 per cent upon the amount of the industrial tax upon all industrial establishments (impot des patentes), while in the case of mining prop- erty an entirely different basis was taken and the taxes are 5 centimes (0.965 of 1 cent) per hectar (2.47 acres) of mining property. The law provided further for subsequent revisions of this rate if it should be found necessary. These rates were originally prepared by means of a study of bankruptcies in French industry. When the law was extended to cover commercial establishments, by the act of April 12, 1906, it became evident that some of these establishments which are subject to the industrial tax would be charged out of proportion to their trade risk if the same surtax were to be levied upon them as upon the purely industrial establishments. Therefore the surtax in commercial establishments paying the indus- trial tax was reduced to 1^ per cent. The majority of commercial establishments do not pay the industrial tax at all, and for these a third system of contribution to the Guarantee Fund was created, namely, an additional charge upon the accident insurance pre- mium. A subsequent decree of January 30, 1907, fixed this charge upon the accident premium as 2 per cent; still the system did not appear complete, because some of the commercial establishments which would not carry any accident insurance would thus be relieved of the payment of contributions to the Guarantee Fund. The criti- cism of the methods of payment to this fund was made that employers carrying accident insurance and employers not carrying such con- tribute to it an equal amount, though the protection of the Guarantee Fund is needed much more by the employees of the latter. In the case of commercial establishments, however, this seeming injustice would appear still greater, as only those employers who carry accident 694 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. insurance would contribute to the fund. Therefore, in order to cover the noninsured employers, the law of April 12, 1906, provides that whenever an uninsured employer meets a judgment for a pension he is to contribute a certain percentage of the amount of this judgment to the Guarantee Fund, and this percentage, by the decree of Jan- uary 30, 1907, has been placed at 4 per cent. The large accumulations in the Guarantee Fund, due to the excess of the revenues over the claims upon it, influenced the National Assembly to make a further change in the method of taxing establish- ments for the benefit of this fund. A bill to that effect was intro- duced in November, 1908, and became a law on May 29, 1909. The legal rates were left undisturbed, but the law prescribes that a modifying coefficient of these rates be announced each year, such coefficient to be computed by a division of expenses by revenue for the last year for which the data are available, so that automatically the coefficient would decline when the proportion of expenses to revenues declined. Such an adjustment will in the future some- what counteract the tendency toward accumulation of a large fund, which in the final analysis simply means an overcharging of the industry as a whole for this purpose. For the first two years of this application, namely, for 1910 and 1911, this principle was somewhat modified by the provision that the coefficient obtained as above be increased by 20 per cent. This evidently was due to the fear that the reduction of the special guarantee tax might be too great. To illustrate the workings of the new law the computation for 1910 may here be given. The coefficient for 1910 was announced before June 1, 1909, as required by the law, and was based upon the accounts of the fund for 1908. In 1908 the expenses were 1,306,346.57 francs ($252,125), while the revenues were 2,240,376.13 francs ($432,393). The coefficient obtained by division is .583092. The computed tax rate for 1910 would therefore be for industrial establishments, 4 centimes X .583092, equal to 2.332368 centimes per one franc of payments; for mines, 5 centimes X .583092, equal to 2.915,460 centimes per hectare (2.47 acres) of mining property; and for commercial estab- lishments paying the industrial tax, IJ centimes X .583092, equal to .874638 centimes per one franc of industrial payments. For 1910 these computed tax rates must, according to the law of May 29, 1910, be increased by 20 per cent, which makes the actual rate for this year as follows: For industrial establishments, 2.79884 cen- times; for commercial establishments, 1.049565 centimes; and for mines, 3.49855 centimes. Thus the reduction from the original rates does not appear very great for 1910, but when the additional 20 per cent is- discontinued after 1910 the difference between the original tax and the actual CHAPTEB IV. — WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 695 tax will appear much greater, and the method provided in 1909 will serve as an automatic check upon the excessive growth of the Guar- antee Fund. On the other hand, if the receipts should fall behind the expenditures, the same rule would automatically correct a pos- sible deficit. RULES FOR OPERATION OF THE FUND. The methods of payment of compensation by the Guarantee Fund are regulated by the first of the three administrative decrees, issued on February 28, 1899. According to these decress an appli- cation may be made only after a judgment has been issued by a court of record. If for any reason the claimant is unable. to receive the amount of judgment in cases either of death or of permanent disability, he must make a declaration to that effect to the mayor of the community in which he resides, attaching to this declaration all necessary documents, and this declaration, with the documents, is transmitted by the mayor to the office of the Caisse des dep6ts et consignations. (The act intrusts the management of the Guarantee Fund to the old-age retirement fund, but as this latter fund is man- aged by the above-mentioned Caisse, the decree places upon the latter all the administrative functions in connection with the Guar- antee Fund.) Within 48 hours after the receipt of this declaration from the mayor the director of the Caisse requests the local justice of the peace to- summon the employer or the insurer liable for the compensation. If the latter does not contest the claim or its amount, he must immediately settle the amount or prove within 48 hours that he has transmitted the amount due to the claimant. If he can show that he is imable at the time to meet the payment, the justice of the peace may grant an extension of 30 days within which the payment must be made. If, however, the latter does contest the claim, or its amount, or does not appear at all, such actions must be made matter of record, and within two days after the case is closed in one way or the other the justice of the peace transmits all the documents to the director of the Caisse, who may order payment of compensation from the Guarantee Fund if the claim seems to him sufficiently well established. The payment of a claim by the Guarantee Fund does not necessarily mean that this amount is a loss to the fund, because one of the piu-- poses of the fund is to relieve the claimant of the distress incumbent upon excessive delay,- and in such cases the fund may be reimbursed subsequently. In fact, the same decree of February 28, 1899, pre- scribes conditions under which the Guarantee Fund may proceed to recover the amounts paid out from the person or institution re- sponsible for such amounts. 4659S°— 10 45 69-6 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. Conclusion. — As indicated above there are several agencies utilized in the enforcement of the -workmen's compensation law, such as the National Old-age Retirement Fund, which insures the payment of pensions against defaulting employers and also serves as a means of enabling the employers to transfer the burden of the pension pay- ments; the guarantee fund which is supported by special taxes and which supplies to the National Old-age Retirement Fund the means for paying the pensions due from defaulting employers and for prosecuting the latter; insurance eonfpanies, mutual aid societies, and guarantee associations, which assume the risk which the law places upon the employer. All of these agencies are made the subjects of minute administrative regulations, which define their duties, powers, and limitations. STATISTICS OF THE OPERATION OP THE LAW OF APRIL 9, 1898. It has been pointed out by experts as a serious drawback of the French system of voluntary insurance as against the German or Austrian compulsory insurance systems that the voluntary system offers great obstacles to the organization of a complete and detailed statistical service in connection with the recording of the accidents as well as their compensation. The criticism seems to be well based in the case of the French statistics of accidents and of the application of the law, which, as will appear presently, notwithstanding the multi- plicity .of sources, fail to give the necessary information on a great many important questions. This is to be regretted, because such statistical data are not only desirable for the purposes of scientific study of accidents but also absolutely necessary for the proper de- termination of the trade risk and the careful elaboration of accident insurance rates. The workmen's compensation law of April 9, 1898, makes provisions for the collection of such statistics as are needed in a study of the practical workings of the law. These include statistics of accidents, of cases that have required judicial action, of the operations of insur- ance and guaranty institutions that are to assume employers' risks under the law, and statistics of the operations of state insurance organizations whose functions come within the scope of the law. These statistics are ail published periodically in various reports. On the one hand, the Labor Office {Direction du Travail) annually pub- lishes th« returns concerning accidents reported through the service of factory inspectors. This must be supplemented by the returns of the mine inspectors concerning mining accidents. On the other hand, the office of Social Insurance {Direction de L' assurance et de la Prevoyance Sociales) publishes data concerning the pensions granted, which evi- CHAPTER rv. — WOEKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE. 697 dently embraces only accidents resulting in death or permanent disa- bility. These two sources are not comparable because they do not cover the same classes of accidents. Moreover, the first source disre- gards the question of compensation while the second source does not cover the entire application of the law, as it leaves out temporary disa- bility. The total costof compensation therefore remains undetermined. The second group of annual statistical reports does cover the activity •pf the various insurance institutions, but as insurance is not com- pulsory these do not include all the accidents covered by the law and compensated. Furthermore, these reports of insurance institu- tions are limited to the financial operations only. In view of these conditions the statistical treatment of accident compensation and accident insurance in France is necessarily some- what fragmentary. The statistics of accidents based upon the reports of the factory inspectors are studied in detail in a separate section (see p. 774). All available statistical information concerning the application of the law which is considered of value is presented herewith. ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED. For the reasons stated above complete data concerning the num- ber of accidents compensated are not available, as the statistics" of the operations of law includes only grave accidents, i. e., those lead- ing to death or to permanent disability, whether total or partial. Since the number of cases privately settled out of court is very small, the number of orders and judgments covers nearly the total number of accidents compensated (exclusive of these leading only to temporary disability). It is very important, however, to emphasize that in these tables not the number of accidents occurring or reported, but the number of decrees and orders issued by courts within each year is stated. As it naturally takes some time before all such cases are adjudicated, this exaggerates the growth of the figures from year to year, the data for the first years appearing too low, and the rate of increase too great. Of the total of 159,585 accidents thus disposed of by the courts up to the close of the year 1908, 148,531, or 93.1 per cent, occurred to adult males, and 4,499, or 2.8 per cent, to male children under 16 years of age, making the total for male employees 95.9 per cent; the accidents to adult female employees numbered 5,733, or 3.6 per cent, and to females under 16 years of age, 822, or 0.5 of 1 per cent, making a total of 4.1 per cent for female employees; or by age groups, 96.7 per cent of adults and 3.3 percent of children under 16 years of age. 698 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The following table shows for each year from July 1, 1899, to Decem- ber 31, 1908, the number of orders and judgments rendered in accord- ance with article 16 of the act of April 9, 1898, in cases of accidents resulting in death or permanent disability, by sex and age groups: NUMBER AND PEE, CENT OF ORDERS AND JUDGMENTS RENDERED EACH YEAR FROM JULY 1, 1899 TO DECEMBER 31, 1908, IN CASES OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMANENT DISABILITY, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS. [Source: Ministfere du Travail et da la Pr6voyance Sociale. Reeueil de Documents sur les Accidents du' Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.) Accidents resulting in death or permanent disability of— Year. Males. Females. Adults of both sexes. Children of both sexes. Total Adults. Chil- dren. Total. Adults. Chil- dren. Total. Num- ber. Per cent of to- tal. Num- ber. Per cent of to- tal. ries. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1899 854 6,065 9,844 11,405 12,926 14,306 18,479 22,889 24,253 27,510 19 211 327 321 404 386 525 715 781 810 873 6,276 10,171 11,726 13,330 14,692 19,004 23,604 25,034 28,320 97.1 95.9 95.7 95.8 96.2 96.0 96.0 96.2 95.8 95.6 20 226 398 447 458 623 703 837 984 1,137 6 41 58 68 65 88 95 106 120 175 26 267 456 515 523 611 798 943 1,104 1,312 2.9 4.1 4.3 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.2 4.4 874 6,291 10,242 11,852 13.384 14,829 19,182 23,726 25,237 28,647 97.2 96.1 96.4 96.8 96.6 96.9 96.9 96.7 96.6 96.7 25 252 385 389 469 474 620 821 901 985 2.8 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.3 899 1900 6,543 10, 627 1901 1902 12,241 1903 13,853 15,303 1904 1905 19,802 1906. 24,547 1907 26,138 1908 . 29,632 Total... 148,531 4,499 153,030 95.9 6,733 822 6,555 4.1 154,264 96.7 5,321 3.3 159,585 In the following table the number and per cent of the orders and judgments rendered are shown by industries for each sex and for each age group. For the reasons given above, i. e., because each year's figures do not show the number of accidents occurring during that year, but the number of cases adjudicated, tha figures are not shown for each year but for the whole period 1899 to 1908, covering nearly 10 years of the application of the law. CHAPTER rv. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 699 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ORDERS AND JUDGMENTS RENDERED FROM JULY 1, 1899, TO DECEMBER 31, 1908, IN CASES OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PER- MANENT DISABILITY. BY INDUSTRIES. SEX, AND AGE GROUPS. [Source: Ministfere du Travail et de la Prfivoyauce Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, No. 34.) Industry. Accidents resulting in death or permanent disability of— Males. Adults. Chil- dren under 16. Total. Per cent. Females. Adults. Chil- dren under 16. Total. Per cent. Agriculture and forestry Extractive industries: Mining Quarrying Food products: Ffour milling Sugar refining Distilling Brewing and malting Other food products Chemical industries: Chemical works Gas works Dyeing, bleaching, sizing, and clean- ing Paper, caoutchouc, etc.: Caoutchouc Paper and pasteboard Prmting and publishing Textiles: Textiles proper Clothing Hides and leather: Preparation of hides and leather Leather goods Wood Industries: Carpentry and joining Other large woodwork Cabinetmaking and fancy work Metal Industries: Iron smelting and converting Structural ilronwork and house- smithing Boiler making, foundry, and ma- chinery Metal work other than iron and steel Instruments, apparatus, etc Precious-metal working Building and public works: City distribution of electricity City distribution of other products . . Other building and public work Stone, earthenware, and glass: Brick and lime kilns Ceramics Transportation and handling: Loading, unloading, and storing Land transportation (not including railways) Railway transportation Water transportation Industries insufficiently described Banks, insurance, etc Total 148,631 2, .500 13,445 4,942 1,645 1,422 1,208 1,336 3,005 2,939 842 1,290 408 1,912 1,071 4,398 1,496 1,116 790 6,309 6,301 1,771 15,089 2,847 12,473 1,250 680 160 2,005 292 22, 652 2,812 584 1,242 3,942 10, 406 8,608 3,138 382 33 609 37 14 39 19 11 25 7 84 7 144 274 562 142 28 66 71 84 64 605 231 686 96 49 10 31 5 204 137 33 99 39 10 8 27 9 1 2,655 13,954 4,979 1,659 1,461 1,227 1,347 3,103 2,964 849 1,374 415 2,066 1,346 4,9,50 1,638 1,144 856 6,380 6,386 1,825 16, 694 3,078 13,059 1,345 729 160 2,036 297 22,756 2,949 617 1,341 3,981 10,410 8,516 3,165 391 34 99.2 99.2 99.9 96.4 97.3 97.3 90.5 92.8 100.0 92.6 90.6 88.4 66.7 67.6 94.7 86.0 100.0 99.6 93.5 98.6 99.6 98.3 91.0 84.5 81.6 98.1 98.7 97.7 93.1 94.2 100.0 99.0 99.6 94.7 100.0 53 92 37 1 60 34 37 302 213 .32 186 152 2,002 701 63 128 2 27 120 204 128 127 32 38 4 31 62 39 73 157 5 87 13 22 66 114 1 56 34 37 326 230 1 29 25 470 86 1 11 33 214 177 2,472 64 139 2 27 127 230 13 222 133 134 36 40 4 31 46 83 162 5 87 14 22 163,030 5,733 6,655 2.1 .1 3.6 2.7 2.7 9.5 7.4 9.4 11.6 33.3 32.4 5.3 14.0 .4 6.5 1.4 .4 1.7 9.0 16.5 18.4 1.9 1.3 .1 2.3 6.9 5.8 3.9 (") 1.0 .4 5.3 o Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 700 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF OEDEES AND JUDGMENTS RENDERED FROM JULY 1, 1899, TO DECEMBER 31, 1908, IN CASES OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PEE- MANENT DISABILITY, BY INDUSTRIES, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS-Concluded. Industry. Accidents resulting in deatli or per- manent disability ol — Concluded. Adults (both sexes). Number. Per cent. Children under 16 (both sexes). Number. Per cent. Total accidents. Number. Per cent. Agriculture and forestry Extractive industries: Mining Quarrying Food products: Flour milling Sugar refining Distilling Brewing and malting , Other food products Chemical industries: Chemical works Gas works , Dyeing, bleaching, sizing, and clean- mg Paper, caoutchouc, etc.: Caoutchouc , Paper and pasteboard , Printing and publishing Textiles: Textiles proper Clothing Hides and leather: Preparation of hides and leather Leather goods Wood industries: Carpentry and joining Other large woodwork Cabinetmaking and fancy work Metal industries: Iron smelting and converting Structural ironwork and house- smithing Boiler making, foundry, and ma- chinery Metal work other than iron and steel. Instruments, apparatus, etc Precious-metal working . Building and public works: City distribution of electricity City distribution of other products . . . Other building and public work Stone, earthenware, and glass: Brick and lime kilns Ceramics Glass , Transportation and handling: Loading, unloading, and storing Land transportation (not including railways) Railway transportation Water transportation Industries insufficiently described. .■ Banks, insurance, etc 2,553 13,637 4,979 1,646 1,472 1,242 1,373 3,307 3,152 842 1,549 440 2,097 1,223 6,400 2,197 1,179 918 6,311 6,328 1,891 15, 297 2,860 12, 677 1,378 807 182 2,043 296 22,683 2,874 623 1,315 10, 411 8,595 3,151 404 33 97.8 99.2 97.1 99.2 96.5 98.7 90. 2 98.2 92.4 80.4 86.2 90.6 97.6 92.3 92.5 95.5 93.2 93.5 92.9 98.4 98.3 99.1 95.2 94.0 92.3 99.9 99.9 99.1 97.8 97.1 57 631 14 44 19 11 121 42 7 173 299 1,022 227 29 77 71 84 61 627 231 604 100 66 14 33 5 204 144 40 109 44 10 8 28 9 1 Total 154,264 96.7 2.2 3.7 2.9 1.5 .8 3.5 1.3 .8 7.1 1.8 7.6 19.6 2.4 7.7 1.1 1.3 3.1 3.9 7.5 4.5 6.8 6.5 7.1 1.6 1.7 .9 4.8 6.0 7.7 1.1 .1 .1 .9 2.2 2.9 3.3 2,610 14,068 6,017 1,660 1,616 1,261 1,384 3,428 3,194 849 1,668 448 2,270 1,622 7,422 2,424 1,208 995 6,412 1,952 15,924 3,091 13,281 1,478 863 196 2,076 301 22,787 3,018 663 1,424 4,143 10,421 8,603 3,179 413 34 169,685 L8 8.8 3.1 1.0 1.0 2.2 2.0 .5 1.1 1.4 1.0 4.7 1.5 4.0 4.0 1.2- 10.0 1.9 8.3 .9 .5 .1 1.3 .2 14.3 L9 .4 6.5 6.4 2.0 .3 C) 100.0 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The following table classifies the same number of orders and judg- ments by the result of the injury, whether fatal or leading to total or partial disability. Of all the accidents, the great bulk, namely, 87.3 per cent, lead to partial permanent disability, while but 1 per cent resulted in total permanent disability and 11.7 per cent in death. CHAPTER IV. — WOEKMEN S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 701 The' very large percentage of fatal cases shown in the earlier years, 1899 and 1900, is easily explained by the facts that fatal cases are more rapidly adjudicated than are cases of permanent disability, in many of which a considerable time must necessarily elapse before the fact of permanent disability is established. The percentage of fatal injuries settled during the earlier years of the application of the law was therefore larger than during the later years. NUMBKR AND PER CENT OF ORDERS AND JUDGMENTS RENDERED EACH YEAR FROM JULY 1, 1899, TO DECEMBER 31, 1908, IN CASES OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMANENT DISABILITY, BY RESULT OF INJURY. [Source: Ministfere du Travail et de la Pr^voyanoe Sooiale. Recueil de la Documents sur Ics Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.] - Accidents resulting in— Year. Death. Total permanent disabiUty. Partial permanent disability. Total acci- dents. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1899 534 1,562 1,729 1,613 1,524 1,660 2,138 3,144 2,413 2,491 59.4 23.9 16.3 13.2 11.0 10.2 10.8 12.8 9.2 8.4 13 1.39 227 198 179 197 171 149 141 156 1.4 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.3 .9 .6 .6 .5 352 4,842 8,671 10,430 12, 150 13,546 17,493 21,254 23,584 26,983 39.2 74.0 81.6 85.2 87.7 88.6 88.3 86.6 90.2 91.1 899 1900. . . 6,643 1901 10,627 1902 12,241 1903 13,853 1904 15,303 1905 19,802 1906 24,547 1907 26, 138 1908 29,632 Total 18,708 11.7 1,570 1.0 139,307 87.3 159,585 The same data, which are shown by separate industries for the entire period in the following table, indicate very wide fluctuations in the proportion of fatal cases to those of permanent disability in the different industries, the highest proportion of fatal cases bemg in railway transportation and mining. Total permanent disability, which is less frequent than fatal cases throughout the industrial field, is very rare in most industries, but most common in railway trans- portation, mining, quarrying, building operations, and agriculture and forestrJ^ 702 KEPOJIT or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ORDERS AND JUDGMENTS RENDERED FROM JULY 1, 1899, TO DECEMBER 31, 1908, IN CASES OP ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH ORTERMA- NENT DISABILITY, BY INDUSTRIES AND RESULTS OF ACCIDENTS. [Source: Minist^re du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, No. 34.] Industry. Accidents resulting in — Death. Number. Per cent. Total permanent disability. Number Per cent. Partial perma- nent disability. Number. Per cent. Total ac- cidents. . Agriculture and forestry ' Extractive industries: Mining Quarrying Food products: Flour milling Sugar refining Distilling Brewing and malting Other food products Chemical industries: Chemical worts Gas works Dyeing^ bleaching, sizing, and cleanmg Paper, caoutchouc, etc.: Caoutchouc Paper ^md pasteboard Prmting and publishing Textiles: Textiles proper Clothing Hides and leather: Preparation of hides and leather. . Leather goods Wood industries: Carpentry and joining. . . •. Other large woodwork Cabinet makiug and fancy work. . Metal industries: Iron smelting and converting Structural iron work and house smithing Boiler making, foundry and ma- chinery Metal work, other than iron and steel Instruments, apparatus, etc Precious metal working Building and public works: City distribution of electricity City distribution of other products Other building and public works. Stone, earthenware, and glass: Brick and lime kilns Ceramics Glass Transportation and handling: Loading, unloading, and storing.. Land transportation (not includ- ing railways) Railway transportation Water transportation Industries insufficiently described Banks, insurance, etc Total 3,155 761 184 136 133 217 372 78 16 168 33 139 30 500 419 63 966 185 95 24 7 223 39 3,083 373 72 95 499 1,786 2,677 456 29 1 16.7 22.4 15.1 18.0 12.1 10.8 9.6 6.3 11.7 9.2 6.8 3.6 7.4 2.2 3.6 3.8 11.5 3.0 7.8 6.6 2.7 6.0 6.0 4.2 6.4 2.8 3.6 10.7 10.0 13.5 12.4 10.9 6.7 12.1 17.1 31.1 14.3 7.0 2.9 37. 205 14 46 55 6 105 28 56 7 2 23 3 307 24 6 11 34 80 203 31 6 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.0 1.3 .4 .3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 2.4 1.0 1.2 2,163 10,708 4,168 1,342 1,317 1,108 1,246 3,201 2,786 763 1,569 432 2,088 1,486 7,111 2,321 1,055 966 5,837 6,938 1,893 14,803 2,878 12,666 1,376 837 189 1,830 268 19^397 2,621 586 1,318 3,610 8,565 6,723 2,692 379 33 76.1 82.9 80.8 86.9 87.9 90.0 93.4 87.2 89.9 94.1 96.4 92.0 97.6 95.8 95.8 87.3 97.0 91.5 92.6 97.0 93.3 93.1 95.4 93.1 97.0 88.2 89.0 86.1 86.8 88.2 92.6 87.1 82.1 66.5 84.7 91.8 97.1 2,610 14,068 6,017 1,660 1,516 1,261 1,384 3,428 3,194 1,668 US 2,270 1,522 7,422 2,424 995 6,382 6,412 1,952 16,924 3,091 13,281 1,478 863 196 2,076 301 22,787 3,018 663 1,424 4,143 10,421 8,603 3,179 413 34 18,708 11.7 139,307 87.3 159,685 The number of dependents of persons fatally injured is shown in the following two tables. The 18,708 fatalities left 14,215 widows and widowers, or 76 per 100 fatalities. There were 115.3 children surviving for each 100 employees killed, or a little over 1 child per CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. V03 fatal accident. The siirviving dependent parents numbered 23.4 per 100 employees. This small number does not mean that most of the employees fatally injured were not survived by parents, but only that comparatively rarely were parents entitled to compensation, since they receive only a residue after widow and children have been provided for. Altogether there were 214.7 dependents entitled to compensation under the law for each 100 employees fatally injured. NUMBER or DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED IN ACCIDENTS FROM JULY 1, 1899, TO DECEMBER 31, 1908 (ACCORDING TO COURT RECORDS). [Source: Ministire du Travail et de la Pr^voyanee Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.] Number killed. Dependents of persons killed. Year. Widows and widowers. Children. Parents. Total. Number. Per 100 persons killed. Number. Per 100 persons killed. Number. Per;00 persons killed. Number. Per 100 persons killed. 1899 634 1,562 1,729 1,613 1,524 1,560 2,138 3,144 2,413 2,491 416 1,227 1,360 1,249 1,198 1,213 1,635 2,155 1,863 1,909 77.9 78.5 78.1 77.4 78.6 77.8 76.6 68.6 77.2 76.6 688 1,955 2,067 1,847 1,904 1,849 2,478 3,478 2,675 2,634 128.8 126.2 119.5 114.6 124.9 118.6 116.9 110.6 110.9 106.8 Ill 286 325 245 265 280 463 1,217 557 618 20.8 18.3 18.8 15.2 17.4 17.9 21.6 38.7 23.1 24.8 1,215 3,468 3,742 3,341 3,367 3,342 4,676 6,850 5,095 5,161 227.5 1900 222.0 1901 216. 4 1902 207.1 1903 220.9 1904 214.2 1005 214.0 1906 217.9 1907 211.2 1908 207.2 Total 18,708 14,215 76.0 21,675 115. 3 - 4,367 23.4 40,157 214.7 In the next table is shown additional information concerning the same question, taken from the reports of the insurance companies as elaborated by the same office of social insurance, in a special study published recently and containing data for 1899 to 1905. The average number of dependents appears to be very much lower, 158.8 per 100 fatal cases. But this difference is due mainly to the fact that it includes the fatal cases in which no dependent relatives sur- vived; as these in most cases did not give rise to claims, the data as obtained from court records, which include only cases in wliich orders and judgments were rendered, necessarily show a higher average number of dependents. If the average number of depend- ents in the following table be computed on the basis of those cases only which had such dependents, the average will rise to 226.3 per 100 persons killed. It appears, therefore, that in nearly three- tenths of all fatal injuries the deceased leave no dependents within the meaning of the law, and therefore no compensation is paid for these injuries. .704 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS KILLED IN ACCIDENTS WHO LEFT DEPEND- ENTS AND WHO LEFT NO DEPENDENTS, AND NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS, 1899 TO 1905 (AS REPORTED BY INSURANCE COMPANIES). [Source: MinistSre du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du travail. No. 36. Statistique des Accidents du Travail Assurfe de 1899 a 1905.] Persons killed. Nunjber of dependents of persons killed. Year. Leaving dependents. Leaving no 'dependents. Total. Wid- ows and widow- ers. Chil- dren un- der 16 years. Par- ents. Total. Per 100 Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. killed. 1899 491 1,084 1,001 935 868 942 1,030 70.6 68 5 69.4 68.5 70.6 69.9 74.0 205 499 441 429 362 405 363 29.4 31.5 30.6 31.5 29.4 30.1 26.0 696 1,583 1,442 1,364 1,230 1,347 1,393 385 874 840 784 731 769 883 594 1,336 1,226 1,168 1,173 1,219 1,356 113 211 167 142 133 136 145 1,092 2,421 2,233 2,084 2,037 2,124. 2,384 1900. . 152 9 1901 1902. . 152 8 1903 1904 157 7 1905 171 1 Total 6,351 70.1 2,704 29.9 9,055 6,266 8,062 1,047 14,375 158.8 Further light upon the same subject is thrown by the following two tables of fatal injuries, classified by conjugal condition. Of all the persons fatally injured, less than three-fifths (58.1 per cent) are seen to have been married, 6.4 per cent were widowed persons, and 33.8 per cent were single. The second of the tables gives the proportion of fatalities with and without surviving dependents and the number of surviving dependents for each of these three groups. In the case of married persons no cases without surviving depend- ent's are shown, as the surviving family is entitled to some com- pensation in all such cases, and the average number of surviving dependents per case is almost two and a half. In the case of widowed persons the aggregate compensation actually paid must be still smaller, as the average number of depend- ent persons per fatal case leaving such dependents is considerably less than two, while nearly two-thirds of all widowed persons leave no survivors entitled to compensation under the law. This large proportion may be explained by the rigid interpretation of the condition of dependency. This becomes stiU more striking when the group of single per- sons is considered. Of fatalities occurring in this group, over 70 per cent leave no dependents within the meaning of the law, and there is only about one and one-third surviving dependents for each case where such dependents exist. CHAPTER IV. — WOKKMEn's INSXJEANCE IN FBANCE, 705 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS OF EACH CONJUGAL CONDITION KILLED IN ACCIDENTS, BY YEARS, 1S99 TO 1905 (AS REPORTED BY INSURANCE COMPANIES). rSource: Ministfere du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail No. 36.] Year. Single. Married. • -Widowed. Conjugal condi- tion unknown. Total. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1899 248 573 490 464 405 460 417 35.6 36.2 34.0 34.0 32.9 34.2 29.9 385 874 840 784 731 769 883 55.3 55.2 68.2 57.6 59.4 57.1 63.4 42 100 82 87 73 103 91 6.1 6.3 6.7 6.4 6.0 7.6 6.5 21 36 30 29 21 15 2 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.7 1.1 .2 696 1900 1,583 1901 1,442 1902 1,364 1903 1,230 1904 1,347 1905 1,393 Total... 3,067 33.8 5,266 58.1 578 6.4 154 L7 9,055 NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS KILLED IN ACCIDENTS WHO LEFT DEPENDENTS, AND WHO LEFT NO DEPENDENTS, AND NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS, BY CONJUGAL CONDITION OF PERSON KILLED, 1899 to 1905 (AS REPORTED BY INSUR- ANCE COMPANIES). [Source: Mlnistfire du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, No. 36.] Persons killed. Number of dependents of persons killed. Conjugal condition and year. Leaving depend- ents. Leaving no de- pendents. Total. Total. Per 100 persons killed. Per 100 persons killed Number. Percent. Niraiber. Per cent. leaving depend- ents. Single persons; 1899 93 169 132 125 112 123 124 37.5 29.5 26.9 26.9 27.7 26.7 29.7 155 404 358 339 293 337 293 62.6 70.6 73.1 73.1 72.3 73.3 70.3 248 573 490 464 405 460 417 128 224 184 159 150 151 170 51.6 39.1 37.6 34.3 37.0 32.8 40.8 137.6 1900 132. 5 1901 139.4 1902 127.2 1903 133.9 1904 122.8 1905 137.1 Total 878 28.7 2,179 71.3 3,057 1,166 38.1 ! 132.8 Married persons: 1899 385 874 840 784 731 769 883 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 385 874 840 784 731 769 883 932 2,124 1,996 1,882 1,842 1,876 2,172 242.1 243.0 237.6 2-10. 1 252.0 244.0 246.0 242. 1 1900 243.0 1901 237.5 1902 240.1 1903 252.0 1904 244.0 1905 246.0 Total 5,256 100.0 6,266 12,823 243.5 243.5 Widowed persons: 1899 13 41 29 26 25 50 23 31.0 41.0 35.4 29.9 34.2 48.6 25.3 29 69 53 61 48 63 68 69.0 59.0 64.6 70.1 65.8 51.4 74.7 42 100 82 87 73 103 91 32 73 64 43 45 97 42 70.2 73.0 60.1 49.4 61.6 94.2 46.2 246.2 1900 178.1 1901 .... 186.2 1902 165.4 1903 180.0 1904 194.0 1905 182.6 Total 207 35.8 371 64.2 678 386 66.8 186.6 706 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OE LABOK. FORM OF ADJUDICATION. One of the most important features of a compensation act is the elimination as far as possible of expensive judicial procedure. The framers of the French compensation act of 1898 carefully provided such machinery for the reporting and investigating of accidents and the fixing of compensations by judicial officers as to. make it possible to adjudicate a large majority of cases of serious injury through the law courts acting in the capacity of mediatory tribunals, while the same courts adjudicate the cases which did not lead to satisfac- tory mediation. Some interesting facts concerning this aspect of the enforcement of the compensation act are brought out in a series of tables published by the French iasurance office for the years 1899 to 1903. These tables, which are reproduced below, show the actual number of cases of death and permanent disability occurring in the industries which come within the scope of the act, the disposition which was made of these cases under the provisions of the act, and the time which elapsed between the date of the accident, the date of the rendering of the judicial decisions, and the date of the fixing of the annual pensions. Unfortunately similar figures for subsequent years are not available. The figures shown in these tables differ from those in the preceding tables because they have reference to accidental injuries occurring in the years specified, while the preceding figures have reference to the years when the cases were adjudicated, regardless of the time when the accidents occurred. Of 50,913 serious accidents reported during this period, 48,744 were referred to the courts according to information available at the time these data were published. The number of cases for which results were unknown is naturally larger for the more recent years. CASES OF DEATH AND PERMANENT DISABILITY FOE WHICH ORDERS OR JUDG- MENTS WERE RENDERED OR WHICH WERE OTHERWISE SETTLED, 1899 TO 1903. [Source: Recuell de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail Rgunis par le Minist^re du Commerce (Direc- tion de I'Assurance et de la Prgvoyance Sociales), No. 19. Deuxifeme Rapport sur rApplication de la lol du 9 Avril 1898-Mars 1906.] Settle- ments out of court. Cases resulting in judicial action in the form of — Cases thrown out of court. Total cases con- sidered. Cases reports ea for which final results are un- known. Year. Orders. Court deci- sions. Form not known. Total cases re- ported. Grant- ing com- pensa- tion. Deny- ing com- pensa- tion. Grant- ing com- pensa- tion. Deny- ing com- pensa- tion. 1899 74 155 44 3 667 2,744 4; 610 5,481 6,308 29 126 278 722 998 867 3,362 3,S48 3,881 3,011 178 673 857 1,007 838 466 691 74 518 2,081 1,711 1,433 1,119 2,799 9,822 11,322 12,527 12,274 9 45 137 444 1,634 2,808 190O 9,867 1901 11,459 1902. . 12,971 1903 13,808 CHAPTER IV. WOEKMEN's INSTJEANCE IN FEANCE. 707 The less doubtful cases show a tendency to be settled by media- tion, while the more doubtful ones naturally lead to litigation. As shown in the next table, out of a total of 41,606 claims con- sidered by the courts from 1899 to 1903, in 5,751, or 13.8 per cent of the cases, compensation was denied. The percentage of such deni- als seems to have been rising slowly. In 1899 it was 9.8 per cent, and in the subsequent years rose to 10.8 per cent, 12.1 per cent, 15.6 per cent, and finally in 1903 reached 16.4 per cent. This may be due to a greater number of unfounded claims being presented in the later years. As shown by the same table, the granting of annual pensions is the normal method of settlement, and only in 435 cases out of 35,855, or 1.2 per cent, were lump sums awarded. But in a very large pro- portion of cases, 14,279, or 39.8 per cent, these pensions, being small, were settled by the payment of their capitalized value. DISPOSITION OF CASES OF DEATH AND PEKMANENT DISABILITY, 1899 TO 1903. [Source: Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail RSunis par le Ministfire du Commerce (Direction de ['Assurance et de la Prgvoyance Sociales), No. 19. DeuxiSme Rapport sur 1' Application de la loi du 9 Avrll 1898-Mars 1906.) Cases decided by courts resulting in- Total cases de- cided by courts. Cases which did not come before the courts for deci- sion because of— Total cases not de- cided by courts. Year. Granting of annual pensions. Payment of lump sums. Payment of lump sums for the ex- tinction of pen- sions. Denial of compen- sation. Irregular amicable settle- ments. Expira- tion of time limit or absence of heirs. Total cases 1899 1,527 4,474 6,268 5,329 4,643 64 171 109 70 15 400 2,118 3,032 3,957 4,772 216 823 1,158 1,729 1,825 2,207 7,586 9,567 11,091 11,155 74 155 44 3 518 2,081 1,711 1,433 1,119 592 2,236 1,755 1,436 1,119 2,799 1900 9,822 1901 11,322 1902 12,527 1903 12,274 One of the main arguments for accident compensation and insur- ance as against employer's liability is the prevention of unnecessary delay in arriving at a settlement, where delay usually means serious distress. In that respect the working of the French system is not altogether faultless. The following table shows the delay in granting compensation, separately for case3 settled by mediation (court orders), and by litigation (court decisions). The regulations grant to the insurance institutions a two months' extension after the rendering of the decision for affecting the deter- mination and granting of the pension; but, as the following table sliows, only 41.9 per cent of the cases were settled within that time, and 21.5 per cent of the cases required from two to three months, 17.8 per cent from three to six months, 8.7 per cent from six to twelve months, and 3.2 per cent even more than a whole year. 108 HEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOH. -NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CASES OF INDEMNITY SETTLED BY ORDERS OF COURTS AND BY DECISIONS OF COURTS AND LENGTH OF TIMB FROM DATE OF ACCIDENT TO DATE OF ORDER OR DECISION, 1899 TO 1903. [Source: Reoueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail Rfiunis par le Minlstfere du Commerce (Dlreo- tion de 1' Assurance et de la Prgvoyance Sooiales), No. 19. Deuxiftme Rapport sur 1' Application de la loi du 9 AvTil 1898-Mars 1906.) SETTLED BY ORDERS OF COURT. Delay in granting compensation. Year. Under 1 montti. 1 month and under 3 months. 3 months and under 6 months. 6 months and under lyear. 1 year and and under 2 years. 2 years and over. Total oases settled. Num- ber. Per cent. Nnm- her. Per cent. Nnm- toer. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num.v ber. Per cent. 1899 9 24 73 50 26 1.4 .9 1.6 .9 .4 284 901 1,323 1,458 1,679 42.6 32.8 29.3 26.6 28.6 176 960 1,753 2,195 2,664 26.4 35.0 38.9 40.0 42.2 157 724 1,173 1,521 1,693 23.6 26.4 26.0 27.8 26.9 37 126 177 243 235 6.5 4.6 3.9 4.4 3.7 4 9 11 14 11 0.6 .3 .3 .3 .2 667 2,744 4,510 5,481 6,308 1900 ... lOO 1901 1902 . 100 1903 SETTLED BY DECISIONS OF COURT. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. w 4 139 66 36 0.6 4.1 L7 .9 1.3 419 505 447 .419 11.3 12.6 13.1 11.6 13.9 316 1,285 1,366 1,487 1,296 36.4 38.3 35.2 38.3 43.1 364 1,217 1,618 1,621 1,157 42.0 36.3 42.1 41.8 38.4 85 290 300 290 867 3,352 3,848 3,881 3,011 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 o Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF CASES OF INDEMNITY, SHOWING DELAY IN DETERMIN- ING AMOUNT OP PENSIONS, 1899 TO 1903. [Source: RecueU de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail R6unis par le Minislfere du Commerce (Direc- tion de I'Assurance te de la Pr6voyance Sociales), No. 19. Deuxifeme Rapport sur I'Application de la loi du 9 Avril 1898-Mars 1906.] Time required lor determining annual pensions after the rendering of judicial decisions. Year. Less than 60 days. 60 days and less than 90 days. 90 days and less than 180 days. 180 days and less than 366 days. 365 days and over. Not re- ported. Total cases for wWch pensions were fixed. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. Cases. Per cent. 1899 313 1,358 1,984 2,511 2,699 20.6 30.4 37.7 47.1 69.4 131 621 977 1,463 1,344 8.6 13.9 18.5 27.5 29.6 289 1,018 1,223 881 343 18.9 22.8 23.2 16.5 7.5 250 529 637 320 107 16.4 11.8 12.1 6.0 2.4 125 288 214 44 11 8.2 6.4 4.1 .8 .2 419 660 233 110 39 27.4 14.7 4.4 1,627 4,474 5,268 5,329 4,543 inn.n 1900 inn,» 1901 100 n 1902 ino n 1903 100.0 AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION GRANTED. Whether the compensation for fatal accidents and permanent dis- abihty is actually paid in the form of pensions or is commuted to lump sums, the determination of the compensation by the court is CHAPTEE IV. workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 709 in the form of pensions. The amount of each pension granted by court orders and judgments is shown in the following table. The actual number of cases in which these sums of pensions were awarded unfortunately is not stated, and so the average amount of pensions can not be accurately determined, as the total number of orders and judgments issued by the courts contains the 4enials as well as the granting of compensation (see p. 706). Keeping this cause of inac- uracy in mind, it is possible, nevertheless, to compare the amount of pensions granted with the total number of cases adjudicated and to obtain an average pension per case adjudicated, though not per case pensioned. As the majority of cases of denied compensation probably fall within the class of partial disabihty, the figures of pen- sions for death and total disability will be least affected. AMOUNT OF PENSIONS FIXED BY COUET ORDERS AND JUDGMENTS, BY RESULTS OF ACCIDENTS AND YEAR, 1905 TO 1908. [Source: Mlnlstftre du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Socials. Eecueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 21, 2?, 30, 34.] Amount of pensions fixed by courts. Number of cases ad- judicated by courts. Average amount of Result of accident and year. By orders. By judg- ments. Total. pension per adjudi- cated case. Death: 1905 $100,258 205,714 149, 598 154,338 11,092 9,952 18,531 13,511 221,392 246, 498 293,821 351,425 332, 742 462, 164 401,950 519,274 $25,221 24,482 25,443 24,811 11,195 11,163 9,667 8,403 113,997 120, 542 130,232 140, 841 150,413 156,187 165, 342 174,055 $125,479 230,196 175,041 179,149 22,287 21,115 28,198 21,914 335,389 307, 040 424,053 492,266 483,155 618,351 627,292 693,329 2,138 3,144 2,413 2,491^ 171 149 141 156 17,493 21,254 23,684 26,985 19,802 24,547 26, 138 29,632 $58.68 1900 ... 73.21 1907 72.54 1908 . 71.91 Total permanent disability: 130. 33 1906 141.71 1907 ... . 199. 98 1908 140. 47 Partial permanent disability: 19.17 1906 .. 17 26 1907 17.98 1908 18.24 Total: 1905 24.39 1906 25.19 1907 . . 23 99 1908 23.39 GUARANTEE FUNB. In view of the importance of the Guarantee Fund in the general scheme of compensation for accidents in France, as the final security of payment to the injured employee or his surviving beneficia- ries, the results of the operations of this fund are given at some length here. The rules governing these operations were stated on page 695. STATISTICS OF OPERATION. The number of applications made to the Guarantee Fund from the time of its organization until the close of 1907 is shown in the follow- ing table. The amount of benefits unpaid shown in the fifth column 710 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. does not mean the total amount of claims which the fund eventually has to assume; it includes only those payments the delay in which causes the application to the fund. The number of applications favorably acted upon is shown in the second half of the same table, but unfortunately the data do not go back of 1904. As over 90 per cent, however, of all claims for the years 1904 to 1907 -have been favorably acted upon, the data of applications made are sufficiently characteristic. It is significant that out of 3,248 applications made within the eight years and a half, 1,698 cases, or over one-half, came from workmen (or their dependents) whose employers were insured. It would seem, therefore, that insurance does not offer any greater advantage than the uninsured employer presents. But these startling figures are mainly due to the very large number of claims from insured employers in 1903 and 1904, due to failure or liquidation of some insurance companies. In 1902 one fixed- premium insurance company, L'Esperance, which in 1901 insured 24,275,890 francs ($4,685,247) of wages, failed, leaving a large deficit. In 1903 two French fixed-premium companies L'Eternelle and la Societe generale des assurances agricoles et industrielles, and one mutual company, I'Industrie fran^aise, were forced to wind up their affairs. Of these L'Eternelle was the largest, insuring 79,799,194 francs ($15,401,244) of wages, and la Society generale followed a close second, insuring 63,964,826 francs ($12,345,211), while the mutual company was much smaller, insuring 16,332,802 francs ($3,152,231). It was these failures which caused a large number of claims from insured employees in 1903 and 1904. The supervision of insurance companies is evidently much more efficient since some experience has been gained, for no failure of insur- ance companies has taken place during the last four or five years. However, applications from insured employees continue to come in, as failure of the employer or insurer is not the only cause for such applications. Thus in 1907 of 244 applications made by insured employees 18 were caused by some unavoidable delay in payment, 14 by certain technical irregularities in the procedure which delayed payment, 24 by disagreement concerning the amount of compensa- tion, 44 as the result of appeals of cases by the company in the Industrie franpaise which had failed several years before, and so forth. CHAPXEE IV. — WOJRKMEN's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 711 APPLICATIONS FOR COMPENSATION MADE TO AND ACTED UPON BY THE GUARAN- TEE FUND: 1899 TO 1907. [Source: Ministire du Travail et de la Pi^voyance Sooiale. Recueil des Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.] Applications made. Applications granted. Number of ap- Number of applications where plications ~ employer was — where employer was— Year. Amount Insured. Not insured. Per cent of of Total. benefits Total. appli- benefits. unpaid. Per Per unpaid. In- Not in- Num- ber. cent of Num- ber. cent of sured. sured. appli- cations appll- .cations made. made. 1899.... 1 3 4 $1,112 (») (a) (») (°) 1900.... 12 33 45 3,226 (a) r.\ C) (") 1901.... 34 107 141 9,720 la\ C) (o) 1902.... 113 127 240 13,140 (a) s C) (.") 1003.... 501 199 70O 28,528 (a) C) (.") 1904.... 351 240 591 23,099 289 82.3 229 95.4 618 87.6 $20,698 1905 182 242 424 20,184 161 91.2 233 96.3 394 92.9 18,801 1906.... 260 268 628 21, 168 220 84.6 251 93.7 471 89.2 17,798 1907.... 244 331 575 18,882 211 86.5 322 97.3 533 92.7 17,490 o Not reported. FINANCIAL RESULTS. As indicated below, the financial returns of the Guarantee Fund are very favorable. The receipts of the fund are shown in the fol- lowing table : RECEIPTS OF THE GUARANTEE FUND, 1900 TO 1907. [Source: Minist&re du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Recueil des Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.] Receipts. Year. Taxes from treasury. Amounts recovered from employers. Revenues from invest- ments. Benefit payments refunded and un- claimed. Total. Total from the beginning. 1900 $247,050 303,638 298,437 277,787 253,765 268,265 264,927 381,444 $47 1,558 2,313 5,640 5,840 5,324 59, 022 11,119 $638 4,864 16,847 20,849 18,756 23,217 28,341 35, 461 $247,735 310, 628 318,676 307,251 283,087 300,389 358, 798 433,027 $247,735 1901 $568 978 2,975 4,726 3,593 6,508 6,013 658,203 1902.. 876,838 1903.... 1,184,089 1904 1,467,176 1905 . 1,767,565 1906.... 2,126,363 1907 2.659,390 The total expenditure, including the cost of administration and of collection of taxes for the period, was only $1,152,114, which left a siu-plus of $1,407,276. Less than one-half of the revenue of the Guarantee Fund was evidently necessary to meet all the claims upon it. 46598°— 10- -46 712 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIOJfEE OF LABOR. The amounts recovered from the debtors appear to be very small. The one exception is the year 1906, but in that year nearly 90 per cent of the amount recovered represented reimbursement from the deposits of the liquidated insurance company L'Esperance. Thus the main function of the Guarantee Fund is evidently to assume the charge which the insolvent employer is unable to meet. The classified expenditures of the fund are shown in the following table : EXPENDITURES OF THE GUARANTEE FUND, 1899 TO 1907. [Source: Ministfere da Travail et de la Pr^voyanee Sociale. Recuell des Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34,] Expenditures. Year. Purchase of annuities. other benefit payments. Adminis- tration and other expenses. Total. Total from the beginning. Surplus. 1899 . J130 2,581 8,685 10,305 25,251 17,816 16,321 16,817 17,598- t3 1,052 32,918 19,592 -26,626 29,437 44,671 39,115 47,060 $133 6,781 80,218 99,618 347,581 147,617 174,053 143, 590 152,523 $133 6,914 87,132 186,760 534, 331 681,948 866,001 999,591 ■ 1,152,114 o$133 1900 »3,148 38,615 69, 721 295,704 100,364 113.061 87,658 87,865 240,821 1901 471,131 690,088 649,758 785,228 911,564 1902 1903 1904 1905 1908 1,126,772 1907 1,407,276 o Deficit. INSTTBANCE 0? INDTTSTSIAL ACCIDENTS. INTRODUCTION. In the following section an account is given of the various insur- ance institutions, governmental, mutual, or commercial, which carry insurance against the financial obligations imposed by the act of April 9, 1898, with an analysis of laws and decrees regulating their activity, and statistical statements of the extent of such activity. The National Accident Insurance Fund (Caisse Nationale d' Assu- rance en Oas d' Accidents) was established by the law of July, 1868; it furnished insurance to individual employees, or collectively to the employers, at low and uniform rates, without any adjustment to the variation of trade risk in different industries. Notwithstanding these low rates, the activity of this institution always remained altogether insignificant, possibly because the benefits paid were quite small. Private insurance companies have operated in France since 1861. There was, however, very Uttle regulation and supervision of these insurance companies, and therefore anything like accurate statistics of their activity before 1899 is altogether lacking. At the first international congress on industrial accidents it was stated that there were in 1889 twelve companies engaged in such insurance and CHAPXEB IV. WOBKMEX'S IKSUEANCE IN FBANCE. 713 that they paid out annually about fiTe or six million francs (approxi- mately $1,000,000) in indemnity. Their benefits seem to have been very small. Thus the most important of these "La Preservatrice," paid 1,000 francs ($193) in case of death, and for permanent dis- ability a pension of 100, 200, or 300 francs ($19.30, $38.60, or $57.90), according to the degree. In addition to such insurance of the employee, the contract usually provided for the insurance of the employer against his Uability under the law. Considering these very small amounts of compensation, the rates were quite high, so that an incentive was given for the organization of employers' associations for mutual insurance of their employees against accidents. One of the earliest known was that established by the Association of Building Contractors of the Department of Seine in 1859, which in the first 30 years of its activity, 1859 to 1889, distributed about 1,200,000 francs ($231,600). In 1869 the master plumbers and roofers of the same Department organized a similar association. (°) Other similar organizations followed. The Mutual Accident Insurance Fund of the French Iron Manufacturers' Asso- ciation (Caisse syndicate d' assurance mutuelle d^s forges en France), organized in 1891, was the most important of these, and the first mutual association to extend its activity to the entire country. Similar mutual associations were organized in the textile industry in 1894, extending their operations to the entire country, and many others were existing at the time the new law went into effect which operated within certain geographical boundaries. Guarantee syn- dicates mentioned in the law were also a well-known form of mutual insurance among the French employers. They were more primitive in their form of organization, which often was limited to a mutual guarantee of the cost of compensation, while in a few cases the form of organization approached that of a mutual association. Further- more, many thousands of workmen were provided for in miners' and railroad funds, described in separate sections. While statistical data are unfortunately lacking, it is nevertheless certain that a considerable portion of the French wage-workers were protected by accident insurance, either in commercial insurance com- panies or mutual trade insurance associations, or in case of some A'ery large establishments by special establishment fimds. For many employers, who did not wish to run the risk of excessive charges for accidents, insurance appeared a necessity. A few of the very large employera were in position to carry their own insurance to advantage, but the majority of them were not. The choice lay evidently between commercial and mutual insurance. The employers who carried insurance in one of these two forms before the law went into effect were permitted to continue their insurance, with the neces- aCongrfea laternational des Accidents du Travail, 2d session, pp. 206-207 714 EEPOKT OF THE GOMMISSIOSTEE OF LABOE. sary adjustment of the premiums to the new conditions. The prob- lem was simplest for the mutual associations. In the case of the commercial insurance companies two conditions served to raise serious difficulties. On one hand there were a great many insurance con- tracts in force, as they were usually written for ten-year periods. As these contracts called for defiiiite compensation scales, usually much lower than that provided by the law, a readjustment of premiums was evidently -necessary to enable the companies to meet the larger obligations if the contracts were to hold. But in view of absence of necessary statistical data, the insurance companies had no basis for the accurate computation of the probable cost, and the exaggerated conception of the new obligations imposed by the law led them to quote unreasonably high premiums, reaching in some cases up to 10 or even 1 1 per cent of the pay roll. Under such circumstances large employers preferred to relinquish their insurance contracts. This led to a special act, approved on June 29, 1899, i. e., two days before the act of April 9, 1898, went into effect, which provided that within one year all existing accident insurance contracts with employers subject to the act of April 9, 1898, may be renounced by either of the parties. On the other hand, those employers who carried no voluntary insur- ance before the new law met the same difRculties in the excessively high premiums of the private insurance companies, but as the organi- zation of new mutual associations and guarantee syndicates required time, they were forced to chose between those high rates and remaining without any insurance protection. As is shown in the table on page 745, a fair degree of adjustment took place by 1900, when the number of insured persons must have exceeded 2,000,000; the increase after that date is moderate, and indicates the further extension of the insurance practice. While exact data concerning the' number of persons insured are lacking, a comparison between the activity of the National Accident Insurance Fund and all the private insurance agencies is possible on the basis of the amount of wages insured. The activity of the National Accident Insurance Fund thus appears as very small, almost insig- nificant, claiming in 1907 less than 1 per cent of the total amount of insurance written. . Nevertheless it shows a considerable tendency to grow. Between 1901 and 1907 it increased 280 per cent, while the amount of insurance written by private institutions has increased less than 50 per cent. The share of the state institution in the total amount of insurance increased from 0.4 per cent in 1901 to 0.9 per cent in 1907. An increase of over 50 per cent in the operations of the state insurance institution took place in 1908, but the data for the private institutions for that year are not yet available. CHAPIEE IV. WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN FEANCE. 715 AMOUNT OF WAGES INSURED IN PRIVATE INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS AND IN THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND, 1901 TO 1908. [Source; Minlstfere du Travail et de la Pr^voyanee Sociale. Recueil de Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, No. 34.) Year. Wages insured insurance tions. n private organiza- Wages insured in the National Accident Insurance Fund. Total wages insured. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. 1901 . $545,900,276 569,327,408 589,972,970 607,948,784 642,584,768 697,689,754 808,543,830 99.6 99.5 99.4 99.3 99.2 99.2 99.1 $2,038,438 3,002,732 3,294,887 4,220,748 5,127,803 5,553,654 7,752,699 11,650,031 0.4 .6 .6 .7 .8 .8 .9 $547, 938, 713 1902 572,330,140 1903 593,267,867 1904 . 612,169,532 1905 647,712,561 1906 . 703,243,408 1907 816,296,529 1908.. C) a Data not yet available. STATE INSURANCE ORGAmZATIONS FOR INSURANCE AGAINST ACCIDENTS. There are three state institutions in France which are concerned with the insurance of employees against accidents during labor, namely, the National Accident Insurance Fund {Caisse Nationale d' Assurance en Cas d' Accidents) , the National Old-age Retirement Fund {Caisse Nationale des Retraite pour la Vieillesse), and the Sea- men's Provident Fund. Of these only the first is a state accident insurance institution open to private employers, the second merely assumes the payment of pensions on account of injuries causing death or total or partial per- manent disability, while the third is a special fund furnishing com- pulsory insurance to a special, comparatively small group of wage- workers under special acts of the National Assembly, and it does not in any way come into competition with the private accident insurance institutions. These institutions are studied in the order named : NATIONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND. This institution, which is under the guaranty of the state and is managed by the Caisse des depots et consignations, was organized in accordance with a law passed on July 11, 1868. A superior com- mission, similar to that of the National Old-age Retu-ement Fund, has supervision over its affairs and is required to make an annual report of its operations to the President of France. The original law contemplated three grades of insurance policies to be issued to indi- vidual workmen or to employers of labor in certain industries. A law passed on May 24, 1899, extended the operations of this institution to cover the indemnities for death and permanent disabilities provided 716 KEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOE. for in the worlanen's compensation act, in order to enable employers of labor to avail themselves of this institution to relieve themselves of the burden of this liability. The operations of this fund under the old law were never very extensive; and after the enactment of the compensation law of April 9, 1898, they became quite insignificant. The fund continues to op- erate under this old law, and thus provides for such employees as are not covered by the provisions of the recent legislation. A few days after the compensation act was passed a special act was passed (April 13, 1898) which endeavored to expand this part of the activity of the National Accident Insurance Fund by providing that the municipal administration may insure the members of their fire departments, and this seems to constitute the only important part of the activities of the fund under this system. GENERAL PUKPOSE. As was explained above, the act of May 24, 1899, authorized the National Accident Insurance Fund to organize a new branch of its activity and write accident insurance under the law of April 9, 1898. The main purpose of this was to provide a safe insurance insti- tution for those employers to whom no opportunity to form mutual associations presented itself, and for whom private insurance might appear too expensive. In thus issuing insurance the national fund" is required to comply with the general requirements of the compensa- tion act concerning industries and persons covered by the law. INJURIES COMPENSATED. As to the class of accidents and injuries compensated, however, the act of May 24, 1899, introduced a very important hmitation to this extension of the fund's activity. It was permitted to insure only against fatal accidents and those leading to permanent disability — in other words, accidents which in French terminology are designated as serious. It is not permitted to insure against accidents causing temporary disability only. It was argued in the National Assembly when the law was adjusted that this limitation was necessary in view of the large number of such minor accidents and the complex machinery necessary for administering this part of the accident in- surance. Moreover, the mutual benefit societies seemed to offer a ready instrument for insurance of these minor accidents. SOURCE OF INCOME. As the organic compensation law requires the entire cost of com- pensation to be borne by the insuring employer, and as the National Accident Insurance Fund has a large endowment and other sources of revenue, the act of May 24, 1899, is very specific in its declaration CHAPTEE IV. — workmen's INSUKANCE IN FRANCE. 717 that the premiums must cover not only the entire cost of compensa- tion but also the proper share of the expenses of the administration of the fund. PREMIUMS. The law of May 24, 1899, required the premiums to be published by ministerial decree, after consultation between the ministers of commerce and industry and the minister of finance. Such decree was issued immediately after the adoption of the law, namely, on May 26, 1899. A new tariff was adopted by decree of August 14, 1900, which remained in force to the end of 1904. A new tariff was adopted by decree of December 8, 1904, which is still in force as modified by the later decrees of November 22, 1906, and January 17, 1907. These rates are stated in percentages of the annual wage expense. These are in the nature of maxima, which may be reduced when it is discovered from the information furnished by the employer and corroborated by an inquiry of the institution or its agents that the machinery and the protective appliances in use are such as to diminish the normal risk. Two rates are provided in the schedule for each industry or occu- pation; one including only the pensions awarded in fatal cases and those leading to permanent disability, and the other, about 15 to 20 per cent higher, including in addition funeral expenses, sick benefits, and medical and pharmaceutical expenses in such cases as eventually lead to pensions, until the determination of the pension. As this schedule includes over 1,000 occupations and industries in alphabetical arrangement, it is not thought expedient to reproduce it here, especially in view of the limited extent of the activity of the national fund, which writes less than 1 per cent of the total insurance for industrial accidents, and since the exclusion of cases of temporary disability makes a comparison of this schedule with similar ones pub- lished in this report of doubtful value. (") STATISTICS OF OPERATIOX. The statistics of operations of this fund under the laws of April 9, 1898, and May 24, 1899, are shown, as far as available, in the following table. The amount of wages insured is stated, as well as the amount of premiums received each year. The latter includes amounts received during the year on account of the current year, amounts due for the year but paid later, and, except for 1908, small amounts paid in advance for subsequent years. « The schedule of rates at present in force may be found in the Journal OfEciel , Decem- ber 10, 1904, November 25, 1906, and January 19, 1907, and in Bulletin du ComitI Permanent des Congrte Internationaux des Accidents du Travail et des Assurances Sociales, 1905, No. 1, p. 127. 718 EEPOET OJP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. INSUEANCE CONTRACTS, WAGES OF EMPLOYEES INSURED, AND PREMIUMS PAID FOR INSURANCE IN THE NATIONAL ACCIDENT INSURANCE FUND, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW OF MAY 24. 1899, BY INDUSTRIES, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapports de la Commission SupMeur des Caisses Nationales d'Assurances en Cas de Dec6s et en Cas d' Accidents, 1900 to 1908.) Industry group and year. Estab- lishments insured at close of year. Wages of em- ployees in- sured. Premiums re- ceived, (a) Amount. Per cent of wages. Agriculture and forestry: 1905 4 5 62 115 179 98 85 128 75 55 74 42 40 45 42 38 70 31 46 44 185 410 43 97 130 79 194 344 11 41 64 53 105 169 239 278 28 17 20 S77 499 566 774 1,024 1,007 1,114 1,691 1,952 $1,241 2,319 - 461,693 852,097 1,066,377 147,760 178,060 230,859 421,351 540,074 2,040,086 417,057 730,548 1,168,853 222,941 166,199 604,594 261,745 324,287 121,844 301,031 642,366 94,799 714,917 1,639,416 220,924 574,379 1,019,846 108,311 234,625 795,452 246,618 673,476 1,547,440 322,810 647,312 41,174 9,411 20,826 2,503,472 2,038,438 3,0(B,732 3,294,887 4,220,748 5,127,803 5,553,656 7,752,699 11,660,031 $56 94 17,084 28,186 47,172 2,691 3,055 4,028 5,954 12,763 35,597 2,749 4,381 13,536 1,174 1,123 2,891 1,836 3,492 1,879 7,026 28,450 1,489 13,085 32,462 7,002 19,720 37,207 1,066 2,530 8,941 3,963 18,921 63,382 3,118 4,446 626 149 338 ower Furriers, not includmg cutting hair. Gas works, employees in Glass blowers Glass, manufacture of: B ottles Gobleteand vases Window glass Mirrors Gilders, metal Glazing.. Gloves, manufacture of Glue, gelatine, paste, manufacture of. Glucose, manufacture of Glycerine, manufactiure of ? Gold and silver smithing (manufactures of articles) Hats, manufacture of Heating appliances, manufacture of Hooks, eyes, and needles, manufacture of Ice, artiflcial, manufacture of Iron and copper, manufactures of: Maximum weight of pieces, 100 kilos (220 lbs.) Maximum weight of pieces, 25 kilos (55 lbs.) Maximum weight of pieces, 5 kilos (11 lbs.) Iron and steel mills: Average weight of pieces produced not exceeding 100 kilos (220 lbs.). Average weight of pieces produced not exceeding 25 kilos (55 lbs.) Average weight of pieces produced not exceeding 5 kilos (11 lbs.) CHAPTEB IV. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FKANCE. 753 INSURANCE PREMIUMS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, QUOTED BY THE FIXED PREMIUM INSURANCE COMPANY " LA PREVOYANCE "—Continued. Industry or occupation. Iron and steel worlts and rurnaces: Witii maximum weiglit of pieces 5 Icilos (U lbs.) With maximum weight ot pieces 25 Icilos (5.5 lbs.) With maximum weight of pieces 100 kilos (220 lbs.) Ironworkers, in shop only Lace, manufacture of .\ . .\ . . . . .\ . .\ .[ .]\\\\ Laondries: Without machinery With ironing machines Without ironing machines Leather dressing: With power Without power Lime and cement: Including digging of material from open quarries, and not including manufacture of car- buret of lime Not including digging of materials from open quarries, and excluding manufacture of car- buret of lime Linoleum, manufacture of Machine building: Maximum weight of pieces 100 kilos (220 lbs.) Maximum weight of pieces 25 kilos (55 lbs.) Maximum weight of pieces 5 kilos (11 lbs.), and not engaged in Ijuilding bicycles or auto- mobiles Marble, manufacturing of— Articles of with motive force Articles of without motive force Monuments Margarine, manufacture of Masonry, establishments engaged in, excepting work in quarries, drilling, work iii pits, work on puDlIc buildings, and chimneys on factories— In Pkris Elsewhere Metal- Cutting Polishrag Metallic cloth, manufacture of Musical Instruments, manufacture of: Metal Wood Nails, manufacture of: With wire mill Without wire mill Ochre, manufacture of Oils, manufacture and purifying of Oil cloth, manufacture of Optical Instruments, manufacture of: With power Without power Organs, musical, manufacture of, without power or power saw Paints and varnislies, manufacture of Painting establishments: Including outside work Inside work only Paper, manufacture of: Deluxe Heavy and pasteboard Wall paper Cards Paper bags, manufacture of Paper hangers Patternmakers, machine, without power or power saw Paving: With tile or flags In wood, without power In stone, without quarrying Perfumery, manufacture of Pianos, manufacture of, without power or power saw Plaster, manufacture of; Including digging of material Not Including digging of material Porcelain, manufacture or: Including digging of clays Not including digging of clays Pottery, manufacture of: Including digging of clays Not including digging of clays Printing and lithographing, all employees: With power, not including linotype With power, and including linotype Without power Rate per $100 of wages. 754 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. INSURANCE PREMIUMS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, QUOTED BY THE FIXED PREMIUM INSURANCE COMPANY "LA PREVOYANCE "—Continued. Industry or occupation. Rate per $100 of wages. Printing and publishing: Stitchers, binders, pressers, with machines Stitchers, binders, pressers, without machines Ribljons, manufacture of cotton or wool Roofing establishments, employees in: In Paris Elsewhere Rope walks, employees in; With machinery Without machinery Rubber (caoutchouc), manufacture of Manufacture of articles from Saddlers and harness makers Safes, manufacture of, without power or power saw Sawyers, board, without the felling of trees Sewing machines, manufacture of Sheet iron, manufacture of: Maximum weight of sheets 100 kilos (220 pounds). , Maximum weight of sheets 26 kilos (5S pounds) Maximum weight of sheets 5 kilos (11 pounds) Shoes, manufacture of, with power Silk factories: Employees in : Dyemg and finishing Slaughterhouses ' Soap, manufacture of Soda water, manufacture of Spinning: Cotton, linen, flax, jute, ramie Silk threads and waste Silk. Tow.. Wool, with cards, with unraveling and beating , Wool, without cards, and without unraveling and beating Starch, manufacture of. ■ Stock feeder, agriculture Stone cutters and sawyers ' Street railways, all employees on Sugar, manufacture of Surgical, telegraphic, and optical instruments of precision, manufacture of. Tallow, manufacture of .■ Tanning and currying Terra-cotta work, em ployees in Thread, manufacture of: Silk. Cotton, wool Tile (plaster), manufacture of Tin, manufacture of articles of Tin plate, manufacture of articles of Tinware, stampers Tool maker, iron and hardened hon Tools, edged, manufacture of Transportation of — Passengers, crews of river boats for Freight, crews of river boats tor Trench digging, water, gas, electricity, excluding trenches more than 1.50 meters (69.06 inches) in depth. Turners: Metal, pieces weighing more than 5 kilos (11 pounds) Metal, pieces weighing less than 5 kilos (11 pounds) Turners and carvers, metal Type foundries Varnish, leather, manufacture of Wagons (commercial), manufacture of: With power or power saw Without power or power saw Water and gas, installation of: Not including work in trenches Including work in trenches not exceeding 1.60 meters (69.06 inches) in depth. Weaving: Cloth- All operations combined Winding (reeUng), burling Warping and weaving Throwsters and doublers of tliread— Cotton, wool '. Silk Cottonades— Weaving and warping only All operations ■. Silk and silk velvet CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSUKANCE IN FKANCE. 755 INSURANCE PREMIUMS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, QUOTED BY THE FIXED PREMIUM INSURANCE COMPANY "LA PREVOYANCE "-Conoiuded. Industry or occupation. Rate per $100 of wages. Wheelwrights, without power or power saw and not felling trees White lead, manufacture of Wine, manufacture of, all employees in cellar and warehouse: With gathering fruit Not including gathering fruit Wine, distilling of Wire drawing: Iron or copper Gold or silver Wooden pipes (tubes), manufacture of, without power or power saw. Wool, bleaching, scouring, fulling, dyeing, etc Velvets, manuficture of: Cotton or wool Silk Zinc, white, manufacture of t4.60 3.50 3.00 2.00 3.00 4.50 2.50 1.75 2.00 .90 .75 3.50 COST OF COMPENSATION. In the following table the total amounts expended by the insur- ance companies on account of accidents are shown by main items and for each of the four groups of insurance institutions separately. As the French reports show the accounts separately for death and perma- nent disability and for temporary disability, this division is retained in the table here presented. The first section of the table shows the expenditures for cases of death and permanent disability, the second section those for cases of temporary disability, and both groups of accidents are combined in the third section. The amount of compensation paid in cases of death and perma- nent disability requires further explanation. The French law requires pension payments in both these groups of accidents, though in some cases of minor permanent disability a commutation of the pension by agreed lump-sum payments is permitted. The amount here shown as paid for death and permanent disability evidently is not the amount paid out to claimants, because that in any one year would be only a very small part of the actual cost of these cases. In addition to that, it also includes the cost of annuities purchased by most of the companies from the National Retirement Fund so as to guarantee the payment of pensions, while a few of the insurance institutions, primarily some of the fixed -premium companies, which prefer to keep the payment of pensions in their own hands, are required (as was explained on p. 736), to place a sufficient amount in their special reserve, and amounts so placed are properly included by the French insurance office with the cost of compensation for that particular year. 756 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. PREMIUMS RECEIVED AND EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMANENT DISABILITY, AND IN TEMPORARY DISABILITY, BY CLASS OF INSURANCE, 1901 TO 1907. [Source: Ministere dii Travail et de la Privoyance Sociale. Recueil des Documents sur les Accidents dii ' Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.) i^iucum au DEATH OB PERMANENT DISABILITY. Class of insurance organization and year. Premiums received. Compensation paid (including an- nuities purchased and amount as- signed to reserve for payment of pensions). Medical and sur- ■ gical treatment. Funerals. Total. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amoimt. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. French fixed - pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 $3,768,188 4,815.678 6,038,196 1,078,165 1,372,205 1,792,990 1,450,207 2,081,487 3,273,463 288,387 990,277 1,372,020 6,684,947 6,788,187 7,540,670 8,115,803 9,259,647 10,350,039 12,476,669 $2,710,896 3.592.724 4,610,015 837,779 1,003,966 1,378,318 1,416,148 1.375,752 2,486,678 327,316 798,312 1,466,031 5,292,139 5,984,079 5,468,751 5,798,679 6,770,753. 7,585,812 9,940,042 72.0 74.6 76.3 77.7 73.2 76.8 97.7 66.1 76.0 113.5 80.6 106.8 80.4 88.2 72.6 7L4 73.1 73.3 79.7 $109,803 129,238 233,759 16,696 67,823 104,258 47,392 103,082 176,911 15,647 106,943 111,341 188.638 263,202 273,620 340,361 397,086 445,082 626,269 2.9 2,7 3.9 1.4 4.2 5.8 3.3 4.9 6.4 5.4 10.8 8.1 2.8 3.9 3.6 4.2 4.3 4.3 5.0 $8,186 7,595 9,178 1,764 1,865 2,839 3,623 3,806 5,275 475 1,579 2,180 14,048 16,890 13,682 15,767 14,844 16,038 19,472 0.2 .1 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 $2,828,885 3,729,557 4,862,952 855,239 1,063,653 1,485,415 1,467,163 1,482,639 2,668,864 343,438 906,834 1,578,662 6,494,725 6,264,171 5,756,853 6,154,787 7,182,683 8,046,932 10,685,783 1906 1907 Foreign fixed - pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 .'.. . 79.3 77.5 82.8, 101.2 71.2 81.5 119.1 91.6 116 1 1905 1907 Mutual insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Guarantee syndi- cates: 1901 1905 . 1907 All organizations: 1901 83 4 1902 92 3 1903 76.3 1904 76.8 1905 77.6 1906 77.7 1907 84.8 TEMPOBABT DISABILITY. French fixed - pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Foreign fixed - pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Mutual insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Guarantee syndi- cates; 1901 1905 1907 All organizations: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 $2,099,705 2,590,795 3,179,705 668,559 747,482 1,076,779 749,811 1, '078, 145 1,653,471 130, 106 421,754 603,867 3,638,181 3,643,198 4.007,567 4,211,389 4,838,175 5,434,677 6,513,822 $1,233,948 1,611,104 2,090,845 335,063 390,209 608,941 403,007 508,796 1,053,790 76,686 190,808 391,777 2,048,704 2,337,722 2,174,669 2,240,880 2,660.917 3,315,021 4,145,353 68.8 58.3 65.7 60.0 52.2 56.6 53.7 52.8 63.7 58.9 45.2 64.9 67.9 64.2 54.3 53.2 55.0 61.0 63.6 $495,631 716,907 978,248 159,752 195,846 298,723 164,921 236,242 341,163 36,618 78,295 184,930 856, 922 984, 432 1,008,079 1,000,461 1,226,290 1,587,977 1,803,063 23.6 27.7 30.8 28.6 26.2 27.7 22.0 21.9 20.7 28.2 18.6 30.6 24.2 27.0 25.1 23.8 25.3 29.2 27.7 $1,729,579 2,227,011 3,069,093 494,815 686,056 907,663 667,928 805,038 1,394,953 113,304 269,103 676,707 2,905,626 3,322,164 3,182,648 3,241,341 3,887,207 4,902,998 6,948,416 CHAPTEB IV. — WOKKMElSr S IKStXBANCE IN FSANCE. Y57 PREMIUMS RECEIVED AND EXPEKDITUEES ON ACCOUNT OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMANENT DISABILITY, AND IN TEMPORARY DISABILITY BY CLASS OF INSURANCE, 1901 TO 1907-Concluded. TOTAL. Class of Insurance organization and Premiums received. Compensation paid (including an- nuities purchased and amount as- signed to reserve lor payment of pensions). Medieefl and sur- gical treatment. Funerals. Total. year. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. French fixed - pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 . $0,867,893 7,406,473 9,217,901 1,030,724 2,119,686 2,809,769 2,200,018 3,159,632 4,926,934 418,493 1,412,031 1,975,887 10,123,128 10,431,385 11,548,137 12,327,192 14,097,822 15,784,616 18,990,491 $3,944,844 5,103,828 6,700,860 1,172,842 1,394,174 1,987,259 1,819,155 1,944,548 3,640,468 404,002 989,120 1,856,808 7,340,843 8,321.801 7,643,320 8,039,559 9,431,670 10,900,833 14,085,395 67.2 68.9 72.7 71.7 65.7 69.3 82.7 61.6 71.9 96.5 70.1 94.0 72.5 79.8 66.2 65.2 66.9 69.0 74.2 $605,434 845,145 1,212,007 175,448 253,669 402,980 212,313 339,324 518,074 52,265 185,238 296,271 1,045.460 1,247,034 1,281,599 1,340,812 1,623,376 2.033.059 2,429,332 10.3 11.4 13.1 10.7 12.0 14.0 9.6 10.7 10.5 12.5 13.1 15.0 10.3 11.9 11.1 10.9 11.5 12.9 12.8 $8,186. 7.595 9,178 1,764 1,865 2,839 3,623 3,805 5,275 475 1,579 2,180 14,048 16,890 13,582 15,757 14,844 16,038 19,472 0.2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 $4,6,58.464 5,956.568 7,922,045 1,350.054 1,649,708 2,393,078 2.035,091 2,287,677 4,063,817 456, 742 1,175,937 2,155,259 8,400,351 9,686,325 8,938,501 9,396,128 11,069,890 12,949,930 16,534,199 77.7 1905 80.4 1907 . 85.9 Foreign fixed - pre- mium insurance companies; 1901 b:.5 1905 77.8 1907... . S3. 4 Mutual insurance companies; 1981 92.5 1905 72.4 1907 82.5 Quarantoe syndi- cates: 1901 109.1 1905.. 33.3 1007 M9. 1 All organisations; 1901 83.0 1902 91.9 1903 77.4 1904 70.2 1905 78.5 1906 82.0 1907 87.1 The total amount paid out for compensation appears to be con- siderable. Thus, in 1907 over $14,000,000 was paid out in com- pensation alone, while other expenditures connected with compensa- tion brought the total up to over $16,500,000. Notwithstanding the small proportion of cases leading either to death or permanent disability in the total volume of accidents (as will be shown presently in the section devoted to statistics of accidents), the cost of these fewer but graver cases was much larger than that of the many cases of temporary disability, the proportion being roughly one of 5 to 3, while if only the actual amounts paid out as compensation be con- sidered the proportion was even greater, one of 5 to 2. The absolute figures mean comparatively little, and a comparison of the amount paid out with that received as premiums is much more important. A comparison between the condition preceding and that following the introduction of the compensation system seems to be entirely in favor of the latter period, at least as far as industry is 758 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. concernea, as the proportion of the premiums actually paid out has risen very perceptibly. Even if only the actual amounts of compen- sation are considered, these have increased to about 75 per cent of the premiums. In temporary disability this item of expenditure is nat- urally smaller because of the higher cost of medical and surgical attendance, but even here the actual amout paid out is from 53.2 to 64.2 per cent of the premiums. A comparison of the first and second tables will show a very interesting difference between the proportionate cost of medical and surgical treatment in the graver and lighter cases, as only about 4 per cent of the premiums are claimed for that purpose in the former and over one-fourth of the premiums in the latter group. The expenditures for funerals are not great, rarely exceeding two-tenths of 1 per cent of the premiums, and are fairly uniform. Altogether the proportion between the cost of accidents and the premiums received seems to be subject to violent fluctuations. If all companies and both forms of insurance are con- sidered as a whole, the fluctuations are between 76.2 per cent and 91.9 per cent, and from these figures alone no safe conclusion can he made as to the tendency one way or the other. The one conclusion that may be safely drawn from the comparison of these many figures is that accident insurance in France is as yet in a very unstable condition. There are various factors which would tend to disturb the equilibrium of premiums and cost. On one hand the law has been modified, though slightly, several times, and it is often impossible to foretell with any degree of accuracy how even a slight modification of the law would affect the cost of accidents. Thus a provision that in case of accidents lasting over 10 days the com- pensation should cover the entire time lost, including the first 4 days, while in accidents causing disability of less than 10 days the pay- ment begins only at the fourth day, may in many indirect ways affect even the number of accidents to a degree which is impossible to foretell in advance. A second factor is the absence of satisfac- tory statistics to serve as a basis for the elaboration of premium rates. Statistical data from foreign countries are seldom entirely satisfac- tory, because dealing with different industrial conditions and also with different scales of compensation. A third factor is the required cost of annuities purchased from the National Retirement Fund, or the required amount to be placed in the reserve in cases of fatal accidents or those leading to permanent disability. It may be questioned how far the actual annual bases contained in the French regulations are accurate. Furthermore, there is the element of com- petition between various individual companies and also between the different types of accident insurance institutions, which may keep the premiums below the necessary level. Then again the num- ber of accidents, as will be shown in a later section treating with CHAPTEB IV. — WOEKMEn's INSXJKANCE IN FEANCE. 75^ accident statistics, has been rising by leaps and bounds under the combined influence of a great many different factors. Altogether the proportion of premiums paid out on account of accidents seems to be very large, and this, from the point of view of industry, is a very desirable thing. But, as will be shown in the subsequent set of tables, in France this proportion has risen beyond the safety mark as far as the insurance institutions themselves are concerned. The next table is intended to show the total expenditures for accident insurance as compared with the premiums. They include the total amount paid out to the claimants, or in purchase of annuities, or placed in the reserve, or paid for medical and surgical aid, or for funeral expenses, the second column in the table repeating the totals of the preceding table. In addition, it shows the legal expenditures of the insurance companies, the commissions paid, the miscellaneous expenses, and a total of all these items. EXPENDITUKES ON ACCOUNT OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMANENT DISABILITY AND IN TEMPORARY DISABILITY, BY CLASS OF INSURANCE, 1901 TO 1907. [Source: MinlslAre du Travail et de la Prfivoyance Sociale. Recueil des Documents sur les Accidents du Travail, Nos. 16, 19, 21, 27, 30, 34.] DEATH OB PERMANENT DISABILITY. Total cost of accident com- pensations. Judicial expenditures. Commissions. Miscellaneous expenditures. Total. Class of Insurance organization and year. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. French flxed-pre- mium Insurance companies: 1901 $2,828,885 3,729,557 4,852,952 855,239 1,063,653 1,486,415 1,467,163 1,482,639 2,668,864 343,438 906,834 1,578,552 5,494,725 6,264,171 5,765,863 6,164,787 7, 182, 683 8,046,932 10,685,783 75.1 77.4 80.4 79.3 77.6 82.8 101.2 71.2 81.5 119.1 91.6 115.1 83.4 92.3 76.3 76.8 77.6 77.7 84.8 $134,166 116,107 165,610 60,906 68,236 73,397 48,611 90,927 134, 893 14,187 64,660 116,480 257,860 406,817 315,060 332,382 329, 930 370,636 490,380 3.6 2.4 2.7 5.6 4.2 4.1 3.4 4.4 4.1 4.9 6.6 8.5 3.9 6.0 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.6 3.9 $424,210 679,737 746,351 128,508 167,387 225,398 84, 221 99,262 127,677 5,813 42,498 74,952 642,752 651,211 761,790 839,322 888,884 977,078 1,174,378 11.3 12.0 12.4 11.9 12.2 12.6 5.8 4.8 3.9 2.0 4.3 5.6 9.8 9.6 10.1 10.3 9.6 9.4 9.5 $459,220 539,066 614,209 146,641 181,362 223,814 181,200 187,537 218,104 43, 033 86.488 143)413 830,094 866,495 944,354 961,379 994,453 1.099,406 1,199,540 12.1 11.3 10.1 13.7 13.3 12.5 12.4 9.0 6.7 14.9 8.7 10.4 12.6 12.6 12.5 11.9 10.8 10.7 9.6 53,846,471 4,964,467 6, 379, 122 1,191,294 1,470,638 2,008,024 1,781,195 1,860,365 3,149,638 406,471 1,100,480 1,913,397 7,225,431 8, 178, 694 7,777,047 8,287,870 9,395,960 10,494,052 13,450,081 102.1 1905 103.1 1907 105.6. Foreign fixed-pre- mium itisurance companies: IMl 110.6 1906 107.2 1907 112.0- Mutual insurance companies: 1901 122.8 1905 89.4 1907 96.2 Guarantee syndi- cates: 1901 140. 9^ 190S 111.1 1907 139.5 All organizations: 1901 109.7 1902 120.6 1903 103.1 1904 102.1 1905 101.5 190R 101.4 1907 107.8 46598°— 10- -49 760 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT OF ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DEATH OR PERMA- NENT DISABILITY AND IN TEMPORARY DISABILITY, BY CLASS OF INSURANCE, 1901 TO 1907— Concluded. TEMPOSAKT DISABILITY. Total cost of accident com- pensations. Judicial expenditures. Commissions. Miscellaneous expenditures. Total. Class of insurance organization and year. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amoimt. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. Amount. Per cent of pre- mi- ums. French fixed-pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 SI, 729, 579 2,227,011 3,069,093 494,815 586,055 907,863 567,928 805,038 1,394,953 113,304 269, 103 576,707 2,905,626 3,322,154 3, 182, 648 3,241,341 3,887,207 4,902,998 5,948,416 82.4 86.0 96.5 88.6 78.4 84.3 75.7 74.7 84.4 87.1 63.8 95.5 82.1 91.2 79.4 77.0 80.3 90.2 91.3 $39,178 19,785 14,517 1,512 6,349 6,512 11,369 20,259 17,210 844 2,618 5,747 52, 703 89,666 135,971 45,104 49,011 51,146 43,986 1.9 .8 .5 .3 .8 .6 1.5 1.9 1.0 .5 .6 1.0 1.5 2.5 3.4 1.1 1.0 .9 .7 $242,499 301,678 398,380 67,440 91,589 135,658 42,132 54,418 78,907 2,490 17,633 33,502 354,561 358,922 415,889 439,647 465,218 634,206 646,447 11.5 11.6 12.5 12.1 12.2 12.6 5.6 5.0 4.8 1.9 4.2 5.5 10.0 9.9 10.4 10.4 9.6 9.8 9.9 $251,884 285,098 306,725 88, 303 96,307 127,753 94,028 91,406 114,119 21,923 62,899 80,621 456,138 441,330 489,566 488,265 527,710 590, 410 629,218 12.0 11.0 9.7 15.7 13.3 11.9 12.6 8.5 6.9 16.8 12.5 13.4 12.9 12.0 12.2 ll.Ti 11.0 11.0 9.7 $2,263,140 2,833,472 3,788,715 652,070 782,300 1,177,586 715,457 971,121 1,605,189 138,361 .342,253 696, 577 3,769,028 4,212,062 4,224,064 4.214,357 4; 929, 146 6,078,760 7,268,067 107.8 1905 109.4 1907 . 119.2 Foreign fixed-pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 116.7 1905. 104.7 1907 109.4 Mutual Insurance companies: 1901 95.4 1905 90.1 1907 97.1 Guarantee syndi- cates: 1901 106.3 1905 81.1 1907 115.4 All organizations: 1901 106.5 , 1902 115.6 1903 105.4 1904 100.1 1905 101.9 1906 111.9 1907 111.6 French fixed-pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Foreign fixed-pre- mium insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Mutual insurance companies: 1901 1905 1907 Guarantee syndi- cates: 190! 1905 1907 All organizations: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 $4,558,464 5,956,568 7, 922, 045 77.7 80.4 85.9 $173,334 135,892 180, 127 3.0 1.8 2.0 1,350,054 1,649,708 2,393,078 82.5 77.8 83.4 62,418 64,585 79,909 3.8 3.0 2.8 2,035,091 2,287,677 4,063,817 92.5 72.4 82.5 59,980 111,186 152,103 2.7 3.5 3.1 456,742 1,175,937 2,155,259 109.1 83.3 109.1 14,831 67,278 122,227 3.5 4.8 6.2 8,400,361 9,586,325 8,938,501 9,396,128 11,069,890 12,949,930 16,534,199 83.0 91.9 77.4 76.2 78.5 82.0 87.1 310,563 496,473 451,021 377,486 378,941 421,782 534, 366 3.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.8 $666,709 881,315 1,144,731 195,948 258, 976 361,056 126,353 153, 680 206,584 60,131 108,454 997, 313 1,010,133 1,177,679 1,278,969 1,354,102 1,511,284 1,820,825 11.4 11.9 12.4 12.0 12.2 12.0 5.7 4.9 4.2 2.0 4.3 6.5 9.7 10.2 10.4 9.6 9.6 $711,104 824, 164 920,934 12.0 11.2 10.0 234,944 279,669 351,567 14.3 13.3 12.2 275,228 278,943 332,223 12.6 8.8 6.7 64,956 139,387 234,034 15.6 9.8 11.3 1,286,232 1,297,825 1,483,910 1,449,«44 1,522,163 1,689,816 1,828,758 12.6 12.4 12.4 11.7 10.8 10.7 9.6 $6,109,611 7,797,939 10, 167, 837 1,843,364 2,252,938 3,185,610 2,496,652 2,831,486 4,754,727 544, 832 1,442,733 2,609,974 10,994,459 12,390,756 12,001,111 12,502,227 14,325,096 16,672,812 20,718,148 CHAPTER IV. WOEKMEn's INSUKAITOE IN FRANCE. Y61 There was a fairly rapid decline in the amounts spent for legal aid from 4.8 per cent in 1902 to 2.8 per cent in 1907, and this must be pointed out as a very favorable symptom of a decrease in litiga- tion by the insurance institutions. It is somewhat surprising to find that this tendency is most marked in fixed-premium societies, while there has been an actual increase in expenditures for legal advice in the case of guarantee syndicates. This item of expenditures is much more important in the case of death or permanent disability than it is in the settlement of the vast number of cases of temporary disabiUty. The commissions paid for the fixed-premium business still represent a heavy burden and are usually pointed out as the strongest argument against private and voluntary insurance, but the burden seems to have been relieved considerably as compared with the period pre- ceding the law of 1898. (See table on p. 742.) While then from 15 to 20 per cent were claimed for commissions, the average amount at present seems to be about 12^ per cent in both the French and foreign fixed-premium societies. In the case of mutual societies and guar- antee syndicates it is about 4 to 6 per cent. Some reduction also took place in miscellaneous expenses, probably covering the cost of administration, but this reduction was not so great except in the case of mutual societies. But the most important conclusions are to be derived from a com- parison of the total expenditures with the amount of premiums received. The last column, summarizing the financial results of the operations of the accident-insurance companies, discloses a remarkable condition of affairs. With the exception of the mutual companies, and that for the last few years only, the total expenditures for each group of insurance institutions seem to be greater than the premiums received, so that the insurance companies appear to have conducted their business at a loss. In actual practice this conclusion is prob- ably somewhat modified by such secondary sources of income as inter- est on capital invested or on deposits, and so on, but as far as a com- parison between premiums and expenditures is concerned, the loss seems to be general and rather heavy. This loss was most heavy during the first years of the period under discussion, namely, 1901 and 1902, and then a tendency toward a decline in the deficit mani- fested itself in 1903 and 1904, but since 1905 the financial results of these companies again grew more unfavorable. While not all accidents reported finally result in compensation, it is nevertheless significant that this increase in deficits of insurance companies occurred in the same years in which the very rapid increase in the number of accidents reported was noticed, due mainly, accord- ing to the French reports, to the increased industrial activity pre- 762 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ceding the depression of 1907 and 1908. Thus, the number of acci- dents reported has increased from less than 260,000 in 1905 to nearly 360,000 in 1907. Of course, in so far as this increase in industrial activity manifests itself in larger expenditure for wages, the insurance companies with premium rates quoted in percentages of the wage expense are automatically protected, but in so far as this increase in industrial activity must necessarily express itself in longer hours and general speeding up of manufacturing processes, with corre- sponding increase in the accident rates, the insurance company operating under a fixed-premium system has almost no way of protecting itself against such additional losses. As a matter of fact, the financial results of the fixed-premium company seem to be much more unfavorable than those of the mutual insurance societies, many of the latter showing even reasonable profits. In the case of a guar- antee syndicate excess of expenditures over premiums means very little, except that the members of the syndicate have not originally levied a sufficiently high contribution and must subsequently adjust their revenues to the expenditures as each year's operations are liquidated under the plan as described on pages 738 to 742. MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES. As many of the mutual aid societies (see p. 797) existing at the time of the passage of the law had accident insurance featurfes, and espe- cially as a considerable proportion of these were being partially main- tained by employers, provision was made whereby employers may obtain partial or total exemption from the payment for medical aid and of the temporary allowances on account of injuries causing inca- pacity for 30, 60, or 90 days if they can show that they have organized their workmen into mutual aid societies according to a model consti- tution approved by the Government, that they have arranged to con- tribute at least one-third of the dues, and that these societies in case of accident guarantee their members medical and pharmaceutical aid and a daily allowance for the period of 30, 60, or 90 days, as the case may be. The allowance must be equal to at least one-half the amount of wages received by the victim, and if the society pays less the em- ployer must make up' the difi^erence. Conditions under which mutual aid societies may contract with employers of labor for the assumption of the risk imposed by the workmen's compensation law are prescribed by an order of the min- ister of the interior issued May 16, 1899, in accordance with a recom- mendation made by a consultative committee appointed by the Government. The constitutions of these societies must be so framed that they will incorporate the provisions of this order. The contributions of employers must be calculated so as to cover the entire additional burden which the society assumes, and may CHAPTER IV. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 763 not be less than one-third of the statutory dues of members for the cost of sick benefits and administration. If the regular payments to members provided for in the constitu- tions of the societies are more than 50 per cent of the wages of the victim, the difference must be paid either directly by the employer or by the society by virtue of a special agreement. The societies must furnish and the participating members must accept the medical attendance ahd pharmaceutical aid regularly provided for in the constitution. No data concerning the activity of the mutual aid societies in this field of accident insurance are available, but the general practice of the large insurance companies to contract for all forms of disability under the law necessarily limits the activity of mutual aid societies. MINING AND OTHER ESTABLISHMENT BELIEF FUNDS. Mine and quarry operators may relieve themselves of the burden of paying the indemnities required under this law by making an annual subsidy to the funds of the miners' relief societies organized in accordance with the law of June 29, 1894. The amount and con- ditions of such subsidies must be acceptable to the society and must be approved by the minister of public works. Employers in other industries where there are special funds for employees organized in conformity with the last-mentioned law may take similar action, in which case the approval of the minister of commerce and industry is required. The operations of societies making such arrangements are under the supervision of the general mining council {Conseil General des Mines) and the consultative committee on accident insurance. Up to the year 1909 only 13 of the miners' funds have made use of this authorization. For all practical purposes, therefore, the acci- dent insurance of miners may be said to be conducted in the same manner as the accident insurance of other industries. As far as other establishment funds are concerned, their activity in accident insurance is also insignificant, for the same reasons which have limited it in case of mutual aid societies. PROPOSED REFORMS. While 20 years of almost continuous discussion have preceded the adoption of the law of 1898, nevertheless there appears to be no tendency either on the part of the Government or of the National Assembly to consider it as final or ideal. During the brief period of one decade since its adoption, many additional acts were passed either for the purpose of modification or extension of the law. On the basis of the experience gained during this decade many other re- 764 BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR, forms have been proposed by the Government as well as by individual members of the legislature, and it is significant for comparison of the older system of liability under the civil law and the newer method of compensation that not one of these numerous proposals aimed to return to the older system. All the reforms proposed may be divided into two groups, those that look toward an extension of the application of the compensation system, with or without changes in the act of 1898, and, second, those which are primarily intended to introduce such changes as appear necessary in the light of experience gained. As the two most im- portant proposals in the first group may be mentioned those for extension of the law to agriculture and to occupational diseases. In the same group belong bills covering domestic service, military service, penitentiaries, and hospitals (both employees and inmates), schools, and also proposals for territorial extension to Algeria and Tunis. PBOPOSALS FOB EXTENSION. AGRICULTURE. The act of June 30, 1899, limited the application of the original act not only to such agricultural establishments as employed mechan- ically driven machinery, but within those establishments only to those employees who are directly connected with the operation of the machinery. Judicial decisions subsequently gave a very narrow interpretation to this act. As a result the whole question of extend- ing the law to agricultural employees very soon came up for discussion in the National Assembly. Proposals to that effect were made in 1900, 1901, and 1903; and on June 9, 1904, the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution calling upon the Government to introduce a government bill to that effect. The interdepartmental commission was organized for that purpose by the Government in 1904, but before it had time to make its report bills in the chamber became more frequent. One was introduced in 1905, and as many as three in 1906. After con- siderable study of the problem the Government finally introduced its bill on November 5, 1906. After some modifications, this bill received favorable report from the commission on social insurance, though in certain details some difference of opinion is noticeable in the attitude of that commission and of the commission on agriculture. The government bill of 1906 proposed to extend the law of 1898 to all agricultural and forestry establishments except those in which only members of the family are regularly employed and not more than two outside persons are employed occasionally. The difficulty of proving that the accident arose out of the employment is met by the provision that all accidents during labor should be considered as CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 765 having arisen out of employment unless proven to the contrary, and the burden of proof is thiis shifted upon the employer. When farming is done on rented land, the tenant and not the owner is made responsible for the compensation, but in the case of a share tenant he is given the right to sue the owner for half the compensation due from him to the injured employee, if no accident insurance is carried, and thus a stimulus is supplied for the owner to enforce accident insurance upon the share tenant. The main limitation upon the scale of compensation is contained in the provision that in case of the annual salary exceeding 800 francs ($154.40) only one-fourth of the excess should be considered in computing the compensation. As a similar limit is put at 2,400 francs ($463.20) in case of industrial employees, the difference appears to be marked. Permission is given to insure against temporary disability in local mutual societies and against payment of pensions in general insurance institutions. Contributions to the guarantee fund are to be exacted in a different manner from insured and noninsured employers, the first paying a surtax upon the insurance premium and the second a straight land tax, the amounts of both to be determined at regular intervals by administrative authority. The parliamentary commission on social insurance approved most of these recommendations, excluding, how- ever, the above-mentioned limitation upon the salary of the agricul- tural employee. On the other hand, the agricultural commission recommended not only the assumption of a flat maximum salary of 800 francs ($154.40), but also that no pension for permanent disability be granted when the degree of disability does not exceed 15 per cent, that children's pensions be discontinued at the age of 14 instead of 16, that no compensation be paid the single employees for temporary disability when they are receiving food and lodging which the industrial employee usually does not get, and that all daily compensation for temporary disability be computed on a basis of average annual salaries no matter how high the daily wage may happen to be when the accident occurs, and that no pay at all be given for the first four days of disability. Other bills of the same character recommended further reductions of the widows' pensions to 15 per cent and the maximum pension to 50 per cent of the salary, and that drunkenness and maltreatment of animals be considered inexcusable fault and sufficient cause for debarment from compensation. Important as these conditions are, they are nevertheless only matters of detail when the entire object of the law is considered, and will probably not stand long in the way of some agreement. In the meanwhile, before the general problem concerning all agri- cultural employees is disposed of, a movement has arisen to include 766 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. forestry establishments, as semiindustrial in their nature, and a bill to that effect introduced on December 11, 1908, made consider- able headway. It was favorably reported by the commission on agriculture with an amendment restricting it to such forestry estab- lishments as cover more than three hectares (7.4 acres). A few days later the commission on social insurance agreed to the proposition as amended by the commission on agriculture, and the bill was voted on favorably by the Chamber of Deputies on February 15, 1909, and according to the last information available was before the Senate. OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES. The question of compensating occupational diseases, that is, such diseases as are due to the exercise of the specific occupation of the worker, has for some time been discussed by the French legislature and is perhaps second in importance only to the problem of the extension of accident compensation to agriculture. On December 5, 1901, the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolu- tion requesting the Government to appoint a special commission for the study of the problem of occupational diseases. As there were in existence at that time two large bodies intrusted with the study of similar problems, namely, the commission of industrial hygiene and a consultative committee of accident insurance, the appointment of a new commission was not thought necessary, and these two bodies, especially the latter, which was attached to the Office of Social Insurance, were directed to make a study of the prob- lem. As a result of this study bills were introduced by the Govern- ment on May 16, 1905, and again on June 14, 1906. As these bills were not altogether satisfactory to a certain part of the Chamber of Deputies, another bill was introduced on July 13, 1906. All the numerous proposals were then transmitted to the commission -on social insurance of the Chamber of Deputies, and the report of the commission was presented on March 22, 1907. The publication of this report in June, 1909, indicates a revival of interest in this prob- lem, and while the important differences in the proposals of the Governmejit and of the parliamentary commission make a further discussion projaable, it nevertheless appears certain that the problem is seriously studied and may lead to material results at some future date. To some extent the compulsory old-age and invalidity insur- ance system recently adopted by the national assembly meets some cases of chronic industrial diseases ; but the necessarily small amount of the invalidity pensions and the absence of a comprehensive sys- tem of sick insurance leaves the problem of industrial diseases largely unsolved and the growing demand for such legislation unsat- isfied. CHAPTEE IV, — workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 767 GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES. While government establishments were specifically mentioned in the list of industries subject to the law, yet no distinction is drawn between private and government establishments, and in various articles of the law it is clearly indicated that the act of 1898 was intended to apply to government establishments as well. It was so interpreted by the French Government. Nevertheless, some difficulties arose because of the conflict between the new act of 1898 and the old act of June 9, 1853, regulating pensions for superannua- tion or invalidity to government employees. A bill to regulate this confusion was introduced on June 14, 1906. The bill provided that in case that both laws may be applicable, the injured employee or the surviving dependents should have the right of choice as to under which act they should be compensated. Moreover, where the employee by length of service is entitled to a superannuation pension at the time of the accident, both pensions as rightfully earned should be granted to him provided the same is not greater than his actual salary at the time of separation nor greater than 6,000 francs ($1,158). This bill is mainly intended for the higher groups of employees, as the workmen in the majority of government establishments are not entitled to civil pensions. MILITARY SERVICE. A bill to extend the law of April, 1898, to persons in military service for disability due to accidents or disease incurred in the line of duty was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on March 23, 1907, and on June 3 of the same year a special commission was ap- pointed by the minister of labor for the study of this proposal. Ac- cording to the latest information available, this commission has not yet concluded its work, but when its report is presented the Govern- ment has announced its intention to push the legislation. The extension of the law to military persons employed in civil work by private employers is the aim of a bill introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on June 7, 1909. DOMESTIC SERVICE. Several bills to extend the law of 1898 to domestic service were introduced in the Chamber of Deputies in 1908 and 1909. Sug- gestions for amendment in that direction were made even earlier — in 1904, when the law of March 31, 1905, was under discussion. As the proposals are limited to a simple statement that the legislation of 1898 as amended subsequently be extended to domestic service, nothing further need be said of the subject. The proposal succeeded in obtaining a favorable report from the commission on insurance 768 BEPOEX or the commissionek o? laboe. HOSPITALS AND PRISONS. Perhaps nothing better illustrates the firm hold of the compensa- tion idea on French legislation than the proposals to extend this legislation not only to the employees, but to the inmates of hospitals and prisons in so far as they are subject to industrial accidents; such a bill was introduced in the spring of 1907 by the Government. It proceeds from the assumption that even when a person is in a hospital for treatment or in a prison for purposes of correction his earning capacity is still an asset to him and to his family, and its loss should be properly compensated, as in the case of workmen not in abnormal conditions at the time. The bill recommends the extension of almost all the main provisions of original legislation, modified only so as to meet the special circumstances, the most important changes being in the scale of compensation. In this connection it is interesting to call attention to a decree of the War Department, issued in the summer of 1909, to the effect that, in accordance with the law of July 18, 1907, permitting voluntary compliance with the accident compensation law, whenever contracts are made in the future with private employers involving the hiring out of labor of military prisoners a condition shall be inserted in such contracts that such prisoners shall be protected by voluntary insurance under the law on a basis of some conventional salary to be agreed upon. SCHOOLS. The proposition to extend accident insurance to pupils of technical and other schools where industrial work is performed, even though only for purposes of instruction, have been repeatedly made, and a commission to study the question was appointed on October 9, 1906. No further action on this proposal has been taken except the intro- duction of a bill in November, 1908. MODIFICATIONS OF THE LAW. Proposals for the modification of the law are much less numerous at present than proposals for its extension, and very few, if any, of such proposals for changes in the provisions of the law come from the Government. It seems, therefore, that after two or three revisions, which have taken place during the past ten years, a certain degree of stability has been reached. There are, however, recommendations before the National Assembly which have been made largely during the last year or two, and these may be classified into two groups — those which come mainly from the labor representatives in the National Assembly, and aim at further extension of the benefits, and, second, those proposals which are intended to counteract the tendency toward malingery, which has asserted itself to a certain degree. CHAPTER IV, — WOEKMEn'S INSURANCE IN FKANCE. 769 Often these bills embody the resolutions of large labor organiza- tions. They contain suggestions for changes hke the following: The abolition of the waiting time of four days, that is, the days at the beginning of disability for which benefits are not paid. This waiting time is condemned by many persons representing both the employer and employee, as on one hand unjust to the injured em- ployee and on the other hand encouraging him to extend his disa- bihty beyond that period so as to get some compensation. The abolition of the dependency of parents or grandchildren as a condition for granting compensation in absence of immediate family is a demand frequently put forth on the ground that it works injustice to parents of young workmen when they are fairly well advanced in age and may soon expect to become dependent. The inclusion of brothers and sisters of the deceased employee within the classes of dependents is also being urged, because fre- quently the deceased, if unmarried, leaves no dependents within the meaning of the law, and as a result no compensation is paid in al- most one-third of all fatal cases, though in most of these actual distress is caused by the death of the breadwinner, to his parents, brothers, or sisters. PREVENTION OF MALINGERY. The necessity of preventing payment of fraudulent or excessive claims for compensation is beginning to be felt in France, as well as in many other countries. It is admitted that in any system of com- pensation there will be individuals who will endeavor either to malinger or protract the period of absence from work beyond the actual duration of disability, or endeavor to pass off as accidents con- ditions of disability due to other causes. A bill introduced in the French Senate on December 21, 1908, aims to prevent these abuses through a proposed system of stricter med- ical supervision. In the memorial accompanying the bill it was pointed out that while there was some tendency to fraudulently claim a condition of permanent disability, or to obtain life pensions in such injuries which, while leaving permanent results in the nature of small losses of tissue, do not to any perceptible degree affect the earning capacity of the wage-worker, and that while there was even a slight tendency to voluntary aggravation of injuries, yet that the problem was most urgent in cases of minor temporary disability. The opinion was expressed that this may be explained by three differ- ent causes: First, a certain laxity in the provisions of the law and regulations prescribing medical supervision of the injured employee by the employer's medical representative; second, the presence of a few disreputable physicians who make a practice of prolonging the period of disability in order to prolong their visits; and, third, the amendment introduced by the act of 1905 in the original law con- 770 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. In order to counteract these various causes of unjust claims, the bill proposed provides for a compulsory and immediate report of an accident by the injured person to the employer, which is not at present required, the furnishing of a medical certificate as soon as possible after the accident, so as to permit the supervision of the injured employee from the very beginning of disability. Whenever a disa- greement should arise between the physician of the employee and the medical representative of the employer, the bUl proposed a very much simplified procedure by which each justice of the peace may order a medical expert examination within 48 hours after the discrepancy has been brought to his notice, so as to protect the employer from paying compensation during the more or less prolonged period which now elapses from the day the controversy arises until the expert examination is held. Furthermore, for the purpose of preventing abuses by dishonest physicians, the bill proposes a plan which has been tried in Holland and in a few other countries, namely, without destroying the right of the free choice of the physician by the injured employee it proposes the registration of all physicians willing to do accident practice under the special schedule of physicians' fees with the police authorities. By this means the author of the bill expects to further organizations of these physicians which will exercise suffi- cient control over the integrity of each member and be able to exclude the physician of disreputable standing. Finally, in order to prevent the granting of pensions in case of petty though perma- nent injuries, it is proposed that the actual loss of earning power rather than the bare fact of the permanency of the injury be taken . into consideration, and that no loss of earning power below a cer- tain small minimum be recognized. STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS. The voluntary character of accident insurance and the great variety of insurance institutions operating under the French com- pensation law make the organization of proper accident statistics in connection with insm-ance a much more diffictdt matter and much less satisfactory in its results than a system of compidsory insurance, such as Germany and Austria possess. As was shown in the section dealing with the activity of various insurance institutions, the statistical data covered mainly the finan- cial results of the operation and dealt only to a very limited extent with statistics of accidents as such. Not until late in 1909 was the fijst effort made to gather from the reports of the various insurance institutions such data as might throw light upon the question of accidents themselves, and the results of this effort, published by the Office of Social Insurance and Providence of the Ministry of Labor, cover only the period from 1899 to 1905. CHAPTER IV. WOKKMEn'S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 771 In the study of accident statistics, therefore, another source of information must be relied upon, namely, the reporting of accidents made at the time of occurrence in compliance with the law of 1898. By the earlier laws, namely, section 15 of the act of November 2, 1892, and section 11 of the act of June 12, 1893, reports of all acci- dents were required to be made to officers of factory and mine inspec- tion. The results of the application of these earlier enactments cor- roborated in France the experience of other countries, that accident statistics remain extremely imreliable as long as they are not a part of an accident-compensation system. Only a few of the accidents occurring were actually reported, as may be seen from the follow- ing statement: Accidents reported. 1893 3, 655 1894 14,954 1895 20, 390 1896 •. 25, 922 1897 28,954 1898 : 35,433 1899 (second half of year) 98,468 1900 232,976 1901 229, 162 1902 223, 286 1903 212, 753 1904 222, 124 1905 259, 882 1906 306, 860 1907 359, 747 1908 354, 027 The comparison of the number of accidents reported before and after the compensation act went into effect shows that all the data concerning accidents collected before that date are almost worthless in the study of accident statistics. The reporting of accidents under the present system is regulated by chapter 2 of the act of April 9, 1898, namely, articles 11, 12, 13, and 14, of which the two first mentioned were slightly modified by the act of March 22, 1902. According to the system, each accident causing an injury leading to some disability must, within 48 hours (exclusive of Sundays and holidays), be reported by the head of the estabhshment to the mayor of the community. This report is made on a proper blank furnished for the purpose, and contains such information as the name and nature of the establishment, the address of the head of the establishment, the exact place, hour, and nature of the accident, and its cause, the nature of the injury, names and addresses of witnesses. If the injured employee does not return to work within 4 days following the accident, the head of the estab- lishment is required to furnish the mayor with a physician's cer- tificate stating the condition of the injured employee, the probable results of the injury, and the time at "which a final estimate of these results may be made. From the office of the mayor these reports 772 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. and certificates are forwarded to the respective factory inspectors or mine inspectors. The above requirement for a secondary medical certificate to be furnished 4 days after, the accident has been introduced by the amending act of 1902, while the previous system required that the medical certificate accompany the original report. Furthermore, only such accidents are required to be reported by the mayor to the factory inspectors as were followed by such medical certificates. By this amendment the reporting of accidents was brought into greater harmony with the compensation of accidents, since, accord- ing to the law, injuries causing disability of not over 4 days' duration do not entitle the injured employee to compensation. As a result, the accidents reported under the original act of 1898 are not alto- gether comparable with those reported under the act as amended in 1902. In 19Q1 a total of 239,045 accidents were reported. When the new system of reporting went into effect in 1902, the reports for 1901 were revised by exclusion of all accidents followed by disability of 4 days or less, so as to make the data for 1901 comparable with those of later years. Through this revision the number of accidents for 1901 was reduced to 229,162. As a similar revision was not undertaken for the reports preceding 1901, all the tables following contain the accident data beginning with 1901, and for the eight years, 1901 to 1908, they are fairly comparable. The statement on page 771 shows a very rapid increase of accidents within that period, especially within the last 4 years. From 1901 to 1904 the number of accidents is fairly uniform, but from 1904 to 1908 it has increased by nearly 60 per cent. This increase is explained in the reports partly by the unusual industrial activity during the close of the first decade of this century; and the falling off in the number of accidents in 1908 as compared with 1907, accompanying the industrial depression which began toward the close of 1907 and lasted through 1908, seems to corroborate this conclusion. Another probable cause suggested in the official reports is the effect of the amendment of 1905, by which compensation is paid for the first 4 days of disability if the entire disability lasts over 10 days. It is explained that this provision must act as a motive to prolong the slight cases of disability beyond the tenth day, so as to enable the workman to claim compensation for the first 4 days as well, and that among such minor accidents there are many which otherwise would not have extended beyond the fourth day and therefore would not have been declared under the law. This con- clusion seems to be supported by the fact that the growth in the num- ber of accidents was greatest in the class of temporary disability, as will be shown subsequently ; but the material increase in the num- CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 773 ber of reported accidents resulting fatally or in permanent disability- proves that this explanation alone would not suffice. As a matter of fact, the factory inspection system reports consid- erable increases in the number of persons employed, and, besides, a period of high industrial activity impresses itself also in many other ways besides actual increase in the number of persons. The following tables are based upon annual reports published by the Office of Labor of the Ministry of Labor and Social Providence, under the title "Reports concerning application of the laws regulating con- ditions of labor" ("Rapports Sur L' Application des Lois Reglementant le Travail "). They include accidents in industry, commerce, and even domestic service, but it is admitted in the reports that in this last, and in a few other similar branches of labor not covered by the compensation law, these data are far from being complete. The tables do not include accidents in mines and quarries, which are subject to a separate system of mine inspection. They are treated sepa- rately in a subsequent section (pages 793 to 797). In the study of these tables the following qualifications must be kept in mind: The most important feature of accident statistics is brought out by comparison between the number of accidents and the number of employees. Only in this way can valuable deductions be made from the accident statistics. Unfortunately annualfigures of the number of persons employed are not easily obtained, and even esti- mates are sometimes difficult to obtain. In the study of statistics of insurance it was shown how the total amount of wages insured and a computation as to average annual wages in various industries was used for the purpose of making an estimate of the average number of em- ployees. In regard to all accidents such method was not available. When a branch of industry is entirely subject to factory inspection, the officers of that factory inspection are enabled to make a fairly accu- rate estimate of the number of persons employed, but in various industrial groups, where only a few establishments are subject to inspection, such estimates were foimd impracticable. Therefore, for the purposes of computing accident rates, the French Office of Labor was forced to limit itself to 17 important branches of industry out of the 27 branches into which all the accidents have been divided. In siunmary tables which include all accidents reported no rates are possible, and only absolute figures are given, but rates are shown for each of the 17 industries referred to above. Of these, 16 practically include the entire field of manufacturing industry, and outside of this, commerce is the only branch of economic activity for which the data are sufficiently complete to permit of a computation of rates. 774 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. ACCIDENT RATES, BY AGE AND SEZ. The increase in accident frequency may be studied better by com- puted proportions between the number of accidents and the number of persons employed. As explained above, such study is possible only for the 17 different branches of manufacturing industries and for commercial establishments. In the following series of tables the accidents are classified by sex and age groups in these 17 branches of industry, and accident rates have been computed. It is neces- sary to point out that in compiling these tables it was impossible to eliminate the accidents of not over four days' durationfor 1901, so that the data for this year do not agree with those in the preceding table. , In the entire manufacturing industry the rate per thousand has increased from 61 in 1902 to 81 in 1908. With regard to the relative frequency of accidental injuries to employees these 17 branches of establishments ranked in 1908 as follows: Per thousand. Metallurgy 267 Building and construction 154 Chemical industries 147 Base-metal wor,king 144 Earthen and stone ware 83 Caoutchouc, paper, and pasteboard 74 Woodworking 73 Stone cutting and polishing 61 Commercial establishments 59 Food products 58 Hides and leather 34 Textiles 34 Printing and publishing 33 Straw, feather, and hair goods 25 Precious-metal working 22 Lapidary work 16 Clothing 8 The differences in the trade risk of different industry branches is thus found to be enormous. The increase is noticeable in almost all branches of industry; but the rate of increase, as shown in the next table, varies considerably. Thus, there has been a very slight increase in the rate of accidents in the food manufacturing industry, while in such branches as metallurgy, the base-metal industries, and chemicaj industries the increase has been very rapid. The computation of the rates by age groups and by sex discloses the interesting fact that while the accident rate is usually lower for persons under 18 years of age, the difference is comparatively small; while the difference in the accident rates of the two sexes is enor- mous. Thus, if the entire manufacturing industry is taken together, the accident rates of all persons 18 years of age and over in 1908 was luearly 50 per cent greater than that of persons under 18 years of age; CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 775 while the accident rate for all male employees was more than seven times as great as that for all female employees. This may be easily explained by the radical difiference in the nature of the work assigned to men and to women in manufacturing establishments. A few curious exceptions to the above statements may be observed in a careful analysis of these tables. Thus, while the accident rate is usually higher for men than for women, the situation is reversed in a few industries. In 1908, men in printing and pubhshing show a rate of 37 per thousand, and boys a rate of 55; in textile industries the rates for men and boys are 52 and 61, respectively; in metallurgy, 261 and 355; and in metal working, 148 and 265, respectively. While the accident rate for women is somewhat higher than for girls in some industries, yet on the whole the girls show a some- what higher rate in 1907 and 1908. In many industrial branches of industry this excess of accident rate of girls under 18 is very great. Thus, in printing and pubhshing the rate for women is 10, and for girls 17. In textile industry the rates for women and girls are 15 and 20 per thousand, respectively; in straw, feather, and hair goods, 11 and 19; in hides and leather, 14 and 21; in woodworking, 21 and 32; and so forth. This is probably explained by the extensive utihzation of labor of girls under 18 in the running of more or less dangerous machinery, for which work women of advanced age are seldom employed. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PER 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908. [Source: Ministfere du Travail et la Pr^voyanoe Sociale. Rapport sur 1' Application des Lois Reglementant le Travail, 1901 to 1908.] MALE EMPLOYEES. 18 years of age and over. Under 18 years of age. Total. Industry and year. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Accidents. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Number. Rate per 1,000. of em- ployees. Num- ber. Rate 1,000. Number. Rate per 1,000. Food products: 1901 153,285 154,031 207,612 224,213 234,898 242,822 246,018 237,807 69,009 73,243 73,902 80,789 80,176 83,392 89,447 90,122 50 13, 163 11,934 11,693 11,779 13,496 14,952 16,615 16,439 9,374 9,051 8,747 9,631' 11,860 14,402 16,204 15,903 86 77 56 53 57 62 68 69 136 124 118 119 148 173 181 176 9,643 9,146 20,575 21,484 21,191 24,434 24,534 24,519 3,400 3,316 3,371 3,655 3,281 3,103 3,571 3,522 812 662 612 637 750 830 1,093 1,184 304 227 213 222 319 410 524 540 84 72 30 30 35 34 45 48 89 68 63 61 97 132 147 153 162,928 163,177 228, 187 245,697 256,089 267,256 270,552 262,326 72,409 76,559 77,273 84,444 83,457 86,495 93,018 93,644 13,975 12,596 12,305 12,416 14,246 15, 782 17,708 17,623 9,678 9,278 8,960 9,853 12,179 14,812 16,728 16,443 86 1902 77 1903 54 1904 51 1905 56 1906 69 1907 65 1908 67 Chemical industries: 1901 134 1902 121 1903 116 1904 117 1905 146 1906 171 1907 180 1908 176 46598°-10 776 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBEH OF ACCIDENTS BEPOETED, AND ACCIDENT BATE PEB 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTEIES, AND BY AGE GEOUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Continued. MALE EMPLOYEES— Continued. Industry and year. Csoutchouc, paper, and pasteboard: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Printing and publishing: 1901 1902 1903 1904 , 1905 1906 , 1907 , 1908 Textiles; 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Clotliing: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Straw, feather, and hair goods: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Hides and leather: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Woodworking: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 Metallurgy: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 18 years of age and over. Number of em- ployees. 34,345 34,017 34,765 36,014 37,513 37,855 43,388 44, 647 40,171 46,075 46,914 47,018 48,312 50,620 50,708 52, 020 202,455 246, 674 252,741 256,814 255, 718 261,426 263,277 258,396 79,038 45,945 46, 461 48,551 51, 139 55,230 56,327 58,413 3,324 4,686 5,154 5,662 5,343 4,714 4,764 4,332 77,900 79,546 84, 313 82, 722 85, 474 89,385 89,791 92, 116 193,743 208,890 226,418 227, 659 229,375 238,279 244,970 248,589 81,015 77,290 74,492 73,978 77,751 I Accidents. Number. 3,311 2,710 2,614 2,800 3,488 4,524 5,245 4,967 1,466 1,284 1,175 1,309 1,561 1,856 1,961 1,935 9,497 9,558 9,183 9,129 10, 498 12, 760 14, 448 13,443 1,133 1,093 1,080 1,122 1,404 1,610 1,918 1,820 83 81 124 75 84 123 171 216 2,858 2,671 2,426 2,456 2,963 3,463 3,871 3,560 15,703 15,382 14,095 14,225 16,299 18,264 20,681 20,199 15,904 14,262 13,977 15, 676 19,564 Bate per 1,000. 96 80 75 78 93 120 121 111 32 28 26 28 32 37 39 37 47 39 36 36 41 49 55 52 14 24 23 23 27 29 34 31 25 17 24 13 -16 26 36 60 37 34 29 30 35 39 43 39 81 74 62 62 71 77 84 81 196 185 188 212 252 Under 18 years of age. Number of em- ployees. 5,057 4,817 4,923 4,943 5,311 5,398 5,563 6,083 12,915 12,802 12,951 12,943 13,588 13,815 13,814 14,998 45,403 43,847 45, 168 44,776 43,010 42,416 46,486 47,249 6,698 6,805 7,567 7,471 7,542 8,057 8,347 775 845 947 922 913 1,165 1,006 917 12,084 11,584 11,924 12,334 12,218 12,645 12,552 12,724 30,763 30, 117 31,626 30,770 30,666 31,025 30,391 31,605 8,564 8,099 7,366 7,301 6,969 Accidents. Num- ber. Bate per 1,000. 302 344 304 372 459 536 622 605 522 556 542 561 702 662 779 830 1,933 1,856 1,724 1,752 1,946 2,546 3,139 2,878 107 131 118 104 125 187 226 202 13 15 19 15 21 42 39 45 366 317 341 293 390 422 506 636 1,254 1,236 1,120 988 1,272 1,320 1,597 1,490 2,252 1,791 1,746 1,761 2,406 I 60 71 62 75 86 99 112 99 40 43 42 43 62 48 56 65 43 42 38 39 45 60 68 61 16 19 16 14 17 23 27 24 17 18 20 16 23 36 39 49 30 27 29 24 32 33 40 42 41 41 35 32 41 43 S3 47 263 221 237 241 345 Total. Number of em- ployees. 39, '.02 38,834 39,688 ■40,957 42,824 43,253 48,951 50,730 59,086 58,877 58,865 59,961 61,900 64,435 64,522 67,018 247,858 289,521 297,909 301,590 298,728 303,842 309,763 305,645 85,736 52,750 54,028 66,022 58,681 63,287 64,674 66,951 4,099 5,531 6,101 6,584 6,256 6,879 5,770 5,249 90,044 91,130 96,237 95,056 97,692 102,030 102,343 104,840 224,506 239,007 258,044 258,429 260,041 269,304 275,361 280,094 89,579 85,389 81,858 81,279 84.720 I Accidents. Number. 3,613 3,054 2,918 3,172 3,947 5,060 5,807 5,572 1,988 1,840 1,717 1,870 2,263 2,518 2,740 2,765 11,430 11,414 10,907 10,881 12,444 15, 306 17,587 16,321 1,240 1,224 1,198 1,226 1,529 1,797 2,144 2,022 96 96 143 90 105 165 210 261 3,224 2,988 2,767 2,749 3,353 3,885 4,377 4,102 16,957 16,618 15,215 15,213 17,571 19,584 22,278 21,689 18,156 16,053 15,723 17,437 21,970 Bate per 1,000. CHAPTES IV, — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN FBANGE. 777 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS KEPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PEE 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Continued. MAXE BMPIiOTEBS— Continued. Industry and year. 18 years o( age and over. Number of em- ployees. Number, Accidents. Rate per 1,000. Under 18 years of age. Number of em- ployees Accidents. Num- ber. Rate per 1,000. Total. Number of em- ployees. Number. Accidents. Metallurgy— Concluded. 1906 1907 1908 Metal working, base: 1901 1902 1903 1904 190S 1906 1907 1908 Metal working, precious: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 :... Lapidary work: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1900 1907 1908 Stone cutting and polish- ing: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Building and construc- tion: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Earthen and stone ware: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Total manufacturing in- dustries: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 83,169 94,724 97,860 367,664 357,596 361,316 374,599 387,662 402, 575 420,031 424,687 8,798 9,559 10, 666 10,801 11,387 11,063 11,260 12,078 907 913 952 1,019 1,090 1,110 1,210 1,222 17,716 18,374 16,853 17,101 17,735 17,855 18,751 18,500 228, 594 235,695 239,711 249, 520 256,547 259,432 275,840 288,172 107,849 106,083 111,012 109,145 110,134 112,553 116,066 118,860 1,671,873 1,697,617 1,792,282 1,845,605 1,890,254 1,851,480 2,026,572 2,047,821 23,915 28, 119 25,532 41,962 37,532 36,070 38,835 46,390 56, 790 66,291 62,998 147 238 199 200 275 300 399 306 18 17 19 13 16 14 15 22 1,352 946 940 981 1,051 1,157 1,174 1,224 33,234 30,840 28,859 28,072 32,712 37,612 42,440 45,422 7,146 7,129 6,693 6,929 7,934 9,969 11,177 10,827 156,351 144,728 137,894 143,232 169,595 201,711 230,729 224,819 288 297 261 114 105 100 104 120 141 158 148 17 25 19 19 24 27 35 25 20 19 20 13 15 13 12 18 145 131 120 113 128 145 154 158 66 67 00 63 72 89 96 91 94 85 77 78 90 103 114 110 7,260 8,733 9,118 60,670 58,609 57, 642 57,920 59,006 67,982 61,988 66,030 2,158 2,331 2,424 2,479 2,625 2,579 2,827 2,871 131 128 130 163 163 142 235 232 1,667 1,538 1,367 1,400 1,322 1,468 1,290 1,311 21,278 17,539 16,329 16,449 15,824 16,826 17,858 17,533 22,266 21,715 21,210 21,749 21,825 21,407 21,715 21,890 243,472 233,238 245,520 246,759 245,454 249,722 260,910 269,040 2,727 2,991 3,236 6,705 6,115 5,789 5,793 7,108 8,552 10,564 10,878 55 75 99 76 57 77 163 111 4 2 2 2 3 10 3 3 1,613 1,118 990 925 1,026 1,169 1,440 1,642 1,237 1,304 1,293 1,187 1,507 1,889 2,159 2,087 17,530 15,788 14,938 14,706 18,122 21,430 25,881 26,307 376 342 355 111 104 100 100 120 147 170 265 25 32 41 31 22 30 58 39 31 16 15 12 18 70 13 13 90,429 103, 467 100,978 428,334 410,205 418,958 432,519 446,668 460, 557 482,019 490,717 10, 956 11,890 13,090 13,280 14,012 13,642 14,087 14,949 1,038 1,041 1,082 1,182 1,253 1,252 1,445 1,454 19,383 19,912 18,220 18,501 19,057 19,323 20,041 19,811 249,872 253,234 256,040 265,969' 272, 371 276,258 293, 698 305, 705 130,115 127,798 132,222 130,894 131,959 133,960 137,781 140,750 1,915,345 1,930, ass 2,037,802 2,092,364 2,135,708 2,201,202 2,287,482 2,310,861 26,642 31,110 28, 708 48,667 43,647 41,859 44,628 53,498 65,342 76,855 73,876 202 313 298 276 ,332 377 562 417 22 19 21 15 19 24 18 25 1,403 985 966 999 1,082 1,203 1,210 1,204 34,847 31,958 29,849 28,997 33,738 38,781 43,880 47,064 8,383 8,433 7,986 8,116 9,441 11,858 13,336 12,914 173,881 160,516 152,832 157,938 187,717 223,141 256,610 251,126 778 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PER 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 190&— Continued. MAIiB EMPIiOXBES— Concluded. 18 years of age and over. Under 18 years of age. Total. Industry and year. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Accidents. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Number. Rate per 1,000. of em- ployees. Num- ber. Rate 1,000. Number. Rate Commerce and banking: 1901 W 276,061 281,695 300,888 313,548 335,741 331,045 8,628 12,085 12,087 14,247 16,031 18,449 25,681 26,575 ""44" 51 53 59 76 80 36,131 37,057 38,161 36,666 36,560 36,326 325 512 498 604 675 819 1,413 1,661 "ii' 16 18 22 39 46 312,192 318,752 339,049 350,214 372,301 367,371 8,953 12,597 12,585 14,851 16,706 19,268 27,094 28,236 1902 1903 40 1904 . 47 1905 49 1906 55 1907 73 1908 77 FEMALE EMPLOYEES. Food products: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Cliemical industries: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 190,6 1907 1908 Caoutcbouc, paper, and pasteboard: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Printing and publishing: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Textiles: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Clothing; 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 40,940 850 21 10,005 134 13 46,572 671 14 8,291 112 14 63, 414 721 13 9,976 133 13 55,285 809 15 10,710 149 14 55,627 860 15 11,246 170 15 52, 323 1,131 22 13,036 178 14 53,396 1,343 25 13,830 264 19 54,463 1,302 24 13,663 308 23 20,838 617 30 2,312 09 30 22,676 470 21 2,381 34 14 21,828 548 25 3,718 67 18 21,386 550 26 2,260 63 28 20,583 740 36 2,452 120 49 19,278 721 37 2,423 110 45 21,814 900 41 3,014 149 49 20,700 725 35 2,855 56 20 22,236 347 16 7,130 124 17 21,757 293 13 7,131 94 13 23, 186 316 14 7,277 96 13 23, 230 330 14 7,148 106 15 24,342 402 17 8,024 142 18 25,090 418 17 •8,139 155 19 26,647 635 20 8,358 175 21 26,231 610 19 8,034 187 23 14,574 110 8 4,681 66 14 14, 039 91 6 5,026 57 11 14,578 78 5 4,982 64 13 15,000 136 9 4,986 48 10 16,258 126 8 5,068 66 13 16,721 146 9 5,030 73 15 17,046 205 12 4,899 88 18 18,472 184 10 5,460 94 17 251,152 2,634 10 77,714 1,089 14 242,030 2,731 11 80, 192 1,127 14 256,843 2,668 10 79,626 1,143 14 254, 778 2,547 10 81,303 1,053 13 257,432 2,895 11 80,264 1,198 15 258, 143 3,601 14 79,460 1,512 19 261,840 4,135 16 82,456 1,796 22 266,451 4,041 15 83,326 1,660 20 186,650 426 2 99,253 137 1 188, 101 376 2 100,766 94 1 197,758 367 2 100,774 113 1 209,717 368 2 107,005 . 127 1 211,568 601 2 107,291 167 2 223,013 621 3 110,283 215 2 222,564 791 4 108,050 311 3 223,504 900 4 109,999 332 3 50,945 984 54,863 783 63,390 854 65,995 958 66,873 1,030 65,359 1,309 67,226 1,607 68, 126 1,610 23, 150 686 25,057 504 25,546 615 23,646 613 23,335 860 21,701 831 24,828 1,049 23,655 781 29,366 471 28,888 387 30,463 412 30,378 436 32,366 544 33,229 573 35,005 710 34,266 697 19,155 176 19,665 148 19,560 142 19,986 184 21,326 192 21,751 219 21,945 293 23,932 278 328,866 3,723 322,222 3,858 336,469 3,711 336,081 3,600 337,686 4,093 337,603 5,113 344,296 5,931 349,777 5,701 285,903 563 288,867 470 298,532 480 316,722 495 318,850 668 333,296 836 330,614 1,102 333,503 1,232 o Not reported. CHAPXEB IV. — WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN FBANCE. 779 TJUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE ■ PEE 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Continued. FEMAIiB EMPLOYEES— Continued. 18 years ol age and over. Under IS years of age. Total. Industry and year. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Accidents. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Number. Rate per 1,000. of em- ployees. Num- ber. Rate per 1,000. Number. Rate per 1,000. Straw, feather, and hair goods: 1901 4,991 5,894 7,196 8,344 7,357 7,631 7,876 7,650 21,002 21, 161 22,601 23,715 23,001 24,341 24,652 25,305 18, 147 18,286 20, 105 21,327 17,550 17,345 17,861. 18,650 857 672 625 599 653 750 869 716 23, 497 24, 121 25,480 26,077 24,581 24,679 26, 111 26,625 3,396 3,766 4,329 4,244 4,475 4,342 4,594 4,644 420 412 398 497 508 489 614 655 964 1,030 979 1,096 1,009 41 46 69 57 66 68 73 82 208 229 228 281 261 314 333 349 234 202 197 240 290 324 455 384 41 29 22 24 26 32 58 56 702 691 769 773 953 1,216 1,391 1,191 12 20 11 20 23 28 31 30 10 7 11 10 4 11 10 s 5 6 2 2 2 8 8 8 7 8 8 9 11 10 11 10 12 11 13 14 14 13 11 10 11 17 19 25 21 48 43 35 40 40 43 67 78 30 29 30 30 39 49 53 46 4 5 3 ■5 6 6 7 6 24 17 28 20 8 22 16 12 5 6 2 2 2 2,035 2,169 2,377 2,599 2,181 2,599 2,497 2,471 5,840 5,501 5,816 6,631 6,630 6,325 6,563 6,686 5,293 4,943 5,085 6,863 4,748 4,634 4,848 6,112 142 106 82 67 77 88 129 187 6,286 0,569 6,905 8,022 7,131 7,067 7,085 7,913 1,386 1,367 1,493 1,507 1,676 1,688 1,766 1,883 153 156 143 169 174 170 300 290 283 223 192 176 231 22 21 16 23 16 27 41 47 62 95 77 72 83 96 119 138 71 92 68 87 101 126 136 165 15 5 5 5 5 2 7 11 230 306 327 287 345 464 663 608 2 1 12 14 12 24 16 31 4 4 25 9 7 6 11 5 1 3 1 11 10 7 9 7 10 16 19 11 17 13 U 13 15 18 21 13 19 11 15 21 27 28 32 106 47 61 76 65 23 54 59 37 47 47 36 48 64 79 64 1 1 8 9 8 14 9 16 26 26 175 53 40 35 37 17 4 13 5 7,026 8,063 9,573 10,943 9,538 10,230 10,373 10, 121 26,842 26, 062 28,417 30,346 29,531 30,666 31,215 31,990 23,440 23,229 25, 190 27, 190 22,298 21,979 22,709 23,762 999 778 707 666 730 838 998 903 29,783 30,690 32, 385 34,099 31,712 31,746 33, 196 34,538 4,782 5,133 5,822 5,761 6,061 6,030 6,350 6,527 573 568 541 666 682 659 914 945 1.247 1,253 1,171 1.272 1,240 63 67 75 80 72 85 114 129 270 324 305 353 344 410 462 487 305 294 255 327 391 450 591 649 56 34 27 29 31 34 65 67 932 997 1,096 1,060 1,298 1,670 1,954 1,699 14 21 23 .34 35 52 47 61 14 11 36 19 11 17 21 13 6 9 3 2 2 9 1902 8 1903 8 1904 7 1905 8 1906 .-. g 1907 11 1908 13 Hides and leather: 1901 10 1902 12 1903 11 1904 12 1905 12 1906 13 1907 14 1908 . ... 16 Woodworking: 1901 13 1902 13 1903 10 1904 12 1906 18 1906 20 1907 26 1908 23 Metallurgy: 1901 66 44 1903 38 44 1905 42 1906 41 1907 65 95 Metal working, base: 31 1902 32 1903 34 1904 1905 31 41 1906 53 1907 69 1908 . 49 Metal working, precious: 1901 3 1902 i 1903 4 1904 6 1905 6 1906... 9 1907 7 1908 9 Lapidary work: 1901 24 1902 19 1903 67 1904 29 1905 16 1906 26 1907 23 1908 14 Stone cutting and polish- ing: 1901 5 1902 7 1903 3 1904 2 1905 2 780 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PER 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Continued. FEMALE EMPLOYEES— Concluded. Industry and year. Stone cutting and polish- ing — Concluded. 1906 1907 1908 Building and construc- tion: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Eartlien and stone ware: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Total manufacturing in- dustries: 1901 1902 1903..; 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Commerce and banking: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 : 18 years of age and over. Number of em- ployees. Number. 1,005 891 803 92 123 826 484 293 152 92 229 16, 131 15,811 14, 720 16, 724 16,044 16,440 18,143 18, 904 625,887 627,051 664, 866 682, 503 681, 281 691,742 705,010 714,002 (a) W 82,695 89,383 88,206 99,394 104,320 108,949 Accidents, 21 11 29 30 12 5 22 28 237 265 234 278 ^10 378 467 483 6,495 6,138 6,160 6,455 7,461 9,009 10,754 10,285 180 314 329 406 455 513 983 1,181 Rate per 1,000. 35 62 41 33 239 122 15 17 16 17 19 23 26 26 Under 18 years of age. Number of em- ployees. 232 219 219 77 49 67 128 145 35 32 74 6,955 6,766 5,544 6,619 5,816 5,616 6,950 6,366 228,445 230, 636 234,057 244, 193 242,944 246,725 249, 986 254, 455 (") (<■) 17,046 17,203 18,393 21,644 21,317 21, 160 Accidents. Num- ber. 3 1 173 147 140 170 188 209 311 302 2,204 2,196 2,288 2,216 2,620 3,190 3,991 3,846 24 30 21 27 57 54 115 155 Rate per 1,000. 65 81 164 -23 Total. Number of em- ployees. 1,237 1,110 1,022 169 172 893 612 438 187 124 303 22,086 21,577 20,264 22,343 21,860 21,966 24, 093 25,269 864,332 857,687 898,923 926, 696 924,225 938, 467 954,996 968,457 («) (<•) 99,741 106,586 106,599 121,038 125,637 130, 109 Accidents. Number. 13 26 15 40 33 12 5 25 29 410 412 374 448 498 587 778 785 8,334 8,448 8,671 10,081 12, 199 14,745 14,131 204 344 350 433 512 567 1,098 1,337 TOTAI, EMFLOTEES. Food products: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Chemical industries: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Caoutchouc, paper, and pasteboard: 1901 1902 1903 194,225 200,603 261,026 279,498 290,525 295,145 299,414 292,270 89,847 95,919 95,730 102, 175 100,759 102, 670 111,261 110,822 56,681 65,774 57,951 14, 013 12,605 12, 414 12,588 14, .356 16,083 17,958 17,741 9,991 9,521 9,295 10, 181 12,600 15,123 17, 104 16,628 3,658 3,003 2,930 65 45 49 54 60 61 111 99 97 100 125 147 154 150 19,648 17, 437 30,551 32, 194 32,437 37. 470 38,364 38, 182 5,712 6,697 7,089 5,915 5,733 5,526 6,585 6,377 12,187 11,948 12,200 946 774 745 786 920 1,008 1,357 1,492 .373 261 280 285 439 520 673 596 426 438 48 44 24 24 28 27 35 39 65 46 39 48 77 94 102 93 213,873 218,040 291,577 311,092 322,962 332,615 337,778 330,452 95,559 101,616 102,819 108,090 106,492 108,196 117,846 117, 199 68,768 67,722 70,151 14,959 13,379 13,159 13,374 15,276 17,091 19,316 19,233 10,364 9,782 9,575 10,466 13,039 15,643 17,777 17,224 4,084 3,441 3,330 1 Not reported. CHAPTER IV. WOBKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE. 781 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PER 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Continufid. TOTAL EMPL.OYEE,S— Continaed. 18 years o age and )ver. 1 1 Under IS years of age. Total. Industry and year. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Accidents. Number of em- ployees. Accidents. Number. Rate per 1,000. of em- ployees. Num-- ber. Rate per 1,000. Number. Rate per i;ooo. Caoutohouc, paper, and pasteboard— Concluded. 1904 59,244 61,865 62, 945 70,035 70,878 60,746 60,714 60,492 62,018 64,570 67,341 07,754 70,492 453,607 487,704 609, 584 511,592 513,160 519,569 525,117 624,847 265,688 234,046 244,219 258,268 262,707 278,243 278,891 281,917 8,316 10,580 12, 350 14,006 12,700 12,345 12,640 11,982 98,962 100,707 106,914 106,437 108,475 113,726 114,443 117,421 211,890 227,176 246,523 248,986 246,926 256,624 262,831 267,239 81,872 77,962 75,117 74,677 78,404 83,919 96,593 98,576 3rl30 3,890 4,942 6,780 6,477 1,576 1,375 1,253 1,445 1,687 2,002 2,166 2,119 12,131 12,289 11,751 11,676 13,393 16,361 18,583 17,484 1,569 1,469 1,447 1,490 1,905 2,231 2,709 2,720 124 127 183 132 140 181 244 298 3,066 2,900 2,654 2,737 3,224 3,777 4,204 3,915 15,937 15,584 14,292 14,466 16,589 18,588 21,136 20,583 15,945 14,291 13,999 15,700 19,590 23,947 28,177 26,588 53 63 79 83 77 26 23 21 23 26 30 32 30 27 25 23 23 26 31 35 33 6 6 6 6 7 8 10 10 15 12 15 9 11 15 19 25 31 29 25 26 30 .33 37 33 75 69 68 58 67 73 80 77 195 183 186 211 260 285 295 260 12,091 13,335 13,637 13,921 14,117 17,496 17,828 17,933 17,929 18,656 18,845 18,713 20,468 123,117 124, 039 124,794 126,079 123,264 121,876 128.942 130,575 105,951 107,571 108,341 114,476 114,833 118,340 116,397 118,637 2,810 3,014 3,324 3,521 3,094 3,764 3,503 3,388 17,924 17,085 17,740 18,965 18,748 18,970 19, 116 19,409 30,056 35,060 36,711 36,633 36,414 36,659 36,239 36,617 8,706 8,205 7,448 7,368 7,046 7,348 8,862 9,305 478 601 691 797 792 588 613 600 609 768 735 867 924 3,022 2,983 2,867 2,805 3.144 4,058 4,935 4,538 244 226 231 231 292 402 537 534 35 38 36 38 37 69 80 92 428 412 418 3&5 473 618 625 674 1,325 1,328 1,178 1,075 1,373 1,446 1.733 1,655 2,267 1,796 1,751 1,760 2,411 2,729 2,998 3,247 40 46 51 57 56 34 34 34 34 41 39 41 45 25 24 23 22 26 33 38 35 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 12 12 U 11 12 18 23 27 24 24 24 19 25 27 33 36 37 38 32 29 39 41 49 45 260 219 235 240 342 371 338 349 71,335 75,190 76,482 83,966 84,996 78,241 78,542 7«,425 79,947 83,226 86,186 86,467 90,960 576,724 611,743 634,378 637,671 636,414 041,445 664,059 656,422 371,639 341,617 352,560 372,744 377,540 396,583 395,288 400,464 11,125 13,594 15,674 17,527 15,794 16,199 16,143 15,370 116,886 117,792 124, 654 125,402 127,223 132,696 133,568 136,830 247,946 262,236 283,234 285.619 282; 339 291,283 298,070 303,856 90,578 86,167 82,665 81,945 85,450 91,267 104,455 107,881 3,608 4,491 5,633 6,577 6,269 2,104 1,983 1,859 2,054 2,455 2,737 3,033 3,043 16,163 15,272 14,618 14,481 16,537 20,419 23,618 22,022 1,803 1,694 1,678 1,721 2,197 2,633 3,245 3,254 159 163 218 170 177 250 324 390 3,494 3,312 3,072 3,102 3,697 4,295 4,829 4,589 17,262 16,912 16,470 15,640 17,962 20,034 22,869 22,238 18,212" 16,087 15,760 17,466 22,001 26,676 31,175 28,835 61 1906 00 1906 74 1907 78 1908 74 Printing and publisliing: 1901 28 1902 26 1903 24 1904 26 1905 29 1906 32 1907 36 1908 33 Textiles: 1901 26 1902 25 1903 23 1904 23 1905 26 1906 32 1907 36 1908 34 Clothing: 1901 5 1902 5 1903 5 1904 5 1905 6 1906 7 1907 8 1908 8 Straw, feather, and hair goods: 1901 14 1902 . 12 1903 14 1904 10 1906 11 1906 16 1907 20 1908 25 Hides and leather: 1901 , 30 1902 28 1903 26 1904 25 1906 29 1906 . 32 1907 36 1908 34 Woodworlcing: 1901 70 1902 64 1903 1904 54 1905 64 1906 69 1907 77 1908 73 Metallurgy: 1901 201 1902 187 1903 . 191 1904 1905 1906 292 1907 298 1908 267 782 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS REPORTED, AND ACCIDENT RATE PER 1,000, BY SEX, BY INDUSTRIES, AND BY AGE GROUPS, 1901 TO 1908— Concluded. TOTAL EMPLOYEES— Concluded. Industry and year. Metal working, base: ,^ 1901 1902 1903 1904 1903 1906 1907 1908 Metal working, precious: ■ 1901 1902 1903 , 1904 1905 1906 1907 , 1908 Lapidary work: 1901 1902 1903 1904 , 1905 1906 1907 1908 Stone cutting and polish- ing: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Building and construction: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Earthen and stone ware: 1901 1902 1903 :. 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Total manufacturing in- dustries: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Commerce and banking: 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 18 years of age and over. Number of em- 391,161 381,717 386,796 400, 676 412,243 427,254 446, 142 451,312 12, 194 13,325 14,995 15,045 15,862 15,405 16, 854 16,722 1,327 1,325 1,350 1,616 1,598 1,699 1,824 1,877 18,680 19,404 17,832 18,197 18,744 18,860 19,042 19, 303 228, 686 235, 818 240,637 250,004 256,840 259,584 275,932 288,401 123,980 121,894 125,732 125,869 126, 178 128,993 134,209 137, 764 2, 297, 760 2, 324, 668 2,457,148 2,528,108 2,671,536 2, 643, 222 2,731,682 2,761,823 358,756 371,078 389,094 412,942 440,061 439,994 Accidents. Number. 42,664 38,223 36,839 39,608 47,343 68,006 67,682 64,189 159 258 210 220 298 328 430 306 28 24 30 23 20 25 26 30 1,357 962 942 983 1,063 1,162 1,181 1,236 33,255 30,851 28,888 28, 102 32,724 37, 617 42, 462 45,450 7,383 7,394 6,927 7,207 8,244 10,347 11,644 11,310 162, 846 150, 866 144,054 149, 687 177,056 210,720 241,483 235, 104 12,399 12,416 14,663 16,486 18,962 26, 604 27,756 Rate per 1,000. 109 100 95 99 116 136 152 142 13 19 14 15 19 21 27 18 21 18 22 16 13 16 14 16 73 49 53 54 56 62 60 64 145 131 120 112 127 145 154 168 Under 18 years of age. Number of em- ployees 66,956 65,178 64,647 65,942 66,137 65,049 69,073 73, 943 3,544 3,698 3,917 3,986 4,201 4,267 4.583 4; 754 284 284 273 332 337 312 535 622 1,950 1,761 1,559 1,576 1,563 1,700 1,609 1,630 21,355 17,588 16, 396 16,677 15,969 16,861 17,890 17,607 28,221 27,481 26,754 27,368 27,641 26,923 27,665 28,255 471,917 463, 874 479, 577 490,952 488,398 495,447 510,896 523,495 (") (<•) 53,177 54,260 66,564 68. 310 67,877 67,486 Accidents. Num- ber. 6,936 6,421 6,116 6,080 7,463 9,006 11,127 11, 386 57 76 HI 90 69 101 179 142 52 42 27 18 31 64 37 41 1,618 1,122 1,001 928 1,026 1,169 1,443 1,643 1,410 1,451 1.433 i;357 1,695 2,098 2,470 2,389 19,734 17,984 17, 226. 19,922 20,742 24, 620 29,872 30, 153 349 642 619 031 732 873 1,528 1,816 Rate per 1,000. 104 99 95 92 113 138 161 154 Ifi 21 28 23 16 25 39 30 28 21 99 33 30 51 26 15 Total. Number of em- ployees. 458, 117 446,895 451,343 466,618 478,380 492, 303 515,215 525,255 16,738 17,023 18,912 19,031 20,063 19, 672 20,437 21, 476 1,611 1,609 1,623 1,848 1,935 1,911 2,539 2,399 20, 630 21,165 19,391 19, 773 20,297 20,560 21,151 20, 833 250,041 253,406 256,933 266,581 272,809 276,445 293,822 306,008 152,201 149.375 152,486 153,237 153,819 155,916 161,874 166,019 2,769,677 2,788,542 2,9,36,725 3,019,060 3,059,933 3, 138, 669 3,242,478 3,285,318 411,933 425,338 446,648 471,262 497,938 497, 480 Accidents. Number. 44,644 42,955 45,688 54,796 67,012 78,809 75,575 216 334 321 310 367 429 609 478 36 30 67 34 30 41 39 38 1,409 994 969 1,001 1,084 1,216 1,218 1,277 34,873 31,973 29,889 29,030 33,750 38,786 43,905 47,093 8,793 8,845 8,360 8,664 9,939 12,445 14,114 13,699 182,580 168,850 161, 280 169,609 197,798 235,340 271,356 266,257 9,157 12,941 12,935 15,284 17,218 19,835 28,192 29,572 o Not reported. CHAPTER IV. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS, BY INDUSTRIES. 783 Because of the difference in industrial processes in various branches of industry, the respective importance of various factors causing accidents in these different branches is subject to very marked fluctuations. For space considerations it was not thought advisable to present the data of accidents by causes and industrial groups for each year separately. In the following table the total number of accidents occurring during the eight years, 1901 to 1908, has been classified by causes and industry groups. While the three or four important causes which have been referred to above are prominent in most of the industries, nevertheless the fluctuations are marked. Thus, in forestry and agriculture, for instance, accidents caused by animals represent the largest group. In extractive industries accidents due to falling objects, falls, and the handling of heavy objects, are especially prominent, representing 67 per cent of all accidents. In printing and publishing the first place is claimed by accidents due to machinery and implements. The same thing is true of textiles. In such industries as hides and leather, or precious- metal working, where hand work is extensively used, the number of accidents due to hand tools appears unusually large. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS FROM EACH CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, 1901 TO 1908. [Source: Ministfercdu Travailetdc la Pri5voyanoe Sociale. Rapportssurl'Applicationdes Lois ReEiemen- tant le Travail, 1901 to 1908.] Cause of accident. Fisheries. Forestry and agriculture. Extractive in- dustries. Food products. Chemical in- dustries. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 5 8 16 9 1 1 35 101 137 159 28 43 213 12 0.65 1.04 2.08 1.17 .13 .13 4.56 13.15 17.84 20.70 3.05 5.00 27.74 1.56 219 714 2,700 111 62 58 277 1,839 5,426 2,220 5,967 2,759 2,258 502 0.87 2.85 10.75 .44 .25 .23 1.10 7.32 21.61 8.84 23.76 10.99 8.99 2.00 1 9 21 60 1 11 19 696 410 561 234 166 247 47 0.04 .36 .85 2.42 .04 .44 .77 28.03 16.51 22.59 9.42 6.69 9.95 1.89 497 2,001 0,138 1,082 483 584 6,896 13,503 25,576 25,485 13,229 8,421 20,134 1,757 0.40 1.59 4.88 .86 .38 .46 5.48 10.74 20.33 20.26 10.52 6.69 16.01 1.40 252 852 3,832 747 340 459 12,245 15,731 20,933 21,233 6,571 6,706 13, 127 1,822 0.24 .82 Transmission of power. . Machinery and imple- Elevators, cranes, and hoisting apparatus Steam boilers, furnaces, etc .72 33 .44 Incandescent, hot, or corrosive materials and electricity 11.79 Falling' objects 15.15 Falls from ladders, stairs, and scaffolds, or into excavations Handling heavy objects. Driving, accidents caused by animals 20.16 20.45 6.33 5.49 12.64 Not reported 1.75 Total 768 100.00 ! 25.112 100.00 2,483 100.00 125,786 100.00 103,850 100.00 _ Per cent of total acci- dents in each industry. 1 1 .04 \ 1.15 .11 5.78 4.77 784 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS FROM EACH CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES,. 1901 TO 1908— Continued. Cause of accident. Caoutchouc, paper, and pasteboard. Printing and publishing. Textiles. Clothing. Straw, feather, and hair goods. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 126 960 6,912 331 133 29 1,8S8 5,737 6,643 6,065 1,291 2,856 4,156 406 0.34 2.56 18.47 .88 .36 .08 6.04 15.33 17.48 16.20 3.45 7.63 11.10 1.08 106 371 6,639 91 8 14 711 2,384 2,741 2,681 367 1,260 1,877 183 0.55 1.92 33.82 .47 .04 .07 3.68 12.33 14.18 13.87 1.90 6.-52 9.71 .94 417 2,670 44,699 626 257 53 5,544 15,805 23,134 17, 120 2,287 7,487 20,969 947 0.29 1.88 31.48 .44 .18 .04 3.90 11.13 16.29 12.05 1.61 5.27 14.77 .67 75 310 2,826 113 29 25 1,466 1,572 3,703 2,180 926 2,283 2,543 176 0.41 1.70 15.50 .62 .16 .14 8.04 8.62 20.32 11.96 5.08 12.53 13.95 .97 3 26 281 10 3 2 98 128 340 212 63 264 393 28 0.16 Transmission of power.. . Machinery and imple- Tnpnt.ports sur les Operations des Soci6t6s de Secours Mutuels, 1900-1905.] Character of society and year. Members Percent reeeivmg Members Aggregate days lor of par- Partici- medicines. ticipating pating medical sick which sick members members. attendance. benefits receiTing or sick were paid. sick benefits. benefits. 1,454,853 404, 9(S 255,717 5,502,641 17.6 1,525,875 396,743 254,280 5,440,762 16.7 1,689,382 413,304 265,162 5,673,829 15.7 1,770,772 426.430 264,469 5,878,991 14.9 2,037,077 446,392 278,352 7,187,441 13.7 2,541,175 497,759 327,952 7,254,003 12.9 346,932 (,"•) 30,765 608,002 8.9 488,331 (0) 1°) 46,875 947, (B8 10.0 522,089 59,419 1,230,734 11.4 663,047 (a) 60,289 1,306,342 10.7 606,032 65,803 03,158 1,431,636 ia4 668,009 76,899 73,756 1,667,347 11.0 330,759 100,690 74,158 1,497,259 22.4 365,607 91,850 70,220 1,479,045 247 384,187 94,711 75,045 1,453,968 19.5 403,678 97,572 69,582 1,401,362 17.2 419,910 99,550 72,844 1,456,935 17.3 425,626 97,447 77,323 1,552,858 18.2 2,132,544 6 505,502 360,640 7,607,902 16.9 2,359,813 '488.593 371.375 7,866,845 22.7 2,595,658 6 508,015 399,626 8,368,531 15.4 2,737,497 6 524,002 394,340 8,586,635 14.4 3,063,619 611,745 414,364 10,076,012 13.5 3,634,810 672,105 479,031 10,474,208 13.2 Average days of illness per bene- ficiary. Approved adult societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 - Pupils' societies: 1900 1001 1902 1903 1904 1905 Free societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 All societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 o Not reported 21.5 21.4 21.4 22.2 25.8 22.1 19.8 20.2 2a7 21.7 22.7 22.6 20.2 16.1 19.4 20.1 20.0 20.1 21.1 14.7 20.9 21.8 24.3 21.9 ' Not inclading members of pupils' societies. CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE. 81? Of the 3,634,810 participating members of mutual aid societies in 1905, 672,105, or 18.5 per cent, received assistance in some form on account of siclmess. Of this number 479,031 members, or 13.2 per cent, were allowed benefits on account of time lost by reason of sick- ness, the remaining 193,074 being recipients of medical attendance or supplies, or both, without compensation for loss of time, if any. The tendency disclosed by the column showing the percentage of active members of adult societies receiving sick benefits is toward a reduction, while in pupils' societies the reverse is true. The average number of days of illness has somewhat increased during the period. Other Benefits. — Next in frequency to benefits paid on account of sickness are those which follow on the death of members. These include funeral benefits and payments to widows and orphans. Besides these are the payments made to aged members and to the infirm and incurable. Aged members were not treated as a separate class in the reports until the year 1901. The following table shows the number of cases in which benefit payments of the above classes were made during the years 1900 to 1905. The operations of a large society reporting as a free society from 1901 to 1904 only, and making a large number of payments to widows and orphans, are notshown in this table. BENEFICIARIES OF FUNERAL, WIDOWS AND ORPnANS, AND AGED AND INFIRM BENEFIT FEATURES OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES, 1900 TO 1905. [Source: Uinist^re du Travail et de la Prfivoyance Sociale. Rapports sur les Operations des Soci6t& do Secours Mutuels, 1900-1905.] Character of society and year. Societies granting funeral benefits. Number of funeral benefit pay- ments. Societies granting widows and orphans benefits. Widows and or- phans re- ceiving benefit pay- ments. Societies giving aid to aged members . Cases of aid given to aged members. Societies giving aid to infirm and in- curable members . Cases of aid given to infirm and in- curable members. Approved adult so- cieties: 1900. . . . 5,161 5,227 5,463 5,665 5,775 5,791 (.") (<•) C) C) 84 («) 1,258 1,171 1,161 1,128 1,095 («) g 6, 419 (7 6,398 (7 6,624 17 6,793 0,954 C) 17,689 17,420 17,620 18, 052 19,329 20, SCO 94 135 161 125 102 200 4,017 3,447 3,099 3,127 3,058 3,220 22,400 21,008 20, 880 21,304 22,539 23,780 1,381 1,685 1,786 1,947 1,682 1,602 (") 7,077 8,315 9,027 9,520 10,729 !>2,145 1,027 1,091 1,125 1,170 1,183 c8,196 5,555 5,963 6,534 0,044 7,605 m 1,071 1,012 1.213 1,228 1,231 («) 1901 2,541 1902 2,966 1903 3,232 1904 4,420 1905... 3, JC)7 Pupils' societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Free societies: 1000 415 490 478 509 630 1,396 2,175 2,264 2,456 2,112 1,C02 (<■) / 1,897 / 2,228 / 1,920 /2,027 2,126 (") 8,974 10,543 10,947 11,547 12,855 »413 287 254 254 250 (<■) !>668 1,314 1,345 1,379 1,420 1,183 c2,825 1,094 1,451 1,630 1,719 1,463 c 11,021 7,249 7,404 8,164 7,703 9,008 m 230 224 241 222 C) W 1.304 1,230 1,454 1,450 1,231 (') 1901 663 1902 667 1903 756 1904 935 1905 887 All societies: 1900 (.') 1901 3,104 1902 3,033 1903 3,988 1904 5,355 1905 4,454 'Not reported. ^. ,, . » Including societies giving aid to infirm and incurable members. 'Including infirm and incurable members. 'Included in societies giving aid to aged members. • Included in number of aged members aided. ^. ■ ^^. , , ,„„, ^ ,„„, / Not including the beneficiaries of a single large society reportmg m this class from 1901 to 1904 only. »Not Including pupils' societies. 818 P.EPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The relative importance of the various forms of relief adminis- tered by the mutual aid societies appears in part by the number of societies offering them. Thus, as set forth on a previous page, in the year 1905, 7,952 approved societies offered medical attendance, 7,215 furnished medicines, and 6,072 paid sick benefits. Next in order come the relief by way of funeral benefits by 5,791 societies, payments to widows and orphans by 1,602 societies, to aged mem- bers by 1,183 societies, and to the infirm and incurable by 1,231 societies. While the number of societies paying superannuation benefits is smaller than for those giving aid to the infirin and incur- able, the number of aged persons aided ranges from about 45 per cent to 134 per cent more than for the latter class. In the case of free societies the proportion is still greater. Receipts. — The sources of income have been mentioned, i. e., dues of participating members, contributions of honorary members, donations, subsidies, interest on invested funds, and the like. In 1905 the dues of participating members formed 60.3 per cent of the income of approved adult societies, 83.9 per cent of that of pupils' societies, and 53.8 per cent of that of free societies.. The income from invested funds formed 14.3 per cent, 4.1 per cent, and 14.9 per cent, respectively, of the total income of the different classes of societies. Of contributed sums, the payments made to adult socie- ties by honorary members amounted to 7.8 per cent of the total receipts, while subsidies, donations, and legacies constituted 6.5 per cent. Honorary members contributed but 3.5 per cent of the income of pupils' societies, subsidies and gifts forming 4.3 per cent. In free societies these items constituted 4.6 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively, of the total income. The following table shows the receipts of each class of mutual aid society for the years 1900 to 1905: RECEIPTS OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES IN FRANCE FROM 1900 TO 1905. [Source: Ministftre du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sodale. Rapports sur les Operations des Societies de Secours Mutuels, 1900-1905.] Contributions of— Subsidies, donations, and legacies. Interest on Miscellaneous Participating members. Honorary investments. receipts. members. Character of Total society and year. Per Per Per income. par- par- par- ^ Per Per tici- tici- tici- Amount. mem- ber. Amt. mem- ber. Amt. pat- ing mem- ber. Amount. pat- ing mem- ber. Amount. pat- ing mem- ber. Approved adult socie- ties: 1900 $3,945,904 $2.69 $576,458 $2.33 $642,035 $0.37 $823,626 $0.57 $688,876 $0.47 $6,577,498 1901 4,192,637 2.76 554, 259 1.97 464,650 .30 898,839 .69 988,304 .65 7,098,589 1902 4,422,625 2.61 685,071 1.96 622,168 .37 1,118,788 .66 790,723 .47 7,539,375 1903 4,631,964 2.62 638,078 2.04 667,196 .32 1,132,278 .64 854,812 .48 7,824,328 1904 4,887,421 2.40 651,331 1.92 692,671 .29 1,149,945 .56 961, 8o3 .47 8,233,221 1905 5,479,190 2,16 710,769 1.99 688,340 .23 l,30u,846 .51 1,007,363 .40 9,086,508 CHAPTEB IV. — WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN FBANCE. 819 RECEIPTS OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES IN FRANCE FROM 1900 TO 1905-Coneluded. Contributions of— Subsic Character of Participating members. Honorary members. donations, and legacies. Interest on investments. Miscellaneous receipts. society and year. Amount. Per mem- ber. Amt. Per mem- ber. Amt. Per par- tiei- pat- ing mem- ber. Amount. Per par- tici- pat- ing mem- ber. Amount. Per par- tici- Fnl: mem- ber. Total Income. Approved pupils' S - cietles: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Free societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 All societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1295, 100 408,020 464,373 492,015 535,101 607,168 1,018,761 1,093,800 1,065,194 1,071,688 1,099,594 1,085,232 5,259,766 6,694,457 5,962,192 6,195,667 6,522,116 7,171,690 to. 63 .87 .89 .88 .88 .91 3.06 2.99 2.77 2.66 2.62 2.55 2.23 2.41 2.29 2.26 2.14 1.97 $19,909 25,693 26,691 25,997 26,297 25,692 79,357 91,503 90,460 88,282 99,086 93,645 675,724 671,455 702,122 752,367 776,714 830,006 $0.61 .61 .57 -.n .54 2.28 2.67 2.40 2.44 2.73 2.62 2.62 1.87 1.84 2.00 1.83 1.84 $12,038 26,342 32,245 39,606 48,299 31,220 226,241 173,263 118,592 297, 682 281,721 302,347 780,914 663,155 773,005 904,484 922,691 921,907 $0.03 .06 .06 .07 .08 .05 .68 .48 .31 .74 .67 .71 .33 .28 .30 .28 .30 .25 $3,682 6,727 12,831 19,673 22, 380 29,713 298,381 306,987 303,294 295,239 293,149 300,607 1,125,689 1,212,553 1,434,913 1,447,190 1,466,474 1,631,166 SO. 01 .01 .03 .03 .04 .04 .90 .84 .79 .73 .70 .71 .48 .61 .65 .72 .48 .46 $11,608 16, 163 24,728 25,378 34,321 30,207 190,474 295,428 349,867 389,798 406,925 235,422 890,957 1,299,895 1,165,318 1,269,988 1,393,099 1,272,992 $0.03 .03 .05 .04 .06 .04 .58 .81 .91 .97 .97 .40 .38 .55 .45 .46 .46 .34 $342,337 481,945 500,768 602,669 666,398 723,900 1,813,214 1,960,981 1,927,407 2,142,689 2,180,475 2,017,263 8,733,049 9,541,515 10,027,660 10,569,686 11,080,094 11,827,661 Of tfie total income of $11,827,661 for all mutual aid societies in 1905, 76.8 per cent belonged to adult approved societies, 6.1 per cent to pupils' societies, and 17.1 per cent to free societies. The per capita contributions of the participating members of free societies averaged $2.78 per annum as against $2.54 in approved adult societies. The average annual contributions of honorary members were likewise greater in free societies, being $2.52 as against $2.02, the average annual per capita contribution of the honorary members of approved adult societies. In the case of pupils' societies, the per capita con- tributions are naturally considerably smaller, having been 84.3 cents per annum for participating members and 54.8 cents per annum for honorary members during the six years covered by the table. Expenditures. — The total outgo from the funds collected by mutual aid societies amounted in 1905 to $9,170,772, of which amount approved adult societies expended 77.8 per cent, pupils' societies 6.7 per cent, and free societies 15.5 per cent. The expenses of management formed but 5.2 per cent of the total expenditure, being highest in the case of free societies, where they formed 5.6 per cent of the expenses, and least in children's societies, where they were but 4.1 per cent. Approved adult societies paid 5.2 per cent of their total outgo for management. 82^ EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOBTEB OF LABOK. Ih the ease of approved societies, considerable sums are entered each year as expenditures which are not so in the sense of being paid out finally and for immediate use. Thus, adult societies in 1905 made deposits for retirement to an amount of $898,424, which was 12.6 per cent of the total expenditures, while pupils' societies depos- ited f404,993, which was 65.4 per cent of the total expenditures. For adult societies, the principal objects of expenditure are, as already stated, the alleviation of the conditions resulting from the sickness of their members, though considerable sums are also paid out for the other benefits provided. The following table shows the amount paid out for each principal object of mutual-aid societies, separately by classes of societies and totals for all classes, for the years 1900 to 1905. It must be stated that the totals given for each year represent the sums of the items for the year in but a few instances, the various sums being reproduced as found in the official report used as the source for the table. EXPENDITUEE3 OF MUTUAL-AID SOCIETIE,S IN FRANCE, 1900 TO 1905. [Soureet Mmfstfere da Travafl ot dB la Pr^voyance S'oeiafe. Rapporfe sur leS" Operations des' Soci^^s de Seoaur Mutuels, 1900-1905.1 ©xpemditures on aeeoipiat of SECkness- Funeral expenses. Aid to widows and oi-phans. Aid to infiain and incur- at)les. Cbaiacter of societies and year. Physi- cians' lees. Medicines. Siek bene- fits. Total. ApproTed adult societies: 1900 190-1 .8706,473 687,623 721,348 786,702 784.381 852,073 360 580 86S 1,291 1,664 1,751 123,713 123,133 122,224 118,785 115,806 117,229 830,536 8U,336 844,437 904,778 901,851 971,053 S8S7,4S3 865,076 .905,806 929,906 919,677 1,042,676 261 513 1,016 1,615 1,750 1,681 158,080 147,694 151,217 149,965 162,944 150,191 1,045,804 1,003,283 1,068,039 1,081,487 1,074,371 1,194,348. $1,461,932 1,391,841 1,464,118 1,483,109 1,576,^6 1,798,028 54,810 80,238 129,501 117,677 127,300 i 147,724 454,276 430,215 . 426,667 405,499 424,078 446,364 1,971,018 1,808,294 ' 2,020,186 2,006,285 2,128,004 2,392,116 33,055,868 2,934,540 3,091,272 3,199,717 3,280,684 3,692,577 55,421 87,331 131,382 120,683. 130,714 151,056 735,069 701,042 700,008 672,250 692,828 713,784 3,847,358 3,722,913. 3,922,662 3,993,550 4,104,226 ; 4,65.7,517 5226,346 225,053 229,616 234,344 241„179 292,718 386 497 CSl 688. 048 691 50,330 46,104 41,424 41,685 42,922 42,957 277,062 271,664 271,721 276,717 284,749 ' 336,366 S.141,713 149,874 164,168 180,195 ; 180,342 211,839 S26>692. 29,466 1902 ! S7,80ft 44,032 1903 19« 40,366 1905 . . 39,618 Approved pupils' aojjietiesi 1900 1901 1902 1903 ... 1904 1905 Free societies: 1900 37,657 164,591 209,707 242,497 307,645. 94,695 179,370 314,466 373,865 422,692 4S7,987 306,534 8,879 1901 . 10,998 8,414 6, 434 1902 1903 . . 1904 11,764 8, 698 1905 All societies: J900 35,571 4a, 463 ' 45,223 SO,466i 1901 1902 1903.-. - 1904 62,130 1906 48,216 OHAPTEK IV. — WOEKMElir's INSXJBAKCE IIT FKANCE. 821 EXPENDITURES OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES IN FRANCE, 1900 TO 1905-CoiicIuded. Character of societies and year. Aid to aged. Pensions. Deposits for retirement funds. Manage- ment. Miscella- neous. Total. («) Aoccoved adult societies: 1900 $83,618 87,768 64,849 71,802 79,429 82, 178 $577,075 634,042 756,679 782,585 974,484 916,716 $653,688 742,283 737,862 822,248 840,204 898,424 121,458 208,020 275,685 330, 132 373,514 404,993 $274,247 291,317 287,322 319,721 332,754 371,999 12,278 16,815 19,211 21,328 25,141 25,424 62,462 93,130 96,895 100,220 108,988 79,117 348,987 401,262 403,428 441,269 466,883 476,540 $361,073 399, 920 413,607 492, 899 661,513 687,871 12,239 14,199 15,000 17,537 21,016 36,620 201,881 197,353 207,200 227,404 212,243 201,120 575,193 611,472 635,807 737,940 794,772 825, 611 $5,419,590 6,517,343 5,783,164 6,147,541 6,365,927 7,130,155 201,783 ■326,861 422,0,60 490,267 651,033 618, 783 1,392.035 1,623,978 1,535,523 1,620,966 1,650,306 1,421,834 7,013.408 7,368,182 7,741,347 8,258,774 8,567,266 9,170,772 1901 1902 1903 . 1904 1905 Approved pupils' societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 Free societies: 1900 31,485 27,548 27,312 25,929 27,592 28,296 115,103 115,316 92,161 97,731 107,021 110, 474 260,808 277,713 244,563 226, 382 246,325 253, 165 837,943 911,755 1,001,242 1,008,967 1,220,809 1,169,881 1901 1902 1903 1905 All societies: 1900 775,146 950,304 1,013,537 1,152,380 1,213,718 1,303,417 1902 1904 1905 o These totals are not the correct sums of the Items. The figures are given as shown in the original reports. A steady increase in the total expenditures of all societies is observable, and the same may be said generally of the various items. Very considerable fluctuations from year to year are shown in cer- tain forms of relief, notably in the payments to widows and orphans by free societies. Thus, in 1900 they paid out but $37,657 for thi^ purpose, while in 1901 this payment rose to $164,591. This increase is to be explained by the fact that a large society first deposited its constitution and by-laws with the authorities in 1901, thus bringing itself within the class of societies reporting. This society alone paid benefits of this sort in 1901 to an amount of 610,369 francs ($117,801), or almost three-fourths of the amount paid out for this purpose by all free societies. Again, in 1905 a large reduction in the same class of payments is evident; this was caused by the action of the same society in submitting its constitution and by-laws for approval and passing from the class of free to that of approved societies. Its benefits paid to widows and orphans in 1904 amounted to 1,189,662 francs ($229,605), the withdrawal of which accounts for the decrease noted. It would appear that in its new status this society must have varied somewhat the distribution of its benefit payments, as the item "aid to widows and orphans" is not correspondingly increased for approved adult societies in 1905. Rates of Benefit Payments. — In the table next presented are shown the average payments of sick relief per beneficiary and per 822 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. day of sickness compensated, the average funeral benefit, the average payments to widows and orphans, to aged members, and to the infirm and incurable : AVERAGE AMOUNT OF BENEFITS PAID BY MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES, 190O TO 190S. (Source: Minist^re du Travail et de la Prfivoyanoe Sociale. Rapports sur les Op&ations des Soci4t& de Seoom'S Mutuels, 1900-1905.] Sick benefits. Funeral benefits. Payments to— Character of society and year. Per bene- ficiary. Per bene- ficiary per day. Widows and or- phans. Aged members. Infirm and in- curable members. Approved adult societies: 1900 S5.72 5.47 5.52 5.61 5.66 5.48 1.78 1.84 2.18 1.95 2.02 2.00 6.13 6.13 5.68 5.83 5.82 5.77 6.47 5.14 5.06 5.09 5.14 4.99 SO. 27 .26 .26 .25 .22 .25 .09 .09 .11 .09 .09 .09 .30 .29 .29 .29 .29 .29 .26 .24 .24 .23 .21 .23 S12. 80 12.91 13.03 12.98 12.48 14.38 4.11 3. 68 4.23 5.50 4.26 3.46 10.90 13.38 13.37 13.33 14.04 13.34 12.37 12.93 13.01 12.99 12.63 14.14 (") J21.18 19.74 19.96 18.94 19.74 6 $13. 46 15.80 10.89 10.99 13.14 10.81 $11. 60 1901 1902 12 75 1903 13.62 1904 9 13 1905.. 11 08 Pupils' societies: 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Free societies: 1900 (a) d2i.67 <«22.44 ers. bers. bers. ship. son. son. 1896... 103,981 67.22 1,543,874 14.85 9.98 1,468,048 14.12 9.49 184 1.19 1,208 7.81 1,392 9.00 1897... 113,721 71.63 1,631,221 14.34 10.27 1,547,770 13.61 9.75 189 1.19 1,176 7.41 1,365 8.60 1898... 122,049 74.22 1,749,220 14.33 10.64 1,646,380 13.49 10.01 187 1.14 1,339 8.14 1,526 9.28 1899... 128,692 75.34 1,817,927 14.14 10.65 1,705,837 13.27 9.99 219 1.28 1,462 8,67 1,681 9.85 1900... 141,090 78.88 2,042,776 14.48 11.42 1,925,307 13.65 10.76 221 1.24 1,558 8.71 1,779 9.95 1901... 120,107 64.65 2,059,614 17.15 11.09 1,936,606 16.12 10.42 1S8 1.01 1,576 8.48 1,764 9.49 1902... 118,082 63.23 2,147,590 18.19 11.50 2,028,827 17.16 10.85 188 1.01 1,470 7.87 1,668 8.88 1903... 123,067 65.12 2,035,627 16.54 10.77 1,915,479 16.66 10.14 193 1.02 1,481 7.84 1,674 8.86 1904... 128,722 66.51 2,188,652 17.00 11.31 2,056,832 15.98 10.63 207 1.07 1,574 8.13 1,781 9.20 1905... 139, 524 70.56 2,378,459 17.05 12.03 2,219,180 15.91 11.22 210 1.06 1,690 8.04 1,800 9.10 1906... 147,605 72.15 2,292,889 15.53 11.20 2,161,525 14.64 10.67 1,302 6.36 1,611 7.88 2,913 14.24 1907... 181,301 87.00 2,633,931 14.53 12.64 2, 520, 563 13.90 12.10 221 1.06 1,686 8.09 1,907 9.15 In the preceding table the number of cases of sickness in the year 1907 was equal to 87 per cent of the total membership, this being the highest proportion ever reached during the period given in the table. Similarly the average number of days of sickness per member of the fund was also highest in the year 1907, being 12.64 days per member. The cases of death include those due to accident as well as those due to all other causes; the number of deaths per thousand members in 1907 was approximately the same as that for the years 1904 and 1905, but owing to a serious accident in the year 1906 the last-named year had an unusually high death rate from this cause. The following table shows in detail the number of cases of sickness and the number of days of sickness with the data classified by males below ground, males above ground, and females : OHAPTEB IV. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN PRANCE. 829 CASES OF SICKNESS OF MALE UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WORKERS AND OF FEMALE EMPLOYEES IN MINES WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE MINERS' RELIEF FUNDS IN FRANCE, 1896 TO 1907. [Source: StaUstlque de I'lndustrle Minerals et des Appareils i Vapeur, 1896-1907. The returns reported in detail lor the years 1896 to 1899, inclusive, and for 1903, are incomplete, and hence do not agree with the figures in the preceding tables.] Year. Membership. Number of sick persons reported. Males Males Males Males below above Females. below above Females. ground. ground. ground. ground. 1896 . 63,916 26, 598 4,205 45, 579 11,018 14,158 3,047 1897 75,628 31,230 6,006 58,087 3,453 1898 85,832 35,113 5,796 64,645 18, 695 3,955 1899 97,929 37, 385 5,952 74, 314 18,631 4,276 6,865 1900 125, 432 46,604 6,840 105,701 29,624 1901 129,842 48,976 6,976 91,560 24,365 4,192 1902 130, 388 49, 540 6,813 90,709 23, 668 3,815 1903 132,382 49,681 6,909 95,064 20,466 4,121 1904 136,189 139, 457 50,379 51,340 6,980 6,936 99, 628 108,073 24,724 26,772 4,370 1905 4,679 1908 145,744 51,971 6,865 118,601 28,334 4,670 1907 . . 147,692 53,287 7,410 141,931 33,223 6,147 Days of sickness. Males below ground. Males above ground. Females. Year. Average Average Average Average Average Average Days. per mem- per sick Days. per mem- per sick Days. per mem- per sick ber. person. ber. person. ber. person. 1896 630,607 9.87 13.84 201,588 7.58 18.30 52, 647 12.52 17.28 1897 796,810 10.55 13.72 257, 193 8.24 18.17 60,292 12.04 17.46 1898 952,321 11.10 14.73 303,436 8.64 16.23 74,887 12.92 18.93 1899 1,115,069 11.39 15.00 312, 288 8.35 16.85 83,148 13.97 19.45 1900 1,494,180 11.91 14.14 441, 116 9.47 14.94 107,480 15.71 18.33 1901 1,532,766 11.80 16.74 434,033 8.86 17.81 92,809 13.30 22.14 1902 1,604,428 12.31 17.69 451,688 9.12 19.17 91,474 13.43 23.98 1903 1,514,382 11.44 15.93 436,599 8.79 21.33 84, 646 12.25 20.64 1904 1,615,842 11.86 16.22 476,863 9.46 19.29 95,947 13.74 21.95 1905 1,753,913 12.58 16.23 524,094 10.21 19.68 100, 452 14.48 21.47 1906 1,713,271 11.75 14.44 497,469 9.57 17.55 82,146 12.00 17.68 1907 1,970,432 13.34 13.88 553,281 10.38 16.65 110,218 14.87 17.93 The following table shows the financial condition of the miners' funds: RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES, AMOUNT OF RESERVE, NUMBER OF MINERS' RELIEF FUNDS HAVING NEITHER ASSETS NOR LIABILITIES, AND NUMBER HAVING A DEFICIT AT THE CLOSE OF E.\CH YEAR, IN FRANCE, 1896 TO 1907. [Source : Statistiqu e de I'lndustrle Minfirale et des Appareils h. Vapeur, 1896-1907.) Receipts. Expendi- tures. Excess of receipts over ex- penditures. Amount of reserve at the close of year. (<■) Funds having neither assets nor liabiUties. Funds having a deficit. Year. Num- ber. Mem- bers. Num- ber. Mem- bers. Amount of deficit. 1896. . . 1897. . . 1898. . . 1899. . . 1900... 1901... 1902... 1903. . . 1904. . . 1905. . . 1906... 1907. . . $941,148 993,338 1,053,068 1,122,627 1,238,678 1,289,451 1,219,215 1,353,853 1,343,601 1,397,848 1,413,364 1,630,421 $839,558 902,715 979,932 1,046,163 1,161,051 1,240,792 1,288,437 1,245,798 1,329,233 1,407,050 1,414,664 1,639,248 $101,590 90,623 73,136 76,464 77,627 48,659 6 69,222 108,055 14,428 9,203 1,300 8,827 $256,957 ,'?39,142 401,383 457,104 569,022 581,119 411,675 572,781 583,686 574,484 573, 184 567,227 4 942 2 2 4 1 2 5 4 . 2 1 3 3 4 172 6,504 6,151 1,888 1,377 5,488 2,590 2,610 1,773 3,956 3,094 3,238 $48 1,301 1,047 685 347 2 2,085 4,552 828 378 1 158 347 1,474 1,105 2,872 o The amount of the reserve at the close of any vear does not equal the excess of receipts over expenditures for that year plus the reserve on hand at the close of the preceding year. No explanation is given, t Deficit. 830 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. As shown by the preceding table, a small number of funds have had a deficit in each year contained in the table ; the average amounts of these deficits, however, are not large in view of the number of members of the respective funds. The sources of the receipts mentioned in the preceding table are as follows: RECEIPTS OP MINERS' RELIEF FUNDS IN FRANCE, 1896 TO 1907. [Source: Statistique de I'lndustrie Minfirale et des Appareils k Vapeur, 1896-1907.] Year. Contribu- tions of workmen. Contribu- tions of employ- ers. Contribu- tions of the State. Fines for infractions of society rules. Fines for infractions of mine rules. Interest on funds. Other re- ceipts, In- cludmg donations. Total. 1896 «569,496 598,371 626,643 666,429 727,742 767 892 722,285 807,158 797,360 830,726 852,635 973,079 1285,376 299,667 314,364 335,802 372,380 387,559 361,816 404,261 400,603 416,649 427,546 486,553 $134 316 159 211 346 426 493 1,585 359 178 1,515 2,963 J58,064 60,049 63,644 67,565 71,695 86,064 80,580 87,145 91,537 93,614 73,772 92,751 84,047 5,488 7,268 12,828 13,921 17,330 17,631 20,473 20,838 21,864 20,854 18,696 $24,041 29,370 40,419 39,515 52,415 29,712 35,795 32,793 32,485 34,349 36,180 55,614 $941,148 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 m 571 277 179 468 615 438 479 668 862 765 993,338 1,053,068 1,122,627 1,238,678 1,289,451 1,219,215 1,353,853 1,343,661 1,397,848 1,413,364 1,630,421 According to the preceding table the principal sources of income are the contributions of the workmen and the contributions of the employers. In the earlier years the contributions of the employers have frequently been somewhat in excess of the 60 per cent required by the law, but in the year 1907 this proportion is maintained. In the following table the various items of the expenditures given above are shown in detail for the period 1896 to 1907: EXPENDITURES OF MINERS' RELIEF FUNDS IN FRANCE, 1896 TO 1907. [Source: Statistique de I'lndustrie Min^rale et des Appareils k Vapeur, 1896-1907.] Medical Treatment Statutory Funeral expenses. Payment into Na- tional Fund for Old-Age Supple- mentary Relief to Year. attend- ance. Medicine. at hospi- tals. sick benefit. relief to sick mem- bers. infirm members. Pensions. 1896 $106,444 $233,763 $5,387 $376,511 $15,566 $9,626 $18,485 $7,461 1897 114,064 251,115 6,886 394,876. 15,468 12,940 20,133 10,886 1898 117,630 280,797 8,656 422, 655 17,817 12, 752 21,647 11,358 1899 124,885 310,018 8,403 441,243 20,107 14,906 24,163 13,364 1900 131,184 339,407 10,635 497,892 20,606 16,183 25,631 13,165 1901 141,510 375, 630 11,815 624,099 21,834 17,100 31,171 11,580 1902 148,172 374,783 13,633 560,656 20,885 19,783 27,621 12,333 1903 150, 858 360,748 14,135 517,467 21,381 18,568 27,280. 13,436 1904 156,434 383,375 16,608 558,390 22, 573 19,380 30,568 13,373 1905 164, 362 395,172 17,332 601,137 22,812 21,525 30,389 10,664 1906 173, 449 417, 322 20,144 571,843 24, 249 20,516 33,642 12, 264 1907 183,464 4?7,207 23,842 680,828 25,598 25,697 53,946 10,558 CHAPTEK IV. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN FEANCE. 831 EXPENDITURES OF MINERS' RELIEF FUNDS IN FRANCE, 1896 TO 1907-Concluded. Year. Relief to families of deceased members. Relief to families of members on military duty. Various indemnities to members and their families. Expenses of adminis- tration, in- cluding legal sala- ries. Per diem of members of the council of adminis- tration. Compensa- tion of tbe ofBce force and of visitors to the sick. Total. 1896 $10,748 16,331 22,344 25,624 29,000 30,929 33,800 38,519 43,361 49,605 51,742 56,365 $20,365 20,043 23,733 20,544 32,528 24,086 24,602 32,905 26,760 33,709 27,583 35,026 $9,152 11,561 13,802 15,669 18,312 16,301 17,601 16,711 18,090 21,759 21,842 23,497 $16,589 17,904 15,517 16,650 14,631 21,167 22,046 20,376 27,061 23,089 24,548 28,613 $3,876 4,157 4,276 4,365 4,388 8,001 4,711 6,035 4,507 5,019 4,661 4,780 $5,686 6,351 6,948 7,352 7,689 8,669 7,912 9,389 9,783 10,476 10,969 9,927 $839,568 902,715 979,932 1,046,163 1,161,051 1,240,792 1,288,438 1,245,798 1,329,233 1,407,050 1,414,664 1,639,248 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 . 1907 The item of statutory sick benefit is of course the highest of any of the items given in the preceding table. In 1896 this item was $376,511 and in 1907 had grown to $680,828. OLD-AGE INSURANCE. INTRODUCTION. The history of the problem of old-age insurance for workmen and people in similar economic conditions in France may be traced back to the eighteenth century. But disregarding the early discussions and efforts which did not lead to positive results, the organization of a national retirement fund in 1851 marks the first important step toward providing old-age pensions. By the recent act of April, 1910, a compulsory national system of old-age insurance for nearly all wage-workers was established, which is not yet in force but will begin its operations in the near future. The 60 years intervening between these two acts represent a period of continuous growth both in appre- ciation of the necessity of such a broad national system and of prac- tical efforts to realize it in various branches of the industrial world. Especially were these efforts numerous and strong during the last 15 or 16 years. In the beginning of this period, from the fifties up to the middle of the nineties, two methods were mainly relied upon to realize such a system of old-age pensions : First, the regulation and encouragement of volimtary organizations aiming to grant old-age pensions, and second, the establishment of state institutions to provide individuals with a safe place for the accumulation of their savings to be converted into old-age pensions. As stated before, the National Old-age Retirement Fund was organized in 1851. In 1852 approved mutual benefit societies were permitted to grant old-age pensions under cer- tain restrictions. The organization of the National Retirement Fimd was considerably modified in 1886 for the purpose of attracting per- 832 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. sons of small means as depositors. In 1895 a law for the regulation of private establishment fmids for granting old-age pensions was adopted with the hope of making these funds an important method of stimulating old-age pensions. In the same year the act was passed providing for government subsidies to persons voluntarily insured against old age in the National Retirement Fimd. But notwithstanding all these numerous measures of regulation and subsidies, the results did not prove very satisfactory, as the nmn- ber of persons who availed themselves of these provisions remained very small. Disregarding the provisions for old-age pensions of gov- ernment employees, which dated back to 1853, the organization of the National Seamen's Fund in 1881 was the first important applica- tion of the compulsory principle which was made during the period of general dependence upon the voluntary method, and which owes its organization to the exceptional risks of the seamen's occupation. In 1894 a law was passed regulating the miners' fund and introducing a compulsory old-age insurance for miners through these funds. In 1898 a new law was passed for the regulation of the mutual benefit societies, increasing the government subsidies for their old-age pen- sion activity. In 1905 the law for so-called compulsory relief of aged, infirm, and incurables was passed, which in its essence repre- sents a system of noncontributory old-age and invalidity pensions similar to the British system. In 1903 a new law was passed con- cerning state subsidies to pensions of miners, and in 1908 a reorgani- zation of the National Seamen's Fund was effected which very mate- rially increased its old-age pension, and in 1909 a law establishing compulsory pensions for railroad employees was adopted. All through these years, when these many acts were passed one after another, either providing for compulsory insurance or granting government subsidies, the discussion of proposals for a comprehen- sive old-age insurance system continued in the National Assembly and the act finally adopted in April, 1910, represents the effect of 20 years of continuous discussion in the National Assembly and is the result of a comparison of 50 years' experience both with the volim- tary and compulsory methods of old-age insurance. In the following pages the various institutions for old-age pensions are studied in their historical and logical- sequence : First, the organi- zations for voluntary insm-ance; second, the organizations for com- pulsory insiu-ance'; and finally, the new law of 1910, together with its precursor, the act of 1905.(°) " The text of the French laws of 1905 and 1910 on old-age and invalidity insurance relief are published in Bulletin 90 of this Bureau. CHAPTER IV. WOBKMEn's INSTJBANCB IN FRiNCE. 833 VOLTTNTAEY OLD-AGE INSXTRANCE. NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND. History. — The idea of creating a retirement fund for workmen under state guarantee was first taken up at the meeting of the first republican assembly. On March 6, 1794, the convention passed a decree creating a system of investments and insurance against old age and sickness. This plan, however, was soon after abandoned by the directory. In 1844 a private commission of prominent persons prepared a plan for a retirement institution under state guarantee. The questions that came before the commission were: (1) Shall the State inter- vene in any way in the creation of retirement pensions? (2) Shall there be one single fund or several funds independent one of another ? (3) Shall the payments be obligatory or optional ? The commission favored the plan of a single fund, and voluntary payments. State intervention was deemed necessary because it was important to give to the proposed retirement fund such stability as to reassure persons who might otherwise fear to hazard their savings by investing them for a return at such a distant date as would be the case with retirement insurance. The objections advanced against such a fund were that it would encourage selfishness by permitting the depositor to alienate his sav- ings for the purpose of securing his own ease and comfort in old age and thereby disinherit his family. Furthermore, it was claimed that it would be impossible to calculate absolutely in advance the rates of charges that would be required to provide certain pensions and, in consequence, the treasury would either profit from the scant savings of the working people or would involve itself in losses the extent of which could not be estimated. It was also questioned by many whether, in view of the low earnings, French workmen could contrib- ute toward such a fund. The arguments for and against this retirement plan were discussed by various important bodies and in 1847 the Government announced to the French National Assembly that the conclusions of the commis- sion of 1844 would be formulated into a proposed law. The next year the Revolution took place and the matter could not be taken up. The new National Assembly was scarcely convened before numer- ous projects for the organization of national retirement funds were submitted. The National Assembly was disbanded, however, with- out any definite action being taken. When the new legislature met the members at once took up the matter and on June 18, 1850, passed a law instituting "the old-age retirement fund" (La Caisse des Retraite pour la Vieillesse). This fund, which began its operations on March 11, 1851, was to offer an 834 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSI ONEK OP LABOR. opportunity to all working people to save some of their earnings from time to time, and enjoy the full benefit of the principal and interest in the form of old-age pensions. The capital of the fund consisted of voluntary deposits of 5 francs (96.5 cents) or multiples thereof, made by persons over 3 years of age and continued until death or re- tirement. The amount and the frequency of these deposits, within certain limits, were left entirely to the option of the depositor. The age of retirement was fixed at from 50 to 60 years, according to the desire of the depositor, earlier retirement being permitted in cases of disability. The depositor was given the choice of two kinds of insurance, one. whereby the insured simply received an annuity when he reached the age of retirement but had no other claim upon the amount depos- ited; the other whereby the insured not only received the annuity but his heirs, in case of death, received the amount actually deposited without interest, thus combining, in a measure, old-age with life insurance. As this fund was open to all, it attracted a large proportion of per- sons who were not of the working class. There was no limit placed upon the amount of deposits that could be made in any one year, the interest rate upon which the pensions were calculated was 5 per cent, and the maximum pension for which deposits could be made was 600 francs ($115.80). This furnished an excellent opportunity for small capitalists to make good, profitable investments, and the fund, dur- ing the first two years of its existence, was flooded with deposits, mostly of this character. Thus remedial measures had to be taken almost from the beginning of its operation. On May 28, 1853, a law was passed reducing the rate to 4J per cent, and not permitting deposits of over 2,000 francs ($386) within one year to the credit of any one individual depositor. The law went into effect on June 15, 1853, and had its immediate results. Further changes were made in the system by the law of July 7, 1856, which was passed upon recommendation of the superior council. Whatever the intentions of the Government were at the time the fund was established, its character continued to change rapidly. The act of January 12, 1861, increased the maximum amount of annual deposits to any one account from 2,000 francs (1386) to 3,000 francs ($579), and the maximum of a purchasable pension from 750 francs ($144.75) to 1,000 francs ($193). By a subsequent act of May 4, 1864, these amounts were further increased to 4,000 francs ($772) for annual deposits and 1,500 francs ($289.50) for pensions. The fluctuations in the volume of the operations of the fund were more in harmony, however, with the general rate of interest in the country than with the specific provisions of the law governing the CHAPTER IV. WOKKMEn's INSTJEANCE IN FEANCE. 835 limits of deposits. The table on page 836 shows the changes which were made in the interest rate up to 1893. To introduce more order in the finance of the fund and to prevent further deficits, the act of January 30, 1884, introduced an impor- tant change in the organization of the fund. Prior to 1884 the de- posits of persons whose time for the pension payments had arrived were transferred from the retirement fund to the Caisse des Dep6ts et Consignations (an office of the Government charged with the duty of managing all the government funds), and the former insti- tution severed all connection with such depositors. The Caisse des D#p6ts et Consignations assumed the responsibility for making the pension payments, which were paid through the office of the state treasurer. The law of 1884 placed upon the retirement fund not only the duty of the collection of the funds but also of the payment of pensions. To cover the deficit of the preceding period and to enable the fund to meet the further cost of the current pensions, the act authorized the secretary of the treasury to open a credit to the fund on the books of the national debt amounting to 294,769,205 francs ($56,890,457) and leaving an initial revenue of 11,032,125 francs ($2,129,200), which account was automatically reduced by gradual amortization. The whole situation, however, called for a general reorganization of the retirement fund. While the operations of the fund were con- siderable, they appealed mainly to the government employees, rail- way employees, and small property owners. It was felt that the original organization was largely responsible for the failure of the fund to appeal to wage-earners, that neither the minimum deposit of 5 francs (96.5 cents) nor the maximum of 4,000 francs ($772) was in harmony with their interests. These conditions were changed and the new organizations affected by the law of July 20, 1886, which followed several years of agitation in the National Assembly. In the law of July 20, 1886, the minimum deposit was reduced to 1 franc (19.3 cents), and saving cards were introduced which made very small deposits possible by means of postal stamps. The maxi- mum amount to be deposited in one year was reduced from 4,000 francs ($772) to 1,000 francs ($193). The maximum pension was also reduced to 1,200 francs ($231.60). Financially, the provision of the law was most important which abolished the legal rate of in- terest to be used in the computation of pensions and delegated the authority to determine such rate annually to the President of the Republic, after consultation with the minister of finance and the superior commission. Accordingly the rate, by decree of December 20, 1886, was reduced to 4 per cent and at a later date this rate was further reduced to 3J per cent. 83« EBPOBT OF THE COMMlSSiaNEB OE LABOE. The various, changes ia the main provisions of the retirement fund are brought together in the following table for purposes of comparison: PRINCIPAL MODIFICATIONS IN THE LAWS CONCEENING THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIEEMENT FUND, 1850-1893. [Conxsiiled: bom Elene Librez, La Caisse Nationale des Retiraites pour la Vieillesse.J Date of law. Provisions of law amended. Mini- mum de- posit. Maxi- mum an- nual de- posit. Mini- mum pension. Mari- mum pension. Ageot ningof pension pay- ments (years). Interest rate for determin- ing pen- sions (POT cent). June 18, ISSO... May 28, 1852... JuJ^7, 1856 3\meI2, 1861... May 4, 1864 July 27, 1870. . . Deo. 20, 1872... Deo. 29, 1882. . . Jiily20, 1886... Deo. 20, 1886 (o) Dec. 23, 1891 (o) Jury 26, 1893... $0.97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .97 .19 .19 .19 .19 S386.00 386; 00 579. 00 772,00 772:00 772.00 772.00 19S.00 193. 00 193.00 96.50 1115.80 115. 80 144.75 193. 00 289.50 289.50 289.50 289. 50 231.60 231. 60 K1.60 231.60 50 to. 60 50 to 00 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 65 50 to 63 5 4i 4i 4i 44 4i 5 4i t* Si " Decree. A radical change in the general attitude of the Government toward old-age pensions was introduced bj the act of December 31, 1895, which provided for various government subsidies. It evidently amounted to recognition of the fact that voluntary old-age insurance did not meet all the requirements of the wage-workers and that a stronger stimulus toward old-age provision was necessary. Such a stimulus was found in direct government subsidies to old-age pensions. The act of 1886, in article 11, also provided for subsidies in case of pensions liquidated before the age of 50 because of grave injuries or infirmities leading to invalidity. But for 4 years this provision re- mained a dead letter, since no appropriations for that purpose were made until 1891, and even after that these appropriations were exceedingly small. Thus the amount appropriated in 1891 to cover all the preceding four years was only 40,000 francs ($7,720). In the middle of the nineties the agitation both in the National Assembly and in the country at large for a comprehensive old-age insurance system was very strong. As between the proposals for a noncontributory old-age pension scheme and those for a general compulsory system of old-age insurance, the National Assembly in 1895 decided to try the system of government subsidies to voluntary insurance. The appropriation act of 1895, passed on April 16, granted 2,000,000 francs ($386,000) to the credit of the Ministry of CHAPTEE IV. WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN FBANCE. 837 Commerce and Industry for the purpose of such pensions, but left the method of application of this sum to be regulated by a subse- quent law; the act of December 31, 1895, was passed in compliance with this provision of the appropriation act. This act provided that the annual appropriation was to be used in the purchase of additional annuities for pensions maturing at the age of 70. In addition the act of 1895 provided for supplementary subsidies to persons who have raised at least three children. Finally it was only through the act of 1895 that invalidity subsidies required by article 11 of the act of 1886 acquired some importance. The act of 1895 provided that half of the amount obtained from the sale of jewels of the crown should form a special fund for granting subsidies under the provision of article 11 of the law of 1886 (the other half going to the benefit of the savings banks). The new subsidies to old-age pensions established by this act were not limited to individual depositors in the National Old-age Ketire- ment Fund, but were extended also to members of mutual benefit societies or other voluntary associations granting retirement pensions. Subsidies Imder this law are granted only to persons who do not have any income exceeding 360 francs ($69.48) and who have been con- tributing either to the National Retirement Fund or to any other organization granting old-age pensions for 25 years, not necessarily consecutively. As a transitory measure this period of 25 years was reduced for the first 10 years of the application of the act, that is, from 1895 to 1905, in the following manner: For pensions maturing in 1895 only 15 years were required, for those maturing in 1896, 16 years, etc., until in 1905 the full requirement of 25 years went into force. Subsequent appropriation acts reduced the age at which these subsidies could be granted, as it was found that the full amount of 2,000,000 francs ($386,000) was not used up under the act of 1895. Thus the appropriation act of April 13, 1898, reduced the age from 70 to 68, and the appropriation act of February 25, 1901, further reduced the age from 68 to 65. peesent puepose and scope. The main purpose of the National Old-age Retirement Fund is to provide a means for the voluntary insurance of the working people against old age and invalidity. This it does by offering facilities for such insurance to individuals, to organizations such as mutual aid societies, miners' funds, etc., and to employers who wish to make provision for their superannuated or disabled employees. Another function of the National Old-age Retirement Fund is to receive from employers of labor or from their insurers who desire to do so lump-sum payments of capital sufficient to provide for the 838 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP LABOB. payment of pensions due employees or their dependents on account of accidents during labor, as provided for in the workmen's compen- sation law of 1898. The fund, through the so-called "guarantee fund," also pays the pensions on account of injuries to employees, in cash, where employers owe such pensions and have defaulted in the payments required by the workmen's compensation law of 1898. All the functions of the National Old-age Retirement Fund in connection with the compensation of accidents according to the law of 1898 have been described fully in the section on accident insurance. In virtue of the act of April 22, 1905, the National Old-age Retire- ment Fund is utilized for the payment of pensions to members of religious organizations dissolved by the act of July 7, 1904, the Government purchasing these annuities by deposits of their capital values. Operations under this law are small. PERSONS INSURED. Deposits may be made in favor of any person over 3 years of age, living in France, whether a citizen or a foreigner. Minors, if under 16 years of age, require authorization by the father, mother, or guardian, and in their absence or in case of their prevention, by a justice of the peace. This authorization is not necessary if deposits are made in favor of minors by third parties or if payments are made to the credit of minors by a pupils' mutual aid society {societe scolaire de secours mutuels) in conformity with its constitution. Married women may make deposits without the consent of their husbands and regardless of the terms of the marriage contract. Payments made before marriage remain to the credit of the person who made them. Ail deposits made by either party during marriage are credited to both husband and wife, each receiving one-half, even when one of the parties has entered upon the enjoyment of a pension. Not only is one of the parties prohibited from depriving the other of this benefit, but neither party is permitted to renounce his share of the deposit in favor of the other. Certain payments may, how- ever, be made for the exclusive benefit of one of the parties. The deposits for retirement pensions may be made by individuals or their agents for their own accounts or they may be made by inter- mediaries for the benefit of a considerable number of persons. The former are called direct or individual deposits, the latter deposits by intermediaries or collective deposits. The collective deposits mostly emanate from the deductions made by the administrative authorities or employers from the salaries and wages of employees in state manufacturing establishments, ia CHAPTEB IV. — workmen's INSUEANOE IN FRANCE. 839 public administrative ofl&ces, and in private establishments; from allowances deposited by mutual aid societies in favor of their mem- bers, and by departments, cities, towns, communes, and private employers in favor of their employees; and from the transfer of funds from the National Savings Bank or private savings banks in favor of their depositors. When deposits are made by intermediaries the latter must specify whether the capital is to be repayable upon the death of the bene- ficiary and, if so, whether the beneficiary shall have the right to alienate the capital. Regulations have been enacted in the form of laws, decrees, and other government orders whereby certain special inducements are made or facilities given to certain classes of persons or organizations to utilize the National Old-age Retirement Fund as a means of securing old-age or disability pensions. Among these regulations are such as govern the relations of the national fund with employers who are required to pay pensions on account of disability caused by accidents; with miners' relief funds; with railway relief and retire- ment funds; with other employers' and employees' funds; with mutual aid societies; and with government employees whose posi- tions exclude them from the civil pension list. Most of these are considered elsewhere in this report. CHARACTER OF INSURANCE. When making his first payment, the depositor must declare whether the capital is to be alienated or reserved. If alienated, the money deposited remains definitely the property of the retirement fund. Its only obligation is to meet the payments of the pensions during the life of the pensioner, and consequently when he dies nothing remains to be paid to his heirs. On the other hand, if the deposits are made on a reserve-capital plan, the amount deposited is reimbursed, without interest, to the heirs when the depositor dies, either before or after he becomes a pensioner. In the first case the insurance is for a pension only, while in the latter it combines old-age insurance with a form of fife insurance. In any case all moneys revert to the retirement fund if unclaimed within 30 years after the death of the depositor or when there are no legal heirs. The depositor is always at liberty to make future deposits subject to new conditions. Furthermore, if a depositor has contracted for reserve-capital insurance he may, at any time, alienate all or a part of such capital in order to augment his pension. A third party who deposits money as reserve capital to constitute a pension for another must indicate whether or not the beneficiary shall have the privilege of alienating such capital in order to increase his pension. 4fi598°— 10 54 840 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SOURCES OP INCOME. The basis for pension payments under the law of 1886 consists of voluntary deposits of individual depositors, collective deposits by third parties to the credit of uidividual beneficiaries, deposits of mutual aid and other societies, and deposits by the public authori- ties of funds derived from the assessments of certain classes of govern- ment employees who are insured ia this institution, and deposits from the government treasury for subsidies under various rules and Payments are received and credited in amounts of 1 franc (19.3 cents) or more. For the convenience of the depositors who wish to accumulate their savings in smaller amounts, the Government intro- duced in 1886 a system of distributing, free of charge, blank books in which the holders may paste ordinary postage stamps of any denominations. As soon as stamps to the value of 1 franc (19.3 cents) have been pasted in the book, they can be turned in and credited as deposits in the same manner as money. The largest amount received by the fund from any depositor in any one year is 500 francs ($96.50). This amount was reduced from 1,000 francs ($193) on January 1, 1894, by virtue of an act passed July 26, 1893. This maximum hmit is waived in case of collective deposits by mutual aid societies in favor of their members, deposits by employers for the purpose of retirement of their employees, deposits by pubUc authorities for the retirement of public employees, deposits in virtue of the Workmen's Compensation Law of April 9, 1898, and so on. In no case, however, may the total deposits in iavor of any one person exceed an amount which would provide a pension of over 1,200 francs ($231.60). The amount and frequency of the payments are optional with the depositor, as far as the national fund itself is concerned. The depos- itor may make deposits regularly or he may cease making the pay- ments for a while and then resume them. Likewise, he may vary the amount which he has originally promised to pay annually. No fines or forfeitures are iacurred for any such lapses or variations. Of course, this does not concern the various laws and rules under which compulsory deposits are made. Deposits may be made locally to the special officers of the fund, to agents of the Treasury Department, and at post-offices, either in stamps or in cash. Other sources of income are the various subsidies provided by the State, which are either made periodically, as in the case of subsidies to mutual benefit societies, or are paid in lump sums for the purchase of additional pensions, as under article 11 of the act of 1886, or under the law of December 31, 1895. OHAPTEE IV. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN FEANCB. 841 TIME OF PAYMENT OF PENSIONS. The pension payments may begin at the completion of any year of age from 50 to 65. The only exceptions to this rule are pensions created for the benefit of members of mutual aid societies in accord- ance with article 23 of the law of April 1, 1898 (see page 869), and premature pensions paid on account of disabihty before the age of retirement. A person entitled to an old-age pension to begin before he is 65 years of age may, within the three months preceding the beginning of the pension payments, secure the postponement of the time of beginning in order to increase the pension, provided, however, it wiU not exceed the legal maximum limit. According to the original law, these postponements could be made from year to year, but owing to the large amount of work occasioned by the frequent postponements it was found necessary to alter this provision of the law by the act of March 29, 1897. At present such postponement must be made by five-year periods, except that the beneficiary may request the pay- ments to commence during any one of the years of the five-year period covered by the last postponement. When a depositor of the National Old-age Retirement Fund is totally incapacitated through an injury or other infirmity, the pension to which his deposits would have entitled him, if at that time he had attained the age of retirement, may be granted him before he reaches the age of 50 years. The amount of the pension, if it begins at the age contracted for in advance, is shown in the deposit book of the depositor, and represents the addition of all pensions purchased by all individual deposits. The interest rate is determined annually by a decree of the Presi- dent of France issued during December of each year. The annual pension which any one person can receive may not be less than 2 francs (38.6 cents) nor more than 1,200 francs ($231.60). If the payments exceed the capital necessary to constitute the maxi- mum pension allowed or if they are insufficient to produce the mini- mum pension, the excess in the former case and the total amount in the latter are reimbursed to the depositor without interest." INVALIDITY PENSIONS AND SUBSIDIBS. In case of injury or illness completely disabling the insured person from earning a living, the pension may be liquidated before the age of 50, and the amount of the pension is correspondingly reduced. But in accordance with a provision of the law of 1886, such premature pensions may be augmented by an amount to be fixed by the superior commission, but which may not exceed three times the pension earned, paid out of an annual appropriation made for that purpose by the National Assembly. In no case, however, may such a pension exceed 360 francs ($69.48). 842 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Independently of the donations for premature pensions, there are special supplementary payments made by the Government with the object of fostering a spirit of saving and providence among the French working people. These are described on page 837. METHOD OF PAYMENT. At the time chosen by the depositor for liquidation of the pension, the amount, if not less than 2 francs (38.6 cents), is definitely fixed and entered in the record (grand-livre) of the National Old-age Retirement Fund. An extract of the entry is delivered to the beneficiary. The old-age pensions are paid quarterly, on the 1st day of March, June, September, and December of each year, by the general office of the Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations out of the assets of the National Old-age Retirement Fund. The annual pensions constituted in this way up to the amount of 360 francs ($69.48) are exempt from attachment. If, however, the pension is derived from the payments of a donor, the latter may by his declaration render the entire amount exempt. Any excess over 360 francs ($69.48) of annual pension is treated in the same way as wages in accordance with the law of June 12, 1895, concerning the attachment of wages. MORTALITY TABLES. As explained above, the mortality table enters as the most impor- tant factor into the computation of the pension values of the contri- bution. The mortality tables used by this institution deserve con- sideration, since they have been prepared on the basis of its own experience. Previously the mortality table of Depascieux was used, but it proved inaccurate. The new mortality table, known as the C. R. {Caisse de Betraits), was based upon an experience of 27 years, covering 72,649 pensioners who had received old-age pensions from 1852 to December 31, 1878, and upon 9J years' experience, from July 1, 1871, to December 31, 1880, with 164,698 depositors of reserved capital. MORTALITY TABLE OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND OF FRANCE, ADOPTED BY VIRTUE OF THE ACT OF JULY 20, 1886. [Source: Bulletin du Ministre dea Finances, tome 24, 1888.] * Age (years). Sur- vivors at each age. Deaths at each age. Annual mor- tality rate per 1,000. Age (years). Sur- vivoiB at each age. Deaths at each age. Annual mor- tality rate per 1,000. Age (years). Sur- vivors at each age. Deaths at each age. Annual mor- tality rate per 1,000. 3...... 6 10 15 20 26 30 35 100,000 98,708 97,045 95,361 92,423 88,918 85,777 82,701 715 464 256 491 699 658 612 620 7.160 4.700 2.627 6.148 7.563 7.400 7.134 7.496 40 45 60 65 60 65 70 75 79,495 75,894 71,629 65,999 59,093 60,736 40,407 28,288 688 774 1,011 1,282 1,541 1,894 2,311 2,519 8.664 10.198 14.114 19.424 26.077 37.330 57.193 89.048 80.... 85.... 90.... 95.... 100.... 101.... 102.... 16,109 6,737 1,838 330 28 n 2 2,182 1,349 491 110 17 9 2 135.462 200.237 267.138 333.333 607.142 818.181 1,000.000 CHAPTEB IV. — WOKKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE. 843 The foregoing mortality table starts with 100,000 persons who have attained the age of 3 years. Of these, 715 die during the year; that is, before they attain the age of 4 years. Those, therefore, who attain the age of 4 years will number 99,285. The next year 677 of the original 100,000 will die before attaining the age of 5 years, thus leaving 98,708 who attain that age, arid so on. Only 2 of the original 100,000 will survive at the age of 102 and these will presumably die before attaining the age of 103. The mortaUty rate is obtained by dividing the deaths each year by the number surviving at each age. In accordance with these mortahty rates, and a 3^-per cent rate of interest, the following table has been constructed, giving the amount of the pension to which a depositor is entitled for the deposit of $100, both under the ahenated and under the reserved capital plan, according to his age at the time of making the deposit, and his age at the time when he elects to have his pension payments begin: AMOUNT OF ANNUAL PENSION PAYABLE FOE THE DEPOSIT OF $100 WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE EETIEEMENT FUND, BY AGE OF DEPOSITOE AND PLAN OF . INSUEANCE. Amount of annual pension payable for the deposit of JIOO. Alienated-capltal plan. Eeserved-capital plan. Age of depositor. Age at which pension begins. Age at which pension begins. 50 years. 55 years. 60 years. 65 years. 60 years. 55 years. 60 years. 66 years. $51.22 47.15 38.95 32.15 26.18 21.16 17.15 13.89 11.22 9.00 7.13 $74.66 68.73 56.77 46.86 38.16 30.84 24.99 20.24 16.35 13.11 10.40 8.05 $114. 77 105.66 87.27 72.05 58.66 47.41 38.42 31.12 25.13 20.16 15.98 12.37 9.31 $190.32 175.22 144.72 119. 47 97.27 78.62 63.71 51.61 41.67 33.42 26.50 20.61 15.43 11.13 $41.15 37.72 30.26 24.07 18.99 14.88 11.56 8.86 6.68 4.92 3.52 $59.98 54.99 44.09 36.08 27.68 21.69 16.84 12.91 9.73 7.17 6.12 3.52 $92.21 84.63 67.79 53.93 42.56 33.35 25.89 19.85 14.96 11.02 7.88 6.41 3.63 $162. 91 6 years 140. 17 112. 41 15 years . . 89.43 70.58 25 years . 56.30 30 years 42.93 35 years . 32.91 40 years 24.80 18.28 50 years . . 13.06 65 years 8.97 6.85 3.63 The following illustrations show the practical operation of the old age pension fund : A depositor, aged 35 years, contributing $100 as alienated capital, would receive at the age of 60 years an annual pension of $31.12. If at the age of 40 years he again contributes $100 his pension at the age of 60 years would be $25.13 for that contribution which, added to the other amount, would make a total annual pension on account of the two payments of $56.25. 844 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. If a depositor contributed at the age of 35 years $100 as reserved capital he would receive at the age of 60 years an annual pension of $19.85 and upon his death his heirs would receive $100. FINANCIAL OEGANIZATION. The moneys deposited with the National Old-age Retirement Fund are invested in state rentes {rentes sur VEtat), in treasury certificates (valeurs du Tresor) or, at the proposition of the superior commission and with the authorization of the minister of finance, either in securities guaranteed by the treasurer or in departmental or com- munal bonds. In order to insure the pension payments and the reserve capital, a portion of the capital of the National Old-age Retirement Fund is deposited with the treasurer as a current account, subject to call at any time, at an interest rate which may not be less than the rate upon which the pensions are calculated for the year. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. The administration of the fund is in the hands of the Caisse de D6p6ts et Consignations, but the fund itself is a separate institution. The expenses of administration were borne by the Caisse de Dep6ts et Consignations until January 1, 1891, since which time, by virtue of a law enacted December 29, 1890, such expenses have been paid by the retirement fund. This expense, however, is not being borne by the depositors. The fund possesses a reserve, derived largely from unclaimed deposits and pensions, from the earnings of which it has been possible to pay this extra charge without increasing the pension rates. SUPERIOR COMMISSION. In order to insure the proper administration of this fund, all ques- tions concerning the National Old-age Retirement Fund are sub- mitted for examination to a superior commission, which presents each year to the President of the Republic a report of the opera- tions and the financial condition of the fund. This commission consists of two senators and two deputies, narhed by their re- spective houses; two councilors of state appointed by ihe Coun- cil of State; two presidents of mutual aid societies appointed by the minister of the interior; and one manufacturer appbinted by the minister of commerce, each of whom holds office for three years; and the following ex officio members, namely, the president of the Paris Chamber of Commerce, the general director of the Caisse des Depdts et Consignations, the director of insurance and social provi- CHAPTEE IV. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 845 dence in the Ministry of Labor and Social Providence, the director of accounts in the Ministry of the Interior, and three representatives of the Ministry of Finance. STATISTICS OP OPEBATION. It will be observed from the foregoing description of the organiza- tion and activities of the National Old-age Eetirement Fund that its operations must necessarily be very complicated. An effort is made here to convey as nearly as possible by a statistical presentation some idea of the results of these activities of the fund during the 60 years of its existence. In this statistical presentation the following topics will be separately considered: First, the depositors; second, deposits; third, beneficiaries of old-age pensions; fourth, statistics of pensions; and, fifth, financial statistics — i. e., receipts, disbursements, assets, and liabilities. STATISTICS OF DEPOSITORS. As the accounts in this old-age pension fund naturally run for a large number of years, it is impossible to obtain the statistics of all owners of accounts at any one time, since many of them may be dead, unknown to the fund, and many deposits are dormant. In the fol- lowing tables the data concerning new accounts opened are presented, by sex, age, and occupation of the depositors. Unfortunately it was found impossible to obtain annual data from the beginning of the organization of the fund. Only since 1898 were such annual data available. For the preceding years, however, some of the data for three periods, 1851 to 1869, 1870 to 1883, and 1884 to 1897, will con- vey some idea of the earlier activities of the fund. In the tables which follow data are given only for. selected years since 1898; the totals, however, contain data for each year from 1851 to 1908. Frpm May 11, 1851, to December 31, 1908 — that is, as far as data are available — 3,484,335 new accounts were opened in this fund. Of these, 2,084,175, or 59.8 per cent, belong to male persons and 1,400,- 160, or 40.2 per cent, to females. In the following table the distribution of all the new depositors, by large occupational groups, is given both for males and for females. The percentages for the totals for the entke period are not very sig- nificant because of the changes which have taken place during this time. Thus, roughly, 30 per cent of all the new accounts were opened by the wage- workers exclusive of railway employees, 16 per cent by the railway employees, 15 per cent by salaried employees, 33 per cent by minors without occupation, leaving only 6 per cent for all other occupational groups. As a matter of fact, however, within recent years the proportion has been very different. As shown 846 BBPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONBE OF LABOE. by the table, there has been a very large increase in the accounts of minors which represent school children's accounts. In 1901 and 1902 these accounts represented over 60 per cent of all new accounts opened, and from 1903 to 1906 between 55 and 60 per cent, but within the last two years there has again been a drop to 45 per cent. These accounts evidently claim the largest share of the increase in the activities of the fund. NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF JUNE 18, 1850, AND JULY 20, 1886, BY OCCUPATIONS or BENEFICIARIES. 1851 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sapfirieure de la Calsse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, 1900- 1908.) Occupations of persons for whom new accounts were opened. Year. Wage-workers (state and pri- vate manufacto- ries, transporta- tion, muling, etc.). Merchants and li- censed artisans. Domestics. Salaried employees (national, depart- mental, and com- mercial service, army, navy, and others). Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Males: 1851 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 31,748 50,481 229,239 30,488 36,652 25,448 42,010 18.30 28.77 61.25 62.79 27.81 22.83 27.97 1,464 2,241 6,618 796 1,074 2,377 2,347 0.85 1.28 1.48 1.38 .82 2.13 L56 926 1,796 2,282 136 367 321 591 0.63 1.02 .51 .23 .27 .29 .39 58,191 52,319 74,515 6,474 10,420 11,276 24,630 33.55 29.82 16.66 11.21 1900 7 91 1905 10 12 1908 Total, 1861-1908. . 666,047 . 31.91 24,036 1.16 8,565 .41 315,920 15.16 Females: 1851 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 45,447 39,948 124,046 16,679 19,737 14,854 14,995 31.09 27.60 41.75 46.32 24.61 19.10 17.46 1,189 898 3,118 463 511 1,667 910 .81 .62 1.05 1.37 .64 2.14 1.06 1,924 3,073 3,892 256 459 449 463 1.32 2.12 1.31 .76 .67 .68 .54 50,709 42,068 54,780 4,538 7,484 5,047 9,299 34.70 . 28.95 18.43 1900 9 33 1905 1908 Total, 1851-1908. 382,240 27.30 12,193 .87 13,304 .95 219,096 15.65 Both sexes: 1851 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 77,195 90,429 353,285 46,167 66,389 40,302 57,005 24.15 28.20 47.46 50.40 26.60 21.30 24.15 2,653 3,139 9,736 1,259 1,585 4,044 3,257 .83 .98 1.31 1.38 .75 2.14 L38 2,850 4,868 6,174 392 816 770 1,054 .89 1.52 .83 .43 .39 .41 .45 108,900 94,377 129,295 11,012 17,904 16,323. 33,929 34.07 29.43 17.37 1900 8.45 8.62 14 37 1906 1908 Total, 1851-1908. 1,047,287 30.06 36,229 1.04 21,869 .63 635,016 15.36 OHAPTEK IV. workmen's INStTEANCE IN FRANCE, 847 NEW ACMJOUNTS OPENED WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF JUNE 18, 1850, AND JULY 20, 1886, BY OCCUPATIONS OF BENEFICIARIES, 1851 TO 1908— Concluded. Occupations of persons for whom new accounts were opened. Year. Railway em- ployees. Farmers and farm laborers. Professional per- sons and per- sons living on their incomes. Minors (without occupation). Total. Number. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Number . Per cent. Number. Per cent. Uales: 1851 to 1869 1870 tx) 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 65,761 47,636 92,266 7,456 13,645 7,633 17,470 37.9l' 27.15 20.63 12.91 10.35 6.85 11.63 527 1,710 7,400 745 778 1,330 1,216 0.30 .98 1.66 1.29 .59 1.19 .81 10,268 11,866 15,031 1,103 1,297 1,964 1,291 5.92 6.76 3.36 1.91 .98 1.76 .86 4,685 7,399 19,925 10,560 67,571 61,108 60,666 2.64 4.22 4.46 18.28 51.27 54.83 40.38 173,470 175,447 447,276 57,758 131,794 111,457 150,211 1900 1905 1908 Totai;i861-1908. 327,008 15.69 21,841 1.05 52,776 2.63 668,982 32.10 2,084,175 Females: 1851 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884tol897 1898 34,193 30,399 72,718 5,954 10,065 7,937 13,086 23.40 20.93 24.47 17.59 12.55 10.20 15.24 166 110 1,450 130 165 163 62 .11 .08 .49 .38 .21 .21 .07 9,402 22,675 22,201 933 905 1,087 936 6.43 15.61 7.47 2.76 1.13 1.40 1.09 3,132 6,093 14,940 5,893 40,864 46,672 46,116 2.14 4.19 5.03 17.41 50.96 69.88 53.71 146, 162 146, 254 297,145 33,846 80, 190 77,776 86,867 1900 1905 1908 Total, 1851-1908. 237,202 16.94 3,642 .26 64,706 4.62 467,777 33.41 1,400,160 Both sexes: 1861 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 99,954 78,035 164,984 13,410 23,710 15,570 30,556 31.27 24.33 22.16 14.64 11.18 8.23 12.94 693 1,820 8,850 875 943 1,493 1,278 .22 .57 1.19 .96 .44 .79 .54 19,670 34,541 37,232 2,036 2,202 3,061 2,227 6.15 10.77 5.00 2.22 1.04 1.61 .94 7,717 13,492 34,865 16,463 108,435 107,680 106,772 2.42 4.20 4.68 17.95 51.15 66.90 45.23 319,632 320,701 744,421 91 604 1900 21l|984 189,233 236,078 1905 1908 Total, 1861-1908. 664,210 16.19 25,483 .73 117,482 3.37 1,136,769 32.62 3,484,335 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF NEW DEPOSITORS. The next table, showing the age distribution of new depositors, reflects the increased importance of school children's accounts which was brought out in the preceding table. The proportion of persons under 20 years of age was only 7 per cent in the first period, 9 per cent in the second, 13 per cent in the third, and 56 per cent within the period 1898 to 1908. Disregarding this large proportion of children, the most frequent age period for opening new accounts in the old-age pension fund is that between 20 and 29. During the period 1898 to ?.908 it claimed 63 percent of the adult depositors ; the next higher period, 30 to 39, during the same years claimed 28.6 per cent of the adults, and new accounts of persons older than 40 were not important. 848 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF JUNE 18, 1850, AND JULY 20, 1886, BY AGE OF BENE- FICIARIES AT TIME OF DEPOSIT, 1851 TO 1908. fSouroe: Rapport de la Commiaslou Sup&ieure de la Calase Natiouale des Retraites pour la Vlelllesse, 1900-1908.] New accounts opened for persons whose ages were— Year. 3 to 19 years. 20 to 29 years. 30 to 39 years. 40 to 49 years. 50 to 65 years. Over 65 years. Total. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1851 to 1869 1870 to 1883 1884 to 1897 1898 22,484 29,442 97,106 27,488 120,513 118,811 107,533 7.0 9.2 13.0 30.0 56.8 62.8 45.5 100,570 110,153 268,247 32,692 49,849 38,238 86,445 31.5 34.3 36.0 35.7 23.5 20.2 36.6 110,430 87,166 189,108 16,272 24,503 17,819 24,732 34.6 27.2 25.4 17.8 11.6 9.4 10.5 51,670 35,886 72,276 6,246 8,922 5,083 7,432 16.2 11.2 9.7 6.8 4.2 2.7 3.2 28,267 42,241 79,275 5,698 5,645 5,710 6,615 8.8 13.2 10.7 6.2 2.7 3.0 2.8 6,211 15,813 38,409 3,208 2,552 3,572 3,321 1.9 4.9 5.2 3.5 1.2 1.9 1.4 319,632 320,701 744,421 91,604 211,984 189,233 236,078 1900 1905 1908 Total, 1851- 1908 1,331,934 38.2 990,109 28.4 620,656 17.8 233,287 6.7 212,654 6.1 95,695 2.7 3,484,335 EXPECTED AGE OF LIQUIDATION. The reports of the fund also contain tables showing the age at which all the accounts opened are to be liquidated according to the wishes of the depositors. As was explained in the description of this insti- tution, these are subject to changes, nevertheless, the expected age is of interest, especially in connection with statistics of age at the time of opening the account, as illustrating the wishes of the classes of the people which constitute the majority of depositors in this fund. Disregarding the few cases in which the pension is expected under 50 years of age, under the provisions of a special act concerning municipal firemen, the vast majority of depositors expect to need their old-age pensions before they are 60 years old, that is if the figures for the last 11 years are to be considered, whereas in the earlier years of the history of the fund the two divergent groups are promi- nent, those expecting their pensions to mature between 50 and 54 and probably belonging to the middle class or so-called rentiers, and those who would claim their pensions between 60 and 64, the most of whom are probably wage-earners. But within recent years the expectation of obtaining a pension after the age of 60 seems to have lost much of its attraction for the depositors. If the last 11 years were taken as a whole, in 55.4 per cent of all new accounts persons intended to claim their pensions between 55 and 59 years, and in 35.3 per cent between 50 and 54, leaving only 9.3 per cent for the age over 60. Female depositors, according to the table, prefer a still earlier age of liquidation than the male depostitors. CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 849 It must be remembered that persons compulsorily insured under various laws and regulations of establishments constitute the majority of the collective depositors; in such cases (as in railroads, and mines) the age for maturity of the pension is usually regulated; and the tendency has been for the lowering of the age of retirement in all such regulations. NEW ACCOUNTS OPENED WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAWS OF JUNE 18, 1850, AND JULY 20, 1886, GROUPED ACCORD- ING TO THE AGE AT WHICH THE BENEFICIARIES DECIDE TO ENTER UPON THE ENJOYMENT OF THE OLD-AGE PENSIONS, 1851 TO 1908. fSouroe: Rapport de la Commission SupSrleure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, 1900-1908.] Pensions beginning at age of— Year. Under 50 years, (o) 60 to 54 years. 56 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years. 66 years and over. Total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. 1861 to 1869 127,414 151,836 291,871 31,425 76, 170 61,537 97,601 39.86 47.36 39.21 34.30 35.93 32.52 41.34 43,775 44,500 277,780 42,254 113,975 109, 102 118,260 13.70 13.88 37.31 46.13 53.77 57.65 60.08 134,051 100,906 119,901 13,391 16,718 13,199 14,837 41.94 31.46 16.11 14.62 7.89 6.98 6.28 14,392 23,459 64,869 4,634 5,121 5,389 5,383 4.50 7.31 7.37 4.96 2.41 2.86 2.28 319,632 1870 to 1883 320,701 1884 to 1897 744,421 1898 91,604 1900 211,984 1906 6 7 ^] 189,233 1908 236,078 Total, 1851-1908. 46 m 1,311,366 37.64 1,628,889 43.88 497, 576 14.28 146,460 4.20 3,484,336 a In accordance with article 1, decree of March 30, 1896. !> Less than one-hundredth of 1 per cent. INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE DEPOSITORS. The two methods of opening accounts in the pension fund, either by means of an individual deposit or collectively through a mutual benefit association, estabUshment fund, etc., have already been explained. The statistics of individual and collective depositors are given in the following table as far as data were available, mainly for the purpose of showing the very insignificant part paid by individual deposits. In 1900 only 5 per cent of the new accounts were opened by individual depositors and in 1908 only 4 per cent. Moreover, these individual depositors consisted mainly of minors, professional persons, merchants, and salaried employees. Wage-workers of any group opening such individual accounts are so rare that this feature scarcely deserves any attention from the workmen's point of view. In so far as it was the intention of the National Old-age Retirement Fund to provide for the voluntary insurance of individual workmen this institution has failed in its purpose. 850 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF lABOB. The advantages of the organized machinery of mutual -benefit societies and the special subsidies granted to them were necessary to attract any workmen to this institution. INDIVIDUAL AND QOLLECTIVE DEPOSITORS OPENING NEW ACCOUNTS WITH THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE EETIEEMENT FUND, IN ACCOEDANCE WITH THE LAW OF JULY 20, 1886, BY OCCUPATIONS, 1900, 1905, AND 1908. [Source: Eapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationale des Eetraites pour la Vleillesse, 1900, 1905, and 1908.] Class of depositors and year. Individual depositors. Male. Female. Total. Per cent. Collective depositors. Male. Female. Total. Per cent. Wage-workers: 1900 1906 1908 Mercliants and licensed artisans: 1900 1905 1908 Domestics: 1900 1905 1908 Salaried employees (public and private service): 1900 1905 1908 Eailway employees: 1900 1905 1908 Agricultural workers: 1900 1905 1908 Professional persons and rentiers: 1900 1905 1908 Minors without gainful occupa- tion: 1900 1905 1908 All depositors: 1900 1905 1908 374 423 851 235 367 95 256 122 658 1,087 918 7 12 35 321 530 446 -477 706 3,966 1,494 1,321 5,989 4,437 6,566 403 294 84 138 289 478 183 422 332 420 486 628 143 86 37 687 811 549 2,536 1,455 2,198 4,413 3,848 4,306 777 717 935 373 656 1,561 278 678 454 1,078 1,573 1,646 10 17 36 351 407 667 1,033 1,288 1,255 6,602 2,949 3,519 10, 402 8,285 9,872 7.5 8.7 9.5 3.6 7.9 15.8 2.7 8.2 10.3 19.0 15.7 .1 .2 .4 3.4 4.9 6.7 15.6 12.7 62.6 36.6 35.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 36,278 26,025 41, 159 2,010 1,264 262 66 9,762 10, 189 23,712 13,638 7,621 17,436 570 1,009 851 1,487 586 63,606 59,614 59,335 125,805 107,020 144, 645 19,334 14,560 14,911 373 1,378 432 276 27 131 7,064 4,561 8,671 10,062 7,932 13,086 22 77 26 318 276 387 38,328 45, 117 43,918 75,777 73,928 81, 661 65,612 39,686 66,070 1,212 3,388 1,696 92 600 16,826 14,760 32,383 23,700 15,553 30,521 592 1,086 711 1,169 1,763 972 101,933 104,731 103,253 201, 582 180, 948 226,206 27.6 21.9 24.8 .6 1.9 .8 (.-) 8.1 14.3 11.7 8.6 13.5 1.0 .4 50.6 67.9 45.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. STATISTICS OF DEPOSITS. The amount of deposits and the number, of accounts upon which such deposits were made is shown for 1900 to 1908 in the following table. In this table all deposits are divided into four large groups: The individual deposits; collective deposits of establishment funds and professional groups, such as pubhc employees, railroad employees, min ors, and others ; lump-sum deposits made by the Government and other agencies for outright purchase of pensions or subsidies to pen- sions, and finally, the deposits of mutual aid societies. These four groups must be considered separately. CHAPTER IV. — ^workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE, 851 DEPOSITS RECEIVED BY THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIKEMENT FUND UNDER THE LAW OF JULY 20, 1886, GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE NATURE AND SOURCES OF DEPOSITS, 190O TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rleure de la Calsse Natlonale des Retraites pour la VielUesse, 1900-1908.] Year. Individual deposits. Ordinary collective de- posits. Lump-sum de- posits by gov- ernment and other agencies for purchase of annuities and subsidies. Mutual aid society deposite. Total deposits Num- ber of ac- counts. Amount deposited. Aver- T pos- its. Number of ac- counts. Amoimt deposited. Aver- Num- ber of depos- its. Amount depos- ited. of 1886. 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 1906.... 1906.... 1907.... 1908.... 38,079 35,375 32,709 32,362 34,611 37,710 39,696 44,233 43,785 $1,589,542 1,587,010 1,586,988 1,651,364 1,647,357 1,679,884 1,678,177 1,700,203 1,811,629 $41.74 44.86 48.52 47.94 44.71 44.55 42.58 38.44 41.37 868,212 950,493 1,020,064 1,085,228 1,140,407 1,205,004 1,268,871 l,-375,037 1,469,822 $6,213,827 6,694,864 7,011,467 7,277,768 7,660,118 8,076,624 8,806,945 9,560,953 11,132,670 $7.16 7.04 6.87 6.71 6.72 6.70 6.94 6.96 7.67 4,799 3,163 5,130 4,479 3,348 3,840 3,850 3,621 3,181 $227,282 216,107 331,876 279,981 234,161 305,549 311,188 252,198 233,344 $1,720,659 1,769,674 1,629,792 1,911,137 2,507,745 2,285,473 2,533,071 2,493,286 2,566,292 $9,751,310 10,257,645 10,660,123 11,020,240 11,949,371 12,347,420 13,278,381 14,006,640 15,743,835 Individual Deposits. — These are classified in the following tables according to the amount of annual deposits to each active account. While statistics are not available as to the occupation of the owners of individual accounts (since the data on p. 850 refer to new accounts opened and not to active running accounts) , the data on hand may- give some conception as to how far various classes avail themselves of the individual account system. The depositors and deposits made are classified into seven groups — those depositing annually less than 10 francs ($1.93), those depositing from 10 francs to 49 francs ($1.93 to $9.46), from 150 to 199 francs ($28.95 to $38.41), 200 to 499 francs ($38.60 to $96.31), 500 francs ($96.50), and over 500 francs ($96.50). The regular maximum amount which an individual depositor is per- mitted to deposit within one year is at present 500 francs ($96.50), the larger amounts being permitted only in a few cases, or being irregular. It may be assumed that the deposits under 10 francs ($1.93) are made largely by minors. On the other hand, few wage-earners in France are able to save over 200 francs ($38.60) per annum; more- over, it was shown above that there were but a very few wage-earners among the individual depositors. The middle groups of depositors — that is, those depositing up to 500 francs ($96.50) — probably consist mainly of salaried employees, Hcensed artisans, etc., while the class of persons depositing annually the exact maximum allowed by the law are evidently investors rather than persons using the fund for the purpose of saving. In the following table this distribution of accounts — that is, accounts on which deposits were made during the vfiBT — ia oV^/^'mn f ^^ moo ^"^'^ — -^ ^ "OS The dcposltors making the 852 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. maximum deposits are found to constitute the largest group, though within the last few years there has been a decline, due to a reduction of the interest rate to 3 J per cent. Moreover, when this table is com- pared with that on page 850 the following interesting conclusion may be drawn: While prof essional persons and rentiers constitute only 10 to 15 per cent of the new individual depositors, the active accounts of this group make up nearly 30 per cent of all the active individual accounts. In other words, the individual accounts of the middle-class depositors are more active than individual accounts of workmen; that is, pay- ments are more frequently made in the former. Furthermore, the relative importance of these maximum deposits is much greater when the amount deposited rather than the number of accounts is compared. While the accounts with annual deposits of less than 10 francs ($1.93) constituted in 1908 over one-seventh of all active individual accounts, the total amount contributed by these accounts was altogether insignificant, less than one-third of 1 per cent. The next class of accounts contributing from 10 to 49 francs ($1.93 to $9.46) represented over one-fifth, but their deposits amounted to only a little over 2 per cent. Thus these two groups together contribute 34.8 per cent of the depositors and 2.5 per cent of the deposits. The depositors making maximum deposits of 500 francs ($96.50) per annum contributed from 70 to 80 per cent of the total individual deposits. INDIVIDUAL DEPOSITS AND DEPOSITORS IN THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, BY ANNUAL AMOUNTS OF DEPOSITS, 1900, 1905, and 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Conunlssion Sup6rieure de la Calsse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vleillesse, 1900, 1905, and 1908.] Annual deposits under 10 francs ($1.93). Annual deposits from 10 to 49 francs ($1.93 to $9.46). Annual deposits from 50 to 199 francs ($9.65 to $38.41). Year. Depositors. Deposits. Depositors. Deposits. Depositors. Deposits. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. 1»00 1905 1908 10,841 4,790 6,303 28.5 12.7 14.4 $6,535 3,526 4,521 0.4 .2 .3 5,379 7,548 8,942 14.1 20.0 20.4 $22,093 32,003 40,303 1.4 1.9 2.2 6,233 7,811 9,762 •13.7 20.7 22.3 $90,078 139,814 174,654 5.7 8.3 9.6 Annual deposits from 200 to 499 francs (138.60 to J96.31). Annual deposits of 500 francs ($96.50). Annual deposits over 500 francs ($96.50). Year. Depositors. Deposits. Depositors. Deposits. Depositors. Deposits. Num- ber. Per cent of total. AmounJ:. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. 1900 1905 1908 3,446 4,628 5,342 9.1 12.3 12.2 $193,241 254,553 292,760 12.2 15.2 16.2 13,117 12,896 13,389 34.4 34.2 30.6 $1,266,790 1,244,464 1,292,039 79.6 74.1 71.3 63 0.2 .1 .1 $11,805 5,524 7,252 0.7 .3 .4 CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 853 Collective Deposits.— Collective deposits under individual ac- counts, primarily made through establishment funds, either com- pulsory or voluntary, through industrial unions, and also through students' associations, constitute by far the largest part of the activity of the National Old-age Retirement Fund. The number of active accounts, that is, accounts on which deposits are made during the year, increased from 868,212 in 1900 to 1,469,822 in 1908, or nearly 70 per cent in eight years. The majority of these depositors con- sists of miners, railroad employees, and various groups of public employees either of the national, departmental, or communal govern- ment, for whom this form of old-age insurance is compulsory, and pupils in schools. In the following table both the active depositors and the deposits are shown by various groups. NUMBER or ACCOUNTS AND AMOUNT OF COLLECTIVE DEPOSITS, BY OCCUPATIONS OF DEPOSITORS, 1900, 1905, AND 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationale des Ketraltes pour la Vieillesse. 1900, 1905, and 1908.] Accounts. Deposits. Average Year and industry. Number. Percent of total. Amount. Percent of total. per account. Railway service: 1900 185,608 228,125 254,295 26,606 36,890 93, 131 94,742 97,140 236,087 274,078 307,648 21,244 23,640 28,063 44,996 26, 761 64, 154 82,604 45, 474 .57,171 26,978 20,507 21,267 24,619 44,235 69,609 12,624 18,865 42,172 21.38 18.93 17.30 2.44 10.73 7.86 6.61 27.19 22.75 20.93 2.45 1.96 1.91 6.18 2.22 4.36 9.61 3.78 3.89 3.U 1.70 1.45 2.84 3.67 4.73 1.45 1.57 2.87 $2,441,925 3,200,953 3,836,680 (") 301,867 377,421 352,765 406,445 437,628 1,391,678 1,727,235 2,167,987 157,636 238,349 294, 173 601,235 409,649 1,442,988 703,027 653,434 738, 736 164,879 184,047 230,572 257,713 438,233 647,450 63.003 113,682 207,801 39.30 39.63 34.46 (") 3.74 3.39 6.68 5.03 3.93 22.39 21.39 19.47 2.64 2.96 2.64 8.07 5.07 12.96 n.31 6.85 6.64 2.65 2.28 2.07 4.15 5.43 5,82 1.01 1.41 1.87 $13 16 1905 14 03 1908 16.08 Other transportation industries: 1900 («) 11.39 1905 1908 10.52 Road laborers: 1900 .... 3.79 1905 4.29 1908... 4,51 Mine workers and salaried employees: 1900 6.89 1905 6.30 1908 7.05 Metal Industry— wage-workers and salaried em- ployees: 1900 . 7 42 1905 10.08 1908 10.49 Miscellaneous industrial employees: C") 1900 11.13 1905 ... 15.31 1908 22.49 Employees of state manufactories: 1900 8.51 1905 12.17 1908 12.92 Salaried employees in revenue, telegraph, and forestry service: 1900 6.11 1906 8.97 1908 10.84 Salaried employees in the departmental and communal service: 1900 10.47 9.91 ]908 9.32 Mutual aid society (individual accounts) and .savings societies: ■ 1900 4.99 6.03 1908;.'!! 4.93 a Classified with miscellaneous Industrial employees previous to 1904. » Includes transportation other than railroads In 1900, 854 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. NUMBER OF ACCOUNTS AND AMOUNT OF COLLECTIVE DEPOSITS, BY OCCUPATIONS OF DEPOSITORS; 1900, 1905, AND 1908— Concluded. Accounts. Deposits. Average amount per account. Year and industry. Number. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent oftotal. Students' funds and teachers' deposits for pupils; 1900 131,894 383,386 451,134 (») 4,372 20,758 W 13,307 17,567 8,427 1,017 3,064 868,212 1,205,004 1,469,822 16.19 31.82 30.69 <"^.36 1.41 (") 1.10 1.20 .97 .08 .21 100.0 100.0 100.0 $82,707 333,872 404,346 (a) 3,158 15,610 (a) 169, 751 318,037 97,359 6,949 14,341 6,213,827 8,076,624 11,132,670 1.33 4.13 3.63 .04 .14 (a) 1.98 2.86 1.67 .07 .13 100.0 100.0 100.0 $0.63 1906 .87 1908... .86 Military and naval service: 1900 (o) 1905 .72 1908 .75 Salaried employees of banks and financial insti- tutions: 1900 ... (a) 12.01 1905 1908 ... . . 18.10 All otlier depositors— miscellaneous: (') 1900 11.65 1905 6.85 1908 . 4.68 Total ordinary collective deposits: 1900 7.16 1905 6.70 1908 7.57 a Included in miscellaneous group. i> Including salaried employees of banks and financial institutions and military and naval service in 1900. LUMP-SUM DEPOSITS MADE INTO , THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, 1900. 1905. and 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, 1900, 1906, and 190S.] 1900. 1905. 1908. Deposited by— Num- ber of ac- counts. Amount depos- ited. Aver- age amount per ac- count. Num- ber of ac- counts. Amount depos- ited. Aver- age amount per ao- coimt. Num- ber of ac- counts. Amount depos- ited. Aver- age amount per ac- count. The ministry of public works for the insurance of road laborers 475 27 4,289 8 $82,462 6,488 125,946 12,386 $173.60 240.30 29.36 1,548.25 827 148 2,864 11 $128,861 33,654 123,903 19,221 $155.82 226.72 43.41 1,747.36 531 103 2,632 15 $78,482 26,576 109,245 19,042 $147. 80 The superior commission for disability and sub- sidies (o) 258.01 The Government for in- creases to old-age pen- sions ... 43.16 Transfer from the life and accident insurance funds for purchase of old-age pensions 1,269.48 Total 4,799 227,282 3,840 305,639 3,181 233,344 o Art. II, act of July 20, 1886. Deposits of Mutual Aid Societies. — The deposits of mutual aid societies show a considerable increase during these 8 years, but since the number of accounts of such societies rather than the number of their members is shown it is difficult to draw any definite con- clusions from the data. It appears, however, that during the brief period of 8 years the collective deposits of mutual aid societies have CHAPTER IV. WOEKMEn's INSTTBANCE IN PBANCE. 855 increased 49 per cent. The amount of deposits shown include, how- ever, the government subsidies allowed in virtue of the law of April 1. 1898 (see p. 869). AvRRAGE Amount of Deposits. — In the preceding tables the total deposits were studied in relation to active accounts. In the following table the amount of deposits are studied in the relation to the number of separate deposits made, both for individual and collec- tive insurance. The average amount deposited at a time is found to be constantly declining, and this is undoubtedly due, first, to the legis- lative Umitations of the maximum, and, second, to the introduction of such petty accounts as those of pupils of schools. Still more significant is the difference in the average amounts of the separate depositors between the individual and collective accounts. Notwithstanding the very rapid decline in the average amount of indi- vidual deposits from $87.38 in 1891 to $23.28 in 1908, these are still about eight times as large as the average deposits made in the col- lective form of insurance. The tables also bring out the proportion between the alienated cap- ital and the reserved capital forms of insurance. When the individ- ual and collective accounts are taken together, there seems to be a striking equality in the amount of insurance done on the alienated capital and the reserved capital plans, but this equahty of division is only a seeming one. There is some difference in that respect between the individual and collective depositors. The individual depositors prefer the reserved capital plan, especially within recent years, which clearly indicates .that these are mainly investment accounts, while under collective insurance the preference, though not very great, is in favor of alienated capital. NUMBER, PER CENT, AND AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS FOR OLD-AGE INSURANCE WITH THE NATIONAL FUND FOR RETIREMENT PENSIONS, 1851 TO 1890, AND FOR VARIOUS YEARS, 1891 TO 1908. ISouToe: Rapport de la Commissiou Sup^rleuie de la Calsse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vlelllesse, 1900-1908.] INDIVIDUAL DEPOSITS. Alienated capital. Reserved capital. Total. Year. Aver- Aver- Aver- Num- Per cent. age Num- Per cent. age Number age ber of Amount. per ber of Amount. per of Amount.- per deposits. de- deposits. de- deposits. de- posit. posit. posit. 1861] to \ 262,020 60.69 147,558,412 {181.51 169,741 39.31 J40,565,351 $238.98 431,761 $88,123,763 $211.05 1890) 1891. 18,271 55. 98 1,470,522 80.48 14,365 44.02 1,381,359 96.16 32,636 2,851,881 87.38 1895. 16,245 50. 4S 796,764 49.05 15,968 49.57 556,070 34.82 32,21S 1,352,834 42.00 1900. 18,010 31.78 804,945 44. 6S 38,657 68.22 784,593 20.30 56,667 1,589,5'je 28.05 1905. 24,099 38.38 898,753 37. 2S 38,698 61.62 781,131 20.19 62,797 1,679,884 26.76 1908. 32,151 41.09 983,776 30.60 46,085 58.91 827,753 17.96 78,236 1,811,529 23.28 ACK.(\00 1/\ 856 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. NUMBER, PER CENT, AND AMOUNT OF DEPOSITS FOR OLD-AGE INSURANCE WITH THE NATIONAL FUND FOR RETIREMENT PENSIONS, 1851 TO 1890, AND FOR VARIOUS YEARS, 1891 TO 1908-Concluded. COLLECTIVE DEPOSITS. Alienated capital. Reserved capital. Total. Year. Num- ber of deposits. Per cent. Amoant. Aver- age It' posit. Num- ber of deposits. Per cent. Amount. Aver- age ^. posit. Number of deposits. Amount. Aver- age posit. 18511 to } 1890 1 1891. 1895. 1900. 1905. 1908. 8,145,945 430,432 667,452 1,647,702 1,911,425 2,343,579 60.62 53.28 51.08 66.61 S2.47 51.23 $18,320,330 904,543 1,375,818 3,745,172 4,857,507 7,107,021 J2.25 2.10 2.06 2.42 2.54 3.03 5,292,045 377,443 639,193 1,191,319 1,731,451 2,231,327 39.38 46.72 48.92 43.49 47. S3 48.77 $37,435,959 2,859,886 3,570,509 4,416,597 .5,810,029 6,825,286 $7.07 7.58 5.59 3.71 3.36 3.06 13,437,990 807,875 1,306,645 2,739,021 3,642,876 4,574,906 $55,756,289 3,764,429 4,946,327 8,161,769 10,667,536 13,932,307 $4.15 4.66 3.79 2.98 2.90 3.05 TOTAL. 18S11 to 1^ 1890 1891 . 8,407,965 60.62 $65,878,742 $7.84 5,461,786 39.38 $78,001,310 $14.28 13,869,761 $143,880,052 $10.37 448,703 53.38 2,375,065 5.29 391,808 46.62 4,241,245 10.82 840,511 6,616,310 7.87 1895. 683,697 51.07 2,172,582 3.18 655,161 48.93 4,126,579 6.30 1,338,858 6,299,161 4.70 1900. 1,565,712 56.00 4,550,117 2.91 1,229,976 44.00 6,201,190 4.23 2,795,688 9,751,307 3.49 19a5. 1,935,524 62.23 5,756,260 2.97 1,770,149 47.77 6,591,160 3.72 3,705,673 12,347,420 3.33 1908. 2,375,730 61.06 8,090,797 3.41 2,277,412 48.94 7,653,039 3.36 4,653,142 15,743,836 3.38 STATISTICS OF PENSIONS AND FENSIONEBS. The changes in the number of pensions and the average amount of pensions are shown in the following tables for varioijs years from 1891 to 1908. From 1891 to 1908, the number of pensions enrolled at the close of the year has increased from 180,470 to 322,240, or about 79 per cent. This, of course, represents the net gain in the number of pensions after due allowance is made for pensions discontinued for various reasons. The gross increase appears much greater, about 34,000 to 43,000- names per annum, with a loss of from 27,000 to 34,000. Double pensions are not uncommon when purchased at different periods, or for some other reason, and frequently such pen- sions are combined for convenience of administration. The number of pensions thus combined is very large, fluctuating between 12,000 and 20,000 per annum during the period under discussion, and thus a material reduction in the number of names on the list by about 6,000 to 10,000 is annually effected. CHAPTER rv. WOBKMEn's INSTJEANCE in FRANCE. 857 CHANGES IN OLD-AGE PENSION ENROLLMENT OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND. FOR VARIOUS YEARS. 1891 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup4rleure de la Calsse Natlonale des Retraltes poor la VleUlesso, 1900-1908.] Additions to the pension rolls. Year. New pensions. Reinstatements, (a) Combinations, revisions, etc. Number. Amount. Average amount. Num- ber. Amount. Average amount. Number. Amount. Average amount. 1891 25,506 25,034 29,120 34,643 36,367 $423,252 410,064 467,388 560,800 634,765 $16.59 16.38 16.05 16.19 17.45 67 87 73 147 152 $378 446 532 1,588 782 $5.64 5.13 7.29 10.80 5.14 8,905 7,720 9,125 7,768 6,786 $541,686 379,608 381,676 345,894 298,999 1896 49 17 1900 1905 44 53 1908 Deductions from the pension roll. Year. Reported deaths. Fresumt>tions of death. Combinations, corrections, etc. Number. Amount. Average amount. Num- ber. Amount. Average amount. Number. Amount. Average amount. 1891 6,766 11,921 14,621 15,831 17,417 $272,492 368,970 378,844 399,038 397,264 $40.27 30.95 25.91 25.21 22.81 2,019 2,015 1,507 1,601 1,675 $51,825 54,068 36,088 47,606 63,195 $25.67 26.83 23.95 29.74 31.76 18,611 16,152 17,888 14,628 12,749 $541,586 379,608 381,675 345,894 298,999 $29.10 1895 25.05 1900 21.34 1905 23.81 1908 23.45 Total additions. Total deductions. Enrollment at close of the year. Year. Number. Amount. Average amount. Num- ber. Amount. Average amount. Number. Amount. Average amount. 1891 34,478 33,841 38,318 42,558 43,305 $965,216 790,118 849,595 908,282 934,646 $27.97 23.35 22.17 21.34 21.58 27,396 29,088 34,016 31,960 31,841 $865,903 802,646 796,607 792,638 749,458 $31.61 27.69 23.42 24.80 23.53 180,470 200,740 247,382 288,694 322,240 $6,221,792 6,398,177 6,787,309 7,308,972 7,779,669 $34. 48 1895 31.87 1900 27.44 1905 25.32 1908 24.14 o When pension money is not drawn for three consecutive years the pension becomes extinct, on the pre- sumption that the pensioner is dead. The pensioner may be reinstated on the pension roll when proof ia ftimbhed that he Is alive. (Decree of Dec. W, 1886, art. 33.) There has been a continuous reduction in the average amount of pensions paid. For the period under discussion, the average pension decUned from $34.48 to $24.14. When all additions are considered, that is, the real new pensions as well as the formal changes, the average pension has seemed to decline from $27.97 to $21.58, but in this comparison are included the combinations of small pensions, which to some extent obscures the actual conditions. As was explained above, many small pensions are combined into large ones, so that the average amount of these pensions in 1908, for instance, before combinations were effected, was $23.45, and, after the combinations were effected, $44.06. If these, however, be disregarded, the actual average amount of the new pensions seems to fluctuate between $16 and $18 (with the exception of one or two years), while the 858 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. average amount of pensions canceled by death is very nauch higher. This indicates that, as far as the last two decades are concerned, the reduction in the average amount of all pensions paid is due primarily to the death of many of the pensioners of the higher economic groups who purchased their old-age pensions at a time when the high rate of interest was attractive to owners of small capital. In the preceding tables statistics of pensions were given. As was explained before, it is not unusual for one person to be carried on the rolls more than once, though, as a rule, these small pensions are eventually consolidated. Altogether for the 58 years of the existence of the fund 950,548 pensions were granted, and on December 31, 1908, 322,240 pensions were current. When, however, instead of pensions the number of persons receiving pensions is taken, it is found that only 630,383 persons were granted pensions and of these, 306,736 were receiving pensions on December 31, 1908. The average amount received by a pensioner, as shown in the following table, is somewhat larger than the average amount of pension as computed above. NUMBER OF PENSIONERS, TOTAL AMOUNT, AND AVERAGE AMOUNT OF CURRENT PENSIONS. BY SEX OF PENSIONERS, 1900 TO 1908. [Souice: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Gaisse Nationale des Retiaites pour la Vielllesse, 1900-1908.] Males. Females. Total. Year. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions. Aver- age per pen- sion. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions. Aver- age per pen- sion. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions. Aver^ age per pen- sion. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 132, 123 136,240 139,936 144,231 149,167 153,739 158,329 162,827 168,231 13,622,813 3,694,943 3,780,114 3,860,637 3,962,480 4,047,342 4,164,738 4,264,279 4,392,855 $27.42 27.12 27.01 26.77 26.56 26.33 26.30 26.19 26.02 109,195 112,129 115,428 118,573 122,054 125,641 129,505 133,421 138,505 $3,164,496 3,175,913 3,204,764 3,207,413 3,230,749 3,261,630 3,295,057 3,330,302 3,386,814 S28.98 28.32 27.76 27.15 26.47 25.96 25.44 24.96 24.45 241,318 248,369 255,364 262,804 271,221 279,380 287,834 296,248 306,736 $6,787,309 6,870,856 6,984,878 7,068,050 7,193,229 7,308,972 7,459,795 7,594,581 7,779,669 $28.13 27.66 27.35 26.88 26.52 26,16 25.92 25.64 25. 3S AGE AT LIQUIDATION AND AMOUNT OF PENSION. Reference to the age at which the maturity of pension is expected was made when giving statistics of new depositors. Naturally, these original pensions are subject to frequent changes, and the regulations of the national fund provide for either acceleration or postponement of the period of maturity without great difficulties. In the following table are indicated the ages at which the liquidation of the pension was effected, as well as the average pension for persons beginning to receive the pension at different age periods. There is a strong tend- ency to begin these pensions at rounded age periods, such as 50, 55, 60, etc. In addition the table demonstrates that notwithstanding CHAPTEB rv. — WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN FBANCE. 859 considerable fluctuations from year to year there is a strong tendency to demand a pension at an earlier age. The anaount of a pension is very strongly influenced by the time of its maturity, and a delay of a few years in claiming the pension usu- ally increases its amount very materially. It might have been expected that the pensions granted at a higher age would be on the average larger than those granted to young persons. As a matter of fact, however, the average pension granted after the age of 65 is very small, and it is often the small amount of the pension acquired which causes the delay in liquidation. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PENSIONS GRANTED TO PENSIONERS OF SPECIFIED AGES BY NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE AMOUNT OF SUCH PENSIONS, 1851 TO 1908. ISource: Rapjwrt de la Commiasion Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraitea pour la Vieillesse 1900-1908.) ' 13 to 49 years. 60 years. ^ Year. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1851 to 1890 676 92 102 117 238 219 0.17 .36 .41 .40 .69 .60 $10,926 1,917 1,680 2,248 3,682 5,314 $16. 16 20.83 16.47 19.21 15.47 24 26 42,042 2,568 3,024 3,375 4,133 4,890 10.67 10.07 12.08 11.59 11.93 13.45 $1,083,834 66,075 72,682 78,022 80,844 97,764 $25.78 25.73 24.04 23.12 19.56 19.99 1891 1895 1900 1905 1908 Total, 1851-1908 3,454 .36 56,315 16.30 105,406 11.09 2,500,881 23.73 51 to 54 years. 55 years. Year. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1851 to 1890 32,460 2,077 2,169 2,058 2,340 2,380 8.24 8.14 8.66 7.07 6.75 6.54 $1,017,616 37,349 31,715 31,034 37,830 39,001 $31.35 17.98 14.62 15.47 16.17 16.39 22,070 1,401 1,385 2,300 3,674 4,846 5.60 5.49 5.53 7.90 10.61 13.33 $537,466 27,733 27,164 35,187 55,307 74,054 $24.35 19.80 1891 1895 1900 15 30 1905 1908 15 28 Total, 1851-1908 73,260 7.71 1,661,057 22.67 67,747 7.13 1,270,206 18.76 56 to 59 years. 60 years. Year. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1851 to 1890 42,214 2,838 3,121 3,236 4,118 4,667 10.71 11.13 12.47 11.11 11.89 12.83 $1,393,220 58, 196 61,917 78,000 94,775 110,038 $33.00 20.51 19.84 24.10 23.01 23.58 59,211 3,976 4,584 4,302 4,731 4,642 15.02 15.59 18.31 14.77 13.66 12.76 $1,004,243 67,570 81,760 80,296 88,154 90,993 $16. 96 18S1... 16.99 1895 17.84 1900 18.66 1905, 18.63 1908 19.60 Total, 1851-1908 107,087 11.27 2,850,216 26.62 138,398 14.56 2,459,810 17.77 860 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PENSIONS GRANTED TO PENSIONERS OF SPECIFIED AGES BY NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, AND TOTAL AND AVERAGE AMOUNT OF SUCH PENSIONS, 1851 TO 1908-Conoluded. 61 to 64 years. 65 years. Year. Pensions granted. Percent ol total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1851 to 1890 54,322 3,606 3,345 3,480 4,674 4,843 13.78 13.75 13.36 11.95 13.49 13.32 $1,634,516 63,397 55,563 61,816 76,402 82,465 $30.09 18.08 16..61 17.76 16.35 17.03 41,891 2,331 2,262 2,346 3,112 3,660 10.63 9.14 9.00 8.06 8.98 9.79 $917,583 38,499 35,623 40,608 58,126 76,310 $21.91 1891 16.52 1895 15.82 1900 17.31 1905 18.68 1908 ;.... 21.44 Total, 1851-1908 126,072 13.26 2,836,173 22.50 90,046 9.47 1,766,685 19.62 ' 66 to 69 years. 70 to 74 years. Year. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount of pen- sions. Average perpen- sion. Pensions granted. Per cent ol total. Amount of pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1861 to 1890... . 54,366 3,589 2,711 4,340 3,918 3,253 13.80 14.07 10.83 14.90 11.31 8.94 $1,049,827 33,820 22,321 32,433 33,867 30,871 $19.31 9.42 8.23 7.47 8.64 9.49 31,302 2,132 1,615 2,480 2,496 2,053 7.94 8.36 6.45 8.62 7.20 5.65 $567,185 20,161 13,614 19,017 22,234 18,531 $17.80 1891 1895 9.46 8 43 1900 „ 1905 *. 7.67 8 91 1908 9.03 Total, 1851-1908 122,706 .12.91 1,602,185 13.06 78,359 8.24 921,438 11.76 76 to 79 years. 80 years and over. Year. Pensions granted. Per cent ol total. Amount Average of pen- per pen- sions, sion. Pensions granted. Per cent of total. Amount ol pen- sions. Average per pen- sion. 1851 to 1890 10,439 774 547 839 903 759 2.66 3.03 2.19 2.88 2.61 2.09 $178,733 J17 15 3,103 222 179 247 306 256 0.79 .87 .71 .86 .88 .70 $57,106 1,936 1,454 1,641 2,188 2,422 $18 40 1891 6,599 4,673 6,284 7,391 7,003 8.53 8.36 7.49 8.18 9.35 8 72 1895 8.12 1900- . . ; 1906 7 15 1908 9 50 Total, 1851-1908 28,798 3.03 308,695 10.72 9,216 .97 96,736 10.50 The predominance of very small pensions is brought out clearly in the following table, in which all pensions are classified in six groups, according to amount. In 1908 over half the pensions were not over $9.65, and over 90 per cent not over $38.60 per annum. PENSIONS GRANTED, 1851 TO 1908, BY AMOUNT OP PENSION. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationals des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, 1900-1908.1 Pensions of— Year. 2 to 60 francs ($0.39 to $9.65). 51 to 200 francs ($9.84 to $38.60). 201 to 360 Irancs ($38.79 to $69.48). 361 to 600 francs ($69.67 to $115.80). 601 to 1,200 francs ($115.99 to $231.60). 1,201 to 1,600 francs ($231.79 to $289.60). Total. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1851-1890 172,706 12,744 12,866 16,613 19,326 19,282 43.82 49.97 61.40 56.71 66.79 53.02 146,686 11,162 10,254 10,279 12, 402 13,562 37.22 43.76 40.96 36.30 36.80 37.29 38,952 853 1,021 1,268 1,713 2,034 9.88 3.36 4.08 4.35 4.94 6.59 29,306 386 481 549 706 926 7.44 1.61 1.92 1.89 2.04 2.55 5,205 317 369 475 469 526 1.32 1.24 1.47 1.63 1.35 1.45 1,243 44 43 36 27 37 0.32 .17 .17 .12 .08 .10 394 096 1891.. 26,606 25,034 29,120 34,643 36,367 1895 1900.. 1905 1908 Total, 1861-1908. 480,657 60.57 351,667 37.00 63,448 6.67 39,854 4.19 13,033 1.37 1,889 .20 950,548 OHAPTEB IV. — WOBKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FBANCB. 861 SUBSIDIES TO PENSIONS. Legislation regulating subsidies to pensions was explained in con- nection with the discussion of the organization of the fund. Due to its financial organization, these subsidies, or rather their capitalized values, appear as deposits of the fund, and the data have already been quoted.. The subsidies are given as lump deposits for the purchase of additional pensions. It appeared from the average amount then granted that the additional pension could not be great. In the fol- lowing table are shown the lump sums contributed as well as the average amount of subsidiary pensions granted under the act of 1895, i. e., to persons over 65 years of age (maj orations), and the special pension subsidies (bonifications) granted to persons who have raised three children. The "bonification" usually accompanies the "majoration," but even when taken together the average subsidy amounts to less than $9 per annum. For aged persons who did not have three children the average subsidy is less than $4 per annum. Thus the law of December 31, 1895, while introducing the important principle of a government subsidy to old-age pensions, could not have a perceptible effect upon the problem of old-age provision. SUBSIDIES TO OLD-AGE PENSIONS GRANTED BY THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIBE- MENT FUND, 1900 TO 1908. [Souice: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vlelllesse, 1900-1908 Ordinary subsidies (majoratlons). Special subsidies to persons who have raised 3 children (bonifications). Total. Year. Num- ber. Amount. Aver- s^- sldy. Cost. Aver- age cost. Num- ber. Amount. Aver- SlSj- sidy. Cost. Aver- age cost. Amomit Cost. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. 2,598 4,667 3,968 2,713 2,854 3,226 3,001 2,632 2,784 $9,147 18,357 15,111 10,399 10,622 12,278 11,563 9,290 10,098 $3.52 3.93 3.81 3.83 3.69 3.81 3.85 3.67 3.63 $74,244 160,919 133,876 91,128 90,744 105,572 98,641 80,918 88,121 $28.58 34.48 33.74 33.59 31.80 32.73 32.84 31.96 31.65 827 1,519 1,270 831 904 1,013 900 757 841 $3,413 7,298 5,607 3,657 3,825 4,493 4,167 3,255 3,588 $4.13 4.80 4.41 4.40 4.23 4.44 4.93 4.30 4.27 $27,699 64,121 50,178 32,173 33,160 38,786 36,063 28,327 31,473 $33.49 42.21 39.51 38.72 36.68 38.29 40.07 37.42 37.42 $12,560 26,655 20,718 14,056 14,347 16,771 15,730 12,545 13,686 $101,943 225,040 184,054 123,301 123,904 144,358 134,604 109,245 119, 594 REPAYMENTS OF RESEBVED CAPITAL. The repayment of the amount of deposits in case of death of persons insured on the reserved capital plan, whether such death occurs before or after the granting of pensions, represents a large part of the activity of the fund, which may be designated as Ufe insurance. As is shown in the following table, $77,881,448 has been paid out under this form of insurance since the organization of the fund to 254,644 persons, and the annual number of payments in 1908 has exceeded 15,000, while the amount paid was nearly $3,500,000. 862 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. REIMBURSEMENTS OF RESERVED CAPITAL MADE AT DEATH OF INSURED, 1851 TO 1908. (Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rleure de la Calsse Nationale des Retraltes pour la Vlelllesse, 1900-1908.1 Reimbursements ol— Year. 1 to 99 francs ($0.19 to $19.11). 100 to 499 francs ($19.30 to $96.37). 500 to 999 francs ($96.50 to $192.81). 1,000 to 4,999 francs ($193.00 to $964.81). Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Percent. 1851 to 1890 9,936 634 851 1,576 2,421 3,500 13.8 9.5 10.1 14.9 19.1 23.1 19,463 1,491 1,804 2,295 2,991 3,477 26.9 22.4 21.5 21.6 23.6 23.0 12,317 1,195 1,425 1,960 2,180 2,651 17.1 18.0 17.0 18.5 17.2 17.5 24,740 2,671 3,598 4,033 4,472 4,914 34.3 1891 40.2 1895 . 42.8 1900 38.0 1905 35.2 1908 32.5 Total, 1851-1908. 39,580 15.5 60,611 23.8 44,610 17.5 92,330 36.3 Reimbursements of — Year. 5,000 to 9,999 francs ($965.00 to $1,929.81). 10,000 to 19,999 francs ($1,930.00 to $3,859.81). 20,000 francs ($3,860.00) and over. Total. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Number. Amount. Average amount. 1851 to 1890 3,698 447 482 535 455 450 5.0 6.7 5.7 5.1 3.6 3.0 1,906 168 203 173 126 107 2.6 2.5 2.4 1.6 1.0 .7 214 43 42 34 39 26 0.3 .7 .5 .3 .3 .2 72,163 6,649 8,406 10,606 12,684 15,125 $23,608,823 2,629,389 3,090,943 3,262,336 3,318,827 3,467,727 $326 1891 380 1896 368 1900 308 1905 262 1908 229 Total, 1851-1908. 11,901 4.7 4,801 1.9 811 .3 254,644 77,881,448 306 FINANCIAL STATISTICS. RECEIPTS. The receipts for the years 1900 to 1908 are shown in the following table. As the direct deposits are the only revenues kept separate for the two branches of the activity of the fund (those under the acts of 1886 and 1898), it is necessary to study the receipts as a whole. In the table the deposits made under both laws and credited to the given year are shown first. These deposits do not, however, corre- spond with those of the cash account, because certain amounts are often deposited in branches and agencies, and do not reach the central office until after the close of the year, and again advance payments are often made, so that, as is shown in the tables (column 8), the actual cash deposits of the central office are not equal to the deposits properly credited to the fiscal year (column 4). The interest on investments has increased from $6,666,598 to $10,053,105, or 50 per cent, though not as rapidly as the aimual deposits, which have doubled. The bonus on investments disposed of is a very fluctuating quantity depending as it does on many market conditions. The OHAPTEE rv. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN FBANCE. 863 unusual amount credited to that item in 1902 is due to the granting of a bonus on the conversion of the bonds from 3^ to 3 per cent. In 1900 the subsidiary revenues constituted over 60 per cent of the deposits; in 1908 they equalled one-half. This reduction is partly due to the conversion of the government bonds and partly to the natural result of the very rapid increase in the amount of recent deposits. EECEIPTS OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND. 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Supfirieure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vieillesse, 1900-1908.] Year. Deposits under act of July 20, 1886. Deposits under act of AprU 9, 1898. Total de- posits. Deposits made during the year, but not received in the treasury until next year. Net deposits Deposits made in advance for follow- ing year. Total cash deposits. 1900. 1901.. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 19,761,310 10,257,646 10,560,123 11,020,240 11,949,370 12,347,420 13,278,381 14,009,379 16,908,667 $1,007,536 2,539,064 2,843,363 4,669,601 4,540,686 3,401,909 3,860,983 4,368,994 4,664,819 $10,758,846 12,796,709 13,403,486 15,579,841 16,489,956 15,749,329 17,129,364 18,368,373 ■■20,573,386 $75,096 71,988 80,454 91,761 106,9.36 120,168 164,264 194,841 214,744 $10,683,760 12,724,721 13,323,032 16,488,080 16,383,021 16,629,161 16,966,100 18,173,632 20,368,642 $58,916 76,093 71,969 80,464 91,761 106,936 120,168 164,264 194,841 $10,742,665 12,799,814 13,394,991 15,668,634 16,474,782 16,736,097 17,086,268 18,337,796 20,563,483 Year. Interest on invest- ments and deposits. Bonus on sale of invest- ments. All other receipts. All revenues except de- posits. Total revenues. Cash for in- vestments. Total re- ceipts. 1900 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1906. 1906. 1907. 1908. $6,666,698 6,955,645 7,620,665 7,277,336 7,923,010 8,406,464 8,852,694 9,386,108 10,053,106 $96, 166 640,020 1,998,122 93,838 93,371 176,833 95,438 360,170 186,523 $21,666 21,762 31,972 22,957 23,962 20,200 19,427 17,403 18,769 $6,784,409 7,517,317 9,650,749 7,394,131 8,040,343 8,603,487 8,967,559 9,762,681 10,257,397 $17,627,074 20,317,131 23,045,740 22,962,665 24,516,126 24,339,584 20,052,827 28,100,477 30,810,880 $1,407,634 4,728,810 15,382,130 9,296,992 2,890,960 9,004,276 16,013,676 20,107,129 17,463,400 $18,934,608 26,046,941 38,427,870 32,269,057 27,406,075 33,343,859 42,066,503 48,207,606 48,467,280 o Includes $164,732 deposited under act of April 22, 1905, concerning pensions to employees of religious orders. EXPENDITURES. The expenditures of the fund as shown in the follovsdng table reached in 1908 more than $48,000,000, but the largest part of this represents the purchase of securities for purpose of investment. Eliminating these the actual amounts expended are still large, having increased from $9,928,649 in 1900 to $13,672,683 in 1908. The cost of administration and all miscellaneous expenses are small, amounting to from 3 to 5 per cent of the total payments made, so that nearly all the money paid out actually goes to the beneficiaries. Of the total payments of $13,063,852 to beneficiaries in 1908, $2,249,180 were paid in connection with the act of 1898, $10,728,621 under the old-age insur- 864 RBPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. ance system of 1886, $24,573 under the act of 1905, and $61,478 repre- sented returns of irregular deposits. Disregarding the latter two items, the operations under the law of 1886 represent about four-fifths and those under the law of 1898 about one-fifth. Furthermore, of the total amount paid out under the law of 1886, about two-thirds went for pension payments, and one-third for repayments of reserved capital. The extremely low cost of administration, as shown by the tables, is one of the most noteworthy features of the operations of this insti- tution. EXPENDITURES OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE EETIEEMENT FUND, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Supfirieure de la Caisse Nationale des Retraltes pour la Vlelllesse, 1900-1908.1 Payments to tenefloiaries. Year. Pensions. Repay- ment of Irregular deposits. Reimburse - ment of re- served capi- tal (law of 1886). Repay- ment and reim- burse- ments (law of 1898). Lawofl886 Law of 1898. Total. Total. 1900 $6,337,746 6,624,612 6,672,566 6,667,535 6,834,527 6,900,877 7,048,326 7,181,770 17,295,467 $35,013 159,590 352,085 598,267 878,570 1,130,993 1,329,923 1,536,962 1,761,350 $6,372,759 6,784,202 7,024,661 7,265,802 7,713,097 8,031,870 8,378,249 8,718,732 9,056,817 $10,607 17,596 21,293 20,304 77,422 28,959 39,993 60,120 61,478 $3,262,336 3,028,747 3,066,186 3,059,812 3,128,468 3,318,827 3,343,202 3,666,243 3,457,727 $9,645,702 1901 $39,553 41,393 114,902 228,534 326,790 346,120 363,482 487,830 9, 870, 098 1902 10,153,523 1903 10,460,820 11,147,521 11 706 446 1904 1905 1906 12,107,664 12,798,577 13,063,852 1907.. 1908 Administration, etc. Total ex- penditures for benefits, administra- tion, etc. Purchase of securities. Year. Adminis- tration. Taxes, duties. Ail other expenses. Total. Grand total. 1900 $205,804 231,435 263,719 282,084 308,283 327,731 334,488 363,325 372,049 $56,588 66,125 79,450 93,079 104,127 121,768 141,768 168,645 203,948 120,555 21,243 111,273 27,098 25,440 23,702 40,869 228,700 .^2 (04 $282,947 318,803 454,442 402,261 437,850 473,191 517,125 760,670 60R- !a^ $9,928,649 10,188,901 10,607,965 10,863,081 11,585,371 12,179,637 12,624,689 13,659,247 13-672 fiKl $9,436,711 15,130,912 27,768,737 21,736,566 14,026,883 23,132,236 28,338,423 35,144,548 34.416.190 $19,365,360 25,319,813 1901 1902 38,376,702 1903 32,599,647 25, 612, 254 1904 1905 35,311,873 1906 1907 40,963,112 48,703,795 48,088,873 1908 o Includes $24,573 paid under the law of 1905. RESOURCES. The resources of the national fund, as shown in the following table, consist mainly in investments in securities and an account in the treasury, the latter amounting to only 3 or 4 per cent. The total resources have increased from $190,842,719 in 1900 to $295,705,573 in 1908, and the investments in securities from $182,680,026 to $287,294,158. The matter of proper investment of such large CHAPTER IV. — WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 865 amounts is one of considerable importance. As is shown in the fol- ing table, there has been a change in the methods of investments during the last decade. In 1900, 76 per cent of the investments were represented by government securities, while departmental and communal bonds claimed less than 23 per cent and railroad bonds 1.36 per cent. In 1908 the amount invested in government bonds had declined by nearly $10,000,000, while the investments in the de- partmental and communal bonds had increased to 53 per cent of the total invested in securities, and in absolute figures from $41,388,236 to $152,347,028, or nearly four times. In other words, not only were the new accumulations of the national fund during the last 9 years placed almost exclusively in departmental and communal bonds (with a small amount in railroad bonds), but even the amounts realized from the maturity of the government bonds were utiHzed for that purpose. This was evidently done for the purpose of keep- ing up a higher interest rate; the interest on government bonds is 3 per cent, while the departmental and communal bonds pay from 3.5 to 4.4 per cent. The average rate of interest for all investments up to 1902 was about 3.7 per cent and since then about 3.5 to 3.55 per cent. The reduction took place in 1902, due to a conversion of government "rentes" from a 3^ per cent to a 3 per cent security. This conversion explains the seemingly extraordinary large opera- tions in securities within that year. RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Supfirleure de la Caisse Natlonale des Retraites pour la Vleillesse, 190O-19O8.1 Year. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1901. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Amount invested in securities up to Jan- uary 1. 1174,650,849 182,680,026 193,082,128 205,468,735 217,908,309 229,044,242 243, 172, 202 255,496,949 270,534,368 Value of securities acquired during tile year. (9,436, 15,130, 79, 984, 21,736, 14,026, 23,132, 28,338, 35,144, 34,416, Total in- vested in securities. $184,087, 197,810, 273,066, 227,205, 231,935, 252, 176, 271,510, 290,641, 304,950, Value of securi- ties dis- posed of. 407,534 728, 810 597, 976 296, 992 890,960 004,275 013, 676 107, 129 656,400 Amount invested in securities on Decem- ber 31. $182, 193, 205, 217, 229, 243, 265, 270, 287, 680,026 082, 128 468, 735 908,309 044,242 172,202 496, 949 534,368 294, 158 Market value of securities on Decem- ber 31. $220, 898, 230, 181, 241,814, 257,757, 264,564, 279,884, 298, 689, Depos- ited with treasury, cash, etc. $8,162. 7,888; 7, 939, 7,599, 9,393, 7,425, 8,529, 8,033, 8,411, Total resources. $190, 200, 213, 225, 238, 250, 264, 278, 295, 842,719 970,948 408, 723 508, 308 438,061 598,008 026, 146 567,376 705,573 a Not reported. METHODS OF INVESTMENT OF THE ASSETS OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIRE- MENT FUND, 1900, 1905, AND 1908. [Source: Rapport de ia Commission Supfirieure de ia Caisse Natlonale des Retraites pour la Vleillesse, 1900, 1905, and 1908.) Government securi- ties. Railroad bonds. Departmental and communal bonds. Year. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Total. 1900 $138,813,363 145,361,752 129,142,867 75.99 59.78 44.95 $2,478,427 2,372,826 5,804,263 1.36 .98 2.02 $41,388,236 95,437,624 152,347,028 22.65 39.24 63.03 $182,680,026 1905... 243,172,202 1908 287,294,158 866 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. LIABILITIES. The liabilities are divided into those under the law of 1886 and those under the accident law of 1898. Special accounts were opened in 1908 for the pensions purchased for members of rehgious orders under the act of 1905, but these are as yet unimportant and have been thrown together with those under the law of 1886. As is seen, the operations of the national fund are mainly under the law of 1886, though the share under the law of 1898 has been gradually increasing, so that the obligations under this law now constitute over 10 per cent of the total. These represent mainly the reserve for pensions purchased by a lump-sum payment. Under the act of 1886 the liabilities are of many different kinds. The bulk is represented by a reserve for pensions which will mature in the future on the basis of the payments already made, and also for the reimbursement of reserved capital in case of death. The item second in importance is the additional payments to be made on pensions already granted. Finally, a third item consists of the obUgations which have matured, but for some reason have not been liquidated. . LIABILITIES OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Caisse Natlonale des Retraites pour la Vielllesse, 1900-1908.] Year. Mathemat- ical reserves necessary to cover amount of pensions purchased up to end of year to be liquidated subse- quently. Values at end of year of pay- ments to be made on current pensions. Obliga- tions un- der law of 1886 which have ma- tured be- fore end of year, but have not yet been liqui- dated. other obliga- tions under law of 1886-. Total lia- bility under law of 1886. Reserved for pen- sions due under law of 1898. Cost of admin- istration of last year ad- vanced by the Caisse de D«p6ts. Total liabilities, 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $116,041,390 121,712,988 128,274,790 134,629,019 141,569,288 149,757,538 158,283,057 167,224,717 178,175,043 $52,737,074 53,695,536 54,377,194 55,050,645 56,154,816 57,302,261 58,710,058 60,062,972 "61,835,246 $4,482,666 4,532,252 4,049,207 4,425,232 4,860,027 4,607,023 4,767,669 5,058,918 5,200,181 $38,516 49,126 42,364 54,899 148,808 65,631 109,379 148,016 176,923 8173,299,646 179,889,901 186,743,555 194,159,795 202,732,939 211,732,353 221,870,163 232,494,623 245,387,393 $1,031,673 3,522,676 6,331,392 10,665,783 14,813,836 18,697,461 21,717,629 25,016,846 ■28,349,729 $231,435 263,719 282,084 308,282 327,731 334,488 363,325 372,049 398,207 $174,662,654 183,676,296 193,357,031 205,123,860 217,874,506 230,764,302 243,951,117 257,883,518 274,135,329 o Includes $127,130 reserved for pensions under act of 1905. BALANCE SHEET. A comparison of the resources of the fund with the liabilities as shown in the preceding table indicates a considerable excess of the former and a perfect solvency of the fund since its reorganization in 1886. This margin of safety is seen to be still ■ greater when the market values of securities are taken into consideration. Never- theless, the official balance sheets of the national fund, as shown in the following table, show a deficit since 1903 — i. e., since the conversion CHAPTEE IV. — WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN FBANCE. 867 of the national "rentes" in 1902, as explained above. The deficit is only a seeming one, due to the method of making up the balance sheets. The liabilities under the act of 1886 are computed on an assumption of a rate of interest of 3i per cent; those under the law of 1898, under the assumed rate of interest of 3i per cent; and for the operations under the law of April 22, 1905 (which are limited in amount), under the assumed rate of 3 per cent. The tariffs of rates for the operations under these different acts are computed, according to the regulations, on these indicated interest rates. On the other hand, the constitution of the fund provides that in drawing up the balance sheet the value of the assets be computed from the revenues on a rate of interest one-half per cent higher than the rate used for computation of liabihties. Disregarding the special law of 1905, for which returns appear for the first time in 1908, and joining these returns with those for the law of 1886, the computation of the assets must be made at an assumed rate of interest of 4 per cent as far as the law of 1886 is concerned, and at a rate of 3| per cent as far as the law of 1898 is concerned. The final computation is made at a rate adjusted to the comparative values of liabilities under these two laws and is somewhere between 3^ and 4 per cent, but nearer 4 per cent, as the liabilities under the older law are as yet greater. The balance sheet computed by this method is shown in the follow- ing table for 1900 to 1908. A computation like this materially reduces the capitalization value of the securities, since the average rate of interest, as was stated above, is only a little over 3^ per cent. The difference between the actual capital invested in securities (as shown in the table on p. 865) and this computed value of the securities was not very great up to 1902, when the actual average rate of interest was near 3| per cent, but is increasing as the actual rate has fallen to 3^ per cent; this explains the marked fall in the surplus in 1902 and the appearance of a small deficit in 1903. BALANCE SHEET OF THE NATIONAL OLD-AGE RETIREMENT FUND, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Rapport de la Commission Sup^rieure de la Calsse Nationale des Retraites pour la Vleillesse, 1900-1908.] Value of secu- Deposit made with branch rities computed Value at a rate of in- Account of offices and Surplus (-I-) or deficit (-). Year. terest i per cent liigher than with treasury. stamps on agencies, not yet transferred Total assets. Liabilities. that of the lia- hand. to the central biUties. office. 1900.... J172,268,674 $8,162,547 $146 $75,096 $180,506,463 $174,562,654 -(-$5,943,809 1901 . . . . 182,186,725 7,888,635 185 71,988 190,147,533 183,676,296 -1- 6,471,237 1902.... 185,901,605 7,939,863 125 80,454 193,922,047 193,357,031 -f 665,016 1903.... 196,376,447 7,599,816 183 91,761 204,068,207 205,123,860 - 1,055,653 1904.... 206,711,990 9,393,581 238 106,936 216,212,745 217,874,606 - 1,661,761 1905.... 221,894,689 7,425,522 283 120,168 229,440,662 230,764,302 - 1,323,640 1906.... 233,321,331 8,529,002 195 164,264 242,014,792 243,951,117 - 1,936,325 1907..-. 248,835,014 8,032,889 119 194,841 257,062,863 257,883,518 - 820,655 1908.... 264,576,898 8,411,306 109 214,744 273,203,057 274,135,329 - 932,272 868 BEPOKT or THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. PENSION FUNDS OF MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES. HISTORY. According to the act of July 15, 1850, recognized mutual aid societies were prohibited from promising their members retirement pensions. A decree of March 26, 1852, instituting the approved societies, however, authorized the latter to accord pensions, provided they had a sufficient number of honorary members and that they deposited the necessary funds to secure such pensions with what is now the National Old-age Retirement Fund (Oaisse Nationdle des Betraites pour la VieiUesse). A decree of April 26, 1856, permitted recognized and approved societies to open with the Caisse de D6p6ts et Consignation, in the name of a common retirement fund, a special account for the pro- vision of old-age pensions to their superannuated members. This account could be supported by annual surplus funds, by donations, and by state subsidies. For this purpose a credit was inscribed in the budget and distributed among the societies in proportion to their deposits in the pension funds. These special funds could not be withdrawn, either in whole or in part, nor could they be devoted to any other purpose than old-age pensions. The general assembly fixed the amount of the pensions and designated the pensioners. If these propositions met with the approval of the superior commission for the supervision of mutual aid societies, the sum necessary for the constitution of the pensions voted was taken from the common funds and deposited with the Caisse Nationale des R^traites, which insured the payment of the pension. At their extinction the transferred capital was returned to the common funds. By virtue of the decree of April 26, 1856, the part of the retirement funds derived from the state subsidies had to be deposited as reserve capital; in effect, the societies deposited the whole funds under the same conditions and never as alienated capital. PRESENT PXXRPOSE AND SCOPE. The act of April 1, 1898, permits approved mutual aid societies to provide retirement pensions for their members as follows: 1. By depositing with the Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations, as common funds (fonds communs) for the benefit of the members, a capital fund the interest of which is paid in the form of pensions either through the National Old-age Retirement Fund, or directly by the societies. 2. By simply granting annual allowances to superannuated mem- bers from its available funds (fonds libres). 3. As reserved or alienated funds by depositing with the National Old-age Retirement Fund to the credit of the individual members, CHAPTEE IV. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 869 the capital funds to constitute pensions for the latter. This method is chiefly utiUzed by pupils' societies. The free societies may grant annual allowances, but they are not permitted to deposit and maintain common funds (fonds communs) for pensions with the Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations. Pensions are paid in two ways out of the common funds of the mutual aid societies — that is, either through the medium of the National Old-age Retirement Ftmd in accordance with article 23 of the act of April 1, 1898, or directly by the societies out of the interest earned by the common retirement funds. The common retirement funds deposited by the approved mutual aid societies for the payment of pensions are supplemented not only by donations and legacies, but also by three different kinds of state subsidies. Thus subsidies are granted in proportion to the amount of money deposited by the societies as common retirement funds. A decree of April 28, 1900, issued in execution of article 26 of the act of April 1 , determines the manner of calciilating these subsidies, fixing them for each year at one-fourth the amount of deposits made by the societies during the preceding year plus 1.50 francs (28.9 cents) for each participating member who is insured for old- age retirement. Another subsidy is in the form of an interest bonus, the pensions paid through the medium of the National Old-age Retirement Fund being computed on a basis of 4J per cent on the capital deposited, while the actual interest is but approximately Z\ per cent. The difference between the statutory and the ordinary rate of interest is made up by the Government as a sort of supplementary subsidy. The third subsidy results from the transfer of three-fifths of the amounts of lapsed deposits in the savings banks. This is appor- tioned among the societies having common funds, the basis being the number of participating members at the time the distribution is made. A decree of April 28, 1900, fixed the mode of calculating the sub- sidies allowed by virtue of article 26 of the act of April, 1898, to the mutual aid societies not maintaining common funds or other pro- visions for pensions. This method is the same as that prescribed for subsidies to the common funds. STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. Pensioners.— In 1905, 3,346 approved societies were paying pen- sions to 53,128 pensioners out of the common funds of the mutual aid societies through the medium of the National Old-age Retire- ment Fund, and 616 societies were paying pensions to 17,429 pen- sioners out of their common funds. In the same year 1,856 approved 870 HEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. societies were paying 61,083 pensions in the form of annual allowances out of their available funds (fonds lihres). While the free societies are not accorded the privileges and sub- sidies for old-age retirement pensions that are given to the approved societies, they have, nevertheless, made some use of this benefit feature, 8,490 pensions having been paid in this way in 1905. Common Funds. — These funds, constituted as above set forth, are held by 6,941 approved societies, the total amount on hand in 1905 being $37,845,582. The following table shows the number of socie- ties having common funds, the receipts on account of such funds from the various sources, and the total value for each year, 1900 to 1905. Adult and pupils' societies are here taken together. RECEIPTS AND AMOUNT OF COMMON EETIEEMENT FUNDS OF APPROVED MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES, 1900 TO 1905. [Source; Minist^re du Travail et de la Pr^voyance Sociale. Rapport sur les Operations des Society de Secours Mutuels pendant I'Annee 1905.] Year. Num- ber of societies. Num- ber of societies having common funds. Num- ber of societies making deposits. Amount depos- ited. Dona- tions and legacies. Subsi- dies propor- tioned to de- posits. Bonuses (interest allow- ance). Lapsed deposits in sav- ings banks. Total receipts. Amount of funds. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 10,804 11,719 12,379 13,075 14,011 14,955 5,052 5,470 5,846 6,281 6,631 6,941 2,431 2,918 3,162 3,676 4,076 3,970 {656,200 797,407 840,803 885,165 935,363 993,363 J21,204 50,872 34,804 42,014 40,161 65,481 $251,963 274,254 312,062 337,081 383,976 419,836 $125,455 136,405 147,143 222,287 237,292 256,491 $39,182 59,162 36,776 27,095 22,220 19,440 $1,094,004 1,318,100 1,371,688 1,513,642 1,619,012 1,753,611 $28,821,934 30,601,418 32,065,390 33,867,224 35,784,276 37,845,682 The number of societies maintaining common funds has increased 37.4 per cent during the period covered, while the amount of such funds has increased but 31.3 per cent. The average amount of such funds for each society having a fund in 1900 was $5,705 in 1900, and had fallen to $5,452 in 1905. Per capita data are not available, as the membership of societies of this class is not separately reported. While not forming any part of the above table, the subsidy granted to mutual aid societies not maintaining any provision for pensions by common funds or otherwise may be noted here. The amount of this subsidy was fixed by a decree of April 28, 1900, at 50 centimes (9.7 cents) per participating member. The amounts paid on this account were, in 1900, 233,384 francs ($45,043); in 1901, 286,135 francs ($55,225); in 1902, 316,716 francs ($61,126); in 1903, 334,653 francs ($64,588); in 1904, 328,205 francs ($63,344); and in 1905, 281,943 francs ($54,415). Pension Payments. — ^As already stated, the common funds afford pension payments in two forms — i. e., through the National Old-age Retirement Fund, and directly by the societies from the interest derived from the common funds. The number of approved societies OHAPTEK IV. — workmen's INStTEANCE IN FKANCB. 871 making use of these two methods of pension payments, and the num- ber and amoimt of such payments are shown in the following table: PENSION PAYMENTS MADE FROM COMMON FUNDS OF APPROVED MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES, 1900 TO 1906. [Source: Ministtre du Travail et de la Prtvoyance Sooiale. Rapport sur les Opdrations des Sool6t«a de SecouTs Mutuels, 1906.] Payments through National Old-age Retirement Fund. Payments by societies directly. Year. Number of societies. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions paid dur- ing year. Average pension per pen- sioner. Number of societies. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions paid dur- mg year. Average pension per pen- sioner. 1900 2,960 2,999 3,001 3,164 3,224 3,346 44,698 46,077 46,808 48,316 51,010 53,128 »610,855 626,627 635,689 658,640 718,863 733,013 $13.67 13.60 13.68 13.63 14.09 13.80 (") (» 364 660 586 616 3,665 C) 12,054 14,236 15,609 17,429 $67,028 64,261 278,073 223,116 234,177 270,613 $16 00 1901 1902 1903 15 67 1904 15 10 1905 15.52 o Not reported. The number of societies making payments directly is much smallet than the numbelr using the intermediation of the National Old-age Retirement Fund, but the use of the former method is increasing pro- portionately much more rapidly than is the use of the latter. Thus from 1902 the number of societies making direct payments made an increase of 74 per cent, the actual increase being 262 societies as against 345, or but 11.5 per cent, for those using the national retire- ment fund. The number of pensioners paid directly increased nearly five-fold during the 6 years, as against an increase of but 18.9 per cent in the number paid through the national retirement fund. The payment of pensions or annual allowances from available funds (fonds lihres) is increasing more rapidly than that by either of the above methods, as is shown by the following table, which presents data as to payments not derived from special funds. The number of pensioners of this class more than doubled in the 6 years covered by the table, while the amount of the pensions increased 63.3 per cent. PENSION PAYMENTS MADE BY APPROVED MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES OUT OF THEIR AVAILABLE FUNDS (FONDS LIBRES), 1900 TO 1906. [Source: Minist6re du Travail et de la Prfivoyance Sooiale. Rapport sur les Operations des Socifitfe de Secours Mutuels, 1906.] Year. 1900 1901 1902 1903 IS04 1906 Number of societies. 1,443 1,487 1,610 1,696 1,725 1,856 Number of pen- sioners. 29,318 30,484 46,416 47,307 56,339 61,083 Amount of pensions paid dur- ing the year. $510,497 566,541 667,880 704,260 781,484 833,406 Average pension per pen- sioner. $17.41 18.68 14.71 14.89 14.12 13.64 jifSKaOO lA^ 872 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR, PENSION PAYMENTS BY FREE SOCIETIES. WHle these payments can not be strictly classed as pensions, being in fact annual allowances, required to be made from year to year, they are of the same effect as pensions. The per capita amount of such annual payments is considerably greater than those made by approved societies, but the number of pensioners is comparatively small and has fallen oflF 56.8 per cent during the period under con- sideration. A table showing the number anS amount of such pay- ments during the years 1900 to 1905 is given below. PENSION PAYMENTS MADE BY FREE MUTUAL AID SOCIETIES, 1900 TO 1906. [Source: Journal Officiel Annexe, 1908.] Year. Number of pen- sioners. Amount of pensions paid dur- ing year. Average pension per pen- sioner. 1900 19,657 21,490 9,677 9,874 9,124 8,490 $260,868 277,713 244,563 303,582 246,325 263,165 $13.27 12 92 1901.. . . 1902 25.27 1903 1904 27 00 1905 INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS WITH THE NATIONAL OLD AGE EETIEEMENT FUND. This method of procuring pensions for members may be pursued either alone or in connection with the maintenance of a common fund. It is found in practice, however, that there is a tendency on the part of societies making use of both methods of providing pen- sions to neglect the contributions to the common funds. Thus ia 1905, of 1,829 societies making payments in behalf of individual accounts, but 767 contributed to their common funds. The 1,829 societies of this group enrolled 606,606 participating members, in respect of whom 682,370 individual accounts were carried. Pay- ments were made in 1905 in behalf of but 455,847 of these accounts, of which 438,006 belonged to members of pupils' societies and 17,841 to members of adult societies. The annual dues and contributions of membership amounted ia 1905 to 3,218,502 francs ($621,171); of this sum 1,629,020 francs ($314,401), or more than one-half the total, were set aside as deposits on behalf of individual accounts. These deposits under the law of April 1, 1898, called for a proportionate subsidy from the public funds, amounting to the sum of 876,447 francs ($169,154). Besides the deposits above mentioned, supplemental deposits, • not giving a right to a subsidy, were made by a number of societies, the amount being 196,181 francs ($37,863). CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 873 RETIREMENT ASSOCIATIONS. In addition to the work of the mutual aid societies there tas been considerable activity in France on the part of retirement associations — so-called mutual societies — which have for their object the constitu- tion of an inalienable fund, the aimual interest of which is distributed in equal parts among the members who, during 20 years, have paid a monthly contribution of 1 franc (19.3 cents). The basis adopted by these organizations is manifestly contrary to the rules of equitable distribution as well as to scientific principles. Article 2, of the law of April 1, 1898, refuses to admit these associa- tions to the rank of mutual societies. ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. As the mutual benefit societies represent the tendency of the work- men to obtain old-age pensions through their own efforts and mainly at their own cost, so establishment funds — i. e., funds for the reUef of employees of any individual establishment, or several estabhshments combined — represent the efforts of the employer to come to the assist- ance of the employees, and mainly for the purpose of creating old-age pensions. The special examples of estabfishment funds which are at present made compulsory by the law, as in the cases of the mining industry and the railroads, are treated separately. Here the volun- tary establishment funds demand brief description. It seems to be more accurate to include all these establishment funds under volun- tary insurance, as their existence is not enforced by the law. Yet the membership in most of these funds is compulsory to all employees of these establishments, and thus they represent a transitional form between voluntary and compulsory old-age insurance. It is to be regretted that the statistical data available concerning these establishment funds are quite antiquated, and probably do not represent, numerically at least, the present state of affairs. In 1895, when the various proposals for a national old-age pension system were universally discussed, the argument was often heard that such a compulsory system was hardly necessary in view of the rapid growth of establishment funds through efforts of the better class of employ- ers. A statistical investigation of such funds in which the employer participated was requested of the minister of commerce by the parHa- mentary commission of social providence and insurance and under- taken by the Bureau of Labor of the Ministry of Commerce. The results werepubhshedin 1898. The investigation showed conclusively that in the general problem of old-age provision for industrial work- ers these establishment funds were of very little importance, less than 100,000 persons, or about 3.7 per cent, of the industrial employees be- ing protected by them. The results of this investigation being nearly fift.A«^yi YA»,rp nlH. Tiftftd not be given here except very briefly. The 874 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOR. investigation was limited to establishments subject to factory in- spectionr The total number of employees in these estabUshments in 1896 was 2,656,074. («) Establishment funds with participation of the employers were found in 201 estabUshments, and the total number of employees thus provided for was ascertained to be 98,656, or 3.7 per cent. Allowing the possibility of the investigation having overlooked some of the small funds, the report placed the maximum of workmen provided for at not over 5 or 6 per cent. Adding the 17,240 employees of the state tobacco monopoly and the 165,378 miners who had separate old-age pension funds, the total number of workmen belonging to establish- ment funds in industry was placed at about 281,000 out of a total of 2,839,000, or less than 10 per cent. Two main types of estabhshment funds, or rather systems of old- age pensions, were disclosed by this investigation: (1) the system of actual independent pension funds existing in connection vdth the es- tablishment, and (2) a system of insurance of the employees in the Na- tional Old-age Retirement Fund with subsidies from the employers. In the first group were found only 96 estabHshmeiits. In these, some 86,000 persons were employed and 74,000 were members of the pension funds. The total number of pensioners on January 1, 1898, amounted to only 3,621, or 4.9 per cent, which indicated, in the opinion of the official report, that the institutions were of recent origin. In the second group of estabhshments granting subsidies to the old-age pensions acquired through the National Old-age Retirement Fund, were found 63 enterprises -with. 72 plants and 40,491 workmen, of whom 25,128, or 63 per cent, had such accounts with the national fund. Of these 30 plants with 20,161 depositors belonged to the metal industry. The most serious fault of many of the establishment funds was the lack of financial security and the dependence upon the solvency of the estabhshment. The financial affairs of both were frequently found closely interwoven. The necessity of special legislation to regulate this state of affairs and safeguard the interests of employees participating in these funds was felt for some time. Official cogni- zance of this problem was taken in 1883 by a special investigation undertaken by the Ministry of the Interior. (*) A bill was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies in 1885 aiming at the estabhshment of a special "Caisse pubUque des d6p6ts" in which all of the assets of the estabhshment funds could be safely de- posited and guarded against the risks of commercial hfe. This plan was never realized. But the failure of several large industrial enters "See Bulletin de Comit6 Permanent Oongreas International des Accidents du Tra- vail, 1898. 6 See J. Lefort, Les Caisses de Retraites Ouvrifers Paris, 1906-7, vol. 11. CHAPTEE IV. WOEKMEn's INSTJEANCE IN PEANCE. 875 prises causing the collapse of the pension funds connected with them kept up the agitation in favor of some legislation. A bill giving the members of the estabHshment fund preferred claim in case of failure was introduced in 1890 and called forth a series of commission reports, both in the Chamber and in the Senate, during 1891 to 1895. The idea of preference for all the obligations of the fund met with a strong opposition in the Senate, and the Chamber yielded in order to meet the demand for some legislation. The compromise resulted in the law of December 27, 1895. The act of December 27, 1895, aims to protect the interests of the employees to whom the privilege of establishment pension funds have been extended, in several ways. In the case of bankruptcy or liqui- dation by order of coiurt or voluntary liquidation or transfer of the establishment the workmen and employees are granted the right to claim that part of the pension fund which has not been utilized in conformity with the by-laws. Furthermore, the law demands that all sums deducted from the employees' earnings or contributed according to definite agreement by the head of establishment or received from any other sotirces for the purpose of constituting old-age pensions must be deposited either with the National Old-age Retirement Fund in the form of individual deposits or with the "Caisses des D6p6ts et Consignations, " unless by special authorization they are deposited in special syndicate funds or establishment funds. These must be authorized by special admin- istrative decree, which regulates the mode of operation of each such special fund. The investment of such funds is also regulated by the law, which limits them to state or state guaranteed securities or obli- gations of Departments, communes, chambers of commerce of the Credit Foncier, and a few similar secvirities. A preferred lien is given on the real estate and personal property of the heads of establishments in case the amounts due had not been deposited with one of the funds designated. The privileged lien covers only the amount due for the current year of the failure or liquidation and the year preceding. In point of rank the privileged lien stands together with the lien for uiipaid wages. The law has introduced a certain measure of order and security in many establishment funds. It has been criticised because it was not sufficiently comprehensive, in that it included only establishment funds in which regular deductions were made from wages or regular definite contributions made by the employers, leaving out the less definite arrangements or promises for pensions, and also because it failed to regulate in any way the rights of workmen in case of change of employer before any pension rights accrued. On the other hand, many large establishments objected to it as an unnecessary interfer- 876 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. ence with their affairs. It was claimed by many of them that the mmecessary strict provisions for control would lead to the abolition of establishment funds. Unfortimately recent data are not available to judge of the devel- opment of establishment funds dtiring the last 15 years. In an exhaustive work on workmen's pension funds, published in 1906, (") the data of the old investigation of 1895 are used. But that the establishment funds are still an important feature of French industry may be assumed not only because of the rapid growth in the popularity of the old-age pension principle within that time, but also in view of the care which has been taken not to destroy these institutions when passing the general compulsory old-age insur- ance law of 1910 (see p. 941). PEOVISIONS OF ACT OF APRIL 5, 1910, CONCERNING ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. Establishment funds may continue to exist and insure their em- ployees under the new law of 1910, provided they are authorized for this piupose by a special decree. Provision must be made in the constitution of each fund for adjustment of the accounts of each employee in the case of his changing his place of employment. The regular contributions required by the new law from the employers and employees may even be dispensed with in case of the existing establishment funds, provided thepensions payable by them are at least equal to those obtainable under the new law. Besides the classes of securities allowed to all pension institutions, the establishment funds are granted the privilege of investing their accumulations in first mortgage loans upon the real estate of the estab- lishment up to one-half of the actual vaiue of the real estate. ' In addition, the act of 1910 provides for the case of such establish- ments as will not obtain the necessary authorization. In such case the operation of the fund shall be limited to the fulfillment of obligations already iacurred, i. e., the payment of pensions already earned and the continued insurance of persons who are carrying the insurance at the time the law' goes into effect, but prohibits further extension of operation. In such cases the contributions of both parties must be adjusted to the required level unless the retirement pensions assmned are higher than those provided by the law. Or the funds may be wound up by transferring the capital values of rights to annui- ties acquired to the National Old-age Retirement Fund. o J. Lefort, Les Oaisaes de Retraites Ouvrifere, Paris, 1906-7, vol. I. CHAPTER rv. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 877 COMPULSORY OLD-AGE INSURANCE. SEAMEN'S NATIONAI, INVALIDITY FUND. HISTORY. The insurance of seamen against old age and invalidity is one of the oldest examples of the application of the principle of compulsory old-age insurance in France. It dates back to the year 1673, when the Seamen's National Invalidity Fund was created. With the exception of a few months durin'g the period of the French Revolution, this fund has continued in operation to the present day. Many changes and reorganizations have taken place since that time, one of the most im- portant being the law of April 11, 1881, which was in force from that date until the enforcement of the present law, enacted July 14, 1908. The purpose of this institution, which is managed by the Ministry of the Marine, is to provide pensions for superannuated seamen and seamen's widows. In the early part of the nineteenth century this fimd had a consid- erable surplus, but from 1800 to 1814 the Government abstracted no less than 126,000,000 francs ($24,318,000). In 1816, however, 82,442,334 francs ($15,911,370) were restored. After this restora- tion the fund was again self-supporting, and during the period of 1863 to 1867 it had acquired a sufficient surplus to enable it to turn over 4,500,000 francs ($868,500) to the Government. After this period, however, owing to various laws augmenting the pensions its expenditures were increased to such an extent as to destroy its equi- librium. From 1867 to 1871 it met its obligations by gradually dis- posing of its invested funds to the extent of 17,685,595 francs ($3,413,320). In 1872 this system of meeting obligations was aban- doned, and the State began to supply the deficiencies by voting subsi- dies. (") On November 17, 1885, a law was enacted providing that on and after January 1, 1886, the pensions of seamen in the government service should be paid by the treasurer of the State, thus leaving this fund for seamen in private employ only. This greatly reduced the pension roll of this institution, but nevertheless it remained far below a paying basis and required annual state subsidies amounting to mil- Uons of francs. In the beginning of this century this subsidy amounted to about 11,000,000 francs ($2,123,000). COMPULSORY MEMBERSHIP. The law of July 14, 1908, provided for a reorganization of the fund. This law provides that every French registered seaman shall be entitled to a pension after 300 months' service and when he o Lea RetjajteaLQiuariL^rpH nar Eiigena et Michel Lacombe, Paris, 1905. 878 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. reaches the age of 50 years. If he becomes so disabled as to be rendered incapable of serving on board a vessel, he can be pensioned before the age of 50 years. The fact of disability is determined by a commission appointed by a decree of the minister of the marine. The annual pensions provided by virtue of this law, which are considerably higher than before, are as^foUows : ANNUAL PENSIONS PAYABLE BY THE SEAMEN'S NATIONAL INVALIDITY FUND AS PROVIDED BY THE LAW OF JULY 14, 1908. [Source; Bulletin des Assurances Sociales,^1908.] Class of seamen. Masters, first class.. Masters, second class. Masters and officers of the first class in coastwise trade. Masters and officers ol the second class in coastwise trade, marine engineers of the second class, and pilots. other officers Suhordinate officers of vessels in the fisheries and piloting services. All others (sailors, etc.) Mini- mum annual I)ension (under 60 years of age). $193. 00 173. 70 135. 10 116.80 96.50 77.20 Supplementary annual pensions. In case of mor« than 36 months' state service. Incase of inva- lidity (after 60 "years of age), J0.96 per month of service: maxi- mum S23.16. $0.96 per month of service; maxi- mum $23.16. $0.77 per month of service; maxi- mum $18.53. $0.77 per month of service; maxi- mum $18.63. $0.77 per month of service; maxi- mum $18.63. $0.77 per month ofservioe; maxi- mum $18.63. $0.77 per month ofservice; maxi- mum $18.53. $48. 26 42.46 39.37 33.97 32.81 27.02 23.16 After 180 months' service on high $11.68 11.58 11.68 11.58 11.68 11.58 11.68 Maxi- mum annual pension. $275.99 251.90 204. 68 179.87 159.42 134. 33 122. 76 Pen- sions to widows and or- phans. $131. 24 119.66 96.60 84.92 7134 61.76 66.97 The widow receives a pension if the husband was drawing a pen- sion at the time of his death and if the marriage took place at least 2 years before the seaman had become entitled to a pension. She is likewise entitled to a pension if the seaman had served 300 months before his death and if the marriage took place at least 2 years before he ceased his sea service. If a widow has no children she must be at least 40 years of age in order to be entitled to a pension. If she has children her age is not considered, even though the children subse- quently die. If she is divorced she has no right to a pension. Remar- ' riage forfeits the widow's pension if the second husband is drawing a pension. In case the latter dies or is divorced, her former rights are revived. An annual pension of 100 francs (119.30) is accorded to widows in need who are not receiving pensions and have not been divorced and whose husbands had died at sea or after 15 years' service, even if these had elapsed before the promulgation of the present law. Widows receive, in addition, a supplementary payment of 4 francs (77.2 cents) per month for each child under 13 years of age. CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN EEANCE. 879 In case the deceased seaman leaves children of another marriage or illegitimate children, they are entitled to a portion of the widow's pension, not exceeding in the aggregate one-haH the regular allow- ance. If the seaman leaves no widow or if the widow dies or is disqualified, the children under the age of 16 years receive the widow's pension, even if there is but one chUd. As soon as one of a number of children attains the age of 16 years his share is distributed among those remaining under that age. A partial pension is granted to registered seamen who have served at least 180 months, of which at least 100 months were spent on board of commercial or fishing vessels, who, in the opinion of the commission, have become incapacitated for sea duty. This pension is equal to one three-hundredth of the minimum rate provided in the above table for each month of service, plus the supplementary allow- ance of 60 francs ($11.58) per annum. The widows and orphans of these pensioners receive one-half the amount of their pensions. These partial pensions are not intended to be in addition to the payments received from the National Seamen's Provident Fund (Oaisse de Privoyance des Matins Francais) provided for in the act of December 29,1 905, and described on page 727. Furthermore, all pen- sioners of the Seamen's Invalidity Fund are excluded from drawing pensions from the Seamen's Provident Fund except in cases where the seaman is 60 years of age and over and is drawing only a second- grade pension, in which case a supplementary payment may be made. The partial pensions are discontinued whenever a pensioner resumes his sea duty. Seamen who come under the provisions of this act of July 14, 1908, in high-sea navigation or fishing are required to contribute 5 per cent of their wages toward this fund. This is an increase of 2 per cent over the contributions required under the old law. Certain classes of seamen in coastwise trade and coast fishing pay fixed monthly dues, which serve as a limit for the dues of those of the same grade who contribute 5 per cent of their wages. These fixed contributions are as follows: CONTRIBUTIONS OF CERTAIN CLASSES OF SEAMEN WHO PAY FIXED MONTHLY DUES TO THE SEAMEN'S NATIONAL INVALIDITY FUND. Monthly contribu- tions of seamen. Class of seamen. On small fishing or pilot boats. Masters, first class Masters, second class Masters and officers, first class, in coastwise trade Masters and ofiicers, second class, in coastwise trade, marine engineers of second class, and pilots Other officers Sabordioate officers of vessels in the fisheries and piloting services Sailors Apprentices Cabin boys SI. 16 .96 .87 .77 .68 .60 .29 .14 .10 880 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. The shipowners are required to contribute an amount equal to three-fifths the amount paid by their employees. Proprietors em- ploymg foreign seamen are taxed 8 per cent of the wages of such seamen, or three-fifths more than the fixed contributions paid by certain classes of seamen. This is a decided innovation, as under the old law they were not required to pay anything. Registered seamen who navigate their own boats are exempt from the proprietors' contributions. Likewise their widows, and orphans imder 16 years of age, if they own a boat. Persons employed on board vessels, who are not registered seamen, do not participate in the Seamen's Invalidity Fund, but the same contributions that would be made to the fimd were they seamen, must be paid into the National Retirement Fund and pension accounts opened for their benefit. The general provisions of the act apply to all pensions which mature after January 1, 1908, or to widows and orphans of seamen who died since that date. But at the same time all current pensions were materially increased, the minimum pension to a seaman being 360 francs ($69.48), and for a widow 240 francs ($46.32), with an additional 4 francs (77.2 cents) per month for each child luider 13 years of age. The maximum pensions under these temporary pro- visions are 900 francs ($173.70) to captains of the first class under 60 years, and 1,108 francs ($213.84) if over 60 years of age. The maximum pension to widows is 560 francs ($108.08). As far as the ordinary sailors are concerned, the limits are naturally much narrower, but nevertheless the pensions paid are quite high, as compared with any other pension-paying institutions in France. They vary imder the transitory provisions between 360 and 600 francs ($69.48 and $115.80) for the seamen under different conditions of grade, age, and length of service and for widows between 240 and 320 francs ($46.32 and $61.76). There is no claim of an actuarial basis in the organization of this fimd. Large amounts have been repeatedly transferred from its treasury to the general state treasury. According to the statement of the minister of the marine(") as much as 286,000,000 francs ($55,198,000) were thus transferred. On the other hand, large subsidies were given to this fund when necessity arose. At present this subsidy amoimts to about 13,000,000 francs ($2,509,000). In addition, the fund received an annual interest of 3,150,000 francs ($607,950) from its investments. But the pensions are not the only financial obligation this fimd carries. In addition, it has estab- lished numerous institutions, such as seamen's homes, hospitals, schools, etc., to the support of which it largely contributes. Sta- tistics of the operations of this fund are unfortxmately not available. » See Edward Fuster. Die Arbeiterversichenmg in Frankreich (Zacher's Arbeiter- versicherung im Auslande, IV. C.^. CHAPTEB IV. — workmen's INSUBANCE IN PEANCE. 881 OLD-AGE AND BETIEEMENT PENSIONS FOE MINEBS. In discussing the sickness insurance features of the miners' funds attention was called to the evils connected with the operation of the voluntary insurance funds previous to the enactment of the law of 1894. These evils were even more conspicuous in the case of the old-age pension systems than in the case of the sickness relief; thus the constitutions of some of the older fimds contained provisions such as the following: "The pensions, including those acquired and fixed, can be withdrawn or reduced for reasons of which the admin- istrative council shall be the sole judge" (Ftmd of Aniche); "this pension, which is only a benefit granted through the grace and benevolence of the mining corporation, can be suspended and even withdrawn by the manager, for serious reasons, of which he shall be the sole judge" (Fund of Blanzy). In addition, practically all the constitutions contained a clause which stated "every workman who voluntarily leaves the mine or who is dismissed from it shall lose all rights to a pension." It is obvious that a voluntary system of old-age or retirement pen- sions which had gone through a process of evolution for a long period of time without much supervision from the government authorities would contain many defects. In 1893 the Government finally decided on a system of compulsory insurance for the mining indus- tries, giving the following reasons for the adoption of a compulsory system: First, that the benefits of the insm-ance might be received by all miners; second, that the insm-ance might be founded on a perfectly secure basis and administered in accordance with approved actuarial principles; third, that the system should be uniform in order that the miner might be free to move from place to place without forfeiting rights acquired under any one employer; fourth, that payments made to existing old-age or retirement funds should be liquidated in an equitable manner. The enactment of the law of 1894 made not less than 150,000 mine workers subject to a system of compulsory old-age insurance. In the parliamentary discussion just previous to the passage of the bill it was frankly admitted that the bill was regarded somewhat in the natiu-e of an experiment and that its successful operation would mean that efforts would later be made to extend the system to other industries and occupations. Because of its importance in this connection, the text of that part of the law of June 29, 1894, which relates to miners' pensions, and a summary of the provisions of the law of March 31, 1903, with the amendments thereto, are herewith given: 882 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Akticles 1-5 AND 21-31 OF THE AcT OF JuNE 29, 1894, AS Amended July 16, 1896.(o) Section I. Article 1. Within six months from the promulgation of this law mining establish- ments and the workers and salaried employees in these mines shall be subject to the obligations and enjoy the privileges set forth in Sections II and III, relating to the organization and operation of retirement funds (misses de retraites) and relief funds (caisses de secours). Salaried employees and workmen whose earnings or salaries are above the sum of 2,400 francs [$463.20] shall not be entitled to greater benefits than are allowed for that sum. Section II. — Retirement funds. Art. 2. For the purpose of creating an old-age retirement fund, each operator shall pay, each month, either to the National Retirement Fund for Old-age Pensions (Caiss« Nationale des Retraites pour la Vieillesse) or to such fund as may be established under article 4, a sum equal to 4 per cent of the earnings of the workers and salaried employees in his establishment, one-half of which shall be deducted from the earnings or salaries of the employees and one-half of which shall be paid by the. operator himself. These assessments may be increased by the agreement of the interested parties. The pay- ments made by the workers or salaried employees shall be entered in their individual account books. These sums shall constitute an alienated fund (capital aliini). Never- theless, if the holder of an account book so requests, the assessment on his earnings shall form a reserve fund (capital rhervi). The operator may pay a sum larger than one-half of the total assessment or all of it. Art. 3. The pensions shall be acquired and disbursed as provided by the law of July 20, 1886, relating to the National Itetirement Fund for Old- Age Pensions. The age of retirement is fixed at 55 years, but may be deferred on request of the person hav- ing the right to be retired; but the payment of dues shall cease to be obligatory at that age. Art. 4. The operators of mines may obtain authority to establish independent pension funds (causes syndicales ou patronales de retraites) for the workers and salaried employees at work in their mines. This authority shall be given by a decree in the manner in which rules of public administration are given. The decree shall fix the limits of the district and the manner of operation and disbursement of the fund. It shall also prescribe the measures to be taken to assure the transmission, either to some other independent pension fund (caisse syndicale ou patronale) or to the National Retirement Fund for Old-age Pensions, of the sums receipted for on the individual accoxmt books. The sums paid by the operators into the independent pension funds (caisses syndicales ou patronales) must be invested in government bonds, securities of the treasury, or guaranteed by it, or department or commune bonds, as may be selected. The securi- ties shall be registered. The operations of independent pension funds shall be sub- mitted for examination to the "inspection des finances " and the "receveur particulier " of the arrondissement in which the society is located. Art. 5. It special agreements exist between the operators and the workers and salaried employees for the purpose of securing to the latter, their widows, or their children, either supplementary annuities, temporary pensions, or indemnities de- , termined in advance, the guarantee fund accruing under said agreements must be deposited with the Caisse des D6p6ts et Consignations [an office of the Government having charge of special funds] or with the funds provided for in article 4. The operators shall forward each year, through the office of the prefect, to the minister of public works, in form determined by him, a report of the operations under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. Section IV. — Temporary provisions and rules. Art. 21. The pensions already granted, under whatever title, and which are a charge on the operator shall be continued as formerly, according to the particular rules of the establishment. Art. 22. All pensions in course of acquisition, and which are a charge on the operator shall be calculated by the application of the rules and customs in virtue of which these pensions were formerly accorded. If the pension secured from payments made in the execution of article 2 falls below the amount calculated for the pensions just mentioned, the necessary balance shall be a charge on the operator. o Articles 6 to 20 of the law of 1894, relating to sick-relief funds, wiU be found on paga824. CHAPTEB IV. — WOBKMEn's INSUBANCB IN FBANCE. 883 Art. 23. From and after the date on which this act takes effect, the provident Bocieties heretofore organized by the workers and salaried employees for the purpose of granting relief and to provide temporary benefits, old-age, invalidity, or accident pensions, shall be operated exclusively tor the execution of contracts previously entered into as regards both the pensions already acquired, under whatever title, and the old-age pensions in course of acquisition. Nevertheless, during the first month the societies shall grant relief and provide for the needs of the sick under treatment. Art. 24. Within 6 months the interested parties shall determine the methods of procedure in the before-mentioned contracts and the necessary measures to adopt to secure funds for their discharge. In default of an agreement between theoperators on the one part and a majority of the workers or salaried employees on the other part, the two parties may decide that the settlement of the measures to be taken and of the payments to be made shall be confided to a board of arbitration, to be formed as pro- vided in article 26 following. If the operators and a majority of the workers and salaried employees can not agree, in the 6 months as above provided, upon the methods to adopt or to refer the matter to a board of arbitration, the courts shall name, at the request of the most active party, a receiver {liquidaieur), whose duty shall be to close the affairs of the society to the Dest interest of the parties. The report of the receiver shall be submitted to the court for confirmation. Art. 25. Every worker or salaried employee, for whose benefit an old age or in- validity pension is now accruing, shall be exempt from the assessment on wages or salary as prescribed in article 2, if he shall declare before the mayor of the commune in which he resides that he intends to renounce all benefits of said article. The mayor shall give a receipt for this declaration. During the term covered by this renun- ciation the operator shall be equally exempted from the assessment, which under the provisions of said article would be incumbent on him. Art. 26. The board of arbitration mentioned in article 24 shall be composed of seven permanent members, appointed as follows: Two by the general council of mines; two by the superior commission of the National Retirement Fund for Old-Age Pen- sions; two bjr the court of appeal of Paris from the counsellors of the court; one by the auditor's office from the counsellors of that office. The board of arbitration shall elect its president and secretary; it shall hold its sessions at the office of the minister of public works, and shall serve without compensation. In case a matter shall be referred to it for settlement, the number of its members shall be increased to nine by the addition of two members, one to be selected by the operators and the other by a majority of the workers and salaried employees. The procedure shall be without cost of any nature; all papers, documents, and instruments in writing of whatever nature, shall be exempt from stamp duty and recorder's fees. Art. 27. All differences which snail arise in the execution of this law and which shall be carried to the civil courts shall be peremptorily decided in a summary pro- ceeding. The interested parties shall have the 'assistance of attorneys without expense {assistance judidaire). All papers, documents, and instruments in writing produced by either party shall be exempt from stamp duty and from recorder's fees. Parties to the controversy acting under a collective name shall have a legal repre- sentative (mandataire), elected by a majority vote, without prejudice to the right of each one of them to individual action. Art. 28. The capital forming the basis of pensions which have to be paid either by the operators or the mutual-aid funds, may be deposited by them, either in a lump sum or as annuity payments, in the National Retirement Fund for Old-Age Pensions, which will credit the pensions in the individual account book of each person to be pensioned and make the payments at the proper age. [Articles 29 and 30 conmn administrative provisions of minor importance. Article 31 permits the Government to extend the provisions of this law to quarries.] Articles 84 to 98 of the financial law of March 31, 1903, as amended by the acts of July 21, 1903, December 31, 1907, and April 14, 1908, provide for the state subsidy to the insurance of mining employees. Article 84 (as amended by act of December 31, 1907) states that each year the sum of 1,500,000 francs ($289,500) is to be appropriated to be expended: (1) One-third for the increase of such old-age or invalidity pensions over 50 francs ($9.65) as have been acquired or are in process of liquidation on January 1 of each year in favor of miners of French nationality, under the provisions of Section FV of 884 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the law of June 29, 1894; (2) two-thirds for allowances to all mining employees of French nationality who are at least 55 years of age on January 1 of each year and who are credited with 30 years of work for wages in French mines, the total days of actual work during that period not to be less than 6,600. Article 85 states that these increases may not raise the increased pension above the sum of 360 francs ($69.48), including all income of both the pensioner and consort (husband or wife) except regular wages in money or in kind up to 50 francs ($9.65) per month. Article 86 provides that the allowance specified under section 2 of article 84 is limited to 240 francs ($46.32), including all other income of both the pensioner and the consort, excepting regular wages in money or in kind not exceeding 50 francs ($9.65) per month and excepting pensions of not more than 50 francs ($9.65) under section IV of the law of 1894. Outside of the last-mentioned case, allowances under this section of the present law may not be combined with pensions acquired or to be acquired under section IV of the law of June 29, 1894. The council of ministers may raise the amount of 240 francs ($46.32) specified in this article to 360 francs ($69.48). Article 87 provides that the annual budget act shall specify the rate by which the tax on mines shall be increased in order to cover the share of the operators for the expenditures on allowances granted in article 86. This share is one-half of the expenditures and one-half of the cost of administration of the present law. Article 94 provides that when the amount appropriated is not sufficient to increase the pensions as specified above each increase shall be reduced proportionately imtil the total is brought within that amount. The other parts of the law provide for a commission of officials to administer the law and give a set of general regulations defining the powers of this commission and the methods of procedure. The law of 1894 came into force on January 1, 1895. From the latter date, therefore, the old miners' funds, as far as their operations in connection with old-age insurance are concerned, became simply funds for the fulfillment of obligations entered into previous to January 1, 1895. They have continued to pay the old-age pen-^ sions in course of payment at that date and have continued also to receive dues necessary for the constitution of the reserve for pen- sions in course of accumulation. In the year 1896 an arbitration commission was institlited under the law to settle controversies regarding matters relating to the old-age operations of the funds. They revised the constitutions of the funds where necessary and took up in the case of each fund the conditions necessary to be com- plied with in order to fulfill the obligations entered into. These decisions are summed up in *' — "flR-^oi „„.,^-.,<- „„ fr»iir^TOa. tIia np.n- OHAPXEB rv. — wobkmen's insueanoe in feance, 885 Bions acquired on January 1, 1895, were practically all maintained at the existing rate; the pensions in course of acquisition were made more definite and the rights of the pensioner clearly specified; the amount of reserve necessary to be accumulated was computed according to the approved formulas of the government actuaries. The old funds, therefore, will not cease to operate for some time, as some of the pensions have not yet begun to be paid. Previous to the year 1895 there were only ten establishments pay- ing dues into the National Old-age Ketirement Fund ; after the law came into effect the number of establishments was raised to 120 in 1895 and to 168 m 1896. At the present time, therefore, the old-age and invalidity insurance of miners under these two laws is a system of compulsory insurance, the cost of which is defrayed by the employer and the workmen in equal shares, the amount of the pension obtained from the payments of these two parties is increased by an annual subsidy from the State, while the national retirement fund acts as the central institu- tion for the administration of the insurance. The persons subject to the law are all workers and salaried employees of mines, regardless of sex. This includes undergrdimd workers and workers in industrial operations which, according to the law, are dependent on mining operations, but the workers in establishments affiliated with mining establishments are not included under the law. Employees engaged in clerical work, office work, or in occupations directly connected with the mine are subject to the obligation to insure. The age at which the old-age pension begins is 55 years, though in cases of invalidity the right to the pension may begin at an earlier age, and the amount of the pension is dependent upon the amount of the contributions paid in. The administration of the pension system is conducted by the National Old-age Retirement Fund, though the law authorizes the employer to institute a special fund for his establishment, subject to government regulations. It is stated in the official report, how- ever, that no such special funds have been created under this authorization. The financial administration of the compulsory old-age and retire- ment insurance is conducted entirely by the National Old-age Retirement Fund. Under the rules of this office the pensions are computed on the system of alienated capital, but the law permits the insured person to have his own share of the payments credited to him on the reserved-capital system. The national retirement fund apportions the annual subsidy of 1,500,000 francs ($289,500) among the pensioners in accordance with the provisions of the finan- cial law of March 31, 1903, as amended by later acts. 886 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. An official report gives an illustration of the old-age or retirement pensions which can be secured under the provisions of the law of 1894, using five typical instances of workmen engaged in mines in the various mining fields of the country : VALUE OF OLD-AGE PENSIONS WHICH MAY BE ACQUIRED BY MINERS AT THE AGE OF 55 YEARS UNDER THE LAW OF 1894. [Source: Les Retraites et les Caisses de Secours des Ouvriers Mineurs, Paris, 1909.J Pension at the age of 55 years arising fi-om a deduction of— Pension acquired by the husband at the age of 55 years. Pension acquired from a deduction of 1 per cent for wife's account to which she be- comes entitled at age of 50 years, and which is pay- able at age of 55 years. Joint pension payable when wife reaches age of 55 years. Pension ac- quired by an unmarried worlanan at the age of 55 years, arising from a deduction of 4 per cent. Class of workman. 4 per cent pre- vious to mar- riage. 3 per cent after mar- riage. Miner in the district of the North $25.85 31.64 24.07 13.60 17.87 $56.89 44.04 55.34 52.32 45.28 $82.73 75.68 79.41 66.02 63.15 $24.12 18.23 22.90 21.70 18.81 $106.85 93.91 102.31 87.72 81.96 $101. 68 Laborer in same district (') Miner in center district (c) Miner in southeast district (d) Miner in southwest district (') 90.35 97.85 83.53 78.29 Average 22.60 50.79 73.40 21.15 94.55 90.34 o In this case the paynlents began at 14 years of age with annual earnings of $86.85, which at the age of 21 years had reached $299.15. There was then an interruption between the ages of 22 and 25 for military service; at the age of 25 to 45 earnings were $376.35; from 45 to 62 the earnings were $293.36; from 62 m 55 the earnings were $285.64. When 25 years of age the insured person married a woman of 20 years. <> Payments began at the age of 13 years; after this age the earnings were from $86.85 to $279.85; after return from miUtary service they were at the latter rate up to the age of 65 years. Marriage the same as in the preceding case. c Payments began at the age of 13 years; salary Increased from $52.11 to $367.67 by the time he was 21 years of age; after military service the latter salary was earned until he was 44 years of age. From the age of 45 to 56 the earnings were $289.50. Marriage as in the first case. i Payments began at the age of 14; earnings increased from $48.25 to $193 at the age of 21; after return from military service earnings were $308.80 until the age of 25; from 26 to 51 years of age the earnings were $339.68; from the age of 52 to the age of 55 the eammgs were between $272.13 and $237.39. Marriage the same as in the first case. « Payments began at the age of 15 years; earnings increased from $86.85 to $231.60 at the age of 21 years. After return from military service at the age of 25 and up to the age of 31, Inclusive, earnings were $231.60; at the age of 32 earnings were $289 60; at the age of 33 they were $303.98; from the age of 34 to 37 they were $318.45; from the age of 38 to 49 they were $328.10; at the age of 50 to 53 they were $318.45; and at the age of 64 and 56 they were $308.80. Marriage as in the first case. The pensions referred to in the preceding table are based on the following assumptions: First, on the hypothesis that the payments begin at the ages of 13, 14, or 15 years, an age which is rather young; second, on a continuity and regularity of payments which is met in practice but rarely; and third, on the basis of earnings of the higher grade of workmen whose earnings remain fairly high during a period as long as 36 years. On these assumptions the pension acquired by a married workman at the age of 55 varies between $63.16 and $82.74; the average of these five cases is $73.40. If the worker is single, the pension received at the age of 55 years for pay- ments of 4 per cent of his earnings would vary between $78.29 and $101.68, and the average of the five cases would be $90.34. CHAPTEE IV. workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 887 OPERATIONS. The law of 1894 was in operation for several years before an official investigation was made as to operations under the act. The minister of public works in the year 1898 made a special study of the number of establishments, number of persons insured, and the status of the insured persons under the act. The principal data furnished by the 1898 investigation are given in the following table: NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND NUMBER OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO THE LAW OF JUNE 29, 1894, ON DECEMBER 31, 1897. [Source: Les Retraites et les Caisses des Secours des Ouvriers Mineurs, Paris, 1909.] Number of establish- ments. Number of insured persons on De- cember 31, 1897. Number of workmen and salaried employees— Number of establish- ments where the law was not en- forced. Number of work- men and salaried employ- ees In establish- ments where the law was not en- forced. Name of arrondisse- ment. Who re- nounced their rights according to article 25 of the law. Who had no accounts because they were over 65 years of age. Who had accounts. Who were not provided with ac- counts; Alais 36 16 9 26 61 28 10 6 23 28 6 3 28 35 14,790 52,659 219 12,410 2,622 10,904 26,632 1,243 3,427 6,856 1,858 340 19, 194 11,622 4,605 5,191 392 200 8,963 45,683 24 6,015 1,384 9,151 22,304 1,137 2,251 4,640 308 300 6,467 9,762 830 1,685 195 285 719 1,041 2,136 106 1,148 1,868 1,257 30 2,406 1,053 8 151 Bordeaux 7 3 62 8 181 Ch&lon-sur-SaAne Chamb^ry 6,920 519 19 2,192 190 62 688 Clermontf errand Douai 693 401 LeMans.. 1 12 3 Marseille 28 314 29 10 966 Nancy 34 264 Poitiers 1 1,210 Rouen Bt. Etlenne 10,322 242 11 13 347 Toulouse 565 285 Total 313 164,776 29,308 2,421 118,289 14,758 116 4,294 According to the preceding table there were on December 31, 1897, 313 mining establishments subject to the law, and in these establish- ments there were 164,776 persons who were insured in the National Old-age Retirement Fund. One peculiar feature of the miners' insurance relates to the number of account books of persons who make no claim for the same; the investigation of 1898 showed there were at that time 16,000 accounts to which the owners made no claim. It frequently happens that a workman leaves the mine to obtain employment in a factory and fails to give a new address, and the number of cases similar to this have grown so numerous that in 1902 it was estimated that there were over 50,000 accounts to which no claim was made. 46598°— 10 57 888 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. The number of mine workers covered by the compulsory feature of the law, the number of accounts opened in the national retirement fund, and the amounts paid on these accounts for the period 1897 to 1906 are as follows: NUMBER OP ACCOUNTS OPENED AND AMOUNT OF PAYMENTS MADE TO THE NATIONAL RETIREMENT FUND FOR OLD-AGE PENSIONS UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF THE LAW OF 1894, FOR THE YEARS 1897 TO 1906. [Source: Les Retraites et les Caisses de Seoours des Ouvriers Mineurs, Paris, 1909.] Number of Number of Annual workmen accounts payments and opened made Year. salaried in the to the employees national national of the retirement retirement mines. fund. fund. 1897 . . ' 158,500 162, 100 207,300 215,400 $1,143,139 1898 1,163,018 1899 169,900 225,130 1,254,500 1900 178,900 180,100 236,080 230,600 1,391,530 1901 1,564,651 1902 180,600 245,700 1,588,197 1903. .... . 183,700 251,500 1,567,353 1904 189, 300 271,200 1,630,271 1906. 193, 400 274,070 1,727,157 1906 199,077 283,800 1,772,126 According to the above table the number of persons covered by this feature of the insurance has increased from 1897 to 1906 about 27 per cent; the number of accounts opened has increased about 37 per cent, while the annual payments have increased about 55 per cent. As already stated, the National Government makes an annual appto- priation to provide a subsidy for old-age pensions to miners subject to the provisions of the law of 1894. For the years 1903 to 1907, inclusive, the annual subsidy was 1,000,000 francs ($193,000); the law of December 31, 1907, increased this amount to 1,500,000 francs ($289,500). The subsidy was divided into two parts, one-third for the increase of pensions and two-thirds for distribution as an allow- ance. The number of persons receiving these two classes of benefits in the years 1904 to 1908 was as follows: OPERATIONS UNDER THE LAW MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR A SUBSIDY FOE OLD-AGE PENSIONS TO MINERS, 1904 TO 1908. [Source: Les Retraites et les Caisses de Seoours des Ouvriers Mineurs, Paris, 1909.] Number of persons receiving- Year. Increases of pensions. Allow- ances. Total. 1904. 2,842 266 479 3,055 2,945 245 1,393 4,093 5,787 1905. Demissions in previous year 511 New admissions 1,872 7,148 Persons receiving benefits OHAPTEB rv. — workmen's INStTBANOE IN FBANOE. 889 OPERATIONS UNDER THE LAW MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR A SUBSIDY FOR OLD-AQE PENSIONS TO MINERS, 1904 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Number of persons receiving- Increases of pensions. Allow- ances. Total. 1906. Demissions In previous year New admissions Persons receiving benefits 1907. Demissions in previous year New admissions Persons receiving benefits 1908. Demissions in previous year New admissions Persons receiving benefits 299 308 3,124 266 341 3,199 272 269 3,196 483 400 4,010 476 418 3,952 386 262 3,829 782 768 7,134 742 739 7,151 657 631 7,025 In the distribution of the annual subsidy the following ate the highest amounts granted to the two groups of beneficiaries. MAXIMUM INCREASE OF PENSION AND MAXIMUM ALLOWANCE GRANTED UNDER THE LAW MAKING APPROPRIATIONS FOR MINERS' OLD-AGE PENSIONS, 1904 TO 1908. [Source: Les Retraltes et les Caisses de Secours des Ouvriers Mineurs, Paris, 1909.] Year. Maximum increase ol pension. Maximum allowance. 1904. . $56.94 49.22 49.41 49.79 52.50 $46.32 1906 26.83 1906. 33.78 1907 33.97 1908. 38.99 BATLBOAD PENSION FUNDS. The railroads of France were among the earliest enterprises to establish very comprehensive systems of pensions for their employees. These include pensions for superannuation and invalidity as well as pensions to widows and orphans. Entirely voluntary as far as the railroads were concerned, they were usually compulsory from the point of view of the employee. In the beginning these pension systems often applied only to the "commissioned" employees— i. e., those employed permanently on an annual salary basis. Gradually they were extended by some railroads to all classes of employees, and finally by the law of July 26, 1909, which becomes operative on Janu- ary 1, 1911, pension funds were made compulsory for all large rail- road systems. This important development, covering, as it does, nearly 300,000 persons, with their wives and children, calls for a careful study of the activity of these funds. 890 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. A few data concerning the development of the French raUroad system are necessary for the ptoper understanding of the conditions, The mileage and numbet of employees of French railroads are shown by decades in the following table : MILEAGE AND EMPLOYEES OF ERENCH BAILEOADS EOH VARIOTJS YEARS, 1828 to 1906. [Source: Annuaire Statistique, 1908.] Year. Railroads of gen- eral importance. Railroads of local ~ importance. Mileage of indus- trial railroads. Total. Mileage. Employ- ees. Mileage. Employ- ees. Mileage. Employ- ees.(ii) 1828 14 270 1,870 5,866 10,837 14,760 20,847 23,640 24,707 ^] 7?,'697 128,398 204,702 232,999 286,777 294, 671 (6) (6) (") 182 1,359 1,939 2,971 4,578 (P) ci4 c309 c 1,916 c5,919 11,141 16,279 22,925 26,756 29,430 i 23i. ) 1840 1 39 46 54 122 170 139 145 145 I860.. . ) 1860 1870.. . .... 1880 6,243 5,879 8,939 14, 443 D,945 1890 . . a_R7» 1900 2951 7i6 1906 ; 309. m 4 " Not including industrial railroads. t Not reported. <;NPt including railroads of local importance. The largest growth evidently took place between 1860 and 1890. The mileage of the railroads in 1860, not including the local railroads, for which the mileage must have been small, was only 5,919 miles, but within the next 30 years the total for all railroads increased to 22,925 miles, or over fourfold, and within the next 15 years to 29,430 miles. The number of employees for the year 1860 is known only for the so-called railroads of general importance. It increased somewhat less rapidly than the mileage, nevertheless in 1906 it was nearly four times as large as in 1860. The entire railroad net in France is classified into two groups, the railroads of general importance and local railroads. The latter include only 15.6 per cent of the mileage and employ less than 5 per cent of the personnel. Of the railroad lines of general importance, nearly 96 per cent (or 82 per cent of the entire net) are centralized in eight organizations: The six large companies (so-called "Grand Com- panies," the Northern, Eastern, Western, Southern, Lyon, and Orleans Railroads), the small Paris Belt Eailroad (Ceinture de Paris), which notwithstanding its small mileage of only 80 mUes is, for administrative reasons, grouped with the large railroads, and the State Railroad System. According to the latest available statistics, as shown in the table, the State Railway System covers only 1,728 miles, or a Uttle less than 6 per cent of the entire mileage. Since then, however, the Western Railroad with its mileage of 3,703 miles was nationalized by the act of July 13, 1908, giving the State Railway System a mileage of 5,431 miles, or 18.5 per cent of the total. Though CHAPTEB IV. WOEKMEN S INST7BANCB IN PEANCE. 891 the desire to completely nationalize the French railroad system is not at present admitted, there is no doubt that state control over the private railroads is constantly growing stronger, and the State is financially interested in the railroads, both through guarantee of dividends and participation in profits. It is important to keep these facts in mind in order to appreciate the recent legislation concerning pensions, because such legislation, in protecting the rights of em- ployees, was not only an increase of the burden of the railroads, but also a financial sacrifice on the part of the State. MILEAGE AND EMPLOYEES OF FRENCH RAILROADS IN 1906, BY RAILROADS. Source: Mlnlstdre des Travaux Publics. Statistlque des Chemlns de Fer Franeals, 1906.] Name of railroad. Mileage. Em- ployees. 1,728 13,206 Grand companies: Northern... . . 2,310 2,930 3,703 4,742 5,874 2,363 80 45, 992 41,212 Western . 42,614 42,415 Lyon-Medlterranean 81,702 21,383 Paris belt 2,290 Total 22,002 277, 508 Secondary systems 977 3,858 Total (general railroads) 24,707 4,578 294,571 14, 443 29,285 309,014 HISTORY. The first railroad pension fund was organized by three small com- panies, Rouen, Havre, and Dieppe, which in 1855 combined with other small companies to form the larger Western Railroad System. This pension fund availed itself of the National Old-age Retirement Fund, which was organized soon after the formation of the railroad pension fund. The Paris-Orleans Railroad followed in 1852, the Northern Railroad in 1855 also availing itself of the national retire- ment fund, the Southern and the Lyon-Mediterranean in 1856, and the Eastern in 1862. When in 1878 the Department of State Rail- roads was organized it immediately provided for a retirement system. Of the smaller railroads many followed the example of the large rail- roads, most of them preferring to use the national retirement fund rather than to run the risks of an independent financial organization. Brief summaries of the history of the seven main funds are given in the following pages; on page 898 is given a table showing the present organization and system of benefits used by these funds. Westeen Raileoad {Compagnie de V Quest). — The pension fund of this railroad company is the oldest one in existence in France. Early 892 BBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. in 1850 three small railroad companies, of Rouen, Havre, and Dieppe, organized the first railroad employees' pension fund by establishing a reduction of 3 per cent from the earnings of employees and an equal contribution from the railroads. As the organization of. a national retirement fund was at that time seriously discussed, the conditions for the railroad pension fund were left undefined until the national retirement fund should be organized. The law for the organi- zation of the latter was promulgated on June 18, 1850, and after some consideration the railroads decided to utilize this national retirement fund as their medium. According to a regulation pub- lished in 1852, the deductions from earnings were paid into the national fund, while the railroad kept its contributions in a special account, and at the time of maturity of the pension contributed to the national fund the amount necessary to purchase the pension granted by the regulations. These pensions varied from 250 to 600 francs ($48.25 to $115.80). The Western Railroad was organized in June, 1855, by the union of the three above-mentioned and some other railroads, and the pen- sion fund was extended to all employees of that railroad. In 1869 the insufficiency of the pension provisions under the old system was recog- nized. Regulations issued in 1869 and modified in 1875, 1878, 1884, and 1892 gradually extended the benefits of the fund. In 1869 the contributions from both the railroads and the employees were increased to 4 per cent of the earnings of employees. In 1884 the contributions of the railroads were increased to 5 per cent; in 1892 to 8 per cent; in 1895 to 12 per cent. This remarkable increase of con- tributions was forced, not only by the extension of benefits, but by the insufficiency of earlier contributions, as shown in the accounts of the fund. In 1869 the normal pensions were put at a rate of half the earnings of the last six years and pensions were granted to widows and orphans. In 1878 the requirements for normal pension were reduced from 30 years of service and an attained age of 60 years to 25 years of service and an attained age of 55 years. In 1884 a mini- mum pension of 500 francs ($96.50) was established, and of 250 francs ($48.25) for widows and orphans, and invalidity pensions were estab- lished independent of length of service or attained age. As the deficit of the pension fund was large, notwithstanding the increased contributions, a thorough reorganization was undertaken in 1896. The older regulations were made applicable only to em- ployees in service before July 1, 1896, and for the new employees a new fund was created with a slightly different set of regulations. According to these new regulations, which with slight modifications are still in force, the employee contributes 4 per cent and the railroad 12 per cent of the earnings of the employee. In addition, one-twelfth of the annual increase is contributed by each side in case CHAPTEE IV. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 893 of promotion. The deductions from the earnings are paid into the national retirement fund for the purchase of an old-age pension in accordance with the regulations of the latter. In case of a married employee, these payments are divided equally between the em- ployee's account and his wife's account, and the payments may be made either on the alienated or the reserved capital plan. Paeis-Oeleans Raileoad. — In a certain sense this railroad com- pany was the first to make provision for the benefit of their employees. In accordance with the charter the employees were entitled to par- ticipate in the profits of the railroad whenever they exceeded certain amounts. In the beginning this share of the employees was very large, amounting to 20 to 25 per cent of their wages, but with the increase in the number of employees the amount of this participation gradually decUned ; still the railroad administration continues to keep it at the level of 10 per cent of the earnings of employees by special lump-sum contributions at the end of each year. With the organiza- tion of the National Old-age Retirement Fund in 1851 it was utilized for deposit of these special contributions by the railroads for the pur- chase of a retirement pension eithei: on the reserved or alienated capital plan and to mature at the age of 50, unless the person remained in service, in which case the maturity of the pension was delayed from year to year. When the results of the participation in profits exceeded 10 per cent of the wages, the difference was given in cash to the em- ployee. This system is still essentially in force with certain modifica- tions, the most improved of which is that introduced in 1882 by which a special lump-sum contribution is made by the railroad at the time the pension matures, so as to bring it up to the required amount. NoETHEEN Raileoad (Chemin de Fer du Nord). — The pension sys- tem of the Northern Railroad was organized as early as 1855 and like the other two funds preceding it made use of the National Old-age Retirement Fund. The railroad and the employees each contributed 3 per cent of the salary. The contributions of the employees were paid into the National Old-age Retirement Fund for the purchase of an old-age pension, while the pension fund of the railroad built up from the railroad contributions doubled the pension acquired by the employee from the national retirement fund. These pensions were granted after 20 years of service to persons in active employment and after 25 years of employment to persons in sedentary occupations, in both cases after the attained age of 50. The conditions were some- what changed in 1868, at least so far as the railroad's contribution was concerned. The retired employee still received the pension acquired through his own deposits in the national retirement fund and in addition to that one-eightieth of the average salary for the last 6 years for each year of service. Pensions to widows were intro- duced at the same time. Through these changes the actuarial basis 894 BEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. of the fund was really lost. In the earlier system the railroad simply repeated the operations of the national fund, as it received the same contributions and paid the same amount. It, therefore, had the actuarial basis of the national fund to fall back upon. The newer system did not fail to cause considerable financial complications. In 1890 the railroad's contributions were increased from 3 to 9 per cent. Nevertheless an actuarial examination of the status of the fund, undertaken in the middle of the nineties, disclosed an enormous deficit because of the insufiiciency of the railroad*s contributions in the past to meet the cost of accumulated pension rights. This deficit was estimated at about 45,000^000 francs ($8,685,000) and two extraordinary grants were made by the railroad company to the reserve of the pension fund, one of 10,000,000 francs ($1,930,000) and the other of 20,000,000 francs ($3,860,000). As a result of this investigation the entire pension system of this railroad company was radically changed. The regulations were left unchanged so far as the commissioned employees in service before May 1, 1896, were concerned. An entirely new system, however, was created, for com- missioned employees entering service after May 1, 1896, and also for noncommissioned workmen (that is, persons employed on a monthly or daily wage rather than annual salary) who under the older regu- lations did not come under the pension provisions at all. Southern Railroad {Oompagnie des Cfhemins de Fer du Midi). — The fund of this railroad dates back as far as 1856. In the beginning, as in the case of other railroads, the National Old-age Retirement Fund was utilized for the purpose of granting pensions. The main features of the plan were as follows: A deduction of 4 per cent was made from the earnings of the employees which was paid into the national retirement fund to the individual credit of each employee. After 25 years of service and having attained the age of 55 the employee when retired was entitled to a pension equal to one-half his average earnings during the last 10 years. Of course there was no actuarial relation between this pension and the deposits made on his account, but the railroad assumed the responsibility of meeting the additional cost required by making a lump-sum payment to the National Old-age Retirement Fund on the alienated capital plan at the time the pension was liquidated. In other words, the company purchased for each retired employee a sufficient old-age pension' which, when added to the old-age pension accumulated through his own deposits, would bring the total up to the required amount of half the average salary. In order to be able to meet these payments, the railroad created a special fund into which it annually paid over an amount equal to 3 per cent of the salaries of the employees belong- ing to this pension system. CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 895 In 1865 the company decided to introduce radical changes. It dispensed with the assistance of the national retirement fund and organized its own pension fund. The provisions for the employees were made more liberal, in that reduced pensions were permitted for persons reaching the age of 55 without complying with the require- ment for 25 years of service, and also for persons who are forced to retire on account of invalidity, provided they had 15 years of service. Notwithstanding this more liberal provision for granting pensions, the management thought it possible to reduce the contributions from the employees from 4 to 3 per cent and its own contributions from 3 to 1 per cent. As was to be expected, these low charges very soon proved to be utterly insufficient, and the railroad management was repeatedly forced to increase its share of the contributions. In fact, the history of this fund is perhaps characteristic, in that it empha- sizes the difficulties which must necessarily appear in a pension fund beginning with a large body of comparatively young men, unless it is based upon very sound actuarial computations. The list of the many changes of the railroad's contribution is therefore given in detail : From July 1, 1865, to June 30, 1878, 1 per cent. From July 1, 1878, to December 31, 1880, 2 per cent; From January 1, 1881, to June 30, 1882, 5^ per cent. From July 1, 1882, to December 31, 1887, 6\ per cent. From January 1, 1888, to January 1, 1891, 8^ per cent. From January 1, 1891, up to present, 15 per cent. During all this period the deductions from the wages of the employees remained at the same level of 3 per cent. The benefit provisions of the law have changed somewhat with the new constitutions which were adopted in 1883, 1894, and 1902. The normal retirement pension which amounted to half the average annual salary was'in 1883 increased so as to permit of an additional one-sixtieth of the average annual salary for each year of service over 25, and since 1894 is computed at a flat rate of 2 per cent of the average annual salary for each year of service before retirement. Through all these changes the extent of application of this fund remained limited to commissioned employees and shop workmen. Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Eailroad (Compagnie de Paris- Lyon- Mediterranee) . — This railroad established its pension fund in the same year with that of the Southern Railroad; that is, 1856. Its early organization was similar to that of the Western Railroad; that is, 3 per cent contributions from each side and a utilization of the national retirement fund as a medium. In 1864, however, a special pension fund was created by this railroad and participation in it was made compulsory for all newly commissioned employees, 896 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. while those insured in the older system were given the choice whether or not to join the new fund. The deductions from the salaries were increased to 4 per cent, while the railroad did^not increase its own share. In 1881, however, the contributions of both parties were again equalized to 4 per cent. In 1889 the company was forced to increase its contribution to 6 per cent; in 1892 to 8 per cent; and in 1896, as in the case of the Northern Railroad, two separate organiza- tions became necessary for the older and new employees. For the persons who remained under the old regime, the deductions were increased from 4 to 6 per cent and the contributions of the railroads were made 10 per cent, while for the new fund the employees' con- tributions remained at 4 per cent and the railroads' contributions from 4 to 6 per cent, according to conditions. As in the case of other funds, the history of this fund shows a gradual increase of benefits and general improvement of pension conditions. The original pen- sion conditions require 25 years of service and an attained age of 55 in active service, and 30 years of service and an attained age of 60 in sedentary occupations, and permitted anticipatory pensions after 15 years of service and at the age of 50, and half pensions to widows and orphans. In 1866 noncommissioned employees were permitted to join the fund under condition of 5 years of previous service, but this condition was abohshed in 1881. The new regula- tions, applicable to employees who were either appointed after May 1, 1895, or who even though employed before did not belong to the older fund, return to the older method of using the National Retire- ment Fund. The railroad companies evidently prefer this method as one less likely to cause a growth of deficit in connection with the pension system. Eastern Railroad ( Oompagnie de V Est) . — The pension plan of this company originated in 1862. It was subsequently modified in 1879, 1891, and 1902. The original system demanded a contribution of 2 per cent of the earnings both by the employees and the railroad company. Three forms of pensions were provided — normal pensions after 25 years of service and attained age of 50, anticipatory pensions after 20 to 24 years of service and attained age of 50, and pensions to widows and orphans of employees dying after at least 10 years of service. The so-caUed pension fund of the raihoad only accumu- lated the contributions, but the actual pension payments were made by the national retirement fund. Into it the necessary amount of capital was transferred each time a pension was granted. The actual pension depended upon the amount of capital so transferred. A very pecuhar method of computing the amount of normal pension was provided, indicating a very unsatisfactory understanding of the pension problem. Each time a pension was to be granted the total OHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSURAlirCE IN FRANCE. 897 assets of the fund were divided by the total salaries of all members of the fund and multiplied by the salary of the retiring member, the result being the capital assigned for the purchase of a pension, and this sum was converted into a pension through the national retirement fund. The pensions obtained in that manner would have been exceedingly small if it were not for the established minimum of 600 francs ($115.80) for a married man and 500 francs ($96.50) for single persons. The system was entirely reorganized in 1879 and the employees belonging to the older fund were permitted to join the new system if they so desired. As a result the first system is prac- tically extinct. Under the regulations of 1879 the benefits granted were more liberal. The by-laws of 1891 again modified the pension system in the direction of greater liberaUty toward the employees. The principle of invalidity was admitted through the provision granting pension after 15 years of service in case of the employee's retirement by the company on account of invalidity or for any other reason. The rights of widows and orphans were extended so as to include all cases of death after 15 years of service. State Railroads. — Provision for pensions to employees were made by the administration of the state railroads at the very beginning of the organization of the service, namely, in 1878. In the beginning these provisions were rather primitive and limited. They consisted in the purchase of an old-age pension account in the national retire- ment fund by means of equal contributions from administration and employee of only 2J per cent of the employee's salary, the pass book being turned over to the employee or his dependents at the time of separation from service. Only commissioned employees were cov- ered by this system, while for the noncommissioned employees and shop workmen a mutual benefit society was organized. This system of individual accounts existed until 1883, when a special pension fund was organized. The rate of contributions was increased to 5 per cent from each party or together 10 per cent of the salaries. In 1894 the contribution of the employer (in this case the State) was increase(^ to 7i per cent and in 1896 to 10 per cent, making a total of 15 per cent of the employee's earnings. Other conditions of pen- sions have not changed very much since 1883. 898 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF PENSION FEATURES OF FRENCH RAILROADS. rComoiled from Soulier, Les Institutions de Retraites des Compagnies de Chemins de Fer, 1900; also text "■ ^ of act of July 21, 1909.] Resources. i Railroad. Regu- lar de- duo- tions from earn- ings (per cent). Contributions of railroads in per cent of earnings of employees. Total in per cent of earn- ings of em- ployees. Special contri- butions at the time of grant of pension. Promotion con- tributions. Initiation fees. 3 3 S 4 4 12 15 18 10-14 16 &-10 10 15 Non Non Non Non None One-1 inc None One-i inc None None One-t • 16 welfth of rease. Northern 6-9 e ; Western. . 12. welfth of •ease.(ii) 4-6 terranean, Paris-Orleans 10 average sal- ary of last 6 years of service. Addi tinnal State S 5 10.... an ms pe Non lount to ike up osion due. e OTPlffh nf One-twelfth of .first year's salary. One-twelfth of Minimum require- Amount to be determined by constitu- tion of fund. increase. One-twelfth of increase. ments of the law of July 21, 1909. first year's salary. Management of funds through- Period considered for computation of salary (years). Conditions of pensioning. For normal retirement. Minimum length of Railroad. Minimum age (years). Minimum length of service (years). service of an em- ployee to entitle widow to pension (years). Independent pen- sion fund. Independent pen- sion fund. National retire- ment fund. National retire- ment fund. (6) National retire- ment fund. National retire- ment fund. National retire- ment fund. Left to the deci- Las Las to 65 26 15 t 6 65 25 15 50 Western. . . Las Las m m Las Las 6 m to . 55 for transpor- tation serv- ice; 60 for all others. 50 . .. 25 for transpor- tation serv- ice; 30 for an others. 25 .. . 15 Paris-Lyon- Medi- t 6 (lor maxi- um and mini- um only), to terranean. Paris-Orleans 65.. 20 State to 55 25 15 Minimum require- f highest re- 50 for engineers 26 15 ments of the law of July 21. 1909. sion o f railway. uneratio n. and fin 55 for employ ,men; other ees. The employees' contributions are managed by the national retirement fund; the railroad s contribu- tions through an independent pension fund! Minor Eailroad Companies. — It is not necessary to go into details concerning pension regulations for minor companies. Some of these have not made any provisions at all. Others have followed the example of the larger companies, but of these most have found it convenient in view of the small number of employees not to organize any pension fund, but to use the national retirement fund. Thus the Paris Belt Eailroad since 1878 pays mto the national fund deduc- tions of 4 per cent plus a contribution of 9 per cent of the salaries paid. The Departmental Kailroads Company {Oompagnie de Ghemins defer Departmentaux) pays 9 per cent of the earnings into the national retirement fund as a pure gratuity whenever the finances of the railroad permit it. The General Society of Economic Eaiboads, since 1896, has allowed to its employees an amount equal to 9 per cent of their earnings, one-fifth of which is given in cash, and four- fifths is paid into the national retirement fund for the purchase of a pension on the alienated capital plan, payable at the age of 55 years. The South of France Eailroad Company {Oompagnie des Ghemins de Fur du Sud de la France) grants pensions through the national 900 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. fund, for which purpose 4 per cent of earnings is deducted. In case of retirement after 20 years, an additional pension is granted by the company, derived from its contributions of 1 per cent during the first 10 years, 1^ per cent from the eleventh to the fifteenth year, and 2 per cent from the sixteenth year on. Altogether the pension provisions of the smaller railroads are very much less Uberal than those of the larger railroad systems. This will be clearly shown in the statistical analysis which follows on pages 905 to 915.. Notwithstanding the many differences between funds, general tendencies of development may easily be discovered. Intended originally only for the employees of higher classes, they were gradually extended to include all employees. Pension conditions on the whole were made more liberal; the age and service requirements were lowered, and anticipated pensions for invalids and pensions for widows and orphans were provided; the earnings of the latest years, usually the highest ones, were substituted for the average earnings of the entire periods. Thus the pension provisions of the railroads went far beyond the ordinary provisions of the national retirement fund, and most of the railroads were forced to organize their own fund, only a few retaining their affiliations with the national fund. The brief history of the individual funds as given above discloses the serious financial difficulties which some funds were experiencing. There was very little experience upon which to base a scientific actuarial scale of rates. As the pension payments grew more rapidly, and the interest rate was falling, the railroads were forced to increase their contributions, and in some cases complete reorganizations of the funds were required. These financial difficulties, together with the existing differences between the provisions of various funds and the demand of the employees for more liberal provisions led to the demand for state regulation of originally voluntary and altogether independent funds. These demands culminated after over a decade of discussion in the act of July 26, 1909. EFFORTS AT STATE REGULATION. An act of December 27, 1890, required that the constitutions and by-laws of the pension funds be submitted for approval to the min- ister of public works. When these constitutions were submitted upon demand of the minister, a special commission, formed for their examination, declared that it could not approve these without having the actuarial data first submitted. Within the following decade the constitution of only one fund was approved and that provisionally. In 1893 the convention of the National Association of French Rail- road Employees began the campaign by adopting a project of a pension law containing the following provisions : CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE, 901 A uniform constitution for all funds. Pensions to all employees after 20 years of service, disregarding any age qualifications. Minimum pension of 1,200 francs ($231.60). Porportional pensions at separation from service after 10 years. These demands, which went very much farther than any of the existing pension provisions, found some support in the National Assembly, but resulted in no legislation. As a consequence of nearly ten years of discussion on this topic the law of April 10, 1902, was finally enacted. This transferred the right of approval of the constitutions from the minister of public works to the Council of State. The act of 1902 did not allay the demand for additional legisla- tion. After an exhaustive study of the problem the Government finally accepted the plan for a system of definite pensions. On February 25, 1909, it introduced a biU for pensions on the basis of length of service and an attained age, leaving to the companies the elabora- tion of tho financial details required to carry these demands through. The bill came up on June 18, and after a prolonged discussion and many amendments was adopted on July 9. Without any changes the Chamber of Deputies agreed to the bill on July 13 and the act was promulgated on July 26, 1909. Briefly, the law, limited to the large railroad systems, provides for a pension of haK the salary after 25 years of service and an attained age varying between 50 and 60 years, according to the class of service; reduced invalidity pensions after 15 years of service, and even without any length of service qualifications if invalidity is due to the service; and half pensions to widows and orphans, contributions of employees equal to 5 per cent of earnings and the rest to be contributed by railroads. THE RAILROAD EMPLOYEES PENSION LAW OF JULY 24, 1909. Careful of not disturbing unnecessarily the existing conditions of the pension funds, the act of July 24, 1909, does not endeavor to introduce one ironclad pension system for all French railroads, but, instead of this, estabhshes a minimum of obligations which the railroads must abide by, and they are ordered so to modify the constitutions and by-laws of the pension institutions as to comply with requirements for this minimum. Extent of Application. — The law applies only to the so-called large igrandes) French railroads and state railroads. These large railroads include the six systems above mentioned, namely, the Eastern Railroad, the Western Railroad, the Northern Railroad, the Southern Railroad, the Paris-Lyons and Mediterranean Railroad, and the Paris and Orleans Railroad. The regulation of the condi- 902 EBPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEB. OP JLABOB. tions m the smaller railroads, which are comparatively of httle importance, is left for the future. Persons Insured. — The act does away with aU the provisions of earlier by-laws which carefully specify the class of employees in- sured. Benefits in the future must extend to all railroad employ- ees, whether classified as agents, employees, or workmen, after 1 year's continuous service. In a provisional way employees already belonging to pension funds under older by-laws or systems are not compelled to come under the provisions of this new law, but this is left to their discretion, and the railroads must abide by their choice. Benefits — Normal Pensions. — The law requires a normal pen- sion under the following two conditions: First, 25 years of service, and, second, an attained age of 50 for engineers and firemen, 55 for other persons in active service, and 60 years for office employees unless at least 15 years of the required 25 years of employment have been spent in active service, in which case for this latter class the age may be reduced to 55 by the retirement commission. As a transitory measure the law permits that the actual length of service minus 1 year be taken rather than the length of afiiliation with the pension fund, for the purpose of determining the right to a normal pension, but not the amount of the pension due. The required amount of this normal pension is one-half of the average salary for 25 years of service with an addition of one-fiftieth for each year of service above 25. This average salary, however, is computed only by considering the 6 years of best pay, and all payments, no matter how designated, if they do not represent either a reimbursement of expenses or a gratuitous aid, are considered part of the salary. Anticipated Invalidity Pensions. — In case of illness, injuries, or infirmities disabling the employee from further railroad service, the employee, if retired either by the administration of the raihoad or by the retirement commission, is entitled to his pension after 15 years of affiliation with the fund, and if his condition is due to his employment, "then all requirements as to length of membership are waived. When such a pension is granted, it is reduced from the normal amount, as stated above, by 1 per cent for each year of membership less than 25, and also 1 per cent for each year of attained age less than required for a normal pension; but in any case the deduction must not be less than 2 per cent for each year required to bring the membership up to 25 years, even if a com- putation by the above rules should give a smaller deduction. Sup- posing, for instance, that an engineer is forced to retire after 15 years of service and at the age of 45, his normal pension will be 50 per cent of the average salary for the 6 best years. A deduction must be made, however, of 10 per cent for 10 missing years of mem- CHAPTER rv. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 903 bership and 5 per cent for 5 years below the required attained age, making a total deduction of 15 per cent. At the same time the law requires a total deduction of at least 2 per cent for each missing year of membership, or 20 per cent, so that his pension will fall to only 30 per cent of the average wage. Rights in Case of Separation from Service. — If the employee leaves the service after 15 years of membership or service for any other reason except invalidity, he is entitled to a pension maturing at the same time at which it would mature if he had remained in service, but computed according to the actual length of service, as stated above for invalidity pensions — that is, with the reduction of 2 per cent of the average salary for each year of membership below 25. In case of such separation from service before 15 years of mem- bership in the fund or service, the employee is not entitled to any pension, but he may claim the repayment of the deductions from his own salary with interest accrued. However, if these deductions have been used for deposits in the National Old-age Retirement Fund or in the National Death Insurance Fund, then the employee must receive his deposit book or his policy instead of a cash pay- ment. This amount is doubled in case of an employee who is ad- judged an invalid, either by the administration of the railroad or by the retirement commission, because of illness, injuries, or infir- mities which did not result from service, if he must retire before 15 years of service. In any case the pension fund of each railroad may establish a maximum amount of pension paid. The pension must not be less than 10 per cent of the average salary. It is not affected by any pension which the employee may receive in virtue of the accident compensation law of April 9, 1898. No pension is paid to an em- ployee remaining in the service. Widows' and Orphans' Pensions. — In addition to these liberal provisions for pension to the employees themselves, the provisions for widows and orphans are no less liberal. If the employee dies after having been granted a pension, his widow is entitled to half that pension for life, and in absence of widow the orphans under 18 years of age receive that half of the pension. If death occurs while the employee is still in service, the widow or orphans receive half of the pension to which the deceased employee was entitled on the day of his death .in virtue of his length of membership and his age. The following conditions limit the right of the widow: In case of divorce or separation exclusively through her fault, she has no right; moreover, the marriage must have taken place at least 3 years before his separation from the service. But this re- quirement of duration of marriage is waived in case the separation 46598°— 10 58 904 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. from service was due to an accident while in service, or if at the time of separation there was a child bom of that marriage. SouECES OF Revenue.— The law thus establishes obligations of the pension funds in absolute terms, but leaves the question of sources of revenue to the by-laws of the individual fimds, provided that certain deductions may be made from the salaries of employees for such employees who enter the service after the promulgation of the law and also for those who had been employed before but did not belong to any pension fund. These deductions are determined in the law. They must equal 5 per cent of the earnings, also the full earnings for the first month of service paid in 24 monthly installments, and one-twelfth of the annual amount of promotion. Cost of pensions must be met by contributions from the employees and from the railroads, and as the employees' contributions are thus determined in the law and the minimum pension rates are also estab- lished in the law, it is seen that the amount to be contributed by the railroads is not left to their discretion. It depends entirely upon actuarial computation, at least so far as the minimum benefits pre- scribed by the law are concerned. Of course any provision for bene- fits which is more liberal than the required maximum will call for a corresponding increase in the railroad contributions. Government Control. — In order to guarantee the suflBciency of the railroads' contributions for the obligations prescribed, the act makes the railroad responsible for these obligations and requires a presentation of a mathematical balance sheet within 2 years after the law goes into effect and every five years subsequently. These balance sheets must be presented to the minister of public works for approval and if an actuarial deficit is disclosed in these balance sheets the rail- roads must outline the measures for meeting this deficit. If these measures be insufficient, the minister of pubhc works must, in con- sultation with the minister of finance, prescribe such measures. Six months before the law goes into effect the administrations of the railroads are required to present the new by-laws of their pension funds, amended to conform with this law, for approval of the Council of State, in compHanee with the act of April 10, 1902. These by-laws are required to determine, among other things, the rate of deductions from the salaries, various conditions for granting pensions to the surviving dependents, and also the transitory conditions concerniag employees already affiliated with pension institutions. Retirement Commissions. — The composition and functions of the retirement commissions referred to in this act are to be determined by the minister of public works in agreement with the administra- tions of the railroads. These commissions must contain representa- tives from the personnel of the service. The law is to go into effect on January 1, 1911. CHAPTER rv. — wokkmen's insxjbance in fbance. 905 STATISTICS or THE PENSION FXTNDS OF THE FKENCH SAILBOABS. The statistical material concerning the activity of the pension funds and mutual benefit societies described above is presented in the fol- lowing four tables. As the original reports of these various institu- tions were not available, the only source of information was the series of reports of the French railroads published by the Ministry of Public Works, (") which contain only the most important data concerning these pension funds. The membership of the various pension funds and benefit societies and the number of pensioners receiving old-age pensions is given in the first table and compared with the total number of employees. The data are presented for each one of the seven large railroad com- panies separately, for " all other railroads of general interest " (') com- bined, for the local railroads, and finally a total is shown for all rail- roads. The period covered by the table is from 1892 to 1908, in- clusive, but the data are given for only a few selected years, which is thought sufficient for purposes of illustration. In the case of those railroad companies which have no pension funds, properly speaking, but grant such old-age pensions through the medium of the National Old-age Retirement Fund, the number of persons receiving such grants is shown in the column of membership. NUMBER or EMPLOYEES OF RAILROADS, MEMBERS OF RAILROAD PENSION FUNDS AND OF BENEFIT SOCIETIES, AND NUMBER OF PENSIONERS, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908. [Source: Mlnistiire des Travaux Publics, Direction de Chemins do Fer. Statistlque des ciiemins de Fer Frangais. 1899-1908.) Number of em- ployees. Members of pen- sion fund. Pensioners. Members of ben- efit societies. Year. Number. Per 100 em- ployees. Number. Per 100 em- ployees. Number. Per 100 em- ployee.';. State Railroad: 1892 11,228 11,673 12,446 12,995 ]4,204 (') 37,921 38,255 48,783 44,364 48,587 (0 35, 120 35,523 38,060 39,152 45.189 (<■) 6,015 6,390 7,895 12,461 12,586 13,125 21,438 23,419 32,371 35, 305 35,900 36,848 19,484 20,090 21,732 22,612 24.253 25. 103 S3. 6 54.7 «:!. 4 95.9 88.6 66.5 61.2 66.4 79.6 73.9 55.5 56.6 57.1 57.8 53.7 64 168 439 1,047 1,394 1,588 6,853 9,100 11,494 U.285 l.';,256 15.510 6,030 6,893 8.031 9,135 9.864 10,2-44 0.6 1.4 3.5 8.1 9.8 18.1 23.8 23.6 32.2 31.4 603 808 836 864 810 405 6.4 1895 6.9 1900 n.7 1905 6.6 1907... 5.7 1908 Nortliern Railroad: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 Eastern Railroad: 1892 17.2 19.4 21.1 23.3 21.8 19,771 20.309 22,004 22,881 24,518 25.364 SC. 3 1895 . SI. 3 1900 57.8 1905 68 4 1907.. . £4.3 1908 oMinlstfere des Travaux Publics, Direction des Chemins de Fer. Statistlque des Chemins de Fer Francais, 1892-19C8. '.is explained on page SJO, the French railroads are divided for purposes of administration into "roads of ecneral interest " and local roads. ' Not reported. 906 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES OF. RAILROADS, MEMBERS OF RAILROAD PENSION FUNDS AND OF BENEFIT SOCIETIES, AND NUMBER OF PENSIONERS, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908— Concluded. Number of em- ployees.- Members of pen- sion fund. Pensioners. Members of ben- efit societies. Year. Number. Per 100 em- ployees. Number. Per 100 em- ployees. Nimiber. Per 100 em- ployees. Western Railroad: 1892 39,772 41,444 43,526 41,255 46,304 (a) 32,697 32,892 36,875 37,246 44,305 C) 66,769 66, 936 82,460 76,326 86,272 C) 20,028 21,296 19,899 20, 920 22,838 («) 4,698 4,902 5,738 6,188 6,184 5,872 6,791 8,939 13,601 (.") (4 254,095 269,710 296,716 291,947 « 311, 883 (a) 25,931 28,564 - 30,902 31,856 33,242 34,994 25,101 24,685 27,124 28,310 41,874 66,361 63,246 63,942 67,356 70,408 15,035 15,496 13,997 15,377 15,260 15,427 66.2 68.9 71.0 77.2 73.4 4,992 6,158 8,264 10,219 11,318 11,900 12.6 14.9 19.0 24.8 25.0 3,847 2,812 3,402 2,626 4,126 4,330 9.7 1896 6.8 1900 7.8 1906 6.4 1907 9.1 1908 Paris-Orleans Railroad: W 1892 /. 1896 1900 70.0 66.3 61.2 1906 .... 1907 1908 Paris-Lyon-Mediterraneau Railroad: 1892 62.7 84.2 76.7 83.8 79.0 75.1 72.8 70.3 73.6 66.8 9,631 11,757 16,807 20,347 22,506 23,653 3,272 3,913 5,904 7,318 8,130 8,656 14.4 17.6 19.2 26.7 26.4 1896 190O 1905 1907 . . . . ' . 1908 ... Southern Railroad: 1892 16.3 18.4 29.7 35.0 35.6 15,600 16,471 15,711 17,037 17,911 18,773 1,763 1,070 4,086 5,110 5,556 5,997 77.9 ' 1895 77.3 79.0 1906 :. = ... 81.4 1907 78.4 1908 '. 1892 37.5 1895. 142 4,107 is, 911 6,507 6,698 2.9 71.6 63.2 105.2 21.8 1900 71.2 44 62 80 .7 1.0 82 6 1907 .... 89.8 Local railroads: 1892 1895 281 710 3,929 4,202 (a) 129,777 160, 743 200,061 214,078 226,430 "230,914 4.1 7.9 29.1 61.1 68.0 67.7 73.3 72.6 1,198 1,246 2,766 3,600 W 41,584 42,728 47,285 51,274 56,421 < 54, 929 17.6 1900 13 20 22 W 30,842 37,979 49,942 62,415 68,552 « 71, 531 .1 .1 12.1 14.6 16.9 21.4 22.0 13.9 1905 20.4 1907 1908 Total, all railroads: 1892 16.4 16.5 1900 16.0 17.6 1907 18.1 1908 a Not reported. 6 The Paris-Orleans Railroad has no pension fund, properly speaking, but certain contributions are made annually for the purchase of old-age pensions through the National Old-age Retirement Fund (see p. 893). The number of employees drawing pensions is not stated. c In the case of some railroad companies having local branches the membership of the pension funds include these employees of their local branches as well, while they are not included in the colmnn for employees. For this reason the percentage of membership for these "other roads of general interest" is somewhat too high, while for the "local roads" it is lower than it should be. d Exclusive of the " Society of Economic Railroads," which has no separate fund, but makes old-^e contributions through the National Old-age Retirement Fund. For these yeaia the number of employees on whose account such contributions were made is not stated. In 1901 they numbered 1,547, and in 1906 1,926. ' Not including local railroads. Taking all of the railroads together, the members of the pension funds in 1892 constituted 70.5 per cent of the number of employees; in 1900, 67.7 per cent; and in 1907, 72.6 per cent. Thus, for all rail- roads together, there does not seem to have been any considerable extension of the old-age pension provisions during this period. This CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 907 is mainly due to the increase in the number of smaller railroads whose pension provisions are rather unsatisfactory. When the seven large railroad systems are studied independently, an increase in the pro- portion of employees protected by some form of old-age insurance is found in most of the systems. Thus, for the State Railroad the pro- portion in 1892 was 53.6 per cent and in 1907, 88.6 per cent. For the Northern Railroad the proportion has increased from 56.5 to 73.9 per cent, for the Western Railroad from 65. 2 to 73.4 per cent, and for the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railroad from 62.7 to 79 per cent. On the other hand, the proportion has decreased in the case of the Eastern and Southern railroads, due to an increase in the num- ber of new employees. As between one railroad and another, differences are very great, and it was this fact which caused the agitation for greater uniformity, resulting in the law of 1909 (see page 901). The best provisions seem to be made by the State Railroad whose pension fund in 1907 included 88.6 per cent of the employees. The Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railroad occupies the next place, with 79 per cent. Of the employees of the Western and Northern railroads, 73.4 per cent and 73.9 per cent, respectively, are protected; on the Southern Railroad 66.8 per cent; on the Paris-Orleans Railroad, 61.2 per cent, and on the Eastern Railroad, 53.7 per cent. The higher proportion between membership and number of employees in "all other railroads of general interest," as shown in the table, is somewhat misleading, because some of these roads have small local branches, and while the number of employees is shown separately for the general and local roads, the membership of the pension fund is combined. The table also shows the rapid increase in the proportion of pen- sioners and the number of employees. The total number of pen- sioners increased from 30,842 in 1892 to 71,531 in 1908, or from 12.1 per cent of the total number of employees to 22 per cent in 1907. Moreover, for some of the older railroads the proportion between pensioners and employees is very much greater, and the percentages quoted above are too small, because they do not include any of the beneficiaries of the Paris-Orleans sj'stem, M-hich, as will be remembered, has no pension fund of its own, but grants all its pensions through the National Old-age Retirement Fund. In the case of the Northern Railroad, for instance, there are 31.4 pensioners for each 100 employees and in the Southern Railroad the propor- tion is even higher, 35.6. When the number of pensioners is com- pared with the number of employees who are members of the pension funds rather than with the total number of employees, it is found that in the Southern Railroad there are over 50 pensioners for every 100 members, and the number and proportion of pensioners is naturally increasing very rapidly. The effect of this increase upon the finances of the pension fund's will be disclosed in the tables which follow. 908 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The number and proportion of pensioners in the State Railroad is very much smaller than for some of the other railroads previously mentioned, mainly because this is a comparatively new road, and a rapid rise in the number of pensioners does not occur untU after about 30 years of the existence of the pension funds. In the case of the minor roads the number of pensioners is, as yet, insigni&cant for various reasons: First, many of the roads are of a very recent origin; second, many have very unsatisfactory pension provisions; and third, of those that do have such provisions, most, because of the small number of employees, prfefer to utilize the National Old-age Retire- ment Fund rather than organize an independent pension fund, which can be managed on a safe actuarial basis only with a large number of members. In general, it is quite evident that the larger railroad systems offer much better old-age protection to their employees than do the minor roads. On the other hand, mutual benefit societies seem to be more popular with the smaller roads, as is shown by the last two columns of the table. Altogether, the mutuaJr^hi^ili&'societies include about 55,000 members. This, however,, does not^^ake into account the important organization for granting relieft' ofectly by some of the railroad systems which have no regulapky orglnized benefit societies, namely the Northern, the Paris-Orleansj and the Paris-Lyon- Mediterranean roads. Among the larger Toads, the Southern has an important bejj|g^^8w«teijjtnclud^g ab'out four-fifths of its em- ployees, and H^Eastern RaUro^ ]^^s one which includes over half of its employees, while in the ,SA,«te Railroad the benefit society is of minor importance only. — \' ■ ilECEIPTS. -i The total receipts of the pension funds, with the main sources of these receipts and th^ accumulated reserves, are shown in the fol- lowing table: RECEIPTS AND BESERVE OF THE PENSION FUNDS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908. ISource: MinistSre dea Travaux Publics. Direction de3 Clieinins de Per. Statisque des Chemins de Fer Frangais, 1899-1908.] Deductions from wages. Amount. Contributions of railroads. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. Miscellaneous re- ceipts. Amount. Per cent. Total receipts. Reserve at end of year. State railroads 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 SlOO, 965 103, 249 142,027 169, 612 185,990 204,363 41.4 28.3 25.3 23.1 22.7 23.0 I $89,607 145,790 248,349 315,248 345,760 371,679 36.8 39.9 44.2 43.0 42.1 41.9 $53, 121 116, 152 171,481 248,630 289,478 3U,737 21.8 31.8 35.2 35.1 $243,693 365, 191 561,857 733,496 821,228 887,779 $1,657,305 2.623,578 4,486,805 6,873,897 7,889,278 8,446,243 CHAPTEB IV. — WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 909 RECEIPTS AND RESERVE OF THE PENSION FUNDS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Deductfons from wages. Contributions ol railroads. Miscellaneous re- ceipts. Total receipts. Reserve at Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per ccn;. end of year. Northern Railroad: 1892 »388,031 483,837 619,469 545,927 214,646 226,386 242, 616 259,406 280,347 293,166 394,677 410,675 435,989 460,572 "w.s 11.2 11.5 19.4 13.6 13.2 12.8 12.8 11.8 11.8 "m.o 17.8 17.9 17.9 $682,463 796,109 837,811 112,991,344 6 3,358,150 1,578,108 858,947 905,783 970,519 1,037,625 1,308,262 1,368,063 663,887 . 914,926 1,116,895 1,194,938 1,248,730 1,323,070 692,021 1,032,061 1,248,794 1,385.035 1.482,448 1,563,766 1,034,096 2,263,006 1,727,065 3,335,966 3,740,139 3,726,479 614,196 784,700 716,257 739,667 1,066,833 1,074,090 ^ 18,121 67,541 89,891 136,138 161,346 158,028 3,929 13,372 60,347 78,305 4,553,338 6,903,845 6,968,954 11,190,307 12,789,974 11,163,284 80.0 77.4 44.8 69.5 74.1 56.1 54.6 52.6 51.0 51.0 55.2 65.3 66.8 63.6 63.9 61.8 61.2 61.3 100.0 98.2 98.2 98.4 98.2 98.4 42.4 49.4 38.4 61.0 64.6 53.8 69.1 59.6 53.8 50.8 58.8 58.3 68.6 84.9 80.9 78.9 80.5 79.6 60.3 67.6 69.5 70.9 .'58.6 69.7 61.1 68. S 61.9 67.8 8171,112 232,001 642,309 832,161 654,838 688,833 600,533 688,192 689,915 736,028 782,901 813,537 329,537 625,883 562,326 700,471 754,747 794,363 20.0 22.6 34.4 19.3 14.4 24.5 31.8 34.2 36.2 36.2 33.0 32.9 33.2 36.6 27.1 30.4 30.9 30.8 $353,575 1,028,110 1,868,151 4,307,332 4,632.447 2,812,868 1,674,126 1,720,361 1,903,050 2,033,059 2,371,510 2,474,756 993,424 1,440,809 2,073,798 2,306,084 2,439,466 2,578,006 692,021 1.060,735 1,271,728 1,407,956 1,508,888 1,588,767 2,441,619 4,560,873 4,496,399 6,644,036 6,847,342 6,932,384 1,038,568 1,317,290 1,332,078 1,456,450 1,817,118 1,842,154 26,399 79,537 111,092 172,639 200,317 198,469 6,515 19,786 86,865 110,437 7,763,324 11.569,422 13,636,940 19,047,918 20,648,753 19,315,173 $3,619,937 1895 4,821,211 1900 14,365,581 1905 19,876,895 1907 22,618,428 22,772,273 11,398,844 1908 Eastern Railroad: 1892 1896 13,399,146 1900 16,005.018 1905 18,431,380 1907 19,639,112 1908 20,260,694 Western Railroad: 1892 7,974,194 1896 9,912,065 1900 14,518,469 1905 19.088,587 1907 20,897,533 1908 21,858,516 Paris-Orleans Rail- road: 1892 18,674 22,934 22,921 26,440 24.991 661,383 1,122,309 1,060,348 1,086,489 1,109,796 1,160,508 143,754 159,134 127,637 137,314 137,346 139,861 8,278 11,923 20,621 35,731 38,971 39,980 1,970 3,415 22,904 29,480 1,029,025 1,643,645 2,402,005 2,628,890 2,763.819 2,869,.350 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.5 23.0 24.6 23.6 16.6 16.2 16.7 13.9 12.1 9.6 9.4 7.5 7.6 31.4 15.0 18.5 20.7 19.6 20.2 30.2 17.3 26.4 26.7 13.3 14.2 17.6 13.8 13.4 14.9 1900 1907 1908 Paris - Lyon - Medi- terranean Rail- road: 1892 846,040 1,185,658 1,707,986 2,121,681 1,997,407 2,046,397 280,618 373,456 488,284 579,469 612,939 628,213 34.7 26.0 38.0 32.4 29.2 29.6 27.0 28.3 36.6 39.8 33.7 34.1 20,036,721 1895 23,117,915 1900 29,734,801 1905 41,827,283 1907 45,875,724 1908 47,327,298 Southern Railroad: 1892 7,536,630 1895 9,934,655 1900 13,749,363 1905 16,212,716 1907 17,663,356 1908 18,327,400 All other railroads of general interest:(<:) 1892 1895 73 680 770 .1 .6 .4 4,164 1900 6,177 1905 268 2,304 1908 461 616 2,999 3,614 2,652 2,180,961 3,021,932 4,265,981 5,222,721 5,094,960 5,282,639 .2 9.6 15.1 4.1 2.4 28.1 26.1 31.3 27.4 24.7 27.3 1,026 Local rallroads:(c) 1895 20,825 1900 31,703 1906 40,160 1907 41,496 Total, all railroads: 1892 52,223,631 1895 03,733,460 1900 92,896,905 1905 122, 360, 177 1907 134,627,230 1908 138,993,450 6 Probably includes large special contributions by railroad, but the amount is not indicated in the report. cThe extreme fluctuations in these data are due to the fact that the reserve for the "Departmental Rail- road," the most important of these included, is sometim^ given and sometimes not given. This railroad, like all others in this group, uses the National Old- Age Retirement Fund, and the reserves are held only temporarily. 910 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. The importance of the operations of the combined funds may be judged from the fact that the membership of all the fui^ds has increased from 130,000 in 1892 to 231,000 in 1908, while the reserves for the same period have increased from $52,000,000 to nearly $139,000,000. Thus the average accumulation in the reserve per member in 1892 would appear to be about $400 and in 1908 about $600. This com- putation, however, did not take into account the large accumulations in favor of the employees of the Paris-Orleans Railroad, which can not be ascertained, because this railroad has no independent pension fund, but utilizes the National Old-Age Eetirement Fund. As nearly 30,000 employees are thus insured and the railroad contributed within the recent years over $1,500,000 annually, the accumulations must be very large. If the Paris-Orleans employees be excluded from the computation made above the average accumulation per member in 1908 was nearly $700. The reserves of the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railroad amount to over $47,000,000, while those of the Northern, Eastern, and Western railroads amount to over $20,000,000 each. A comparison of the reserves for a series of years discloses their very rapid increase during some years. This has been accomplished, not only by means of normal contributions both from the employees and the railroads, but also by means of special grants which were particularly heavy in the case of some railroads, as, for instance, the Northern Railroad. In 1897 alone, when the balance sheet of the pension f\md disclosed its practical insolvency, nearly $8,000,000 were voted by the rail- road company in support of the reserve, and additional grants were subsequently made in 1902, 1905, and 1907. A similar situation was met with in the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean fund in 1904, when nearly 40,000,000 francs ($7,720,000) were appropriated. SOXmCES OF REVENUE. In the table the receipts are classified into three large subdivisions, namely, normal deductions from employees' wages, regular contri- butions by railroads, and miscellaneous receipts. Taking all the pension funds as a whole, the relative proportions of these three sources of revenue are fairly uniform throughout the period, the contributions of employees amounting to from 12 to 18 per cent, those of railroads from 50 per cent to 60 per cent, and miscellaneous sources of revenue, such as interest on investments, etc., being from 21 to 35 per cent of the total receipts. However, this uniformity is somewhat misleading, because a great many funds are thrown together in the totals, and fluctuations of individual funds are thus obscured. Relative proportions of the two main sources of revenue, the contributions of employees and of the railroad, vary considerably in the different funds, depending upon the differences in the consti- CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 911 tutions of these funds, as has been explained in giving the descrip- tion of the organization of these funds. In the State Eailroad the main sources since 1897 have been 5 per cent deductions from the earnings of employees and a 10 per cent contribution by the rail- roads, in addition to other minor contributions from either side, and the tables disclose that contributions from the railroads since 1898 have been nearly twice as large as those by the employees. In the Eastern Railroad Pension Fund the relative contributions of employees and railroads have not changed since 1892, being 3 per cent of the earnings for the employees and 12 per cent for the employers, and the totals show that the employees contribute about 12 per cent of the total revenues, while the railroad's share is from 50 to 55 per cent, or more than four times as much. In the case of the Paris-Orleans Railroad, the amounts stated as receipts of the pension fund represent the amounts transferred to the National Old-age Retirement Fund for the purchase of annuities. This railroad requires no contributions from the commissioned (higher grade) employees, and the small amounts shown as contributions by the employees represent a deduction of 2 per cent of wages required from the noncommissioned (lower grade) employees and the shop workers. In the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean Railroad the conditions are somewhat complicated in view of the existence of two different funds since 1895. Previous to that the contributions of the em- ployees were 4 per cent of their earnings and those of the employers 8 per cent. Beginning with 1895 the members of the old pension fund contributed 6 per cent of their earnings against 10 per cent granted by the railroads, while in the new fund members contribute 4 per cent and the railroad from 4 to 6 per cent and, in addition, at the time of the maturity of the pension large lump-sum grants neces- sary to constitute the pension guaranteed by the constitution of the fund. As the table indicates, within the last few years the railroad contributes from three to four times as much as the employees. In the case of both the Northern and Western railroads no contribu- tions by the employees were shown before 1897, for the reason that these were made in the earlier years to the National Old-age Retire- ment Fund and were not included in-the reports of the pension funds of the railroad. Since then, however, the Northern Railroad con- tributes 9 per cent of the earnings of employees, against 3 per cent in the case of the older employees, and from 5 to 9 per cent against 5 per cent by the employees in the case of those employed since 1896. The table shows tliat the railroad contributes from twice to six tunes as much as the employees. The Western Railroad grants 12 per cent of the earnings of employees to 4 per cent contributed by the eniployeos themselves, and its contributions are fairly miiform — about three times as much as those of the employees. 912 BBPOET OF THE COMMI^SIONEK OP LABOR. Taken together the totals show quite eloquently the enormous sums which the French railroads contribute for the purpose of retire- ments for their employees. For an annual contribution of less than 553,000,000 the employees as a body receive the benefit of about $20,000,000 a year, which revert to them in very large pensions, as explained in the text. EXPENDITURES. The expenditures of these pension funds are shown in the following tables. The total expenditures for all railroads are seen to have increased from $4,406,927 in 1892 to $14,808,366 in 1908. In 1900 the amount paid into the National Old-age Retirement Fund equalled $2,412,897 or 25.0 per cent of the total expenditures, and in 1908 $3,665,599 or 24.8 per cent, so that the general organization of the funds during these years changed but little. As is shown by the table, the conditions were different in different fimds, as some rail- roads did not utilize the national fimd at all (Eastern and Southern railroads), in one only the employees' contributions were thus dis- posed of (Western), while in the case of the Paris-Orleans Railroad both the employees' and the employers' contributions went to the national fund, in addition to which large sums were added directly from the railroad treasury. EXPENDITURES OF THE PENSION FUNDS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908. [Source: Ministfere des Travaux Publics, Dii-ection des Chemins de Fer. Statistique des Chemlns de Fer Francais, 1899-1908.) Year. Payments to the Na- tional Old-age Re- tirement Fund from— Pensions and parts of pensions paid by railroads. Miscella- neous expendi- tures. Total ex- penditures. Deductions from wages Contribu- tions of railroads. State Railroad: 1892 (°) $14,369 27,388 26,468 21,192 365,511 470,801 506,914 530,897 822,664 38,121 36,262 39,776 (a) 146,372 331,038 426,964 479, 933 J2,033 7,671 33,153 109,746 173,827 205,827 477,327 920,829 1,318,387 1,470,895 1,535,628 852,091 1,073,602 1,367,801 1,581,172 1,747,114 1,837,039 469,907 571,866 781,781 972,230 1,103,978 1,166,440 $19,270 42,916 47,751 62,402 67,065 64,212 $21,303 1895 60,487 1900 117,837 1905 237,655 1907 303,612 1908 331,007 Northern Railroad: 1892 477,327 1895 (*) 13,280 12,761 13,945 12,665 27,019 28,670 23,119 22,107 21,682 16,135 2,650 8,954 4,643 4,224 8,408 7,030 669,357 1900 1,446,992 1905 2,132,987 1907 2,411,718 2,56^023 1908 Eastern Railroad: 1892 879,110 1895 1,102,272 1900 1,390,920 1005 1,603,279 1907 1,768,796 1,853,174 482,557 1908 Western Railroad: 1892 388,212 407,599 427,937 453,562 1895 580,810 1900 1,174,636 1,384,063 1,640,323 1.617.022 1906 1907 1908 a Not reported. 6 Not separately stated. CHAPTEK IV. WOEKMEN S INSUKANCE IN FBANCE. 913 EXPENDITURES OF THE PENSION FUNDS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOE SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Payments to the Na- tional Old-Age Re- tirement Fund from— Pensions and parts of pensions paid by railroads. Miscella- neous expendi- tures. Total ex- penditures. Deductions from wages. Contribu- tions of raih-oads. Patis-Orleans Railroad: 1892 (") $22,934 22,921 26,440 24,991 (^) 291,707 427,003 479,338 544,517 m $600,929 779,838 627,410 613,709 (-) (») 450,251 632, 151 700,924 779,952 C$592,021 1:1,050,735 641,865 605,197 855,038 950,057 1,534,290 3,004,069 2,486,107 3,357,502 3,758,387 3,991,763 358,852 441,013 748,382 973,513 1,101,333 1,165,974 $592,021 1,050,735 1,271,728 1895 1900 1906 1,407,966 1907 1,508,888 190g ^ 1,688,767 Paite-Lyon-Mediterranean Railroad: 1892. $64,996 115,906 124,710 146,611 164,186 164,578 10,472 16,523 15,248 10,886 11,469 12,136 1,599,286 1895 3,180,035 1900 3,352,781 1905 4,563,927 1907 6,092,835 1908 5,480,810 Soutliern Railroad: 1882 375,324 1895 457,536 1900 763,630 1905 934,399 1907 1,112,802 1908 1,178,110 All other railroads of general interest: 1892 22,040 35,623 38,787 39,123 (") (.") 1,783 21,288 27, 189 (") (") 1,106,556 1,413,280 1,533,073 1,614,272 (-) (") 71,027 125,938 133,630 137,957 (") (") 9,199 57,012 73,269 m (") (») 1,306,341 1,964,109 1.998,449 2,051,327 1895 31,603 13,443 16,866 20,400 26,783 20,742 46,046 1900 109,932 1,486 1,958 2,641 183,447 1907 201.158 200,463 Local railroads: 1895 618 710 4,656 4,135 4,276,520 6,241,067 6,980,629 8,923,890 10,216,665 10,845,269 22 6,038 717 572 m 130,407 226, 495 251,659 280,108 304,110 297,498 640 17,730 1905 83,673 105,166 1908 ... W 1892 4,40(5,927 1895 7,136,919 1900 . - 9,645,185 12,581,387 1907 . 14,052,297 14,808,366 oNot reported. !> Included in pensions and parts of pensions paid by railroads. c Includes contributions of railroads. d Data not yet available. « Not including local railroads. RELIEF FUNDS. In addition to the retirement funds, man}-, though not all, of the rail- roads have relief societies {socieies de secours) supported partly by em- pl9yees' contributions and partly by the railroads. In the case of some railroads, notably the Paris-Orleans, the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean, and the Northern Railroad, while no regular relief societies exist, the railroad administration contributes large amounts for various pur- poses of relief. A certain part of these amounts is spent on retire- ment pensions to employees not protected by retirement provisions. The receipts and expenditures of these societies and funds are shown in the foUowino' table as far as data are available. No data could be 914 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE. OP LABOE. obtained for the Northern Railroad. The total amount so expended is considerable, equaling about $2,000,000 per annum. The assets of these societies are naturally small, as no systematic provision of a reserve for the future is made. On the whole, the contribution of the employees amounts to about 10 per cent of the total receipts. In the case of the Eastern and Western railroads the employees and the railroads contribute equal amounts, and in the case of the Southern Railroad the members' contribiitions are even larger than those of the railroads, but this is counterbalanced by the heavy relief expend- itures of the Paris-Orleans and the Paris-Lyon-Mediterranean rail- roads, entirely made by the administration of the railroads. The activity of these societies and funds is very varied; it includes, sick benefits, medical aid, fimeral benefits, education of orphans, loans, etc., but no data are available to show the amounts expended for these various purposes. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE RELIEF INSTITUTIONS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908. [Source: Mlalstfere des Travaux Publics. Direction des Chemins de Fer. Statistique des Chemins de Per Fransais, 1899-1908.] Year. Receipts. Mem- bers' contri- butions. Railroads' contribu- tions. Miscel- laneous re- ceipts. Total. Expenditures. For benefits. Miscel- laneous. TotaL state railroads: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Eastern Railroad: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Western Railroad: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Paris-Orleans Rail- road: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Paris-Lyon - Mediter- ranean Railroad: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Southern Railroad: 1892 1895 1900 $2,962 4,139 7,830 8,131 7,656 5,881 67, 945 71,116 76, 218 81,309 86, 949 90, 944 13,752 14, 178 18, 161 15,409 23,131 24, 635 66, 167 72, 167 71,835 $2,073 2,745 5,215 8,006 7,556 5,776 67, 945 71,116 76, 218 81,309 86,949 90, 944 13, 752 14,178 18, 101 15,409 23.131 24; 635 127, 640 142, 007 671,094 539,275 631,879 568, 116 249,910 132,888 1,094,889 888,630 1,009,757 928, 600 47, C08 52, 458 53, 320 $3,814 4.102 6,318 8,445 9,497 9,801 5,276 6,005 8,297 9,532 7,934 8,131 7,817 3,845 4,014 3,984 6,704 5,282 66,466 21,959 22,899 $8,849" 10,986 19,363 24,582 24,709 21,458 141, 166 148.237 160, 733 172, 150 181.832 190,019 35,321 32,201 40,3.36 34,802 62, 966 64,652 127, 640 142,007 671,094 539,275 631,879 568, 116 249,910 132, 888 ,094,889 888, 630 .009,757 928,600 180, 241 146, 684 148,054 $603 1,240 2,801 4,635 5,718 6,130 144, 787 134,097 142,717 157, 654 175,033 172,010 36,207 26,784 32,303 29,605 49,095 46. 431 127, 640 142,007 571,094 639,275 631,879 568,116 249, 910 132,888 1,094.889 888; 630 1,009,757 928, 600 41,219 40, 173 46,592 $1,066 651 5,014 4,219 6,388 14,569 2,469 2,765 18,010 14,496 6,799 18,009 4,535 4,100 4,917 4,294 1,087 2,350 81,248 96,989 73,578 $1,668 1,891 7,815 8,854 12,106 20,699 142, 256 136,862 160, 733 172, 160 181,8,32 190,019 40,742 30,884 37,220 33,899 50,182 48,781 127, 640 142,007 571,094 539, 276 631,879 668,116 249,910 132,888 1,094,889 888,630 1,009,757 928,600 122,467 137, 102 120, 170 $94,899 116,214 186,994 264,690 292,853 293,611 56,981 100,792 193.000 193,000 193,000 193.000 3,348 20,691 46,038 52,010 67,781 206,259 225,931 306,995 CHAPTER IV. — WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 915 RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OE THE BELIEF INSTITUTIONS OF THE FRENCH RAILROADS FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1892 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Southern Railroad- Concluded. 19D5 1907 1908 All other railroads of general interest: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Local railroads: 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908 Total, all railroads: 1892 1895 1900 1905 1907 1908(c) Receipts. Mem- bers' contri- butions. »7B,985 80,877 85,010 2,371 2,018 2,076 2,546 2.751 2,766 3,027 3,493 5,805 7,719 (P) 153,198 166,644 179, 611 192,245 209,083 209, 236 Raib-oads' contribu- tions. J59,113 60,609 63,738 10, 172 14,979 9,424 35,181 32,943 25,049 3,585 5,210 8,354 9,887 m 519, 100 433,957 1,833,532 1,635,277 1,862,710 1,706,868 Miscel- laneous re- ceipts. $30,200 31,613 30,901 606 282 9,599 546 755 692 528 459 636 (.") 83,978 36,482 51,656 63,265 57,040 54,807 Total. $168,298 172,999 179, 649 13,149 17,279 21,050 38, 273 36, 449 28,507 6,901 9,231 14,678 18,242 m 756,276 637,083 a2, 064, 751 1,880,687 2,128,833 1,970,901 Expenditures. For benefits. $54,027 52,530 55,918 8,397 13,028 22, 641' 28, 165 31,844 27, 589 1,672 7,690 12,535 15,965 m 608,764 491,890 1,920,726 1,714,626 1,971,821 1, 804, 795 Miscel- laneous. $104,050 113,729 111,976 3,051 4,427 60 385 924 1,256 2,170 829 516 410 m 92, 367 575, 657 102,414 127, 959 129,337 148, 158 Total. 5158,077 166,259 167,893 11,448 17,455 22, 701 28,550 32,768 28,844 3,842 8,519 13,050 16,375 C) 701,131 602, 992 2,023,140 1,842,485 2,101,158 1,952,953 Assets. 5429,046 (41,485 453,241 17,973 23, 219 29,817 40,162 55,949 65,440 7,100 14,566 20, 697 23,252 m 375,115 476, 634 751,064 993,623 1,057,729 1,053,894 This total is not the correct sum of the Items; the figures are given as shown in the original report, s Data not yet available. (Not Including local railroads. NONCONTBIBUTORY PENSIONS TTNDEE THE OLD-AGE KELIEF ACT OF 1905. HISTORY. The old-age relief act of 1905, especially as amended in 1907, presents an intermediary form between old-age relief proper and an old-age pension system. Its history is intricately interwoven with the movements for old-age insurance and obligatory poor relief, which have at the same .time, all through the nineties and the last decade, attracted the attention of the French legislators. In the National Assembly the bills aiming at these two objects frequently overlapped and were simultaneously discussed. As early as 1895, when the idea of compulsory old-age insurance was gaining its first adherents, counterp rejects of voluntary insurance on the one hand and straight old-age poor relief on the other, were frequently made, and thus the act of December 31, 1895, concerning the subsidizing of voluntary old-age insurance with the National Old-age Retirement Fund, was passed as a compromise, and a very few days before this law was passed, on December 27, 1895, the Chamber of Deputies adopted a resolution urging the Government to make an appro- priation in the budget of 1897 for the pui-pose of taking the prepara- tory steps toward a system of relief of invalids and superannuated persons. 916 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LAROB. LAW OF 1897. In accordance with the resolution, an appropriation of 590,955 francs ($114,054) was made in the budget law of March 29, 1897, and conditions for its use were included in the law. The State was required to subsidize old-age pensions of not less than 90 francs ($17.37) nor more than 200 francs ($38.60) in amount, granted by Departments or communes to indigent persons of French nationality incapable of earning a hving, and either over 70 years old or suffer- ing from an incurable disease or infirmity. The number of persons to be subsidized by the State was not to exceed 2 per 1,000 of the population, and the contribution was not to exceed 50 francs ($9.65) per pensioner, the general rules of subsidizing the Departments being identical with those of the medical aid law of 1893. Thus the first steps toward the old-age pension system were established. The conditions were clearly laid down, but the granting of the pension (revocable at wUl) was left to the option of the local authorities, the state's function being simply that of financial assist- ance, after the local authorities (Departments or communes) have acted. But notwithstanding this liberal subsidy, the law of 1897 did not prove very effective. Only in a very few cases were such pensions granted, and only a very small portion of the appropriation of the State was used for that purpose. In 1902 another effort was made to extend the subsidized optional system. A provision was inserted in the budget law of March 30, 1902, by which the share of the commune was decreased by 10 per cent, and that of the State was increased by that amount, as compared with the previous mode of division, and the maximum state contribution was increased from 50 to 60 francs ($9.65 to $11.58) per subsidized person, and the minimum limit of pensions was reduced from 90 to 50 francs ($17.37 to $9.65). The other conditions were left undisturbed, and the new r^ulations were made applicable only to new pensions. In this way the communities were enabled to provide small pensions at a very much smaller expense to their own treasury than under the law of 1897. The law of 1902 did succeed in producing a certain increase in the number of such pensions granted, but this remained very small, as is shown by the following table: CHAPTEE IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FBANCE. 917 PENSIONS GRANTED BY DEPARTMENTS AND COMMUNES UNDER THE LAWS OF 1897 AND 1902, AND AMOUNT OF STATE SUBSIDY, 1897 TO 1906. [Source: E. Campagnole. L'assistance Obligatoire aux Vlelllarda, aux Inflrmes et aux Incurables. Paris, 1908.1 Year. Number of Depart- ments and com- munes granting relief. Number of pen- sions granted. Total amount of state subsidy. Average amount of state subsidy per pen- sion. 1897 It 41 49 52 52 63 68 68 69 69 702 4,383 11,665 13,604 10,692 20, 281 23,331 25,025 26,294 26,618 $2,517 12,555 19, 330 22,070 26,083 56,288 62,873 68,478 74,439 79,167 53.59 1898 1899 1.67 1900 1901 .- 1902 2 78 1903 1904 2 74 1905 1906 2 97 While the number of pensioners has thus evidently increased between 1897 and 1901, and further increased under the influence of the amendments of 1902, it fell far short of the allowed maximum of 2 per 1,000 of the population, which would amount to some 78,000. The total amount of state subsidy paid in 1906, which was the greatest for the ten years, did not equal $3 per pensioner. More- over, the pensions granted were very small, as is shown by the fol- lowing data, available for 1904: NUMBER OF PENSIONS GRANTED IN 1904, BY CLASSIFIED AMOUNTS. [Source: E. Compaguole. L'asslstance Obligatoire aux Vieillards, aux Inflrmes et aux Incurables. Paris, 1908.) Amount. Per cent of total. Under 60 francs {J11.58) 80 francs (J11.58) Over 00 to 70 francs ($11.68 to $13.51) . . . Over 70 to 80 francs (JI3.51 to $15.44) .. . Over 80 to 90 francs ($15.44 to $17.37) . . . Over 90 to 100 francs ($17.37 to $19.30) . . Over 100 to 120 francs ($19.30 to $23. 16) . Over 120 to 150 francs ($23. 16 to $28.95) . Over 150 to ISO francs ($28.95 to $34.74). Over 180 to 200 francs ($34.74 to $38.60). Total. 25,025 1.27 1.84 .08 .36 16.62 7.96 64.68 3.18 2.21 1.80 100. OO HISTORY OF ACT OF 1905. This lack of response to the appeals of the Government for an optional system of relief of aged, infirm, and incurables, emphasized the necessity for the organization of a compulsory system. Several bills were introduced to that effect in 1895, and again in 1898 when the new National Assembly had convened. They were referred to the commission of social insurance, together with the bills for old- 918 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. age pensions. But the commission considered a separate treatment of these two proposals necessary, and presented a separate report concerning this old-age rehef on February 19, 1900 — ^i. e., almost at the same time it presented its report on old-age pensions. ■ It was urged in this report, in favor of the measure, that the poor relief facilities in the country were inadequate and that even when the old-age insurance law was adopted it would leave many thousands unprotected. It was necessary to make this form of poor relief compulsory for the communes, because of the lack of response to the appeals of the Central Government for a voluntary organization for such rehef. In addition to institutional rehef, outdoor rehef was also advocated. While the rehef was to be granted by the communes, subsidies from the provincial governments and the Central Govern- ment were contemplated. Of the two bUls proposed, the one dealing with insurance was taken up first, but when final action on this was postponed by the caU of the Chamber of Deputies for a new investiga- tion, the attention of the Government was once more concentrated on the substitute measure of gratuitous old-age pensions to the indi- gent, aged, infirm, and incurables. On April 4, 1903, a bill to that effect was introduced in the Chamber by the commission on social insurance, and passed the Chamber after a very prolonged discussion and many important modifications on June 15, 1903. The bih for the ftrst time recognized the important principle of the right of each indigent Frenchman to rehef under certain conditions, as well as the duty of organized society to render "such relief, and established the principle that such aid as must be furnished is an obh- gation of the community, but that the organization must be by larger units, namely, by Departments. The bin as adopted by the Chamber, was introduced in the Senate on June IS, 1903, referred to a special commission, reported back on February 22, 1904, and referred to the finance committee because the question of probable cost of such assistance was very seriously dis- cussed. On December 16, 1904, the finance conmiittee thought the additional burden of 17,000,000 francs (53,281,000) which this bill would impose upon the state treasury (not to consider the additional expense of departmental and commimal treasuries) would be exces- sive for the existing budget, unless new sources of revenue were cor- respondingly established. Notwithstanding this adverse report, the measure came up for discussion in June of 1905, and the Senate voted its immediate consideration on the ground of urgency, and after prolonged discussion adopted the bill with some modification on July 7, 1905. The agreement between the two branches of the National Assembly was reached on July 13, 1905, and the bill was signed on the next day, being the national hoUday of the French Repubhc. CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN ERANCE. 919 ANALYSIS OP THE LAW OF JULY 14, 1905. Persons Assisted. — The original act granted the right of rehef to every Frenchman without financial resources, over 70 years of age, and unable to earn a living through disabiUty, or, if under 70 years of age, when afflicted by an incurable disease which produces such disability. The law was made more liberal by an amendment passed in connection with the budget of December 31, 1907, which so modified the language of the first section as to make the act applicable to all French persons over 70 years of age, without per- manent resources, whether or not disabled. Thus the law at present grants the right to a subsidy to the aged as well as to invalids. Methods of Assistance. — The law provides for both outdoor and institutional relief. The predominant form is that of outdoor relief, to which all aged, infirm, and incurables having a communal or departmental domicile (legal residence) are entitled, whenever such outdoor relief is practicable, otherwise they may be placed in public or private institutions. In no case is the decision as to the form of assistance final; it is subject to change and depends upon circum- stances. Outdoor relief consists in payments of a regular monthly allowance, and this approaches old-age pensions. Amount of Benefit Payments. — No uniform amount is pre- scribed for the entire country. For each community, the amount is decided upon by the municipal council of that commune upon approval of the general council, an elective body of the district (arrondissement) , which is a part of a Department, and the Min- istry of the Interior. The law provides, however, that this monthly relief shall not be less than 6 francs (97 cents), nor more than 20 francs ($3.86), unless under exceptional circumstances. Such a rate in excess of 20 francs ($3.86) may be established only if, after having been voted upon by the general council of a district, it is approved by the Ministry of the Interior upon the advice of the superior council of public assistance. If the rate is above 30 francs ($5.79), then the excess is not taken into consideration in computing the departmental or state subvention, which will be spoken of presently, nor in settling accounts between individual communes. When the person assisted has certain resources, the amount of these is subtracted from the amount of pension to be granted. But here again, a certain exception is created up to 60 francs ($11.58) per annum when these resources are derived from savings, and especially when ia the form of old-age pensions. This exemption is raised to 120 francs ($23.16) per annum for applicants who can show that they have raised three children up to the age of 16 years. For resources derived from savings in excess of this exempted amount, only half of the excess is deducted from the monthly allowance, but a further 4659S°— 10 59 920 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. provision limits the sum of the resources and the monthly allowance together to 480 francs ($92.64). The permanent resources derived from private charity are deducted only to one-half of their amount, with the same fixed maximum limit of 480 francs ($92.64) per annum. As to the earnings of persons of 70 years of age and over, the amendment of 1907 provided in clear terms that they shall not be considered at all in granting the monthly allowance. Burden of Payment.— This depends upon the domicUe or legal residence of the beneficiary for the purposes of public assistance (named "domicile de secours" in French law) as regulated by the act of July 15, 1893, with the modification that the time of acquisition or loss of such legal residence is placed at 5 years. Such domicile may be had either in a definite commune (the smallest civil division in France, equivalent to a township) or a Department (the largest civil division). In the former case, the specific commune is respon- sible for the amount of pension; in the latter case, the Depart- ment. Finally, when the beneficiary has no definite domicile, the State directly assumes the burden. The financial relations are complicated, however, by subsidies to the commune from the Depart- ment and the State, and to the Department from the State, as ex- plained presently. Thus- the commune is responsible for its own charges; the Department is responsible for its own charges, for the subsidies to the commune, and for the cost of departmental adminis- trations of the law; and the State for the assistance of such benefi- ciaries as have no domiciles, for subsidies to the communes and Depart- ments, and for the cost of general administration and supervision. For the understanding of the financial relations of these three agencies, the sources of revenue must be studied: (a) Communes. — These may utilize for payment of pensions all special funds from donations or bequests for this purpose, and the amounts supplied by the local bureaus of charities, and when these are insufficient, the general revenues. In addition, the commune is authorized to receive subventions from the Department and from the state treasury, according to the following formulas : Per capita amount of local tax (ceniime communal). Less than 0.06 francs (1.16 cents) 0.061 francs to 0.08 francs (1.18 cents to 1.54 cents) 0.081 francs to 0.10 francs (1.56 cents to 1.93 cents) 0.101 francs to 0.12 francs (1.95 cents to 2.32 cents) 0.121 francs to 0.14 francs (2.34 cents to 2.70 cents) 0.141 francs to 0.16 francs (2.72 cents to 3.09 cents) 0.161 francs to 0.18 francs (3.11 cents to 3.47 cents). 0.181 francs to 0.20 francs (3.49 cents to 3.86 cents). Over 0.20 francs (3.86 cents) Per cent of the total expense to be supplied by the— Com- Depart- mune. ment. 10 90 15 85 20 - 80 25 75 30 .70 40 60 50 50 60 40 70 30 CHAPTEE IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 921 , Thus the respective shares of the commune and the Department depend upon the local tax, and tlie higher the tax the greater the proportion which the commune itself must assume, it being assumed that the higher tax rate indicates a higher degree of prosperity. In addition, the possible variations as to the relative number of beneficiaries in different communes have been foreseen, and the State is called upon to assist the commune with an excessive number of persons entitled to assistance under this law. This assistance is given by the State whenever the number of persons assisted exceeds 10 per 1,000 inhabitants, according to the following table: Number of persons assisted per 1 ,000 of population in excess of 10 per 1,000, Per cent of assistance contributed by the State. Number of persons assisted per 1,000 of population in excess of 10 per 1,000. Per cent of assistance contributed by the State. 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 Eight 17 Three Nine 18 Ten 19 rive ver ten 20 Bix In no case must the amount contributed by the commune itself be less than 10 per cent. The important qualification must be kept in mind that in computing the subsidy of the Department and the State to the commune, only the amount paid by the latter out of its general funds is to be considered, and not any special donations or similar funds available for the purpose. (b) Departments. — The financial duties of the Departments have been stated above. As in the case of communes, any special funds available must be used. When these are insufficient, the amounts are to be obtained by general taxation. The State sub- sidizes the Departments in inverse proportion to the average per capita amount of the departmental tax according to the following formula: Amount of the departmental tax («n(im« dcparlmerUal) per 1,000 population. 5 francs or less ($0.965) 6.01 francs to francs ($0,907 to $1.158). . 6.01 francs to 7 francs ($1,160 to $1.351) . . 7.01 francs to 8 francs ($1,353 to $1.544). . 8.01 francs to 9 francs ($1,546 to SI. 737).. 0.01 francs to 10 francs ($1,739 to $1,930). 10.01 francs to 11 francs ($1,932 to $2,123) 11.01 francs to 12 francs ($2,125 to $2,316) 12.01 francs to 15 francs ($2,318 to S2.895) 15.01 francs to 18 francs ($2,897 to S3.474) Over IS francs ($3.474) Per cent of the ex- pense to be borne by the- ~ Depart- ment. State. 5 95 8 92 11 89 14 86 17 83 20 80 25 75 30 70 35 65 40 60 50 50 922 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. (c) State.— As the subsidy to communes constitutes the laige^« part of the expense of the Departinent in connection with the law, it is seen that the State here again assumes a large part of the expendi- tures of the many local communes, in addition to direct assistance to persons without local domicile and the cost of general adminis- tration, as stated above. The above-mentioned sources are all pubhc in their nature. Many charity bureaus, hospitals, and asylums possess funds or endow- ments given for the special benefit of the aged, infirm, or incurable. These are now required to contribute to the revenue of such funds. Whenever either one of the agencies enumerated has assisted a person whose legal domicile is in another locality, a reimbursement is made, but it must not exceed the amount of assistance which would have been granted in the place of legal domicile. Asylums. — It was -explained above that where outdoor relief is not thought advisable, placing in communal asylums may be sub- stituted. These are required to admit as far as possible the aged, infirm, and incurable who have their domiciles in their respective communes. The same obligation holds true of intercommunal or cantonal (") asylums. Furthermore, the State is required by the law to subsidize the construction of asylums by Departments and communes. In mak- ing these subsidies the local tax rate, the local expenditures in con- nection with the law, and the degree of necessity of such asylums are to be taken into consideration. To claim the subsidy, all such projects must be approved by the minister of the interior. Special expenses incurred in connection with the issue of necessary medical certificates or with the transportation of assisted persons are borne either by the communes, the Departments, or the State, according to the place of legal domicile. In such cases the commune of actual residence may advance the cost, to be reimbursed later by the com- mune or Department of legal residence, or by the State in case of no legal residence. For the first 3 years of the application of the law, 1907, 1908, and 1909, the budget law must determine the maximum amount which the minister of the interior is authorized to use for the purpose of the law. Organization and Administration. — The administrative duties in connection with the law are placed partly upon existing general governmental institutions and partly upon special organs created for that purpose. In each Department the service must be organ- ized by the general council (the representative body of the Depart- ment), and if the council of its own initiative does not perform the « A canton is an intermediary civil division between a commune and an arron- dissement. CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 923 duty it may be ordered to do so by an administrative decree. In the communes the charity bureaus, the municipal councils, and the mayor are intrusted with the administration. In each canton a special cantonal commission is created, consist- ing of the following persons: (1) the subprefect of the arrondisse- ment, (2) the local member of the general council, (3) the local mem- ber of the council of the arrondissement, (4) the local justice of the peace, (5) one person specially designated by the prefect (governor of the Department), (6) one delegate from the charity bureaus of the canton, and (7) one delegate from the mutual benefit societies of the canton. In each Department the representative general council, the admin- istrative departmental commission, and the prefect control the administration of the law. The central administration is intrusted to the Ministry of the Interior, assisted by a central commission con- sisting of 15 persons elected by the superior council of public assist- ance from its own membership and 2 persons elected by the superior council of mutual aid from its own members. Administrative Procedure — Granting the Relief. — Persons desiring to avail themselves of the benefits of the law must make writ- ten applications to that effect. Each year, 1 month before the first ordinary session of the municipal council, the local bureau of charities is required to prepare a list of the aged, infirm, and incura- ble living in the commune who have made such application and who conform to the requirements of the law. In each case it specifies the best method of assistance, whether by placing in an asylum or by outdoor relief, and in the latter case the amount of relief to be granted. The list is divided into two sections: First, those having their legal relief domicile in the commune in which they reside, and those whose relief domicile is in another commune, or who have had a departmental domicile, or no legal domicile at all for the purposes of rehef. One copy of this list is forwarded to the municipal council and another to the prefect of the Department. If the bureau of charities fails to prepare this list, it is prepared in the office of the municipal council. The list must be revised a month before each of the other three sessions of the council and at other times if necessary. In addition to the list all applications are forwarded. On receipt of this list the prefect invites the municipal councils of the communes to render their decisions concerning such applicants who have their legal domicile in those communes; also the departmental commis- sion is to decide concerning those applicants who have only a depart- mental domicile, and also transmit the names, applications, and all other documents of such applicants who have their domicile in other Departments, to the prefects of the respective Departments, &24 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIOKEB OF LABOB. attaching his conclusions; and to the minister of the interior the names, etc., of applicants without any local domicile. The munic- ipal council considers in secret session all applications submitted, whether included in the list or not, and decides concerning the validity of the claim of those applicants whose legal residence is in the commune, and as to what form of assistance should be granted. Copies of the new list thus compiled are deposited with the secre- tary to the mayor, and also with the prefect of the Department. Within 20 days from that date each aged, infirm, or incurable per- son whose name has been rejected may appeal to the mayor. The same right of appeal, both as to the rejection or granting of the relief, is granted to each inhabitant or taxpayer of the community, as well as to the prefect or subprefect. Under the same conditions appeals may be lodged against the decision as to the amount. These appeals are considered and decided within 1 month by the special cantonal commission above described. These decisions are com- municated by this commission to the mayor and to the prefect, who notifies the appellant. Further appeal may, be carried to the min- ister of the interior, who refers it to the central commission. These appeals do not act as a stay of the decision of the cantonal commis- sion. If the municipal council fails to perform this duty, the prefect orders the cantonal commission to prepare the list of awards, and if the commission fails to do so within 2 months, then the list is prepared by the central commission. In a similar manner the departmental commission decides con- cerning such applicants as have only departmental domicile. These decisions are subject to immediate execution, but also to subsequent review by the general council of the Department, as before; the applicant, as well as the prefect, may appeal from the decision of the departmental authorities, whether as to the right of relief or its amount, to the minister of the interior, who refers them to the cen- tral commission. The cases of such applicants who have no relief domicile are decided directly by the minister of the interior, with advice of the central commission. Revision. — The relief may be discontinued at any time when the conditions calling for it cease to exist. The decision is taken by the municipal council, departmental commission, or the minister of the interior, as the case may be. The same right of appeal exists as in the case of the original grant. Methods of Payment. — The relief is due from the date as fixed by the original grant. The bureau of charities decides in accord- ance with the circumstances of the case whether the relief should be given in one payment or in small portions and whether it should CHAPTEE IV. workmen's INSUEANCE IN FRANCE. 925 be granted in kind partly or altogether. The allowance is paid at the place of residence of the beneficiary, either to him directly or to a person designated by him and approved by the mayor, or in case the payment in smaller fractions or in goods has been decided upon the amount is paid in to the bureau of charities. Placing in Hospitals and Asylums. — If. the commune has no asylum or insufficient asylum facilities, it may place the beneficiaries in private asylums or institutions, according to its ovm choice, from a list prepared by the departmental general council. The number of beds to be utilized in each private asylum for such purposes is determined annually by the prefect with advice of the administrative commissions. The cost per day in such asylums is also regulated by the prefect with advice of these commissions and the general council. The cost, which is revised every 5 years, must not be less than the average cost of subsistence in the preceding 5 years. In case of insufficient asylums, similar arrangement may be made with other institutions or with private families. Persons without any domicile are placed in public or private insti- tutions designated by the minister of the interior unless the prefect or the central commission has admitted them to outdoor relief, in which case they receive the allowance determined within the general limits of the law. Jurisdiction. — All contests concerning domicile are adjudicated by the council of the prefect of the Department in which the person concerned has his actual residence. All disagreements between the prefect and the administration of asylums, or between the bureaus of charities and the municipal coun- cils, or the asylum and municipal councils are adjudicated by the same authorities. In all such cases an appeal may be had to the state council. General Provisions. — Allowances are not subject to cession or seizure. All documents necessary for the administration of this law are free from stamp or registry duties. Administrative regulations were ordered for the administration of the law and were issued on April 14, 1906. A special set of regula- tions for the application of the law to the city of Paris was also ordered by the law and issued by decree of March 30, 1907, and slightly modi- fied by the decree of May 3, 1908. application of the law. The law of July 14, 1905, has been in operation for only a little over 3 years and the data concerning its application are very scanty. An inquiry made in 1903 seemed to indicate that the total cost would amount to 68,000,000 francs ($13,124,000), of which the communes were to contribute 18,000,000 francs ($3,474,000), the Departments 926 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. 11,000,000 francs ($2,123,000), and the State 37,000,000 francs ($7,141,000). Another investigation undertaken in 1906, i. e., after the adoption of the law, and when the amount of rehef was estab- lished for most communes, gave 48,000,000 francs ($9,264,000) as the total cost. It was computed that of this amount about 51 per cent, or 24,500,000 francs ($4,728,500), would come from the state treasury. From the very beginning an effort was made to reduce the cost of this law to the national treasury 'by limiting the appropriation, as permitted by the law, for 1907, 1908, and 1909. The suggested limit was 10,000,000 francs ($1,930,000). But as the State had no legal way of reducing the number of beneficiaries nor the cost of placing in asylums, the only method left to bring the cost of the law within this arbitrary limit was by reducing the amount of monthly allowances which require the approval of the Central Government under the law. On July 10, 1906, the Ministry of the Interior was forced to inform the prefects that in order to keep within the budgetary limits it would be forced to decline to approve any scale of relief above 5 francs (96.5 cents) per month. This would reduce the total expense to 23,820,000 francs ($4,597,260), and the share of the Government to 12,148,200 francs ($2,344,603), and since the approval of the relief could not take place much before 2 months, that would have still further reduced the cost to the treasury to some 10,000,000 francs (1,930,000). But against this partial nullification strong protests were received in the Chamber of Deputies and the appropriation for this, purpose was increased from 10,000,000 francs ($1,930,000) to 23,000,000 francs ($4,439,000), thus permitting the application of the law in its com- plete form. For 1908 the appropriation was increased to 30,500,000 francs ($5,886,500). A further investigation was undertaken on July 13, 1907, after the law went into effect, when more reliable data were available. The number of persons receiving assistance was ascertained to be 340,610, or nearly 10 per cent greater than estimated in advance, if the 17,459 persons placed in hospitals gratuitously are left out of consideration. Of these, 338,523, or 99.39 per cent, pos- sessed communal relief domicile; 2,087, or 0.61 per cent, departmental domicile. In addition there were about 250 assisted persons with- out domicile. According to the mode of assistance, the above num- ber was divided as follows : Form of relief. Persons. Per cent of total. Monthly outdoor relief Placed in asylums and hospitals: Gratuitously For pay Placed in families Eentonly paid Total 298, 840 17, 459 23,822 456 33 87.74 5.13 0.99 .13 .01/ 340, 610 CHAPTER IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE, 927 Over seven-eighths of all persons assisted evidently received their relief in the form of monthly payments, and less than one-eighth in the form of institutional relief. The probable expense was estimated on the basis of these data at 51,610,000 francs ($9,960,730). A subsequent investigation undertaken in April, 1908, showed that the number of persons receiving outdoor relief alone has increased from 298,840 to 406,503, or more than 36 per cent. By amount of monthly rehef this number was distributed as follows: PERSONS RECEIVING OUTDOOR RELIEF, BY AMOUNT OF RELIEF. [Source; E. Campagnole. L'assistance Obligatoire aux Vielllards, aux Infirmes et aux Incurables. ^ Paris, 1908.] Amount of monthly relief. 5 francs ($0.97). 6 francs (11.16' 7 francs (J1.35; 8 francs (tl.64, 9trancs (11.74) 6 francs to 9 francs (Jl.lC to J1.74). 10 francs ($1.93) 11 francs ($2.12). 12 francs (12.32). 13 francs ($2.51). 14 francs ($2.70). 11 francs to 14 francs ($2,12 to $2.70). 15 francs ($2.90) 16 francs ($3.09). 17 francs ($3.28). 18 francs ($3.47). 19 francs ($3.67). 16 francs to 19 francs ($3.09 to $3.67) . 20 francs ($3. 86). i5 francs ($4.83). 30 francs ($5.79). Total. Persons receiving outdoor relief. Number. 35,732 4,221 4,102 13, 927 1,445 23,695 Per cent of total. 8.79 1.04 1.01 3.43 .35 5.83 77,925 3,617 30,258 4,929 3,257 41,961 75, 682 5,979 4,485 7,460 2,723 20,647 78,620 10,258 41,983 • 406, 503 .87 7.44 1.21 10.32 18.62 1.47 1.10 1.84 .67 5.08 19.34 2.52 10.33 100. 00 A great variety in the amount of monthly relief granted is disclosed by the table. The most predominant amounts are 10 francs ($1.93), 15 francs ($2.90), 20 francs ($3.86), and 30 francs ($5.79). The latter amount is authorized only for the city of Paris. Large numbers received only 5 francs ($0.97) or 12 francs ($2.32). It appears that over three-fifths received 15 francs ($2.90) or less, and over one-third 10 francs ($1.93) or less. In other words, the total number of assisted may be divided into three almost equal groups, those receiv- ing 10 francs ($1.93) or less, those receiving 11 to 15 francs ($2.12 to 82.90), and those receiving 16 to 30 francs ($3.09 to $5.79); or again it may be stated that nearly one-half (48.11 per cent) receive from 10 to 15 francs ($1.93 to $2.90). The amount granted and approved 928 EEPOET OF THE COMmSSIOKEH OF lABOK. by the Central Government depends largely upon the size of the community; in rural communities usually 10 francs ($1.93); in larger cities 20 francs ($3.86); and in Paris 30 francs ($5.79) are the usual amounts adjusted to the differences in standards and cost of living. Still more interesting is the division of the persons assisted, by age, which has been approximately ascertained by numerous estimates; 40.57 per cent were under 70 years of age— i. e., belonged to the classes of infirm and incurables, and 59.43 per cent were 70 years of age or over. Thus the effects of the law concerned old-age pensions up to three-fifths and invalidity pensions and charitable rehef to two-fifths of the total number of persons assisted. Of the 59.43 per cent, or persons 70 years of age or over, 30.21 per cent were 70 but less than 75 years of age, 19 per cent 75 but less than 80 years, and 10.22 per cent 80 years and over. Thus, roughly, the entire number of persons receiving monthly relief may be said to consist of the following groups : Persons 80 years of age and over, one-tenth; persons 75 and under 80 years of age, two-tenths; persons 70 and under 75 years of age, three- tenths; persons under 70 years of age infirm or incurable, four-tenths. On the basis of these data, the general secretary of the superior council of public assistance, a recognized authority on this prob- lem, in a special work devoted to the law (°) estimates that the total cost of the law in 1909 would be about 90,000,000 francs ($17,370,000), of which about one-half is contributed by the State. According to the latest information, furnished by Mr. Campagnole, the number of persons receiving assistance has increased as follows : Date. Number of persons receiving assistance. Outdoor benefits. In insti- tutions. Total. December 31, 1908. March 31, 1909 June 30, 1909 September 3D, 1909, December 31, 1909. March 31, 1910 June 30, 1910 485,375 501,866 607, 167 516,034 520,344 523,546 525,730 30,054 39, 470 41,310 41,378 40,860 42,029 43,726 515,430 541,336 648,477 667,412 661,204 665,575 669,456 A critical estimate of the results of this law is not yet possible in view of the limited experience recorded. The rapid increase of beneficiaries during the first year, especially when compared with the estimates made before the law went into effect, seems to indicate the probability of a rapid growth in the future, but it is difiBcult to say how much this growth will be affected by the adoption of the new law concerning old-age insurance of workmen and peasants, with its oEdouard Campagnole, L 'Assistance Obligatoire aux Vieillards aux Inl&rmea at aux Incurables; second edition. Paris, 1908. CHAPTEB IV. WOKKMEn's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE, 929 transitory provisions concerning persons 65 years of age or over at the time of the going into effect of the new law. Charges of f aToritism and malingering are heard in connection with the law, but not more than are being brought against other similar acts of social legislation, such as the accident compensation act. The local administrative machinery for suppressing such malingering seems to be sufficiently complex, but it is charged that the subsidy of the State is so liberal as to destroy the anxiety of local authorities to suppress abuses of the law. THE COMPTJLSOEY OID-AGE INSUBANCE SYSTEM OF 1910. HISTOKY. It was shown in the preceding section that the movement for old- age insurance dated back at least to the great French revolution. It had been computed that during the nineteenth century over 5,000 bills, dealing with this problem of old age and retirement, were intro- duced in the French Chamber. The discussions of the question gained in strength after the establishment of the third republic. In the beginning of this period the various proposals were of a widely divergent nature. The question of old-age insurance of the wage- workers was not sufficiently differentiated from general pension schemes, compulsory life insurance, or compulsory charitable old-age relief. The discussion of what is at present understood by old-age and invalidity insurance has a history of at least 20 years. The labor commission of the fifth republican National Assembly had as many as 10 different proposals referred to it, of which the most important was the one introduced by the minister of interior, Constans, on June 6, 1891. This bill proposed an organization of a special workmen's retirement fund in which each and every French workman was to be assumed as willing to take old-age insurance unless released from the obligation by a signed statement certifying to his unwillingness to insure. A special parliamentary commission on social insurance and providence was created in 1893, and by 1895 15 different bills were committed to its consideration. These varied ividely in plan and scope, some urging a strengthening of the system of voluntary old- age insurance, others leaning toward some plan of old-age relief of a charitable nature, and others again inclining to the German system of compulsory insurance. While the reports of the commission on these bills did not appear until 1896, tlie intervening years were none the less fruitful in ad- vancing the ideas of old-age insurance. In 1894 the laws introducing compulsory insurance for miners were adopted (see pp. 881 to 889)- The law for the protection of the establishment of pension funds in case 930 KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. of failure of the establishments was adopted on December 27, 1895 and the act concerning government subsidies to certain classes of depositors in the National Old-age Retirement Fund on December 31 1895. The provisions of this act have been stated elsewhere in this report. This act caused prolonged and important discussions of the entire problem of old-age relief, first in the commission and then in both houses of the National Assembly, and brought out the state- ments from the Government that this was only an entering wedge, that the necessity for more general legislation was evident, that old- age relief must be combined with the encouragement of the saving habit, and that the combination of these two factors pointed the way to a comprehensive plan of old-age insurance. When the legislature convened in the fall of 1898 the problem again loomed to the foreground and 9 bills were referred to the new commission on social insurance which brought in its report with a new draft of the bill on March 9, 1900. The progress of the old-age insurance idea made in France during the intervening years was clearly manifest in the bills presented to the commission as well as in its report. This was the first report which finally accepted the compulsory principle of old-age insurance. In addition to the compulsory principle this bill proposed equal contributions for employers and employees, creation of special territorial institutions, old-age pensions at the age of 65, state subsidies to increase the old-age pension to 360 francs ($69.48), special invalidity subsidies, and special provisions for older persons. The liberal provisions of this bill, especially as far as the contributions from the State is concerned, made the probable cost of such a system to the state treasury very high and the bill called for considerable criticism from the Government. As a result of this criticism and after prolonged consultations between the Government and the parliamentary commission, a compromise bill was brought in on May 14, 1901, scaled down so as to reduce the cost to the government treasury. The bill of 1901 was the first to call forth a prolonged discussion on the floor of the Chamber, which lasted almost uninterruptedly for about two weeks. It developed during these discussions that the principle of compulsory insurance was widely accepted as a result of the preceding ten years of agitation. But so many differenceg on minor questions of details arose that the Chamber did not get beyond the adoption of the first article. On the basis of the numerous criticisms in the Chamber and the study of the material collected the commission brought in a newly drafted bill on January 31, 1902, urging the Chamber not to delay the passage of the bill so that it could be presented to the Senate before CHAPTEE IV. — WOKKMEn's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 931 the expiration of the session. The compulsory feature was retained in the bill, but as the criticism had been made that a system of in- surance in specially created institutions would destroy the existing mutual benefit societies and establishment funds, the commission sought to meet this criticism by leaving the selection of the institu- tion to the choice of the insured person. In addition to the proposed special national workmen's old-age retirement fund and the existing National Old-age Retirement Fund, mutual benefit societies, estab- lishment funds, savings banks, ordinary insurance companies, and guarantee syndicates all could be utilized for that purpose. With the reassembling of the eighth legislature in June, 1902, numerous old-age insurance bills were again introduced. Altogether 7 bills were introduced in 1902, 3 in 1903, and 2 in 1904. The prog- ress made by the national old-age insurance idea during the pre- ceding years may be surmised from the fact that out of 12 bills considered by the commission only 2 proposed voluntary insurance, ' while of the remainder a majority demanded straight old-age pensions without exacting any contributions from the wage-workers. The commission did not accept this latter point of view, as they thought the contributions by the employers, employees, and the State essential. The rate of contributions from both the employee and the employer was determined at 2 per cent of the wages except for the agricultural workers, whose rate was to be only 5 centimes (1 cent) for each working day, equally divided between the employer and employee. In view of the general protest of the labor organizations against the age of 65 assumed in earlier bills as too high an age for normal liqui- dation of pensions, 60 years was substituted. A regular government subsidy of 120 francs ($23.16) for all pensions was proposed, in case contributions have been made for 30 years. A central institution was to be organized wdthout, however, a monopoly of all insurance, and the principle of the choice of the insurance institutions was carried over from the earlier bill. Very liberal provisions were made for the benefits of persons beginning insurance at an advanced age. Con- siderable opposition developed in the Chamber of Deputies because of the high cost which the liberal provisions of this bill would neces- sitate; nevertheless the bill passed the house on February 24, 1906, in even more liberal form than when introduced by the commission. Having passed the Chamber of Deputies, the bill was introduced in the Senate in 1906, where the probable high cost of such a pension to the government treasury created a strong opposition to the bill. After prolonged investigations by the senate commission on insurance, an entirely new bill was introduced in 1909 as a substitute, the pro- visions of which were very much less liberal. To emphasize the 932 KEPOBX OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. element of saving in old-age insurance this bill of April 2, 1909, sought to divide the old-age pension system into two factors; &st, the retirement benefit (retraite), to be created mainly through the employees' contributions and, second, a subsidy (allocation), to be built up by contributions from the employer and the State, though the State was also to grant a subsidy to the retirement benefit. The compulsory contributions from the employees were made very small, namely, a minimum of 3 francs (58 cents) for persons under 18 and 6 francs ($1.16) for persons over 18. A voluntary increase of these minima was permitted and the State was to grant an addition (majoration) of one-third of the employees' contribution. In this way it was hoped to stimulate voluntary saving. The subsidy of the employer and State combined was to amount to 120 francs ($23.16) per annum after the retirement benefit had ma- tured. To meet the cost of this subsidy the employer was to contribute 9 francs ($1.74) per annum for each employee above 18 and half that amount for persons under 18, the State to contribute the difference if these payments were insufficient to purchase the subsidy of 120 francs ($23.16). Furthermore, the bills proposed an assessment plan instead of a capitalization plan as far as this subsidy is concerned; that is, a system of using the total income under this provision for the payment of benefits without any effort to build up a reserve to meet the future cost of these benefits. As the expenditures during the first few years were naturally to be very small, the employers' contribution was to be only 10 per cent of the legal amount during the first year, increasing annually by 10 per cent until it would reach the full amount of 9 francs ($1.74) in the tenth year. The industrial class was to profit for the first 10 years by this reduction of the charges made possible through the assessment plan. The cost of this bill to the state treasury was conaputed to be very low, beginning with 4,000,000 francs ($772,000) in the first year and reaching about 70,000,000 francs ($13,510,000) after 25 years. It soon appeared, however, that it would be impossible to carry this TaiU through the National Assembly and in later drafts the Senate gradually elimi- nated the differences and approached nearer to the bill as it passed the Chamber in 1906, at least in the general form. The Senate insisted, however, upon reducing the state subsidy from 120 francs ($23.16) to 60 francs ($11.58), eliminating the guarantee of a mini- mum pension of 360 francs ($69.48) and substituting the age of 65 for 60. Thus modified, the biU passed the Senate on March 22, 1910, almost unanimously (280 against 3 votes), and on March 31, 1910, it passed the Chamber with an equally overwhelming vote (560 to 4). Scarcely any modifications from the draft as finally presented to the CHAPTER IV. — WOKEJMEh's INStTBANCE IH FRANCE. 933 Senate were made either in the Senate or in the Chamber. The main features of the law as enacted may be summarized as follows : 1. Compulsory insurance for wage-workers and salaried employees in industry, commerce, agriciilture, and domestic service, and optional insurance for independent farmers and producers. 2. Equal contributions by employers and employees in case of compulsory insurance. 3. A state subsidy of 60 francs ($11.58) beginning with the liqui- dations of pensions at the age of 65 in compulsory insurance and a varying subsidy up to the same limit in voluntary insurance. 4. Special transitory provisions — i. e., special privileges for persons over 35 years of age at the time the law goes into effect — consisting mainly in the increase of government subsidy to compensate for smaller pensions, from 62 francs ($11.97) to persons 45 years of age to 100 francs ($19.30) to persons 65 years of age. 5. Invalidity provisions, consisting of anticipated hquidations and a special subsidy in case of total disability. 6. Death benefits varying from 150 to 300 francs ($2&.95 to $57.90) to surviving family in case of death before liquidation. 7. Extension of the law of 1905 (granting rehef to persons 70 years old) to all persons 65 years of age and over belonging to the classes subject to compulsory insurance. 8. Individual accounts and computation of pensions on basis of accumulation. 9. Decentrahzed system. Preservation of existing nongovern- mental institutions and formation of new ones under state authoriza- tion and supervision. 10. Capitalization system. Investment of accumulations through the government financial institutions and in specified securities under government control. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE LAW OF APRIL 5, 1910. Persons Insured. — The old-age pension act of 1910 is more comprehensive than any of the preceding legislative enactments in the field of social insurance, in that it embraces nearly the entire field of employment. Two forms of insurance, compulsory and optional, are provided. Under the compulsory system are included employees of both sexes in the whole field of industry, in commerce liberal professions, agriculture, domestic employees, state emplovees not covered by the provisions of the civil or military pensions and employees of Departments and communes. From this broad comprehensive statement in article 1 of the law however, several important exceptions are made in subsequent articles. Employees whose individual earnings exceed 3,000 francs ($579) are excepted from the compulsory form of insurance, and if 934 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. the insured person's earnings exceed that amount his name is taken off the roster of the insured, though he does not thereby lose any of the rights acquired hitherto. Employees of the larger railroad companies, designated in France as "of general importance," also employees of state railroads, miners, and enlisted seamen, who had already enjoyed various systems of compulsory old-age insurance (as described in another part of this report), are left subject to those separate acts. Furthermore, in order to disturb as httle as possible the existing systems of old-age provision, the law permits the minister of pubhc works and the minister of the interior to preserve existing old-age pension systems of employees of "secondary railroad companies of general importance," of local railroads, and of tramways if the provisions of these systems are not less favorable to the employees than those of the new law. Again, the existing old-age pension systems for the benefit of state employees not subject to the general, civil, or military pensions may be preserved, and similar systems created. The same is true of departmental and communal employees. Briefly, then, the new law aims to include such classes of wage-earners or salaried employ- ees for whom similar provisions have not as yet been made. The optional system is extended to share tenants of agricultural lands, cash tenants, independent farmers, as well as artisans and small employers of labor, thus broadly including agriculture and the lower middle classes. It is also extended to employees whose annual earnings are over 3,000 francs ($579) but not over 5,000 francs ($965), and wives and widows of persons insured, either by obligation or voluntarily, under this law. The provisions concerning the optional form of insurance differ in so many particulars from those concerning the compulsory system that it will be preferable to treat them separately. Compulsory Insurance — Sources of Revenue. — The compul- sory old-age invalidity pensions payable under this law depend upon three sources of revenue — the compulsory and optional contributions of the insured, the compulsory contributions of the employers, and subsidies from the State. The first two are paid during all the time of insurance while the payment of state subsidies begins only when the pension matures and is liquidated. These three sources of revenue must be studied separately. Contributions of the Insured Employees.^ — These amount to 9 francs ($1.74) per annum for an adult male, 6 francs ($1.16) per annum for an adult female, and 4.50 francs (87 cents) per annum for minors under 18 years of age, or 3 centimes, 2 centimes, and IJ centimes (0.579, 0.386, and 0.290 cent) per day, respectively. If CHAPTER IV. — WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN EEANCE. 935 the employee can prove that he is already a member of a mutual benefit society, or of any of the provident societies paying old-age benefits, or that he has purchased or contracted for the erection of a cheap dwelling for himself and family or for the purchase of a small piece of landed property, as a field or garden, then he is authorized to .continue to apply the personal contributions required under the law to the same object without in any way disqualifying him from obtaining the employer's share of such subsidy. Employer's Conteibution.— This is equal to the amount paid by the employee himself. Its cost must be borne by the employer exclusively, and any agreement to the contrary is declared null and void. While foreign workmen residing in France are included under this law, the contributions of the employers are not credited to them unless so arranged by special international treaties granting similar privileges to French workmen abroad. In the absence of such, treaty employers' contributions are paid into the reserve fund. State Subsidy. — Finally, the subsidy granted by the State is in the form of a life annuity beginning, normally, at the age of 65, when the old-age pension matures. This amounts to 60 francs ($11.58) per annum. In order to be admitted to benefits in this gratuity the insured must prove that he has made at least thirty annual payments, and if the number of payments is less than thirty but over fifteen the subsidy is computed at the rate of 1 J francs (29 cents) for each paid-up year. In this computation of the length of insurance the 2 years of compulsory military service are counted in. While the subsidy of the State is an annual one, lasting until the death of the beneficiary, the entire capitalized value of the subsidy must be paid by the treasury to the National Old-age Retirement Fund on account of the beneficiary. Forms of Insurance. — Thus it is seen that the pension obtained by each insured person is equal to the annuity purchasable at the time of the liquidation of his pension, plus said subsidies granted. Normally the insurance is assumed on the alienated capital plan — that is, without the right of requiring reimbursement of premiums paid in in case of death. Here is a marked difference between the French system and those of Italy, Belgium, Spain, and others. At the same time the insured person is permitted, if he so desires, to change this plan for one of reserved capital, in so far as contributions made by himself are concerned, but not as far as contributions of the employer are concerned. Liquidation op Pensions. — The normal age for retirement and liquidation of pensions is established by the law at 65 years. This limit is 5 years lower than that of the German old-age insurance 46598°— 10 60 yatj EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. systems, the British old-age pension act, or the French compulsorj old-age relief act of 1905 which was discussed above. Computation of Pensions.— The actual value of the pension acquired by each insured person naturally depends upon his age, sex, and other considerations of an actuarial nature, except the state subsidy which is definitely regulated by the law. As the law permits the existence of many different insurance institutions' (enumerated above) there may be considerable difference in these actuarial con- ditions, as between one fund and another. Provisionally, in view of the absence of better data, one uniform mortahty table, that for the use of the National Old-age Retirement Fund, is to be applied to all funds. But the other varying conditions are to be taken into con- sideration and separate schedules of rates must be computed for all the different funds, and approved by the minister of labor and the minister of finance. The preparation of new mortahty tables, as well as special tables for the liquidation of anticipated and invahdity pensions, is required of the Government by the law. ' An interesting provision is that which prescribes that charges for the cost of administration shall not be imposed upon the computed rate. These are to be met by special contribution from the reserve fund, amounting to 1 franc (19 cents) per each insured person, and 5 per cent of the sums collected by the various old-age insurance agencies to cover the expense of collection and transmission of the funds. If the reserve prove insufficient for this purpose a special appropriation in the budget of the minister of labor must be made for that purpose. This practically amounts to an additional subsidy from the Govern- ment to the system of old-age insurance. Anticipatory Liquidation. — Notwithstanding this comparatively low retirement age, the law permits the anticipation of retirement by as many as 10 years; at any time between 55 and 65 the insured person may demand a liquidation of his pension, but of course the amount of the pension due him is correspondingly reduced on actu- arial principles, and a corresponding reduction is made in the amount of the state subsidy. In addition to this anticipatory liquidation of the entire pension, partial anticipation is also permitted. When the pension acquired to mature at the normal age of 65 exceeds 180 francs ($34.74), the insured person may at any time, after a successful medical examina- tion, obtain the cash value of the additional pension, provided he is to use it for one of the following purposes: Life insurance or the purchase of land or a home. Invalidity Insurance. — The act is one primarily of old-age insurance, and the invalidity provisions are subsidiary and somewhat meager. They are brought under the provisions of the so-called anticipatory liquidation. Persons suffering from total and perma- CHAPXEE IV. — WORKMEN S INSUBANCE IN FBANCE. 937 neut disability due either to grave injuries or to other forms of inva- lidity without any intentional fault of their own, if they are not covered by the provisions of the accident law of April 9, 1898, are entitled to an immediate liquidation of their pensions, no matter what their ages. They are also entitled to a special invalidity sub- sidy, but the actual amount of such subsidy is not finally settled in the law. It is left to a special regulation, to special appropriations made from year to year, and only the maximum limits are stated in the act. These are that the state subsidy shall not exceed 60 francs (111.58) per annum, nor shall it increase the pension more than three times the amount liquidated on actuarial principles, nor make it more than 360 francs ($69.48) per annum, including this subsidy. The death benefit amounts to the following: If the widow survives without children under 16 years of age she is entitled to receive 50 francs ($9.65) per month for 3 months. If 1 child under 16 survives, the same monthly benefit of 50 francs ($9.65) is paid for 4 months; when 2 children under 16 survive the same monthly benefit is paid for 5 months; if 3 or more children survive the same amount is paid for 6 months. Thus this death benefit varies between 150 and 300 francs ($28.95 and $57.90). It is paid only in case of death before the liquidation of the pension, and not in case of death of a pensioner. Special Reoulations Conoebning State Subsidies dtjuing the Tkansitoey Pekiod. — For persons who are 35 years of age and over when the law goes into effect, the requirement of thirty annual pay- ments before the normal state subsidj" of 60 francs ($1 1.58) is granted, is waived. Instead of this, only as many annual payments are required as the number of years elapsing from the time the law went into effect until the liquidation of the pension. In addition to this they are required to prove that for at least 3 years before the law went into effect they had belonged to the classes of persons covered l^y this law. Furthermore, in case of persons ^\ho are CiVcr 45 years old at the time the law goes into effect, and whose insurance period, therefore, is only 20 years or less, the above privilege was not thought sufficient and for this reason the state subsidy is increased according to age up to 100 francs ($19.30) per annum, as per the following schedule: ANXCAL STATE SUBSIDY TO PERSONS 45 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER WHEN THE LAW or 1910 GOES INTO EFFECT. Age. State subsidy. Age. State subsidy. Age. State subsidy. JU.97 12.35 i:'. 74 13.12 13.51 13.90 14. 28 5'^ years S14.67 15.05 15.44 15.83 16.21 16.60 10.98 59 years $17.37 60 vears 17.76 54 years 61 years 18.14 48 years 55 years 62 years 18.53 63 years 18.91 GO years 57 years 64 years 19.30 Mycars ............ 68 years 938 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. Pkovisions foe Persons ovee 65 Years of Age. — The provisions stated above take care of the interests of persons from 35 to 65 years of age whose period of insurance varies from 30 years to less than 1 year. This leaves open the question of persons above 65 years of age who may be in need of immediate relief, but have no insurance. In so far as persons over 70 are concerned, the compulsory old-age rehef act of 1905, described above, has taken care of them, leaving all persons between 65 and 69 years of age between the two systems of 1905 and 1910. These are taken care of by a special provision in the present law, which extends the benefits of the law of 1905 to all persons from 65 to 69 years old at the time the law goes into effect, but the rehef granted to these persons is hmited to one-half of the normal relief under the law of 1905 and the entire cost of these temporary measures is placed upon the State. The maximum relief for these cases is put at the rate of 100 francs ($19.30) per annum. The law of 1910 specifically authorizes double benefits under the two acts. There seems to be in this the silent admission that the new old-age insurance law, in view of the rather limited benefits, is not expected to do away with the necessity of additional relief. Of course the old-age pension acquired under the act of 1910 must be taken into consideration in computing relief under the act of 1905, as provided in the latter act, article 20. But it will be remembered that a partial exemption is made in favor of the resources acquired through savings (see p. 91&). The act of 1910 provides that pensions under it shall be considered as the resources of savings, notwithstanding that they are in reality the combined resources of contributions made by the persons them- selves, contributions by the employers, and the state subsidy. There- fore, pensions up to 60 francs ($11.58) — in the case of persons who have raised at least 3 children, up to the amountof 120francs($23.16) — are entirely exempt from deductions in computing the old-aige sub- sidy, and in cases of pensions above these sums, there is an exemption up to one-half. Procedure — Collection of Contributions. — For reasons of administrative convenience, the law imposes the duty of collecting the contributions of employees upon the employer. Employees are provided with annual stamp cards upon which the employer at each pay day must paste stamps representing the combined value of his and the employee's contribution, deducting one-half of the Value of the stamps from the pay of the employee. In addition, the insured person is permitted to paste stamps representing optional contributions. The various mutual and other institutions per- mitted to do old-age insurance may assume the duty of collecting and transferring these payments to the "Caisse des D6p6ts et Con- CHAPTEB IV. — workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 939 signations," which is the government institution designated to per- form all the financial operations in connection with the law. In such cases the placing of stamps may be dispensed with. The actual details of procedure are, however, not elaborated in the law, being left to the many special administrative regulations to be issued before the law goes into effect. Voluntary Insurance — Sources op Revenue. — These are some- what different for the optional form of insurance, as persons of the classes named have no employers, and so they do not receive the benefits of any employers' contributions, thus leaving the pension to be constituted by means of their own contributions and the state subsidy. An exception is made in the case of share tenants, whose relations with the proprietor of the land are in some respects not unlike those of the wage-earner. In these cases the proprietor is required to contribute an equal amount. The contributions being voluntary a certain latitude in the amount is allowed. For cash tenants, independent farmers, artisans, and small employers, the payments must not be less than 9 francs ($1.74) nor more than 18 francs ($3.47) per annum. For share tenants, the annual payments must not be less than 6 francs ($1.16) per annum, as stated above, and an amount equal to their contribution but not exceeding 9 francs ($1.74) per annum must be paid by the proprietor. The state subsidy in the case of optional insurance is computed very much differently from that of the compulsory form of insurance. Instead of a lump increase of the pension after maturity, an anmral increase to the account of the individual is provided for, which must equal one-third of the payments made, to be paid in in the form of alienated capital. The same limit of 60 francs ($11.58) is pro- vided, however, and after the pension values of all increases made by the State amount to that sum, further subsidies are not granted. Furthermore, the subsidies naturally cease when the person insured ceases to belong to one of the classes entitled to this benefit. Transitory Provisions for Voluntary Insurance. — For per- sons insured under the voluntary system, various transitory provi- sions were also included in the law, which are, on the whole, less liberal than those for compulsory insurance. These provisions are somewhat complicated, as the various groups enumerated above are not uniformly treated. To avail themselves of the benefits of the transitory provisions, persons voluntarily insured must be over 40 years old. Share tenants of this age group may receive equal benefits with those under the compulsory system, if they make the same payments; also cash 940 EEPOET OF THE CGMMISSIOITEK OF I^BOB. tenants whose rent does not exceed 600 francs ($115.80). Independ- ent farmers, artisans, and small employers over 40 years old at the time the law goes into effect receive supplemental subsidies which shall be equal to the pension purchasable by annual payments of 9 francs ($1.74) from the age of 40 till the age at the time the law goes into effect. As in case of compulsory insurance, when the pa,yments expected can not be made in fuU the subsidy is correspondingly reduced. Furthermore, if the persons of these latter groups, during the transitory period (for 25 years after the law goes into effect) , should at the age of 65 years find, themselves in the condition required to enjoy the subsidies of the law of 1905 (i. e., infirm or incurable), they may receive the same state subsidy as persons of the same age are receiving under the compulsory insurance, provided they have paid 18 francs ($3.47) a year. This somewhat complicated provision simply means. that persons of the middle class (farmers, artisans, and small employers) who belong to the transitory period — i. e., who are over 40 years of age at the time the law goes into effect — may, by paying 18 francs ($3.47) a year — i. e,, as much as the workmen receive to their credit, including both their own and their employers' con- tributions — obtain for themselves the benefits of the special schedule of subsidies printed on page 937, from 60 francs to 100 francs ($11.58 to $19.30) by the time they reach 65 years of age. All the provisions concerning death benefits and anticipatory liquidation are extended to the persons voluntarily insured who have paid the minimum annual contribution of 9 francs ($1.74) from the time the l&w went into effect, or from the time they had reached the age of 18 years. Tkansfee from one Foem of Iktsueance to the Othee. — ^The possibility of change in the economic status of the insured person such as would shift him from the compulsory to the voluntary group, or vice versa, is foreseen in the law. The subsidy to which the person is entitled by virtue of his period of compulsory insurance may be increased by the voluntary insurance, though not above the limits estabhshed for compulsory insurance. In order to satisfy the limits of 15 years and 30 years, upon which the computation of state sub- sidies and compulsory insurance depends, the years of subsequent optional insurance may be counted in. Insurance Institutions. — Contrary to most of the preceding plans which were discussed in the historical part of this chapter, no new centralized institution for carrying this law into effect is contem- plated. The desire throughout the preparation of this law was to disturb as little as possible the numerous existing local agencies for carrying on old-age rehef insurance, covered by the broad French term of "mutualite," as the opposition of these existing institutions CHAPTEE IV. — WGKKMEn's INSURANCE IN JFBANCB. 941 had to be overcome in the effort to pass the law through the National Assembly. Not only, therefore, are existing institutions left undis- turbed, but, as will be shown presently, special provisions in favor of the mutual benefit societies were included. The annuity accounts of the insured may, therefore, be opened in one of the following^ groups of institutions according to their own choice: First, the existing National Old-age Retirement Fund, described in detail on pages 722 to 727 ; second, existing mutual benefit societies or unions of such societies; third, departmental or territorial funds which may be established by special decrees, to be administered under the united management of employers, employees, and the Gov- ernment ; fourth, establishment funds or territorial funds of employ- ers' associations ; fifth, funds of special-guarantee syndicates, binding together several employers for the specific purpose of old-age insur- ance of workmen; sixth, funds of labor unions. Of course in each particular case government authorization is required to perform this function of old-age insurance. All of the funds enumerated except the National Old-age Retirement Fund are made subject to the minister of labor, and as far as finances are concerned to the minister of finance. Mutual Benefit Societies. — While the exact conditions of authorization are left to be worked out later by special administrative regulations, the law specifically provides that in the case of mutual benefit societies such authorization must be granted if they comply with the conditions specified, and that if such authorization is not granted by the ministers of labor and of finance an appeal may be had to the state council. It was frequently argued during the discussion of the old-age pen- sion bills that the compulsory contributions of employees might prove a heavy burden to the workman who already carried sick insurance, and that, therefore, the old-age pension law might proA'e disastrous to the existing mutual benefi.t societies by diverting the sm.all surplus of earnings from the mutual benefit societies into this new channel. To meet this criticism the new law provides for a special subsidy to mutual benefit societies amounting to 1.50 francs (29 cents) per annum for each adult insured person and 75 centimes (14.5 cents) per annum for each insured person under 18 years of age. These subsidies are given only when the sick dues amounted to at least 6 francs ($1.16) per annum for adults and 3 francs (58 cents) per annum for persons under 18 years of age. The same special subsidy is granted to trade unions carrying on both sick and. old-age insurance. Depaetmental or Regional Funds. — These are to be regulated by a special decree. Establishment oe Guaeantee Syndicate Funds. — These may be authorized to operate in accordance with the provisions of the law. 942 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. On the one hand, the law is so framed as not to force these condi- tions upon the estabhshment funds, if the existing different conditions are satisfactory. Thus, both employers and employees may be relieved from the regular contributions under the law if the pensions paid by such funds, or made possible through any other methods, are no less than those which may be obtained under the provisions of the law. On the other hand, if the employers' contributions are greater than the contributions required by law, only the required amount need be credited to the individual employees, and the surplus may be used for forming a reserve or for supplementary benefits. If these establishment or guarantee-syndicate funds do not suc- ceed in obtaining the necessary authorization, they are permitted to continue their operations only for the purpose of fulfilling obligations hitherto contracted. The adjustment of the existing funds to the new requirements must be made by agreement between employers and employees, and if such adjustment is found to be impossible the whole matter may be referred to a special arbitration commission, established by the law and consisting of the following seven members: Two from the superior commission of the National Old-age Retire- ment Fund, two from the new superior council of old-age pensions established under the law, two from the Paris court of appeals, and one from the court of accounts. To these, in each case, two repre- sentatives from employers and employees, respectively, must be added. If, however, both parties are not able to agree upon such reference to the arbitration commission, the question may be carried into court by either party, and the court will appoint a receiver to wind up the affairs of the fund. The conditions of liquidation as established by the law are discussed in greater detail in the section on establishment funds. Liquidation of Instjkance Institutions. — When a certain insurance institution liquidates all its operations or ceases its opera- tions in the field of old-age pensions for workmen, the rights of each beneficiary must be liquidated by the transfer of the corresponding mathematical reserve to some other institution. The methods of such transfer must be provided for in the decree of authorization, approving the constitution. Tkansfers. — Transfers from one pension fund to another are per- mitted, but if the fund from which the transfer is to be made remains in existence, it need not make an immediate transfer of the corre- sponding mathematical reserve. This operation is deferred until the time of liquidation of the pension, at which time the fund with which the pension is liquidated shall receive from the other fund the corre- sponding mathematical reserve. This provision is evidently impor- CHAPTEE IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 943 tant in view of the fact that the payments are on the aUenated plan and death must necessarily wipe out a certain number of claims. Finances and Investments. — While the actual operations under the law are thus distributed among a large number of independent institutions, a certain unity is obtained by centralizing all other finan- cial operations in the governmental "Caisse des Depdts et Consigna- tions," the institution which manages the old-age retirement fund and many other similar governmental institutions. Most important, naturally, are the operations connected with the investment of the large funds that must accumulate from year to year. These invest- ments are to be made by the "Caisse des Depdts et Consignations" free of charge except the actual expenses of brokerage, etc., in accord- ance with the orders of the various institutions, but the classes of securities in which investment is allowed are prescribed by the law. Administration.— The main administration of the finances in connection with the law is intrusted to the minister of labor, though in a decision upon various matters the advice of the minister of finance and. of some of the other members of the cabinet is frequently prescribed in the law. Within the Ministry of Labor, under the chairmanship of the minister himself, the superior council of work- men's pensions is organized for the deliberation of all important questions arising in connection with the operation of the law. This council consists of 26 specially appointed members and 5 ex officio members. The specially appointed members consist of representa- tives of the legislature, and representatives of various similar central commissions or councils, special representatives of industry and agriculture, both from employees and employers, and a few experts. The ex officio members are high government officials connected with the administration of similar social institutions and laws. The list of members is as follows : Two members of the Senate and 3 members of the Chamber of Deputies, elected by their respective chambers. Two delegates from the Council of State. Four delegates from the superior council of the mutual benefit societies. Two dele- gates from the superior commission of savings banks. Four delegates from the superior council of labor, of whom 2 shall be elected by the representatives of the employers and 2 by the representatives of the employees, and of the latter 2, 1 must be a wage-worker and the other a salaried employee. Two members from the superior council of commerce and industry, 1 an employer and 1 an employee. Two members from the superior council of agriculture, 1 an employer and 1 an employee. One executive officer from the departmental or regional fund appointed by the minister of labor. Two experts on provident institutions appointed by the minister of labor and the minister of finance, respectively. All these persons are appointed 944 BEPOET or THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. for 3 years. In addition, the following officers of administration are ex oflficio members of the council. The director-general of public accountancy, in the Ministry of Finance. The director of social insurance, in the Ministry of Labor. The director-general of the "Caisse des Depdts et Consignations." The director of the general movement funds in the Ministry of Finance and the director of the mutual societies in the Ministry of Labor. The council meets at least once in 6 months, but its affairs are managed by a permanent committee consisting of 11 members from the appointed or elected membership representing the various insti- tutions, and all ex officio members. Statistics. — ^Annual statistical reports of the operation of the law are required from the minister of labor. JuEiSDicTioN AND PENALTIES. — Jurisdiction in controversies aris- ing out of this law is given to the ordinary civil tribunals, and under summary procedure. Various fines and penalties for noncompliance with the require- ments of the law are contained in the law. For failure to attach stamps as required by the law, the person responsible is subject to a fine equal to the amount of payment omitted, in addition to the payment itself, which fine is turned into the reserve fund. The employer may escape this fine if he deposits the amount due with the clerk of the police of the place, when unable to attach the stamps. Fines from 1,000 to 2,000 francs ($193 to $386) or imprisonment from 5 days to 2 months are provided for such offenses as receiving payments under the law without due authorization, or fraud or wrong declarations in con- nection with any operation. Geneeal Peg visions. — The act contains many joainor privileges for the benefit of insured persons, of which the most important are as follows; Annuities and subsidies are not subject to cession or seizure except in the payment of debts to public hospitals for cost of treatment. Death benefits are exempted even from this class of clainas. All the acts and documents in connection with the administration of the law must be issued gratuitously and are free from stamp or registry dues. A special tariff of postal rates is to be prepared by special regulation. Summary procedure, as in matters of urgency, is guaranteed in civil tribunals in case of any contentions which arise in the adminis- tration of this law. Going into Effect. — No specific date is prescribed in the law for its taking effect. This is left to the budgetary law of 1911, by v/hich the appropriations necessary for its operation must be made, since the application of the law will require immediate expenditures not CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 945 only for administration, but for payment of subsidies on pensions immediately maturing for people nearly 65 years of age at the time the law goes into effect, as well as for the extension of the law of 1905 (compulsory aid for aged persons) to persons between 65 and 70 years of age. The taking effect of the law is made conditional also upon the prep- aration of the necessary administrative regulations, and at least three months must elapse between the publication of these regulations and the taking effect of the law. Besides the general regulations, the law mentions 12 separate ad- ministrative regulations (Eeglements) to be issued, for the elaboration of the details of administration in the most difficult problems. The preparation and approval of these regulations will necessarily require some time, and it is doubtful whether the system may be introduced before the expiration of 1911. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. France was the first country to adopt as a national measure the Ghent system of subsidizing voluntary funds for unemplo^^^ment insurance. This step was taken in the year 1905 by the appropriation of the sum of 110,000 francs ($21,230) and had as its principal aim tlio encouragement of vohmtarj^ insurance by the workmen them- selves rather than payment of a substantial sum toward the relief of distress. It is stated that the example of the National Government has encouraged the local governments to adopt a similar system for local funds and has led to the creation of a number of new unemploy- ment funds by trade unions and similar organizations. Information collected by the Labor Office in 1902 showed that the French trade unions had not developed their out-of-work benefit features to tlie same extent that the trade organizations of competing industrial countries had done and the plan of stimulating the growth of benefit features of this kind b}' means of subsidies was adopted after these facts had been made clear by a government investigation. At the present time the subject of unemployment insurance in France may be considered under three topics: (1) Unemployment insurance by trade unions; (2) the national system of subsidies to unemployment funds; (3) the municipal and department system of subsidies to unemployment funds. In 1896 the French Labor Office published the results of an investiga- tion into the activities of communes having an annual budget of more than 100,000 francs ($19,300) in providing relief work to support unemployed persons. The results of this investigation showed a great variety of work undertaken by the different cities and com- munes; a large number provided only work in removing snow and 946 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ice, while others engaged in such work as improving local parks, draining and grading the common land, breaking of stone, work on sewers, and a variety of outdoor construction work. In addition to the work of this kind conducted by the government authorities a number of philanthropic organizations conducted insti- tutions to provide work for the unemployed. These organizations were the usual charitable relief institutions, and were similar to those in operation in England and the United States. Neither of the two classes of relief measures could be classed as insurance, and they represented only the effort of the Government or of charitably dis- posed persons to alleviate the distress arising from temporary lack of employment. The efforts of the workmen themselves to make provision against periods of unemployment have centered largely in the out-of-work benefit funds of their trade unions. The creation of voluntary self- help funds of this type occurred at a comparatively late date in France, and has never reached as extensive a development as in England or Germany. The French Labor Office in the year 1894 made a statis- tical study of the extent of this phase of trade-union work, and found that in the whole country there were 87 trade unions with 16,260 mem- bers which regularly provided out-of-work benefits to their unem- ployed members. In 1902, a second study of the same class of funds was made, which showed that there were 310 unemployment funds of trade unions and about one-half of this number were local organizations of the typo- graphical union. The investigation showed that ^n the organizations of workmen less than 5 per cent were entitled to unemployment benefits, and that with the exception of the typographical unions the unemployment insurance was organized in local associations only. The dues for unemployment relief in the typographical union were 2.75 francs (53 cents) per month, but in most of the other unions they were from 50 centimes (9.6 cents) to 1 franc (19.3 cents) per month. The benefits were 2 francs (38.6 cents) per day in the typographical union, while in the other unions they fluctuated between 1 and 2 francs (19.3 and 38.6 cents). The duration of benefit payments in the case of the typographical union varied between 30 and 60 days per annum, and in most of the other unions the period of benefit payments was also from 30 to 60 days, though a few paid benefits for 90 days or more. The number of unions which made reports of financial opera- tions was 285, having 28,209 members. The total expenditures were 227,648 francs ($43,936.06). Of this amount, 188,940 francs ($36,465.42) were expended for unemployment relief. Of the 285 funds only 68 showed a surplus or reserve at the close of the year 1902. The investigation of 1902 showed, therefore, that with the exception of the typographical unions, trade-union insurance against CHAPTEB IV. workmen's INSUBANCE IN FRANCE. 947 unemployment had not developed to any great extent, and in com- parison with the neighboring countries of Germany and England indicated that little progress had been made. With the information obtained by the 1902 investigation as a start- ing point, the council decided to take up the discussion of the part the State should play in encouraging institutions -making provision against unemployment. The superior council, therefore, directed the permanent committee of that body to make a report on the following questions : First. Should the public authorities, and especially the National Government encourage the development of funds for the relief of • involuntary imemployment ? Second. In the aflBrmative case, what is the best method of inter- vention by the public authorities ? The permanent committee devoted nearly a year to the study of the problem, and in 1903 published a report on the subject. (") As a result of their study the permanent committee formulated a series of seven opinions on this topic, all of them relating to the attitude of the Govern- ment toward institutions for relief of unemployment. The superior council of labor devoted seven sessions of the full body to a discussion of these opinions and modified them to a considerable degree. Accord- ing to the minutes of the superior council the final form in which these opinions were adopted is as follows : Resolutions adopted by the Superior Council of Labor on November 16, 1903, on the Intervention of the State in favor op Funds fob the Relief OF Unemployment. (6) 1. The superior council of labor is of the opimon that the creation and development of institutions for the relief of unemployment is desirable in every respect and should be encouraged. 2. The superior council of labor expresses the opinion that the local funds for relief of unemployment should be subsidized by the municipalities. That the subventions granted should be distributed among all the unemployment funds existing in a locality and complying with certain general conditions. That for each one of these funds the share of the normal annual subvention should be smaller in amount than the dues paid by the members participating. 3. The superior council of labor expresses the view that the local funds should also receive subventions from incorporated bodies, such as general councils of various kinds, chambers of commerce, employera' associations, in the same way as the funds for savings and provident institutions which have been established in certain cities. 4. The superior council of labor believes that it is the duty of the employers to aid unemployment funds. 5. In whatever concerns subventions from the State, the superior council of labor believes that recognition should be given to such trade-union unemployment funds " Conseil Sup6rieur du Travail. Commission Permanente. Les Caisses de Ch6mage. Paris, 1903. 6 Conseil Sup^rieur du Travail, Douzifeme session, novembre 1903. Compte rendu (Paris, 1904), p. 219. 948 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIOKES OJ? LABOR. or other funds engaged in finding employment for persons involuntarily out of work, whose organization is susceptible of an efficacious control. The subventions of the State should be especially intended to assist in defraying the expense of removing unem- ployed persons and should not exceed for each fund 50 per cent of the expenditures for removal paid out in the course of the year. 6. The superior council of labor is of the opinion that the State or the Departments should subsidize workingmen's funds which give relief for unemployment and which are not local and include members of a whole region or district or all France. 7. In a general way the superior council of labor is of the opinion that the State should intervene in behalf of the creation and development of institutions for the relief of unemploynient either by means of subventions or by other methods. 8. The superior council of labor is of the opinion that the out-of-work benefits granted to an unemployed person should as a whole not exceed one-half of the usual earnings in his occupation; That a maximum should be fixed to the amount of relief for unemplojonent which can be granted to one workman during a given space of time; That the accounting of relief for unemployment granted because of lack of work should be entirely distinct from the accounting of all other expenditures of the insti- tution which has created the fund, i 9. The superior council of labor is of the opinion that a special legislative investiga- tion of institutions for insurance against unemployment should be undertaken. The general principles enunciated in the preceding resolutions are to the effect that strictly local institutions should be subsidized by the local governments, and that national institutions, or at least institutions which cover more than one part of the country, should be subsidized by the National Government. While, however, the council believes in a system of subsidy from the Government it is careful to state that bodies directly interested in the industrial wel- fare of the country, such as employers' associations, chambers of commerce, individual employers, etc., should likewise contribute to the support of such institutions. It is also of interest to note that on the 21st of December, 1896, about 8 years earher, the superior council of labor had adopted a series of resolutions on the subject of the relief of unemployment by means of pubhc emergency works, but no mention was made of any systematic plan of encouraging workmen to insure themselves, against distress from unemployment. When the law providing for a system of subsidies from the National Government was enacted in the next year, the plan adopted foUowed closely that recommended by the superior council in the resolutions reproduced above. One of the earliest parliamentary efforts to secure government aid in providing a system of unemployment insurance was the bill introduced in December, 1893; this bill provided that 5,000,000 francs ($965,000) should be appropriated for the relief of unem- ployment, and that the distribution was to be made by the local authorities, acting in accord with the federations of labor unions; the bill was rejected about one month after its inrtoduction. In October, 1894, a group of the members of the lower body of the CHAPTER IV. workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. &49 National Assembly introduced a bill appropriating 40,000,000 francs ($7,720,000) to be expended by the commissions for the relief of unemployed workers, but there is no record of any action having been taken on this measure. On the 28th of January, 1895, a bill was introduced providing for a system of compulsory insurance against unemployment, on a national scale. It was referred to a commission on social insurance, but no report was ever made by that body in regard to the plan. In 1896, 1897, 1900, 1902, and 1903, bills to provide a system of insurance were also introduced and finally in the year of 1904 interest in the matter was aroused to such an extent that four different bills were introduced into the Chamber of Deputies to institute a system of national subsidies to unemployment relief funds. The Chamber referred these four bills to its commission on insur- ance and social providence. The commission fuially united in recom- mending a system of national subsidies to unemployment funds of trade unions and to other organizations which made provision for reUef in case of unemployment. Their report, published on October 21, 1904, contained the following recommendation: In the budget of the Ministry of Commerce for the year 1905, there shall be made an appropriation of 100,000 francs ($19,300) to be expended in subsidies to such funds as provide relief in case of invol- untary unemployment due to absence of an opportunity to work. The amount of this appropriation shall at first be taken from the regular funds of the budget for the year 1905. Its distribution shall be made in accordance with provisions to be determined by the cabinet and published in the Journal Officiel. The Government approved the proposal of the commission of the Chamber of Deputies by inserting in the law on finances of April 22, 1905, an appropriation of 110,000 francs ($21,230), entitled "subven- tions for the purpose of relieving unemployment." Article 55 of the law reads as follows : The employment of the credit provided for the Ministry of Com- merce, Industry, Posts and Telegraphs to be used as subsidies for funds for the relief of unemployment shall be regulated by a decree signed by the minister of commerce, industry, posts and telegraphs, and by the minister of finance. The annual report from the minister of commerce to the President of the Republic, published in the Jour- nal Officiel shall give an accounting of the operations of this service and of the distribution of the appropriation. On September 9, 1905, the minister of commerce and the minister of finance submitted the following report to the President of the French Republic, giving reasons for the decree accompanying their report. As France was one of the earliest countries to make the subsidizing of unemployment funds a national policy, the terms of this report and this decree are of special interest. 950 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. BEPOKT TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPirBIIC.(o) In conformity with article 55 of the law on finances of April 22, 1905, we have the honor to submit to you a draft of a decree regu- lating the use of the appropriation of 110,000 francs to the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, rosts and Telegraphs for the purpose of sub- sidizing funds for the relief of involuntary unemployment. Before drawing up this plan of a decree, we have consulted with the special commission presided over by M. Millerand, president of the commission on insurance and social providence of the Chamber of Deputies, which included representatives of our two departments and of two administrators of unemployment funds. In its deliberations the commission has taken for its guide the views expressed by the superior council of labor in its session of 1903 on the subject of unemployment funds. In fact it was to satisfy these views that the National Assembly has made the appropriation for subven- tions to these institutions. No difficulty was presented in defining the funds for relief of involuntary unemployment to which the subven- tions of the State shouldbe applied; the proposed decree includes under its terms all funds which come to the aid of their members in case of unemployment, regardless of whether this relief is given on the spot or in the form of travel benefit or in the form of removal benefit. It is in addition specifically stipulated, according to the second para- graph of article 1, that the subventions shall be applied only to involuntary unemployment due to lack of work, excluding all other involuntary unemployment, especially that due to sickness. The latter is not intended to be included by either the superior council of labor nor by the National Assembly because sickness funds are already in receipt of important subventions included in the budget of the State. The superior council of labor had in mind several kinds of subventions to unemployment funds; municipal subventions, which were especially to be granted to local funds, and subventions of the National Government, which should be granted to funds which cover one or more districts or all of France. The intercommunal or interdepartmental character of these dis- trict or national funds diminish greatly their chances of receiving local subventions, and they have, therefore, a claim to subventions from the State. In addition, they have a certain number of advan- tages over the local funds since the number of their members is gener- ally much greater; on the other hand, as these members are not grouped in a single locality, they are not all likely to suffer from un- enipfoyment at the same time, nor in the same degree. From these different points of view, they comply with the technical rules which apply to insurance against unemployment as well as to all other forms of insurance. It is for these reasons that the proposed decree grants to district or national funds, which include at least 1,000 members distributed over three Departments, a proportionately greater participation in the subventions of the State. The proposed decree, however, does not exclude local funds from the distribution of these subventions because it has seemed that, at least in the beginning, it would be well to encourage the creation of such local funds which, as yet, are a Bulletin de I'Office du Travail, 1905, page 820, and 1906, page 505. CHAPTER rv, workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 951 too rare, and which one may regard as germs which will later grow into district funds, which the proposed decree has more particularly in mind. On the other hand, the decree admits as a matter of principle the granting of subventions of the State only to those funds whose mem- bers befong to the same occupation or similar trades. It appeared to us that this type of fund would present the maxi- mum or success and of guarantee of control. The risks of unemploy- ment vary greatly in different occupations; in one occupation the workmen are occupied regularly from one end of the year to the other, and are out of work only occasionally; in another occupation the workmen are periodically exposed to long dull seasons. Wages also vary from occupation to occupation. In funds composed of persons belonging to different occupations it is difficult to establish in an equitable manner the dues required of each one of the members and the amount of relief to which ne would have a right. Furthermore, the occupational funds are better placed than other types to control unemployed persons and to insure finding places for them. The first exception made to the principle of subsidizing occupa- tional funds relates only to those funds operated in communities of less than 20,000 inhabitants. As a matter of fact it is difficult in these small communes to find 50 persons of the same occupation, that number being the minimum below which it did not seem that funds for relief in the case of unemployment could operate properly. In these communes the proposed decree permits participation in the subven- tions to fimds with at least 50 members belonging to different occu- pations, but on the condition that these funds are already receiving subventions from the municipality. Another exception has been made in favor of funds composed of unions of associations and organ- ized solely for the purpose of providing travel benefits. It was understood that the above provision applied to all mutual funds whether they were founded by trade unions or mutual aid societies or by other associations. The requirement that members shall belong to the same occupa- tion applies not to the association which created the unemployment fund but to the unemployment fund proper. By this provision the nonoccupational organizations can obtain the benefits of the state subventions for their unemployment funds. It will suffice if they create one or more occupational unemployment funds among their members belonging to the same occupation. The other provisions of the proposed decree do not need com- ment, but explain themselves. 1 ou will note that the proposed decree gives to the commission charged with distributing the state subventions all the means of control necessary to assure themselves that the conditions imposed for participation in the subventions have been exactly complied with by the unemployment funds. The control of the subsidy system by the commission will in addi- tion be aided by the large district funds which are by far the most important, and by the small local funds wliich, as a matter of fact, are the most numerous. The funds of the first class are at present accustomed to publish detailed accounts which will permit of tracmg out the individual accounts, and which provide a very desirable guar- antee of honesty. On the other hand, the proposed decree permits 46598°— 10 61 952 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE Oi' LABOE. local funds of more than 50 and less than 100 members to participate in subventions of the State if they are already subsidized by the com- munes. The accounts of these funds will furthermore be subjected to a control by the municipalities which will naturally aid their con- trol by the commission. The proposed decree which we have submitted for your approval would appear to apply without difficulty to all forms of unemploy- ment funds which are actually in formal operation. We do not expect that our proposed decree can be applicable to all possible forms of unemployment funds. It did not appear to the commission that it was part of their programme to call into life new forms of funds not having the sanction of experience, and to give such forms existence through the aid of subventions. The decree that we herewith ask you to approve is, however, not final, but rather a decree which is tentative and experimental. On the one hand, it is hoped that in accordance with the views of the supreme council of labor, municipal subsidies wiU have the effect of developing local ftmds, and that the State will intervene to a less and less degree in whatever concerns them. On the other hand, in whatever concerns the district funds, experience alone will permit of adapting the decree to those forms which appear to have a chance of success. The proposed decree submitted by the minister of commerce and the minister of finance was approved by the President of the-Repubhc on September 9, 1905. Although expressly stated to be a tentative plan of administering the subsidies, the bulletin of the Labor Office contains no mention of any change in this decree with the exception of the modifications of articles 13 and 14, made in the following year. With these changes inserted the decree reads as follows :('») Deceeb op September 9, 1905. Article 1. The funds which come to the aid of their members in case of unem- ployment, either by means of relief on the spot or by means of travel benefit or by means of removal benefit, may participate in subventions in favor of unemployment funds when they comply with the conditions set forth in the present decree. Involuntary unemployment, due to lack of work, alone gives a right to the sub- ventions of the State. Art. 2. Subventions are granted: (1) To funds composed of members engaged in the same occupation, in the same trades, or in allied occupations belonging to establishments turning out a specified product, on condition that the number of members in such fund is at least 100. (2) To local funds composed as those already mentioned and including at least 50 members, on condition that they receive subventions from the communes. (3) In communes of less than 20,000 inhabitants, to local funds composed of mem- bers belonging to different occupations on condition that they receive subventions from the communes and are composed of at least 50 members. (4) To funds organized to provide relief in the form of travel benefits by federations of unions and supported by lump-sum contributions from each affiliated union, on condition that the normal resources of these unions are derived from dues of their members. In regard to funds included in the first three paragraphs, only tiiose persons are regarded as belonging to the fund who have been active members for not less than fliree months. Art. 3. In support of its first application, each fund must furnish th« minister of commerce a copy of its constitution and regulations. a Bulletin de I'Office du Travail, 1905, page 822, and 1906, page 506. CHAPTEK IV. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN FEANCE. 953 Every modification of the constitution or the regulations must be immediately reported to the minister of commerce. Akt. 4. The fund must provide the free service of an employment exchange to unemployed persons. Art. 5. The funds have the right to subventions only after they have been in operation for 6 months. AuT. 6. The constitution and the regulations of the funds which provide relief in the home town must specify the dues to be paid by the active members to be entitled to the benefits on account of involuntary unemployment, must specify the amount and duration of unemployment benefits, and when such are granted the amount of the removal benefits. The constitution or the regulations of the funds which provide travel benefits must specify the method of calculating the rates of these benefits, the maximum of benefits to be granted, and the amount which active members, or in the cases specified in article 2, paragraph 4, the amount which unemployed persons can receive in a speci- fied period. Art. 7. In addition the constitution or regulations must contain the following specifications: (a) An active member can take part in only one unemployment fund for each class of benefits. (6) His right to benefits shall begin not earlier than 6 months after he has joined the fund. (c) The unemployed person is required to accept employment in his occupation when it is offerea to him by the fund. {(i) lie is required to sign at least three times each week during the hours of labor the register kept at the headquarters of the fund, or in localities specified by the latter. However, the commission named in article 20 can accept the entire method of control specified in a constitution which offers an equivalent guarantee, especially that estab- lished in regard to travel benefits. (e) An unemployed person who obtains or attempts to obtain benefits by fraudulent means is excluded from the fund or deprived of nis rights during & specified time, according to the nature of his case. Art. 8. If the dues paid by an active member on account of involuntary unemploy- ment relief are not accounted for in special books, the fund must meet the require- ments of article II. The accounts of the expenditures for involuntary unemployment must be kept entirely distinct from the expenditures for other purposes of the fund or of the associa- tion. Art. 9. If the unemployment benefit is higher than two francs ($0,386) per day, the subvention will be computed on the last-named sum only. Art. 10. If the duration of benefits for unemployment exceeds 60 days for each period of 12 months, the subvention will be computed only on the benefits granted to each unemployed person during 60 days. Art. II. A fund shall be admitted to participation in the subvention for the pre- ceding semester only if during this semester the dues paid on account pf involuntary unemployment by the active members are at least equal to one-third of the benefits granted to unemployed persona. However, as an exceptional measure, the amount raised by a fund for its reserve can be credited to the dues collected. Art. 12. The subvention can not exceed 16 per cent of the total benefits paid by each fund during the semester, in accordance with its constitution, subject to the rules specified in articles 9 and 10 of this decree. "niis maximum shall be increased by one-half for funds operating in three or more Departments and including at least 1,000 active members. Art. 13. (As modified by (he decree of April 20, 1906.) The appropriation provided by the law on finances shall be divided into two equal parts, each part to be distributed in each semester. For each of these periods, the minister of commerce, in accordance with article 12, shall establish the rate according to which the appropriation is to be distributed among the funds, and Uie decision of the minister shall be published in the Journal Officiel and in the Bulletin de I'OflSce du Travail. Art. 14. (As modified by the decree of April 20, 1906.) The amount of the subven- tions is fixed bv ministerial decree in the 6 months period following the last day of the semester for which the subventions are paid. Tlie accounting of the expenditures is determined by the date of the ministerial decree provided for in the present article. 954 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR, ^^I'Pl ?°* '^*^J *^^\^ y^^^^ ^**®'' ^^^^ semester the funds must send a properlv certified statement from their administrative officers, showing: ^ ^ (a) The number of active members or, in case of funds included in the fourth paragraph of article 2, the number of affiliated associations. (b) The receipts from dues. (c) The miscellaneous receipts. (d) The number of unemployed persons, days of unemployment, and the total amount of local relief granted. (e) The number and the amount of benefits for removal and for travel. (/) For each day or each week of the semester the number of unemployed persons granted benefits. Funds divided into sections shall furnish the data for each section. The statement shall contain an account of the reserve of the fund, if there be such. Art. 16. With the authority of the ministry and upon the finding of the commission on unemployment funds, the information called for by the preceding article can be replaced by a copy of the confidential accounts of the fund when the latter is pub- lished; it must contain sufficient details. Art. 17. The individual receipts for sums paid to unemployed persons must be indi- cated on the accounts, either on the stub or in the margin. The receipts must contain all- the information necessary to prove the expenditure. Art. 18. Article 8, paragraph 1, and article 11 are not applicable to funds which provide only travel benefite. Art. 19. The funds are required to furnish to the minister of commerce explanations which may be asked of them, and under certain circumstances to submit tiie special accounts relating to involuntary unemployment for his examination. Every effort or attempt at fraud exposes the fund which has committed the same to the liability of temporary exclusion from the receipt of subventions, to be pronounced by a decree of the ministry upon the recommendation of the commission. The commission, before making such recommendation, must secure a written or verbal explanation from the administrative officers of the fund. Art. 20. There is created a commission on unemployment funds composed of the following: 1 senator, 1 deputy, the director of labor, the director of insurance and social providence or his delegate, the director-general of public accounts or his delegate, an inspector of finances, the assistant director of labor, and 4 representatives of unemploy- ment funds. I Art. 21. The members of the commission on unemployment funds shall be appointed each year by the minister of commerce. A ministerial decree shall regulate the details of the operations of this commission. Art. 22. The annual report of the operations of this service and the distribution of the appropriation shall be inserted in the Journal Officiel and in the Bulletin de I'Office du Travail. Art. 23. As a transitory measure for the year 1905, the minister, upon recommenda- tion to the commission, can grant to the funds exemption from one or more of the provisions of the present decree. The subsidy" system instituted by this decree is comparatively simple. The most important feature is the definition of the kind of unemployment entitled to subsidies; in the decree such unemploy- ment is stated to be unemployment due to absence of opportunity to work. This definition includes unemployment caused by break- down of machinery, burning of the plant, etc. ; it is stated that work- men not participating in a strike, but thrown out of work because of a strike of other employees, are included in the class of those involuntarily out of work. Three kinds of benefits are subsidized, ordinary out-of-work benefits, travel benefits, and removal benefits. The conditions to be complied with by the funds relate to the administrative features of the system; with the exception of com- munes having less than 20^000 inhabitants the funds must be com- posed of persons engaged in the same industry or the same occupation; they must have at least 100 members; the members must pay regular unemployment dues, and the fund must provide the free service of CHAPTER IV, workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 955 an employment exchange. The most important of these is the requirement that the membership of the fund must be composed of persons engaged in the same industry or the same occupation. The principal class of organizations excluded by this regulation are the charitable and philanthropic societies, but as the purpose of the subsidy is to encourage self-help among the workmen this plan is readily justified. In addition, the members of associations organized on trade lines are all exposed to approximately the same xisk of unemployment, and the rates of dues can with equity be made uniform for all members. It is also easier for a fund organized on trade lines to institute a system of gathering information as to opportunities for employment. The movement for the adoption of a national system of subsidies was accompanied by a similar movement in the municipalities, while a number of the Departments gradually took up the plan after its operation had been shown to be beneficial. At the close of the year 1906 the Labor Office made an investigation of the extent to which the Departments and the municipalities were subsidizing unemployment insurance funds on their own account, and the methods used by them. In reply to the inquiries sent out 4 Departments and 28 municipalities replied that appropriations for this purpose had been made in the budgets for the year 1907. In addition 3 cities (Paris, Toulouse, and Troyes) had made a pro- visional appropriation for the year 1907, but had not yet arranged for the manner of distribution. The growth of this method of encouraging insurance against unemployment is best shown by the report which states that in the year 1897,2 communes had such systems of subsidy; in the period 1898 to 1903 the number had increased to 3; in 1903 there were 1 Department and 3 communes; jn 1904 there were 2 Departments and 9 communes; in 1905 there were 2 Departments and 15 com- munes, and in 1906 there were 4 Departments and 24 communes with such a system in operation. The system is therefore of compara- tively recent origin; the first communes to establish such a system were those of Dijon and Limoges in 1896. The first Departments to institute such a system were those of Aude and Cher, which made their first appropriation in the year 1903; the Departments of Gard and Loire made a similar appropriation in 1906. Previous to the institution of the national system in 1905, 16 municipalities had a subsidy system in operation. As to the method of distributing the subsidies the report states that in the majority of cases, namely, in 4 Departments and 17 conununes, the subsidies are granted either by the officials on their own initiative or in reply to request formulated by the unemploy- ment organizations, but without any conditions attached to the 956 EEPOJBI OF THB COKJCSSIONEE OF LABOE, grant- I:, thiese c&ses the amount appropriated by the Departments or <:h!iimunes> k a^uaflj siaall: thus, in 1907 the amount was 100 francs ($19.30j or i-hss in 2 Departments and 4 communes; it varied between 100 and 300 francs ($19.30 and $57.90) in 8 communes; 500 francs ($96.50) was appropriated by 1 Department and 5 com- munes, while 1 Department appropriated 1,500 francs ($289.50). In 11 communes .some systematic method of distribution, with regulations as to the manner and method, is in force. In these communes the annual appropriation varies between 500 ($96.50) and 25,000 francs (-S4:,82.5); thus in 1907, 3 communes appropriated 500 francs ($96.50) ; 2 communes 1,000 francs ($193), and 5 com- munes reported 3,000 (S579), 5,000 ($965), 8,000 ($1,544), 18,000 (S3,474), and 25,000 francs ($4,825), respectively. All of the municipalities which have adopted regulations for the distribution of the subsidy require the accounts of the unemploy- ment section of the organization subsidized to be kept enthely distinct. In all of the funds the unemployment must be involuntary, while in a large number the organization subsidized must make efforts to find positions for the unemployed persons, and in practically all of the municipalities the unemployed person is expressly required to accept work secured for him by his union. The report classifies the methods of distributing the subsidy into three types. First, 8 commimes use the Ghent system and restrict themselves to increasing amounts paid by the unemployment funds of the unions. Second, in 2 communes the subsidy is based on the amount of dues paid by the members of the unemployment funds. Third, in 1 commune the subsidy is computed from three factors, namely, the number of members, the amount of dues paid, and the financial condition of the unemployment fund. With two exceptions, in all of (he cities the subsidy is made a right of the organizations and the unemployment funds can count exactly on the amounts which will be paid them. The usual practice is to have a committee of officials to control the bookkeeping of the unemployment fund and to guard against wrongful use of the grants. The usual penalty for infraction of the regulations is loss of right to benefits from 1 month to 1 year. The^ report states that practically no difficulty has been experiences in lof^Mird to this feature and in only 1 city was there any report of irregularities. Only two funds reported that municipal subsidies were granted in the case of travel benefits. As an illustration of the method used by the municipalities in administering their systems of subsidizing unemployment funds, the following account is given of the organization of the subsidy system of the city of Roubaix. CHAPTER IV. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 957 The municipal council of Roubaix first took up the question of subsidizing unemployment funds in the year 1902, but httle progress was made until the year 1907. In that year the minister of interior authorized the city to conduct a lottery, the net proceeds of which were to be devoted to emergency v/orks for the relief of unemploy- ment; the council then decided to use either all or part of the pro- ceeds from this source to form an endowment, the revenue of which was to be devoted to provide money for the operations of this fund. The commission of the municipal council which elaborated the sys- tem finally drew up a plan based on the Ghent system. The consti- tution and by-laws prepared by the commission for the fund were adopted by the municipal council on December 27, 1907. An associa- tion of employers granted a subsidy, while the employer members of the council of prud-hommes also made a grant for the same purpose. For the year 1908 available funds consisted of 5,000 francs ($965) of municipal subsidy, 20,000 francs ($3,860) from employers, and 2,000 francs ($386) from the employer members of the council of prud-hommes. The fund began operations on March 1, 1908, and for the month of March the rate of subsid}- was fixed at 50 per cent. The constitution and bj'-laws follow closely those used in the city of Ghent. According to the Bulletin de I'Office du Travail it is as follows : Constitution of the Municipal Unemployment Fund of Roubaix. (") Article 1. There is instituted by the city of Roubaix a special fund to encourage Jirovision against involuntary unemployment. The receipts of this fund are derived from the following: 1. From the revenue of the endowment reserved for this purpose. 2. In case the above is insuflBcient, from subsidies, the amount of which shall be fixed by the municipal council. 3. In addition to the resources just mentioned, the fund is authorized to receive subscriptions, gifts, legacies, etc. These amounts shall be used exclusively in providing a subsidy to unemployment benefits received by workmen and salaried employees, and to cover the costs of admin- istration thereof. Art. 2. The fund shall be administered by a committee, elected for a term of 4 years, and composed as follows: 1. Three delegates nominated by the municipal council. 2. Six members elected by the affiliated organizations. In order to begin operations (the mutual aid societies making provision against unemployment not yet being organ- ized in sufficient numbers in our city) the presidents of the two unions of mutual aid and the president of the employees' societies shall designate these six delegates from their organizations. 3. Two delegates of the council of prud-hommes, 1 employer and 1 workman. 4. Two delegates from the chamber of commerce. 5. Two delegates from the tribunal of commerce. Art. 3. The municipal council, the associations of workmen, etc., and each one of the three bodies designated abo^•e shall make arrangements for the filling of A-acancies caused by resignation, death, or other cause. The mayor or his delegate shall preside over this committee; in case of a tie he shall have a casting vote, but not otherwise. Art. 4. The special fund shall encourage provision against unemployment by in- creasing the insurance benefits granted by associations of workmen and employees to their unemployed members. o Bulletin de I'Office du Travail, 1908; page 555. 958 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIGNEft OF LABOR. Art. 5. The fund shall increase the amount paid to their out-of-work members by ' the association by granting the latter a subsidy proportioned to the amount of tiie unemployment benefits. Unemployment benefits shall not be increased more than 100 per cent, nor shall they be given to any one member for more than 60 days in 1 year, and shall not be greater in amount than 1 franc (19.3 cents) per day. Unemployment due to strikes or the consequences thereof, due- to sickness, or physical incapacity to labor shall" not give the member a right to the subsidies of this fund. Art. 6. It for any reason whatever the affiliated association does not pay the benefit to its members, the subsidy from the communal fund shall not be granted. Art. 7. Only those persons shall have a right to the subsidy of the municipal fund who have had an actual residence of 6 months in the city and a membership of 6 months in the society to which they belong. ' Art! 8. The associations of workmen and employees who desire to have their mem- bers participate in the subsidies must supply copies of their constitution and by-laws, must indicate each month the number and the amount of unemployment benefits that they have paid, and every 6 months must furnish a balance sheet of their financial operations. Art. 9. The committee shall appoint an auditor whose duties shall be to control the accuracy of the returns made by the associations. The auditor shall have the right to inspect all the books of the associations participating in the insurance against unem- ployment, and shall communicate the information thus obtained to the committee. All the members of the committee shall pledge themselves not to divulge any per- sonal information secured from these books. Art. 10. Any association which shall refuse to submit to the requirements of this constitution, and of the regulations issued under it, shall immediately cease to partici- pate in the subsidies. The committee shall have the right to impose other measures of control, to which all of the affiliated associations must submit themselves within 3 months after notification of the same. It can also under the same condition adopt measures of a general nature in order to prevent any abuses which may arise. The exclusion of any person shall cease when the latter has submitted to the required measures. Members may not belong to more than one unemployment fund under penalty of not receiving any benefits in case of unemployment. Art. 11. Any person out of work who shall refuse to accept employment in his occu-j nation in the city, compensated for at the normal rate, and which has been offered to him by the committee, shall be excluded from the distribution of the benefits. The committee shall place itself in as close communication as possible with other institutions, both official and private, which make provision in case of unemployment, in order to carry out this provision. Art. 12. Each month the committee shall establish the rate of subsidy to be granted in cases of unemployment. If the resources of the fund appear to be insufficient to pro- vide regular unemployment benefits, the committee is authorized to declare that, beginning with the first of the month following their decision, the subsidies shall be reduced or even temporarily withdrawn. Art. 13. The fund shall be dissolved and the committee shall cease to operate- when- ever the assets are exhausted. Art. 14. If a member participating is guilty of a fraud in seeking improperly to obtain benefits he shall lose all right to benefits for 1 year. If it is established that the affiliated association has aided or abetted the guilty per- son, the association shall be deprived during a specified time, not to exceed 1 year, of the benefits of the subsidy. Art. 15. The committee shall in its first sessions adopt rules of order establishing the details of organization, the exact conditions for participation, and the formalities under which benefits will be paid. Art. 16. Each year the committee shall make a report to the municipal council on its activities and the results obtained by the insurance against unemployment. OPERATIONS OF THE SUBSIDY SYSTEMS. THE SUBSIDY SYSTEM OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. The amount appropriated by the National Government in 1905 for subsidies to unemployment funds was 110,000 francs ($20,230), and since then has been 100,000 francs (119,300) annually. These sums CHAPTEB IV, — WOEKMEn's INSUE.A.NCE IN FRANCE. 959 have been distributed among the unemployment funds in proportion to the amounts paid out by the latter. The rate of subsidy is fixed by a decree of the Government; since the inauguration of the system these rates have been as follows : RATE OF SUBSIDY OF THE NATIONAL GOVKRNMF.NT TO THE UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS, 1905 TO 1909. [Source: Bulletin de I'Office du Travail, 1906-1910.) Year. Rate of subsidy to local funds. Rate of subsidy to feder- erated, etc., funds. 1905 Per cent. 16 16 16 20 20 Per cent. 24 1900 24 1907 24 190S 30 1909 30 The following table shows the number of funds, the number of members insured against unemployment, the number of members out of work, the number of days of unemployment for which benefits were paid, the amount of the benefits, the amount of benefits on which the subsidies were granted, and the amount of subsidies: OPERATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SUBSIDY SYSTEM FOR UNEMPLOYMENT FUXDS,1908 [Source: Bulletin de I'Office du Travail, 1909.] Classes ol funds. Semes- ter. Num- ber of funds. Aver- age num- ber of mem- bers. Num- ber of unem- ployed persons. Days of unem- mentfor which benefits were paid. Amount of benefits paid by funds. Benefits included in com- puting subsi- dies. Amount of sub- sidies. Federated funds or funds divided Into sections. Local funds: Trade funds with 100 mem- bers or more. Trade funds with 50 to 100 members, subsidized by the commune or dep.irtment. Funds including more than one industry or occupation with 60 or more memtiers, subsidised bv the commune or department, in cities with less than 50,000 inhabitants. Funds providing travel ben- efits. Funds subsidized under arti- cle 12, section 3. Funds subsidized under arti- cle 23. Funds liaving changed from one class to another during the half year. /First... \Second. /First... Second. First... Second. First... Second. First... .Second. /First... Second. /First... Second. First... Second. 3 3 34 33 15 13 2 3 8 4 3 2 4 6 4 4 16,059 15,096 17,871 17,549 883 850 204 352 357 286 244 683 240 243 1,338 1,769 1,908 1,363 139 124 70 227 556 219 34 35 SI 239 53 67 17,636 20,231 39, 252 28,352 2,560 1,856 924 1,322 81 30 524 4,944 695 804 $8,166 9,876 10, 437 9,179 710 612 300 419 179 90 19 12 178 1,048 193 244 $7,739 9,434 9,109 7,390 710 608 300 419 178 90 19 12 178 877 193 244 $2,322 2,830 1,824 1,480 143 123 60 84 36 18 6 4 .16 176 39 49 (6) 1 (6) 1 8.211 119,210 1 41,062 37,600 t 9,230 a No; repor.ed. 6 A total is not given, as so-uo fu:ids are reported in each semester. 060 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. As already stated, it is the practice to divide the annual appropria- tion in half and spend each part during one of the two 6-nionth periods of each year. Frequently there is great variation in the amount of subsidy granted in the two 6-month periods. The preceding table shows that the greatest amount of the national subsidy is given to the federated funds with more than one section. The next largest amount is that given to local funds with one hundred members or more, this class of funds comprising the highest number of insured persons, and having the largest number of days for which unemployment benefits were paid. The data contained in the preceding table are also shown in the following table classified by the size of the fund: OPERATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SUBSIDY SYSTEM FOR UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS, BY SIZE OF FUND OR KIND OF BENEFIT PROVIDED, 1908. [Source: Bulletin de I'OfBce du Travail, 1909.] Classes of funds. Num- ber of funds. Average number of mem- bers. Number of unem- ployed persons. Days of unemploy- ment for which ben- efits were, paid. Amount of bene- fits paid by funds. Benefits included in com- puting soi)- sidies. Amount of sub- ' sidies. Funds with— 50 to 100 members ... 14 24 2 4 2 6 37 887 5,380 1,174 7,338 16,469 (») 8,325 282 1,727 501 1,285 2,318 536 1,562 5,440 31,908 10,440 24,814 25,878 ^ $1,592 10,318 2,663 10,379 12,983 214 3,513 81,587 7,937 2,591 9,478 12,423 214 3,270 S319 101 to 500 members 501 to 1,000 members 1,001 to 5,000 members More than 5,000 members. . Funds providing travel bene- fits (local funds) 1,592 518 2,507 3,592 45 Funds receiving subsidies for 20,730 657 Total 89 39,573 8,211 119,210 41,662 37,500 9,230 o Not reported. According to the preceding table the total number of funds receiv- ing subsidies during the year 1908 was 89 and the average number of their members during the year was slightly less than 40,000. The largest amount of subsidy was given to the two funds with more than 5,000 members each, though the largest number of days of unemploy- ment for which benefits were paid, occurred in the case of the funds with 100 to 500 members. The total amount of unemployment bene- fits paid out by the 89 organizations during the year 1908 was $41,662; in other words, by expending this amount the funds received a subsidy of $9,230, or about 22 per cent of the expenditure. The industries in which the members of the subsidized unemploy- ment funds were engaged are shown in the following table which gives a summary of the operations of the system for the period of 1905 to 1908 inclusive. CHAPTEE IV. — WOEKMEn's JNSUBANCE IN FEANCE. 961 OPEEATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SUBSIDY SYSTEM FOR UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1905-1908. [Source: Bulletin de I'Offlce du Travail, 1906-1909.] Year. Num- ber ol funds. Average number of mem- bers. Number of unem- ployed persons. Days of unemploy- ment for which ben- efits were paid. Amount of bene- fits paid by funds. Benefits included in com- puting sub- sidies. Amount of sub- sidies. Agriculture, forestry, and fish- ing: 1905 1 205 257 1,120 S210 S216 $35 1906 1907 ::: i 1908 .. 1 65 26 81 •45 40 8 Food products: 1905 1906 1907 1 1 4 3 5 3 2 3 4 4 1 3 3 6 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 5 3 4 2 2 3 7 1 3 3 3 5 6 10 10 2 2 2 1 1 G 6 312 325 11,347 13,810 12, 162 12,334 1,362 733 630 543 338 1,018 1,264 1,554 442 139 252 363 62 113 129 172 7,537 7,203 6,684 5,037 850 937 1,150 1,098 150 361 368 359 1,760 9,675 11,298 9,238 180 174 193 170 (") (') (") 56 69 2,490 4,288 2,198 2,617 642 208 195 186 267 242 391 695 98 73 165 227 17 38 46 38 804 1,722 1,305 902 588 267 627 803 12 262 334 147 91 207 280 260 127 128 105 143 630 740 864 630 700 943 33,155 56,930 36,931 31,026 18,894 4,460 3,200 4,307 4,103 3,119 2,802 7,578 1,450 1,084 3,049 4,411 422 392 631 636 11,323 13,383 8,234 17,199 9,197 4,026 10,492 20,676 163 1,867 2,305 2,033 3,359 5,686 7,106 7,924 1,123 1,504 1,062 1,666 135 214 16,213 26,012 17,561 15,920 6,030 2,828 1,256 1,772 493 625 467 1,161 308 211 1,039 1,496 100 151 246 215 3,286 4,556 3,200 6,669 2,449 1,149 2,785 6,100 63 279 397 472 1,121 2,308 3,113 3,306 335 585 336 646 184 434 216 214 135 214 14,098 24,265 16,834 14,512 2,841 1,306 932 1,066 493 612 467 1,157 231 211 997 1,439 61 151 244 245 2,667 4,547 3,200 6,659 2,004 917 2,491 5,001 63 279 397 472 1,058 1,896 2,464 2,606 335 576 336 545 184 433 216 214 22 1908 . 43 Printing and publishing: 1905 3,306 1906 5,764 1907 3,984 1908 4,300 Hides and leather: 1905 455 1906 206 1907 149 1908 214 Textiles: 1905 79 1906 82 1907 76 1908 " 232 Clothing: 1906 38 1906 S'. 1907 16( 28f Woodworking: 1905 10 1906 2' 1907 3S 1908 4! Metallurgical and metal work- ing: 1905 532 1900 982 63: 1908 1,652 1905 331 147 1907 .' 4O0 1908 1,013 Building and construction: 1905 Ifl 1906 45 64 1908 95 etc.: 170 1906 305 1907 398 1908 524 Funds Including more than one industry: 54 1906 93 54 1908 loa benefits: 29 T S 1908 45 o Not reported. 962 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. OPERATIONS OF THE NATIONAL SUBSIDY SYSTEM FOE UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS, BY-INDUSTKIES, 1905-1908— Concluded. Year. Num- ber of funds. Average number of mem- bers. Number of unem- ployed persons. Days of unemploy- ment for which ben- efits were paid. Amount of bene- fits paid by funds. Benefits included in com- puting sub- sidies. Amount of sub-, sidles. Funds receiving subsidies for one semester only: 1905 22 28 25 37 47 64 68 89 9,449 4,990 4,220 8,325 33,682 39,053 38,562 39,673 622 2,141 575 1,562 6,645 10,322 7,041 8,211 6,391 15,316 6,434 20,730 90,700 107,667 82,011 119,210 12,572 3,130 1,391 3,614. 32,369 42,168 32, 142 41,662 $1,834 2,793 1,253 3,270 26,145 37,885 29,969 37,600 $295 1906 449 1907 206 1908 668 All funds; 1905 5,344 1900 8,202 1907 6,222 1908 9,230 As in other countries, the unions of the printing and pnbhshing trades are conspicuous for the number of persons insured. The industry next in rank is that of commerce, transportation, etc. The printing and pubHshing trades Hkewise show the highest amount of expenditure for unemployment purposes and also receive the largest amount of subsidy. The number of funds affiliated has increased from 47 in 1905 to 89 in 1908; the number of members of these funds, however, has not increased to any great extent. The days for which the unemploy- ment benefits were paid has shown a slight increase and the amount of benefits paid by the funds has increased frona $32,369 to $41,662, or approximately 29 per cent. The amount of national subsidy has increased in proportion with the latter amount, being $5,344 in 1905 as compared with $9,230 in 1908. THE SUBSIDY SYSTEMS OF THE MUNICIPALITIES AND DEPARTMENTS.. The available statistics of operations under the subsidies of the Departments and municipalities relate principally to the years 1905, 1906, and 1907; a preliminary report for the years 1908 to 1910 gives for these years the number of governments (local and departmental) providing unemployment subsidies and the amount of the appro- priation for this purpose. In 1905 there were 110 unemployment funds receiving subsidies, while in 1906 the number was 90. These funds are classed as follows: Trade-union funds Funds of several trade unions. . Funds of labor exchanges Funds of state employees Funds of federations of unions. . Funds of mutual aid societies. . Total 103 1 6 1 75 2 9 1 2 1 90 CHAPTER IV. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 963 The membership of the funds included in, the above data is not known exactly, but 100 of the funds in 1905 had 12,575 members, while 59 of the funds in 1906 had 8,402 members. The amount of the subsidies appropriated by the Departments and the communes in the years 1905 to 1910 is shown in thcfollowing table : AMOUNTS APPROPRIATED FOR SUBSIDIES TO UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS BY DEPART- MENTS AND MUNICIPALITIES, 1905 TO 1910. [Source; Bulletin de I'Offloe du Travail, 1907 and 1910.] Number of cities, etc., granting subsidies and amounts granted in — Cities and Depart- ments. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. Num- ber. Amt. Num- ber. Amt. Num- ber. Amt. Num- ber. Amt. Num- ber. Amt. Num- ber. Amt. Cities having adopted a system ol distri- 7 9 2 $10,036 571 116 11 16 4 $12,055 762 415 ■! $12,912 1,241 415 13 22 5 $15,285 1,222 656 17 25 6 $18,644 1,133 2,422 19 22 8 $18, 624 Other cities 919 Departments 2,480 Total 18 10,723 30 13,232 31 14,568 40 17,163 48 22,199 49 22,023 The appropriations made in 1905 and 1906 were frequently not ex- hausted. The following table shows the amount actually distributed from the appropriations mentioned in the preceding table. SUBSIDIES DISTRIBUTED TO UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS BY DEPARTMENTS AND MUNICIPALITIES IN 1905 AND 1906. [Source: Bulletin de I'Offlce du Travail, 1907.) 1905. 1900. (<■) Cities and Departments. Number of cities or depart- ments. Number of funds. Amount of subsi- dies ex- pended. Number of cities or depart- ments. Number of funds. Amount of subsi- dies ex- pended. Cities having adopted a system ol distribu- tion 6 9 2 100 8 4 $0,280 571 110 9 14 4 fi5 16 13 S5,472 other cities 762 Departments 415 Total 17 6 112 0,967 b 27 94 0,649 ' In computing this^to'ta) the city and department are each included when uniting in making a subsidy. By comparing the two preceding tables it is seen that, in 1905, 65 per cent and, in 1906, 48.7 per cent of the appropriations available were used for the purpose of subsidizing the unemployment funds. In the following three tables is given a brief statement of the operations under the appropriations for unemployment subsidies in the various cities and Departments. 964 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. OPERATIONS OF THE MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDY SYSTEMS: CITIES NOT SPECIFYING THE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION, 1905tol907. [Source: Bulletin de I'Oflice du Travail, 1907.] Cities. Date on whicli ap- propriation was voted. Dateoi payment of first subsidy. Number of funds in- Number of members in— Amount of appro- priation for sub- sidies in— Amount distrib- uted. 1905. 1906. 1905. 1906. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1905. 1906. 1903 1906 Nov., 1905 1906 June, 1906. 1896 1896 1904 1904 1906 Feb., 1905. 1905 1906 4 2 2 2 1 5 30 11 1 'i,'8B6" 719 4,379 3,248 1,282 62 62 1,860 m 1,282 196 ""386' 772 2,316 4,825 1,544 $193 96 96 39 193 869 3,524 4,825 1,544 579 96 $193 96 96 39 193 965 3,474 4,825 1,544 579 97 $95 "'86' 772 2,316 2,764 256 'W $73 65 Chalons-sur-Marne 1906. . . 20 1906 39 Ctierbourg Dijon 1905 1897 1897 1905 1904 Aug., 1906. 5 15 37 28 11 165 1 733 Lyons 3,029 Reims 323 25 Tarbes 97 (d) Total 100 65 11,488 6,515 10,036 12,054 12, 101 6,279 5,472 a Not reported. !> No distribution was made in 1906. c There was no application lor the subsidy in 1905 and 190S. "* No distribution made. OPERATIONS OF THE MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDY SYSTEMS: CITIES SPECIFYING THE METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION, 1905 to 1907. [Source: Bulletin de I'Offlce du Travail, 1907.] Cities. I>ate on which the subsidy was — Authorized. Paid for th« first time. Number of— Funds sub- sidized in— Mem- bers in 1906. Amount of s,absid>es granted in— (<■) 1905. 1906. 1907. Remarl^s. Agen Alais(i>). Albert... Asniferes . Castres.. Ganges. . Issoudun Lunel Macon MontluQon Narbonne (<*) Neuville-sur-Saone Eoanne La Roche Sur-Yon. Saint Junien... Vierzon Ville... Vierzon-village. Nov., 1905 1906 Nov., 1904 Sept., 1904 Dee., 1905 1906 1897 1904 1904 1900 1903 1906 May, 1905 1906 Nov., 1905 I- 1904 1906 1905 1905 1906 1906 1898 1904 1904 1907 1904 1907 1905 1906 1906 1904 107 360 186 220 $57. 90 meo" 96.50 38.60 57.90 'i7."37' 19.30 96.50 96.60 11.58 96.50 96.50 11.58 347 200 (<=) t i.") 98.50 96.50 96. 50 38.60 96.50 28.95 28.95 38.60 38.60 $57. 90 96.50 38. 60 57.90 17.37 19.30 96.50 96.50 11.58 19.30 96.50 38.60 96.50 28.95 28.95 38.60 38.60 1 exchange and 1 mu- tual aid society. 1 exchange. 1 fund of more than one occupation. 1 union fund. 3 union funds. 1 fund of more than one occupation. 1 union of societies. 1 imion fund. 1 union fund. 1 union fund. 1 union fund. 1 exctmnge. Federation of socie- ties. Union of societies. \\. exchange. Total. . 16 (=) 571.28 762.35 878.15 o All subsidies granted in 1905 and 190ii were distributed. 6 This fund received in addition $9.65 from the Department. cNot reported. d This fund received ia addition $19.30 from the Department. CHAPTEE IV.— workmen's INSURANCE IN FRANCE. 965 OPEKATIONS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT SUBSIDY SYSTEMS OF DEPARTMENTS, 1905-1907. [Source: Bulletin de I'Oflice du Travail, 1907.] Departimmt. Date on which the subsidy was— Number of — -Amount of subsidies granted in- Author- ized. Paid for the first time. Funds subsi- dized in— Mem- bers in 1906. 1905. 1906. 1907. Remarks. 190S. 1906. Aude 1903 1903 1906 1906 1904 1903 1906 1906 1 3 1 3 1 8 347 (a) C) 817 519. 30 96.50 S19. 30 96.50 9.65 289.50 319. 30 96.50 9.05 289.50 Fund of more than 1 asso- ciation of Narbonne. 3 exchanges. 1 exchange. a.ssociation funds and 2 exchanges. Cher Card Loire Total... 64 cl3 iil,lf.4 115. SO 414. 95 414 95 oNot reported. 6 Of which 2 received subsidies from thecommunes. c Of which 4 received subsidies from the communes. i Of which 347 were members of a fund receiving a subsidy from a commune. Information is supplied as to the industries in which the trade union unemployment funds were operated in the case of the cities which specify the manner in which the subsidy must be distributed. The data are shown in the following table : NUMBER OF FUNDS, MEMBERSHIP, AND SUBSIDY RECEWED BY UNEMPLOYMENT FUNDS OF TRADE UNIONS IN CITIES SPECIFYING THE M.VNNER IN WHICH THE SUBSIDY MUST BE DISTRIBUTED, 1905 AND 190D. [S ource: Bulletin de POffice du Travail ISO".] Industry. 1905. 1900.( Endowment paid in for officials' pension, widow and orphan fund. o The workmen's pension, etc., fund receives annually li per cent of total wages out of the profits of the company. In 1903 there were no profits, consequently no contribution by the firm to this fund. d Compulsory contribution per workman by the insured persons. It is stated that in 1908 the company employed 1,750 persons, con- sisting of 1,630 workmen and 120 establishment officials and office employees. The first column of the preceding table shows the average earnings per workman during the period included in the table, while the columns headed "compulsory contributions" show the amounts paid per workman by the firm in compliance with the terms of the law. During the period in question the compulsory contribu- tions for sickness have shown a constant tendency to increase, and in the year 1908 were about 49 per cent higher than they were in 1885. The compulsory contributions for old age and invahdity insurance show a tendency to remain stationary, except in the last few 3'ears. As was to be expected, the expenses for compulsory accident insuranc have fluctuated considerably and since 1900, the date of the enact- ment of the new law, have been much higher than during the preceding period. Altogether the three branches of insurance called for com- lOflQ /^-P "3 1 1 T-^£jf» nctrxt -\f irta ^i-Qfr/iC! /^f +ni: 1014 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. tions of the workmen are given for the year 1908 only, but for the other years can be computed from the compulsory contributions of the employer. An interesting feature of the table is the extent to which the firm voluntarily adds to the insurance features; the welfare department of the company which makes systematic provision for savings, for first aid to the injured, for confinement relief, for milk and house- building loans, etc., in 1908 received from the company contributions amounting to 2.80 per cent of the wages. An unofficial study by Fabrikdirektor Greissl, published in the Jahrbuch ftir Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaf t, presents some extracts from the accounts of a number of corporations show- ing the relation of the costs of insurance to the capital invested and the net profits. Unfortunately the data are given for accident, sick- ness, invalidity, and old age together without separating the items. The following table presents these facts : EELATION OF EXPENDITURES FOR WORKMEN'S INSURANCE TO CAPITAL INVESTED AND TO PROFITS, FOR SELECTED ESTABLISHMENTS. [Source: Greissl— Untersuchung iiber die Belastung der Deutschen Industrie durch die Arbeiter-Versiche- rungsgesetzgebung. Jahrbuch fur Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft, vol. 23, p. 130.] Capital invested. Net profits. Expenditures for accident, sick- ness, invalidity, and old age insurance. Amount. Per cent of capital invested. Amount. Per cent of net profit. Per cent of capital Invested. Street railway, 1896-97 81,504,160 3,474,800 2,393,328 1,376,640 684,726 1,547,000 16,660,000 11,424,000 $185,640 142,800 454,818 142,800 40,460 285,600 1, 032, 920 809,200 449, 106 756,840 41,650 12.30 4.11 19.00 10.40 6.00 18.40 6.20 7.08 17,735.00 4,379.20 4.2 3.6 4.0 5.0 7.0 10.5 14.3 12.9 4.0 11.6 3.9 0.60 .13 .75 .60 .38 1.94 .88 1.00 Branch railway, 1896 Brewery No. 1, 1896-97 Brewery No. 2, 1896-97 Brewery No. 3, 1896-97 Coal mine No. 1, 1896 29, 988. 00 147,560.00 114,240.00 18,254.60 88,060.00 1,618.40 Coal mine No. 2, 1897 Mining and smelting plant No. 1, 1896-97 Smelting plant, 1896-97 Mining and smelting plant No. 1, 1896-97 6,426,000 342,720 11.80 12.15 1.37 .47 Cement works, 1896 According to the preceding table the expenditures for all three branches of the insurance fluctuate considerably for the different establishments. As compared with the capital invested the branch railway establishment expended 0.13 per cent, while the coal mine designated as No. 1 expended 1 .94 per cent of the capital invested, with the other establishments ranging between these two. As compared with profits the expenditures also show wide variations; the branch railway expended 3.6 per cent of its profits, while the establishment designated as coal mine No. 2 expended 14.3 per cent of its profits. While the above instances are of considerable interest as showing actual expenditures made for purposes of insurance, so many factors CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1015 must be considered in discussing the cost of the insurance to the industry that only the total expenditures as compared with the wages of the total number of persons employed for that industry furnish a reliable index of the cost of the insurance. Financial Organization. The means for providing the compensation and defraying the expenses of administration are secured from assessments on employ- ers. The assessments are annually proportioned to the amount of salaries and wages paid by each firm, modified by the risk rates estab- lished by the rules of each accident association for the establishments composing it. In case the salary or wages of an employee exceeds 1,500 marks ($357), only one-third of the excess of that amount is considered in computing the assessments; the rules of the associa- tion, however, can require that the assessments be based on the full amounts paid for wages and salaries. For establishments which regularly employ less than 5 persons the association can establish a lump sum payment or a uniform minimum payment, but such uniform minimum payment may not exceed 4 marks (95.2 cents) per annum. The associations are specifically prohibited from devoting any of the proceeds of the assessments or any of the association's assets to any purpose except the formation of a reserve fund, the payment of the benefits specified in the law, the prevention of accidents, defray- ing the necessary expenses of administration, the payment of pre- miums for the rescue of injured persons, and, with the consent of the imperial insurance office, for the establishment of institutions for the treatment and care of injured persons. THE RESERVE FUND. Each association is required to establish a reserve fund. The money for this purpose is secured as follows: The first annual assess- ment made on its members by an association for compensation pay- ments (i. e., excluding costs of administration) has added to it a supplementary charge of 300 per cent, the second of 200 per cent, the third of 150 per cent, the fourth of 100 per cent, the fifth of 80 per cent, the sixth of 60 per cent, and then a reduction of 10 per cent annually until the eleventh year is reached, when the supplementary charge will be 10 per cent. After this point the supplementary charge is made as a percentage of the amount in the reserve fund. For 3 years it is 10 per cent of the reserve fund; for each succeeding 3 years it is 1 per cent less, until the rate of 4 per cent is reached. The interest arising from the reserve fund is to be deducted in making this addi- +^/->T> /on« or.+ i/>lo "^J. nf flio loTv^ TViiis if t.Vifi flTnniirif f.n Vi« o rlrl Afl f n f Vi A 1016 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIOH'EB OF LABOB. tlien $8,000 is the charge. For an accident association which had been in existence 1 1 years or more in 1900 the additions to the reserve would be as follows : 1901 to 1903 10 per cent of the existing reserve. 1904 to 1906 9 per cent of the existing reserve. 1907 to 1909 8 per cent of the existing reserve. 1910 to 1912 7 per cent of the existing reserve. 1913 to 1915 6 per cent of the existing reserve. 1916 to 1918 5 per cent of the existing reserve. 1319 to 1921 4 per cent of the existing reserve. After the supplementary charge of 4 per cent has been reached — in the above example, after the year 1921 — the interest produced by the reserve fund may be used to offset the increase in the average annual expenditure per insured person. For instance, if the average annual expenditure in 1922 is 16.50 marks ($3.93) per insured person, the interest from the reserve may be used to prevent this rate from increasing in the years following. The unused balance of the interest is to be added to the reserve fund. In case of necessity the association, by previously securing the consent of the imperial insurance ofRce, can make use of the interest on the reserve and even draw upon the reserve fund itself. The imperial insurance office will then direct what measures shall be taken to restore the reserve. On the recommendation of its board of directors each association can at any time make an additional increase to its reserve fund after securing the sanction of the imperial insurance office. The System of Eisk Tariffs. The general meeting, the board of directors, or a special committee appointed for this purpose is required to take measures to classify the establishments insured according to their grade of risk, and to establish a schedule of charges corresponding to the risk classes. These schedules must be approved by the imperial insurance office before being put into operation. Any establishment which objects to its rating is entitled to an appeal to the insurance office if made within 2 weeks. The risk classification and schedule of charges must be revised not later than 2 years after its initial compilation, and after that must be revised at least every 5 years. In the revision careful account must be taken of the accidents which have occurred in the various estab- lishments and the results compared with the previous classification of risks. The' proprietor has the same right of appeal as in the original classification. Each association may prescribe in its constitution that up to 75- per cent of the expenditures for compensation shall be paid by the local section within whose limits the accident has occurred. Within CHAPTER V, — workmen's mSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1017 the limits of each section the assessments, of course, are based on the rates for the risk classes as already mentioned and on the pay roll. According to article 49 of the law each accident association must adopt a system of classification of establishments according to the risk connected with each and to regulate the amount of contributions paid by the establishments in proportion to these risk ratings. The implied principle in this rule is that each establishment is to be taxed according to its risk of accident. Theoretically it is possible to apply to each establishment a rate which would give the actual risk of accident in that establishment and charge only for such acci- dents; such a principle would, however, be opposed to the plan of mutual insurance and in practice is not possible to obtain, because such an accurate determination of the risk of accident in any one establishment can not be made. As a matter of fact, the only measure of accident risk which is available is the number of accidents which have actually occurred in an establishment. In practice acci- dents have their origin in causes quite different from those suggested by the nature of the establishment; besides, an establishment in which no accident whatever had taken place in the preceding year can not have its risk rating given as zero, just as an establishment in which it happened that a catastrophe costing many lives occurred can not be taxed at a rate to cover the cost. The basis of the risk rating is the average risk of accidents in establishments of the same kind. These risk ratings, together with the amounts of dues to be paid by establishments in them, compose the risk tariff. Such risk tariffs have been established for all the industrial acci- dent associations, but, owing to special conditions prevailing in the navigation and agricultural industries, risk tariffs either have not been used at all or been used only to a slight extent. According to Prof. Konrad Hartmann of the imperial insurance office, to estab- lish a numerical expression of the risk of accident in any industry or occupation two factors must be considered. First, the number of accidents, and, second, the results of the accidents. In a circular letter of the imperial insurance office of 1889 the cost of accidents under the German system of benefits is estimated as being in the following proportions : Accidenta resulting fatally are to be counted 10 Accidents resulting in permanent total disability are to be counted 30 Accidenta resulting in permanent partial disability are to be counted 15 Accidenta resulting in temporary disability are to be counted 1 These numbers mean that on an average an accident resulting in permanent total disability will cause the accident associrtions thirty times as much expense as an accident resulting in temporary disability. In comnuting an accident tariff the gross number of workmen 1018 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OP LABOR. trustworthy results, and for this reason an abstract workman, called a "full-time workman," is used. Thus, if there are two establishments each employing 1,000 workmen at approximately the same rates of wages, one of which, however, is in operation only 150 days during the year, while the other is in operation 300 days during the year, it is obvious that the accident risk of one will be twice as much as that of the other. The accident insurance associations are therefore required in computing their rates to reduce the number of actual workmen to "full-time workmen," such a workman being one who is employed 300 days per annum. The imperial insurance office in the circular of 1889 gives an example of the computation of accident- risk numbers for selected textile industries. COMPUTATION OF ACCIDENT RISK NUMBERS FOR SELECTED TEXTILE INDUSTRIES FOE THE PERIOD 1885 TO 1893. [Source: Prof. IC. Hartmann, Das Gefahrentarifwesen, 1900, page ID.] Branch of industry. Full-time workmen in the period Oct. 1, 1885, to Dec. 31, 1893. Number of persons to whom compensation was paid in the period because of injuries causing— Death. Total perma- nent disa- bility. Partial permar nent disa- bility. Tem- porary disa- bility. Accident risk number. Accident risk number per 1,000 full-time workers. Hand weaving Knitting, embroidering, manufacture of stockings and gloves (using power) . . Weaving of all kmds, but not including spinning, dyeing, etc. (using power). Woolen weaving, including spinning, bleaching, dyeing, etc. (using power) . Woolen spmmng, including yarn mak- ing, bundling, etc. (using power) Cotton spinning, including yarn mak- ing, etc. (using power) Artificial wool (mungo, shoddy) . 49,727 139, 554 938f782 525, 791 209, 257 346,502 11,018 1 10 71 114 72 14 58 886 1,030 652 1,187 75 195 276 109 196 16 223 1,038 15,605 18, 0C6 10,909 19, 521 1,301 4.48 7.44 16.69 34.36 52.42 56.33 118. 08 In making up computations of the kind shown in the preceding table the accident associations were required by the imperial insurance office to use as long a period of time as possible. In the first instance given in the preceding table, that of hand weaving, there were for instance 1 fatal accident, 14 partial permanent disabilities and 3 temporary disabilities. Computing these on the proportions already stated we have 1 multipUed by 10 for the fatal accident, plus 14 mul- tiplied by 15 for the partial permanent disability, plus 3 multiplied by 1 for the temporary disability, or together 223. The figure 223 divided by the number of full-time workmen, 49,727, gives a risk rating for this occupation of 4.48. In the last illustration, that of artificial wool making, the computation is as follows: Thirteen fatal accidents multiplied by 10, plus 1 total permanent disability multi- plied by 30, plus 75 partial permanent disabilities multiplied by 15, CHAPTEB V. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEEMANY. 1019 plus 16 temporary disabilities multiplied by 1, gives a total of 1,301. This divided by the number of full-time workmen, 11,018, gives a risk number of 118.08. In actual practice practically all of the associations have adopted the plan of rounding off these accident numbers on a basis of certain arbitrary figures; thus, for instance, if 10 is taken as the risk number for hand weaving, then for artificial wool making the rounded off risk number would be 118.08 divided by 4.48 multiplied by 10 or 263.5. In practice this number would he placed on the risk tariff as 260. The procedure just described may be designated as that of com- paring the number of full-time workmen and the number of acci- dents with the costs of the accidents. The objections to the plan just described arise from the fact that risk numbers determined by this method do not give an accurate statement of the result of the accidents. For most industries the risk numbers were obtained from the accident statistics compiled from the report of the investi- gation of 1881 and these figures did not make allowance for the different conditions existing in the various industries combined into accident associations. Difficulty was also met in finding the number of full-time workmen in many branches of industry, in fact there were some branches in which at first it was impossible to find this number. These objections could not be met until the insurance system had been in operation for a number of years and had shown by experience what the actual number of accidents to be compensated would be. In the year 1896 the imperial insurance office recommended a dif- ferent plan of computing the accident risk number which is based on the wages paid in the industry. The 1896 plan is that of ascer- taining the amount of expense caused by accidents in the various branches of industry, and at each period a new expense tariff is drawn up revising the old tariff on the basis of the expense caused by accidents in the preceding period. Thus at any time when the risk tariffs are to be revised the records will show the amount paid out per annum in preceding years and for the coming years it would only be necessary to assess the average amoimt arising in the past years together with the capitalized value of the pensions still current. For computing the capitalized value of pensions for the survivors of persons killed by accidents the imperial insurance office has pub- lished a tariff which is reproduced on pages 1069 to 1071, and which is based on material which can be used for all industries although the tariff was intended more particularly for the building trades. A simpler method, however, has been worked out in order to avoid the ri;fflr.iilfir nf pommitinp' the canitalized value of nensions. The 1020 EEPOBT OF THE COffinVHSSIONEK OF LABOK. imperial insurance office and a number of the accident associations have made computations which show the accident numbers for industries where large amounts of wages have been paid 8.nd which give practically the same result as if the capitalized value of the pensions had been used in the computation. The procedure consists of comparing the amounts paid for compensation with the wages paid, the computation being made for groups of industries in which there are large numbers of persons and large sums of wages involved. This method is, of course, more crude than that of including the capitalized value of the current pensions but is sufficient for the purpose at hand. Practically all of the accident associations, except that of the chemical industries, now use the crude method. At present, therefore, the method in use consists in simply finding the average expenditure of previous years and assessing that amomit for the coming period. The imperial insurance office requires the associations, unless special reasons exist to the con- trary, to use all of the data collected from the beginning of the insurance up to the next to the last year of the tariff period about to expire. As long as the computation is based on amounts of wages and amounts of compensation which are large enough to eliminate special occurrences due to unusual events, this cruder method is ample for securing a workable risk tariff. The imperial insurance office indicates ,5,000,000 marks ($1,190,000) as the amount of wages paid in the previous years which must be included in such a computation. As an illustration of the method of finding this proved risk number the following table shows for certain branches of the building industry the data for the period 1885 to 1896. / WAGES AND COMPENSATION PAID, WITH COMPUTED RISK NUMBER FOR SELECTED BUILDING TRADES 1885 TO 1896. [Source: Prof. K. Hartmann, Das Gefahrentarifwesen, 1900.] Branch of industry. Wages paid from 1885 to 1896. Accident compen- Accident sation compensa- paid per tion paid fro J) 1,000 1885 to 1896. marlcs of wages (marks). $8,409 1.62 24,885 2.18 276,452 3.45 118,577 4.76 10,426 13.59 154, 924 4.77 2,865,684 7.60 720,638 9.78 1,321,920 9.62 73,930 17.38 399, 135 18.94 72,840 63.15 Com- puted accident risk number. Paper flanging Stove setting Painting Housesmittiing Looksmitfiing Stonecutting Masonry Building contracting . . Carpentering Well digging Hoofing, etc Demolition of buildings $5,195,604 11,402,292 80,228,128 23, 844, 416 767, 266 32, 454, 966 376,967,396 73,690,201 137,363,418 4,253,465 21,076,823 1,153,481 1.07 1.43 2.27 3.13 8.94 3.14 5.00 6.44 6.33 11.43 12.46 41.55 CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1021 The second column of the preceding table shows the amounts of wages paid during the period in question, the third column the amounts expended for compensation and accidents under the law, the fourth column gives the percentage ratio of the compensation to the wages, and tlie last column shows the risk number for the branch of industry. Thus in the preceding table it is shown that for masons 7.60 marks per 1,000 marks of wages are paid for compensa- tion, while for roofers 18.94 marks per 1,000 marks of wages are paid; if, now, the rate for masons is to be taken as 5, then the rate for roofers is 18.94 divided by 7.60 and multiplied by 5, or 12.46. In actual practice round numbers are used instead of numbers such as those given in the table. In order to ascertain the tendency of accidents in various industries special computations are frequently made for the last year or for the last five years as far as the data permit in order to ascertain whether the risk in various branches of industry has changed mate- rially. The introduction of new methods of work, the use of new inventions, or other reasons may change the risk of an industry to such a degree that the data for the previous years may no longer be trustworthy sources for obtaining data on which to compute risk ratings and risk tariffs. Instead of using the branch of industry it is possible to compute a risk number on the basis of the occupation; the number of persons employed in a specific occupation are grouped together, their wages and the compensation for accidents to persons in this group are com- puted and the risk number deduced therefrom. Thus, for instance, in machinery factories the iron turners VvOidd have a certain rating, the other occupations would be computed in the same way, and the ratings for the whole establishment made up on the basis of the num- ber of persons in the different occupations employed in it. Expe- rience has shown that computations of risk ratings on the persons employed in the different operations are too complicated for use, and especially because in small establishments each workman is apt to be engaged in several occupations. Several accident associations which had adopted this method have been compelled to give it up because of the difficulties in carrying it into practice. After the risk rating has been determined the risk tariff is then made up for the various branches of industry or occupations included in the accident association. The following tabic gives an example of a risk tariff used by the accident association for the glass industries. 1022 KEPOBT OF THK COMMISSIONEE OF lABOK. RISK TARIFF OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE GLASS INDUSTRIES. [Source: Prof. K. Hartmann, Das Gcfahrentarifwesen, 1900.] I. -BUMMAEY. Risk class. Risk number. Risk class. Risk number. A 5 10 lo D 20 B E ". 30 C F 60 II. Distribution of Establishments in the Vakious Risk Classes. Num- ber. Risk class and branch of industry. Risk number. 13 20 JRisk Class A. Factories for making'glass pearls Factories for working up glass but not including grinding, etching, or glass cutting with sand blast Artificial glass flowers and glass fruits Thermometerlactories G lass-pressing works G lass refineries : Art glass works Glass painting, excepting No. 17 below JRisk Class B. All other factories not included in the preceding Manufacture of hollow glassware Grinding of hollow glassware Etching of mirror and plate glass RisTi Class C. Manufacture of green glass Risk Class J). Manufacture of mirror or polished mirror glass .- Grinding of mirror and of plate glass Polishing works Painting and decorating with metal of mirror and plate glass Sand-blast work on mirror and plate glass Risk Class E. Manufacture of plate and of window glass Risk Class F. Manufacture of cast or unpolished mirror glass 15 30 50 Most of the risk tariffs have special provisions or explanations attached to them applying to special conditions which may occur in the industry. In the risk tariff of the accident association for glass industries it is specified that the tariff applies to establishments using steam or other power, and that if no such power is used in the plant the ratings are to be reduced one-half. As a rule the risk tariffs are prepared by committees of the boards of directors and must be submitted to the general meeting of the accident association for adoption. After a tariff has been adopted by the general meeting of the association it must be submitted to the imperial insurance office for approval, though accident associa- tions which are subject only to the jurisdiction of state insurance CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1023 offices submit proposed tariffs to the last-named bodies. All risk tariffs must be revised every five years and new tariffs must come into force on the 1st of January of the year to which they apply. No tariff may be made retroactive. After a tariff has been adopted a classification of the establish- ments in the various classes of the tariff follows. This is done by sending to each establishment affiliated with the accident association a schedule of questions relating to the make-up of the establishment. The following questions, for instance, were used by the accident association of the food-products industries in such an inquiry: Schedule for the Classification op Establishments into Risk Classes. 1. (a) Name of the establishment or firm. (6) Location. (c) Director of the establishment. 2. (a) Is the establishment located at the headquarters of the firm? (6) If not, where? 3. What is the principal product, work, etc., of the establishment? 4. If in addition to the principal work of the establishment just mentioned there are accessory or subsidiary works, specify. 5. (a) Is the work in the establishment "hand work" only? (6) What kind of machinery, tools, and apparatus are used which are operated by hand only (i. e., not using power of any kind)? (c) Are all the protective devices prescribed by the rules for the prevention of accidents in full use? 6. (a) What kind of power is used in driving the machinery (wind, water, gas, steam, electricity, animals)? For how many years has this class of power been used? (5) Whatkindof machinery and how many machines of each kind are run bypower? (c) Are all the protective devices prescribed by the rules for the prevention of accidents in full use? 7. (a) Whatis the average number of workmen employed: 1. On the power machinery; 2. In hand work? (6) How many of this number are employed in the principal work of the establish- ment and how many in the subsidiary work? (c) Are the workmen in the two parts of the establishment employed interchange- ably so that it is not possible to classify them separately? 8. Is your subsidiary establishment affiliated with another accident association, and if so, specify? 9. Are the rules for the prevention of accidents of this association displayed in conspicuous places throughout the establishment? If a member of an accident association fails to make out one of these schedules the board of directors of the association is author- ized to ascertain the facts at the expense of the defaulting employer. Employers who furnish unsatisfactory or incomplete answers arc to be fined by the board of directors. In placing an establishment in any class of the tariff the board of directors must also consider the proper deductions or supplementary charges to be made to the tariff. After the decision has been made, 1024 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. two weeks in which to make protest against such rating to the imperial insurance office in Berlin though he may appeal directly to the board of directors instead of the imperial office without thereby losing his right of appeal to the latter. The employer may protest against his rating only but not against the risk tariff itseK. After the ratings have been finally determined the assessment on the individual estab- lishments is made as described above. General Administration. The machinery for administering the insurance consists principally of the following institutions: The mutual trade associations for acci- dent insurance (Berufsgenossenscliaften) , the administrative officials of the governments (imperial, state, local, etc.), the insurance courts, the imperial insurance office, and a number of state insurance offices. THE mutual accident INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOXEES. The most important of these institutions are the mutual accident insurance associations composed of employers; these accident asso- ciations are corporations with all the legal rights of persons and are intrusted with the work of carrying the compulsory accident insur- ance into effect, subject to the supervision of the government insur- ance offices. The employers in the various industries are organized into these accident associations, covering either all of the empire or definite parts of it; for most industries the accident associations cover the whole empire, only the associations for the following indus- tries being divided territorially: Iron and other metals, textiles, wood, and the building trades. In all, there are 66 associations for the industrial, and 48 for the agricultural establishments covered by the law. As the name impHes, tlie insurance is conducted on the mutual plan; the benefits described elsewhere are paid to the workmen, etc., and later assessed on the members of the association according to a pre- scribed plan. In case a firm carries on several distinct lines of busi- ness, the establishment is classed according to the principal industry. Each association regulates its business by a constitution ratified by a general meeting of the members. This constitution must prescribe the name and location of the association; the organization and scope of its activities ; the method of calling meetings and of the rules of procedure ; the voting powers of members and the method of verifica- tion of credentials; the procedure to be followed by the officials of the association in classifying the establishments for the various risk classes; the procedure to be followed in case of changes in the establish- ment, as well as in the person of the proprietor; the procedure in closing up an establishment, especially in regard to securing the CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1025 payments of the assessments of proprietors who go out of business; the per diem allowances to be made to representatives of the work- men; the examination and approval of the accounts; the powers of the association in regard to issuing rules for the prevention of acci- dents and for the inspection of the establishments ; the requirements for amending the constitution; the procedure to be observed by employers on becoming members and on resigning membership, as well as that to be followed in computing the annual wage payments and fixing the amounts of the insurance for each establishment. The constitution may prescribe that the general meeting of the association shall be composed of representatives, that the association shall be divided into distinct local sections, and that trustees shall be installed to act as local managers of these sections. The constitution of the accident association must be approved by the imperial insurance office before it goes into effect, though in case of disapproval, the association may appeal to the Federal Council. The administration of the association is intrusted to the board of directors, except in so far as the insurance law or the constitution of the association reserves special matters for the action of the general meeting or for certain officials. The general meeting, however, must reserve to itself the election of the members of the board of directors, the amendment of the constitution, and if not placed in the hands of a special committee, the examination and approval of the annual financial statement. AU members entitled to vote at the general meeting are eligible to election to the board of directors, but persons who are disqualified to serve as jurors in the courts of the empire are not eligible for election to the board. Any member elected to the board may refuse to serve only when the reasons therefor are satisfactory to the board. A fine of 500 marks ($119) may be imposed as penalty for such refusal. In general, the members of the board of directors and the trustees serve without salary, though the constitution may provide that com- pensation for loss of time may be granted; such allowances must always be approved by the imperial insurance office. Traveling expenses must be reimbursed on a fixed basis. Article 23 of the law of 1900 authorizes the accident associations to create special subsidiary institutions to provide employers liability insurance for their members. Membership in such special organiza- tions must be voluntary; the amount of any policy for Hability under the accident insurance law may not cover more than two-thirds of the liabihty, and all operations of such special organizations must be supervised by the imperial insurance office. At the present time 8 ' ii_ 1 -._,.) o ir. Jiiri+T^irt 1 /nrlooo onrl /snnririiiaTiTKy^ nppirlonf n ecru. 1026 EEPOET or THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. The different associations are permitted, with the consent of the imperial insurance office, to form organizations for the purpose of carrying out special plans. Under similar conditions, the associa- tions may transfer parts of their membership from one association to another, or a part of one association may separate itself in order to form a distinct and independent association. The arrangements for the transfer of reserves, claims, and liabilities must have, the sanc- tion of the imperial insurance office. In case an association is unable to fulfill its obligations, the upper house of the imperial parliament may, on the recommendation of the imperial insurance office, dissolve the association. The establishments composing it shall, after a hear- ing, be placed in other associations. All the property and obliga- tions of the dissolved association shall be assumed by the Empire unless this function has been expressly assumed by the federated state in which the association was located. When an establishment starts operations, or when it is included under the obligation to insure, a notice must be given to the lower administrative officials, informing them of the products made, gen- eral characteristics of the establishment, number of persons insured, and date of beginning operations. The board of directors of the association is required to keep a register of each establishment in the association. The undertaker of each establishment must inform the board of all changes which take place in the establishment which may affect its standing with the association. The most important feature of this plan of organization is that the employers manage their own insurance; private accident-insurance companies are excluded from this business, and are not even allowed to compete with the employers' accident associations. The report of the parliamentary commission of 1884 gives at some length the rea- sons for this policy. Having decided that accident compensation should be paid in the form of annuities, the question of absolute security becomes paramount; at any time, the report states, a great accident might force a private company into bankruptcy, thus throwing upon charitable agencies both the victims of that accident and all persons then upon the company's annuity roU; neither could government regulation of the private insurance companies prevent them, in certain cases, from deteriorating rapidly. The report also calls attention to the tendency of insurance by contract with private companies to lay undue stress on legal technicalities and to force the parties claiming insurance benefits to have recourse to the courts. There is also a tendency for private insurance companies to seek only the good risks, so that the poor risks would find it difficult to obtain a reasonable rate under such a system. The reasons for not allowing the private companies to compete with the accident associations 1 '. '. ] " '~'" ' ":: CHAPTER V.^WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1027 during the first few years would endeavor to insure the largest possi- ble amount of business by underbidding the accident associations, with the hope of later making up the loss by raising the rates; they would of course be able to get the good risks without any trouble. Serious complications would also arise in connection with the regula- tions for the prevention of accidents, as there would necessarily be a great difference in the methods used by the private companies and by the government accident associations. As the accident associations form such an important part of the German system of insurance, the following translation of the consti- tution of a representative association is given to show the organiza- tion and method of operation of these institutions. CONSTITUTION OF THE EMPLOYERS' MUTUAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE EXPRESS AND STORAGE INDUSTRIES (lAGEREI-BERUPSGENOSSENSCHAPT). Article 1. [Gives the name and headquarters of the association.] Art. 2. The area covered by this mutual trades association is that of the entire territory of the Empire. It includes the following establishments: (1) Establish- ments engaged in storage, as well as establishments engaged in the transportation of persons or property on land, if such establishments are affiliated with a commercial undertaking the proprietor of which ia registered in the commercial register; (2) establishments engaged in the business of storage, warehousing, and cellarage; (3) establishments engaged in expressage and transportation; (4) establishments engaged in the loading of goods; (5) establishments engaged in the packing of goods, assorting, weighing, gauging, etc. Art. 3. The association is divided into nine sections as follows: * * * Art. 4. For each section "district agents" (Vertrauensmdnner) and substitutes for the same are to be appointed as local representatives of the association. Art. 5. The business of the mutual accident association will be administered in accordance with the laws and this constitution by the general meeting of the assoc'ia- tion, by the board of directors of the association, by the meeting of the sections, by the board of directors of the sections, and by the district agents. Art. 6. The general meeting consists of all the members of the association. Art. 7. The duties of the general meeting consist especially of: (1) The election of members of the board of directors of the association and their substitutes; (2) deci- sions in regard to changing the composition, of the association and the effect thereof on its property, according to articles 52 and 53 of the law; (3) decisions in regard to amending the constitution; (4) making agreements with other associations for the carrying of risks, as specified in article 51 of the law; (5) decisions in regard to drawing up the risk tariff as well as in regard to retaining or changing the same, subject to the right of the association to transfer this decision to the board of directors; (6) deci- sions in regard to whether under article 49, paragraph 6, of the law, supplementary charges or rebates are to be made to individual employers; (7) decisions in regard to additional payments into the reserve fund; (8) decisions on issuing of rules for the prevention of accidents, including the supervision of establishments; (9) drawing up the budget for the administrative expenses of the association as well as the auditing and approval of ihe annual balance sheet and the election of a committee consisting of three members for the purpose of auditing in advance; (10) decisions in regard to resolutions offered by members of the association; (11) the discussion and decision . i„,-j i,„f„ 1028 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. premiums for the rescue of injured persons and for the prevention of accidents; (13) decisions in regard to general rules for the supervision of sick persons undergoing medical treatment and of persons in receipt of pensions; (14) decisions in regard to the investment and administration of the reserve fund and in regard to the safe-keeping of the securities and moneys composing the same; (15) drawing up the rules of service for the officials of the association in accordance with article 48, paragraph 1, of the law; (1ft) decisions as to purchasing, selling, or mortgaging parcels of ground belonging to the, association, in so far as the board of directors, according to its best judgment, does not consider there is risk in the operation. Art. 8. The general meeting is called together by the board of directors by giving notice not less than four weeks in advance in the Eeichsanzeiger, stating the object of the meeting. The boards of directors of the sections must then notify the indi- vidual members at least two weeks before the date of the meeting. Every meeting called in this manner has power to conduct business without regard to the number of members in attendance. A reguar general meeting must be held annually not later than the month of June. The annual accounts presented to this meeting for auditing and approval must be audited in advance by a committee consisting of three members of the association. This committee must at each regular general meeting be elected in advance for the following year, in accordance with article 12. For each member of the committee an alternate must also be elected. Extraordinary general meetings shall be called by the board of directors when- ever necessary for the interests of the association. A general meeting must be held within three weeks under the following condi- tions: If snmmoned by the imperial insurance office, or if demanded by the boards of directors of four sections, or if demanded in writing, with a statement of the object of the meeting, by members who have at least the twentieth part of the wage roll used in computing assessments. At the same time the board of directors is required to place upon the order of busi- ness of the general meeting such subjects as are demanded by the imperial insurance office or by the boards of directors of sections, if the matter lies within their juris- diction, or by the persons above mentioned who specify their demands at least one w^ek before the date of the meeting. Excepted from these subjects are amend- ments of the constitution which are treated of in article 52 below. Art. 9. The order of business of the general meeting is to be arranged by the board of directors. The chairman of the board of directors opens, leads, and closes the discussions of the general meeting; in case he is not able to serve, the chairman shall be represented by the vice-chairman or another member of the board of directors. If among the subjects to be discussed there are matters of complaint against the actions of the board, then the chairman must arrange for the election of another person to conduct the meeting, and such person shall not be a member of the board of directors. The presiding officer has the right to refuse recognition to members of the associa- tion who do not obey the rules drawn up for the peace and order of the meeting; by decision of the meeting such persons may be required to leave the room. Those employees of the association who are named for this purpose by the presiding officer are authorized to attend the meeting. They have no right to vote, but may participate in the discussion and be intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. Art. 10. Each employer or representative of an establishment shall have a vote depending on his wage roll, as shown by the last assessment; those having not more than 10,000 marks [52,380] shall have one vote, from over 10,000 to 100,000 marks [52,380 to $23,800] there shall be one vote for each 10,000 marks [$2,380], and for those with 100,000 marks [$23,800] or over there shall be one additional vote for each 20,000 marks [$4,760] in excess of 100,000 marks [$23,800]. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1029 New members whose eatablishments were not included in the above-mentioned assessment shall have one vote. Decisions shall be made according to the absolute majority of the votes cast. Votes shall be taken by secret ballot. Each member of the general meeting shall be given a ballot on which is specified the number of his votes. Votes may be taken in other ways (by voice, raising of hand, etc . ) if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object. In case of tie votes in elections the decision shall be made by the chairman by drawing lots; in case of votes on resolutions a tie shall mean that the resolution is lost. The certificate of membership described in article 58 of the law shall serve as a credential for the members. In case members of the general meeting are represented by persons duly authorized, the latter must present written credentials for this pur- pose. * * * Art. 11. The board of directors shaU consist of twenty-seven members. Each board of directors of a section must be represented in the board of directors by one member. Each of the following four groups must be represented in the board by at least one member: (a) The commercial storage establishments; (6) the express establishments and establishments engaged in the transportation of persons or property on land ; (c) the establishments engaged in warehousing, storage, and cellarage; (d) the establish- ments engaged in weighing, gauging, sorting, packing, etc. In the same manner an alternate must be elected out of the same group for each member of the board of directors; he shall represent such member in case the latter is unable to serve. Art. 12. The election is to be conducted by written ballot and in such manner that each person entitled to vote shall write as many names upon a ballot as there are members to be elected. The election of the alternates is to be conducted in the same manner. The election may also be conducted in other ways (by voice, raising of hands, etc.) if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object. Those persons are elected who receive the largest number of votes. Votes given to persons who are not eligible or which do not clearly specify the person voted for shall not be counted. In case of a tie the persons with the highest number of votes shall draw lots. The election is to be conducted by the chairman of the board of directors. Minutes are to be kept of the election, and shall be signed by the person conducting the election, by two members of the board of directors, and by the person keeping the minutes. Art. 13. The members of the board of directors are elected for three-year terms, but at the expiration of their terms remain in office until their successors have qualified. The term of office begins on the 1st of October and after three years ends on the 30th of September. In each year the terms of one-third of the board of directors and their alternates shall expire. For the first election the order of leaving the board shall be decided by lot, then by the length of service, and in case of service of equal length, then accord- ing to age. Persons whose term of ofiice expires may be reelected. A member of the board of directors who loses the qualifications for office thereby ceases to be a member. In case a member of the board of directors ceases to be a member before the expira- tion of his term of oflice, his alternate shall then complete his term. If the latter also ceases to be a member, then a new member shall be elected at the next general meet- ic". Until such an election is held the board of directors retains all its rights in spite of its reduced number of members, provided that the number of such members 1030 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. elected membera remain in office only so long as is necessary to complete the unex- pired terms of those members who have left the board. Art. 14. The whole administration of the association shall be conducted by the board of directors except in regard to those matters which by law or by this constitution are reserved for the -general meeting or for other bodies of the association. The board shall specify in which public papers the official notices of the board of directors shall be made. The board of directors shall have the authority, after a hear- ing of the board of the section to refrain from prosecuting a claim for expenditures made against heads of establishments arising out of the provisions of article 136, para- graph 1, sentence 3, of the law. Art. 15. The board of directors must draw up a balance sheet of the total operations of the association within the first four months after the conclusion of each fiscal year, and in addition prepare a statement of the assets, including the reserve fund , at the close of each fiscal year. In preparing the statement of the assets, the purchase price of the securities as well as of all other property, including parcels of ground, shall be given. In addition, for the securities which are listed on the bourse, there shall be given the price at the time of drawing up the statement. Art. 16. Each year the board of directors shall elect from its own number a chair- man and a first, second, and third vice-chairman. The vice-chairman shall act as chairman in case the latter is unable to serve or at the request of the latter. The representation of the association in legal and in other matters shall be performed by the chairman of the board of directors or in case he is unable to serve by one of the vice-chairmen. Written transactions affecting the sale or transfer of moneys or securities or the sale or purchase or other disposition of property of the association, in order to be legal, must have not only the signature of the chairman but also the signa- ture of another member of the board of directors. From its own number the board shall elect an executive committee consisting of nine members; these members must reside at the seat of the association; this com- mittee shall have authority to conduct the current business and especially the impo- sition and collection of fines. Three members of this committee constitute a quorum. Art. 17. At least two meetings of the board of directors must be held each year. The chairman is authorized to call other meetings whenever he considers it necessary in the interests of the association. The chairman is required to call a meeting within fourteen days whenever three members of the board of directors request in writing that such a meeting be held, and specify the business to be transacted. At all sessions which are not held at dates determined by resolution of the board of directors, the chairman of the board must notify the members in writing at least eight days in advance and specify the business to be transacted. Art. 18. The board of directors is qualified to transact business if at least seven members are present. Decision shall be made by an absolute majority of votes of those present at the session. In case of a tie, the vote of the chairman shall decide. The chairman shall decide whether a matter requires immediate action, and in accordance with article 41, paragraph 2, of the law, whether a vote may be taken through written communications. Such a ballot by means of communications shall be made by means of registered letter and replies must be sent in by the members of the board in time sufficient so that the replies shall arrive at the central office of the association within five days after sending the letter, in order to secure a decision of the matter. Art. 19. The sessions of the board of directors shall be opened, conducted, and closed by the chairman. The decisions which are made are to be entered in the minutes with a statement of the date of the session and of those present at the meeting; the chairman and two other members of the board of directors shall sign the minutes. CHAPTER V. — ^WOBKMEN's INSXJBANCE IN GERMANY. 1031 The seBsions of the board may be attended by those employees of the association iesignated for this purpose by the chairman; they shall have no vote, but may participate in the discussions and be intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. Art. 20. The board of directors shall regulate the conduct of the business of the office of the association. Art. 21. The board of directors shall keep a seal, the imprint of which shall be used on official documents. Art. 22. The meetings of the section shall consist of all members of the association or their legal representatives who belong to the section. Any member may be repre- sented by another member or by a duly authorized director of his establishment. In each section there shall be a regular meeting of the section once each year. The place of meeting shall be fixed by the board of directors of the section, and the board of directors of the section must give notice to the individual members at least two weeks in advance, specifying at the sajne time the business to be transacted. The balance sheet of the expenditures of the section in the preceding year shall be laid before the meeting for the purpose of auditing and approval. Previous to the meeting this sheet must have been audited by a committee of three members. At each of the regular meetings this committee must be elected for the following year in accordance with article 12. For each member of the committee an alternate must be elected. Special meetings of the section shall be called by the board of directors of the section whenever it appears necessary for the interests of the section. A meeting of the section must be called within three weeks when members who have at least one-twentieth of the number of establishments in the section or who have a tenth part of the wage roll used in computing assessments demand such a meeting in writing, specifying the business to be transacted. In addition tiie board of directors of the association are required to place on the order of business of the meeting of the section such matters as are placed before it by the board of directors of the association or by at least thirty members of the section, pro- vided that such matters have been specified at least one week in advance of the date of the meeting. In the meetings of the section the provisions given in article 9 above shall have application. [The next four paragraphs repeat the provisions of article 10 above.] Matters which, in calling the meeting of the section or in accordance with paragraph 4, above, were not specified as business of the meeting, may be brought up for decision only if one-tenth of the votes represented do not object or if the matter concerns a call for a special meeting of the section. Decisions made by the meeting are to be entered in the book of minutes giving the date of the session. Such minutes must be signed by the chairman and by two other members of the board of directors, as well as by the person intrusted with the keeping of the minutes. Decisions of the meetings of the section must be communicated in writing, within eight days, to the board of directors of the association. Art. 23. The following matters must be reserved for the action of the meeting of the section: (1) The change in the location of the seat of the section (see art. 3); (2) the decision as to the number of members of the board of directors of the section (see art. 25)' (3) the election of the members of the board of directors of the section and their alternates; (4) determining the number and electing the district agents and their substitutes, as well as defining the area of the districts (see art. 28); (5) determining the budget for the administrative expenses of the section; (6) the examination and ap- proval of the annual accounts of the expenditures of the section prepared by the board of directors of the section, after such have been audited by a committee of threw members. , . , . , 1032 BBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. of the section must each year, not later than the second month after the close of the fiscal year, settle the amount of the same with the board of directors of the association; the latter will arrange for the assessment of the same upon the members of the section, and the collection of the same in like manner as all other annual contributions. Art. 25. Each board of directors of a section shall consist of at least five members. A like number of alternates are to be elected for the members of the board of directors of the section„who shall represent those members of the board who are unable to serve. Articles 12 and 13 are also to be applied to the board of directors of the section, but with the provision that the board shall be qualified to transact business so long as the number of its members does not fall below three. Art. 26. The duties of the board of directors of the section consist especially of: (1) Summoning the members of the section to the general meeting of the section; (2) the determination of the compensation in accordance with the authority given to boards of directors of sections in article 44; (3) giving opinions as to the arrangement of the establishments in classes of the risk tariff; (4) supervising the execution of the rul^ issued for the prevention of accidents; (5) making of contracts with physicians, with sick funds, and with hospitals for the treatment and care of injured persons; (6) keeping of special lists showing the entrance and leaving of establishments from the association; (7) forwarding to the board of directors of the association information as to the opening of establishments, changes in and shutting down of the same, as well as in regard to changes in the person of the proprietor; (8) drawing up the annual balance sheet showing the expenditures of the section; (9) arranging for representa- tives to attend the arbitration courts; (10) supplying information not sent in at the right time in accordance with article 99, paragraph 4, of the law; (11) the appoint- ment of district agents in case vacancies occur during their term of office or in case a need for increasing the number of district agents is shown in the course of the fiscal year (these appointments are to be laid before the next meeting of the section for confirmation); (12) the supervision of injured persons receiving medical treatment and of pensioners; (13) giving opinions in regard to drawing up regulations for the prevention of accidents, as well as drawing up resolutions requesting the issuance of such rules; (14) enforcing the provision that in each establishment there shall be hung up a placard corresponding to the provisions of article 56, paragraph 3, of the law; (15) deciding whether and in what number officials shall be appointed for the section, as well as the appointment and dismissal of officials and other employees of the section. Art. 27. For the conduct of the business of the board of directors of the section, the provisions applying to the board of directors of the association (arts. 16 to 21) shall be applied. The board of directors of the section is qualified to transact business when at least three of its members are present. Information as to action taken, as well as changes which have occurred in the personnel of the board of directors of the section, and changes in the personnel of the district agents, must be communicated to the board of directors of the association within eight days. Art. 28. The meeting of the section shall determine the number of the district agents and their substitutes, specify the limits of their territory and make changes in the same, and shall specify the manner of their election. The district agents and their substitutes shall be elected for three-year terms. Their term of office shall begin on October 1 and after three years shall end on September 30. They shall be given credentials by the board of directors of the section. Art. 29. The duties of the district agents or their substitutes are as follows: (1) Repre- senting the association in the courts of arbitration whenever such matters are assigned to them; (2) submitting proposals relating to the determination of a compensation; (3) submitting proposals for the arrangement of the establishments in the classes of the risk tariff; (4) receiving accident notices; (5) representing the association in the investi- gation of all accidents which occur in their territory in case such action is desired by CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1033 le board of directors of the section; (6) supervision of disabled persons receiving ledical treatment and of pensioners; (7) making reports on changes in the condition E pensioners and on cases of malingery; (8) making application for the issuance of jgulations for the prevention of accidents; (9) cooperating in making up reports not 5nt in at the proper time in accordance with article 99, paragraph 4, of the law; LO) cooperating in cases of voluntary insurance; (11) supervising the execution of le provision that in each establishment a placard as specified in article 56, paragraph , of the law be posted; (12) ascertaining the existence in their area of establishments abject to the law which have not been reported. In addition the district agents must protect the rights and interests of the associa- Lon in all respects and whenever they believe that the same have been injured, shall lake a proper report to the board of directors of the section which shall then give otice of the same to the board of directors of the association. In addition whenever they learn that the rules for the prevention of accidents are ot observed in an establishment they shall report on the same to the board of directors f the section, and the latter will transmit the report to the board of directors of the ssociation. They must generally assist the technical supervisors by making reports n the basis of their knowledge of local conditions. The business conducted by the district agent shall be regulated by the board of irectors of the association after a hearing of the board of directors of the section. Art. 30. Duly authorized managers of establishments may be elected members of he board of diredtora of the association, of the board of directors of the section, and as istrict agents. Art. 31. In regard to elections and all changes taking place in their composition, the oard of directors of the association and the boards of directors of the sections must rithin one week make reports to the imperial insurance office and to the superior dministrative officials in whose district the seat of the association or of the section 3 located. Art. 32. The insurance also covers establishments engaged in agriculture or forestry rhich are accessory establishments to those belonging to the association; the insurance liall take place according to the industrial accident-insurance law if in such accessory stablishments the majority of the workers are the industrial employees from the rincipal establishment. Art. 33. Expenditures for compensation are to be borne in the proportion of 50 er cent by that section in whose territory the establishment in which the accident ccurred belongs. Art. 34. The so-called "iron" working balance which serves for defraying costs of dministration and other current expenditures may, when necessary, be increased by 3solution of the general meeting of the association. Art. 35. The members of the association must supply to the board of directors of le association the requisite information for the purpose of the original rating or the jrating of their establishments in the classes of the risk tariff within a period of time 3 be specified by the board of directors of the association; this information shall cover le arrangement and other features of the establishment necessary for the determina- on of the rating. The report shall be in writing on a question blank drawn up by the board of direc- ts of the association. If the answers to the questions made by the member are not sent in at the proper me, are not complete, or are not true, then the answers for the establishment in uestion shall be made out by the board of directors of the section in accordance with leir knowledge of conditions. In addition the board of directors of the association may impose a fine of not more i!>n 9F. marta Oka Q.iM nn itipmbera who refuse to make answers or do not make them 1034 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. Art. 36. The board of directors of the section must subject the answers made by the members of the association to an examination, revise the same, and forward them with their opinion to the board of directors of the association. The arrangement of the establishments in the various classes of the risk tariff shall be done by the board of directors of the association. A written decision as to the risk classification shall be communicated to each member of the association. Art. 37. In order to be able to supply the information in regard to wages prescribed in articles 74 and 99, paragraph 2, of the law, each member of the association must keep wage books from which can be secured the information requisite for determining the wage payments; such information shall be placed upon the schedule prescribed by the board of directors of the association showing the amount of the wages paid, the day of payment, the working time for which the wages were paid, and in case such information can be supplied, shall contain the names of the individual workers. The wage books shall also show bonuses, payments in kind, and other payments of these persons, together with the value of such payments if they are granted to the insured person as a matter of custom and wholly or partly to replace wages or salary. If an establishment is rated in a number of risk classes, then the employer must keep separate wage books corresponding thereto, and show the wages and salaries separately. If an employer keeps no wage books or keeps such in an improper manner, the board of directors of the association may impose upon him a fine of not more than 300 marks [$71.40]. In order to avoid the imposition of a fine of the same amount each employer is required to preserve his wage books for a period of two years for the pur- pose of inspection. Art. 38. Within two weeks after the occurrence thereof, members of the associa- tion must make written reports to the board of directors of the association regarding changes in their establishments which are of importance in connection with their membership in the association or for the classification in the risk tariff; in this con- nection they may make use of the services of the district agents. Membership in the association is determined by the branch of industry (see art. 2). Those changes in the establishment which are to be reported in regard to different classification in the risk tariff, will in general be found in the contents of the latter. The notification of the changes is to be according to the form prescribed in article 85, paragraph 2. In case of doubt whether the change in the establishment is of sufficient importance to be made the subject of a report, then the member shall request advice on this sub- ject from the district agent, and in case of need from the board of directors of the section; if by this means the doubt is not removed then the change must be reported. If through other means knowledge of a change in the establishment affecting the membership in the association or the classification in the risk tariff is obtained by the board of directors of the association, by the board of directors of the section, or by the district agents, then these bodies must require the employer to make the pre- scribed report and indicate the penalty prescribed in article 147, paragraph 1, of the law; in case of necessity they must themselves procure the information. Further steps shall be taken in matters regarding membership in the association according to article 61 of the law and regarding classification in the risk tariff according to articles 35 and following of this constitution. If as a result of the changes in the establishment a reduction in the assessments is indicated, then the employer who has failed to report such change within the specified time has no claim to such reduction for the period previous to the making of tlie report with the exception of the last three months previous to such date. Art. 39 . Each change in the person of the owner for whose account the establishment is conducted must be reported in writing by the previous and by the new proprietor CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSUBANCE IN GEEMANY. 1035 • their legal representatives within a period of two weeks to the board of directors of le association, making use of the services of the board of directors of the section. At le same time the certificate of membership of the previous proprietor is to be returned. Art. 40. Immediately after a change has taken place in the person of the proprietor i an establishment, the previous proprietor must deposit with the board of directors E the association for the period from the expiration of the previous calendar year for hich the last assessment was paid up to the date of the change, twice the pro rata lare of the last annual contribution made for the establishment. In case a change in the person of the proprietor of an establishment takes place efore the first assessment of contributions, then instead of the deposit specified in aragraph 1 above, 2 per cent of the wages for the same period must be deposited. If this deposit is not made within the proper time, then the board of directors of the ssociation shall immediately collect the same in accordance with the provisions of rticle 103, paragraph 1, of the law. The board of directors of the association can remit the payment of the deposit when- ver the receipt of the assessment due from the previous proprietor seems properly ssured, and especially if a written declaration from the new proprietor is supplied tating that he assumes responsibility for the contribution of the previous proprietor. From the deposit the contributions later computed shall be defrayed. Any excess hall be returned and any deficiency shall be collected in the usual manner. The board of directors of the association may, in agreement with the proprietor of he establishment, accept a lump sum payment in place of the deposit. Art. 41. Within four weeks after a change has taken place in the person of the )roprietor of an establishment the previous proprietor must forward to the board of lirectors of the association a wage statement (art. 99, par. 2, of the law) covering the )eriod from the expiration of the last fiscal year to the date of ownership of the new )roprietor; in case this is not done the board of directors of the association shall them- elves draw up this statement. Art. 42. In case the establishment shuts down, the proprietor must give written lotice of the same to the board of directors of the association within two weeks, return- ng at the same time the certificate of membership; in this connection he may make ise of the services of the board of directors of the section. In such cases the provisions of articles 40 and 41 are to be applied. However, the )oard of directors of the association is authorized, in place of the deposit specified in irticle 40, paragraphs 1 and 2, to demand the payment of the sum which according to ts estimate would be equal to the assessment probably due from the establishment Thich has been closed; such estimate shall be made on the basis of the size of the istablishment and its duration. Art. 43. The proprietor of an establishment must make written reports to the local )olice ofiicials, to the board of directors of the section, and to the district agent of every iccident taking place in his establishment through which an insured person is killed )r receives a bodily injmry which would have as its result complete or partial inability » perform work for more than three days, or which will result in death. In case of arge accidents the board of directors of the section must make immediate reports to the )oard of directors of the association. As a rule the district agent or his substitute must participate in the investigation of m accident as the representative of the association. The board of directors of the issociation and of the section have the right to be represented in these investigations 3y one or more of their members or by other representatives. Representatives shall •eceive written authority as their credentials. The person representing the association or the section must without delay make a cport on the result of the investigation to the board of directors of the association or 1036 KEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP lABOE. Art. 44. The determination (or the refusal) of the compensation in accordance with, article 69 and following of the law shall be made by the board of directors of the section, who may intrust a committee of three members with this duty. The board of directors of the association is authorized to refrain from demanding the return of compensation paid in accordance with articles 76, 78, and 81, paragraph 2, of the law, in advance of the legal decision (art. 86 of the law), and furthermore to refrain from demanding repayment in accordance with article 93, paragraph 4, of the law. Art. 45. The authority granted by article 112 of the law to the accident insurance associations to issue regulations for the prevention of accidents shall be exercised by the general meeting of the association. Any member of the association is authorized to request the issuance of such rules and the cancellation or amendment of existing rules from the board of directors of the association. The decision in regard to the application is to be made in the next general meeting of the association, but only after the board of directors of the section have furnished an opinion on the subject. After their approval by the imperial insurance office the rules are to be brought to the knowledge of the members of the association by the board of directors of the association. Art. 46. The board of directors of the association and the board of directors of the sections are authorized to appoint technical supervisory officials and accounting officials for the supervision of the establishments in accordance with the provisions of articles 119 to 124 of the law. Technical supervisory officials and accounting officials of the various sections shall be nominated by the board of directors of the sections and appointed by the board of directors of the association. Technical supervisory officials and accounting officials of the board of directors of the association shall be paid from the treasury of the association; the officials of the section shall be paid one-half from the treasury of the section and one-half from the treasury of the association. The rights and the duties of these officials shall be specified by the board of directors of the association after an understanding has been reached with the board of directors of the section. The technical supervisory officials and the accounting officials shall receive cre- dentials made out by the board of directors; their names and districts shall be made public. Art. 47. The members of the board of directors of the association, of the board of directors of the section, and the district agents, while conducting the business of the association shall receive the following: Railroad fare for second class, steamship fare for the first class, and in addition a subsistence allowance of 20 marks [$4.76] per day; no consideration shall be given for the time lost by them. Art. 48. Representatives of the insured workmen shall receive from the association in so far as the law grants them a claim the following: (a) As compensation for traveling costs, for each kilometer [0.62 mile] traveled 5 pfennigs [1.19 cents] Unless the workmen can prove that they have had higher expenses for the journey; (6) as compensation for time lost, including a subsistence charge, for each day they shall receive double the amount of their average daily earnings, but in no case less than 4 marks [95.2 cents]. Art. 49.. All members of the association have the right to insure themselves against the results of industrial accidents, using a basis annual earnings of not more than 5,000 marks [$1,190]. Members who make use of this right must apply for the insurance in writing to the board of directors of the association, specifying the amount of the annual earnings which shall be used as a basis; in this connection they may make use of the services of the district agent or of the board of directors of the section. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. lOST^ As the basis for the insurance, the board of directors of the association may, if it sees fit, use the amount of the annual earnings of the highest paid workmen or oflacial in the establishment instead of the annual earning specified in the appHcation. The insurance begins on the day on which the application to the board of directors of the aflsociation is made out and continues until the close of that month in which the insured person dies or applies in writing to the board of directors of the association for the discontinuance of the insurance. If the latter makes use of the authority granted in paragraph 3 above, then in replying to the application of the employer, a statement must be included, specifying the annual earnings to be used based on the highest wage or salary paid to workmen or officials in the establishment instead of the amount of annual earnings specified by the employer himself. Those members whose assessment for the association in case of bankruptcy has neither been paid voluntarily, nor can be obtained in the way of legal execution, can be deprived of the right to further insurance of their own person against the consequences of industrial accident, provided that such right_of a member to volun- tary insurance arises solely from rights granted in this constitution (see sentence 2 in art. 5, par. 2, of the law). In such cases the right to insure ceases with the date of communicating this decision to the member of the association, but such action does not affect the latter's right of appeal. In connection with insurance of this kind the board of directors of the association must keep a special register and must furnish extracts from the same to the insured person and to the board of directors of the section. Art. 49a. Members of the association have the right to insure against the conse- quences of industrial accident those officials of their establishments not insured accord- ing to the law, and this insurance shall be based on their annual earnings, the amount of the same not to exceed 5,000 marks [$1,190]. Employers who wish to make use of this right must make application to the board of directors of the association, specify- ing the name and the annual earnings of such persons, as well as the kind and length of service of their employment. In such communications they may make use of the services of the district agent or of the board of directors of the section. The insurance begins retroactively on the day on which the accepted application is made to the board of directors of the association, and continues in force until the close of that month in which the employer requests the board of directors of the asso- ciation in writing to discontinue the same or'communicates in writing to the board of directors of the association such facts as would automatically annul the insurance. For insurance of this kind the board of directors of the association must keep a register and must furnish an extract of the same to the employer and to the board of directors of the section. Art. 50. The employer is authorized to insure against the consequences of industrial accidents other persons employed in their establishments, but not subject to the pro- visions of law (e. g., volunteer workers, commercial employees, office officials). In such cases the annual earnings used as the basis for the insurance may not exceed 3,000 marks [$714]. Employers who desire to make use of this right must make application for the insur- ance to the board of directors of the association, specifying the name and the annual earnings of these persons, as well as the kind of their employment. In this connection they may make use of the services of the district agents or of the board of directors of the section . In assessing the contribution only one-fourth of the amount of the reported annual earnings is to be used. Those members whose assessment to the association in case of bankruptcy has neither been paid voluntarily, nor can be obtained in the way of legal execution, can be deprived of the right to further insurance of their own person against the consequences 1038 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, of industrial accident, provided that such right of a member to voluntary insurance arises solely from rights granted in this constitution (see sentence 2 in art. 5, par. 2, of the law). In such cases the right to insure ceases with the date of communicating this decision to the member of the association, but such action does not affect the lat- ter's right of filing an appeal. In connection with insurance of this kind, the board of directors of the association must keep a special register and must furnish extracts from the same to the insured person and to the board of directors of the section. Art. 51. [Authorizes the association to insure its own employees against accidents.] Art. 52. The general meeting of the association alone decides upon amendments to the constitution and all amendments must receive a majority of two-thirds of the votes represented in the general meeting; amendments must always be accurately stated in the order of business of the meeting (see art. 8, par. 1) and may not be treated as matters requiring expedited procedure. THE IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE. The imperial insurance office is an institution located in Berlin, which is the administrative and supervisory head of the workmen's insurance, and the court of last resort in controversies respecting the accident and the invalidity insurance. It is composed of a presi- dent, of permanent members, and of temporary members. The president and the permanent members are appointed for life by the Emperor upon the nomination of the upper house of the imperial par- liament. Of the temporary members, 6 are appointed by the upper house of the parliament (at least 4 being selected from its own num- ber) ; 6 representatives of employers are selected from the boards of directors of the accident associations and from the pubhc works, departments; 6 representatives of insured persons are elected by the insured persons from the associate judges of the insurance arbitra- tion courts. The members representing the employers and the in- sured persons must be chosen for five-year terms and be selected two each from the industrial group, the agricultural group, and the navigation group. The imperial insurance office is organized in the form of a senate, at whose head is a president, and of several divi- sions, with directors in charge of each. The president of the senate and the directors are appointed by the Emperor from the permanent members. The work of the office in the field of accident insurance includes the foUowiug subjects: The explanation of the various provisions of thai law, the approval of the constitutions of accident associations, of schedules of risk ratings, of rules for the prevention of accidents, pre- scribing the regulations for elections, and for the formation of acci- dent associations, and supervising the accident associations and audit- ing of their accounts, etc. The second part of the duties of the office may be classed as judicial and includes the settlement of controversies relating to risk ratings, assessments, premiums, penalties, etc., and especially of appeals from decisions of the insurance arbitration courts. The comnnsitioTi of CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1039 the senate for the determination of most cases coming before it is as follows: The president of the senate, one member from the upper house of parUament, one permanent member, two associate judicial members, one representative of the employers, and one representative of the insured persons. The cost of the imperial insurance office is defrayed by the Empire. STATE INSURANCE OFFICES. In accordance with the provisions of the law on accident insurance, several of the German States have availed themselves of the authority granted by that law to create state insurance offices, whose functions are practically the same as those of the imperial office, though re- stricted to the boundaries of their own States. This restriction, therefore, limits the control of the state offices to accident associations composed solely of firms which are located in that State; in 1904, for instance, they had imder their control 5 industrial accident asso- ciations, 18 agricultural accident associations, and 111 public works departments. The States having such offices in 1910 were: Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hesse, the two Mecklenburg duchies, and Reuss, senior line. THE ARBITRATION COURTS FOR WORKMEN'S INSURANCE. The old age and invalidity law of 1889 created a series of special courts for the adjudication of disputes arising under that law. The 1900 revision of the accident-insurance laws extended the functions of these courts to the accident insurance and abolished the special arbitration courts for each accident association which had existed prior to 1900. These courts are described in the section on invalidity insurance. In passing on controversies arising under the accident insurance law, the associate judges must be persons (employers and workmen) connected with the establishments insured under the pro- visions of that law. At the beginning of each fiscal year the court must designate a number of physicians to serve as experts, the ap- pointments to be made from the physicians resident in the locality where the court is situated, and the advice of the local association of physicians must be obtained before the appointments are made. At the close of each fiscal year the accident associations and the public works departments must repay to the invalidity insurance in- stitute their share of the cost of the insurance courts. Prevention of Accidents. It is obvious that in any system of accident insurance, efforts toward preventing accidents are one of the most fruitful fields of endeavor. In all countries where compulsory accident insurance has 1040 EEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONBB OF LABOR. been introduced, special efforts have been made to so arrange the administration of the insurance that the greatest possible stimulus would be placed on the employers to adopt all available means for the reduction of the number of accidents. In Germany the factory inspection had for years made the prevention of accidents one of its principal fields of activity; on the adoption of the compulsory in- surance system it was decided not to be satisfied with the existing factory-inspection methods, but to take even more energetic steps in this direction. One of the principal advantages of the organiza- tion of the insurance on industrial lines is that it permits of a thorough and even drastic system of preventive measures for the purpose of reducing the number of accidents. According to article 112 of the law the associations are authorized to issue regulations concerning the safety of the employees of the establishments insured by them, and whenever it is dissatisfied with the measures taken the imperial insurance office has power to compel an accident association to adopt such regulations. The official in- troduction to the first accident-insurance law stated that in framing the law it was recognized that it was to the interest not only of each association, but of each employer to reduce the number of accidents to a minimum, and it sought to protect this interest by granting full power to the associations to adopt as stringent measures as they deemed proper to prevent accidents. It was even proposed in the committee to make the adoption of preventive regulations com- pulsory for each association, but it was later decided that granting authority to the imperial insurance office to compel the adoption of such measures when the central body deemed it necessary would be sufficient to accomplish the end desired. These regulations for the prevention of accidents, or general rules for the conduct of the in- dustry, apply to all establishments belonging to the accident asso- ciation. In the case of the building trades the accident associations for the building industries are permitted to prescribe rules for employers not members of the association, but this is an exception from the general rule. While the rules must be general in their form, they may be made to apply to specific branches of industry or specific classes of establishments, or in certain cases to specffic districts covered by the association. In general the rules apply both to employers and to workmen and prescribe the methods of operation, the general structure of the buildings, etc., the general type of apparatus, and in the case of workmen refer more particularly to conduct during operations. Penalties may be imposed for failure to comply with the regulations ; for instance, workmen may be fined as high as 6 marks (S1.43), while employers may be fined sums not to exceed 1,000 marks ($238), or the establishment may be rated in a higher risk class and CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 1041 thereby be compelled to pay higher insurance assessments, and in case the establishment is already in the highest class then supple- mentary charges may be made to the assessments, such charges not to exceed 100 per cent of the regular charge. These fines are to be imposed by the board of directors of the association, and against such fines an appeal may be made to the government officials, except that employers who are penalized have the right of appeal to the imperial insurance office. Workmen who violate the rules have the fines imposed on them by the board of directors of the establishment sick fund or by the local police officers, and against such penalties appeal may be made to the government officials who have super- vision of the various sick funds. The rules for the prevention of accidents are usually drawn up by the committee of the board of directors, and before being adopted by the board they are to be discussed in a special conference to which representatives of the workmen have been invited, the number of workmen's representatives being exactly equal to the number of representatives of the accident association and having the same number of votes. The workmen's representatives must have had an opportunity to study the proposed series of regulations before the meeting. In addition, the imperial insurance office must be notified of the proposal to plan such regulations in sufficient time to send a representative to the meeting of the board of directors before the adoption of such rules. After their adoption in the manner just described, the rules must be submitted to the general meeting of the accident association for final adoption. If the last-named meeting amends the rules as proposed by the board of directors and the repre- sentatives of the workmen, then the imperial insurance office decides whether the rules so amended shall again be submitted to a con- ference of workmen and of representatives of the accident associa- tion. If the rules are fiinally approved by the imperial insurance office, the board of directors of the accident association must then provide the government officials with copies of the same. In order that the factory inspectors may work in harmony with the accident association, the former are required whenever they adopt a system of factory regulations to caU into consultation the representatives of the accident association as well as representatives of the insured workmen. The enforcement of such rules, of course, is the duty of the accident associations. For this purpose they are authorized to appoint technical supervisory officials who have the power to inspect the establishments affihated with their associations, and are required to report to the board of directors any failure to comply with the regula- tions or any other conditions which are likely to cause accidents. In order to protect trade secrets or other important business matters. 1042 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. the inspectors of the accident association are required to take an oath not to reveal any information secured by them in the perform- ance of their duties. All expenditures for the purpose of accident prevention are, of course, defrayed by the association promulgating such rules; in case special expenses are caused by any employer because of noncompliance with the rules in force, such expenditure may be assessed against that employer in addition to having a fine imposed. To promote the movement for the prevention of accidents the accident associations have in common drawn up a series of model or standard rules which should either be adopted as a whole or in modified form, and be put into force for all factories and similar establishments covered by the insurance. These model or standard rules are as follows: MODEL REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS, (a) I. General Ebgulations. 1. RULES FOB EMPLOYERS. A. Arrangement of establishment. 1. Tlie parts of the building used for the business of the establishment must be kept in a condition of perfect repair and safety. 2. Care must be taken that the paths, aisles, passageways, etc., in all workrooms are kept in good condition and are not blocked by heaping up the material there or transporting articles in them except in bo far as may be temporarily necessary by the nature of the work. 3. Narrow spaces between moving machinery and power-transmission apparatus (shafts, belts, etc.), which can be crossed only with risk, are to be blocked off for per- sons not employed on such machines. 4. All floors are to be kept in good condition in so far as the nature of the work per- mits. If slippery conditions or unusually smooth places can not be avoided because of the nature of the work or of weather conditions, then proper means shall be used as soon as possible to remove the tmsafe conditions. 5. The galleries, staging, permanent overhead ways and stair openings are to be protected at least on one side with a permanent hand rail and with a strip of board, etc., to prevent the foot from slipping off the edge. 6. Boards and planks used for runways must have sufficient width and must be suffi- ciently strong or otherwise supported so that upon walking or wheeling over them tipping and sway shall be avoided. 7. Permanent stairways must be protected with a hand rail or hand rope upon at least one side. 8. Movable or temporary stairways, ladders, stepladders, etc., must be sufficiently strong and are to be maintained in good condition. 9. Ladders are to be so adapted to the nature of the floor and of the upper supporting point that they are made as secure as possible against slipping or sliding. 10. Ladders which lead to galleries, staging, wall work, etc., must extend at least 0.75 meter (29.53 inches) above the upper edge of the place to be reached unless some other arrangement is made to afford sufficient security for those going up or down the ladders. aAmtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1896, page 431. CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSTJEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1043 LI. In order to make the rescue of persons in case of fire as easy as possible, each ilding must be properly supplied with exit doors, stairs, and windows. L2. All openings of upper floors leading outside or to a lower floor must be supplied both sides with handles and with a crossbar. 13. Ditches, canals, sunken tanks, and other depressions involving risk which are lated in the working rooms or on the working places are, as far as the nature of the irk permits, to be securely covered or to be supplied with a protecting wall or rail, iiere it is not possible to prevent approach thereto or to cover it up or close it off by Is, etc., then in cases described in the preceding paragraph sufficient light must be ■anged upon the approach of darkness. If, from the nature of the work or the •angement of the rooms and work places for the operations in the same, sufficient ht can not be furnished, then the workmen are to be required upon entering such Dms and work places to carry lanterns with them at all times. In case of openings the floors self-closing dropping doors are sufficient. 14. Vessels which contain corrosive, hot, or poisonous substances are, as far as the ture of the work permits, to be securely covered or closed or the edges of such ves- Is are to be raised high enough above the surrounding floors, etc., so that by the use ordinary caution persons shall be prevented from falling into them. 15. All work places and passageways are, as far as the nature of the work permits, be sufficiently lighted during their occupancy. B. Method of work. 1. The employer must provide for the proper maintenance of protective apparatus id supervise the enforcement of the rules for the prevention of accidents in the tablishment, or he must intrust these duties to proper persons. 2. The rules for the prevention of accidents issued by the accident associations for Qployers are to be made known to all workmen by placards hung up in proper places. 3. All tools, apparatus and machinery in use in the establishment are to be main- ined in good condition. 4. Persons who are known to the proprietor to suffer from intoxication, apoplexy, amps, temporary fainting spells, dizziness, partial deafness, or other physical weak- !ss or defects to such a degree that on this account they are subject to unusual risk certain kinds of work, may not be intrusted with such work. 5. Intoxicated persons are not to be permitted in the establishment. 6. Work which is especially dangerous may be intrusted only to those persons to lom the risk is known. 7. The storing of inflammable or explosive materials in large quantities in the work- ams is to be prohibited as far as the nature of the work permits. 8. The heaping up of old polishing materials and of inflammable factory waste in e workrooms is to be prohibited. 9. In rooms in which with ordinary care dangerous gases may develop, collect, or tend, as well as gases of an inflammable or explosive nature, or dust bodies can enter, I open fire may be used. Entering such rooms after dark is to be permitted only with the use of safety lamps iless the rooms are lighted by means of isolated lights or lighting apparatus from the tside of the room. 10. In workrooms in which it is to be expected that in spite of ordinary care dan- rous dust, unwholesome gases, or unwholesome vapors in sufficient quantities to come dangerous may accumulate, the workmen employed in such rooms are to be pplied with mouth sponges, respirators, or other proper protective devices. 11. In all kinds of work the nature of which is such as to easily cause injuries to the e, the persons engaged in such work are to be provided with proper protective 1044 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. 0. Rules for injured persons. 1. In every establisliment there must be hung up at least one placard which explains in ordinary language the methods of providing first aid to injured persons, and with appropriate illustrations, as far as necessary. 2. In every establishment there must be kept a supply of bandages, etc., protected against dust, against handling, etc. 3. Stringent rules must be issued that as long as an open woimd is not protected by at least a dressing, the injured person must cease work. 4. Injured persons who as a result of an accident were unable to resume work for more than three days and were treated by a physician may be allowed to resume work only when the physician certifies to the working ability of the injured person. 2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 1. Before beginning to use tools, apparatus, machinery, etc., as well as the proper protective devices, every workman must examine the same to find out whether they are in proper condition. If such is not the case he must immediately remedy the existing defects or report the same to his superior. 2. Working tools, apparatus, etc., as well as the protective devices, are to be used only for the purposes for which they are intended. The arbitrary removal or the intended damaging or the failure to use existing safety devices and prescribed protective materials is to be punished. Protective devices which, during the work, are removed for special purposes must as soon as such purpose is accomplished be immediately put in place again. 3. All actions or conduct contrary to the purpose of the establishment, especially games, horseplay and the like, which may endanger the person himself or others are to be strictly prohibited. 4. Workmen who suffer from apoplexy, cramps, fainting spells, dizziness, partial deafness, short-sightedness, hernia, or other physical weaknesses or defects not visible to the eye, to such an extent that in certain work they are exposed to an unusual degree of risk, are required, whenever they are intrusted with such work, to give notice of such defect to their superior officials. 5. Intoxicated workmen may neither enter nor remain in the establishment. 6. Every workman is required to call the attention of those persons who are ordered to act as helpers, or to be instructed by him, especially apprentices and young persons, to the risks or dangers accompanying the employment. He is required to see that such persons follow the prescribed rules and regulations. 7. Every workman is required to give immediate notice of any damage to the machinery, etc., or to report any unusual phenomena in the machinery, apparatus, etc. 8. No workman is to be allowed to use machinery for whose use or maintenance or service he has not been detailed. 9. In workrooms and in work places the workmen may use only the passageways, entrances, and exits designated for their use. It is especially prohibited to enter blocked-off spaces. between moving machinery and transmission apparatus (such as shafting, belting, etc.). 10. Passageways may^ not be blocked by heaping up material or by transporting articles except in so far as is made necessary by the nature of the work. 11. Resting or sleeping in the firerooms, on stoves or boiler walls, on roofs or high staging, or in occupied stalls of horses, as well as in the immediate vicinity of moving machinery or near paths or tracks is not to be allowed. 12. Putting on or taking off clothing as well as keeping it in the immediate vicinity of moving machinery is prohibi+«d. 13. Entering of unlighted v.ork places and dark roonjs is, as far as the nature of the work permits of light, to be allowed onlv with the use of a light. CHAPTEB V, WOBKMEN's INSUEAKCE IN GERMANY. 1045 14. Workmen may use ladders given to them for a definite purpose for that purpose only. The use of unsafe ladders is prohibited. 15. The accumulation of inflammable and explosive materials within the work- rooms in larger masses than the nature of the work requires is prohibited. 16. Discarded polishing materials and inflammable factory waste may not be heaped up in the workrooms. 17. When safety lamps have been prescribed for persons using certain rooms, then only persons authorized to enter such rooms may do so, and such persons are required to use the prescribed lamps. In such rooms the striking of matches and the use of means for making a light and the opening of lamps is to be prohibited. 18. Workrooms and working places containing pits, canals, sunken tanks, and other dangerous excavations which are neither covered nor shut in nor blocked off with rails may be entered only with lanterns after dark, unless other illumination is used. 19. In workrooms in which inflammable or explosive materials are placed smoking is prohibited. 20. Workmen employed at tending engines, motors, shafting, etc., are required to wear close-fitting clothing. 21. Persons employed in the vicinity of moving parts of machinery are not to be allowed to wear the hair hanging loose or use loose clothing, ribbons, veils, necker- chiefs, etc. 22. Every injury occurring in the establishment is to be reported by the injured person as soon as possible to the proper officer. 23. Every workman must exercise the greatest care that any wound, no matter how trifling it may seem, shall be immediately cleansed and carefully protected against the entering of dust or other foreign material. As long as the injury is not at least protected by an emergency dressing, the injured person must cease work. II. Rules for Use of Steam Boilebs. 1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 1. For every steam-boiler plant there must be hung up in a conspicuous place and kept in legible condition a placard containing rules for boiler tenders. Where such rules have not been issued by the government officials, then the rules for workmen issued by the accident association shall be used instead. For movable boilers the rules are to be added to the book of rules for such apparatus. 2. Excess of the maximum steam pressure permitted, and especially overloading by the workmen, is to be prohibited. Safety valves are to be so arranged that the escaping steam does not fill the boiler room. 3. Care must be taken that whenever the water glass is protected with rods, etc., Buch arrangements do not prevent the ready observation of the state of the water. 4. The monometer of water and the water glass must be accessible from the fireman's position. 5. The escapement apparatus must be so arranged that the steam will not scald any person when blowing off. 6. Entering the boiler room or remaining in the same by unauthorized persons is to be prohibited by proper notices. 7. Care must be taken that in the immediate vicinity of the boiler all material, etc., shall be kept far enough away so as not to prevent ready access, and especially access to the safety apparatus. 8. Sufficient lighting must be arranged for the boiler plant, and especially for light- ing the water glass and the manometer. 1046 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. 9. Careful cleaning of the boilers is to be provided for by appropriate intermediate spaces. The boiler to be cleaned is to.be shut oft in the proper manner from the common steam blowing-oft and feed pipes and from the common firing plant. 10. Steam and hot-water pipes within reach of passageways, etc., are to be properly covered, to avoid bums, etc. 2. KULES FOR WORKMEN. 1. The boiler plant is always to be kept clean and in order, and everything not belonging to the plant is to be immediately removed. 2. The boiler tenders may not allow unauthorized persons to enter the boiler room or to remain there. 3. The boiler tender may not during the hours of work leave his post unless a substi- tute is provided, and is generally responsible for the care of the boilers. 4. The boiler tender must during the hours of operation keep the exits free and unlocked. 5. The boiler tender must take proper care that on approaching darkness the boiler room is lighted, and especially the water glass and the monometer. 6. Before filling the boiler the boiler tender must make siire that e.verything is in proper order, including the accessory apparatus. 7. Firing may only begin if the boiler is properly supplied with water. 8. During firing the steam valve must remain open until the steam escapes. 9. Taking out the packing must be done during the firing. 10. The steam valves are to be opened and closed slowly. 11. The boiler tender must not allow the water to sink below the lowest mark on the glass; if this does happen, however, then the fires must be shut oft and the ofiicial superior must be notified. 12. The water gauge must be tested daily by using all of the cocks or valves. If there are two water glasses, both must be used continuously. 13. All feeding apparatus must be used daily and kept in good condition. 14. The monometer is to be tested from time to time to see whether the indicator goes back to zero when the steam is shut off. 15. The steam pressure shall not exceed the highest pressure allowed for that boiler. 16. The safety valves are each day to be filled with air by carefully raising them. Any increase in the loading of the safety valve is to be prohibited. 17. Shortly before or during cessation of operations the boiler is to be filled up beyond the normal amount of water and the draft is to be diminished. 18. On changing shifts the tender who is to leave may not go until the next man has actually taken his place. 19. Water is to be run into the boiler and the draft diminished whenever the steam pressure exceeds the amount allowed. If this is not sufficient, the fire must be partly shut oft. 20. Toward the end of the working-day the tender must use up the steam as much as possible, must gradually moderate the fire and allow it to go out, or at any rate shut it oft from the boiler. In addition the smokestack must be partly shut oft, and the boiler must be fed up to or beyond the normal. 21. In case of- unusual occurrences, such as leaks, dents, overheating, etc., the tender must immediately shut oft the fire and give notice to his official superior. 22. Emptying the boiler completely may be done only after the fire has been removed and the fije box has cooled oft as much as possible. If the emptying must be done under steam pressure, then such pressure shall not exceed more than one atmosphere. 23. Running cold water into a hot empty boiler is forbidden. CHAPTEB V. — WOBKMEn's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1047 24. In cleaning a boiler the one upon which work is being done must be securely shut off from all pipe connections and firing apparatus. 25. In cleaning a boiler and entering it or the fire box the use of petroleum or other lighting materials which are easily inflammable at higher temperatures is forbidden. III. Regulations por Power Machinery. 1. RULES rOR EMPLOYERS. 1. Care must be taken that steam, gas, and other engines or parts of the same shall be shut off from the workrooms by firm railing or in other proper manner, unless they are located in special rooms or directly connected with the working machinery. 2. Water wheels and turbines are to be located in special rooms, or, if on account of their position they are accessible to unauthorized persons, they must be surrounded with proper fencing. 3. Turning off or turning on the engine must be announced by a signal audible to all persons in the workrooms. Such-an arrangement, however, is not necessary if the engine is used only for the operation of a working machine with which it is directly connected and which the engine tender also serves and has within his view. 4. The fly wheels, the main driving belts; or driving ropes are to be properly closed in. 5. All moving parts of an engine which are accessible are to be properly guarded. 6. Wheels, projecting pins, and screws on revolving parts of power machinery are to be properly covered whenever the engine tender is thereby exposed to any risk. 7. If the oiling and greasing of parts of the engine while in motion is necessary, proper arrangements are to be made so that this can be done without risk. Cross couplings, eccentrics, piston rods, sliding beams, etc., are to be supplied with auto- matic lubricating devices. 8. Cleaning of rapidly moving parts of an engine may only be done when it is standing still. 9. For all engines, motors, etc., including water wheels, turbines, etc., apparatus is to be installed which will permit of securely fastening them when not in operation. 2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 1. The engine tender on approaching darkness must turn on the lights of the engine room as required. 2. The engine tender may not allow unauthorized persons to enter the engine room or to remain there. 3. If the engine has been standing still for some time, the tender must, before start- ing it, assure himself that everything is in proper order, including the protective devices, and especially that sufficient oil and lubricants are on hand. Any defects which can not be immediately remedied are to be reported to the offi- cial superior. 4. If oiling or greasing of parts of the engine must be done while it is in motion, then such lubrication may be done only by the use of the proper apparatus provided for this purpose. 5. The cleaning of rapidly moving parts of the engine may never be done while the engine is in motion. 6. Taking out pins or screws on moving parts of the engine may not be done while the latter is in motion. 7. In changing shifts the engine tender may not leave until the next man has actually taken charge. 8. Eaoh time the engine is started or stopped the prescnbed signal must be given. When the sicnal ia rereived from the. wnrlrrnnm for stopping the engine it must imme- 1048 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOR. diately be brought to a stop and may not again be started until the proper signal is received. i 9. The engine tender, before starting the flywheel of the engine, must close the steam valve and open the cylinder cocks. ■ IV. Power-Tbansmission Appakattjs, Belting, Shafting, etc. 1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 1. AH shafting and transmission apparatus up to a height of 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) above the floor is to be guarded in the proper manner. Shafting which must be stepped over at specific places is to be covered at such places. 2. Upright shafting in passageways, etc., is to be protected up to 1.5 meters (59.05 inches) above the floor. 3. If shafting in motion must be cleaned or polished, the proper tools for this pur- pose must be kept. 4. If in the immediate vicinity of moving shafting, etc., building work or setting-up work is to be done, proper protection is to be installed temporarily. 5. Belts more than 30 millimeters (1.18 inches) in width, as well as ropes and chains, in so far as they move with greater rapidity than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second, may not be thrown on or off by hand while in motion. This prohibition also includes belts of more than 60 millimeters (2.36 inches) in width moving slower than the speed just mentioned. 6. For throwing the belts from one pulley to another proper belting throwing appa- ratus must be installed. 7. Belts or ropes thrown off in case they are not entirely removed must be fixed on permanent holders in such a way that the belts, etc., can not come into contact with the moving parts of the shafting. 8. Belts which move with a greater speed than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second and all belts more than 180 millimeters (7.07 inches) in width must be securely protected underneath whenever they are located above working places or passageways. 9. All belts are to be guarded whenever they run lower than 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) above the floor of a passageway. The belts which run through floors are to be protected with an inclosure 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height, unless there is some other guard for the belting in question. In the latter case the openings are to be surrounded by an upright foot guard of at least 0.25 meter (9.84 inches) in height. 10. Putting grease or rosin on the belts is permitted only while they are moving slowly. 11. For rope transmission the regulations contained in articles 5 to 10 are to be applied, except in the case of moving cranes. 12. No moving parts of shafting shall have projecting pins, screws, and the like unless they are protected by some adequate coverings. Wrapping the projecting parts with rags, cotton waste, and similar materials is to be prohibited. 13. Pulleys, belt pulleys, cog wheels, friction clutches, etc., whose lowest point is nearer than 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) above the floors of the passageways are to be guarded up to this height in a proper manner. 14. Shafting is to be so arranged, as far as the conditions in the establishment shall permit, in such a manner that each workroom can be shut off independently of the other. Where such an arrangement is not provided, then in each workroom a signal apparatus shall be installed by means of which a signal can be given for stopping the power or for starting or stopping the engine. All arrangements for throwing off belting, etc., are to be installed in such a manner that it is impossible for the shafting to start again of its own account. . CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1049 2. BULES FOB WORKMEN. 1. Uncovered shafting, belts, ropes, etc., which are in motion may not be stepped over. 2. Rooms which are railed off or shut off through which shafting runs may only be entered by persons authorized to do so. 3. Attending to shafting, such as lubricating, cleaning, polishing, repairing, throw- ing on or throwing off the belts or ropes may be done only by persons authorized to do so. These operations may only be done while the shafting is not running, unless the method of operating makes the stopping of the machinery impossible. All shafting in motion may be cleaned or polished only from a fixed standing place and only with proper tools. 4. Belts more than 30 millimeters (1.18 inchss) in width, as well as ropes and chains moving at a higher speed than 10 meters (32.8 feet) per second, may not be thrown on or off by hand while in motion. This prohibition applies also to belts of more than 60 millimeters (2.36 inches) in width moving more slowly. 5. Belts and ropes which have been thrown off must be entirely removed or hung up on permanent holders in such a manner that they can not come into contact with moving parts of the shafting. The same precautionary measures are to be used in sewing, bonding, and mending the belts. 6. The putting of grease and rosin on the belts may be done only while they are moving slowly. 7. Whenever work is to be done on the shafting lasting longer then the usual time of standing still, proper notice thereof must be given as well as notice when such work ends, unless there are arrangements for throwing such shafting out of gear. V. Rules fob Elevators, Hoists, Cranes, etc. A. Elevators. 1. BULES FOB employers. The following rules tor the prevention of accidents apply only to elevators with cars moving on fixed slide ways, used for the lifting of loads with or without passengers in factories, storage houses, hotels, dwellings, etc. The rules do not include elevators exclusively used tor passengers, those used tor lifting in blast furnaces and mines, as well as small hoists. The last-named class includes those whose platform is not used by the workers and not more than 0.70 square meter (7.5 square feet) in area. 1. Care must be taken that in the case of elevators located inside of buildings the space which the elevator basket or elevator car passes is fenced in on all sides at least 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height from the floor at each loading point in such a manner that unauthorized persons can not reach the elevator shaft. In the case of elevators running' on the outside of the building the lowest position of the elevator car on the ground floor as well as in the cellar must be fenced in up to at least 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height. 2. The approaches to the elevator shaft are to be blocked off in an appropriate manner. To block off the approaches to the elevator shaft with ropes or chains only is to be forbidden. 3. At each approach to an elevator shaft a placard must be hung up warning persons to exercise caution and forbidding entrance to unauthorized persons. In addition, at each approach to the elevator there must be a conspicuous notice stating— (a) for freight elevators, the maximum load permissible in kilograms, as well as the pro- hibition that passengers may not be transported in the elevator; (6) in the case of freight elevators used also for transporting passengers, the maximum load permitted, 1050 KBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF lABOB. as well as the maximum number of persons, including the conductor, permitted on the car. 4. In the case of freight elevators, the elevator car is to be closed in on the sides not used for loading or unloading in such manner as to prevent the load from falling off. In the case of freight elevators also used for passengers the sides not used for loading or unloading are to be closed in with a wall 1.8 meters (70.87 inches) in height. The entrances are to be closed at least with a cross bar. The elevator car is to be supplied with a roof in such a manner that persons using the car can not be injured by falling objects. 5. In the case of freight elevators not used for transporting passengers, the rope, cable, etc., on which the car hangs must be able to support at least five times the maximum load; in elevators used for passengers, at least ten times the maximum load. In the case of direct acting hydraulic elevators the car must be fixed on the column in such a manner that the car can not be released from the column or have its floor tilted in any way. 6. Elevators whose car hangs from ropes, cables, chains, etc., are to be supplied with safety clutches or speed brakes; the maximum speed in descending shall not exceed more than 1.5 meters (59.05 inches) per second. In the cpise of direct acting hydraulic elevators a safety device must be installed between the controlling apparatus and the driving cylinder which will prevent a too rapid descent of the car in case of a broken pipe. 7. If counterbalancing weights are used they are to be hung on cables, chains, etc., which will support five times the weight of such bodies. ■ The counterbalancing weights are to be fixed in their shaft in such a manner that they can not come out of the same and shall be so arranged that in case they should fall they can not come in contact with persons or with the car. 8. Every elevator moved by mechanical power shall be provided with a self-acting device for stopping at the highest and the lowest points. 9. All the elevators which pass through several floors must have at each loading point a catch by means of which the starting rope will hold the car at the proper point. 10. In the case of elevators without intermediate stopping points the upper shafting opening must be supplied with automatic doors. 11. Whenever an elevator can be set in motion from any one of several floors, then an arrangement must be made between the different loading points or an indicator must be installed which shows the location of the car at any time. In case the con- troller is operated only from-one point, then a definite understanding must be arranged between the place of control and various loading points. Every elevator must have a signal apparatus or indicator which will show when the car is in motion. 12. Every elevator must be tested at least once a year as to its capacity and safe operation. The capacity of the cable, ropes, chains, etc ., is to be tested with double the maximum load and the effectiveness of the safety devices with the maximum load alone. 13. Directions must be issued that elevators which are intended exclusively for transporting freight may be used by persons during the operations of testing and repair only. 14. The tending of elevators may be intrusted only to those persons who are well acquainted with the management of the controlling apparatus. 2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 1. The maximum load of the elevators posted at the entrance of. the elevator shaft may in no case be exceeded. 2. The loading of the elevator is to be done in such a manner that the weight is dis- tributed evenly over the floor of the car and so that the load can not slide or fall from the car. CHAPTER V. workmen's INStTRANCE IN GERMANY. 1051 Elevators intended exclusively for moving freight may be used for persons for pur- poses of testing and repairs only. 3. An elevator may be set in motion only after the entrance is closed and in the case of elevators controlled from one place, only when there is a clear understanding from the loading or unloading point with the point of control. For elevators which pass through several floors, the catch apparatus which fastens the control rope or the control rod at the stopping point must be used for stopping and must be released before starting. B. Hoists, lifts, cranes, etc. 1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 1. All hoists, lifts, cranes, etc., must have clearly marked on them their maximum capacity. 2. Cogwheels, friction wheels, etc., in so far as they are not otherwise protected must be properly covered. 3. Lifting apparatus moved by winches or by pulling ropes must be provided with a check device if they are not automatically checked. If the descent of the load is caused by its own weight only, then a trustworthy brak- ing apparatus must be i;8ed. Devices by which the speed of the apparatus is changed must be so arranged that they can not change themselves. 4. All parts of the lifting apparatus must be tested at least once a year in regard to their capacity and efficiency. 2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 1 . The maximum load specified for any lifting apparatus may in no case be exceeded. 2. The ropes or chains used for fastening the load to the lifting apparatus are to be of sufficient strength and are to be carefully fastened on to the load and to the lift. Whenever there is a risk of the chain or rope being injured by the load then such chains, ropes, etc., are to be protected by straw ropes, pieces of wood packing, etc. 3. The workmen must so place themselves that they can not be reached by the cranks, etc., when the load is descending. 4. No one is to be allowed to pass under a load swinging freely. 5. In winding up a load the wedge must rest on the cogwheel. If the load is low- ered by means of brakes the latter must be moved uniformly and smoothly in order to avoid sudden stops. The brake may not be released until the workmen engaged on the cranks have left the same and stepped aside. VI. Transportation on Land. 1. RULES FOR EMPLOYERS. 1. Every wagon drawn by horses or cattle and used in hilly regions or localities must be supplied with an effective brake or other stopping apparatus, to be kept at all times in good condition. 2. As far as their shape or use permits all wagons must have a seat for the dri\er pro- vided with a back and side support. If such seat is not provided or if the load itself does not allow of a secure place to sit or stand, the driver may not drive the team from the wagon. 3. Vehicles of all kinds traveling in the dark are to be so lighted that their approach is recognizable. 4. Only those persons familiar with the operation are to be allowed to harness a team of horses. 5. Dangerous draft animals are to be supplied with muzzles. 6. Draft animals which experience has shown to be dangerous are to ha^•e their 1052 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR, 2. RULES FOR WORKMEN. 1. Drivers of teams may not leave the same unless they have taken measures to prevent the animals from going on. 2. In driving down hill a brake or other apparatus must be used. .3. The steps of the wagon are to be kept in such a condition that with proper care slipping from the same can be avoided. 4. The driver of a team must, when driving in the dark, carry sufficient lights so that the approach of the team is recognizable. 5. Drivers of teams may not sleep while the team is in motion. 6. Vehicles which are not supplied with a secure seat or whose load does not provide a secure seat or standing place may not be driven from the wagon. Sitting on the shafts or tongue of the wagon during the journey is prohibited. During a journey workmen may not sit on the side edge of the wagon with the feet hanging outward. 7. During the journey dangerous animals must wear the muzzle. 8. Workmen may not jump on or off a wagon while it is in motion. Proposed Keforms. On April 2, 1909, tiie imperial chancellor laid before the federal council a comprehensive scheme for the reform of the sickness, acci- dent, and invalidity insurance. (") The proposed plan expressed the views of the Government in regard to what was needed and feasible in regard to the reform of the whole system of insurance. A con- solidation of the three branches — sickness, accident, and invalidity — was not included in the proposed official plan ; the views of the Gov- ernment were that the necessary reform included the extension of the scope of the insurance, the creation of a system of insurance bene- fits for widows and orphans, and the introduction of such simplifica- tions in the plan as experience has shown would be desirable. The plan was presented in the form of an insurance code which contained aU the legislation relating to sickness, accident, and invalidity insur- ance. As a supplementary feature of the invalidity insurance a sys- tem of insurance benefits for widows and orphans has been included. The first part of the proposed insurance code relates to the organiza- tion and general system of administration of the three branches of insur- ance. The three types of organization now in use — the sick funds, the accident associations, and the invalidity institutes — are retained without change. In addition no change of principle has been made in regard to the present system of administering the work of these types of organization or in regard to the investment of the funds or the supervision by the administrative officials. A new feature which shows the tendency toward centralization of control of the workmen's "The plan as stated in this section ia that originally proposed by the Government; during the passage of the bill through the Parliament many changes of importance will probably be made in the plan here presented. As soon as practicable after the adoption of the new code an account of the changes made will be given in the Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor. CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN GEBMANT. 1053 insurance is proposed by the code; this consists of establishing three types of government insurance offices, the subordinate office to be called the local insurance office, which is an entirely new feature, and above this organization a superior insurance office which should be composed in part of the present arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. Above both of these the imperial iasurance office (or, where such exists, the state insurance office) is to control the whole system of insurance These three bodies are intended to provide a uniform system of supervision and administration, while an impor- tant feature of the work will be to make the methods of determining rights under the law as uniform as possible and to expedite the settle- ment of controversies. The functions of the local insurance offices, as a rule, shall be exercised over the area of the subordinate admin- istrative district; they may be made part of the state or communal government offices, such as divisions of the village government or of divisions of township governments, or they may be established as independent authorities and have the properties of public offices. The head of each such office is an independent official called an insur- ance officer who, as a rule, is expected to have the qualifications of a government administrative officer. There shall be at least one assistant who shall be qualified to perform the duties of insurance officer, and in addition there shall be attached to each office at least 20 associates consisting one-half of representatives of employers and one-half of representatives of insured persons. These associates are to be elected in a manner to be prescribed later, and the persons acting as associates are to serve without compensation and may be compelled to serve against their will. The important features — such as the delimitation of the territory subject to its jurisdiction, location of headquarters, etc. — of each insurance office are to be discussed with the representatives of the invalidity and accident insurance agencies. The insurance office is to be conducted as a board or corporation with the participation of the associates just mentioned. The principal business, however, is to be conducted by the insurance officer or his substitute, such duties being more particularly those of supervising the sick funds, conducting the investigation of accidents and the like. In the administration of the business of the office certain duties must be performed by committees, the most important of which is the executive committee (BescMussausschuss) consisting of the insur- ance officer and four associates. The duties of this committee con- sist of the work connected with the execution of the imperial decrees regarding decisions in insurance matters. A second committee is the arbitration committee for the settlement of controversies be- tween sick funds and physicians or apothecaries, and finally one or more committees whose work is to consist of the settlement of 1054 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. matters relating to rights under the law in specific cases. For impe- rial and state estabUshments, the special invalidity, and similar insti- tutes, there are to be created special insurance offices whose duties are somewhat like those of the territorial offices just described. The expenditures due to salaries of the insurance officer and his assistants are to be defrayed by the state or local government, while all other costs are to be borne by assessments on the various insurance agen- cies for accident associations, and insurance institutions, in propor- tion to the use which they make of the offices. The superior insurance offices which take the place of the former arbitration courts for workingmen's insurance are as a rule to be established for, the area of each superior administrative authority and are to transact all busiriess relating to supervision, decisions of disputes, etc. The superior office may be attached to a superior administrative authority or may be established as an independent organization. The director of this office is to be appointed for life and is to have at least two assistants selected from the number of public officials of the federal states; working with them are to be a number of associates consisting of representatives of the employers and of the insured persons who are to be elected by the insurance representatives connected with the local offices in accordance with election rules to be specified later. The business of the superior insurance office is to be transacted by a committee corresponding to the committees of the local offices but having a larger number of members. Both the local and the superior offices are to make exten- sive use of the services of technical experts in connection with tech- nical questions. The expenditures caused by the compensation of members of the superior office and one-fourth of the cost of the work- ing force are to be borne by the individual states. The costs of pro- cedure which are not covered by fees or fines are to be assessed on the various insm-ance agencies, while the other costs are to be assessed on the local insurance offices and by the latter to be collected from the insurance agencies. The imperial insurance office and (where such exist) the state insurance offices are the highest authorities in all matters relating to the business of the workmen's insurance. The imperial insurance office is to be composed of practically the same persons as now conduct it, but in order to expedite the business before it some additional committees are to be added. The part of the code relating to the accident insurance contains a number of important changes. In those relating to the scope of the insurance as far as the persons included are concerned, the new code proposes to include a larger number of persons engaged in the building trades. It adds persons who as a business keep liveries and similar stables, who rent out, either for business or otherwise, vehicles CHAPTEB V. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1055 including automobiles, sailboats, motor boats, and the like. An extension is also made in the case of persons engaged in the storage of lumber and the felling of timber, as well as establishments which transport persons or commodities. The right of voluntary insurance is extended to persons who con- duct livery stables or who maintain vehicles moved by mechanical or animal power, as well as pilots on inland waters who conduct their business on their own account. An extension is made so as to include in certain cases the children of female insured persons whose death by accident leaves them with- out means of support. A new method is provided of determining the annual earnings in case the injured person was not employed in the establishment for a full year before the accident; the code proposes that his earnings shall be determined according to the amount which he has actually earned while he was employed in the establishment; for the period necessary to complete the year, the earnings of persons similarly situated shall be used. In case the establishment works only a few days during the year, for the time that the establishment is closed the earnings shall be estimated on the basis of the average rate for unskilled labor in that locality. The kind of benefits provided is changed but little; treatment in a medical institution may be required only if the wife consents in the case of married employees. This consent, however, is not necessary in case the disease is contagious or in case the injured person per- sistently disobeys the rules of the physician in charge, or in case the condition or conduct of the injured person requires frequent and continuous observance. The bill proposes that in the future partial pensions up to 20 per cent may be granted for a specified period at the time the pension is determined so that the pension ceases automatically unless the injured person makes a claim for a continuance of the pension at the date of expiration. In order to prevent the receipt of an accident pension during the time that the injured person earns full wages, or wages which he would have earned had the accident not happened, the bill provides that in such cases and during the time which he continues to receive such wages the pension shall cease, since the fact that he is receiving such wages proves that the accident has not deprived him of his earn- ing capacity. Similarly the bill proposes to take measures to prevent the pensioner from drawing the full pension if he declmes to accept a proper work provided for him at the expense of the accident associ- ation. . . ... , The authority of the accident association to provide msured persons with capital sums in settlement of small pensions has been increased, and this may be done in certain cases with the consent of the injured 1056 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. Under the provisions of the bill the accident associations may establish employment agencies and take measures to create or dis- cover opportunities for employment for injured persons; the federal council regulates all measures of this kind taken by the associations. The investment of the funds of the industrial accident associations must, according to the bill, be made to at least one-fourth of its amount in the bonds of the empire or of the federal states. Ill addi- tion the investment of a part of the assets of the associations in other investments than securities is permitted, especially for institutions which serve the personal credit of the members of the accident associations. In response to the wishes of the accident associations special measures have been taken in regard to the amounts of assessments for additions to the reserve. After the first 11 years of its existence an accident association must no longer deposit a specified percentage of the assessments in the reserve, but it must make supplementary additions to the reserve estimated on the basis of accumulating in the following 21 years a capital sum which would be equal to three times the amount of the compensation which is to be paid in the year for which the last assessment was paid. If during the 21 years < an accident association has made unnecessarily high additions to its reserve, then the imperial office may extend the time in which this amount is to be accumulated from 21 to not longer than 31 years. The amount of the supplementary assessment which such an associ- ation must raise is determined by the imperial insm-ance office. During the 21 years the interest arising from the reserve may be used to cover current expenditures. At the end of this period the interest on the reserve is to be used to pay those amounts which would be necessary in order to prevent a further increase in the amount of the assessments. The amount of interest not used for the purpose just mentioned is to be added to the reserve, until the latter is equal to one-half of the capital necessary to cover the current obligations for compensation. In special cases the imperial insurance office is au- thorized to specify which part of the interest is to be used for dimin- ishing the assessments and which part is to be returned to the reserve ; the insurance office also specifies how the capitalized value of the current obligations for compensation is to be computed. The proposed insurance code pays especial attention to regulating the relations of the different branches of insurance to each other. The great number of controversies, especially those between the poor law authorities and the sick funds, on the one hand, and the accident insurance organizations, on the other, has made this reform absolutely necessary. ■ The code proposes that whenever claims to benefits arise at the same time against several insurance organizations and in cases CHAPTER V. WOBKMEn's INSTJKANCE IN GEKMANY. 1057 in which the communes, poor law authorities, rehef societies, etc., are entitled to reimbursement for expenditures made, then the arbi- tration committee of the insurance office shall decide in regard to the principal claim and shall pass Judgment on the claims for reim- bursement of expenditures from the insurance organization. Instead of waiting for a claimant to institute proceedings, aU authorities, funds, etc., are given the right to initiate such as may be necessary to deter- mine the right to accident benefits. The bill makes clear the basis on which claims for reimbursement against insurance organizations shall be made. It permits making claims for reimbursement against arrears of pensions, and specifies that in the future when such bodies provide sick wage or other sick money they may demand indemnity from the sick or accident pension; if they have paid funeral benefits they shaU be repaid from the funeral benefits of the workmen's insurance, but the costs of medical treatment are to be repaid as a separate item. The bill carefully specifies the procedure to be fol- lowed whenever the accident insurance organizations desire to take charge of the medical treatment of the disabled person during the first 13 weeks, or when the invahdity institutes or the accident asso- ciations desire to turn over to the sick fund the care and treatment of persons for whom special treatment is to be provided The bill speci- fies that the court which makes decisions on controversies regarding claims for reimbursement of compensation against employers who are liable to. such claims, shall in making its decisions accept the verdict of insurance bodies in regard to which insurance organization was the proper body either to bring suit or to receive the award. The pro- cedure to be followed in determining the pensions is as follows: Under the new bill each accident must be reported by the employer on the prescribed form. Such reports are to be sent to the local insurance office, which will transmit the same to the proper accident association. After the investigation of the accident has been made in the customary manner the local insurance must decide whether a claim for compensation is likely to arise, and in addition to decide whether it seems feasible for the accident association to undertake special medical treatment of the injured person. If the latter point is decided afl&rmatively, the accident association must be immediately notified. After a report has been drawn up in regard to the case the head of the local insurance office shall add a statement in which he shall give his opinion as to the proper amount of compensation to be granted. Upon the demand of the injured person or upon the officials' own initiative the latter must hold a verbal investigation in regard to the compensation to be granted. After an opinion has been drawn up the case is to be decided in the usual manner, except that where the decision does not agree with the opinion given by the head of the local 1058 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. insurance office the variations shall be stated and the reasons therefor given. Where the compensation is determined after the conclusion of the medical treatment the regular bodies of the accident association in charge of this subject shall render the judgment, but shall give the head of the insurance office opportunity to state his views based on the opinion expressed in his first report. Other features connected with compensation, such as the time limit concerning expiration of claims, receiving the testimony of the physician in charge of the case, the choice of the accident association in regard to the kind of benefits to be provided, follow the same procedure as heretofore. Questions regarding the increase, decrease, or stopping of pensions or of their temporary cessation shall be decided by application to the local insur- ance office, where the arbitration committee is required to hold open verbal hearings. The same procedure is to be followed in regard to claims for the repayment of assessments which the employer claims to have been in excess of the proper amount. ACCIDENT INSnSANCE POB PEBSONS ENGAGED IN THE BmiDING TRADES. Some of the persons engaged in building work are insured under the provisions of the law relating to the insurance of persons engaged in general industries (p. 994), while a restricted number of workers are insured under the law relating to agriculture and forestry (p. 1085). The great majority of workers in the building and construction industries are insured under the law relating to the accident insurance of workers in the building trades {Bau- Unfallversicherungsgesetz) of June 30, 1900. The peculiar conditions in the building industries, and especially the temporary nature of much of the work, induced the f ramers of the laws on accident insurance to regulate these industries by a special law. Although the first law relating to industrial acci- dent insurance was passed on July 6, 1884, the insurance was not extended to the building industries until the law of July 11, 1887, was enacted. This law, like the other accident insurance laws, was revised by the act of June 30, 1900. The insurance of persons engaged in the building industries resem- bles closely the insurance of persons engaged in the general indus- tries, the principal differences relating to the financial organization. Industries Covered. The law divides building work into two classes. The first may be designated as engineering construction work, such as the con- struction of railroads, tunnels, canals, sewers, roads, river im- provements, dikes, etc. ( Tiefbau) ; the first class therefore includes construction work done underground or on the surface of the CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUBANCE IN GBEMANY. 1059 ground. The second class of construction work is that of build- ing work done above ground and includes what is usually understood as ordinary building operations, such as the erection of residences, office buildings, commercial and manufacturing structures, etc. Included in this category is such work as procuring raw materials and working up of the same, work on and in the building (masonry, carpentry, painting, etc.), earthwork connected with buildings, etc. Article 1 of the law exempts from its operation industries included under the industrial and the agricultural accident insurance laws. Persons Insured. The accident insurance law for the building trades includes (1) workmen engaged in the execution of building work, who are not insured under the accident insurance laws for industries and for agri- culture; (2) officials of the establishment, as well as foremen and tech- nical officials or experts, if their annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714). As a ',' workman" in the building trades is often diffi- cult to distinguish from an employer or contractor, the imperial insur- ance office has defined workmen in the building trades as (1) the jour- neymen, the helpers, and other regular handworkers of the building trades who are exclusively employed in establishments of professional contractors or builders; (2) the persons employed regularly as wage workers in establishments of professional builders or contractors, and in other estabhshments (such as agricultural) in so far as they are engaged on building work for the firm; (3) persons engaged through- out the entire year or the greater part of the year on building work for employers who are not professional builders or contractors, in so far as (a) they perform only unimportant work (not reqiiiring the training of an artisan), and especially repair work; (6) they work for an amount not exceeding or not greatly in excess of the wages of a building trades worker, and without any capital of their own. The possession of capital will be assumed if such workers use large appa- ratus (shop outfits, etc.), or if they supply building materials or regu- larly employ workmen themselves. Persons engaged in building work to whom the above description does not apply are as a rule to be considered independent employers, builders, or contractors, though the possibihty of exceptions to this classification is clearly stated. Some of the doubtful cases in which persons have been held to be building workers are : Eesidents of a commune who were required by the local regulations to work on the roads or to bring their teams for such road work, are building-trades workers of the commune; members of a religious brotherhood who performed building work for their sopiptv are subiect to the insurance; neighbors who help in building 1060 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOE. a barn without compensation may be subject to the insurance, since from the point of view of the insurance laws neither the regular occupation of the worker or the fact that he works without pay has any influence on his insurance against accidents. However, in cases hke this the neighbor must do the work which would otherwise have been performed by a regular worker and he must be of the economic status of a workman. The constitution of the building trades accident association may extend the insurance to (a) employers whose annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714) or who do not regularly employ more than 2 workmen, as well as to (b) estabUshment officials whose annual earnings exceed 3,000 marks ($714). In the insurance of establishment officials, they must have the full amount of their earnings included in the computation of the benefits. Employers whose annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714) or who do not regularly employ more than 2 workmen, are entitled to voluntarily insure themselves against accidents; by pro- vision of the constitution, this right of the employer may be extended to those with higher annual earnings. The law (article 5) defines an employer as follows: (1) In building where the operation is carried on as a business (i. e., for profit), the employer is the one for whose account the operation is conducted; (2) in other building work, the one for whose account the work is done. Chakacter of Disability Coveeed. The definition of an accident is identical with that of the industrial accident insurance law (see p. 996). Benefit Payments. The benefit payments are identical with those provided for the general industries. Owing to the special features of the building industries, a special type of sick fund, the " building- trades' sick fund" as described on page 1203, has been created to provide benefits during the first 13 weeks of disability where the operations are of sufficient magnitude or duration to warrant such a step. Determination and Revision of Benefits. The procedure connected with the investigation of accidents during building operations, the awarding of compensation, and the revision of the benefits are the same as for the general industries. CHAPTEE V. — WOEKMBn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1061 SouKOEs OF Income. The insurance of the buildmg industries is paid for by the employers, except that accidents occurring on operations lasting less than 6 days are paid for by the communes or other local governments in whose territory they took place. With this exception the state- ment of the sources of income for the general industries (p. 1008) applies to the building industries. Financial Obqanization. In describing the general administration of the accident insurance for the building trades on page 1072, an account is given of the sub- sidiary organizations known as " insurance institutes " {Versicherung- sanstalten). The cost of the insurance in the building trades can not very well be assessed on employers on the basis of the cost of the insurance in each year, as is done in the case of the industrial accident insur- ance. The fact that the amount of work done each year and that the persons engaged in the building industries change so frequently made it necessary to adopt a financial system based on premiums sufficient to cover the entire cost of all accidents arising each year instead of the system of assessments for current expenses only. Every three years the premium schedule is fixed in advance for each accident association by the imperial insurance office after consulta- tion with the directorate of that association. The basis for the calculation of the premiums is the capitalized value of the payments which the insurance institute will probably have to make for acci- dents on building operations lasting more than 6 days; to this must be added a sufficient amount to build up a reserve and an adequate loading for the costs of administration. The interest from the existing reserve may be used for current expenses unless such interest is needed for the reserve of the insurance institute. The method of computing the capital sums necessary to provide the pensions is stated on page 1068 below. The premium rates must be published by the imperial insurance office in official gazettes and must appear at least 2 weeks prior to the date when they come into force. At the end of each 3 months, the amount to be paid by each employer is calculated from the information which he has supplied at the end of each month. A statement is then furnished to the officials of the commune in which the employer is located, with the request to collect the amount and forward it to the proper officers of the accident association. For this service the association must pay the commune a fee, which is agreed upon by the imperial insurance office and the officials of f.hfi sf.nf.A ofovftTTiment. Since 1888 this fee has been 4 ner r.p.nt, of 1062 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB.. the amount collected. The commune is responsible for the amounts to be collected, and in case legal proceedings are necessary in their collection, it must advance the sum until it can prove that such pro- ceedings were without result. The statement of the amount of premiums due which is furnished to each employer must be given in such form as to enable him to verify the accuracy of the computation. The employer is entitled to 2 weeks time in which to make this verification and within 2 weeks more may make the payment under protest in order to secure a revision of his assessment. The claim for a correction of the assessment must be made within two years, and may also be allowed even though no protest was made at the time of payment. Local governments and similar bodies which conduct building operations on their own account — i. e., themselves being the employer — may have their premiums collected in the form of a lump sum based on the average wage roll and average number of work days of the year. The procedure described above applies to building work subject to the building insurance law and which requires more than 6 days to execute. If an operation requires less than 6 days to complete, the cost of the accidents occurring on such work are collected from the communes or other local governments. The accident insurance institutes keep the accounts for this class of accidents separately, and each year collect from the communes the amounts actually expended during the preceding year for accidents occurring in their territory. The method of defraying the cost of this class of acci- dents therefore is that of assessments for current expenses instead of by means of premiums. If several communes are responsible for the cost of an accident, the assessments are distributed in proportion to the population as determined by the last census. There is, how- ever, one exception to the above rule; the cost of accidents occurring on operations lasting less than 6 days, if the operation is one included in the scope of the Engineering Accident Association (Tiefhau- BerufsgenossenscTiaft), is not defrayed by the commune, but by the employer. Tariff of Premium Eates. The following illustrations show the principal features of the tariffs of premiums used by the building accident associations. These tariffs vary considerably in the different • districts, but those here reproduced are representative. CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1063 TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE NORTHWEST. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versioherungsamts, 1908.] Num- ber. Risk class and occupation. Class A . Floor polishers, planers, etc Paper Dangers, decorators, etc . Arcbitects Class B. Stove builders Class C. Glaziers Cabinetmakers . Painters, etc Class D. Aspbalt workers, cement workers, and stone setters Class E. Tile workers House smiths Locksmiths Installers of gas and water pipes . . . Scaffolding and staging workers CUss F. Stonecutters, stuccoworkers, stone setters, and stone breakers Transportation of persons Class a. Masons Carpenters, etc Shipbuilders, wood . Per cent of wages to be paid as I)re- mium. 2.10 h 80 4.20 S.60 7.00 Num- ber. 21 24 25 27 Risk class and occupation. Class H. Digging of sand, gravel, clay, etc... Building of flour mills (wood) Class J. Setting up, removal, and repair of lightning conductors Class K. Roofers Well diggers Class L. Drayage, cartage, etc Cla£s M. Blasting of stone Class's. Tenders of steam boilers, engines, motors, etc., and of power ma- chinery driven by motors Class 0. Demolition of buildings and clear- ing of burned 'structures Per cent of wages to be paid as pre- mium. 10.20 12.20 13.60 20.00 TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE KINGDOM OF HANOVER. Class A . Supervision and controlling of building work Architects Cabinetmakers Wheelwrights Class B. Stove builders Paper hangers, decorators, etc.; setting up, taking d6wn, and re- pair 01 shutters Class C. Glaziers Stone setters Layers of flagstones. Asphalt workers Coppersmiths 4fi598°— 10- 1.60 2.00 2.40 24 Class B. Painters Painters and glaziers Gilders Painters and plasterers Earth workers Class E. Stuccoworkers Stonecutters Carpenters Makers of cement wares Bridge builders Terrazzo workers Class F. House smiths House smiths and installers of water, and heating pipes 2.80 3.30 -68 1064 EEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOB. TARIFF OF PREMIUM BATES IN FOECE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE KINGDOM OF HANOVER— Concluded. Num- ber. Risk class and occupation. Class J"— Concluded. Installers of gas, water, and heat- ing pipes ScaSolding and staging builders . . , Window cleaners Window cleaners and house cleaners Per cent of wages to be paid as pre- mium. Class Q. Lime burners Handling building materials.. SupervisiOTi of building work. Building watchmen Class S. Masons Plasterers , Concrete workers Cement workers Agricultural workers Cleaning of fronts, facades, etc Glass grinders Setting up work Makersoi tanks, etc Oven builders Braziers Wood turners Repair of agricultural machinery. Tree cutting .10 4.60 Class J. Shipbuilding, wood and iron.. House smiths Class Z. Handling lumber .- Preparing woodwork for building . Class L. Carpenters Pile driving and ramming (hand work) 6.00 5.40 S.90 6.10 Num. ber. 67 Risk class and occupatioiL Class i— Concluded. Setting up, repair, and removal of lightning conductors Tenders of steam boilers, engines, and motors and of working ma- chinery driven by motors Building blacksmiths General installation work Per cent of wages to be paid as pre- mium. Class M. Building of flour mills of wood. Class N. Roofers Building and repairing of chimneys, smokestacks for factories, etc.. 6,10 64 Class 0. Cartage, drayage, etc. Class P. Well diggers Class Q. Building and renting of scaffolding and staging Class E. Stone-quarrying -work Class S. Woodworking with the use of cir- cular saws, band sawa, planing machines, boring machines, and grooving machinery (using power) Class T. Demolition of buildings 7.80 8.40 8.70 9.10 12.50 20.00 TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE KINGDOM OP SAXONY. Class A. Supervision of building work. . Class B. Paper hangers, decorators, etc. Floor planers Stove Duilders Glaziers Cabinetmakers Stage buUders Class C. House painters, painters, etc Stuocoworkers and sculptors Tile workers not using power Stone setters Asphalt workers, cement workers, etc 0.60 13 14 16 16 17 1.20 18 19 20 1.80 21 22 23 Class D. House smiths, etc Installing of gas and waterpipes! Locksmiths Electric conductor workers. Stonecutters . Class E. Masons Oven builders Cement and concrete workers. . Class F. Shipbuilders, wood. Carpenters Gluers 2.40 [ 3.0 CHAPTEB V. WOKKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1065 TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE KINGDOM OF SAXONY— Concluded. Num- ber. Risk class and occupation. Per cent of wages to be paid as pre- mium. Num- ber. 34 35 Risk class and occupation. Per cent of to be paid as pre- mium. 24 26 Class 0. Flour mill building in wood 5.40 6.60 I 7.20 8.80 Class L. Workers on power machinery driven by steam, water, gas, wind, etc., such, for instance, as circular saws, band saws, planing machines, boring machines, hoists, etc., brick-pressing ma- chines, and the like 26 Underground workers 27 Class H. Digging of sand, gravel, clay, etc . . . WeU diggers 11.00 28 Class M. 29 CUiSsJ. Roof workers 16.00 30 31 32 Quarry workers 33 Class K. Blasters (not in quarry work) TARIFF OF PREMIUM RATES IN FORCE FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911 FOR THE INSUR- ANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE BUILDING TRADES OF THE RHINE DISTRICT AND WESTPHALIA. 10 Class A . Floor planers and waxers Architects, building supervisors, builders and persons engaged in architects' ofttces Upholsterers, decorators, and paper hangers Class B. Glaziers (not Including paint work) Paving workers, stone setters, til- ers Class C. Painters, Including glaziers doing paint work, plasterers, varnlsh- ers, etc Sculptors and stonecutters lolners (not Including machine work) Brlckmakers Scaffolding workers Class D. Asphalt workers, concrete workers, and cement workers House smiths, etc Installing of gaa and water piping. . Stuoooworkers Installers of pumps (not Including well digging) ■ - ■ . - Wheelwrights and wagon workers. Class E. Masons and oven builders Gypsum workers, plasterers, and polishers Shipbuilders, wood Stone breakers Locksmiths Woodcutters (not using power) — 23 • 1.20 24 26 26 27 2.20 28 3.10 29 30 31 32 4.00 33 34 36 4.80 36 Class F. Levelers, clay floor makers Class G. Carpenters Flour mill builders Earth work for buildings, digging of sand, gravel, clay, etc Boiler tenders, etc., engine tenders (steam, water, gas, wind) and tenders of working machinery driven by motors of the kind just named Class H. Workers on railways, on cable roads, or on ships Setting up, taking down, removal and repair of lightning rods Class J. Well diggers, etc Roofers Work with teams Class K. Stonebreakers and stone blasters. . Class L. Chimney builders Class M. Woodworking machinery driven by power, workers on circular saws, band saws, planing ma- chines, etc Class K. Demolition work 7.40 12.80 14.00 1066 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. TARIFF OF PREMIUMS FOE THE INSUEANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ENGINEERING ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1908.J Class of work. Per cent of wages to be paid 33 pre- mium. Gboup I. Self-conducted worlc by local governments, proviTices, etc, A. IN BUBAL SISTBICTS. Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of pipes, changing water courses, building work belonging thereto, maintenance of dikes, drainage, and other hydraulic work, with the building work necessary thereto, including therockwork and blasting work Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of pipes, changing of small water courses, including transportation of ihaterial necessary therefor, but excluding the dig- ging and working of such material B. IN CITIES. Maintenance and cleaning of streets and roads, laying of sewers, water pipes, and other piping, water courses, maintenance of bridges, docks, buildings, and similar structures, inclualng the digging, transportation, and working up of material necessary thereto, as well as the rock work and blasting work connected therewith Cleaning of streets and roads by itself Maintenance of streets and roads and similar work by itself, with the transportation of material necessary thereto, but not including the digging and working upofthesame.. Same as above, but including the -digging and workmg up of the material requisite, including rockwork and blasting work Gboup II. Road buUditig, etc. Building of roads, streets, walks, etc., with the use of hand tools, carts, boats, or vehicles. Same as above, but including rock work and blasting work Road, etc., building, with the use of cars and tracks, other transportation appliances, but not including power apparatus, but Including the building work and shopwork; in- cluding also the spreadmg of material and rolling of the roads with horsepower Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work Road, etc., building, with use of locomotives or other sources of power, use of steam roller by itself. Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work Group III. Building of railroads, candU, harbors, river work, and other water work, fortification work. Building of railroads, canals, harbor work, other river work, with the use of only small hand tools (picks, shovels, etc.), or of wheelbarrows, hand cars, vehicles, small boats etc., including accessory building work, such as culverts, walls, etc ' Building of railfoads, canals, harljor work, other river work, including the use of rails or other tools or apparatus than those mentioned in number 13, for the transportation, lifting, etc., of material but without power apparatus, including the building work the superstmctiu'e and shopwork ' Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work Building of railroads, canals, harbor work, other river work, with the use of locomotives and other power apparatus, including rock and blasting work, together with the building work, buildmg of the superstructure and shopwork Building of tunnels, of mine galleries, and of shafts Railroad superstructures and street railroad structures, building of Building of banks for rivers, etc., without the use of power apparatus (with the use of power apparatus, this group belongs to number 16) Single building operations for underground work with tiie use of wood, iron, masonry, concrete and reinforced concrete with foundations for the same and including earth work. To this class belong bridge work, overhead and underground conduit work, culverts, locks, dams, basins, and similar building work Group IV. Oeneral engineering work, leveling work, excavation work, and similar work and construction. Earth work without or with only exceptional use of hand cars or vehicles. To this class belong leveling work, grading, ditch work, construction of ponds, of dikes, and similar work, as well as excavations which are not included under 27 below Same as above, but including the use of cars, vehicles, or other hand apparatus, together with concrete work Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work '..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'." CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSUKANCE IN GEKMANY. 1067 TARIFF OF PREMIUMS FOR THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF THE ENGINEERING ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION FOR THE YEARS 1909 TO 1911— Couoladed. Class of work. Per cent of wages to be paid as pre- mium. Group IV— Concluded. Qeneral engineering work, leveling work, excavation work, and similar work and conalruction — Concluded. Same as 21, but Including the use of cars, etc., on tracks, but not including power ap- paratus Same as above, together with rockwork and blasting work Same as 21, but Including the use of locomotives or other power apparatus, together with rockworli and blasting work Excavations for cellars, buildings, other foundations, etc., with the use of shoring, or with depths greater than 1.6 meters (69 inches) with the use of apparatus of any kind, together with concrete work Same as above, but including rockwork and blasting work Geoup V. Inatallaiion of wire conduits, or- sewer systems, of gas and water -pipes an4 similar installa- tion of piping. Underground wiring work Gas piping, water piping, and other piping work i a as far as the depth of the ditches is not more than 1.75 meters (69 inches) or the diameter of the pipes is not greater than 200 millimeters (7.9 inches) (If power apparatus is used, number 31 applies) Installation of sewers and other piping installation such as: Gas pipes, water pipes, as well as drainage of cellars and cemeteries. In as far as these do not come under number 30 Grodp VI. Accessor u establishments. Cartage, drayage, etc., establishments Above ground building work Demolition of underground work Demolition, tearing down, etc., of buildings Well digging, boring, drilling, etc Paving, asphalt work, etc Quarrying work .' Production of broken stone, including the use of machinery , making of paving stones, and similar stonework as a special part of the establishment Digging of gravel, sand, clay, and marl Establishments providing engines, pumps, etc., not in connection with building estab- lislunents -. v v • Dredging work for the maintenance of harbors, canals, and similar water courses with the use of power apparatus • ■ v.- ■/■,•.■■ j v Stringing electrical wires, putting up of poles, setting up machinery, and taking down of same Group VII. Establishment officials. Insurance of establishment oiBclals Note —For shaft foremen, locomotive engineers, and other engineers, the premium rate should be used for the wages for that establishment or that part of the establishment In which they are employed. Other Regulations. 1. For operations not included in the above tariff the premium rate will be fixed by the board of directors in accordance ^\^th the tariff providing for other operations. 2. If the same workman is engaged on several kinds of work (for example on street cleaning and stone breaking), then in the monthly report the number of working daj^s and wages earned are to be stated separately for each kind of work. If such separate statements are 1068 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OE LABOK. not made the computation of the premium will be made on the highest risk class included in the report. Method of Compxjting Capital Sums Necessakt to Provide THE Pensions. The decree of October 5, 1904, gives the rules to be followed in computing the capital necessary to defray the cost of the pensions arising each year. The rules are given in two sections, the first for the engineering building institute and the second for the institutes of the other twelve building trades accident associations. A. Rules for the Engineering Accident Association. First, the annual amount necessary for capital sums is to be computed as follows: (a) Each year the total capital is determined, which from the actuarial point of view is necessary to cover the future pension liabilities for all accidents (with certain minor exceptions) for which pensions are to be paid at the close of the fiscal year. (6) Each year the assets on hand are determined by deducting from the capital carried forward from the previous year, including interest as well as any profits from increase in value of securities, the amount paid out as compensation, including any loss in the value of securities. The difference between the two amounts, (o) and (6), is the amount of capital neces- sary for the liabilities incurred during the year. The annual computation does not, however, include the following: Pensions which were granted on December 31 of the year but had not yet been approved; provisional compensation for pensions not finally determined as legal; parts of pensions which were granted for temporary unemploy- ment due to partial disability. The association is authorized to deduct from the capital on hand the following amounts: (a) The amounts necessary to cover pensions paid during the year to injured persons and survivors. (5) Amounts paid as settlements to injured persons and to widows who remarry, provided that for these two cases (viz., a and 6) a capital sum had been accumulated. (c) Amounts paid to homes for invalids, etc., for maintenance of pensioners up to the amount of the pension capitalized in the preceding year. (See art. 24 of the industrial accident insurance law.) In addition to the capital sums necessary and the other expenditures of the accident association (such as costs of administration, payments to the reserve fund, etc.) each , year the following amounts are to be included: (a) All costs of medical treatment, treatment in institutes of various kinds, settle- ments to foreigners, and funeral benefits. (5) The pensions paid during the fiscal year to injured persons or to survivors which were not included in the computations of the previous year as well as provisional , payments for compensation. (c) Amounts paid to homes for invalids, etc., in accordance with article 24 of the industrial accident insurance law. The determination of the capital sums or what may be called the reserve proper of the association is as follows: I. Pensions to injured pbksons. — In each year all the pensions which are on the pension list at the close of the fiscal year are to be capitalized, and each pension is to be computed separately. This holds true even for pensions to one and the same person because of different injuries, provided that such pensions have been awarded separately. The capitalization of the pensions must be made according to Tariff I. CHAPTEK Y.- — workmen's INSUBANCE IN GEBMANY. 1069 iKIFF NUMBER I, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF PEN- SIONS TO INJURED PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES ACCIDENT IN- SURANCE INSTITUTES. [Source: Amtllche Nachrichten des Belchs-Verslcherungsamts, 1894 pp.147, 148, and 1904, p. 603.) Capitalized value of a pension of 1 mark Capitalized value of a pension of 1 mark when the first day of the fourteenth when the first day of the fourteenth Lgeln week after the accident begins— Age In week after the accident begins— mplete complete years (at be- years atbe- In the In the In the In the In the calen- dar In the In the In the [nnlng second third fourth ginning second third fourth ffour- calen- calen- calen- of four- calen- eenth In the year preced- ing the current fiscal year. dar dar dar teenth In the dar dar dar week after current fiscal year before year before year before week after current fiscal preced- ing the current fiscal year. year before year before year le aoci- ient). year. the cur- rent fiscal the cur- rent fiscal the cur- rent fiscal the acci- dent). year. the cur- rent fiscal the cur- rent fiscal the cur- rent fiscal year. year. year. year. year. year. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. Marks. 6.29 8.07 10.36 10.70 10.76 57 6.01 7.44 8.34 8.46 8.29 6.31 8.08 10.41 10.75 10.82 68 5.97 7.34 8.17 8.26 8.06 6.32 8.10 10.44 10.79 10.87 59 6.94 7.23 7.99 8.03 7.82 6.34 8.12 10.47 10.82 10.90 60 6.91 7.12 7.81 7.80 7.67 6.36 8.14 10.49 10.83 10.91 61 6.88 7.01 7.62 7.56 7.31 6.38 8.16 10.49 10.84 10.92 62 6.84 6.90 7.43 7.31 7.05 6.40 8.13 10.47 10.82 10.91 63 6.79 6.78 7.23 7.06 6.79 6.42 8.10 10.45 10.80 10.89 64 6.73 6.64 7.01 6.79 6.52 5.44 8.07 10.43 10.78 10.87 65 6.67 6.48 6.77 6.52 6.25 ....... 5.46 8.04 10.40 10.75 10.85 66 6.59 6.30. 6.51 6.25 6.98 5 48 8.01 10.36 10.72 10.82 67 6.48 6.09 6.23 5.98 6.72 5.60 7.98 10.32 10.69 10.79 68 6.34 5.86 5.93 5.72 5.46 5.62 7.96 10.28 10.67 10.77 69 6.17 5.61 5.64 5.46 5.20 5.64 7.94 10.23 10.64 10.74 70 4.99 5.34 5.36 5.20 4.95 5.66 7.92 10.18 10.61 10.71 71 4.80 5.09 5.09 4.95 4.70 5.58 7.90 10.13 10.68 10.68 72 4.60 4.85 4.83 4.71 4.46 5.61 7.88 10.09 10.65 10.66 73 439 4.62 4.59 4.47 4.24 5.64 7.86 10.05 10.62 10.62 74 4.19 4.40 4.36 4.24 4.03 5.67 7.84 10.00 10.60 10.59 75 3.99 4.19 4.14 4.03 3.82 6.70 7.82 9.94 10.47 10.56 76 3.79 3.98 3.93 3.82 3.62 6.72 7.80 9.88 10.44 10.63 77 3.61 3.78 3.73 3.62 3.43 6.73 7.78 9.82 10.42 10.60 78 3.43 3.69 3.54 3.43 3.25 6.73 7.77 9.76 10.40 10.48 79 3.26 3.40 3.35 3.25 3.08 6.73 7.76 9.70 10.37 10.45 80 3.09 3.23 3.18 3.09 2.93 5.73 7.75 9.64 10.35 10.42 81 2.90 3.07 3.02 2.93 2.78 6.74 7.76 9.68 10.33 10.39 82 2.79 2.91 2.87 2.78 2.65 6.76 7.78 9.53 10.30 10.36 83 2.66 2.77 2.72 2.65 2.52 6.76 7.81 9.49 10.27 10.32 84 2.53 2.63 2.59 2.62 2.39 5.77 7.86 9.47 10.23 10.27 85 2.41 2.50 2.46 2.40 2.28 6.79 6.81 6.84 6.87 6.90 5.93 5.95 5.97 7.89 7.93 7.97 8.01 8.06 8.10 8.06 7.98 9.48 9.49 9.51 9.63 9.65 9.47 9.37 9.26 10.18 10.13 10.07 lUoo 9.91 9.81 9.69 9.65 10.21 10.16 10.08 9.99 9.88 9.76 9.64 9.50 86 2.17 87 2.07 88 1.97 89 1.87 90 1.77 91 1.66 92 .. . 1.55 93 1.44 5.99 7.90 9.12 9.39 9.33 94 1.33 6.01 7.82 8.98 9.22 9.14 95 1.21 6.03 7.73 8.83 9.04 8.93 96 1.09 6.04 7.64 8.67 8.86 8.72 97 .79 6.05 7.64 8.61 8.66 8.51 98 .29 In computing the capitalization the following factors must be considered: (a) The ;e of the injured person in complete years on the date when the fourteenth week after le accident began; (6) the length of time for which he has received a pension which determined on the basis of whether the day just mentioned under (a) occurred in le fiscal year or in the previous year or in the second year preceding or in the third sar preceding or in the fourth year preceding; (c) twelve times the amount of the onthly pension which is to be given the injured person beginning with January 1. the fiscal year following. 1070 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE O? LABOB. In case the injured person is maintained in a home for invalids or other institution (see art. 24 of the industrial accident insurance law), the pension is to be capitalized as if such maintenance in an institution had not taken place. In case the injured person is less than 15 years of age the rates for persons 15 years of age are to be used. The official reports give the following examples to show the methods of computing the pensions according to the above rules: Example i.— The accident occurs on the 17th of March, 1893; the pension is to begin on the 17th of June, 1893; on the 17th of June, 1893, the age of the pensioner is 43 complete years; the amount of the pension granted on January 1, 1894, is 500 marks. By consulting column 2 of Tariff I for the age 43 it is seen that the value of such a pension is 5.77, so that the capital sum necessary to be put in the reserve for this pension is 5.77 times 500 marks, or 2,885 marks. Example $. — The accident occurs on June 9, 1890; the date when the pension began was September 9, 1890; on September 9, 1890, the age of the injured person was 36 complete years; on January 1, 1894 (in the third year after the date of beginning the pension), a pension of 600 marks was granted. By consulting the column of Tariff I, which diows pensions determined the third year after injuries, it is found that the value of the pension for a person 36 years of age is 10.42. The amount of capital necessary to be deposited in the reserve is, therefore, 10.42 times 600, or 6,252 marks. II. Pensions for survivors. — In each year aU the pensions which have been granted up to the close of that year to survivors of injured persons are to be capitalized. As in the case of injured persons each pension granted is to be capitalized separately and survivors who are maintained in a home for invalids or other institution are to have their pensions capitalized in the same manner as if they had not been so maintained. The capitalization is based on Tariff No. II as given.below. TARIFF NUMBER U, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF PENSIONS TO SURVIVORS OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES ACCIDENT INSURANCE INSTITUTES. [Source: Amtliclie Nachrichteu des Relohs-Versicherungsamts, 1894, pp. 149-151, and 1904, p. 603.] A. PENSIONS TO WIDOWS. Age in Age in Age in Age in Age in complete Capital- izedT value complete Capital- ized value complete Capital- ized value complete Capital- ized value complete Capital- ized value years at years at years at the close years at years at the close of a pen- the close of a pen- of a pen- the close of a pen- the close of a pen- of the cur- sion of of the cur- sion of of the cur- sion of of the cur- sion of of the cur- sion of rent fiscal Imark. rent fiscal 1 mark. rent fiscal Imark. rent fiscal 1 mark. rent fiscal Imark. year. year. year. year. year. Marlis. MarTis. Marls. Marls. %Marlcs. 16 12.40 34 16.07 52 12.68 70 6.38 88 2.53 17 . 12.50 35 16.10 S3 12.24 71 6.07 89 2.41 18 12.62 36 16.10 54 11.89 72 5.77 90 2.29 19 12.76 37 16.06 55 11.54 73 5.48 91 2.19 20 12.94 38 16.00 66 11.18 74 6.21 92 2.08 21 13.09 39 15.90 67 10.81 75 4.95 93 1.98 22 13.29 40 15.77 58 10.45 76 4.70 94 1.89 23 13.51 41 15.69 59 10.08 77 4.47 36 1.79 24 13.75 42 15.40 60 9.73 ,78 4.24 96 1.68 25....... 14.02 43 16.18 61 9.37 79 4.03 97 1.54 26 14.32 44 14.95 62 9.02 80 3.83 98 1.43 27 14.63 45 14.70 63 8.67 81 3.63 99 1.26 28 14.95 46 14.43 64 8.33 82 3.44 29 15.26 47 14.15 65 7.99 83 3.27 30 15.55 48 13.85 66 7.66 84 3.10 31 15.78 49 13.65 67 7.33 85 2.94 32 15 93 50 13.23 68 7.01 86 2.79 33 16.02 61 12.91 69 6.69 87 2.65 B. PENSIONS TO ORPHANS. Under 1 year... 1 2 7.97 9.60 9.56 9.19 8.70 8.13 7.60 6.82 6.09 10 11 5.33 4.52 3.68 12 13 14 2.80 1.89 .98 CHAPTEB V. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEEMANY. 1071 TARIFF NUMBER II, FOR THE COMPUTATION OF THE CAPITALIZED VALUE OF PENSIONS TO SURVIVORS OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE BUILDING TRADES ACCIDENT INSURANCE INSTITUTES— Concluded. C. PENSIONS TO PARENTS, ETC. Age in complete Tearoat the close of the current fiscal year. Capital- ized value of a pen- sion of 1 marlc. Age in complete years at the close of the cur- rent fiscal year. Capital- ized value of a pen- sion of 1 mark. Age in complete years at the close of the cur- rent fiscal year. Capital- ized value of a pen- sion of 1 mark. Age in complete years at the close of the cur- rent fiscal year. Capital- ized value of a pen- sion of 1 mark. Age in complete > ears at the close of the cur- rent fiscal year. Capital- ized value of a pen- sion of 1 mark. 30 31 32 33 34 36 36 37 38 39 40 Marks. 18.40 18.20 18.01 17.80 17.60 17.04 16.81 16.57 16.33 16.09 15.84 15.68 16.31 16.04 14.76 45 46 47 48 49 50 61 52 53 64 56 66 67 68 69 Marks. 14.47 14.17 13.86 13.65 13.24 12.92 12.60 12.27 11.94 11.60 11.26 10.92 10.67 10.23 9.88 60 61 62 63 64 66 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Marks. 9.54 9.19 8.85 8.52 8.19 7.86 7.63 7.22 6.89 6.59 6.28 5.98 5.70 5.42 6.15 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 Marks. 4.89 4.65 4.41 4.19 3.98 3.78 3.58 3.40 3.22 3.06 2.91 2.76 2.63 2.51 2.39 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Marks. 2.28 2.17 2.07 1.97 1.88 1.78 1.67 1.55 1.43 1.26 41 42 43 .. 44 In making computations the following factors must be considered: (o) The age of the survivors in complete years at the conclusion of the fiscal year. (5) A sum equal to twelve times the amount of the monthly pension which the pen- eioner is to receive on January 1 of the fiscal year following. In case the widow is under 16 years of age, or the relative (in the ascending line) is less than 30 years of age, the lowest ages given in the table, namely, 16 and 30, respec- tively, are to be used; if parents or grandparents, or several grandchildren, receive a group pension as survivors then the age of the youngest of each of the groups is to be used in computing the pension. B. Rules for the accident insurance institutes of the twelve building trades accident associations. The rules already given apply to the institutes of the twelve building trades associa- tions in so far as the insurance of accidents for which premiums are paid is concerned . The assets on hand as determined above must be increased by the addition of certain amounts due but not paid and receivable not later than the end of the first quarter of the following year. At the close of the year the assets as determined above are to be diminished by the following; '(1) The total amount to be paid to the Post-Office Department for pensions paid by the latter on account of the institute; (2) the lump sum for costs of adminis- tration to be paid to the accident association for the fiscal year; (3) the amount to be paid to the special reserve for the fiscal year as specified in the constitution of the insti- tute, for certain expenditures made during the first quarter of the succeeding year and not already accounted for, with certain receipts of the fiscal year or previous fiscal years which have not yet been fully accounted for. General Administration. The insurance is administered as follows : (a) For construction work such as the railroad building, road construction, canal building, and other work of an engineering character, carried on as a business, a snecial oreranization. the engineering accident association {Tiefiau- 1072 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. Berufsgenossenschaft) has been created, which administers the insur-' ance for the whole Empire; (6) for building work conducted by the Empire or by one of the States as the employer, the insurance is admin- istered by the officials of these bodies; (c) for building work conducted by one of the local governments of a State the insurance is provided^ by it if the state authorities have decided that the local government in question is financially able to bear the burden; (d) for building work other than that just specified, the insurance is administered by accident associations {BaugewerJcs-Berufsgenossensckaften), of which there are twelve, the country being divided into twelve districts with one association for each district. The imperial and the state governments may, if they so desire, insure the workmen engaged in any particular operation, by becom- ing members of the accident association in whose jurisdiction the work is being carried on; the larger local governments, municipal corporations, etc., are also given the same authority. There are therefore thirteen accident associations engaged in administering the insurance for the building trades, while in many instances (see the statistical tables on pages 1093 and 1094) the government authorities carry their own insurance. The general features of the accident associations of the building trades are the same as those of the associations which administer the insurance for the principal industries, except that each accident asso- ciation has affihated with it a subsidiary body known as an insurance institute (Versicherungsanstalt) . The functions of the institutes are explained below. The government officials of the Empire, States, and local govern- ments assist in the administration of the law in the same manner as in the case of the general industries, while the post-office has the same duties of paying pensions, etc. INStTRANCE INSTITUTES OF THE BniLDIK& TRADES ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- TIONS. Each building trades accident association is required to create an insurance institute to administer the insurance of certain classes of persons. These institutes are not independent organizations; they are subsidiary corporations of the accident association, and are ad- ministered by the officers, committees, boards, etc., of the accident association, though they are authorized to appoint special officers to conduct the institutes. The insurance benefits, pensions, method of operation, etc., of the insurance conducted by the institutes are identical with that conducted by the regular aqcident associations. The general assembly of the accident association draws up the con- stitution and by-laws of the subsidiary insurance institute. The constitution must specify: (1) The requirements in regard to entering CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1073 and withdrawing the names of employers whose annual earnings are less than 3,000 marks ($714) and who usually employ not more than two workmen, who hare voluntarily insured themselves; (2) the powers of the executive committee and the general assembly in the adminis- tration of the institute; (3) the rules concerning the accumulation of the reserve fund; (4) the rules concerning the keeping, auditing, and approval of accounts; (5) the rules as to the publication of the accounts; (6) the method of amending the constitution, etc., of the institute. The insurance institute may establish branches or local offices in order to carry on its work. The by-laws of the institute must clearly define the scope of each of these branches and full information on the subject must be published in the official organ, the Reichsanzeiger. The institute conducts the insurance of those persons, including employers voluntarily insured, who are engaged on work which is conducted by the proprietor of the structure without the intervention of a professional contractor or building operator. According to article 23 of the building trades law the insurance institutes also conduct the insurance of persons engaged in building operations which, taken sepa- rately, require more than six days each. The cost for this is paid by the employer who pays a premium based on a fixed scale. For building operations (but not including engineering, etc., buUding work) lasting less than six days the insurance institute provides the insurance at the cost of the communes or other local governments (such as provinces) ; this is paid for by a system of assessments on the local governments. Instead of paying for the insurance by premiums, this class of work, therefore, is paid for by assessments covering the actual amounts paid out for pensions, etc., in the previous year, as is done in the case of industrial accidents. Each employer on operations requiring more than six days to com- plete is required to forward to the state officials designated for this purpose, within three days after the close of each month, a schedule supplied by the Imperial Insurance Office showing the number of days worked and the earnings of the persons insured. The insurance institutes also provide the accident insurance of operations conducted by governments such as the Empire, the State, provinces, communes, etc., in case these bodies do not themselves conduct the insurance. The schedule of premiums charged to employers for insuring their men at work on jobs lasting longer than six days must be so arranged as to show the amounts to be paid for each half mark of wages. If the employers' association creates risk classes according to the various kinds of building work with varying premium rates, the above- mentioned schedule must show the premiums for each class of work. The financial administration of the institute must be kept entirely 1074 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIO-NBE OP LABOR. separate from that of the accident association; the income and outgo must be separately accounted for, the cost of administration must be kept distinct, and the assets and reserves must likewise be kept entirely separate from those of the accident association. The assets of the institute may be used for the purposes of the accident association only when the Imperial Insurance Office consents thereto, and this consent may be granted only after it is shown that the funds on hand for the purposes of the institute are in excess of the liabilities. The accident association must from its own reserve supply the working capital necessary to conduct the operations of the institute. In settling accounts with the post-office for pensions, etc., paid by that department the accident association determines the amount which has been paid on the account of the institute; for accidents occurring on operations lasting more than six days the share is to be taken from the premiums paid into the institute, while for accidents on work lasting less than six days the amount is assessed on the communes and collected from the latter. ACCIDENT INSUBANCE OF SEAMEN. The first law for the insurance of employees on German seagoing vessels was that of July 13, 1887, which came into force on January 1, 1888. Because of the special features of the industry, an inde- pendent organization of the navigation accident insurance was insti- tuted, but the benefits provided and methods of operation follow closely those of the accident insurance for general industries. The law of 1887, like the other accident insurance laws, was revised by the law of June 30, 1900. (») Industries Covered. The law does not apply to persons employed in an establishment which forms a definite part of an industrial or other establishment covered by one of the other accident insurance laws. In general it may be said that there are three classes of establishments engaged in navigation or in operations subsidiary to navigation which are cov- ered by the law. The first class includes establishments engaged in transportation on the high seas using German vessels; the second includes establishments engaged in work affiliated with such navi- gation, such as, for instance, shipwrecking firms, docking firms, firms engaged in private pilot service, and the like. A German ves- sel in the meaning of the law is defined to be a vessel used exclusively or principally for sea navigation and which sails under the German flag. By sea navigation is meant not only navigation beyond the national boundaries as defined by article 25 of the flag law, but also navigation on bays, gulfs, and shoals of the sea, but not including o For a discussion of proposed reforms in tlie law, see pages 1052 to 1058. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1075 iv^ation on other waters connected with the sea, even if traversed r seagoing vessels. The third class of establishment covered by the law includes (a) trans- )rtation on a small scale by means of seagoing vessels and (6) fishing 1 the high seas and on the coast. These establishments include ansportation by means of vessels which are not greater than 50 ibic meters capacity and which do not have the crew of larger ves- Is or are not driven by steam or other mechanical power. It dudes vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing and which are not already isured under previous regulations of the federal council; it also icludes the insurance of persons employed on vessels engaged in shing in what is designated as the coast waters. The federal )uncil issues regulations defining the area of these waters. Persons Included. The navigation law covers (a) all persons on German vessels mployed as officers, engineers, seamen, stewards, or who belong in ay way to the crew of the vessel, excepting only captains who receive wages; (5) all persons on German vessels plying in inland harbors 'ho are not part of the crew, so far as they are not insured under ny other law; (c) all persons employed by German firms on floating ocks and similar apparatus, as well as persons employed by German rms in the pilot service, by firms engaged in the rescue and salvage f persons and property in case of shipwreck, or by such firms for the atrol, lighting, or maintenance of waterways used for navigation; i) crews of vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity as above escribed; crews of vessels engaged in both deep-sea fishing and shing on coast waters. Dock workers who are not insured as employees of some establish- lent, or pilots who carry on business independently, may voluntarily isure themselves against the results of accidents. Employees earning more than 3,000 marks ($714) are included rithin the scope of the act, but in computing the benefits paid, the mount of earnings in excess of 3,000 marks is not considered. In tie computation of the benefits two restrictions, therefore, are used: 'he earnings in excess of 1,500 marks ($357) are computed at only ne-third and those in excess of 3,000 marks ($714) are disregarded, 'he association may, however, adopt a higher limit than 3,000 marks $714) by inserting a provision to that efTect in its constitution. In tie same way the insurance may be extended to persons employed y the estabhshment but not included in the insurance; also to ersons not employed by the establishment, but at work within its lant, and to persons employed by the association itself. 1076 bepobt of the commissioneb of laboe. Chaeactee of Disability. Navigation subjects persons employed in the industry to special risks from natural forces, such as storms, lightning, etc., and the acci- dent insurance law therefore specifically provides that persons injured by these forces are included in the insurance. In other respects the character of disability compensated is the same as that provided by the industrial accident insurance law. The time of employment begins with the moment of leaving land and ends with the moment of reaching land. All of this period is covered by the insurance. An accident which occurs while an insured person is away from the ship contrary to orders, or which occurs while the insured person is on land attending to personal business, is not included in the law. Benefit Payments. benefits fob the fiest 13 weeks. The care of the injured person during the first 13 weeks is arranged as follows : If the employee has a claim against the shipowner or against a sick-insurance fund, the regular sick insurance benefits must be provided by them. If no such claim exists, then an employee whose annual earnings are less than 2,000 marks ($476), when injured during his employment, must be provided.for by his employer during the first 13 weeks. The amount of this provision in the case of sea- men is the same as that specified in the commercial and the navigation laws;(") for other persons insured against accident the provision must be the same as that granted under the sick insurance law, including the increased benefit from the fifth to the thirteenth week. The preceding applies to persons other than those employed on deep-sea or coast fishing vessels or on vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity; for persons employed on these vessels the commune "The provisions of the Navigation Code and of the Commercial Code above referred to are as follows: "In case the seaman after his service has begun or after being mustered in becomes sick or sustains an injury, the shipowner must bear the cost of maintenance and of medical treatment. Under reservation of the regulations contained in the paragraph below the obligation of the shipowner is as follows: (1) If the seaman does not begin the voyage because of the sickness or injury, benefits must be paid until the end of the twenty-sixth week after the date of the sickness or injury; (2) if he had begun the voyage, then until the end of the twenty-sixth week after" the date of leaving the vessel. In case of an injury caused by an accident during employment the period of time specified above is limited to 13 weeks, but in the case specified under number 2 above only if the seaman leaves the vessel in a German harbor, or if he is transported from a non-German harbor to a hospital in a German harbor.' The obligation of the ship- owner to care for the injured person ceases as soon as the accident association assumes the care of the injured person." CHAPTEB V. ^workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1077 or parish within whose territory the proprietor of such vessel has his headquarters must provide the benefits specified by the sickness insurance law for the conununal sickness insurance system. The commune or parish is exempt from this obligation if the injured person stays in a foreign country or if he receives an equal or higher benefit from a sickness insurance fund or through some other legal claim. Whenever a disabled person is not provided with benefits from the persons obHgated to do so, the commune shall provide the benefits at once and later obtain from the person Mable the amounts expended. This plan foUows closely the procedure in the case of accident insurance for agriculture and forestry and for the building trades; it was adopted because the small capital at the disposal of fishermen and of persons transporting goods in boats makes it prac- tically impossible for the proprietors of such vessels to provide the benefits of the accident or sickness insurance for the first 13 weeks. If an injured person remains in a foreign country, which frequently happens in cases of accident at sea, the commune can not very well provide the sick benefits; and if the injured person is domiciled in another commune, then the commune in which he happens to be is required to care for him at the request of the commune liable for the expense. As recompense for the cost of such treatment and care the commune Uable must pay to the other commune at least one-half of the minimum pecuniary benefit specified in the sickness insurance law. In addition to the care of the injured person by the commune, the insurance institute of the navigation accident association may itself provide the benefits for the first 13 weeks. The institute may also request the commune in charge of the injured person during the first 13 weeks of disability to continue the medical and surgical treat- ment until its conclusion, and later defray the cost of such treatment. If an employee recovers from the disabUity before the end of the 13 weeks and thus loses his claim to benefits from the sick insurance fund, etc., but on account of the accident has suffered a loss of earning power, the accident association must provide the regular accident benefits specified in the navigation accident insurance law beginning with the date when the injured person's claim on the sick fund, etc., ceased. If in such cases the disability continues beyond the period of 13 weeks, the accident association must of course continue the regular benefits. BENEFITS BEGINNING WITH THE FOURTEENTH WEEK. Beginning with the fourteenth week the benefits provided by the navigation accident association are the same as the benefits provided by the industrial accident associations. These consist of free medical treatment, medicines, etc. ; a pension up to 66§ per cent of the annual earnings and in special cases a pension of 100 per cent. The same 1078 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP lABOB. provision regarding unemployment on account of injury is also made, viz, that the partial disability pension may be raised to two-thirds of the annual earnings as long as the unemployment lasts through no fault of the injured man. FUNERAL BENEFIT. If according to the commercial code or the navigation code, the shipowner is responsible for the burial expenses of the employee, or if the burial takes place at sea, the accident association is not respon- sible for the burial benefits prescribed by the law. This burial benefit consists either of two-thirds of the average monthly wages, computed as described below, or of one-fifteenth of the annual earnings com- puted at 300 times the average daily earnings, but not to be less than 60 marks ($11.90). BENEFITS TO SUBVIVORS. These benefits are identical with those provided in the case of persons insured under the industrial accident insurance law. Deteemination and Revision of Benefits. The annual earnings of employees are computed from a schedule of monthly wage rates published from time to time by the chancellor of the Empire. This schedule of nominal wages is used only as a basis for computing insurance benefits. The annual earniags of seamen, officers, etc., are taken as 11 times the monthly rate given iathe chancellor's schedule, to which is added 40 per cent of the annual value of the subsistence; employees who are accustomed to receive other sums (fees, gifts, etc.) as part of their income are entitled to have the average amount of such income added to the annual earnings as above computed. For persons not engaged in the occupations listed in the chancellor's schedule, or otherwise specified the annual earnings are taken as equal to 300 times the average daily earnings unless there is a definite weekly rate. For fishermen and persons employed on vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity, the annual earnings are taken as equal to 300 times the rate for ordinary day labor of the place where the establishment to which the vessel belongs has its headquarters. Of that part of the annual earniags in excess of 1,500 marks ($357), only one-third is considered in computing the pension. If the injured person was partially incapacitated before the injury, an appropriate allowance must be made in computing the loss of earning power resulting from the accident. CHAPTER V. ^workmen's IKSUBANCE IN GEKMANT. 1079 The method of keeping track of accidents is as follows: Whenever an accident occurs which causes complete or partial disability for more than three days, or results in death, an entry to this effect must be made in the ship's journal, and a brief description of the accident must be recorded. At the next place of stopping where there is a branch office of the German marine office (or a consulate, if there is no marine office) a certified copy of the record of the accident must be deposited, or if he so desires the master of the vessel may leave the ship's journal or other record of the accident with the branch marine office (which must return it within twenty-four hours) for the purpose of having extracts made. The branch marine offices must forward all information concerning accidents to the marine office at the home port of the vessel. If the accident is such that death, or disability for more than thirteen weeks is likely to result, then an investigation of the accident must be undertaken by the marine office or consulate above referred to, and the latter must make use of the services of two officers of the ship, or of other trustworthy persons, and report the same information as is required by the industrial accident insurance law in similar accident cases. If six months after news of the accident has been received no information concerning an investigation is received by it, then the marine office of the vessel's home port will itself conduct such an investigation. The procedure concerning the determination of the rights to a pension, the amount of the pension or pensions, the appeal from the decision of officials, etc., is in general the same as for industrial accident cases. SouKCES OP Income. The income of the agencies which defray the cost of the navigation accident insurance is derived from the employers. The cost of a part of the insurance is, however, borne by the local government in whose jurisdiction the injured person has his legal residence. The part of the insurance- which the local government must provide is stated under the section on financial organization on the following page. Financial Organization. THE navigation ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION. - The financial organization of the navigation accident association closely resembles that of the industrial accident associations. The expenses of the insurance are defrayed by assessments on the ship- owners in proportion to the number of employees, modified by the risk classes and risk rating of the vessels. The number of persons estimated as necessary to man a vessel is. fixed at the time the insur- 46598°— 10 69 1080 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. ance of that vessel begins; the risk classification and risk ratings must be approved by the imperial insurance office and must be revised every five years. A shipowner has the usual right of appeal to the imperial insurance office for a new rating in case he is dissatisfied with that imposed on him by the accident association. The association is authorized to impose special ratings (a) on voyages to certain parts of the world ; (&) on voyages undertaken during certain seasons of the year; (c) for the transportation of certain classes of cargoes. On the basis of experience gained from the number of accidents occurring on the vessels of a firm, the association can impose for the succeed- ing fiscal period, or a part of it, either additional assessments or make remittances of assessments already paid. The firm has the usual right of appeal to the imperial iosurance office against any additional assessments. Reductions are permitted in case the vessel is out of commission for more than 2 weeks, or in case the vessel is lost, cap- tured, destroyed, etc. As already noted, the size of the crew to be employed on a vessel is fixed at an arbitrary number at the time it is put into commission; in determining the assessments on the shipowners, a nominal scale of wages is used, from which an arbitrary pay roll of the vessel is computed. The nominal scale of wages is published by the imperial chancellor at 5-year intervals and the rates now in force are given in the following section. ; THE INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF THE NAVIGATION ACCIDENT ASSO- CIATION. The accounts of the navigation accident association and of its sub- sidiary body, the institute, are kept entirely separate and the method of raising funds is altogether different in the two cases. The cost of administration of the institute must be defrayed entirely by the accident association and the money necessary for working capital must be supplied by the last-named organization from its reserve fund. The means for payment of the benefits which the institute must provide for the small establishments which it insures are col- lected by a system of premiums which are established every five years in advance by the imperial insurance office. These premiums are so adjusted that they provide the capital necessary to pay the pensions which arise each year and to defray the cost of other benefits specified in the law. The premiums are paid by the communes or federations of communes located on the coast in accordance with the regulations issued by the state governments affected; these pre- miums are assessed on the communes in proportion to the number of persons located within their areas engaged in the occupations insured. The communes must themselves bear at least one-half of the expense CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1081 of these premium payments, but are allowed to assess the other half upon the employers engaged in the branches of industry insured. The law expressly permits the communes or federation of conmiunes to bear the entire cost of insurance if they so desire. In explanation of this financial system the government report, presented when the bill was introduced into Parliament, states that continually increasing dues or assessments which would be necessary if the system of assessing only the year's expenditure is used, are impossible for an industry in which the estabhshments are very small because operations begin and cease very irregularly and because the heads of the establishments are continually changing. The plan of assessing at least half of the premiums on the communes in which the persons insured reside is also a concession to the low earnings and special conditions prevailing in this industry. The report states that the profits of the business are so small that assess- ing the premiums on the employers would create a serious situation, due to the fact that the risk rate of the industry is very high. The assessment is also justified on the ground that, first, the accident insurance relieves these communes from the burden of poor law relief and, second, because the same steps had to be taken in con- nection with the building trades. As already stated, the burden of the insurance is assessed upon the communes or combinations of communes in proportion to the number of persons engaged in the industries insured as disclosed either by the last occupation census or by other means of enumeration. Some inequality in the amounts assessed on the various communes has arisen because the methods of conducting the industry in the North Sea are different from the methods used in the fishing in the German Ocean; for this reason the federal council was given authority to distribute the burden in other manner if it saw proper. According to the decree of the imperial insurance office issued on November 30, 1907, the annual premium for each person who was engaged in the industries insured in the institute is 10.70 marl^ ($2.55). The communes must pay at least half of this sum from their own treasuries, must also pay the pre- miums which can not be collected, and may assess the other half in such manner as they deem proper; they may, for instance, tax only the employers with the larger estabhshments and exempt the smaller ones. The official report above noted seems to expect that in most of the fishing villages the burden will be paid from the communal treasury. Usually there is very little difference in the operations of the various fishing boats, and a system of special assessments would not have a very different effect from a system of general taxation, while the administration of the latter would also be simpler. 1082 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. NOMINAL RATES OF WAGES TO BE USED IN COMPUTING BENEFITS OP INSURED PERSONS. According to the decree of the imperial chancellor of December 31, 1908, (") the nominal rates of wages to be used in computing the bene- fits of persons insured under the navigation accident insurance law are as follows: (*) Class of persons. I: Merchant Fleet. A. Captaim. Steamers on long or At- lantic voyages Steamers on long coast- wise voyages Passenger steamers on short coastwise voy- Freight steamers on short coastwise voy- Steamers on voyages in bays, etc Bailing vessels with aux- iliary power other sailing vessels on: Long or Atlantic voyages Long coastwise voy- ages Short coastwise voy- Bay trips, etc B. Officers. Passenger steamers on: Long or Atlantic voyages- First officers... Second officers. Third officers... Fourth officers. Officers of the hold Long coastwise voy- ages- First officers Second officers.. Third officers.... Short coastwise voy- ages- First officers Second officers.. Freight steamers as well as sailing vessels with auxiliary power: Of over 4,000 cubic meters capacity- First officers Second officers . . Third officers.... Fourth officers.. Of less than 4,000 cubic meters ca- pacity- First officers Second officers. Third officers.. Average monthly wage. Over 250 marks ($59. 60) Over 250 marks ($69. 50) Over 260 marks ($59. 50) 230 marks ($54. 74) 160 marks ($38. 08) Over 250 marks ($59. 50) Over 250 marks ($69. 50) 145 marks ($34. 51) 115 marks ($27. 37) 90 marks ($21. 42) 240 marks ($57. 12) 165 marks ($39.27' 125 marks ($29. 76 110 marks ($26. 18! 120 marks ($28. 66) 185 marks ($44. 03) 135 marks ($32. 13) 115 marks ($27. 37) 130 marks ($30. 94) 100 marks ($23. 80) 185 marks ($44. 03) 135 marks ($32. 13) 115 marks ($27.37) 100 marks ($23. 80) 125 marks ($29. 75 95 marks ($22.61' 90 marks ($21. 42 o Amtlicbe Nachrlcliten des Eeichs- " The definitions of the terms used Class of persons. I. Merchant Fleet — Continued. ■ B. Officers — Concluded. Other sailing vessels: Of 3,000 cubic me- ters or more ca- pacity — First officers Second officers.. Third officers Of less than 3,000 cubic meters ca- pacity — First officers Second officers.. C. Etigineera {wiCh rank of officers). Passenger steamers on: Long or Atlantic voyages — First engineer. . . Second engineer. Third engineer on steamers with more than 3 engi- neers Third engineer on steamers with 3 engi- neers Fourth engineer. Long coastwise voy- noroc — Average monthly wage. First engineer. . . Second engineer. Third engmeer. . Short coastwise voy- ages- First engineer. . . Second engineer. Third engmeer.. Freight steamers as well as sailing vessels with auxiliary power on: Long or Atlantic voyages — First engineer. . . Second engineer. Third engineer.. Fourth engineer. Long coastwise voy- ages- First engineer. . . Second engineer. Third and fourth engineers 145 marks ($34. 51) 95 marks ($22. 61) 85 marks ($20. 23) 105 marks ($24. 99) - - 125 90 marks ($21. 42) Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 225 marks ($53. 55) 165 marks ($39. 27) 130 marks ($30. 94) 115 marks ($27.37) 235 marks ($55. 93) 140 marks ($33. 32) 130 marks ($30. 94) 160 marks ($35. 70) 140 marks ($33. r 120 marks ($28.; Over 250 marks ($59. 50) 195 marks ($46. 41) 140 marks ($33. 32) 115 marks ($27. 37) 195 marks ($46.41) ■ '"^.66) 120 marks ($28. 1 105 marks ($24. 99) Versicherungsamts, 1909, p. 229. are given on page 1084. CHAPTEE V. WOBKMEN'S INSUEANCE IN GEEMANT. 1083 Class of persons. Average monthly wage. Class of persons. Average monthly wage. , Merchant Fleet— Continued. Engineers (wUh rank ' officers) — Concluded. :eight steamers as well as sailing vessels with auxiliary power on- Concluded. Short coastwise voy- ages- First engineer and single en- gineers Second engineer. Steamers on bay trips, etc . Deck hands below the rank of officers. irst (and single) boat- swains jcond boatswains Irst (and single) ship carpenters Boond carpenters .uartermasters lilmakers ble-bodied seamen ( Vollmatrose) ther seamen (Leicht- matrose) iitchen boys lacksmitti^ 'onkey hands on sailing vessels oat hands 1. Etigineers below the rank of officers. oiler smiths lectrlcians ssistant engineers !e-maohine hands toker (foreman) lacksmlths and me- chanics torekeepers Hers [ydraulic hands tokers rimmers , ngineers' helpers lonkey hands F. Kitchen employees. ooks on passenger steamers: Head cooks (on steamers with large kitchens) Assistant cooks... Steam cooks Apprentice cooks Tnird-class cooks Scullions ooks on freight steam- ers, not including short coastwise trips: First cooks Second cooks Scullions Doks on freight steam- ers on short coastwise trips and bay trips — OOKS on sailing vessels, excluding short coast- wise trips DOks on sailing vessels on short coastwise trins 140 marks ($33. 32) 110 marks ($26. 18) 125 marks ($29. 75) 90 marks ($21. 42) 80 marks ($19. 04) 90 marks ($21. 42) 80 marks ($19. 04) 80 marks ($19.04) 70 marks ($16. 66) 68 marks ($16. 18) 35 marks ($8.33) IS marks ($3.57) 70 marks ($16. 66) 80 matks ($19. 04) 35 marks ($8.33) 95 marks ($22. 61) 100 marks ($23. 80) 70 marks ($16. 66) 90 marks ($21. 42) 90 marks ($21. 42) 90 marks 90 marks 80 marks 95 marks 75 marks 60 marks 20 marks 80 marks $21. 42) '$21. 42) '$19. 04) '$22. 61) '$17.85) '$14. 28) ($4.76 ($19.04) 215 marks ($51. 17) 120 marks ($28. 56) 75 marks ($17. 85) 60 marks ($11. 90) 70 marks ($16. 66) 35 marks ($8.33) 95 marks ($22.61) 40 marks ($9.52) 35 marks ($8.33) 80 marks ($19. 04) 85 marks ($20. 23) 45 marks ($10.71) I. Merchant Fleet— Concluded. G. Waiters and wait- resses. Passenger steamers: Head stewards Assistant head stew- ards Second stewards Storeroom stewards. Bandmasters Musicians Under stewards Steerage head stew- ards Steerage stewards . . . Laundry stewards . . Pantrymen Pantry helpers Launarymen Laundresses Stewardesses, wait- resses Freight steamers: First stewards or single stewards on steamers, not in- cluding long coast- wise trips Stewards on steam- ers on long and short coastwise trips, including bay trips Second stewards Pantrymen Stewardesses and waitresses Sailing vessels: Stewards H. Miscellaneous em- ployees. Physicians Nurses, assistant physi- cians, etc Guides and information officers Interpreters Barbers Pursers Pursers' assistants Bartenders Printers Booksellers, etc Pastry makers Bakers Butchers Porters Telegraphers, signalmen. Silver and copper polish- ers Cabinetmakers Pump hands Coopers Baggagemen II. Deep-Sea FismNG Fleet, (a) Captains on deep-sea fishing steamers Captains on herring boats FiSt engineers Second engineers Engineers on steam log- gers Officers on deep-sea fish- ing steamers Second officers on deep- sea fishing steamers . . . Headmen on herring log- gers Net makers Seamen 150 marks ($35. 70) 80 marks ($19. 04) 95 marks ($22. 61) 65 marks ($15. 47) 110 marks ($26. 18) 95 marlts ($22. 61) 65 marks ($15. 47) ($16. 66) ($15. 47) ($16. 66) ($14. 28) ($11.90) 70 marks ( 65 marks ( 70 marks { 60 marks ( 50 marks ( 66 marks ($13. 09) 20 marks ($ 4. 76) 50 marks ($11. 90) 60 marks ($11. 90) 35 marks ($8. 33) 30 marks ($7.14) 46 marks ($10. 71) 40 marks ($9.62) 35 marks (S8.33) 145 marks ($34. 51) 55 marks ($13. 09) 65 marks ($15. 47) 80 marks ($19. 04) 90 marks ($21. 42) 70 marks ($16. 66) SO marks ($19. 04) Over 250 marks ($69. 60) Over 250 marks ($69. 60) 165 marks ($39. 27) 115 marks ($27. 37) 120 marks ($28.56) 125 marks ($29. 75) 110 marks ($26. 18) 110 marks ($26. 18) 100 marks ($23. 80) 90 marks ($21. 42) 1084 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. The wage classes for persons on cable steamers and on school ships have been omitted. These rates came into force on January 1, 1909, and apply to the whole German coast. To the amounts which are stated above must be added 40 per cent of the average value of maintenance given to able-bodied seamen on ocean voyages. Voyages in the meaning of this decree include trips on bays, har- bors, fiords, and similar waters, not including the high sea. Short coastwise voyages include voyages along the coast of the continent and the islands of the North Sea from Cape Griz Nez to the Agger Canal, including voyages from the continent to Heligoland, etc. Long coastwise voyages include the voyages between all the ports of Europe, of the Mediterranean, and of the Black Sea, as well as voy- ages of the same kind in foreign countries. The Atlantic voyage includes voyages within the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian and Pacific oceans. A long voyage is one which extends beyond any of those specified above. A passenger steamer is one which in addition to its crew regularly has more than 10 persons on board; this may not include, however, seamen or other persons who are carried because in distress. General Administration. The general organization of the accident insurance for seamen and other persons employed in navigation, fishing, etc., follows the plan used for other industries. The proprietors of vessels are required to become members of an accident association called the navigation accident association {See-Berufsgenossenschaft). This organization is administered by a general meeting and by a board of directors whose rights and duties are the same as in the case of the industrial accident associations. As the industry of navigation has in it a large number of persons transporting goods by means of small vessels, and as the insurance includes persons engaged in deep-sea and coast fishing, the accident insurance law of 1900 makes special provision for persons in these small establishments by the creation of an insur- ance institute which is a subsidiary corporation of the navigation accident association. The general characteristics of this institute are the same as the institutes used in the building trades for the insurance of building workers. It is not an independent body and must be represented by the accident association in transactions with outside parties. As already stated, the object of the institute is to administer the insurance of persons employed on vessels of less than 50 cubic meters capacity or upon vessels engaged in deep-sea or coast fishing. The institute may not insure any other persons than these. The accident association must draw up a constitution and by-laws for the institute, and the board of directors and the general meeting OHAPTEE V, workmen's INStJEANCB IN GERMANY. 1085 f the accident association must administer the business of the istitute. The constitution must specify the duties of the officials f the institute, the method of keeping accounts and the method of mending this special constitution. The accounts of the two organ- sations must be kept entirely distinct. ACCIDENT INSUSANOE FOR AGBICULTtTBE AND FORESTRY. The first national compulsory law applying to the accident iasur- nce of workers in agriculture and forestry and their subsidiary idustries was that of May 5, 1886. This law was amended by the ct of June 30, 1900, on the accident insurance of persons engaged in griculture and forestry {TJnfaUversicherungsgesetz fur Land-und ''orstwirtschaft) . The insurance is organized and administered in Tactically the same manner as the insurance for industries. C") Industries Included. The establishments included are those engaged in agriculture and arestry proper. In addition, the insurance covers undertakings conducted by the owner of the farm or forest) which are exclusively r mainly engaged (a) in the manufacture or working up of agricul- ural products of the farm or forest; (&) in preparing supplies for lie farm or forest ; (c) in procuring from the ground and working up roducts such as clay, stone, peat, etc. ; (tZ). truck gardening, nurseries. Bed farms, etc. The current repair work to buHdiugs, the work of laking or repairing roads, canals, dams, etc., are also included, rovided that such work is done directly for the proprietor himself, n the farm and without the intervention of a professional contractor, f the proprietor of the farm or forest is required by local regulations 3 work himself (or to supply a worker) on the local roads, buildings, waterways, etc., such work must be counted part of the work of his irm, etc., and is subject to the insurance. The law mentions as exempt from its provisions the following 3tablishments: mines, salt works, smelting and ore-treating plants, lipyards, yards for preparing building work, and establishments 'hich are to be classed as factories under the provision of the indus- rial accident insurance law. In case of doubt, the imperial insurance office decides as to the iassification of establishments. Persons Included. As in the case of the accident insurance for industries, the law Lcludes workmen and establishment officials, the latter in so far as leir annual earnings do not exceed 3,000 marks ($714). The farmers 1086 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. or heads of the various establishmejits are not included in the insur- ance accordiug to the federal law, but the law authorizes the various States to enact laws for iucluding the heads of agricultural and other establishments. In certain of the States laws have been enacted including in the insurance all farmers regardless of their annual income (Bavaria, Saxony, Wilrttemberg, Baden, Hessen, and Mein- ingen), while other States have included farmers whose incomes does not exceed a specified sum. The States are also authorized to enact laws excluding from the insurance members of the farmer's family who are employed on the farm. The accident associations are authorized to define the terms administrative or establishment official in order to make clear what persons are included in the insurance. The accident associations are also authorized to include in the compulsory insurance farmers whose annual earnings are less than 3,000 marks ($714), or who regularly employ not more than two workmen. The associations may extend the insurance to establishment officials whose annual earnings exceed 3,000 marks ($714). Farmers with earnings of less than 3,000 marks ($714) may voluntarily insure themselves against accident, while the accident associations may also grant this right to farmers with larger earnings. Chakactee OF Disability Compensated. The definition of an accident is the same as in the case of the industrial accident insurance. Benefit Payments. benefits FOR THE PIEST 13 WEEKS. During the first thirteen weeks of disability of a workman (but not of an employer or establishment official), the regular sick benefits, consisting of medical attendance, medicine, etc., and pecuniary benefit, consisting of one-half the wages paid for ordinary unskilled labor in that locality, must be provided by the commune in which the injured person was employed, unless such person has a claim for these benefits against a sickness insurance fund. An employer or an establishment official not a member of a sickness insurance fund has no claim for benefits during the first thirteen weeks. If the injured person is able to resume work before the end of the thirteen weeks, but has sustained a loss of earning power, the accident association must provide the regular accident benefits from the date when the permanent loss of earning power can be definitely deter- mined. OHAPTEB V. workmen's INSIJBANCE IN GERMANY. 1087 BENEFITS BEGINNING WITH THE FOUBTEENTH WEEK. The benefits provided from the begiimiag of the fourteenth week f disability are the same as those provided under the industrial ccident insurance law. As it is customary ia many sections of the ountry to pay farm laborers not in money but in kind, the law lermits the payment of part (but not exceeding two-thirds) of the .ccident pension in this manner if the local government so desires .nd the pensioner gives his consent. Determination and Revision of Benefits. As in the case of persons employed in industrial establishments, rhenever a person employed in an establishment included in the -gricultural insurance is injured by accident to such an extent that le will probably have a claim to benefits, or has been killed, the local )olice must institute an investigation and ascertain (1) the nature ,nd cause of the accident; (2) the persons killed or injured; (3) the lature of the injuries; (4) the location of the injured persons; (5) he survivors of deceased persons and dependents of injured persons, fho would have a claim to compensation; (6) the amount of the )ension which the injured person may have been receiving under he accident or invalidity insurance laws. If the accident associa- ion so requests, the local police authorities must institute an inves- igation even if it does not seem probable that a claim for compensa- ion wiU arise. The procedure followed in these investigations and he method of determining the pensions are the same as for industrial .ccidents. The decision in any case must be in writing and be .ccompanied by the reasons for it; if the decision relates to a claim or a partial disability pension, the loss of earning power decided ipon must be stated in the decision. The claimant has the usual right f appeal to the insurance arbitration courts in case he is dissatisfied dth the award and from the decision of the arbitration court the laimant or the directorate of the accident association may appeal the imperial insurance office. Two years after the first decision, if a change has occurred in the ondition of the injured person, another investigation of the condi- ion of the injured person and determination of the amount of the ension to which the injured person is then entitled may be made. )uring the first five years of disabiHty the redetermination of the tatus of the pensioner may be made upon the decision of the acci- ent association, after that time only upon the decision of the arbi- ration court, to which the apphcation must be made by the pubhc uthorities, by the accident association, or by the pensioner. 1088 REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF lABOK. SoiTRCE OF Income. The income of the accident associations is derived from assess- ments on the employers as described in the next paragraph. The Government gives the services of the post-office and of certain super- visory officials without charge, but it may be said that the employers defray the cost of accidents causing disability for more than 13 weeks. The method of collecting the income is described below. Financial Organization. The financial organization of the agricultural insurance is prac- tically the same as that for the general industries. The annual costs of the insurance are met by assessments on employers each year, but the accumulation of a reserve for the purpose of reducing these annual assessments has not been introduced. A reserve, however, of an amount not to exceed twice the average annual expenditures (based on the last 5 years' expenditures) must be accumulated by increasing the annual assessments by 2 per cent until this amount has been reached. The assessments on the establishments are based on the risk ratings, the wages and salaries paid, or the average annual number of days' work needed to operate the estabhshment. If the board of directors of any association decides that the use of the risk ratings and the number of days necessary to operate the farm are not applicable as methods of assessing the insurance charges, they may with the consent of two-thirds of the members at the general meeting, use the land tax as the basis for making the iusurance assessments and have the assessments collected as a supplementary charge to this tax. The land tax is used as the basis in Bavaria, Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Hessen, and Reuss (senior fine), while in Baden, Schaumburg-Lippe and Hamburg the state laws prescribe the labor force necessary to work the farm as the basis for assessments. In Prussia the various establishments are assessed on the basis of the risk ratings, together with the estimated number of working days needed to operate the farm or other establishment. General Administration. The general administration of the agricultural insurance follows the same plan as that of the industrial insurance. The employers are required to become members of mutual accident associations com- posed of persons conducting the establishments subject to the law, and these accident associations have practically the same rights and duties as those used to administer the industrial accident law. On account of the great extent of the agricultural and other estab- lishments subject to the insurance, in most cases the boundaries of CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1089 le accident associations have been made to coincide with the limits the poUtical subdivisions. In Prussia, for example, there is one icident association for the agricultural industries for each province the kingdom, while as a measure of economy the authorities of the •ovinces also perform or supervise part of the administrative work the accident associations for their jurisdictions. The law permits the various States to enact laws regulating the Iministration of the affairs of the accident associations located ithin their limits; Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurttemberg, Baden, id other States have passed such laws, most of which relate to the ■eation of accident associations, the limits of such associations, the ilation of the various state, provincial, etc., officials to the associa- ons, the methods of selecting delegates to meetings of the asso- ations, etc. Accident Prevention. Of the 48 agricultural accident associations, 30 are subject to the ipervision of the imperial insurance office, while 18 are controlled by le various state insurance offices. Practically all of the accident ssociations controlled by the imperial insurance office have drawn p regulations for the prevention of accidents in agricultural and irestry, either for the whole industry or for specified occupations L these industries. Of the 18 associations not subject to the imperial [fice, only 5 have not yet drawn up such preventive regulations. Formerly the regulations for the prevention of accidents referred rincipally to the most dangerous part of agricultural work, namely, aerations with agricultural machinery. In addition, many regula- ons have been adopted affecting accessory establishments connected ith farms; these are principally distilleries, creameries, starch-mak- Lg works, limekilns, quarries, flour mills, oil mills, breweries, and lalting works. More recently regulations have been issued in regard » the use of tools, explosives, vehicles, and work connected with build- [g, while rules for forestry operations and for work connected with irests have also been drawn up. An official report states that the publication of rules for the pre- mtion of accidents without making provision for inspectors to iforce these rules is practically useless. At the present time (Jan- iry 1, 1910) the number of technically skilled inspectors employed Y the accident associations for agriculture is comparatively small; lus the 66 industrial accident associations had in their service on lat date 321 technical inspectors, while the 48 agricultural associa- ans had only 38 inspectors. The latter were employed by 21 of the isociations, leaving 27 without any technical inspectors. The Ecial report calls attention to the need for proper enforcement 1090 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. 1908 of 61,609 accidents during enjployment, of which an important part were due to the absence of protective appliances and because of faulty methods of conducting work. It should be stated that in many of the associations the officials, such, for instance, as the mem- bers of the board of directors, representatives of the employers as well as of the employees, and governing officials are used to supervise work liable to result in accidents; that such supervision will be adequate is doubtful, because accident prevention requires continuous instruction and advice to the employer as well as constant supervision of the machinery and employees. STATISTICS OF OPEKATIONS. The statistics of operations of the accident insurance system are published annually in the January number of the monthly bulletin of the imperial insurance office {Amtliche Nachricliten des Reichs- VersicJierungsamts). This publication began with the year 1885, and the January issue presents the data for the year preceding the one just closed. In addition to this annual report the imperial insurance office published at the time of the International Social Insurance Con- gress of 1908 a compilation of the principal data of the system for the years 1885 to 1906 (Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutchen Beichsfur die Jahre 1885-1 906, imAuftrage des Reichs-Versickervngs- amts bearbeitet von Dr. G. A. Klein, Berlin, 1908), and in the following pages frequent use has been made of this summary. A brief state- ment of the operations of various branches of the compulsory in- surance is published each year in the monthly bulletin of the imperial Labor Office (Beichs-Arbeitsblatt) . The detailed investigations of accidents of the years 1887, 1891, 1897, and 1901 contain data relating to accidents compensated for the first time in those years, and such data as have been reproduced in this report are given on page 1125 and following pages. As the statistical information relating to the operations of the accident insurance system is both extensive and complicated, the following summary of the data given later is presented to show the principal features of the insurance system: SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1886 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1888 to 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. (») Year. Average num- ber of persons insured. Total receipts. Total expendi- tures. Amount of reserve fund at close of year. Number of persons receiving compensa- tion for the first time. 1886 3,473,436 4,926,672 5,409,218 6,928,894 8,195,732 8,917,772 $2,946,906 10,239,489 15,713,334 22,526,768 39,980,168 47,048,617 $2,452,651 8,098,299 12,012,486 16,738,403 30,262,314 35,823,462 $1; 300, 218 13,169,422 28,674,080 31,782,088 48,546,370 61,641,385 9,723 27,021 34,788 52,904 69,694 75,830 1890 1895 1900 . 1905 1908 ... a Not including the subsidiary insurance institutes. CHAPTEB V. WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY, 1091 SUMMARY OP OPERA'rtONS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM, 1886 TO 1908— Concluded. AGEICDLTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Year. Average num- ber of persons insured. Total receipts. Total expendi- tures. Amount of reserve fund at close of year. Number of persons receiving compensa- tion tor the first time. 1888 15,576,765 18,088,698 112,289,416 111,189,071 111,189,071 1 17, 179, 000 $110,247 862,334 3,565,880 6,237,266 9,188,670 10,486,994 $109,908 807, 483 3,217,535 5,686,032 8,747,984 9, 490, 945 $3,197 136,546 1,074,636 1,676,113 2,709,371 3,537,513 808 1890 12,673 37,383 50,311 1896 1900 1905 66,335 1908 61,609 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 1886 ... 251,878 604,380 690,835 774,926 857,709 977,351 $50,511 457,768 1,080,934 1,774,166 2,642,151 3,059,978 817 1890 2,444 1895 3,356 1900 4,439 1906 5,092 1908 5,628 1 Estimated. NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED. The number of persons included in the accident insurance system compared with the population of the empire is shown in the following table: NUMBER OF PERSONS (INCLUDING DUPLICATIONS) INSURED AGAINST ACCIDENT, COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE, BY SEX AND BY SPECIFIED YEARS. [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reiohs, 1885 to 1906.) Popuiation of the Empire. Total num- ber of per- sons in- sured (esti- mated). Number of per- sons in- sured per 1,000 pop- ulation. Number of persons Insured per 1,000— Year. Male. Female. Total. Male wage- earners. Female wage- earners. Wage- earners. 1886 22,864,000 23,592,000 25,523,000 30,149,000 23,843,000 24,576,000 26,478,000 31,028,000 46,707,000 48,168,000 '62,001,000 61,177,000 663,125,000 3,251,000 10,353,000 16,889,000 19,227,000 627,000,000 70 216 325 314 c429 330 (1) 1,322 1,273 (1) 173 (1) 1,238 1,193 (1) 287 1888 '■"''^ 1895 1,297 1906.... 1,260 1908 (1) n Not reported. 6 Estimate of Reichs-Arbeitsbiatt. c See explanation on page 1092. The total number of persons insured against accidents by the imperial accident insurance system is difficult to estimate, because the number of persons employed in agricultural establishments subject to the insurance is not known. On the basis of the industrial census, the imperial insurance office estimated the number of insured persons in agricultural establishments at a fixed number for the period 1896 to 1907, inclusive; for the year 1908 this number has been revised in accordance with the returns of the industrial census of 1907, and in 1092 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. consequence the data for 1908 in the preceding table show a large increase over the year 1906 in the number of persons insured. There is also a certain amount of duplication in the table, since per- sons employed in agricultural establishments in the summer are frequently counted a second time if they secure employment in an industrial establishment in the winter. For the year 1908 the total (estimated) number of insured persons was approximately 27,000,000, or over 40 per cent of the total popu- lation. The estimated number of insured persons per 1,000 of the wage-earning population is in excess of 1,000; in part this is probably due to the duplication of the same persons in agriculture and industry and in part to the inclusion of a number of employers. The scope of the accident insurance system is shown in the follow- ing table, giving the number of insurance organizations, including the subsidiary insurance institutes, the number of persons insured, their earnings, and the reserve fund of the organizations for the years 1885 to 1908: INSUKANCE ORGANIZATIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS, PERSONS INSURED, EARNINGS OF INSURED PERSONS, AND RESERVE FUND IN THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM OF GERMANY, 1886 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrlchten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.) INDUSTBIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. Num- Persons Insured. ber oJ or- gani- Establish- ments. Earnings of insured Amount of Year. Em- ployers. Technical reserve fund at the close ISr ofBclals and Other. Total. persons. of the year. tlons. workmen. 1885 (o) 1886... 57 194,601 269,174 968 2,983,574 3,467,619 1,706 3,130 2,986,248 3,473,435 1113,261,812 62 2,686 630,344,650 ■■■■$i,'366,'2i8 1887... 62 319,453 4,118 3,853,553 3,889 3,861,560- 668,666,190 3,741,560 1888... 77 350,697 2,909 4,313,020 4.734 4,320,663 629,770,054 6,748,530 1889... 77 372,236 18,656 4,718,822 5,uro 4,742,548 701,418,940 9,996,766 1890... 77 390,622 33,678 4,888,790 4,204 4,926,672 757,749,923 13,223,606 1891... 77 405,241 51,881 5,036,963 4,568 5,093,412 788,123,748 16,604,481 1892... 77 415,335 55,878 5,017,490 4,764 5,078,132 783,682,219 19,939,746 1893... 77 420,874 63, 131 5,100,661 5,181 5,168,973 801,247,784 23,291,575 1894... 77 426,335 59,464 5,178,786 6,715 5,243,965 816,748,023 26,194,731 1895... 77 435, 137 61,764 5,341,007 6,447 5,409,218 851,420,048 28,803,449 1896... 77 442.772 61,937 5,666,427 6,316 5,734,680 933,673,140 30,812,259 1897. . . 78 455,417 60,030 5,976,046 6,542 6,042,618 1,012,361,703 31,076,033 1898... 78 456,366 60,148 6,247,883 8,803 6,316,834 1,105,145,604 31,274,939 1899... 78 465,551 58,898 6,590,767 8,906 6,658,571 1,192,113,^22 31,619,876 1900... 78 478,752 59,808 6,859,198 9,888 6,928,894 1,284,997,667 32,024,553 1901. . . 78 483,678 64,749 6,808,943 10,384 6,884,076 1,316,947,395 34,443,413 1902... 80 578,834 120,915 6,968,097 11,525 7,100,537 1,359,091,626 37,512,505 1903... 80 608, 955 139,283 7,313,932 13,269 7,466,484 1,455,409,073 40,856,331 1904... 80 619,449 139,954 7,694,409 14,757 7,849,120 1,656,116,355 44,723,242 1905. . . 80 637,611 143, 162 8,036,909 15,661 8,195,732 1,656,244,199 48,847,101 1906... 80 659,935 148,300 8,459,443 17,757 8,625,500 1,837,363,585 53,233,011 1907... 80 673, 118 160,768 8,848,592 19,007 9,018,367 2,002,236,236 57,675,092 1908... 80 696,824 151,928 8,740,451 25,393 8,917,772 2,014,358,666 61,972,430 AGBICULTUEAIi ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 1888... 42 3,046,007 (6) 1889... 48 4,753,808 (6) 1890... 48 4,843,621 (6) 1891... 48 4,776,520 (6) 1892... 48 4,859,618 (6) C) a For the last three months of the year. C) m m c 6, 576, 765 = 12,289,415 l> Not reported. m w C) C) c Estimated. $3,197 40,860 135,546 316,939 516,053 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1093 INSUEANCE ORGANIZATIONS, ESTABLISHMENTS, PERSONS INSURED, EARNINGS OF INSURED PERSONS, AND RESERVE FUND IN THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE SYSTEM OF GERMANY, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1898 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Num- ber of or- gani- za- tions. Establish- ments. Persons Insured. Em- ployers. Technical officials and workmen. Other. Total. Earnings of insured persons. Amount of reserve fund at the close of the year. 1893. . 1894.. 1895., 1896.. 1897., 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902. . 1903.. 1904. 1905.. 1906. 1907. 1908. 4,769,243 4,793,260 4,813,572 4,645,057 4,642,130 4,654,176 4,688,820 4,711,077 4,707,998 4,638,457 4,642,427 4,658,892 4,668,826 4,695,789 4,710,401 5, 434, 100 C) 611,189,071 6 17,179,000 (<■) (») (») (") (a) (») (<■) $720,656 965,327 1,074,636 1,196,869 1,325,650 1,408,321 1,485,568 1,676,113 1,696,684 1,963,830 2,245,338 2,470,363 2, 709, 371 2,969,726 3,234,536 3,537,613 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1885 TO 1908. 1886(0 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894. . . 1897... 1900... 1901... 1902... 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906 .. 1907... 1908... 83 47 48 178 285 316 352 348 372 385 393 401 404 409 416 425 478 481 487 503 516 527 535 640 809,868 837,827 867,667 912,544 964,562 977,322 266,088 (") (.") 251,878 («) (") 259,977 (<■) («) 446,250 (°) (") 543,320 (a) («) 604,380 (4 (») 632,459 (» 646,733 («) (<■) 660,462 (") («) 668,367 (") 690,836 (a) 681,439 (o) (aS 715,768 (o) (") 740,108 (a) (a) (oi 756,482 (a) 774,926 (a) (a) 793,565 (a) (a) (a) 793,160 (a) (a) 809,867 (") 837,834 (o) (a) 867,709 (a) 912,642 (a) 964,689 n 977,361 a Not reported. I> Estimated. » For the last three months of the year. The first part of the table, relating to the accident insurance of industries, the building trades, and navigation, shows that in 1908 there were 80 associations or organizations conducting the insurance, including the mutual accident insurance associations of employers and the subsidiary institutes. The number of associations has been increased only by the addition of three organizations since the year 1888, while the number of insured establishments and of insured persons has about doubled in that period. Changes in the laws, as stated on page 995, will explain the increases in the number of insured persons, as, e. g., the increase in the number of insured employers in 1902, due to the extension of the insurance. The amount of the reserve has also increased at a rapid rate. The second part of the table, giving the data for the agricultural establishments, shows that during the period 1889 to 1908 no increase has occurred in the number of organizations conducting the insur- 1094 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. ance. Agriculture, being a seasonal industry, employs at certain times large numbers of workers, while during the winter season the number of employees is comparatively small; to obtain the average number of persons employed during the year is therefore a matter of some difficulty. The numbers given in the table for the years 1888, 1891, 1896, and 1908 are estimates based on the returns of the various censuses. In accordance with the plan of financial organiza- tion of the agricultural accident insurance, the amount of the reserve is comparatively small. The government authorities conducting accident insurance include the government railways, government building and construction works, government plants of the military and naval establishments, government farms, the forestry service, etc. The number of the various authorities in charge of operations, establishments, etc., to which the accident insurance laws applied was 540 in 1908, and the number of insured persons employed in that year was 977,351; dur- ing the period of the table the number of persons included has had about the same rate of increase as the number of persons engaged in industries. RECEIPTS. The receipts of the accident insurance system are given separately in the official reports for the industrial accident associations and for the agricultural accident associations ; for the public authorities there is no system of assessments, the cost of the accident insurance being paid out of their annual appropriations by each department or office. The following table gives the receipts of the industrial and agricultural insurance organizations for the period 1885 to 1908: RECEIPTS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachricliten des Eeichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.1 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 188S TO 1908. (<•) Year. Cash on hand at beginning of year. Assessments. Premiums. With- drawals from re- serve fund (including interest). Fines. Interest. Other income. Total receipts. 1885 (6) $19 4,491 10,036 33,993 34,977 34,637 39,005 41,566 41,436 41,255 33,866 30,890 34,961 41,011 43,059 39,182 42,084 43,942 66,946 56,682 77,106 81,870 89,532 84,204 $613 5,632 11,624 17,366 24,^56 48,962 71,642 86,668 91,552 116,600 105,785 114,345 136,933 166,320 173,963 197,248 210,072 224,477 250,322 272,615 310,554 363,123 404,925 438,635 $2,359 25,729 16,399 28,833 29,327 42,410 52,695. 83,684 41,273 91,383 100,121 85,632 105,615 102,480 99,976 90,197 113,395 136,285 1,109,576 325,031 507,738 575,765 ,571,767 688,535 $2,891 2,946,906 5,299,423 7,165,359 8,882,138 10,239,489 11,980,741 13,106,446 14,036,925 14,775,049 15,713,334 16,520,261 17,442,316 18,899,019 20,558,017 22,526,758 27,982,625 30,970,756 34; 667, 481 37,311,315 39,980,168 42,534,827 44,559,372 47,048,617 1886. . . . '"'i596,'852' 739,963 1,100,453 1,724,046 2,141,190 2,760,982 3,012,011 3,078,504 3,336,629 3,719,29S 4,087,799 4,678,055 6,190,630 5,566,317 6,100,258 6,632,971 7,007,638 8,422,607 8,984,275 9,687,356 10,233,270 10,449,457 12,911,054 4, 664, 347 6,160,200 7,471,596 8,148,413 9,443,371 9,882,074 10,593,709 11,062,825 11,713,196 12,144,724 11,589,692 12,495,938 13,778,504 15,466,582 19,793,204 22,175,756 24,293,172 26,265,960 28,082,410 29,722,834 30,876,263 32,837,604 1887.... $165 2,535 411 1888- . . . 1889.... 1890.... $172,469 220,418 241,021 232,838 246,050 207,743 308,502 313,670 350,757 418,804 488, 741 488,470 476,326 469,510 530,675 617,468 632,049 651,240 686,002 626,806 641,204 1891.... 1892.... 1893.... 1894.... 1895.... 1896.... 1897...- 1898.... 1899-.. . 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904.... 1905.... 1906.... 1907.... 1908.... 5,422 49,201 75,980 110,067 74,614 1,068,512 936,474 783,516 691,906 1,254,102 1,226,760 1,332,374 1,336,471 1,466,846 1,617,877 1,757,809 1,908,978 otocludlng the subsidiary Institutes for the building trades and navigation, li For the last three months "" CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSXJEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1091 ECEIPTS OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS, 1886 TO 1908-Concluded. AGBICULTURAL, ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. isr. Cash on hand at beginning of year. Assessments. Premiums. With- drawals from re- serve fund (including interest). Fines. Interest. Other income. Total receipts. 1108,623 385,895 735,837 1,292,361 1,652,346 2,082,254 2,730,076 3,057,689 3,439,619 4,179,316 4,069,360 5,192,033 5,614,773 6,642,079 6,865,172 7,019,398 8,427,942 8,820,466 9,268,070 9,195,208 9,503,973 '$38 442 996 1,774 2,036 2,131 2,207, 2,812 2,828 2,701 3,227 3,827 3,794 4,292 4,245 4,996 6,295 7,847 9,836 Hi, 038 20,889 $16 348 1,125 2,130 3,779 6,248 6,989 14,386 14,742 14,889 17,640 22, 394 26,342 27,670 21,770 21,201 22,960 31,263 31,911 39,279 41,331 $1,570 5,395 2,437 3,722 4,852 5,304 7,484 11,872 9,947 14,666 14,589 14,771 17,389 24,570 35,082 46,186 44,170 43,327 51,020 69,815 83,916 $110,24 434,40 862,33 1,463,33 1,918,76 2,452,61 3,164,90 3,565,88 4,005,97 4,741,62 5,203,87 5,800,30 6,237,26 6,460.00 7,616,41 7, 706, 13 .8,637,80 9,188,67 9,777,65 10,086,11 10,486,99 $42,32i 116,874 163,335 255, 730 356,557 418,204 474,176 630,972 519,891 488,692 663,029 067,915 728, 133 686,023 697, 901 19,902 270,427 403,846 762,808 823,915 1 $5,065 12 25 25 4,946 7,868 10,166 10,378 10,253 7,053 23,361 5,127 16,881 15,851 15,350 12,970 12,970 12,970 1567 680 The last column of the table gives the total of all the receipts eluding the item of cash on hand at the beginning of the year. Th( incipal item for both the industrial and the agricultural accidem sociations is, of course, that of receipts from the assessments or iployers. The increase in the item of assessments is partly du< the increase in the number of persons insured and partly due t( e system of making annual assessments to cover the annual ex nditures; the annual expenditures naturally increase with th( cumulation of pensioners on the pension roll, and as shown else- lere, the point has probably not yet been reached when the num- r of persons ceasing to receive pensions because of death, etc. uals the number added to the roll. The steady increase in th( im of withdrawals from the reserve fund (including interest on th( serve) is due to the growth of the reserve, which in 1908 amountec $61,972,430 for the industrial associations and $3,537,513 for th( ricultural associations. EXPENDITURES. The expenditures for compensation, for administration, and the bal expenditures for all purposes during the period 1885 to 190J i shown in the following tables: 46598°— 10- -70 1096 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF lABOS. EXPENDITURES FOR ACCIDENT [Source: AmtUohe Naolirlolitendes3leiohs-Versiclierungsaints, 1887 to 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. Expenditures for compeosatioa. Year. Medical treat- ment. Pensions to in- jraed persons. Treatment and board in hospi- tals, etc. Pensions to de- pendents of per- sons in bos- pitals. Settlements to injured persons. Euneral ex- . penses. Persons treated. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Persons treated. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Am't. 1885(11) 1886... 1887... 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896... 1897... 1898... 1899... 1900... 1901... 1902... 1903... 1904... 1905... 1906... 1907... 1908... 1 2,639 6,025 9,315 12, 418 15,619 19, 581 22,842 26,036 26,776 24,079 26, 112 28,017 30,214 32, 471 34J40 37, 674 39,«74 42,672 45,355 49, 115 51,362 53,724 56,085 SI 24,015 68,919 «9,551 126, 863 152,553 185,920 211, 184 212,910 215,684 202,794 221,861 237, 747 241,309 262,735 293,849 333,900 364,607 389,290 415,209 453, 116 468,076 505,250 537,049 4 6,633 17,509 29,673 42, 510 61,186 79, 991 94,839 112,641 133,533 152, 340 174,379 197,084 220, 478 245,624 269,912 296,945 321,619 348,338 377,880 405, 109 430,651 453,135 470, 154 S35 224, 101 796,232 1,339,991 1,949,463 2,615,524 3, 274, 200 3,841,088 4,423,138 5,068,061 5,703,878 6,439,683 7,226,335 8,095,618 9,028,356 10,061,060 11,410,044 12,544,432 13,745,834 15,013,348 16,180,729 17, 183, 134 18,263,449 19,102,727 200 2, .329 2,968 2,909 3,412 3,663 3,790 3,437 3,704 3,888 3,818 4,313 4,556 4,977 5,137 6,430 5,544 5,005 5,346 5,639 5,826 5,990 6,721 6,662 S2, 196 27,055 35,262 35,659 42,559 47,803 60,752 47,078 49,814 49,225 61,863 58,484 62,595 71,482 74,462 83,542 91,998 83,153 87,377 96,045 99,614 105,099 122,733 125,247 1,299 2,639 3,786 4,972 6,218 7,239 8,840 9,918 li,193 12,338 13,395 13,988 15, 131 15,680 16, 221 17,7.54 18,420 18,538 19,072 19,223 19,869 20,362 20,851 ,824,227 60,994 94,354 126,103 184,613 232,339 312, 391 368,086 413,343 439,080 500,354 513,765 548,925 668,658 699,081 667,029 727,369 742,845 789,223 810,351 819,967 849,728 917,969 $11,833 29,234 38, 813 49,204 61, 208 76,188 97,864 111,837 124,776 129,963 1-40,609 148,968 150,601 163,113 175,793 207,662 236,365 249,958 267,979 266,398 272,836 280,022 296,005 8 49 40 93 184 160 227 311 207 228 235 284 326 346 627 3,809 3,498 2,577 2,472 2,790 3,153 3,419 3,884 81,367 13,238 6,727 14,583 29,547 27,033 27,901 37,425 33,410 37,470 38,457 42,803 50,940 55,896 87,298 391,313 324,454 244,613 233,964 259,005 287,776 318, 704 372,814 AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 1888... 47 8375 376 S3, 536 21 8331 81.30 336 82,459 1889... 995 7,783 5,277 100,862 506 9,876 1,876 3 S91 1,341 9,943 1890... 2,637 21,668 15,136 306,633 1,206 28,683 3,542 1 76 1,861 13,647 1891... 4,325 36,845 27,942 596,352 1,819 42,917 5,034 7 890 2,1U- 16,872 1892... 6,263 49,593 45,861 902, 829 2,180 56,704 5,564 6 377 2,153 16,008 1893._ 8,085 59,141 64, 203 1,219,785 2,967 74,375 7,682 9 1,265 2,302, 17, 166 1894... 10,295 74,899 85,234 1,582,196 3,676 98,955 10,079 13 1,633 2,397 17,982 1895... 12,591 80,577 109,363 1,945,810 4,136 110,426 10,785 12 1,048 2,422 18,007 1896... 15,312 96,002 136,370 2,377,052 6,031 136, 755 12,781 13 1,100 2,606 19,511 1897... 18,266 114,264 181, 707 2, 738,981 5,348 143,657 12,893 19 2,518 2,728 20,437 1898... 20,440 124,369 188,396 3,078,486 5,640 148,185 13,768 15 982 ■2,757 20,681 1899... 23,356 139,325 210,330 3,425,220 6,147 161, 166 14,527 20 2,096 2,856 21,391 1900... 22,668 143,423 228, 882 3,729,271 6,430 166,214 15,094 80 3,184 2,834 23,361 1901... 24,055 157,456 253,067 4,157,964 6,782 185,843 16,232 829 25,822 3,031 35,567 1902... ,27, 178 173,679 278,907 4,600,057 7,682 205,033 19,490 642 31,600 2,947 35,327 1903... 30,038 191,392 306,994 6,121,498 8,090 222,200 20,484 494 22,070 3,325 40,034 1904... 32, 637 206,188 333,946 5,537,989 8,556 226, 623 22,677 629 30,194 3,273 39,070 1906... 34, 789 218, 178 358,841 5,872,903 8,451 231, 141 21,850 733 34,763 3,304 39,577 1906... 33, 194 222, 424 372, 155 6,010,369 7,990 218, 902 19,770 855 37,782 3,159 37, 648 1907. . . 35, 703 218,913 384,954 6, 109, 605 8,137 225,732 20,339 1,233 63,091 3,193 38,088 1908... 33,755 228,040 389,319 6,187,167 8,244 223,292 18,935 1,453 61,669 3,295 39,147 Eor the last tbree months of the year. CHAPXEE V. ^WOEKMEn's INSUKANCE IN GEKMANY. 109 DMPENSATION, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: AmtUche Nachrichten des Eeichs-Versicherungsamte, 1887 to 1910.] INDUSTBIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. Expenditures for compensation. Pensions to widows (or widowers). Settlements to widows in case of remarriage. Pensions to children and grandcliildren. Pensions to other relatives. Total expen- ditures for compensa- tion. Yes Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. 135 J803 36,622 99,373 160, 192 228,956 304,255 381, 154 459,217 533,063 608,863 681,777 766,954 854,528 954,772 1,063,020 1,177,481 1,300,505 1,381,069 1,546,929 1,639,829 1,759,097 1,888,664 2,037,437 2,183,209 226 3,504 7,518 11,224 14,586 18,827 23,124 26,381 30,002 33,660 38,685 40, 253 43,526 47,450 50,903 54,416 57,270 59,497 61,541 63,613 65,802 68, 119 70,898 73,268 81,016 53,202 151,227 249,523 357, 931 473, 513 695,148 709,549 817,687 919,942 1,012,109 1,119,842 1,222,269 1,332,660 1,469,987 1,677,640 1,738,816 1,869,245 2,034,530 2,155,535 2,303,584 2,480,244 2,651,524 2,820,546 13 143 316 457 620 807 997 1,065 1,217 1,384 1,615 1,662 1,768 1,928 2,048 2,260 2,406 2,609 2,834 2,771 2,878 2,971 3,155 3,192 $70 2,984 8,921 13,601 18,808 25,742 .32,446 37,719 41,828 47,733 52,299 58,603 61,222 67,288 72,984 81,314 88,963 96, 543 103,050 111, 522 115, 824 123, 732 131,887 138,823 S4, 121 407,385 1, 278, 892 2,066,367 2,950,821 3,943,698 4,907,417 5,810,580 6,667,718 7,556,610 8,388,483 9,421,089 10,469,643 11,606,959 12,853,867 14,248,228 16,357,632 17,767,387 19,281,899 20,861,965 22,400,318 23,768,162 25,338,332 26,681,476 61 1,622 3,608 5,188 6,951 9,069 11,088 12,382 14,304 16,111 18,240 20,333 22,637 24,751 27,186 29,684 32,230 34,267 36,571 38,860 41,298 43,718 46,437 48,966 17 133 235 317 422 442 638 648 687 617 628 687 722 780 827 902 890 921 946 900 988 1,064 1,087 »1,989 15,492 27,846 36,351 49, 040 52,237 66,589 71,930 75,573 77,250 80,282 90,521 93,304 104,758 111,272 127,372 131, 160 140,473 149,301 152,621 158,734 177,598 186,388 AGEICULTUKAJL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 212 $1,643 1 $43 318 81,667 5 $27 $10,201 979 13,805 10 651 1,672 16,363 34 486 161,426 2,030 31,915 60 2,626 3,228 37,042 80 1,243 447,073 3,203 52,777 85 4,466 5,300 01,126 105 1,666 817,943 11 4,327 74,677 117 6,011 7,371 84,147 119 2,264 1,197,854 5,575 97,098 130 7,339 9,320 109,003 152 2,709 1,595,563 6,787 120,651 173 9,399 11,093 131,833 173 3,174 2,048,700 7,986 145,705 181 10,305 12, 861 156,858 200 3,597 2,482,110 11 9,279 168,481 172 9,249 14,599 178,217 228 4,154 3,003,302 11 10,680 197, 420 208 11,338 16, 467 201,716 246 4,571 3,447,766 11 12,033 223,621 207 12,074 17,927 222,363 264 4,828 3,849,347 11 13,269 251,434 263 14,838 19,391 241,478 267 5,155 4,276,620 14,688 277,062 238 13,031 20,972 263, 334 290 5,187 4,639,161 16,017 297,050 279 18,456 22,300 284,030 310 6,658 5,182,077 17,534 336,573 295 17,661 23,561 314,497 339 6,295 6,740,112 18,757 363,361 282 17,649 24,154 335,618 357 6,679 0,340,985 20,094 398,241 291 18,879 25, 150 381,347 363 6,893 6.848,101 21,355 427,356 326 21,503 25,857 386,969 350 6,720 7,258,960 22,380 454, 103 315 20,932 26,435 400,913 355 7,166 7.430,009 23,469 484,487 289 19,129 26,767 417,012 366 7,823 7,594,019 24,683 609,071 295 20,582 27,216 433,217 370 7.393 7,7HI,720 6 For the last three months of the year. 1098 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. EXPENDITURES FOR ACCIDENT COMPENSATION, 1885 TO 19C8— Concluded. PUBOC AUTHORITIES, 188S TO 1908. Expenditures for compensation. Medical treat- ment. 1885 (o) 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1900. 1901 1902, 1903 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, fZfJ!? Amount, treatea 2 263 509 741 1,112 1,541 1,672 1,855 2,069 2,246 2,638 2,687 3,013 3,337 3,652 3,944 4,360 5,021 6,416 5,828 6,130 6,167 6,577 6,978 $3 3,856 8,601 11, 489 16, 631 20, 711 21, 416 23,961 26,327 26, 843 30, 159 30,160 33, 717 39, 313 42,004 46,163 66, 662 61, 492 70, 264 71, 769 74, 522 77, 896 87,123 93, 176 Pensions to in- jured persons. Num- ber. 499 1,217 2,163 3,544 6,204 6,864 8,665 10,626 12, 513 14,435 16, 521 18, 704 21,297 23,639 25,797 27, 866 30, 131 32,384 34, 631 36, 479 38, 265 39, 704 41, 261 Amoiint. $24, 446 80, 638 160, 334 218, 659 300, 018 390, 647 479, 297 575, 180 661, 756 753,194 849, 557 962, 779 1, 062, 650 1, 168, 533 1, 257, 824 1, 383, 689 1,509,001 1, 646, 380 1, 769, 935 1,879,551 1, 978, 269 2, 077, 996 2, 163, 460 Treatment and board in hospi- tals, etc. Persons treated. 73 147 • 181 269 333 388 466 543 637 707 764 828 1,002 1,001 1,057 1,174 1,267 1,309 1,427 1,385 1,341 1,295 1,388 Amount, 11,833 3,479 4,840 6,832 8,426 10,812 13, 244 15, 702 18, 126 20,979 21, 509 21,862 26,899 29,749 32,048 36, 022 36,746 39, 606 44, 865 44,599 42,125 41,968 44, 318 Pensions to de- pendents of per- sons in hos- ■ pitals. $1, 139 1,715 1,897 2,101 3,071 3,599 4,947 6,145 6,880 5,771 5,213 6,226 6,095 7,762 8,303 11, 063 12,392 12,343 12,569 12, 612 12, 489 11, 899 11, 896 Settlements to injured persons. Num- ber. 4 11 99 94 147 119 96 84 96 76 Amount. $201 962 807 2,062 711 2,866 796 2,423 1,268 884 1,000 11, 196 13, 705 29,336 22,025 15, 478 13, 711 14,851 12, 527 Funeral ex- Num- ber. 342 442 490 567 524 515 563 542 683 772 711 663 715 745 800 819 837 871 Am't. $415 2,904 3,182 3,643 4,523 5,162 6,186 5,846 5,834 6,619 6,102 6,853 6,961 8,173 8,188 10,064 10,784 10,397 10, 762 11,416 12,435 12,988 13, 641 14,841 Expenditures for compensation. Pensions to widows Settlements to widows in case of remarriage. Pensions to children Pensions to Year. (or ividowers). and grandchildren. other relatives. Total expen- ditures for Num- ber. Amount, Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. Num- ber. Amount. 1885 (») 1886... 18 $87 36 $129 1 $7 641 247 6,781 1 $94 474 7,869 15 350 48,473 1887... 496 14,299 13 1,271 971 18,840 31 1.120 133,145 1888... 763 22,434 17 1,768 1,438 30,013 43 1,218 227,626 1889... 1,083 32,178 49 4,646 2,097 44,997 60 1,698 330,268 1890... 1,396 41,300 63 6,224 2,697 66,637 101 2,730 444,275 1891... 1,701 52,663 43 4,071 3,252 70,008 128 3,864 564,118 1892... 2,020 63,572 95 9,626 3,714 82,559 164 4,670 688,628 1893... 2,319 76,199 70 7,846 4,275 98,887 192 6,514 819,696 1894... 2,712 88,231 86 8,428 4,779 111,012 210 6,137 933,743 1895... 3,043 101,521 96 10,302 5,193 121,496 233 6,957 1,069,337 1896... 3,370 112,179 88 9,834 5,703 134,637 251 7,617 1,178,355 1897... 3,776 127,734 81 8,693 6,225 149,817 272 8,185 1,318,397 1898... 4,141 141,704 109 12,497 6,586 168,155 322 10,017 1,467,571 1899... 4,468 154,648 130 14,090 7,022 168,641 356 11,114 1,595,503^ 1900... 4,886 173,826 111 13,288 7,366 180,509 388 12,283 1,735,308 1901... 6,216 184,919 124 14,746 7,610 194,136 419 14,391 1,916,587 1902... 6,548 198,380 96 11,419 7,823 206,274 460 15,207 2,074,013 1903... 6,984 216,318 131 16, 502 8,204 222,013 495 16,370 2,278,783 1904... 6,363 231,311 116 14,975 8,382 234,100 525 17,714 2,430,679 1905... 6,742 249, 192 134 16, 704 8,746 262,163 519 17,704 2,574,960 1906... 7,123 265, 060 128 16,247 8,832 263,462 689 19,666 2,701,803 1907... 7,506 284, 369 136 17,257 9,034 276,146 617 20,828 2,845,068 1908... 7,849 303, 486 165 20, 006 9,273 294,076 630 21,983 2,979,768 a For the last three months of the year. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 109 CPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION AND EXPENDITURES FOR ALL PURPOSE 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Amtllche Nachrlchten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] INDtJSTKIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. Expenditure on account of administration. Addition to Investigation Expenditure ear. of aocideiits and determi- nation of compensation. Courts for de- ciding claims. Administering preventive measures. General ad- ministration. reserve fund. for all purpost «(<>) 1547 Jl,132 J769 $231,083 $237,6 »... 20,608 28,733 16,644 693,634 $1,286,647 2,452,6 (V... 37,662 48,977 86,058 743,236 2,364,634 4,559,4 18... 63,873 56,554 78,259 846,012 2,941,328 6,052,3 W... 87,410 72,172 71,951 922, 462 3,053,277 7,158,0 lU... 120,988 74,821 81,584 970,789 2, 906, 419 8,098,2 11... 142,208 90,729 102,482 1,038,165 2,938,759 9,219,7 a... 156,775 93,143 104,421 1,088,047 2,841,468 10,094,4 «... 176,179 107,127 127,577 1,146,772 2,740,073 10,964,4 »4... 202,868 110,221 148,621 1,236,607 2,241,133 11,494,9 )5... 243,575 122,488 177,049 1,282,540 1,798,351 12,012,4 «... 271,349 128,555 225,216 1,322,332 1,094,577 12,463,1 17... 290,682 139,082 246,769 1,383,311 320,541 12,839,9 IS... 320,039 146,552 260,256 1,436,937 66,610 13,837,3 W... 355,008 162,669 251,171 1,520,156 53,960 15,196,8 H)... 397,621 172,214 285,469 1,614,728 20, 163 16,738,4 11... 431,149 171,529 315, 422 1,744,036 2,681,028 21,601,2 »... 486,098 253,567 328,679 1,911,824 3,225,568 23,963,1 B... 542,236 261,945 238,910 6 2,005,342 3,542,826 26,876,1 14... 588,250 268,879 260,648 c 2, 084, 815 3,885,245 27,949,7 K... 657,205 278,923 304,094 2,496,081 4,126,693 30,262,3 W.. 702,867 310,033 340,212 2,670,103 4,371,628 32,163,0 17 764,538 331,614 3.55,400 2,809,485 4,367,034 33,966,4 »... 815,071 370,972 406,786 2,096,839 4,386,212 35,823,4 AGRICULTUBAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. 18 $1,905 $961 $31 $93,563 $3,197 $109,9 )9 17,271 6,933 1,139 183,698 37,643 408,0 10. 38,260 13,787 917 209,228 98,212 807,4 M. 63,347 21,301 1,259 251,851 179, 187 1,334,8 n 86,499 27,690 1,693 273,600 190,601 1,777,8 13 107,309 36,209 3,145 313,563 190,806 2,246,6 14 129,894 43,082 4,588 376,583 224,786 2,827,6 15... 154,747 57,414 6,883 428,263 88,112 3,217,5 16 179,440 71,427 13,381 462,832 94,846 3,825,2 17 196,719 76,511 16,011 490,024 100,323 4,327,3 18 210,946 77,733 17,508 521,118 48,563 4,725,2 19 232,268 78,312 22,097 549,953 41,000 5,200,2 m 246,596 83,133 23,824 545,506 46,822 5,585,0 11 271,739 102,634 26,419 590,499 90,363 6,262,7 12 288,629 134,768 32,699 674,130 148,181 7,018,5 » 326, 197 143, 166 5,538 ■i 683, 225 149,841 7,648.9 14 361,101 145,319 8,357 « 710, 942 150,204 8,224,0 15 383, 848 150,361 21,040 762,426 171,349 8,747,9 16 385,897 164,221 33,905 790,744 178,038 8,982,8 )7 400,558 416,228 168,413 34,059 852,707 175,341 9,225,0 18... 180,764 36,488 889,693 192,887 9,490,9 PUBLIC ACTHOKITIES, 1885 TO 1908. ISO $6 IR. 112 17 106 18. , 495 Ifl. 842 «... 1,867 H... 2,173 a... 3,088 $670 1,424 2,304 2,711 4,226 4,540 5,895 6,332 $5 1,209 1,718 4,040 6,179 4,343 4,408 $46 497 133 678 1,767 1,907 1,296 1,634 o For the last throe months of the year. t> Also $242,985 for other administrative expenditures. /$1,3 50,5 136.8 233,2 341,1 457,7 577,8 703,9 1100 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. EXPENDITURES FOR ADMINISTRATION AND EXPENDITURES FOR ALL PURPOSES, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. PUBLIC AUTHOBITIES, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. Expenditure on account of administration. Addition to reserve fund. Year. Investigation of accidents and determi- nation of compensation. Courts for de- ciding claims. Administering preventive measures. General ad- ministration. Expenditures for all purposes. $4,384 6,646 7,608 8,327 9,297 9,807 10,516 11,321 12,876 13,677 17,700 18,657 20,641 20,890 24,051 24, 414 $7,529 8,462 9,669 8,927 9,624 8,720 10,063 9,068 8,405 9,669 11,085 10,826 10,149 10,743 9,734 11,873 $4,820 4,329 1,317 6,382 9,539 11,000 12,590 14,064 17,416 16,310 997 1,155 1,791 439 544 729 $1,545 1,918 3,003 3,245 3,675 3,926 4,200 4,405 5,336 4,295 31,419 33,028 34,620 37,592 41,105 43,194 $837,974 955,098 1,080,934 1,205,236 1895 1896 1897 1,350,532 1,501,024 1,632,872 1,774,166 1898 1899 1900 1901 1,960,620 2,117,964 2,339,984 2,494,345 2,642,151 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906. . 2,771,467 1907. 2,920,502 1908... 3,059,978 For the industrial accident associations the expenditures for com- pensation show a rapid rate of increase for the twenty-four years included in the table. Of the total amount, $26,680,000, expended in 1908 by the industrial accident associations for all forms of com- pensation, $19,100,000, or 72 per cent, was expended for pensions to the injured persons; in the agricultural accident associations this proposition is 80 per cent. An important feature of the table is the rapid increase in the amount expended for hospital treatment of injured persons. The figures in the last table give the cost of general administra- tion, the cost of other administration, the amount added to the reserve, fund, and the grand total of all expenditures for all purposes. The total expenditure of the industrial accident associations in 1908 was $35,823,462, of the agricultural associations $9,490,945, and of the public authorities $3,059,978, or a grand total of $48,374,385. The cost of administration as given in the preceding table does not include the cost of the imperial insurance office, the cost of the state insurance offices, the cost of the services of the Post-OfficOi Department, and the cost of the services of government officials who supervise the working of the system, assist in determining compensa- tion, etc. The last column of the preceding table shows that in 1908 for the industrial accident associations the total expenditures were $35,823,462; without the addition to the reserve fund this amount would be $31,437,250; the total amount expended for compensa- CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. IIC on was $26,681,475, so that $4,755,775, or 15.1 per cent of the tot spenditures (less the addition to the reserve) in 1908 was for gener tid other administration. The cost of administration of the insurance system is careful] bserved by the imperial insurance office, and each year the annu jport presents a comparative statement of the various accidei 3sociations showing the costs of "general administration" of eac ssociation in the form of relative statements based on expenditu: er insured person, per $1,000 of wages, per insured establishmen nd per accident reported. The following table shows the cost ( encral administration {laufende VerwaliungsTcosten) of the indu, ^ial and of the agricultural accident associations for the period 188 ) 1908. XPENDITUHES FOE ADMINISTRATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURE ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1887 TO 1908, BY YEARS. (a) [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherangsamts, 1910.] Industrial associations. Agricultural associations. ear. Total. Expenditure per— Total. Expenditure per- Person insured. $1,000 of wages. Estab- lishment insured. Accident reported. Estab- lishment insured. Accideii reportec 37... J689,625 $0.18 $1.21 $2.16 $0.50 38... 705,727 .18 1.22 2.18 6.32 39... 844,760 .18 1.20 2.27 6.05 suijgoo" '""so." 03' $7.' 30... 880, 647 .18 I.IC 2.25 5.90 204,553 .04 6. Jl... 946,863 .19 L20 2.34 5.86 251,333 .05 5. )2... 1,006,576 .20 1.28 2.42 6.10 273,499 .06 5. B... 1,059,318 .20 1.32 2.62 5.82 313,663 .07 5. H... 1,133,493 .22 1.39 2.66 6.94 376,583 .08 5. )5... 1,174,743 .22 1.38 2.70 6.73 428,263 .09 5. )6... 1,206,725 .21 L29 2.73 6.17 462,831 .10 5. )7... 1,275,382 .21 1.26 2.80 6.05 490,024 .10 4. )8... 1,329,300 .21 L20 2.91 4.91 621,118 .11 5. )9... 1,406,719 .21 1.18 3.02 4.71 649,953 .12 5. )0... 1,498,142 .22 1.17 3.13 4.83 545,506 .12 5. )1... 1,626,052 .24 1.23 3.36 5.09 590,499 .13 6. )2... 1,769,756 .25 1.30 3.06 5.42 674,130 .15 5. B... 1,871,681 .25 1.30 3.07 5.26 683,224 .15 6. )4... 1,946,177 .25 1.26 3.14 4.96 710,942 .15 4. )o... 2,009,794 .25 1.25 3.25 4.99 756,632 .16 5. )G... 2,219,851 .26 1.21 3.30 4.93 783,574 .17 5. )7... 2,337,809 .26 1.17 3.47 5.02 845,309 .18 5. «... 2,509,032 .28 1.25 3.00 6.44 889,693 .10 6. ' The data In this table are those presented in the general Introduction to the annual report on t: orations ol the accident insiu-ance system; the figures do not agree with those in the preceding tal Bause in the case of the industrial associations certain lump sum payments of the insurance institut the accident associations have been deducted, and in the case of the agricultural associations certa ms of miscellaneous expenditiu:e have not been included. During the twenty-one years included in the preceding table tt dustrial accident associations show a tendency to have an increase rerage cost of administration per person insured and per establisl ent insured. The average cost of administration per 81,000 ( 1102 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. wages has fluctuated between $1.39 and $1.16, with an apparent tendency durmg the last five years to be about midway between these amounts. The cost per accident reported has remained about the same during the last ten years given in the table. For the agricultural accident associations, the average cost of administrajtion per accident reported has tended to increase during the last four years. The average cost per establishment insured shows a tendency to increase during the entire period. The cost per insured person is not given in the preceding table, but on the basis of the estimated number of insured persons at 17,179,000 the aver- age would be $0,052 per person. RESERVE. The purpose of the reserve funds of the accident insurance organi- zations has already been explained on page 1015. The amount of the reserve of the accident insurance organizations is given in the follow- ing table for the period 1886 to 1908: AMOUNT OF THE RESERVE FUNDS OF INSURANCE ORGANIZATIONS AT THE END OF EACH YEAR, 1886 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten dea Reichs-Versicheningsaiiits, 1887 to 1910.] Year. Reserve fund of acci- dent associations. Insurance insti- tutes of accident associations for building and navi- Year. Reserve fund of acci- dent associations. Insurance insti- tutes of accident associations for building and navi- Industrial. Agricul- tural. gation. Industrial. Agricul- tural. gation. Assets. Reserve. Assets. Reserve. 1886 $1,300,218 3,741,560 6,737,446 9,968,836 13,169,422 16,518,721 19,816,466 23,191,034 26,081,830 28,674,080 30,662,711 30,906,217 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. 1903.. 1904.. 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. $31,076,500 31,395,758 31,782,088 34,182,066 37,241,074 40,576,238 44,432,647 48,645,370 52,922,320 67,254.196 61,641,385 $1,408,320 1,485,658 1,576,113 1,696,684 1,963,830 2,245,338 2,470,363 2,709,371 2,969,726 3,234,536 3,537,513 $1,162,543 1,330,851 1,477,634 1,586,190 1,746,795 2,084,247 2,243,981 2,434,011 2,629,441 2,885,748 2,573,646 8198,439 1887 .. . 224, 118 1888... 1889... 1890... 1891... 1892... 1893... 1894... 1895... 1896... 1897... $3,197 40,860 135,546 316,938 516,053 720,655 965,327 1,074,636 1,196,869 1,325,660 $122,442 252,110 358,791 429, 132 495,840 659,029 672, 301 763,836 839, 108 984,321 811,084 27,929 54,185 85, 760 124,290 100,541 112,901 129,369 149,548 170,815 242,465 261,347 -271,431 280,092 290,695 301,730 310,691 320,896 641,203 The agricultural accident associations operate with a much smaller reserve than the industrial associations. The clearest idea of the extent of the reserve is obtained by making a few comparisons. In 1908 the amount of the reserve of the industrial accident associations was $61,641,385; in 1908 the total expenditures of these associations were $35,823,462, the total expenditures for compensation were $26,681,475, while the total receipts were $47,048,617, In other words, in 1908 the total expenditures were 68 per cent, the expendi- CHAPTEE V. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEBMANY. 1103 s for relief were 43 per cent, and the total receipts were 76 per of the reserve of the industrial accident associations in that year. nder the provisions of the old law, the reserve reached an almost ionary condition during the years 1896 to 1900; the table on } 1099 shows that the item of "addition to reserve" decreased minimum amount in these years. The law of 1900 inaugurated :w plan of additions, as described on page 1016, and since then increase has been uninterrupted. be reserve of the institutes of the accident insurance associations ■ less importance than the column headed "assets;" this column ides the capital collected by means of premiums to cover the obli- ons arising each year, while the column marked "reserve" may lis case be said to represent a surplus. COST OF THE ACCIDENT INSUBANCE. (a) Cost to the Sick Funds. . is practically impossible to present a definite statement of what insurance for industrial accidents under the German system s the employer. As already stated, the sickness insurance funds dde accident benefits for the first 13 weeks of disability (see page ; no reports are made by the sick funds to show their expendi- s for industrial accidents, as distinguished from their expenditures )enefits for sickness, for maternity, and for nonindustrial accidents, be best known estimate of the proportion of the cost of all indus- accidents falling upon the sick funds is that of Dr. Bodiker, the president of the imperial insurance office. His estimate was that ler cent of the industrial accidents cause disabiUty of 13 weeks or this 84 per cent of the accidents, in Dr. Bodiker's opinion, caused per cent of the total expenditure for industrial accidents (uiclud- expenditures of the sick funds and the accident associations), ae experience of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund furnishes some in- lation as to the proportion of cases of disabifity and of days of dis- ty due to industrial accidents and to all other causes. From the 3S on pages 1270 and 1271 it is seen that the cases of industrial ient form 8 per cent of all cases treated, and the days of disabifity to industrial accident form 7.7 per cent of all the days of disabifity vhich benefits were paid. This experience of course relates only le city of Leipzig, but the period of time covered is about 17 years the industries and occupations included show a wide variety. 1 page 1013 was given an illustration of the amounts paid by a manufacturing corporation on account of the various features le compulsory insurance system. 1104 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOK. (h) Cost to the accident associations. The most definite statement of the cost of the German system of accident insurance is obtained by comparing the total expenditures of the various accident associations with the number of persons insured and the wages of the insured persons. This plan is used in the following tables. Under total amount of expenditures for in- surance are included the following items: Expenditures for com- pensation of all kinds; for settlemefit of controversies; for accident prevention; for administration; for medical, etc., institutions; losses on investments; and deposits in the reserve fund. On this basis the total cost of the accident insurance system is shown in the following tables for the accident insurance associations of each industry in the form of computations of the cost per insured person and per $1,000 of wages for each year of the period 1885 to 1908: NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 81,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS. [Source: Amtliche NachrieMen des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] Number oJ persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Industry and year. Total amount. Average amount per— Person insured. $1,000 of wages of persons insured. Mining (Association No. 11: l^(o) 348,219 343, 707 346,146 357, 582 375, 410 398,380 421, 137 424, 440 421, 124 426, 565 430,820 446,342 468,953 495,086 621, 352 565,060 607,367 601, 132 619, 798 642, 526 647,458 089, 248 7,32, 584 798, 378 95,645 82,585 187,929 202,498 231, 260 251, 400 253,250 262, 800 227,600 226, 300 228,000 $15,612,647 59,689,357 61,077,267 66,191,221 73,807,168 85,434,513 92,589,346 90,339,736 88,073,445 89,894,074 - 91,695,609 99, 159, 499 108,896,427 118,290,202 128,975,066 148,889,252 168, 203, 293 158,403,618 169,830,953 178,241,621 183,229,695 212,110,849 245,371,008 265,879,323 2,618,000 12,807,227 14, 626, 866 15,879,369 17, 655, 352 19,647,621 20, 149, 122 19,879,424 19,199,045 19, 112, 195 19, 488, 566 811,619 631,973 925, 317 1, 122, 227 1,208,822 1,393,367 1,549,144 1,736,751 1,895,963 2, 001, 422 2,072,993 2,117,744 2,110,204 2, 327, 099 2,629,106 2,784,217 3,782,572 4,118,603 4,826,097 5,176,896 5,696,385 5,989,107 6, 375, 598 6,927,885 7,471 112,920 188,271 271,225 339,941 342,697 369,030 411,939 369,366 551,121 422,391 SO. 03 L55 2.67 3.14 3.22 3.50 3.68 4.09 4.50 4.69 4.81 4.75 4. SO 4.70 4.85 4.93 6.23 6.85 7.79 8.06 8.64 8.69 8.70 8.68 .08 1.37 1.00 1.34 1.47 L36 1.46 1.63 1.62 2.43 1 85 10.74 8.91 15.15 16.95 16.38 16.31 16.73 19.22 21.63 22.26 22.61 21.36 19.33 19.67 19.59 18.70 22.49 26.00 28.42 29.04 30.54 28.24 25.98 26.06 2.85 8.82 12. -67 17.08 188B... 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 ; 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Quarrying (Association No. 2J: 1885( 6.49 .63 6.54 .6,') 7.23 .84 8.96 .93 9.67 .96 10.93 1.03 11.74 .96 11.49 l.flfl 10.86 l.W) 9.48 1.10 8.90 1.23 9.21 1.32 9.97 1.84 14.11 2.02 15.24 1.90 13.62 2.07 14.07 2.43 16.44 2.42 15.42 2.34 14.49 2.75 17.27 1108 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOH. NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER $1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 18S5 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS- Continued. Industry and year. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons Insui'ed. Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. Average amoimt per— Person insured. $1,000 of wages of persons insured. Chemicals (Association No. 18): 1885 (a) 1887. 1888.. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Gas and water works (Association No. 19): 1885(1) 1886 1887 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Linen (Association No. 20): 1885(0) 1886 1887 1888 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 71,532 78,428 82,011 85,169 91,446 98,391 101, 134 103,020 107,036 111,432 115, 713 125,447 131, 100 136, 704 144,523 154, 479 161,065 165, 889 174, 669 183,532 192,381 202, 177 214,904 216,751 17,869 18,907 21,006 21,855 23,212 24,876 26,873 27,660 29,354 29,520 30,486 32,087 34,848 37, 129 42,670 46,848 50,528 52,020 64, 292 56,647 60,092 63,628 67. 452 70, 079 33,028 35,754 34, 139 37, 573 38,635 40,995 42, 197 41, 197 42,316 42,144 43, 746 46,959 47, 470 49,149 60,526 $3,435,634 14,292,858 14,925,070 15,640,340 17,043,430 18,945,354 19,729,238 20,248,496 21,218,074 21,943,263 23,229,006 25,490,013 27,047,956 28,885,859 31,153,030 34, 170, 178 37,048,238 37,998,099 40, 801, 884 42,755,714 45,588,390 50,194,580 55,757,558 57,249,608 1,049,549 5,312,291 4,516,465 4,847,061 5,211,815 5,802,138 6,352,368 6,546,230 6,876,778 6,908,093 7,181,597 7, 630, 172 8,405,^4 9,017,243 9,855,865 11,015,332 12,443,466 12,891,630 13,873,807 14,691,813 15,956,883 17,505,899 19,203,788 20, 400, 213 971,146 3,939,014 4, 146, 130 4,495,060 4,986,384 5,334,661 6,565,963 5,455,831 6,610,051 5,718,162 6,947,184 6,284,939 6,622,448 7,099,53? 7,615,599 7,969,760 $9,245 88, 328 180,137 190,780 207,962 222,491 258,024 326,704 291,857 307,360 361,206 370,221 382,902 385,780 418,077 466,547 530,800 672,655 726,707 782, 165 833,421 897,430 963,022 1,029,830 2,601 21,583 34,112 43,334 46,254 53,569 63,831 68,788 72,642 75,608 83,738 85,905 87,259 92,175 103,017 115,806 153,961 170,720 189, 165 205,077 216,727 232,878 245,234 267,292 1,897 9,955 17,728 23,609 24,133 27,845 30,211 33,265 37,339 30,876 48,169 41,043 43,458 48,835 55,893 69,812 SO. 13 1.13 2.20 2.24 2.28 2.26 2.65 3.17 2.73 2.76 3.12 2.95 2.92 2.82 2.89 3.02 3.30 4.06 4.16 4.26 4.33 4.44 4.48 4.75 .15 1.14 1.62 1.98 1.99 2.15 2.38 2.49 2.43 2.66 2.75 2.68 2.60 2.48 2.41 2.47 3.00 3.28 3.48 3.62 3.61 3.67 3.64 .06 .28 .52 .63 .62 .68 .72 .81 .88 .73 1.10 .87 .92 .99 l.IO 1.20 o For the CHAPTEE V. ^WOKKMEN'S INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1109 EE OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- ES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER I OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— nued. Number of persons in- sured. Total amotmt of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Industry and year. Total amount. Average amount per— Person insured. $1,000 of wages of persons insured. (Association No. 20)— Cone'd. 11 49,045 50,283 62,037 53,547 50,454 56,824 58,830 59,412 452,283 473,733 502,102 523,408 550,801 559,117 659,567 663,502 573,275 574,856 608,251 629,210 628,092 642,367 652,550 659,966 651,784 675, 194 695,757 702,310 732,397 748,044 783,171 701,806 26,350 33,692 35,520 37,037 40,099 40,927 43,899 43,072 47,493 40,200 60,884 62,971 64,039 67,025 00,362 00,263 62,039 66, 543 67,476 66,733 67,664 70,630 72.032 69,235 41,005 44,866 49.563 53,287 55.218 $8,023,330 8,357,150 8,032,960 8,982,951 9,078,739 10,130,984 10,981,729 11,285,230 14,957,747 65,040,107 66,073,007 69,078,909 73,306,093 75,789,678 76,336,933 77,147,129 81,926,995 82,495,394 87,468,429 92,600,417 93,822,175 97,170,355 100,887,533 103,552,373 103,992,993 109,373,078 114,431,031 117,809,538 122,734,111 131,358,856 141,073,040 139,084,045 964,624 4,707,434 5,090,989 5,359,343 5,983,077 7,031,148 6,857,847 6,812,822 7,578,463 7,201,584 8,427,191 8,704,944 9,088,558 9,894,224 10,099,737 10,962,881 11,488,253 12,357,557 12, 554, 090 12,549,359 13,240,249 14,401,499 15,443,989 14,524,162 1,588,843 7,920,058 0,633,963 7,038,600 7,490,574 $76,428 86,085 90,755 93,753 98,644 102,784 108,014 112,890 10,920 140,488 223,303 270, 498 289,080 328,358 358,501 388,053 406,484 428,976 438,436 462,108 467,437 506,986 548,074 588,361 779,601 862,397 871,799 915,151 982,402 1,039,679 1,054,216 1,116,128 1,011 5,382 7,874 10,987 11,070 11,249 14,220 13,269 14,521 15,788 14,937 15,608 16,842 18,638 21,320 22,356 31,096 31,959 33,012 30, 475 39.190 38,770 40,223 43,339 4,299 42,547 79,824 100,087 107,509 SI. 66 1.71 1.74 1.75 1.74 1.81 1.83 1.90 .04 .30 .45 .52 .53 .59 .04 .69 .71 .75 .72 .74 .74 .79 .84 .89 1.20 1.26 1.25 1.30 1.02 1.39 1.35 1.46 .04 .16 .22 .30 .27 .24 .32 .30 .30 .34 .29 .29 .31 .33 .35 .37 .50 .48 .49 .55 .58 .55 .56 .03 .10 .95 1.61 1.89 1.95 $9 53 2 10.59 3 10.51 4 10.44 5 10.19 10.15 7 . . 9.84 18 10.00 !S (Associations Nos. 21 to 20): 6(0) 1.13 10 2.16 17 3.38 •S 3.92 19 . * 3.94 10 4.33 11 , 4.70 12 6.04 13 4.96 14 5.20 15 5.01 10 4.99 17 4.98 18 5.21 19 5.43 10 . . 5.68 11 7.50 12 7.79 13 7.62 14 7.77 16 8.00 10. ; 7.91 17 7.47 8.02 Lssoclatlon No. 27): 1.05 (0 1.14 1.55 18 2.05 1.86 K) . 1.60 3.07 12 1.95 1.92 14 2.19 1.77 16 1.77 1.85 18 1.88 19 1.99 K) 2.71 12 2.63 14 - 10 18 making (Association No. 28): 2.71 ;7 1110 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PEE PERSON AND PER $1,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 18S5 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— Continued. Industry and year. Paper making (Association No. 28)- Concluded. 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1899. 1900- 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Paper products (Association No. 29); 1885(a) 1887. 1888- 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 ■1907 1908 Leather (Association No. 30): 1885(0) 1887. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Number of persons in- sured. 60,175 62,082 61,548 63,719 65, 64S 66,535 67,050 69,240 72, 191 71,979 72,048 73,635 76,887 80,448 83,335 86,850 47, 397 47, 971 48, 906 51,641 55,882 58, 494 60, 668 63, 632 64, 124 73, 062 74, 597 77, 520 79, 948 82, 986 91, 494 96, 869 99,682 101, 390 106, 679 112, 783 116,960 122, 433 131, 360 131, 248 34, 065 35, 519 38,085 45,637 46,491 47, 339 46,289 47,005 49, 409 50,204 53, 593 56, 637 62, 817 61, 679 63, 226 65, 065 65, 399 64,562 69, 692 71,648 74, 387 78, 022 79, 146 76,788 Total amount of wages of all persons insured. S8, 513, 785 8,711,864 8,936,918 9,521,881 10,083,790 10,553,200 '10,982,016 11,771,983 12,191,979 12,056,857 12,836,949 13,550,364 14,369,652 15,660,049 17,276,624 17,933,628 1, 676, 666 8, 838, 106 8, 139, 950 8,296,664 9,095,728 9,843,299 10, 411, 129 10, 643, 714 11, 109, 796 11, 482, 492 12, 248, 383 13, 394, 446 14, 443, 147 15,316,897 16, 444, 387 17, 667, 976 19, 668, 251 20, 440, 957 21, 739, 439 23, 126, 986 24, 465, 636 25, 962, 549 28, 670, 565 28, 846, 719 1,568,145 8,494,675 7, 491, 971 8, 465, 440 8, 354, 879 8,919,133 8, 905, 258 8, 972, 455 9, 336, 295 9, 581, 271 10,541,083 10, 988, 609 11, 764, 146 12,791,349 13, 164, 498 13, 864, 198 14,241,896 14,305,140 15,875,017 16,399,110 17,319,227 18, 991, 285 19, 779, 464 19, 495, 627 Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. $149,469 159, 674 163,460 166,794 170,654 186,901 200,701 220,223 291,591 319,369 337,356 343,294 364,530 377,586 394, 544 417,175 3,333 14,266 25,933 31,968 35, 312 39,911 - 40, 456 45,946 48,685 53,858 54, 306 57, 747 66,601, 70, 643 80, 248 86,565 116, 806 120,839 128, 414 135, 195 147, 603 159, 646 171, 596 180,509 4,481 18, 596 32, 923 42,986 48,476 56, 594 62, 654 65,086 71, 151 75, 430 80,590 83,617 86, 911 96,237 108, 349 119, 235 169, 030 176,000 190,128 208,480 220,493 232, 419 248,219 282,054 Average amount per— Person insured. S2.48 2.57 2.66 2.62 2.50 2.81 2.99 3.18 4.04 4.44 4.68 4.66 4.74 4.69 4.73 .07 .30 .53 .62 .63 .68 .67 .72 .76 .74 .73 .74 .83 .85 1.16 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.38 .13 .52 .86 .94 1.07 1.19 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.50 1.60 1.48 1.38 1.56 1.71 1.83 2.43 2.71 2.73 2.91 2.96 2.98 3.14 3.41 $1,000 of wages of persons insured. n For the CHAPTER V. — WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1111 BER OP PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- a.ES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER H) OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1886 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— tinned. Industry and year. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. Average amount per — Person insured. SI ,000 of wages of persons msured. working (Associations Nos. 31 to aSC") 187. 188. ■\- 190. m. !95. m. m. m. m. m. m. )02. )03. )04. )05. )06. )07. 908. • milling (Association No. 35): i85(a) 586 387 388 390. 391. 392. 897 S98 899 900 901 902 903 804 905 906 907 908 products (Association No. 36): 885(o) 887. 889. 890. 891. 892. 893. 894. 895. 896. 897. QOO 111,348 126, 980 176, 164 184, 213 201,805 214,013 214, 596 216, 041 220, 269 221,949 233, 600 251,648 266, 947 283,455 300, 294 320, 893 329, 930 343, 613 363, 639 389,696 407,086 426,119 431,980 428,743 77,862 83,006 82, 693 86, 677 86, 913 86,343 86,439 86,995 86,240 86,380 86,315 85,610 85,571 74, 739 73,293 71,883 68, 977 67,527 68, 478 67,315 65, 767 64, 105 63, 930 63,729 36,064 31,848 35,765 41,056 49,622 53,425 58, 161 61,205 63,681 67,285 78,024 74,333 42,655 46,122 $4, 493, 960 19, 506, 694 26, 268, 570 28,611,336 31,218,866 33,689,309 34, 756, 473 34,626,267 36, 173, 294 36, 666, 564 36, 933, 512 41, 177, 107 45, 100, 728 49, 115, 015 53, 786, 581 58, 147, 237 61, 443, 480 64,699,840 69,628,710 76, 135, 021 81, 865, 688 88, 789, 929 93,779,897 93,395,459 3, 162, 951 13, 103, 164 12,895,304 12, 741, 525 12,581,192 12, 323, 361 12, 699, 361 12, 735, 762 12,821,606 12, 475, 474 12, 347, 335 12,229,530 12, 476, 856 12, 630, 417 12, 725, 568 12, 710, 538 12, 548, 736 12, 836, 651 13,111,968 13, 162, 583 13, 192, 421 13, 309, 366 13,992,448 14,333,680 1,296,916 5,138,874 5,888,917 7,045,155 8,385,581 9,138,628 9,980,785 10,343,086 11,211,510 11,816,175 13,051,131 14,491,438 8,299,187 9,169,373 $16,066 120, 186 228, 110 296, 357 332, 017 395, 926 443, 326 500, 719 533, 232 566, 879 618, 979 658, 400 667, 287 733, 191 794,596 881, 721 1, 177, 936 1,282,188 1, 416, 564 1, 603, 461 1, 614, 879 1,726,954 1, 830, 691 1,898,462 10,374 62, 184 134, 464 200, 536 304, 767 234, 604 248,686 259, 961 277, 087 289, 306 296, 602 302, 934 296,420 321,647 , 342, 597 360,511 464,380 496, 349 528, 406 645, 997 660,641 676, 682 677, 102 604, 048 3,279 19,606 35,468 43,736 53,648 64,052 75,863 79,809 82,449 85,110 126,551 117,622 78,073 79,052 $0.14 .96 1.29 1.61 1.64 1.85 2.07 2.32 2.42 2.66 2.65 2.62 2.60 2.69 2.66 2.75 3.57 3.73 3.90 3.86 3.97 4.06 4.24 4.43 .13 .75 1.63 2.31 3.61 2.72 2.88 2.99 3.21 3.36 3.43 3.64 3.45 4.30 4.67 5.01 6.73 7.36 7.72 8.11 8.53 9.00 9.03 .09 .62 .99 1.07 1.08 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.29 1.26 1.62 1.58 1.83 1.71 $3.36 6.16 8.69 10.36 10.64 11.75 12.76 14.46 15.16 15.87 16.76 15.99 14.80 14.93 14.77 15.16 19.17 19.82 20.34 19.76 19.73 19.46 19.52 20.33 3.28 4.75 10.43 16.74 24.22 19.04 19.68 20.41 21.61 23.19 24.01 24.77 23.67 25.47 26.92 28.36 37.01 38.67 40.30 41.61 42.60 43.33 41.24 42.14 2.63 3.81 6.02 6.21 6.39 7.01 7.60 7.72 7.35 7.20 9.70 8.12 9.41 8.62 1112 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. NUMBER or PEESONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER tl.OOO OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEAES- Continued. Industry and year. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. Average amount per— Person insured. 11,000 of wages of persons insured. Food products (Association No. 36)— Concluded. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Sugar (Association No. 37): 1886 (o) 1886 1887 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1896. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906.. 1907. 1908. Dairying, distilling, and starcli indus- tries (Association No. 38): 1885 (a) 1886 18S7 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 ;; Breweries (Association No. 39): 1885 (a) 1886 1887 1888 54,460 66,924 60,969 96,250 104,883 111,338 128,481 142, 119 164,697 108,534 127,200 106, 817 95,463 97. 161 99,953 99,097 98,870 97,889 101,164 100,058 100,655 100,738 98,219 97,000 97, 141 99,776 97. 162 95,645 94,683 97, 168 95,581 93,384 93,791 36,018 38, 168 38,829 39,066 42,381 43,388 41,569 41,843 44,225 44,169 45,506 45,686 46,948 49,993 50,276 52,716 52,422 40,012 41,612 42,671 44,423 48,882 50,286 60,020 1890. 1891. 47,420 2,576,993 61,749 11,601,721 61,562 11,678,882 63,524 14,252,316 67,123 15,516,844 70,617 16,616,536 -I 72,617 16,989,046 o For the last three montlis of the year. 111,518,153 12,289,066 13,657,139 14,949,430 16,291,663 18,792,382 22,990,208 26,001,528 29,539,015 3,432,312 7,927,984 8,012,194 7,961,925 8,534,700 9,438,830 9,854,806 9,649,578 9,688,191 10,333,655 10,443,210 10,531,849 10,864,353 10,894,559 10,836,786 11,467,245 12,300,999 11,342,014 10,854,560 10,465,781 11,370,101 12,328,114 12,249,891 12,061,209 1,368,174 6,473,412 5,297,503 5,264,791 5,787,853 6,266,277 6,317,533 6,513,462 6,899,779 7,096,367 7,302,920 7,494,607 7,703,380 8,208,942 8,728,883 9,168,867 9,566,064 8,065,315 10,809,744 8,656,086 9,504,946 10,423,366 11,068,699 11,430,255 125,049 , 142,399 148,483 152,459 175,006 201,720 223,074 244,703 6,094 46,181 77, 667 104,011 103,390 122,609 141,581 148, 217 162,614 168,146 171,310 176,473 169,822 178,929 194,354 204,778 273,750 286, 198 298,264 303,141 320,236 336,344 340,138 352,052 5,118 28,919 45,610 59,955 67,255 77,257 84,424 93,122 99,243 106,511 110,776 108,883 108, 104 119,270 135,019 142,640 182,088 163,002 168,726 161,834 176,232 187,285 194,737 208,901 12,922 202,924 261,063 253,718 274,091 316,887 343,617 JL74 2.20 2.33 1.54 1.45 1.57 L57 1.57 1.58 .06 .36 .73 1.09 1.06 1.23 1.43 1.50 1.66 1.66 1.71 1.74 1.69 1.82 2.00 2.11 2.74 2.95 3.12 3.21 3.30 3.51 3.64 3.75 .15 .76 1.18 1.54 1.59 1.78 2.03 2.23 2.24 2.41 2.43 2.38 2.30 2.38 2.68 2.71 3.47 3.82 3.82 3.79 3.97 3.83 3.87 4.18 .27 3.92 4.24 3.99 4.08 4.47 4.74 CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSTJBANCB IN GEEMANY. 1113 iIBEE OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- ;RE8 for insurance, with average EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PEE 000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS- ntlnued. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Industry and year. Total amount. Average amount per- Person Insured. $1,000 of wages of persons insured. lyeries ( Assooial ion No. 39)— Conc'd. 1892 .. 76,823 79,562 83,492 89,413 91,239 95,103 92,996 96,948 97,632 100,903 106,471 106,199 109,597 108,565 112,339 110,213 106,036 95,136 89,467 90,735 90,662 98,280 105,486 109,111 107,468 110,642 116,607 123,061 130,365 136,063 140,883 140,969 140,631 142,248 144,936 147,126 150,147 153,708 166,357 165,337 175,894 74,607 82,609 86,193 96,180 99,599 107, 171 104,748 106,071 109,882 116,617 126,246 136,386 149,678 161,786 173,224 194,964 204,866 207,107 213,163 229,185 242,112 254,170 tl7,614,942 18,094,993 18,514,960 19,347,143 20,639,668 21,993,235 23,282,147 24,680,950 25,864,186 27,300,775 27,745,350 28,036,316 29,129,544 30,126,405 31,694,611 33,009,866 33,702,396 2,266,876 12,184,335 10,049,000 10,194,614 11,129,713 12,086,540 12,777,764 12,728,721 13,384,183 14,060,423 14,990,962 16,135,358 17,108,160 17,761,358 17,911,362 18,097,188 17,568,499 17,902,411 18,324,712 19,117,862 19,949,602 21,053,461 23,305,619 25,224,303 2,181,188 11,190,332 11,116,154 11,794,630 12,802,932 13,868,781 14,160,036 14,420,501 15,333,609 16,163,374 17,948,439 19,896,343 22,411,627 24,383,874 26,287,274 28,836,235 31,984,254 33,263,454 37,731,754 42,089,377 46,044,627 49,231,397 S388,474 417,686 442,932 460,774 465,700 476,721 506,439 541,529 591,728 781,702 844,723 896,474 926,917 979,794 999,566 1,017,506 1,044,256 2,792 7,154 13,440 14,637 16, 110 16,300 16,973 17,685 19,601 19,819 19,776 20,532 20,865 22,416 23,882 26,928 34,989 35,339 38,085 38, 484 41,136 41,679 42,576 45,059 3,992 11,565 19,283 22,246 26,681 31,492 38,733 40,490 42,356 53,514 53,434 68,018 62,731 73,363 86,433 96,447 128,416 142,236 151,644 171,564 183,443 193,587 $5.06 6.25 5.31 5.16 5.11 5.01 5.45 6.69 6.06 7.76 7.93 8.44 8.46 9.02 8.90 9.23 9.85 .03 .08 .15 .16 .16 .15 .15 .16 .18 .17 .16 .16 .16 .16 .17 .19 .25 .24 .26 .26 .27 .27 .26 .26 .05 .14 .22 .23 .26 .29 .37 .38 .39 .46 .43 .43 .42 .45 .49 .49 .63 .69 .71 .75 .76 .76 $22. Of 1893 23.01 1894 . .. 23.9; 1895 23.8; 1896 .. . 22. 5( 1897 21.6) 1898 .. 21.7! 1899 21.9 1900 22.81 1901 28.6; 1902 30. 4J 1903 31.91 1904 31.8; 1905 32.5; 1906 31.5 1907 30.8; 1908 30.91 lacco (Association No. 40): 1885 (<») 1.2; 1886 .5! 1887 1.3' 1888 1.4 1889 1.41 1890 1.31 1891 1.3; 1892 1.3! 1893 1.41 1894 1.4 1896 1.3; 1896 1.2 1897 1.2; 1.21 1899 1.3: 1.4! 1901 1.9! 1.9 1903 2.0 2.0 1906 2.0 1.9 1907 1.8 1.7 ;lilng (Asaooiation No. 41): 1.8 1886 1.0 1.7 1888 1.8 2.0 1890 2.2 2.7 1892 2.8 1893 2.7 1894 3.3 2.9 1896 2.9 1897 2.8 3.0 1899 3.2 1900 3.3 1901 1902 1903 4.0 1906 1906 3.9 O -7 1114 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER 11,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— Continued. Industry and year. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. Average amount per— Person insured. $1,000 of wages of persons msuied. '. Chimney sweeping (AssociationNo. 42); 1885(a) 1886 1887 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1890. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Building trades (Associations Nos. 43 to 64): 1885(a) 1886 1887 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Printing and publishing (Association No. 65): 1885(a) 1886 1887 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 5,184 5,462 5,648 5,808 5,869 6,752 5,804 5,887 6,919 6,945 5,980 6,023 6,186 6,206 6,225 6,274 6,329 6,503 6,561 5,498 5,506 5,517 5,686 6,662 592, 118 669,796 784,304 920, 135 891,040 992,735 946,702 970,261 962, 803 960, 583 1,036,233 1,061,665 1,103,847 1,137,336 1,166,923 1,096,600 1,117,441 1,204,748 1,263,537 1,311,431 1.376,208 1,366,161 1,260,270 48, 337 51,773 65, 792 68,763 69,681 60,404 69,806 74,075 80, 250 85,403 90,896 100, 962 101, 125 101, 978 110,320 116, 630 $185,469 719, 367 744,388 767,256 793, 032 809, 639 828, 056 846, 634 881, 765 901, 478 916,886 920, 877 919,902 929,356 942,409 949, 658 1,038,397 1,096,386 1,146,033 1,182,665 1,204,283 1,244,927 1,284,162 1,343,464 13,789,930 81,883,934 91,307,125 99,218,258 114,336,360 121,196,622 126,691,348 121,034,818 123,356,770 122, 184, 161 124,916,282 140,626,161 153,596,308 172,687,435 182,782,179 193,073,525 187, 165, 420 192,498,569 209,887,607 225,522,340 240,934,332 263,231,167 270,365,982 263, 547, 088 2,543,578 11, 781, 362 11, 632, 653 12,027,654 12,790,361 13,684,800 14,376,219 16,188,028 16, 998, 840 16,391,937 17,748,628 18, 915, 643 20,319,356 21,552,406 22,820,771 24,808,387 $2,699 8,349 10,223 11,047 9,936 10,400 10,627 10,577 12,073 11,989 12, 965 12,437 12,006 12,949 12,931 13, 718 16,689 18,648 19,430 20, 116 20, 693 21,894 24,168 22,740 54,165 442,787 812,642 1,046,132 1,398,101 1,500,445 1,824,303 1,834,031 2,066,256 2, 154, 997 2,262,195 2,306,039 2,449,705 2,517,371 2,741,327 2,963,496 3,758,567 4,134,845 4,443,343 4,777,773 6,022,137 6,332,833 6,604,405 5,557,740 4,298 18,678 27,483 38,547 31,967 37, 923 42,202 43,902 47,677 61,726 54,771 67,061 59,429 65,711 73,572 81,010 $0.05 1.53 1.81 1.90 1.69 1.81 1.81 1.80 2.04 2.02 2.17 2.07 1.94 2.09 2.08 2.19 2.64 3.39 3.49 3.66 3.74 3.97 4.26 4.02 .13 .76 1.21 1.33 1.62 1.69 1.84 1.94 2.13 2.24 2.36 2.23 2.31 2.28 2.41 2.56 3.43 3.70 3.69 3.78 3.83 3.87 4.11 4.41 .49 .66 .54 .63 .60 .59 .60 .60 .60 .56 .69 .64 .67 $14.66 11.61 13.73 14.40 12.63 12.85 12.71 12.49 13.69 13.30 14.16 13.60 13.05 13.93 13.72 14.46 16.07 17.02 16.97 17.01 17.10 17.69 18.82 16.93 3.93 5.41 8.90 10.54 12.23 12.38 14 40 15.15 16.74 17.64 18.11 16.39 15.96 14 69 15.00 15.35 20.08 21.48 ■21. 17 21, 19 20.84 20.26 20.73 21.92 * 1.69 1.69 2.36 3.20 2.60 2.77 2.94 2.89 2.98 3.16 3.09 3.02 2.92 3.06 3.22 3.27 a For the last three months of the year. CHAPTER V. ■WOBKMEN's INSXJBANCE IN GERMANY, 1115 [BEE OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPEND!. TRES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER X)0 OP WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— itinued. Number of I)ersons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Industry and year. Total amount. Average amount per- Person insiu-ed. $1,000 of wages of persons insured. ting and publishing (Association 1. 65)— Concluded. 901 130,915 133,275 144,047 147, 399 154,832 156,047 169,813 174, 653 26,808 26,372 27,580 28,202 28,804 25,262 26,886 27,380 27,227 26,115 24,932 19,465 20,074 22,304 24,274 25,725 26,462 26,764 23,118 22,804 23,235 24,733 27,622 28,714 11,024 29,785 44,326 31,048 34,499 28,220 31,853 31,838 32,840 30,895 21,657 24,347 28,606 33,017 39,454 46,428 48,820 49,729 51,176 53,567 68,520 62,627 67,276 69,129 40,012 64,317 59,079 $26,338,290 27,469,903 28,945,302 30,804,846 32,838,966 34,864,682 38,281,044 40,318,264 1,033,414 4,741,918 4,996,078 5,219,061 5,464,909 5, 105, 924 5,450,736 5,617,130 5,603,222 5,687,369 5,522,462 4,306,195 4,573,094 5,145,679 5, 746, 416 6,288,921 6,844,879 7,080,577 6, 386, 164 6,391,055 6,711,104 7,337,130 8,028,569 8,554,003 580,000 2,831,373 3,393,286 2,633,709 3,007,274 3,408,487 3, 700, 858 3,888,422 4,073,315 4,386,971 4,931,130 6,673,474 6,692,156 8,067,220 9,670,365 11,405,037 12,995,112 13,683,371 14,243,667 15,326,777 16,634,685 18,262,157 20,201,528 21,682,040 4,284,000 10,939,444 12,546,270 $105,460 116,033 129,177 136,587 152,827 166,315 176,559 193,880 664 19,197 42,902 58,269 66,523 66,917 72,721 83, 150 89,717 87,850 77,034 56, 619 57,621 63,421 71,360 81, 712 102,984 114, 117 109,293 106, 145 109,880 118,273 126, 100 138,050 604 7,128 34,461 30, 123 25,067 26,003 29,360 34,208 38,068 37,188 39,761 46,938 48,763 57,434 70,994 84,344 123,356 147,440 162,282 176, 167 194,899 211,029 224,886 246,705 13,486 45,803 124,682 $0.80 .87 .90 .93 .99 1.07 1.04 1.11 .02 .73 1.56 2.07 2.31 2.65 2.70 3.04 3.29 3.36 3.09 2.91 2.87 2.84 2.94 3.18 3.89 4.26 4.73 4.66 4.73 4.78 4.56 4.81 .05 .24 .78 .97 .73 .89 .92 1.07 1.16 1.20 1.83 1.93 1.70 1.74 1.80 1.86 2.53 2.97 3.17 3.29 3.33 3.37 3.34 3.57 .34 .84 2.11 $4.00 .902 4.22 903 4.46 .904 4.43 905 ... 4.65 .906 4.77 .907 4.61 1908 4.81 ate railways (Association No. 56): 1885(a) .64 L886. 4.05 [887 ... . 8.59 1888 11.16 1889 . 12.17 1890 13.11 1891 13.34 1892 14.80 1893 16.01 1894 15.45 1895 13.95 L896 13.15 L897 12.60 1898 . . 12.33 1899 12.42 1900 12.99 1901 15.05 1902 16.12 L903 17.11 1904 16; 61 L906 .. 16.37 L906 16.12 L907 15.71 16.14 St and small railways (Association ). 57): 1886 (o) 1.04 2.52 1887 10.15 11.44 L889 8.34 7.34 1891 7.93 8.80 1893 . 9.35 8.48 1895 8.06 8.27 [897 '. 7.29 [898 . . - 7.12 [899 7.34 7.40 [901 9.49 10.78 903 11.49 905 11.56 ,907 .- ress and storage (Association No. i: ggg 3.15 .888 9.94 1116 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED, TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPENDI- TURES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PER il.OOO OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS— Continued. Industry and year. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount ol wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Total amount. Average amount per— Person insured. S1,000 of wages of persons insured. Express and storage (Association No. 58)— Concluded. 1892 1893 1894 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Drayage, cartage, etc. (Association No. 69): 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1894. -1895. 1897. 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Inland navigation (Associations Nos. 60 to 62): 1886 1887 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902., 1903. 1904. , 1905. , 1906. . 1907. . 1908.. 81,971 84,465 92,384 94, 700 96,851 115, 430 120, 130 126, 260 131,522 143, 646 163, 570 197,409 251, 622 271, 827 291,261 346, 756 368, 241 50,250 54,566 62,355 64,690 64,607 69,397 67,685 68,543 69,175 72,286 79,365 70,938 76, 541 88, 282 90,795 82,246 82,280 82,390 86,094 89,790 95, 126 97,842 104, 153 51, 629 53,494 59,277 53,221 55,175 55, 157 54,029 53,113 52,917 56,795 55,905 60,148 59,119 59,770 60,842 61,537 60,803 69; 813 60,172 63,417 62,071 63,716 59,242 $18,426,134 19,590,106 20,676,136 21,890,721 23,547,206 25, 789, 659 27,833,867 30,278,167 35,631,701 38,034,668 42,027,789 51, 798, 115 60,435,454 71,263,690 76,470,650 87,108,659 91, 465, 956 4,343,707 9,428,406 9,465,733 9,936,631 10,029,236 10,544,305 10,780,624 10,868,368 11,045,741 11,550,725 12,194,285 12,859,530 13,600,443 14,136,020 14,914,022 15,152,741 15,285,822 15,553,192 16,563,957 17,779,696 20,097,190 21,241,124 21,790,395 4,055,211 7,383,690 7,251,490 7,915,895 8,243,765 8,370,867 8,345,105 8,309,251 8,236,489 8,292,214 8,820,812 9,099,802 9,587,654 9,981,884 10,390,110 10,554,095 10,296,204 11,112,767 •10,973,739 11,926,021 12,754,729 13,622,738 13,528,667 $311,006 339, 997 365,788 379, 452 414, 417 435, 081 441,939 493, 311 560,441 644,689 849,900 958, 234 1,063,127 1, 158, 576 1,237,842 1,352,826 1,413,118 14,255 57,863 187,743 164,921 191,879 232, 121 267,942 252,637 295,391 322,798 351,765 337,479 364, 192 405,667 440,743 566,032 573,339 683,676 765, 623 805,256 869,845 881,837 921,307 21,814 61,308 80,191 100,789 117,234 123,664 135,901 150,462 154,780 160, 622 169,413 167,544 180,187 194,400 212,372 273, 118 297,554 ■320,632 343,932 381,151 408, 666 418,572 443,894 $3.79 4.02 3.96 4.01 4.28 3.77 3.68 3.91 4.26 4.49 5.20 4.86 4.22 4.26 4.25 3.90 3.84 .28 1.06 3.01 2.55 2.97 3.34 3.96 3.69 4.27 4.46 4.43 4.76 ■4.76 4.60 4.86 6.88 6.97 8.30 8.89 8.97 9.14 9.01 8.85 .42 1.15 1.35 1.89 2.13 2.24 2.52 2.83 2.93 2.83 3.03 2.78 3.05 3.25 3.49 4.44 4.89 5.36 5.72 6.01 6.58 6.57 7.49 CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. llli MBER OF PERSONS INSURED TOTAL AMOUNT OF WAGES, AND TOTAL EXPEND] URES FOR INSURANCE, WITH AVERAGE EXPENDITURE PER PERSON AND PEl ,000 OF WAGES OF PERSONS INSURED, 1885 TO 1908, BY INDUSTRIES AND YEARS- oncluded. Number of persons in- sured. Total amount of wages of all persons insured. Expenditures for insurance. Industry and year. Total amount. Average amount per- Person insured. $1,000 wages o persons msured rine navigation (Association No. 63): 1888 1889 37,795 40,400 42,546 43,300 43,023 42,165 43,145 44,065 43,165 45,280 48,648 48,552 53,236 56,342 60,196 64,473 68,426 71,036 74,710 79,005 77,346 121,701 164,026 166,270 164,993 160,754 178, 544 181,978 167,476 166,333 183,079 194, 522 206, 105 213, 592 211,736 203,768 214,018 231,550 245,951 266, 769 297,560 306,276 40,634 39,420 40,482 43,767 47,876 85,537 92,298 97,029 101,467 103, 179 104, 646 110,251 131,057 146,370 148,406 162,014 153,449 154,426 1R1 nia $6,089,160 5,371,782 5,737,599 6,068,370 5,889,941 6,829,679 6,847,804 6,846,108 6,990,388 6,160,660 6,312,813 6,483,235 7,760,719 8,708,410 11,324,660 11,867,885 14,096,044 14,736,283 15,709,489 16,653,077 16,395,356 13, 545, 976 17,659,003 16, 552, 461 18,426,883 19,177,027 20,133,082 20,677,762 18,166,214 19,316,491 21,184,503 23,905,002 26,795,956 29,630,382 28,199,333 27,238,334 28,830,186 32,063,702 35,716,680 40,470,917 45,674,238 48,490,523 7,903,886 8,224,210 8,632,070 9,509,479 10,693,772 14,112,900 15,233,764 16,104,541 16,382,502 17,186,963 20,064,710 21,377,493 24,683,866 25,904,998 24,545,698 23,203,946 23,607,274 23,703,624 9R RQfi nm $22, 512 59,489 78,798 87,827 101,261 108, 144 119,587 133,624 149,909 150,068 163,586 182,663 191,338 260,181 281,487 310,470 326,267 347,968 321,675 390,024 482,327 72, 671 148,904 220,517 266,084 328,500 667, 216 365,308 384,438 422,062 446,886 473,394 486,656 534,602 648,919 607,296 666,432 760,808 740,310 770,401 822,782 876,280 60,607 60,659 72,518 84,498 112,384 150,212 190,827 213, 117 235,962 257,790 271,375 302,867 79,139 115,075 232,924 254,097 278, 696 284,277 2.iifi 7X7 $0.60 1.47 1.85 2.03 2.35 2.57 2.77 3.03 3.47 3.32 3.36 3.76 3.59 4.44 4.68 4.81 4.77 4.90 4.31 4.94 6.24 .60 .91 1.42 1.61 2.04 3.18 1.95 2.29 2.55 2.44 2.43 2.36 2.50 2.59 2.98 3.11 3.29 3.01 2.89 2.77 2.86 1.49 1.54 1.79 1.93 2.35 1.76 2.07 2.20 2.33 2.50 2.59 2.75 .60 .79 1.67 1.67 1.82 1.84 1.69 $4.4 11. t 1890 13. i 1891 14. < 1892 17.) 1893 18.) 1894 20.'. 1896 22.1 1896 25. ( 1897 24.' 1898 25.! 1899 28.: 1900 24. ( 1901 28.; 1902 24.1 1903 26.: 1904 23.: 1905 23.1 1906 20.. 1907 . 23.. 1908 29.. iglneering, excavating, etc. (Associa- lonNo. 64): 1888 5.; 1889 8.. 1890 13.; 1891 14.; 1892 17. 1893 28. 1894 17. 21. 21. 1897 21. 1898 19. 1899 18. 1900 18. 1901 19. 1902 22. 23. 1904 23. 1905 20. 19. 1907 18. 1908 18. 1897 7. 7. 1899 8. 8. 1902 10. 1903 1905 1907 Msksmithlng, etc. (Association No. 16): 1902 3. 1904 1006 11. 9. 1118 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. The expenditures included in the preceding tables have already- been specified on page 1104. The different industries as a rule show a tendency to have increasing costs up to the last few years included in the table; but during the last few years many of the associations show either a stationary or decreasing tendency in the cost per $1,000 of wages, whUe the cost per insured person still shows a tendency to increase in most of the associations. The difference in the cost of the insurance in the different indus- tries is a matter of especial interest. Arranged in the order of the industries with the highest cost the following tables show for the year 1908 the relative standing of the groups included in the preceding table : EXPENDITURE FOE ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER PERSON INSURED, BY INDUS- TRIES, 1908. [Source: Amtliohe Nachrichten des Eeichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] Asso- ciation num- ber. 39 35 59 1 60-62 63 4-11 56 28 18 31-34 43-54 Industry. Breweries Flour milling Drayage, cartage, etc Minmg Inland navigation Marine navigation Iron and steel Private railways Paper making Chemicals Woodworking Building tradea Dairying, distilling, and starch Industries -. . Chimney sweeping Express and storage Gas and water works Sugar street and small railways Leather , Cost per person insured. $9.85 9.48 8.85 8.68 7.49 6.24 5.00 4.81 4.80 4.75 4.43 4.41 4.18 4.02 3.84 3.82 3.75 3.57 3.41 Asso- ciation num- ber. 64 2 17 65 3 12,13 15 20 66 36 16 14 21-26 Industry, Cost per person insured. Engineering, excavating, etc Quarrying Brick and tile making Meat products Fine mechajiical products Metal working Glass Linen Blacksmithing, etc Food products Pottery Musical Instruments Textiles (not including silk and linen) Paper products Printing and publishing Clothing Silk Tobacco (2.86 2.77 2.75 2.75 2.20 2.19 2.01 1.90 1.69 1.58 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.38 1.11 .76 .63 .26 COST OF THE ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER $1,000 OF WAGES, BY INDUSTRIES, 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] Asso- ciation num- ber. 59 35 60-62 39 63 37 2 1 28 43^4 31-34 38 64 18 4-11 17 42 56 68 Industry. Drayage, cartage, etc Flour milling Inland navigation Breweries Marine navigai;ion Sugar Quarrying Mining Paper making Building trades Woodworking Dairying, distilling, and starch industries Engineering, excavating, etc Chemicals Iron and steel Brick and tile making Chimney sweeping Private railways Express and storage Cost per $1,000 of $42. 28 42.14 32.81 30.98 29.42 29.19 28.65 26.06 23.26 21.92 20.33 18.28 18.07 17.99 17.65 17.27 16.93 16.14 15.45 Asso- ciation num- ber. 65 30 19 57 20 66 12-13 15 14 36 21-26 16 3 29 55 41 27 40 Industry. Cost per $l,000of Meat products Leather Gas and water works Street and small railways Linen Blacksmithing, etc Metal working Glass Musical instruments Food products Textiles (not including silk and linen) Pottery Fine mechanical products Paper products Prfiiting and publishing Clothing Silk Tobacco $14. 13. 13. 11. 10. CHAPTEE V. WOKKMBN'S INSXTBANCE IN GEEMANY, 1119 .n the cost per person insured the extremes are the brewing indus- with $9.85 per person and the tobacco industry with $0.26 pei •son insured. The cost of the insurance per $1,000 of wages »W8 fuUy as great variations; the extremes are drayage, cartage, ., with $42.28 per $1,000, and tobacco with $1.79 per $1,000 oi ges. The average cost of the insurance for all industries, computed in ! same manner as in the preceding table, is shown in the following )le for the period 1888 to 1908: PENDITUEES FOR ACCIDENT INSURANCE PER PERSON INSURED AND PER Jl« or WAGES OP INSURED PERSONS, 1888 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliohe Naohrlchten des Reiohs-Versicherungsamts, 1890 to 1910.] Accident associations. Industrial. (<>) Agricul- tural.(ii) Public authori- ties. Expenditure per- Person tlOO of Person insured. wages. insured. H.40 to. 96 S.0,, 1.61 1.02 1.64 1.07 (c) 1.81 1.17 v) 1.99 1.29 (v 2.12 1.37 (cj 2.19 1.41 n 2.22 1.41 2.17 1.33 \^ 2.12 1.27 2.19 1.25 .42 Person insured. JO. 52 .63 .76 .91 1.09 1.27 1.45 1.56 1.77 1.89 2.03 Year. 1899. 1900 1901 1902, 1903, 1904 1905, 1906. 1907, 1908, Accident associations. Industrial, (o) Agricul- tural. (6) Public authori- ties. Expenditure per — Person $100 of Person insured. wages. Insured. $2.28 $1.27 M 2.42 1.30 ("I 3.14 1.64 h) 3.37 1.76 (4 3.47 1,78 3.56 1.80 3.69 1.83 w 3.73 1.76 h 3.77 1.70 14 3.94 1.76 $0.66 Person insured. $2.16 2.28 2.47 2.67 2.89 2.9£ 3.08 3.04 3.03 3.13 Jot including the subsidiary institutes of the accident associations for the building trades, for engineerinj truction, and for navigation. iased on the number ol persons insured as estimated from the occupation census. Jot reported. Che expenditures for the insurance have of course increased steadily ring the period because of the financial plan in use. For the ustrial associations the cost per person insured was still increasing to the year 1908, while for the last four years the cost per $100 of ges has not shown a tendency to increase. The abrupt changes in II are due to the new features introduced by the amended law of 10. For .the year 1908 the cost per person insured in the agri- tural accident associations is based on the returns of the occupa- 1 census of 1907. The data for the pubHc authorities are of interest, iause they include only expenditures for the insurance and its ninistration, but do not of course include any item of addition to reserve; the cost per person insured of providing the insurance hout any modification of the assessment plan by the use of jrves has mcreased from $0.52 in 1888 to $3.08 in 1905, and to 1120 KBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. SETTLEMENT OF CONTROVERSIES. The courts or boards of arbitration to settle controversies arising under the various accident insurance laws have had an increasingly large amount of business to transact, especially since the year 1901, when the amended laws (see page 1039) enlarged the scope of their activities. The following table shows the operations of these courts for the period 1900 to 1909: APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF INSURANCE ORGfANIZATIONS TO ARBITRATION COURTS, 1900 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] Decisions of insurance organi- zations subject to appeal. Appeals made. Number of appeals per 100 decisions subject to appeal. Year. Total. On the basis of the ac- cident insurance laws for indus- tries, building trades, and navi- gation. (Per cent.) On the basis of the ac- cident insurance law for agricul- ture. (Per cent.) Total. On the basis of the ac- cident insurance laws for indus- tries; building trades, and navi- gation. (Per cent.) On the basis of the ac- cident insurance law for agricul- tme. (Per cent.) Total. On the basis of the ac- cident insurance laws for indus- tries, building trades, and navi- gation. On the basis of the ac- cident insurance law for agricul- ture. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 217,333 298,983 317,330 347,830 375, 696 395,563 406,097 417,957 422,012 422,076 60.2 50.9 51.6 50.7 50.4 51.5 53.1 54.3 54.8 54.2 39.8 49.1 48.6 49.3 49.6 48.6 46.9 45.7 45.2 45.8 45,655 60.502 66, 014 61,242 65,197 68,742 70,542 70,957 74,670 76,352 65.7 62.4 63.7 63.1 63.1 64.5 65.5 66.2 67.9 68.3 34.3 37.6 36.3 36.9 36.9 35.5 34.5 33.8 32.2 31.7 21.0 16.9 17.7 17.6 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.0 17.7 18.1 22.9 20.7 21.8 21.9 21.7 21.8 21.4 20.7 21.9 22.8 18.1 12.9 13.2 13.2 12.9 12.7 12.8 12.5 12.6 12.5 The column showing the number of decisions made which are sub- ject to appeal indicates a rapid increase in the total number of con- troversies arising under the law. The most important index of the activity of the courts is given in the last 3 columns; since the law of 1900 was enacted the proportion of appeals to decisions rendered has been less than in the period preceding 1900. Since 1895 the number of appeals under the agricultural insurance law as compared with the number of decisions rendered was approximately half of the number of appeals made under the industrial, etc., laws. CHAPTEE V. — WOEKMEN's INSXHIANCE IN 6EEMANY, 1121 'he method of decision of the controversies before the arbitration rts is shown in the following table for the years 1900 to 1909: :ber of appeals on the calendars of the arbitration courts and number decided, by methods of decision, 1900 to 1909. [Soiu-ce: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Number of appeals on calen- dar. Number of appeals decided. Total. Per cent decided by— Year. Number. Per cent of ap- peals on cal- endar. Deci- sion of presi- dent of court. With- drawals of ap- peal. Grant- ing appeal. Com- pro- mise. Decision of court of arbi- tration. All In favor of in- sured person. In favor of insur- ance or- ganiza- tion. other meth- ods. 36,643 41,553 48,209 52,367 65,546 60,751 65,682 67,999 79,380 88,225 30,702 33,761 39,947 43,984 46,946 51,509 66,846 68,531 69,111 77,289 83.8 81.3 82.9 84.0 84.5 84.8 86.6 86.1 87.1 87.6 1.4 .8 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 4.9 6.4 6.6 6.4 6.1 4.5 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.5 2.7 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.1 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.6 25.4 24.8 24.4 24.0 21.1 20.9 21.2 18.8 18.2 i'86.1 59.9 61.3 62.1 63.7 67.0 67.6 67.4 70.6 71.6 1 5 1 1 1 I 1 3 1 3 1.2 1 .9 AG BICULTUBAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS ). 19,324 24,538 27,918 31,184 33,671 35,082 36,276 36,948 41,468 42,698 17,253 20,239 23,660 26,538 28,823 30,122 32,217 32,296 36,613 37,988 88.8 82.5 84.4 85.1 85.6 85.9 88.8 87.4 88.3 89.0 0.9 .5 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .5 .4 .4 6.3 4.7 6.4 5.4 4.9 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.2 0.7 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.7 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 ^2'^.9 22.7 21.8 20.4 18.9 19.4 19.2 17.2 17.0 690.7 67.1 66.6 67.4 69.8 71.5 72.1 72.2 74.5 74.9 1.4 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 66,967 66,091 76,127 83,551 89,217 95,833 101,958 104,947 120,848 130,923 47,955 64,000 63,507 70,522 75,769 81,631 89,063 90,827 105,724 115,277 86.7 81.7 83.4 84.4 84.9 85.2 87.4 86.6 87.5 88.1 1.2 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 6.1 5.8 6.1 6.0 6.6 4.2 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9 23.2 24.5 24.0 23.4 22.6 20.3 20.4 20.5 18.3 17.8 64.5 62.6 63.3 64.1 66.0 68.7 69.3 69.1 71.9 72.7 1.5 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.1 .9 a Included in decisions of arbitration courts In favor of Insurance organizations. !> Including decisions of arbitration courts In favor of Insured persons. I the year 1909 over 90 per cent of the appeals decided were led by decisions of the courts of arbitration; nearly three-fourths II the cases decided in 1909 were given in favor of the accident 1122 BBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONBK OF L.ABOE. The nvtmber and results of appeals from court decisions to the Imperial Insurance Office are shown for 1900 to 1909 in the following table: • NUMBER OF APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COURTS TO IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE AND RESULTS THEREOF, 1900 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichteu des Reiclis-Versiclierungsamts, 1910.] APPEALS BY INSUBED PERSONS. Number of appeals decided. Industry. Agriculture. Industry and agriculture. Total. By By com- plete Byre- turn Of case Total. By con- By com- plete or Byre- turn of case Total. By By com- plete Byre- of case con- tial modi- to firma- par- to con- to Year. firma- court tion tial court firma- tial court tion of ar- of de- modi- of ar- tion of ar- of de- bitra- cision fica- bitra- of de- fica- tiou of de- bitra- cision tion ap- tion tion cision tion. Num- Per ap- peal- ed of de- or m- Nn-m- Per peal- of de- orin- Num- Per ap-. orm- ber. cent. cision ance ber. cent. Jrom ap- ance ber. cent. peal- ed cision sur- from ap- peal- or- (per peal- or- from ap- peal- ed from (per cent). or- (per gani- cent) . ed gani- (per gani- cent). from (per cent). zar tion (per cent). from (per cent). zar tion (per cent) . cent). za- tion (per cent). 1900 5,780 73.5 75.2 24.8 2,084 26.5 73.7 26.3 7,864 76.7 74.8 25.2 1901 5,510 72.0 73.1 26.9 2,139 28.0 74.2 25.8 7,649 74.6 73.4 26.6 1902 6,488 76.7 77.9 22.1 1,974 23.3 76.8 23.2 8,462 72.5 77.7 22.3 1903 7,188 75.6 77.4 22.6 2,315 24.4 76.1 23.9 9,503 74.4 77.1 22.9 1904 8,686 75.7 78.0 22.0 2,788 24.3 76.9 23.1 11,474 76.7 77.7 22.3 1905 8,900 75.1 80.1 19.9 2,949 24.9 76.8 23.2 11,849 76.8 79.3 20.7 1906 9,772 77.5 81.1 18.2 0.7 2,836 22.6 79.5 19.5 1.0 12,608 78.3 80.8 18.4 6.8 1907 9,529 78.4 80.7 18.6 .7 2,628 21.6 77.7 20.5 1.8 12,157 74.7 80.0 19.0 1.0 1908 10,944 78.4 82.3 16.7 1.0 3,009 21.6 78.8 18.6 2.6 13,963 74.8 81.6 17.1 1.3 1909 12, 112 79.9 82.8 16.1 1.1 3,040 20.1 79.1 18.7 2.2 15,152 75.7 82.0 16.7 1.3 APPEALS BT ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, ETC. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 65.9 72.6 82.1 78.3 79.3 82.7 80.4 80.9 78.4 79.3 57.4 51.7 52.8 46.2 47.9 46.1 46.8 46.3 45.8 46.9 42.6 48.3 47.2 53-8 52.1 53.9 52.6 53.0 53.2 52.1 0.7 .7 1.0 1.0 816 715 575 712 724 617 686 784 1,016 1,007 34.1 27.4 17.9 21.7 20.7 17.3 19.6 19.1 21.6 20.7 46.4 41.5 53.2 52.0 50.6 50.2 46.2 46.2 51.1 45.9 53.6 58.5 46.8 48.0 49.4 49.8 53.2 51.5 47.4 62.7 0.6 2.3 1.5 1.4 2,390 2,609 3,208 3,277 3,493 3,576 3,504 4,111 4,712 4,868 23.3 25.4 27.5 25.6 23.3 23.2 21.7 26.3 25.2 24.3 53.7 48.9 52.8 47.5 48.4 46.8 46.7 46.3 46.9 46.7 46.3 51.1 47.2 52.5 51.6 53.2 52.4 52.7 52.0 52.2 0.7 1.0 1.1 1.1 ALL APPEALS. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 7,354 7,404 9,121 9,753 11,455 11,859 12, 590 12,856 14,640 15,973 71.7 72.2 78.2 76.3 76.5 76.9 78.1 79.0 78.4 79.8 71.4 67.6 70.6 69.2 70.7 71.6 73.5 71.8 73.1 74.1 28.6 32.4 29.4 30.8 29.3 28.4 25.8 27.5 26.0 24.8 0.7 .7 .9 1.1 2,900 2,854 2,549 3,027 3,512 3,566 3,522 3,412 4,025 4,047 34.0 34.0 28.5 29.6 28.5 27.8 26.0 27.7 25.9 27.2 0.9 1.9 2.3 2.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.9 67.2 70.8 69.5 70.9 71.8 73.4 7L5 72.8 73.4 30.1 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.3 Of all the appeals decided by the Imperial Insurance Office in the year 1909 only 20 per cent were cases arising under the agricultural insurance law, the other 80 per cent arising under the industrial, building, and navigation insurance laws. The insured persons bring CHAPTEE V. — WOBKMEk's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1123 t three-fourths of the appeals and the accident associations, etc., t one-fourth. The appeals brought by the accident associa- , etc., are oftener successful than the appeals brought by the ed persons. iring the 10-year period of the table the number of appeals has t doubled; both the insured persons and the accident organiza- have had approximately the same ratio of increase in the ber of appeals brought. The number of appeals brought under ndustrial, building, and navigation insurance laws has increased ! rapidly than the number brought under the agricultural insur- law. le questions on which appeals were made are shown in the folio w- able for the period 1900 to 1909: riONS INVOLVED IN APPEALS DECIDED BY ARBITRATION COURTS, 1900 TO 1909. ISource: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Ap- peals de- cided. Per cent of oases in which the question involved was— r. Wheth- er an in- dustrial acci- dent had oc- curred. Wheth- er an ac- cident had oc- curred. Connec- tion be tween the ac- cident and the dis- ability. Wheth- er the injured person was insured. Which acci- dent as- socia- tion was liable. Amount of annual earn- ings of injured person. Degree of dis- ability. Wheth- er arti- cle 88 (indus- trial law) was appli- cable. Wheth- er the injured person must under- go hospital treat- ment. All other. 7,354 7,404 9,121 9,753 11,455 11,859 12,500 12,763 14,499 15,801 4.6 6.1 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.4 2.9 5.4 4.6 6.5 6.6 5.4 5.4 5.1 4.7 5.2 3.9 12.6 13.2 12.1 n.o 11.0 11.2 10.4 9.5 9.3 8.1 0.9 .9 1.1 1.0 1.1 .9 .8 .7 .8 .8 3.1 2.0 .6 .4 .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 2.0 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 .9 .9 .9 1.0 .9 21.4 21.1 23.0 23.1 22.5 21.7 20.3 19.1 17.6 14.7 42.4 43.9 45.6 47.3 48.2 50.8 54.1 66.8 68.5 66.3 0.8 .4 .2 ■A .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 6.8 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.6 5.4 4.8 4.6 3.9 3.1 AGBICULTUBAl. ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 2,900 2,854 2,549 3,027 3,612 3,566 3,490 3,348 3,931 3,966 17.2 16.8 16.6 14.6 13.6 12.9 13.4 11.8 12.8 9.9 6.9 6.1 6.2 8.9 8.4 8.6 7.0 7.1 7.3 6.6 14.8 15.3 12.3 11.8 11.1 10.8 11.6 10.4 8.1 7.3 3.0 3.8 3.8 4.1 3.3 3.1 3.5 2.8 2.6 2.5 3.8 1.1 .4 .6 .4 .6 .5 2.1 2.9 2.3 L4 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.6 16.0 17.3 17.8 16.6 19.3 19.6 19.2 16.6 14. S 12.6 28.7 28.6 33.0 33.1 35.2 36.3 39.2 45.1 49.4 66.4 0.8 .8 .6 .5 .3 .3 .3 .5 .3 .4 6.7 6.7 6.4 8.7 6.5 6.0 3.3 3.1 2.5 2.2 ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 10,254 8.2 5.8 13.2 10,268 8.1 4.9 13.8 11,670 7.0 5.6 12.2 12,780 6.6 6.4 11.2 14,967 6.0 6.1 11.0 16,425 5.5 6.1 11.1 15,990 6.4 5.5 10.7 16.111 5.1 5.2 9.7 1.6 3.3 2.0 19.9 38. S 0.8 6.8 1.8 2.6 2.6 20.0 39.6 .6 6.2 1.7 .7 1.6 21.8 42.9 .3 6.2 1.7 .4 1.2 21.6 44.0 .2 6.8 1.6 .3 1.3 21.8 46.2 .2 6.5 1.4 .3 1.2 21.2 47.5 .2 5.5 1.4 .3 1.1 20.1 50.9 .1 4.6 1.1 .3 1.2 18.6 54.4 .1 1 4.3 n a 1124 B.EPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. Almost two-thirds of the appeals in 1909 arose in connection 'with the question of the revision of compensation as required by article 88 of the law (see appendix) ; the question of the degree of disability or degree of loss of earning power was the point in issue in 14.2 per cent of the appeals, the 2 questions together forming 77.7 per cent of all the appeals in 1909. STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS. Special investigations of the accidents compensated by the insur- ance organizations have been made at 10-year intervals by the imperial insurance office. For the industrial accident associations, such investigations were made for accidents occurring ia the years 1887, 1897, and 1907. For the agricultural accident associations investigations were made for accidents occurring in the years 1891 and 1901. The report of the special investigation of accidents occurring in the year 1907 was not available when the present study was prepared. (") In addition to the investigations just mentioned the imperial insurance office made a special investigation of the cases of disability, including both sickness and accident, compensated by the Local Sickness Insurance Fund of Leipzig. The data for the accidents compensated by this fund have been treated separately and a sum- mary of the information is given in the section on statistics of sick- ness insurance. The following tables show: (1) The number of accidents occurring in the year 1897 compared with the number of establishments and the number of persons, by sex, involved in each hundred accidents; (2) the accident rates by age and sex of the insured persons; (3) the nature of the injury and the part of the body aflfected by the accident; (4) variations in the frequency of accidents according to months of the year, days of the week, and hours of the day; (5) expenditures during the year 1897 for all accidents on the pension roll in that year; (6) accidents classified by the fault of the employer, fault of the workman, etc., together with the cost of accidents in each class. Data relating to the number of accidents occurring in 1897 com- pared with the number of establishments were collected by the special investigation of 1897; the following table presents these data as well as those showing the number of persons, by sex, involved in each 100 accidents: o A summary of the special report on the accidents occurring in the year 1907 will appear in the Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor as soon as practicable after the report is published. OHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY, 1125 ER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS OCCURRED, NUMBER OP ACCI- DENTS, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED, 1887 AND 1897. ;Source: Amtllche Nachrlchten des Relchs-Verslcherungsamts, 1899, BeBieft, Erster Thell.J INDUSTBIAT ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1887 AND 1897.(<») Groups of Industries. Ing lottery, brlokmaWng d steel vorUng, Instruments, and jal Instruments als d water works s ind printing r and olotUng working roducts .sugar dairying, distilling, 1, and brewing ig trades (excluding state tions) '. I railways and drayage navigation navigation (excluding operations) .11 associations (») Number of establishments in which acci- dents requiring compensation occurred. 1897. 1,181 1,179 2,491 644 552 114 1,335 768 445 2,198 632 2,334 6,853 105 2,187 376 162 24,249 Per 100 establishments. 1887. 35.18 4.67 3.81 5.06 4.16 7.13 5.59 7.50 5.02 3.18 2.54 1.37 2.71 23.63 1.94 1.16 1897. 37.76 7.02 7.89 8.81 7.49 8.74 8.26 12.60 8.61 6.48 5.71 2.17 4.43 4.29 25.67 4.28 2.12 9.68 5.32 Number of accidents re- quiring compensation in 1897. Total. Number In which 2 or more per- sons were Injured. 5,617 1,638 1,476 6,828 1,186 978 178 2,380 1,110 582 2,859 726 3,003 9,079 291 2,659 526 332 41,248 94 15 8 35 4 14 1 7 4 3 4 15 89 2 6 1 16 318 Number of persons Injured In accidents requiring compensation. Males. Fe- males. Total. Per 100 accidents. Per 1,000 Iroups of industries. Males. Females. Total. full time work- 1897. 1897. 1897. 1887. 1897. 1887. 1897. 1887. 1897. ers, 1897. 5,642 1,539 1,414 6,804 1,091 941 179 1,580 878 601 2,827 631 2,953 9,113 289 2,633 625 397 28 15 72 69 99 66 ""'sii' 237 86 41 9S 65 81 4 35 2 5,670 1,554 1,486 6,873 1,190 1,007 179 2,394 1,115 587 2,868 726 3,018 9,194 293 2,668 527 397 105.62 102.51 94.98 100.00 96.93 102.24 100.00 67.33 87.38 86.44 99.54 89.03 98.78 101. 36 100.82 100.51 100.45 102.26 100.06 95.80 99.65 91.99 96.22 100.66 66.39 79.10 86.08 98.88 86.91 98.34 100.38 99.31 99.02 .99.81 119.68 0.81 .93 5.02 .97 3.07 3.14 0.51 .98 4.88 1.01 8.36 6.75 106.33 103.44 100.00 100.97 100.00 105. 38 100.00 100.18 100.23 100.56 100.35 102.58 100.75 101.61 100.82 100.77 100.45 102.77 101.04 100.68 100.66 100.34 102.97 100.56 100.59 100.45 100.86 100.31 100.00 100.60 101.27 100.69 100.34 100.19 119.58 12.09 11.94 tottery, brickmaldiig 5.12 8.92 orklng, Instruments, and sal instruments 4.67 als 7.76 5.14 J. 32.85 12.85 14.12 .81 13.65 1.97 .31 ".'26' 34.20 21.35 14.78 1.43 13.09 2.16 .89 1.38 1.32 .38 3.25 4.68 ' ana clottung . 3.07 orking ." 11.77 3.12 sugar, dairying, distilling. 10.51 k trades (excluding state 11.10 railways S.42 14.15 11.35 navigation (excluding 8.95 39,937 1,809 41,746 98.16 96.82 3.92 4.39 102.08 101.21 8.07 1126 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS IN WHICH ACCIDENTS OCCITERED, NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS, AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED, 1887 AND 1897— Concluded. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, 1897. Number of acci- dents requiring compensation. Number of persons injured in accidents requiring compensation. Groups. Total. Num- ber in which 2 or more persons were in- jured. Males. Fe- males. Total. Per 100 accidents. Per Males. Fe- males. Total. 1,000 full time work- ers. Establishments of the military and naval administrations Public building operations (in- cluding local governments) Government railroads, postal and 276 445 2,277 66 2 9 1 258 433 2,270 57 18 17 17 276 450 2,287 57 93.48 97.30 99.69 101.79 6.62 3.82 .75 100.00 101. 12 100. 44 101.79 5.85 6.23 6.99 Government' establishments en- gaged in navigation, dredging, etc 11.28 All public authorities 3,054 12 3,018 52 3,070 98.82 1.70 100.52 6.79 For the industrial accident associations, the two highest groups in 1897 were the mining industry with 37.76 accidents and private rail- ways with 25.67 accidents per 100 establishments. The average for all the groups was greater in 1897 than in 1887, and each separate group shows a higher rate in 1897 than in 1887. The number of persons injured per 100 accidents was but slightly in excess of 100 in 1897, except in the marine navigation accident association, where the number was 119.58; for all the industries, the average was 101.21 in 1897 as compared with 102.08 in 1887. In each of the two years mentioned, the mining industry, the quarrying industry, and the chemical industry show a tendency to have a higher collective accident rate than the other groups ; as the naviga- tion insurance law was not in force in 1887, this industry is not in- cluded. The number of persons injured per 100 accidents arranged by sex shows an increase in the total for all associations in the case of the females from 3.92 in 1887 to 4.39 in 1897, while the males show a reduction from 98.16 in 1887 to 96.82 in 1897. The increase in the number of females is probably due to the larger number of women and girls employed in industrial pursuits. The highe^ proportion of females injured per 100 accidents is naturally in the textile industries, where the females form a large percentage of the total number of employees. For the pubUc authorities the number of persons injured per 100 accidents in 1897 was 100.52 as compared with 101.21 in the industrial accident associations. CHAPTER V. workmen's INStTBANCE IN GERMANY. 1127 he accident rates by the age and sex of the insured persons as wn by the investigations of 1897 and of 1901 are stated in the jwing table; the figures in this table are estimates computed a the occupation and industrial census of 1895. MATED ACCIDENT RATES PER 1,000 INSURED MALES AND FEMALES IN INDUS- TRIES, ETC., IN SPECIFIED YEARS, BY AGE GROUPS.(») [Source; Atlas iind Statistic der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutsohen Reichs.] Age group. Industries, building trades, and navigation, 1897. Agriculture and forestry, 1901. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. r 16 2.7 3.6 4.3 6.2 10.1 13.6 15.3 16.0 9.9 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.2 2.6 1.1 2.4 3.2 3.6 5.4 9.2 12.3 13.8 14.2 8.5 3.1 2.8 2.6 3.0 4.4 6.6 8.1 10.4 8.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.1 4.9 6.8 9.1 10.3 8.4 2.5 i under 18 2.2 2.1 d under 30 2.6 4.5 d under 50 6.7 8.4 1 under 70 10.3 d over 8.7 >Th6 age grouping as showTi by the occupation and industrial census of 1895 is used tor this table. 'he column showing the total for the insured persons engaged in ustries, the building trades, and navigation indicates the general iency for the Habihty to accidents to increase with advancing . Naturally the rate of accidents for females is much lower than males, as the latter are engaged in the more hazardous occupa- is, especially the building trades and navigation. While the )s for males in industries, etc., show a constant tendency to •ease with age, the same rates for females under 30 tend either to lain stationary or to decrease. In agriculture the rates indicate it one would naturally expect, that for the youngest age groups rates would be higher, and would be less for the ages immedi- y following the youngest; this is the case for the total and for males, while the females show a stationary rate for the ages [er 20. "he nature of the injury and the part of the body affected by the idents are shown in the following table for accidents compensated the first time in 1897: 46598°— 10 72 1128 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. NATURE OF INJURIES FOR WHICH COMPENSATION "WAS PAID [Source: Amtliche Nachricbten des Reichs- Mar- ginal num- ber. Groups of industries, associations, etc. Number of persons injured. Per cent of total persons killed and Injured by- Burns, scalds, etc. Several parts of the body at tbe time, in- cluding tbe whole body. Several parts of of the body (arms, legs, etc.), ex- cluding eye in- juries. Inju- ries to the eyes. Total. A. TOTALS. 1 Industries, building trades, and navigation 2 Industrial accident associations Subsidiary institutes of accident associations Public authorities B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. I. Mining II. Quarrying 7 III. Glass, pottery, brickmaking 8 IV. Iron and steel 9 V. Metal working, instruments, and musical instruments. 10 VI. Chemicals 11 VII. Gas and water works 12 VIII. Textiles 13 IX. Paper and printing 14 X. Leather ana clothing 15 XI. Woodworking 16 XII. Food products 17 XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing. 18 XIV. Building trades (excluding state opera- tions, but including institutes). 19 XV. Private railways 20 XVI. Storage and drayage 21 XVII. Inland navigation 22 XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state opera- tions). C. PDBLIC AUTHORITIES. Establishments of tbe military and nafal adminis- trations. 24 Public building operations (including local govern- ments). 25 Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- tems. 26 Government establishments engaged in navigation, dredging, etc. 45,971 41,746 1,159 3,070 5,670 1,554 1,486 6,873 1,190 1,007 179 2,394 1,116 587 2,868 726 3,018 10,349 2,668 527 397 276 450 2,287 57 1.16 1.24 .09 .52 2.38 1.87 1.35 1.51 .76 5.96 .55 1.09 1.43 1.88 .42 .69 1.62 .21 .34 .49 .38 1.26 1.45 .22 1.10 1.18 .09 .64 .26 .67 3.20 1.76 4.37 1.68 2.00 2.15 1.36 .18 1.10 .90 .34 .11 1.51 1.30 1.32 2.42 1.23 1.35 .54 2.26 .59 3.37 1.68 .25 .36 .34 .17 .41 .40 2.29 .34 .11 .57 .76 1.09 1.11 .53 3.56 3.74 2.60 1.46 4.29 3.48 2.56 6.97 3.11 13.70 3.91 3.34 3.94 3.58 .77 2.20 ' 2.93 2.76 1.02 .71 .95 3.93 3.62 1.33 1.27 CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEn's INSTJKANCE IN GERMANY. 1129 PHE FIRST TIME IN 1897, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, ETC. •erungsamts, 1899, Belheft I Theil.) Per cent of total persons killed and injured by - Wounds , contusions, fractures, etc. («)■ Arms. (6) Legs. (c) Head and neck. Mar- ginal num- ber. Head It Left arm (or left band). Both Right Left Both and Inju- it arms (or both Total. V 'Iff legs (or both Total. neck, exclud- ries to to the Total. !)• hands). foot). foot). feet). ing the eyes. eyes. .37 18.23 0.32 37.92 12.35 11.91 0.96 25.21 5.44 5.02 10.46 1 .06 18.82 .33 39.21 12.27 11.91 .87 25.05 5.45 4.82 10.27 2 .26 11.34 22.60 16.07 12.03 1.39 28.49 5.80 6.49 12.29 3 .06 12.77 ■■■■.■29' 26.12 12.44 11.86 1.79 26.09 5.15 7.23 12.38 4 .18 12.98 .19 27. S5 12.61 12.79 .74 26.14 7.83 6.12 13.95 5 .07 11.00 .32 22.39 15.77 15.51 L22 32.50 5.79 9.01 14.80 6 .65 17.36 .67 37.68 15.68 14.80 1.21 31.69 3.16 2.63 5.79 7 .75 21.32 .29 43.36 11.04 10.65 .71 22.30 3.92 10.05 13.97 8 1.60 31.60 .76 64.96 6.05 7.14 .34 13.53 2.62 5.63 8.15 9 i.96 15.39 .30 35.65 8.84 10.92 .60 20.36 3.67 4.77 8.44 10 i.20 13.96 .56 30.72 17.88 12.29 30.17 5.03 8.38 13.41 11 i.55 29.57 .46 66.58 5.68 4.89 "■"."37" 10.94 3.93 2.46 6.39 12 .58 28.97 .54 67.09 6.28 6.38 .36 12.02 3.95 L52 6.47 13 1.56 26.76 1.02 61.33 6.48 5.62 .34 12.44 3.75 1.87 5.62 14 1.87 36.26 .28 65.41 8.89 8.12 .42 17.43 2.44 2.23 4.67 15 1.43 27.27 .28 65.98 8.27 8.40 16.67 2.89 1.65 4.64 16 1.04 19.18 .20 41.42 12.49 11.93 "i.'oe" 25.48 6.30 1.95 7.25 17 S.43 12.76 .30 25.49 15.10 14.30 1.15 30.55 7.46 4.32 11.78 18 ).68 11.95 22.53 17.41 15.36 5.12 37.89 5.80 3.07 8.87 19 1.17 12.18 .'so" 26.65 18.40 18.22 1.72 38.34 6.75 1.65 8.40 20 '.08 13.47 .19 30.74 12.72 12.72 .18 25.62 2.85 1.33 4.18 21 i.89 10.83 29.72 10.58 10.83 .50 21.91 6.29 2.52 7.81 22 i.5S 18.84 .73 43.12 7.61 7.61 .36 15.58 4.71 7.97 12.68 23 ).78 14.45 .44 24.67 11.55 13.11 .89 25.55 3.33 17.78 21.11 24 !.42 11.64 .22 24.18 12.99 12.15 2.19 27.33 5.64 5.20 10.84 25 1.03 19.30 33.33 21.05 10.53 31.58 1.76 1.75 3.51 26 1130 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NATURE OF INJURIES FOR WHICH COMPENSATION WAS PAID Mar- ginal num- ber. Groups of Industries, associations, etc. Per cent of total persons killed and Injured by- Wounds, contusions, fractures, etc. W Trunk. Chest. Back. Shoul- ders. Ribs. Pelvis (hips). A. TOTALS. Industries, building trades, and navigation Industrial accident associations Subsidiary institutes of accldeat associations Public authorities B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. I. Mining II. Quarrying III. Glass, pottery, brickmaking IV. Iron and steel V. Metal working, instruments, and musical instruments. VI. Chemicals VII. Gas and water works VIII. Textiles , IX. Paper and printing , X. Leather and clothing XI. Woodworking XII. Food products XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing. XIV. Building trades (excluding state opera- tions, but Including institutes). XV. Private railways XVI. Storage and drayage : . . XVII. Inland navigation XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state opera- tions). C. PUBUC AtJTHOEITIES. Establishments of the military and naval adminis- trations. Public building operations (including local govern- ments). Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- tems. Government establishments engaged In navigation, dredging, etc. 1.46 1.27 1.82 3.81 1.36 1.48 1.21 1.59 2.79 .69 .99 .34 .77 1.10 1.69 1.37 2.73 1.62 .76 1.81 2.22 4.33 5.26 1.16 1.18 1.30 .76 2.03 .71 .94 .52 .50 .79 1.12 .75 .27 1.19 .35 .65 .93 2.06 1.37 1.01 .67 1.08 .22 .83 1.43 1.40 3.12 1.14 1.32 1.48 1.82 .86 .09 .70 .80 1.19 1.01 1.10 1.82 2.00 2.04 2.85 1.89 .25 1.09 1.18 1.76 1.03 1.00 1.73 1.27 .71 1.15 .52 .59 1.19 .56 .88 .45 1.24 1.09 1.77 2.73 1.12 .96 .26 2.46 1.09 3.61 .95 .36 1.37 .71 .67 .37 .17 .66 .50 .51 .42 .41 .60 .94 .95 .51 .44 .35 1.75 CHAPTEB V. workmen's INStTBANCE IN GERMANY. 1131 THE FIRST TIME IN 1897, BY GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES, ETC.— Concluded. 1 'er cent of total persons killed and injured by— Wounds , contusions, fractures, etc. Suffoca- tion. Drown- ing. Other fatali- ties (freez- ing, light- nine, etc.). Total. Mar- ginal num- ber. (d) Trunk. Several parts of the body at the same time. Injuries to the whole body. Total. 1 rnla. Other and several Injuries to the trunk. Total. 1.42 1.10 1.47 6.80 4.76 4.53 6.76 7.16 11.93 11.17 17.14 20.29 8.46 8.13 13.16 11.17 0.75 .63 2.68 1.70 94.73 94.46 96.36 97.76 0.44 .47 .35 .07 0.80 .83 ■ 26 .69 0.47 .50 .43 .13 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 2 3 4 .69 .90 1.55 .99 1.51 1.29 5.85 6.49 5.45 2.91 1 68 13.31 12.48 12.79 7.16 5 04 11.36 11.84 7.00 5.22 4 46 1.06 1.16 .81 .28 .25 93.17 96.17 96.76 92.29 96.39 1.94 .71 .40 .16 .26 .32 .47 .26 .08 .39 .32 .81 .33 .42 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5 6 7 8 9 3.87 3.35 2.21 1.97 1.88 3.31 2.34 5.20 9.73 8.38 7.69 6.47 10.90 6.73 7.57 13.09 7.46 8.94 3.80 4.93 3.76 4.19 2.48 7.89 2.18 83.81 91.62 96.78 95.16 94.21 98.78 97.38 96.49 .70 1.68 .13 .09 .17 .40 1.11 .46 .18 .17 .17 .28 .33 1.39 1.08 .29 .63 1.87 .28 ■■■■.■ 86' lOO.O 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 11 1.88 .99 4.43 .49 .83 1.76 .38 .18 .17 .35 .14 .36 12 13 14 15 .14 .40 16 17 1.07 6.06 16.18 12.03 1.16 96.19 .24 .39 .42 100.0 18 1.02 .64 1.52 1.76 7.61 5.65 4.93 2.62 16.72 14.84 12.33 6.06 10.24 9.75 4.56 2.52 .68 .15 96.93 98.13 77.42 68.26 .34 .56 20.30 25.95 1.71 .30 1.33 1.76 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 19 .30 20 21 .25 .60 22 10.87 4.36 19.56 3.99 1.09 96.02 .36 100.0 23 5.78 6.56 17.66 6.78 .44 95.11 .22 2.89 .45 100.0 24 7.92 20.90 13.34 2.05 98.64 .09 100.0 2£ 5.26 3.61 21.06 1.76 91.23 8.77 100.0 1 2e 1132 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The first line in the preceding tables shows the total for all the indus- ■ tries included in the insurance system except agriculture and forestry. Of the persons injured in 1897, about 95 per cent sustained injuries in the form of wounds, fraictures, and contusions; by far the greater part of these injuries occurred to the arms and legs. In the separate industrial groups (classed as B) the effect of the various industries is shown in the type of injuries sustained; thus the navigation industries (XVII and XVIII) have a high proportion of cases from drowning; the chemical industries (VI), from burns, scalds, etc. ; railroads (XV) and storage, drayage, cartage, etc. (XVI), from injuries to the legs; in metal working (V), paper and printing (IX), and food products (XII), and textiles (VTII), from injuries to the hands and arms, due most probably to the extensive use of pressing and stamping machinery; the iron and steel group (IV), from injuries to the eyes. The variations in the frequency of accidents by the months of the year, days of the week, and hours of the day are shown in the follow- ing table for the selected years : KELATIVE FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS FOE INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL ACCI- DENT ASSOCIATIONS CLASSIFIED BY PERIODS OF TIME AND FOR SPECIFIED YEARS. [Source: Atlas und Statistik der Arbeiterverslcherung des Deutschen Reichs.] Period of time. Montlis: January February March April May , June July August September... October November. . . December... Days of week: Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday.. Thursday... Accident association. Industrial. Agricultu- ral. 1887. 1897. 1891. 1901. 0.94 0.92 1.02 1.05 .98 .93 1.15 .91 .95 .91 .87 .82 .94 .90 .80 .79 .90 .99 .76 .86 .99 1.00 .97 1.01 1.08 1.09 1.11 1.24 1.04 1.04 1.15 1.32 1.06 1.11 1.16 1.18 1.09 1.09 .92 1.06 1.08 1.06 .95 .88 .95 .96 1.15 .88 .19 .15 .28 .29 1.18 1.23 1.17 1.22 1.10 1.17 1.14 1.06 1.15 1.10 1.09 1.05 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.09 Period of time. Days of week— ConCd Friday Saturday Hours of day: 12 to 3 a. m 3 to 6 a. m 6 ta9a. m 9 to 12 a. m 12to3p.m 3 to 6p.m 6 to 9 p. m 9tol2p.m Monday: 6 to 9 a. m 9tol2a.m Saturday: 3 to6p.m 6 to 9 p. m Accident association. Industrial. 1887. 1.16 1.13 .17 .21 1.06 2.21 1.23 1.94 .90 .28 1.36 2.63 2.33 1.00 1897. 1.06 1.19 .10 .18 1.11 2.37 1.01 2.11 .84 1.40 2.87 2.74 Agricultu- ral. 1891. 1.08 1.17 .02 .17 1.03 2.07 1.33 2.36 1.26 2.77 2.91 1.11 1901. 1.12 1.17 .02 .14 .97 2.11 1.11 2.51 1.05 1.24 2.59 3.04 1.38 The relative frequency of the accidents is computed on the assump- tion that on an average for the year there will be one accident per day, and the computation shows for the months of the year what the average would be for each. Allowance has been made for the differ- ence in the number of days in the months, e. g., the average for Janu- ary allows for 31 days and for February for 28 days. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1133 n the industrial accident associations the highest rates of acci- its are shown for the months of September, July, and October in 17, while in 1887 the month of November also had a high, rate. 5 month of August in each year shows fewer accidents than the nth preceding or the month following. In the agricultural acci- it associations the accidents naturally are most frequent during y, August, and September, though for the year 1891 the months December and February showed rates as high as during the harvest son. The variations shown in the tables may for some of the nths in the years selected be affected by unfavorable weather iditions, which would, for instance, cause an increase in the Iding industries. Tot the days of the week the data presented are based on the same umption of an average of 1 accident per day; the total for the ek, it will be noticed, adds up to 7. The fewest accidents, of course, !ur on Sunday; the industrial accidents in 1897 showed that the best rate occurred on Monday, after which there was a tendency decrease until Saturday, when the rate increased. The informa- n for all industries may be summed up by stating that there is a idency for accidents to occur most frequently on the first and last rking days of the week. The frequency of accidents by hour of the day has been computed assuming that during each 3-hour period there will be an average 1 accident; for the day the total is 8. For the industrial accidents 1897 the largest number of accidents occurred in the periods 9 to a. m. and 3 to 6 p. m. It is obvious that the largest number of :«ons are at work during these hours and that the largest number of jidents would naturally occur during these 2 periods. The last few es of the table show that the rate for 9 to 12 a. m. on Monday is isiderably in excess of the average for the week and the rate for o 6 p. m. on Saturday is also in excess of the average for the week, •nday morning and Saturday afternoon are distinctly the high ints in the accident curve for both industries and agriculture. The investigation of the accidents of the year 1887 showed the mber of accidents by hour of the day ; the data are presented for all lustries and for selected industries in the following table. 1134 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS DURING THE YEAR 1887, BY HOUR OF THE DAY. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versiclierungsanits, 1890.] Industry and hour. ALL INDUSTEIES, 12 tol a. m I to 2 a. m 2to3a.m 3 to 4 a. m 4 toS a. m 5 to6a. m 6 to 7 a. m 7 to 8 a. m 8 to 9 a. m 9 to 10 a. m 10 to 11 a. m II to 12 a. m 12 tol p. m 1 to2p.in 2 to 3 p. m 3 to 4 p. m 4 toSp.m 5 toBp.m 6 to7p.m 7 to 8 p. m 8 to9p. m QtolOp.m 10 to 11 p. m 11 tol2p.m Total Number and per cent of accidents. Num- ber. 15,400 Per cent. 121 0.79 112 .73 95 .62 126 .82 118 .77 159 1.03 435 2.82 794 5.16 815 5.29 1,069 ' 6.94 1,598 10.37 1,590 10.31 587 3.81 745 4 84 1,037 6.73 1,243 8.07 1,178 7.65 1,306 8.48 979 6.36 513 3.33 249 1.62 215 1.40 158 1.03 158 1.03 Industry and hour. SPECIPIED INDUSTKIES. Mi"*°g'«t« l(ioton)K™- Q'^ytog Ulu, 4)|p-"- Iron and steel. . .L^ 1° J^Aa. m. Brick, tiles, etc. .| .|J^ |,}p. m. Chemical indus- / 3 to 6 \„ tries 1 (5 to 6)/P-™- Textile indus- / 9 to 12 1 . „ tries 1aitol2)r Woodworking . .L^ ^ J|Aa. m. Flour nulling... Lgt»12lm.. Brewing, malt- / 3 to 6 \_ „ ing, etc 1(5 to 6)fP-™-- Building trades.|,jj *" ill}"' ™- • Expressing, stor-l 3 to 6 \„ „ age, etc \ (5 to 6)/P-™-- Hauling, dray- I 3 to 6 1 „ „ age, etc \(5to 6)/P-™-- Number and per cent of accidents. Num- ber. 706 275 218 77 641 248 108 43 115 41 284 126 260 99 126 59 147 62 980 388 92 41 110 43 Per cent. 24.58 9.58 27.91 9.86 28.02 10.84 27.91 11.11 24.47 8.72 26.22 11.63 29.95 11.41 24 47 11.46 26.30 11.09 30.68 12.15 26.74 11.92 24 94 9.75 The table shows that for all industries the high point in the accident curve occurs in the hours of 10 to 11 and 11 to 12 in the morning; in the afternoon the number of accidents is highest from 5 to 6 and 3 to 4. The figures for the selected industries show the 3-hour period when the accidents were most numerous and the hour of this period when the number was greatest; thus in the mining industry the greatest number of accidents, 24.58 per cent, occurred between 9 and 12 in the morning, and of this period the hour 10 to 11 had the highest proportion; in the quarrying industry, the greatest number of accidents, 27.91 per cent, occurred in the period 3 to 6 p. m., and the largest number of these took place in the hour 3 to 4. The special investigation of accidents made in 1897 also included information as to the expenditures during 1897 for pensions for all the 230,095 accidents on the pension rolls of the industrial accident associations in that year, classified by the cause of the accident. The following table presents these figures ia the form of average expendi- tures : CHAPTER V. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1135 !RAGE COMPENSATION PAID PER ACCIDENT IN 1897, CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRY AND CAUSE.{ii) [Source: AmtUche Nachrichten des Reiohs-Versicherungsamts, 1900—11 Beiheft, II Theil.] Average compensation paid in 1897 lor accidents due to— Industry. 1. En- gines, power- trans- missioD appa- ratus, work- ing macliin- ery, etc. 2. Eleva- tors, hoists, cranes, lifting appa- ratus, etc. 3. Steam boilers, steam piping, etc. (explo- sions, etc.). 4. Explo- sive mar terials (explo- sions of pow- der, dyna- mite, etc.). 6. In- flam- mable, hot, and acid ma- terials, etc., gases, vapors. 0. Col- lapse, down- fall of ma- terials, objects, etc. 7. Falls from ladders stairs, etc., into exca- vations, etc. J32.23 J53.72 S64.64 $73.62 $59.24 $57. 73 $55. 85 I. Mining 49.31 44.60 37.90 34.68 27.42 37.72 65.56 24.28 33.00 31.30 29.08 30.63 38.89 35.63 43.90 33.95 62.51 33.45 62.62 47.49 39.32 61.18 50.66 46.34 165. 43 38.60 44.61 30.47 42.38 41.41 52.46 48.25 39.71 61.21 40.59 36.10 77.39 109.28 46.23 77.55 74.44 74.71 100.27 49.56 62.87 65.08 53.86 44.42 58.41 51.73 84.69 26.46 88.72 40.76 83.83 58.02 63.94 76.38 79.62 77.36 81.89 56.65 71.39 52.98 26.40 37.91 66.16 64.50 39.33 72.74 77.54 91.52 46.16 51.61 53.63 50.93 69.87 76.10 43.91 55.66 60.41 66.02 34.94 56.83 46.11 73.96 64.09 69.67 55.10 70.84 48.79 46.31 62.34 41.75 49.79 61.90 44.24 46.26 56.23 44.44 46.20 47.98 53.44 64.81 65.63 54.60 42.03 67.73 47.06 II. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking 46.14 58.17 V. Metal working, instnaments, and mu- 58.33 VI, Chemicals 58 30 II. Gas and water works 66 90 :il. Textiles 44.59 52 58 46 43 [II. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch and brewing 54 87 IV. Building trades (excluding state onerations'i (b) 56 41 70 69 VI Storage and drayage 59 5€ III. Marine navigation (excluding state operations) 40. 7£ Average compensation paid in 18 97 for ao Bidents d ue to— Industry. 8. Load- ing and unload- ing by hand, by hoist- ing, carry- ing, etc. 9. Vehi- ctes (run over by wagons, cars, etc., of all kinds). 10. Rail- way opera- tion (run over, etc.). 11. Ship- ping and trans- porta- tion by water, etc. 12. Ani- mals (push, blow, bite, etc., includ- ing acci- dents while riding). 13. Hand- tools and simple instru- ments (ham- mers, axes, spades, hoes, etc.). 14. Other. $38.81 $47.63 $46.26 $62. 12 $46. 64 $36.20 S46.D4 I. Mining 40.76 30.46 36.17 37.38 38.34 41.43 49.77 32.06 36.49 33.71 39.61 34.06 39.89 39.69 37.92 43.48 43.21 26.23 44.20 42.33 40.83 48.04 46.37 46.89 58.32 43.89 46.52 45.58 44.33 64.40 62.04 44.26 78.45 49.41 42.98 7.03 39.40 45.42 37.36 66.70 45.80 53.20 72.46 48.56 60.68 21.63 39.61 66.49 42.12 45.62 77.28 49.70 60.42 40.66 48.73 60.78 54.46 86.94 73.86 69.77 120.95 49.88 44.86 18.72 56.14 42.53 66.15 66.95 66.69 81.47 61.11 69.04 44.92 61.48 35.76 36.88 26.73 42.07 37.87 41.40 48.12 39.39 44.22 38.92 51.78 43.09 60.64 48.61 23.28 85.84 38.58 30.10 3L63 40.63 ■38.14 40.43 65.78 30.68 27.45 30.40 32.32 22.80 32.63 34.46 44.83 37.16 29.30 34.34 39 9£ [II. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking 42. 9S V. Metal working, instruments, and mu- 45 32 48.48 35.83 39 42 K.I Woodworking 42 92 II Food producte 35 09 :il. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, [V. Building trades (excluding state 47 08 40 85 IT Inland navleation 50 08 II. Marine navigation (excluding state 47 6C 1136 EEPORT OF THE COMMIgSIONEB OP L.ABOB, In the preceding table the cost of the accidents is dependent on two factors, the degree of disability caused by the injury and the rate of wages paid in the industry. As a comparison of the wage data presented by the insurance statistics can not be made^ the aver- age costs given above are primarily of value in showing the com- parative expense within each industry from accidents due to the various causes. The average for all the industries included in the preceding table shows that in 1897 the accidents caused by explosives, etc. (cause No. 4), had the highest average cost per accident, the amount being $73.62; accidents caused by steam boilers, steam piping, etc. (cause No. 3), ranked next, the average being $64.64 per accident. The lowest average cost occurs in the case of accidents due to engines (prime-movers of all kinds) , power transmission.apparatus, etc., (cause No. 1), the amount being $32.23 per accident. The proportion of accidents in 1907 due to each cause is shown in the table on page 1166, with the data classified by industries. The question as to the party at fault in the accidents was investi- gated for the industrial accidents whose compensation was deter- mined in the year 1897; a similar investigation, but less extensive in scope, was made in the year 1887. Investigations were also made in 1891 and 1901 of accidents occurring in agricultural undertakings. The following table presents a summary of the information on these points : NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY FAULT OF EMPLOYERS, FAULT OF WORKMEN, RISK OF INDUSTRY, ETC., IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE COM- PENSATED IN SPECIFIED YEARS, CLASSIFIED BY CAUSE AND BY YEAR. [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversioherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] Accidents compensated by — Cause. Industrial accident as- sociations (indus- tries, building trades, and navigation). Agricultural accident associations. 1887. 1897. 1891. 1901. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. ACCIDENTS DUE TO FAULT OP EMPLOYEB. Defective apparatus, arrangements, etc Absence or Insufficiency of protective appli- 7.28 11.03 2.16 2,977 3,316 766 7.30 8.14 1.86 1,116 2,261 248 6.73 11.61 1.27 2,935 6,0S4 978 5.19 10.75 Absence or Insuffloienoy of rules, directions, ete 1.75 Total 20.47 7,049 17.30 3,624 18.61 9,997 17.67 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1137 JER AND PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY FAULT OF EMPLOYEES, FAULT WORKMEN, RISK OF INDUSTRY, ETC., IN INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE COM- ISATED IN SPECIFIED YEARS, CLASSIFIED BY CAUSE AND BY YEAR— Concluded. Accidents compensated by- Cause. Industrial accident as- sociations (indus- tries, building trades, and navigation). Agricultiu'al accident associations. 1887. 1897. 1891. 1901. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. IDENTS DUE TO FAOT.T OF WOKKMAN. of skill inattention, etc 17.09 1.82 5.35 2.05 .25 8,286 815 2,309 604 207 20.33 2.00 5.66 1.24 .51 4,259 152 155 300 21.87 .78 .80 1.54 14,382 102 609 575 115 25.42 ■e to use existing protective appliances or .18 as contrary to existing regulations, or to 1.08 )f horseplay, mlsclilel, intoxication, etc.. Itable clothing (aprons, neckcloths, etc.). 1.02 .20 26.56 12,121 29.74 4,866 24.99 15,783 27.90 ACCIDENTS DUE TO OTHER CAUSES. ; oJ employer and workman in common. . ; of lellow-workman or other person 4.61 3.40 } 44.96 1,970 2,165 /16,936 \ 518 4.83 5.31 41.55 1.27 14,006 547 15,997 431 120.58 2.81 130.80 2.21 1399 1,084 127,853 1,456 1.71 1.92 149.23 1 God chance, etc 2.57 1 See last sentence of paragraph below for explanation of difference between 1891 and 1901. 'or the industrial accidents compensated in 1897 the employer 1 at fault in 17.30 per cent of the cases, the workman was at fault J9.74 per cent, while the unavoidable risk of the industry was )onsible for 41.55 per cent of the cases. The figures for the agri- ural accidents in regard to the proportion due to the fault of the )loyer and of the workman follow closely the returns for the jstrial accidents, except that the proportion of cases due to the imon fault of the employer and workman in agriculture is given 0.58 per cent and the proportion due to the hazard of the industry 10.80 per cent; this proportion was due to imperfections in filling the standard form of accident reports. The data for 1901 show t in the earlier reports accidents due to the hazard of the industry e usually credited to the common fault of the employer and the kman. a the following table the cause of the accidents by fault of the ties concerned is shown for the various groups of industries; the ; part shows the number of accidents compensated in the year 7, while the second part shows the percentage of these accidents to the causes enumerated. 1138 KBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN 1897, CLASSI- ETC, AND [Source: Amtliche Naohriohten des Relchs- NUMBEB. Mar- ginal num- ber. Industries, associations, etc. Accidents due to fault of employer. 1. 2. 3. 4. Defective Absence Absence appa- or insuffi- or insuffi- ratus. ciency of ciency of Total arrange- protective rules. (1 to 3). ments. appli- directions. etc. ances. etc. 3,210 3,611 826 7,547 2,977 3,316 756 7,049 130 83 27 240 103 112 43 258 293 254 51 598 202 132 30 364 144 179 48 371 514 534 149 1,197 99 158 25 282 95 49 25 169 16 14 11 41 136 246 45 427 43 93 26 162 34 148 14 196 122 508 50 680 32 71 19 122 ISO 227 74 481 946 648 168 1,762 12 10 12 34 169 104 22 295 53 21 5 79 17 3 9 29 8 9 2 19 13 56 12 81 80 46 29 154 2 2 4 A. TOTALS. Industries, building trades, and navigation together Industrial accident associations Subsidiary institutes of accident associations Public authorities B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. I. Mining II. Quarrying III. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking rv. Iron and steel V. Metal working, instruments, and musical in- struments. VI. Chemicals VII. Gas and water works VIII. Textiles IX. Paper and printing X. Leather and clothing XI. Woodworking XII. Food products XIII. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing. XIV. Building trades (excluding state operations, but including institutes). XV. Private railways XVI. Storage and drayage XVII. Inland navigation XVIII. Marine navigation (excluding state operations). ^ C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. Establishments of the military and naval administra- tions. Public building operations (including local government) Government railroads, postal and telegraph systems... Government establishments engaged in navigation, dredging, etc. CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1139 BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., BY FAULT OF EMPLOYER OR WORKMEN, *.USE. herungsamts, 1900, 2 Beiheft.] NUMBER. Accidents due to lault of workman. Accidents due to other causes. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Failure Actions Mar- to use con- Acts of [Jnsuit Fault Trand ginal num jxlstlng trary to horse- able of em- Fault of Un- total. £0f pro- ixisting play. cloth- ployer fellow- avoid- Acts of her. ,ln- tective regula- mis- ing Total and work- able God, tion, appli- tions or chief. aprons. (6 to 9). work- man or risk of chance, ances. to direc- intoxi- neck- man in other the in- etc. or tions cation, cloths, com- person. dustry. removal actually etc. etc.). mon. of same. n force. ,363 861 2,442 533 220 13,419 2,092 2,370 18,878 690 44,896 1 ,286 815 2,309 504 207 12,121 1,970 2,165 16,936 518 40,759 2 200 11 14 8 6 238 31 48 568 16 1,131 3 877 35 119 21 8 1,060 91 167 1,384 66 3,006 4 898 42 315 59 10 1,324 210 283 3,035 22 5,472 g 238 40 111 17 2 408 58 84 602 7 1,523 6 214 21 107 24 13 379 87 77 541 20 1,475 7 ,818 287 361 90 47 2,603 298 412 2,215 48 6,773 8 252 17 53 19 13 354 76 52 .391 20 1,176 9 201 27 66 14 6 313 43 36 388 12 961 10 37 1 14 1 53 5 19 58 176 11 476 52 408 26 29' 990 191 105 611 40' 2,364 12 339 19 135 15 6 514 70 45 304 7 1,102 13 67 11 29 12 5 124 25 25 201 4 575 14 544 82 128 33 8 795 216 86 1,035 11 2,823 16 160 44 56 8 6 274 28 26 271 2 723 16 662 47 181 29 16 935 162 135 1,203 31 2,947 17 1,907 116 247 105 42 2,417 425 607 4,713 205 10,129 18 53 466 110 64 4 21 3 81 13 29 129 3 289 19 15 86 44 io' 611 76 157 1,413 20 2,572 20 3 g 121 12 17 243 13 486 21 i" 2 6 63 6 18 141 69 326 22 84 6 13 2 105 12 12 123 271 23 81 696 16 11 17 1 5 100 1 5 102 9 22 210 17 441 24 13 1 8' 834 19 69 1 117 6 1,030 21 36 3 2,240 54 25 26 1140 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR, NUMBER ANDPERCENTOF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED IN 1897, CLASSI- PER CENT. ^^^- ^N° BY Mar- ginal num- ber. Industries, associations, etc, A. TOTALS. Industries, building trades, and navigation together... Industrial accident associations Subsidiary Institutes ot accident associations Public authorities I. n. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. xvn. XVIII. B. OKOUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Mining Quarrying ]_]'_ Glass, pottery, and brickmaking Iron and steel Metal working, instruments, and musical In- struments. Chemicals Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printing Leather and clothing Woodworking Food products Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing. Building trades (excluding state operations, but Including Institutes). Private railways Storage and drayage Inland navigation Marine navigation (excluding state operations). C. PUBLIC AUTHOKITIES. Establishments of the military and naval administra- tions. Public building operations (including local govern- ment). Government railroads, postal and telegraph systems: . . . Government establishments engaged in navigation, dredging, etc. Accidents due to fault'of employer. Defective appa- ratus, arrange- ments, etc. 7. IS 7.30 11.49 3.43 S.36 13.26 9.76 7.59 8.42 9.89 9.09 5.7S 3.90 5.91 4.32 4.42 6.U 9.34 4.15 6.57 10.93 5.22 2.95 2.95 3.57 3.71 Absence or insuffl- cleneyof protective appll- 7.82 8.14 7.34 3.72 4.64 8.67 12.14 7.88 13.45 5.10 7.96 10.41 8.44 25.74 18.00 9.82 7.70 6.40 3.46 4.04 4.33 .92 3.32 12.70 2.01 3.70 Absence orinsuffl- eney of rules, directions, etc. Total (1 to 3). 1.84 1.86 2.39 1.43 1.97 3.25 2.20 2.13 6.25 1.90, 2.36 2.44 1.77 2.63 2.51 L66 4.15 .86 1.03 2.76 .74 2.72 1.30 16.81 17.30 21.22 8.58 10.93 23.90 25.15 17.67 24.00 17.59 23,30" 18,06 14,70 34,09 24,09 16,87 16.32 17.40 11.76 11.47 16.29 8.90 7.01 18.37 6,88 7,41 CHAPTEB V. WOKKMEN's INSXJKANCE IN GERMANY. 1141 > BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., BY FAULT OF EMPLOYER OR WORKMEN !E— Concluded. PER CENT. Accidents due to fault of workman. Accidents due to other causes. . 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Failure Actions to use con- Acts of Unsuit- Fault Mar- existing trary to horse- able of em- Fault of Un- Grand total. ginal Icof pro- existing play. cloth- ployer fellow- avoid- Acts of num- ber. ,in- tective regula- mis- ing Total and work- able God, tlon. appli- tions or chief, (aprons. (6 to 9). work- man or risk of chance. 3. ances. to direc- intoxi- neck- man in other the in- etc. or tions cation. cloths. com- person. dustry. removal actually etc. etc.). mon. of same. in force. 0.86 1.92 5.44 1.19 0.49 29.89 4.66 5.28 42.06 1.31 100.0 1 0.33 2.00 5.66 1.24 .61 29.74 4.83 5.31 41.66 1.27 100.0 2 7.68 .97 1.24 .71 .44 21.04 2.74 4.24 49.34 1.42 100.0 3 9.17 1.16 3.96 .70 .27 35.26 3.03 5.22 46.04 1.87 100.0 4 8.41 .77 5.76 1.08 .18 24.20 3.84 5.17 65.46 .40 100.0 5 5.63 2.63 7.29 1.11 .13 26.79 3.81 5.61 39.53 .46 100.0 6 4.61 1.42 7.25 1.63 .88 25.69 5.90 5.22 36.68 1.36 100.0 7 6.84 4.24 5.33 1.33 .69 38.43 4.40 6.08 32.71 .71 100.0 8 11.45 1.45 4.51 1.62 1.10 30.13 6.47 4.42 33.28 1.70 100.0 9 10.91 2.81 6.87 1.46 .52 32.57 4.47 3.75 40.37 1.25 100.0 10 1.02 .57 7.95 .57 30.11 2.84 10.80 32.95 100.0 11 0.13 2.20 17.26 1.06 ■■■i;23" 41.88 8.08 4.44 25.86 "i'.m 100.0 12 0.76 1.72 12.25 1.36 .55 46.64 6.35 4.08 27.69 .64 100.0 13 1.65 1.91 5.04 2.09 .87 21.66 4.35 4.36 34.96 .69 100.0 14 9.27 2.91 4.53 1.17 .28 28.16 7.65 3.06 36.66 .39 100.0 15 2.13 6.09 7.74 1.11 .83 37.90 3.87 3.60 37.48 .28 100.0 16 2.46 1.60 6.14 .99 .54 31.73 5.50 4.68 40.82 1.05 100.0 17 8.83 1.14 2.44 1.04 .41 23.86 4.20 5.99 46.63 2.02 100.0 18 B.34 1.38 7.27 1.04 28.03 4.50 10.03 44.64 1.04 100.0 19 7.73 .58 3.35 1.71 "".W 23.76 2.95 6.10 54.94 .78 100.0 20 2.68 .62 1.65 24.96 2.47 3.51 60.10 2.68 100.0 21 5.56 "Mi' .61 1.84 19.32 1.84 6.52 43.26 21.17 100.0 22 3.99 2.21 4.80 .74 38.74 4.43 4.43 45.39 100.0 23 3.37 2.50 1.13 1.13 23.13 2.04 4.99 47.62 3.86 100.0 24 1.07 .76 4.46 .58 .36 37.23 3.08 5.22 45.98 1.61 100.0 25 J. 63 1.85 1.85 1.85 36.18 1.85 11.11 38.89 6.66 100.0 26 1142 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOE. The first table is given to show the basis of the percentages given in the second table. The variations in the different industries are quite marked; the proportion of accidents due to the unavoidable risk of the industry (column numbered 13) was 55.46 per cent in the miniag industry (industry No. I), and 54.94 per cent in the storage and drayage indus- try (industry No. XVI) ; on the other hand the proportion due to the risk of the industry in the textile industry (industry No. VIII) was 25.85 per cent. The difference between the proportion of accidents due to the trade risk in the groups having the highest and lowest ratios was therefore about 20 per cent. Similar differences are shown in regard to the proportion due to the fault of the employer (column numbered 4) and the fault of the workman (column numbered 10). While not all of these differences are due to the hazard of the indus- try the figures probably represent as close an approximation as can be obtained. In the followiag table ia shown the cost of the accidents compen- sated for the first time in the period January 1, 1897, to June 30, 1898, arranged by causes. AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1, 1897, TO JUNE 30, 1898. [Source: Amtliche Nachrioliten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900, 2 Beiheft.] Total compensa- tion paid for acci- dents. Per cent of compensation for accidents — Due to fault of employer. Due to fault of workman. Industries, associations, etc. 1. Defect- ive ap- para- tus, ar- range- ments, etc. 2. Ab- sence or insuffi- ciency of pro- tective appli- ances. 3. Ab- sence or insuffi- ciency of rules, direc- tions, etc. 4. Total (lto3). 5. Lack of skill, inatten- tion, etc. 6. Failure to use existing protect- ive ap- pliances or re- moval of same. 7. Actions con- trary to existing regula- tions, or to direc- tions actually in force. A. TOTALS. Industries, building trades and naviiration toeetber 13,014,984 2,712,051 69,953 232,981 444,283 110,841 91,681 443,338 64,662 67,523 17,457 8.39 8.70 13.24 3.34 6.52 15.71 10.26 9.99 10.94 9.86 11.46 6.55 6.76 7.69 3.92 3.60 6.87 13.90 6.44 10.11 4.88 6.23 1.83 1.84 2.22 1.54 .86 2.30 2.91 2.14 1.67 3.66 14.37 16.77 17.29 23.15 8.80 10.98 24.88 27.07 18.57 22.72 18.30 32.06 18.91 17.92 16.98 30.96 12.61 13.90 12.30 24.17 18.62 17.88 20.18 1.68 1.66 .59 1.01 .69 1.76 1.07 3.72 1.21 2.47 .47 6.18 Industrial accident associations.... Subsidiary institutes of accident 5.38 1.76 3.91 B. GROUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- TIONS. 6.95 8.78 III. Glass, pottery, and brick- 7.41 6.64 V. Metal working, instru- ments, and musical in- 5.12 VI Chemicalt! 6.06 VII. Gas and water works 6.54 CHAPTEK V. — WOKKMEN's INSUKANCE IN GEKMANY, 1143^ UNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST- IE AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOR ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH aSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1, 1897, TO JUNE 30, 189»— tinued. idustrles, associations, etc. Total compensa- tion paid for acci- dents. Per cent of compensation for accidents- Due to fault of employer. Defect- ive ap- para- tus, ar- range- ments, etc. Ab sence or insuffi- ciency of pro- tective appli- ances. 3. Ab- sence or insuffi- ciency of rules, direc- tions, etc. Total (1 to 3). Lack of skill, inatten- tion, etc. Due to fault of workman.. Failure to use existing protect' ive ap- pliances or re- moval of same. 7. Actions: con- trary to- existing regula- tions, or to direc- tions actually in force. oups OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- TIONS— Concluded . I. Textiles i. Paper and printing K. Leather and clothing I. Woodworking 1. Food products I. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing V. Building trades (exclud- ingstate operations, but Including institutes) ^'. Private railways I. Storage and drayage I. Inland navigation I. Marine navigation (ex- cluding state operations). C. PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. lishments of the military naval administrations c building operations (in- ling local government) 'nment railroads, postal and 5raph systems 'nment establishments en- id in navigation, dredging, J101,066 60, 014 31,345 143, 209 33, 163 194,789 716, 89S 26,978 191,093 31,028 22,649 18,603 26, 737 184,443 3,198 7.48 4.88 7.12 4.93 10.26 4.06 7.75 10.50 5.27 2.73 3.11 3.39 5.72 10.84 7.19 19.31 14.69 8.90 6.95 6.32 2.92 3.83 3.87 .44 3.59 8.76 3.09 12.99 2.22 2.40 2.43 1.85 2.57 2.10 1.58 4.74 .75 1.03 3.20 .41 2.82 1.51 20.54 14.47 28.86 21.47 19.85 16.27 18.16 11.72 12.33 15.40 8.91 6.73 14.69 7.99 18.71 17.99 29.77 10.94 19.24 19.36 20.49 17.26 17.32 16.29 21.68 12.64 28.68 20.00 32.73 34.18 1.83 1.58 1.23 2.64 4.90 1.94 .92 1.66 .63 .03 2.92 2.71 .63 2.81 11.11 9.43: 5.03 4.43 8.00' 6.77 2.75 7.92- 3.39 .38; .30 4. Off 1.6a 4.28 .61 dustries, associations, etc. Per cent of compensation for accidents- Due to fault of workman. Acts of horse- play, mis- chief, intoxi- cation, etc. Un- suitable clothing (aprops, neck- cloths, etc.). 10. Total (5 to 9). Due to other causes. 11. Fault of em- ployer and work- man in com- mon. 12. Fault of fellow- work- man or other person. 13. Un- avoid- able risk of the in- dustry. Acts of God, chance, etc. Total. A. TOTALS. tries, building trades and gation together Sial accident associations... liary institutes of accident clations ! authorities 1.33 1.37 1.23 .87 0.52 .62 .94 .32 27.52 26.85 21.50 37.06 4.61 4.77 2.98 3.20 5.67 5.68 4.51 5.87 43.68 43.68 46.87 43.10 1.75 L73 1.99 1.97 100. 100.0 100. 100.0 1144 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOB. AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION PAID FOR ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR TBCE FIEST TIME AND PER CENT OF TOTAL COMPENSATION FOB ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH CAUSE, BY INDUSTRIES, ASSOCIATIONS, ETC., JANUARY 1, 1397, TO JUNE 30, 1858— Concluded. liidustries, associations, etc. E. GEOUPS OF ACCIDENT ASSOCIA- TIONS. I. II. ni. IV. V. VI. vn. VIII. IX. X. XI. xn. xni. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. Mining Ciuarrying Glass, pott«ij', and brick- making Iron and steel Metal working, instru- ments, and musical in- struments Chemicals Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printii^? Le&her and clothing Woodworking Food products Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing Building trades (exclud- ing state operations, but including institutes) Private railways Storage and drayage Inland navigation Marine navigation (ex- cluding state opera- tions) C. PUBUC AUTHOniHES. Establishments of the military and naval administratioas Public building operations (in- cluding local government) Government railroads, postal and telegraph systems Government estaMi^unents en- gaged in navigation, dredging, etc Per cent ol compensation for accidents— Dae to fault of •wta-kman. 8. Acts of horse- play, ims- cMef, intoxi- cation, etc. Un- suitable clotiiiiig (aprons, Kei*- eloths, etc.). 1.16 1.02 1.81 1.43 2.06 1.37 .47 .81 2.96 1.57 1.31 .91 L14 0.21 .17 1.18 1.19 'i.'si 1.04 1.81 .41 10. Total {5 to 9). 1.26 .87 1.78 2.34 .57 '""'.'si' 2.62 .53 2.33 .67 .41 2.22 21.62 25.63 23.25 35.43 28.19 28.97 27.66 33.06 44.78 20.58 27.93 34.05 Due to other causes. 9.77 22.76 27.66 22.47 24.30 15.59 26.64 38.62 39.85 11. Fault ol em- ployer and work- man in com- mon. 3.44 4.14 6.01 4.45 3.79 4.40 2.37 7.58 5.33 4.84 7.58 4.21 4.91 6.22 3.46 2.53 6.60 1.69 3.12 12. Fault of fellow- work- man or other person. 4.63 6.42 S.17 4.50 9.33 5.31 4. 28 5.38 4.04 3.16 6.05 12.36 6.50 4.13 13. Un- avoid- able risk of Ihe in- dustry. 5.63 5.52 S8.36 39.86 15.74 42,81 28.58 31.10 29.95 38.42 38.71 38.46 ■41.26 45. G4 42.08 S4.10 50.72 41. CO 47.36 42.90 24.08 14. Acts of God, chance, etc. Total. 0.57 .63 s.se 1.27 2.75 1.02 2.42 1.19 1.92 .27 .28 1.61 1.14 2.92 24.66 1.79 6.43 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 The amount of compensation included in the preceding table is the amount paid during the period January 1, 1897, to June 30, 1898, for the accidents included in the tables on pages 1138 and 1139. The amount therefore is not the final and complete cost of the accidents, as some of the injured persons would soon recover, while others would remain a charge upon the insurance system for a long period. The figures show, however, the relation between the cost of compensating accidents due to thef ault of the various parties ineludedin the insurance. On the whole, the cost of the compensation for the 18 months' period follows closely the distribution shown by the number of accidents. A few of the items differ smT-^^irVinf fmm aarli other, as for instance CHAPTER V. WOEKMEN S INStJKANCE IX GEEMANY. 1145 le proportion of accidents due to the risk of the mdustry was 42.05 )r cent while the compensation for these accidents formed 43.68 !r cent of the compensation for 18 months; accidents due to defective )paratus, defective arrangements, etc., formed 7.15 per cent of the ital, whiie the compensation paid during the 18 months was 8.39 IT cent of the total. The number of persons injured by accidents each year and the aestion as to whether this number has been increasing or decreasing of special importance. An accurate index of the number of all the jcidents vv-hich occur each year in the estabhshments covered by the erman insurance system can not be obtained because of the plan of rganization in use; accidents resulting in disability of less than 13 eeks are compensated by the sick funds, which make no report of le number of accident cases handled by them. Except for the )ecial study of the Leipzig sick fund (see page 1270), the onlj' informa- on available on this point is furnished by the preliminary reports [ accidents made whenever an insured person reports that he has istained an accidental injurj'. It is the consensus of opinion that le number of accidents so reported is of little value because the isured persons, in order to protect their rights under the law, re- ort as accidents slight mishaps and trifling injuries as well as patho- igical conditions which as a matter of fact are not due to acci- ental injuries. The only reliable data are, of course, those relating ) accidents for which compensation was paid after an investigation roved that the claimant had been injured by accident during his mployment. To show the number of persons reported as injured by ccidents, the following table gives the number of persons reported ijured as well as the number per 1,000 insured persons and per ,000 full-time workers for the period 1887 to 1908: UMBER OF INSURED PERSONS REPORTED INJURED BY ACCIDENTS DURING EACH YEAR OF THE PERIOD 18S7 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrlchten des Reichs-Verslchcrungsamts, 1S89 to 1910.] Number of per- sons re- ported mjured by acci- dents. Number of persons reported injiu^ed. Year. Per 1,000 Insured persons. Per 1,000 full-time workers. 87 105,897 121,164 139,549 149, 188 162,674 165,003 182, 120 190,744 205, 019 233,319 252,382 27.42 28.04 29.42 30.28 31.94 32.49 35.23 36.37 37.90 40. C9 41.77 30.23 y\ \V M i") r (") ('■) 47.27 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 90 97 Year. 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Number of per- sons re- ported injured by acci- dents. 270,907 298,918 310, lOS 319,576 326,566 360,202 392,658 414,445 449,903 465, 224 461,091 Number of persona reported injured. Per 1,000 insured pel-sons. 42.89 44.89 44.76 46.42 45.99 47.71 60.03 60.67 52.16 61.69 51.82 Per 1,000 fuil-time workers. (») 54.35 57.17 67.88 69.89 69.12 68.61 1146 BBPOE.T OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. The figures in the preceding table include all accidents reported' most of the tables given elsewhere include only compensated acci- dents causing disabihty of 13 weeks or over. The number of persons reported injured per 1,000 insured persons has almost doubled during the period 1887 to 1908. In comparing the preceding table with the tables which immediately follow it must be remembered that the preceding data include cases in which com- pensation was refused, cases in which the disability lasted less than 13 weeks, cases in which the disabihty lasted over 13 weeks, and fatal cases. The number of insured persons, the number who sustained injuries of various degrees of severity or death, and the number of dependents left by persons who died as the result of injuries, for the years 1885 to 1908, are shown in the following table: NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS TO INSURED PERSONS, RESULTS OF INJURY, AND NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachricliten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] INDUSTBIAI. ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, (o) Average number of jpersons insured. Number of persons compensated for tlie first time. Number of dependents (of persons kmed) entitled to pensions. Accidents resulting in— Year. Death. Permanent disability. Tempo- rary dis- ability of over 13 weeks. Total. Wid- ows. Chil- dren and grand- chil- dren. Par- ents and grand- par- ents. Com- plete. Par- tial. Total. 1885 2,986,248 3,473,435 3,861,660 4,320,663 4,742,548 4,926,672 5,093,412 5,078,132 5,168,973 5,243,965 6,409,218 5,734,680 6,042,618 6,316,834 6,658,571 6,928,894 6,884,076 7,100,537 7,466,484 7,849,120 8,195,732 8,625,500 9,018,367 8,917,772 226 2,422 2,956 2,990 3,457 3,686 3,716 3,382 3,680 3,549 3,757 4,152 4,381 4,749 4,897 5,226 5,121 4,705 4,854 5,176 5,325 5,569 6,223 6,070 226 9,723 15,970 18,988 22,770 27,021 28,991 29,446 32,026 33,739 34,788 39,669 42,901 46,130 50,400 52,904 56,772 58,627 61,978 66,752 69,694 72,670 76,717 75,830 149 1,667 1,892 1,899 2,172 2,213 2,366 2,179 2,395 2,265 2,458 2,627 2,781 3,008 3,134 3,345 3,304 3,217 3,572 3,723 3,781 3,863 4,232 4,186 261 3,481 4,229 4,231 4,809 4,838 6,324 4,634 5,255 4,684 5,207 5,793 5,954 6,830 6,903 7,604 7,327 7,337 7,721 8,312 8,297 8,569 9,331 9,362 13 173 197 158 213 204 212 154 157 178 180 185 202 202 219 251 239 207 257 252 246 234 288 242 423 5,221 6,318 6,288 7,194 7,255 7,902 6,967 7,807 7,127 7 845 1886 1,548 2,827 1,899 2,357 1,896 1,604 1,531 1,397 887 818 618 680 568 610 616 625 644 642 629 583 687 586 582 3,780 8,126 10,344 12,998 16,399 17,790 18,472 20,174 20,560 19,837 20,860 21,836 22,940 24,435 25,388 26,734 27,340 28,071 29,640 29,949 30,667 30,787 29,526 i,973 2,061 3,756 3,958 5,040 5.881 6,061 6,775 8,743 10,376 14,039 16,004 17,S?3 20,458 21,674 24,292 25,938 28,411 31,407 33,837 35,847 39,121 39,653 1887 1888. 1889 1890 1891. 1892 1893 1894 1895 .... 1896 8,605 1897 8,937 1898 10,040 1899 10,256 1900 . 11,100 1901 10,870 1902 10,761 1903i. 11,550 1904 12,287 1905 12,324 1906 12,646 1907 13,851 1908 13,790 a .Vfter 1S88 including the number of persons who received compensation from accident associations of the building trades and after 1891 from the navigation accident associations. I> For the last three months of the year. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1147 UMBER OF ACCIDENTS TO INSURED PERSONS, RESULTS OF INJURY, AND NUHBER OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. AGBICULTUKAL, ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Year. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. !97, i98, i99, KM, m. )02, »3. »4. ws, W6, »7, )08, Average number of persons insured. S,67C,765 8, 088, 698 C) 12,289,415 (a) 11,189,071 (a) 17,179,000 Number of persons compensated for tbe first time. Accidents resulting in — Permanent Tempo- disability. rary dis- ability Com- Par- of over 13 weeks. plete. tial. 354 43 180 231 1,368 260 2,663 2,340 1,877 438 5,404 4,854 2,163 644 8,873 7,689 2,020 785 11,012 9,408 2,142 770 14,899 9,742 2,261 560 17,185 12,485 2,213 571 19,529 15,070 2,363 023 22,222 17,726 2,471 544 23,260 19,160 2,598 332 23,306 21,387 2,608 440 25,313 22,926 2,662 511 24,181 22,957 2,751 568 25,954 26,710 2,672 541 26,408 28,313 2,893 604 28,379 30,521 2,948 668 31,428 30,959 2,907 610 32,009 30,809 2,872 593 28,580 29,842 2,843 507 27,049 32,274 2,980 371 25,573 32,685 Total. 6,631 12,573 19,369 23,231 27,563 32, 491 37,383 42,934 45,438 47,683 51,287 50, 311 55, 983 57,934 02,397 66,003 66,335 61,887 62,673 61,609 Number of dependents (of persons tilled) entitled to pensions. Wid- ows. 226 832 1,128 1,304 1,398 1,330 1,424 1,361 1,466 1,608 1,652 1,607 1,689 1,770 1,754 1,960 1,886 1,829 1,740 1,803 1,827 Cbil- Par- dren ents and and grand- grand- chil- par- dren. ents. 373 6 1,507 39 1,883 66 2,389 41 2,360 47 2,374 35 2,472 34 2,422 45 2,609 29 2,835 29 2,951 38 2,914 16 2,900 29 3,268 47 2,986 34 3,440 42 3,289 27 3,224 28 3,134 34 3,160 23 3,153 29 Total. 2,378 3,077 3,734 3,805 3,739 3,930 3,818 4,104 4,472 4,641 4,537 4,618 5,085 4,774 6,442 6,201 5,081 4,908 4,986 5,009 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 185(b) m... J87... !88... 589... i90... i91... !92... 893... !94... i95... i96... !97... !98... !99-.. 100... 101... 102... 103... KM... KM... 100.. . 107... KB..., 266,088 42 294 42 817 29 235 69 468 11 261,878 230 181 • 112 259,977 314 339 336 143 1,132 251 494 20 446,260 348 274 573 245 1,440 281 669 21 543,320 435 291 886 436 2,048 324 680 18 604,380 484 374 1,102 484 2,444 346 627 32 632,459 569 347 1,434 519 2,869 394 769 38 646,733 503 348 1,608 618 2,977 370 666 27 600,462 514 340 1,597 699 3,150 400 771 46 668,367 551 337 1,742 769 3,389 435 774 30 690,835 478 317 1,686 875 3,356 376 737 24 681,439 586 306 1,900 1,008 3,800 412 792 40 715,758 561 283 1,982 1,161 3,987 413 786 36 740, 108 637 239 2,060 1,284 4,210 436 830 67 756, 482 619 276 2,090 1,364 4,349 424 806 54 774,926 679 263 2,140 1,357 4,439 515 934 49 793,565 629 253 2,228 1,471 4,581 469 846 54 793, 150 698 250 2,176 1,699 4,723 469 873 47 809,867 623 292 2,323 1,762 5,000 545 991 59 837,834 628 307 2,267 1,716 4,918 543 1,012 57 867,709 696 294 2,098 2,004 5,092 578 1,043 60 912,642 700 283 2,100 2,086 5,169 581 953 63 964,589 749 263 2,257 2,044 6,313 596 1,029 60 977,351 806 207 2,312 2,201 5,626 692 1,092 61 a Not reported. b For the last three months of the year. 714 765 871 1,022 1,005 1,201 1,063 1,217 1,239 1,137 1,244 1,235 1,323 1,283 1,498 1,369 1,389 1,595 1,612 1,681 1,597 1,685 1,745 The preceding table is given to show the basis for the tables which oUow presenting the same data in the form of relative statements. 1148 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOB. The following tables show for all the insured industries (but not including agriculture) the number of accidents compensated for the first time in each year of the period 1897 to 1908: NUMBER OF FULL-TIME WORKERS AND NUMBER PER 1,000 FULL-TIME WORKERS INJURED BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TBIE IN EACH YEAR OF THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1908. [Source: Amtllche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versioherungsamts, 1899 to 1910.) Number of fuU- time workers. Nranber of injured persons compen- sated for the first time. Number per 1,000 full-time workers compensated for the first time. Accidents resulting in— Year. Death. Permanent disa- bility. Teiapo- rary disa- bility of over 13 weeks. Total. Total. Partial. Industrial accident associations: 1897 5,170,366 5,462,829 5,781,495 6,021,856 6,000,615 6,226,584 6,553,514 6,868,496 7, 159, 842 7,512,728 7, 869, 421 7,868,531 451, S53 481, 277 488, 725 506,040 512, 797 516,245 530,579 558, 042 575,320 609, 297 662, 211 072, 070 41,746 44,881 49,175 51,697 55,525 57,244 60,550 65,205 68,360 71,227 75,370 74,581 3,070 3,284 3,485 3,697 3.713 3,824 4,066 4,015 4,270 4,362 4,537 4,758 0.82 .85 .83 .85 .83 .73 .72 .72 .72 .72 .77 .76 1.09 1.16 1.13 1.20 1.07 1.02 1.01 1.03 1.07 1.04 1.02 1.10 0.12 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .09 .09 .08 .08 .07 .07 .56 .42 .50 .47 .47 .45 .52 .53 .49 .44 .38 .30 4.11 4 09 4.12 4.11 4.36 4.28 4.19 4.20 4.11 4.01 3.85 3.70 3.54 3.46 3.61 3.60 3.68 3.63 3.77 3.52 3:15 2.97 3. CO 3.07 3.C2 3.13 3.46 3.52 3.96 4 08 4.24 4.48 4.64 167 4.89 4.95 1.60 1.78 1.89 1.84 2.02 2.31 2.36 2.12 2.71 2.71 2.45 2.61 189S . . 8 22 1899 1900 1901 9 25 1902 1903 ... 9 24 1904 1905 9 55 1900 . . 9.48 1907 1908 ... 9 48 Government industi'ial estab- lisbments and operations: 1897 1898 6 82 1899 7 13 1900 7 11 1901 7 24 1902 7 41 1903 . 7 66 1904 7 19 1905.. 7 42 1906 1907 6 85 1908 NUMBER OF INSURED PERSONS AND NUMBER PER 1,000 INSURED PERSONS INJURED BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN EACH YEAR OF THE PERIOD 1897 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1899 to 1010.] Average number of in- sured persons. Number of injured persons compen- sated for the first time. Number per 1,000 insured persons compensated for the first time. Injuries resulting in— Year. Death. Permanent disa- bUity. Tempo- rary disa- bility of over 13 weeks. Total. Total. Partial. Industrial accident associations: 1897 6,042,618 6,316,834 6,658,571 6,928,894 6,884,076 7,100,537 7, 466, 484 7, 849, 120 8,195,732 8,625,500 9, 018, 367 8,917,772 41,746 44, 881 49,175 61,697 55,525 57,244 60,550 65, 205 68,360 71,227 75, 370 74, 581 0.70 .73 .72 .74 .72 .64 ,63 .63 .63 .63 .68 .67 0.10 .08 .09 .08 .09 .08 .08 .08 .07 .07 .06 .06 3.52 3.54 3.58 3.58 3.80 3.76 3.68 3.68 3.59 3.49 3.36 3.26 2.6D 2.75 3.00 3.06 3.46 3.68 3.72 3.92 4 05 4 07 4 26 4.37 91 1898 7 10 1899 7 39 1900 7.46 1901 8 07 1902 8.06 1903 8 11 1904 8.31 1905 8 34 1906 8 26 1907 8.36 1908 8.36 CHAPTEK V. WOKKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1149 NUMBER OF INSURED PERSONS AND NUMBER PER 1,000 INSURED PERSONS INJURED BY ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN EACH YEAR OF THE PERIOD 1897 TO 19C8— Concluded. Average number of in- sured persons. Number of injured persons compen- sated for the first time. Number per 1,000 insiu'ed persons compensated for the first time. Injmles resulting in— Year. Death. Permanent disa- biUty. Tempo- rary disa- bility of over 13 weeks. Total. Total. Partial. Government Industrial estab- lishments and operations: 1897 493,154 517,001 527, 635 542,955 556, 496 553,883 571,283 603, 443 619,330 673,793 723,705 730,555 3,070 3,284 3, 485 3,597 3,713 3,824 4,066 4,015 4,270 4,362 4,537 4,758 1.00 1.08 1.05 1.11 .99 .95 .94 .94 .99 .94 .93 1.01 0.61 .39 .47 .44 .43 .41 .49 .49 .46 .39 .34 .27 3.25 3.22 3.34 3.36 3.39 3.39 3.50 3.25 2.93 2.63 2.75 2.83 1.47 1.66 1.74 1.71 1.86 2.15 2.19 1.97 2.52 2.45 2.25 2.40 6.23 1898 6.35 1899 6.60 1900 6.62 1901 0.67 1902 6.90 1903 7.12 1904 6.65 1905 6.89 1906 6.47 1907 6,27 1908 6.51 The first table gives the relative data computed on the basis of full-time workers, and for purposes of comparison the second table shows the same information computed on the basis of the average number of insured persons. The data in the table relate onlj' to persons injured hj accident and either disabled for over 13 weeks or dying as the result of such an accident. The figures in the table therefore do not include any accidents causing disabihty of less than 13 weeks. According to the first table _ the industrial accident associations show that the total number of accidents compensated per 1,000 full- time workers has increased from 8.07 in 1897 to 9.48 in 1908. This increase of 1.41 per thousand during the period is entirely due to the increase in the number of accidents causing temporary disabihty. The number of accidental injuries causing death, permanent total disabihty, and permanent partial disabihty has decreased during the period in question. The second table given above shows the relative data on the basis of the number of insured persons; the rates so computed are, of course, lower than those in the first table, but show practically the same tendencies. In each of the two tables the rates for the total of all accidents for government employees are lower than the rates for persons employed in private estabhshments ; the higher death rates and rates for total permanent disabihty are probably due to the dangerous nature of certain estabhshments, such as ammunition factories, railway and water transportation lines, etc. The increase in the total number of injured persons compensated has been less than that in private estabhshments. 1150 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The tendency for the number of accidents compensated to increase is probably due to a number of causes rather than any single cause. It is the general impression that. after the insurance system had been in operation from 1885 to 1897 the workmen had become fairly familiar with their rights under the law and that the increase in acci- dents since 1897 is only to a shght degree due to more careful report- ing and compensating of accidents than had been the case in pre- ceding years. In reply to a circular letter of the imperial insurance office to the accident associations the mine-owners' accident associa- tion (KnappscJiafts-Berufsgenossenschaft) stated that in their opinion the increase in the number of accidents was due to the following causes: (") 1. The workmen have become more and more familiar with the accident insurance system, though this cause appHes more accurately to the first 15 years of the insurance, up to about 1900, than for the later period. 2. The insured persons are more and more disposed to report or connect previous pathological conditions as being due to a real or supposed accident; in mining work, the report states, it is extremely easy for the insured persons to find some incident which preceded their disease and to connect this incident with the disability. In a number of cases the insured persons have resorted to trickery to obtain an accident pension. 3. More and more the worlonen seek to obtain compensation for every accident regardless of how insignificant it may be. The result of this is that the officials are induced to report as accidents trifliag incidents which would not otherwise have been reported at all. 4. The careful control to which the reporting of industrial acci- dents is subjected. 5. The more intense methods of working in the industry. 6. The increasing use of machinery. 7. The increasing use of foreign workmen. 8. The more frequent employment of inexperienced workmen, who, because of the lack of apprenticeship, are not familiar with mining work and its dangers. 9. The rapid change in the personnel of the workmen has developed to an unexpected extent. 10. The unwise manner of living of many of the workmen, which diminishes their mental capacity and their physical powers of resistance. 1 1 . The failure to observe the rules for the prevention of accidents , and the regulations of the mining inspectors. The number of persons injured per 1,000 full-time workers and the number of deaths and disablements per 1,000 full-time workers in each industry for the last 6 years was as follows: o Bulletin du Comit6 Permanent des Congrfes Internationaux des Assurances Sociales, 1908. CHAPTEE V. — WOBKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1151 NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED AND RESULTS OF INJURY, BY GROUPS OF INDUS- TRIES, 1903 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliclie Nachrichten des Relchs-Verslcherungsamts, 1905 to 1910.] Number of full-time workers. Number of injured persons compen- sated for the first time. Number per 1,000 full-time workers compensated for the first time. Year and industry group. Accidents resulting in- - Death. Permanent disa- biUty. Tempo- rary dis- ability for over 13 weeks. Total. Total. Partial. 1. Mining: 1903 619,798 642,626 647,468 689,248 732, 684 798,378 152,410 158,261 100,848 170, 161 174,446 169,666 330,387 348,688 354,199 364,857 370,709 354,362 1,075,934 1, 126, 500 1,194,707 1,271,387 1,329,888 1,289,887 335,761 368,176 396,900 423,314 456,391 445,983 lli8,950 177,461 185,820 195,356 214,904 216,751 54,292 50,647 00,092 (3.528 67,452 70,079 824,409 813,345 839,940 866, 489 912,594 885, 522 301,852 316,776 329,721 342,226 369, 113 367, 992 9,043 9,931 10,064 10,821 11,381 11,725 - 2,273 2,347 2,430 2,649 2,677 2, 657 1,993 2,288 2,485 2,416 2,588 2,431 11,329 12,673 13,130 14,283 15,012 14,974 1,947 2,342 2,707 2,866 3,239 2,968 1,348 1,635 1,619 1,805 2,038 1,994 378 384 387 396 435 473 2,504 2,443 2,570 2,630 2,739 2,748 1.379 1,447 1,664 1,643 1,721 1,790 1.88 1.84 1.93 1.76 2.39 2.31 1.63 1.44 1.60 1.63 1.48 1.61 .48 .54 .58 .64 .68 .59 .51 .59 .53 .61 .63 .58 .16 .17 .15 .22 .22 .22 .62 .61 .72 .65 .65 .59 .63 .64 .67 .45 .65 .44 .12 .13 .13 .14 .09 .11 .27 .17 .24 .20 .21 .30 16 .11 .10 .09 .08 .08 .10 .13 .15 .12 .21 .19 .06 .02 .03 .06 .01 .01 .11 .16 .14 .11 .11 .12 .08 .10 .09 .07 .08 .06 .09 .08 .09 .17 .15 .23 .15 .09 .08 .08 .04 .04 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .05 .03 .02 .04 .03 .03 5.39 5.69 6.54 5.82 4.89 4.42 6.47 5.63 5.12 6.70 6.30 4.99 2.09 1.89 1.80 1.82 1.80 1.64 6.51 5.93 5.87 6.68 6. 55 6.77 4.62 4.81. 5.00 4.75 6.05 4.49 5.14 6.80 5.42 5.98 5.72 5.50 2.19 2.69 2.16 1.84 1.65 2.23 1.71 1.67 1.78 1.72 1.60 1.60 2.18 2.21 2.28 2.14 2.27 2.17 7.16 7.82 7.96 8.03 8.18 7.88 6.71 7.73 8.37 7.63 8.36 8.98 3.40 4.11 4.61 4.20 4.59 4.72 4.40 4.57 4.45 4.83 6.00 6.14 .94 1.28 1.60 1.73 1.75 1.88 2.13 2.10 2.48 2.44 2.96 2.82 4.09 3.46 3.53 3.86 4.11 4.04 1.19 1.18 1.14 1.20 1.30 1.38 2.07 2.16 2.51 2.42 2.28 2.36 14.69 1904 15.46 1905 15.53 1906 15.70 1907 15.54 1908 14.69 2. Quarrying: 1903 14.91 1904 14. S3 1905 16.14 1906 14.98 1907 16.35 1908 15.67 3. Glass, pottery, and brick- making: 1903 6.03 1904 6.66 1905 7.02 1906 6.62 1907 6.98 1908 6.86 4. Iron and steel: 1903 10.53 1904 11.25 1905 10.99 1906 11.23 1907 11.29 1908 11.01 6. M e t a 1 wo rking, instru- ments, etc. : 1903 5.80 6.36 1905 6.84 0.77 1907 7.10 6.65 6. Chemicals: 7.98 1904 1905 8.71 9.48 1908 7. Gas and water works: 1903 6.90 1905 1907 8. Textiles: 3.04 1904 1905 1906 3.10 1908 9. Paper and printing: 1903 4.57 1904 1905 1907 1152 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF lABOB. NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED AND RESULTS OF INJURY, BY GROUPS OF INDUS-^ TRIES, 1903 TO 1908— Concluded. Year and industry group. Number of lull-time workers. Number of Injured persons compen- sated for the first time. Number per 1,000 full-time workers compensated for the first time. Accidents resulting in- Death. Permanent disa- bUity. Total. Partial. Tempo- rary dis- ability for over 13 weeks. Total. 10. Leather and clothing: 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 11. Woodworking: 1903 1904 190.5 1906 1907 1908 12. Food products: 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 13. Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing: 1903 1904 1905 1900 1907 1908 14. Building trades (exclud- ing state operations): 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 15. Private railways: 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 10. Storage and drayage: 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 17. Inland navigation: 1903 1904 1905 190G 1907 1908 18. Marine navigation (exclud- ing state operations): 1903 1904 1005 1906 1907 1908 202,843 278,791 291,633 305,238 316,081 325,056 328,880 353,213 369,946 387,101 397,707 395, 117 337,859 353,753 374,370 397, 439 418, 498 449,730 286,854 287, 180 289,392 296,781 293,409 292,983 1,008,426 1,061,264 1, 105, 237 1,151,818 1,164,632 1,109,233 78,362 80,834 85,845 90, 466 99,703 106,679 276, 103 332, 632 356, 146 382,097 440,688 465, 614 51,115 50,329 53,460 56,404 56,782 55,108 60,219 62,220 65, 123 68,818 73,780 71,491 1,003 1,095 1,068 1,140 1,213 1,092 4,081 4,479 4,828 6,104 6,280 5,021 1,655 1,792 1,863 1,828 1,990 2,185 3,383 3,559 3,627 3,414 3,552 3,517 11,998 12,415 12, 691 12, 670 13,208 13,064 594 541 607 651 653 758 4,652 4,760 6,540 5,755 6,432 5,912 700 756 765 796 753 812 391 418 423 461 459 460 0.19 .17 .08 .15 .14 .15 .45 .49 .41 .47 .44 .45 .13 .16 .15 .15 .14 .16 .93 .99 1.01 1.00 .83 .93 .97 .98 .97 .97 1.02 .92 .69 .74 .73 .74 1.55 1.31 L33 1.27 1.25 1.01 3.05 3.20 2.96 2.91 2.75 3.37 1.96 1.61 1.69 1.40 1.19 1.08 0.07 .04 .01 .02 .02 .03 .03 .01 .01 .03 .02 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 2.73 0.83 2.74 .98 2.71 .83 2..W 1.03 2.67 1.01 2.21 .97 .'i.Sl 6.12 fi.7:^ 6.45 ,5.85 6.78 ,5. .58 7.11 .5.24 7.58 4.82 7.42 ].,50 3.26 1..36 3.54 1.45 3.37 1.44 3.00 1..33 3.28 1.36 3.34 .5.74 4.97 .5.98 S.3D 5.46 6.59 fi.i:^ 5.28 .5.12 6.06 5.39 6.60 4.90 4.69 4.23 3.87 3.98 3.82 4.12 3.76 3.88 4.03 3.62 3.91 5.55 4.52 4.53 4.12 3.58 3.06 3.74 3.60 3.46 3.03 3.01 3.25 L87 2.22 1.97 2.34 1.63 1,62 6.89 6.01 6.18 6.05 6.34 6.94 2.44 1.92 2.32 2.11 2.01 2.18 9.34 8.39 9.60 9.59 9.68 8.58 6.71 8.24 7.82 8.08 7.31 7.95 2.64 2.99 2.79 2.95 3.40 3.09 3.82 3.93 3.63. 3.73 3.84 3.36 12.41 12.68 13.05 13.19 13.28 12.71 4.90 5.07 4.93 4.60 4.70 4.86 11.79 12.39 12.19 11.50 12.10 12.00 11.90 11.70 11.48 H.IO 11.44 1L78 7.58 6.69 7.07 7.20 6.55 7.17 16.55 14.31 15,66 15.06 14.60 12.70 13.69 ^ 16.02 14.31 14.11 13.26 14.73 6.49 6.72 6.50 6.70 6.22 6.43 CHAPTEB v.— workmen's INSUBAKCE IN GEKMANY. 1153 ^or the year 1908 the highest death rate is shown by the group' ignated as navigation on inland waterways (17) with a rate of' 7 per_l_,000 full-time workers, while the next highest rate is that' he mining group (1) with 2.31 per 1,000. Three 6f the groups next •ank have rates in excess of 1.00 per 1,000 full-time workers; these quarrymg (2) with 1.51, marme navigation (18) with 1.08 and rage,drayage, etc. (16), with 1.01. The three lowest rates occur in' groups of textiles (8), with 0.11 ; food products, etc. (12) with 15- [leather, clothing, etc. (10), with 0.15 per 1,000 full-time workers' Jnder the German system, the most expensive type of injury is ' t causing permanent total disability; the number of these cases per ' )0full-time workers in 1908 for the groups with the highest rates was- 1 mical mdustries (6), 0.23; private railways (15), 0.22; quarryino- ' 0.19; navigation on inland waterways (17), 0.16; iron and steel 0.12; buildmg trades (14), 0.10. The groups with the lowest !S rank as follows: food products, etc. (12), with 0.01 ; textiles (8), 1 0.01 ; glass, pottery, bricks, etc. (3), with 0.01 ; and woodworking I, with 0.02 persons per 1,000 full-time workers, he injuries resulting m partial permanent disability are also esti- ed to cost more to the insurance system than the fatal accidents.' the year 1908 the industries with the highest rates for these' Ties are iron and steel (4) with 5.77, chemical (6) vrith 5.56, flour- ing, distillmg, etc. (13), with 5.39; quarrymg (2), with 4.99; wood-' king (11), with 4.82; metal working (5), with 4.49; and mining (1), I 4.42 per 1,000 full-time workers. The industries with the lowest s in 1908 are food products, etc. (12), with 1.36; glass, pottery, etc. ' with 1.54; textiles (8), with 1.60; and marine navigation (18), with per 1,000 full-time workers. iie experience of the accident insurance system in regard to the .ber of dependents left by each 100 persons killed by accident is m in the following table for the years 1888 to 1908: JER PEE 100 DEATHS. OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED BY ACCIDENTS, ENTITLED TO PENSIONS, 1888 TO 1903. [Source: ,\mtliche NMhrichlen des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1S90 to 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. (<■) Year. Number of persons killed by accident. Dependents entitled to pensions per 100 deaths. Widows. Children and grand- children. Parents and grand- parents. Total depend- ents. 2,990 3,457 3,686 3,716 3,382 63.51 62.83 60.04 63.67 64.43 141.51 139. 11 131. 25 143. 27 137. 02 5.28 6.16 5.54 5.71 4.55 210.30 208.10 196.83 212.65 206. OC 1154 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. NDMBEB PER 100 DEATHS, OF DEPENDENTS OF PERSONS KILLED BY ACCIDENTS, ENTITLED TO PENSIONS, 1888 TO 1908— Concluded. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS— Concluded. Number of persons killed by accident. Dependents entitled to pensions per 100 deaths. Year. Widows. Children and grand- children. Parents and grand- parents. Total depend- ents. 1894 3,549 3,757 4,152 4,381 4,749 4,897 5,226 5,121 4,705 4,854 5,176 5,325 5,569 6,223 6,070 63.82 65.42 63.27 63.48 63.34 64.00 64.01 64.52 68.37 73.59 71.93 71.01 69.19 68.01 68.96 131. 98 138. 60 139. 52 135.90 143. 82 140. 96 143. 69 143. 08 155. 94 169.07 100.58 155. 81 153. 69 149. 94 154 23 6.02 4.79 4.46 4.61 4.26 4.47 4.80 4.66 4.40 6.29 4.87 4.62 4.20 4.63 3.99 200.82 1895 . . : 208.81 1896 207. 25 1897 203.99 1898 211. 41 1899 209. 43 1900 212. 40 1901 212.26 1902 228. 71 1903 237. 95 1904 237.38 1905 231. 44 1906 227. 08 1907 222. 58 1908 227. IS AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1896 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902, 1903 1904 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908. 354 63.84 105. 37 1.69 1,368 60.82 110. 16 2.85 1,877 60.09 100.32 3.52 2,153 60.67 110. 96 1.90 2,026 69.00 116. 49 2.32 2,142 62.09 110.83 1.64 2,261 62.98 109. 33 1.51 2,213 61.05 109. 45 2,03 2,363 62.04 110. 41 1.23 2,474 65.00 114. 59 1.17- 2,598 63.59 113.59 1.46 2,608 6L62 111. 73 .61 2,662 63.45 108. 94 1.09 2,751 64.34 118. 79 1.71 2,672 65.65 111. 75 L27 2,893 67.75 118. 91 1.45 2,948 63.94 111. 57 .91 2,907 62.92 110. 91 .96 2,872 60.59 109. 12 1.18 2,843 63.42 111. 15 .81 2,980 61.31 105. 81 .97 PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. 1888 348 435 484 559 603 614 551 478 586 661 637 619 679 629 598 623 628 696 700 749 806 80.75 74.48 71.49 70.48 73.56 77.82 78.95 78.66 70.31 73.62 68.44 68.50 75.85 74 56 78.43 87.48 86.46 83.04 83.00 79.57 73.45 103. 51 156.32 129. 54 137. 57 132. 40 150.00 140. 47 15419 135.15 140. 10 128.73 130.05 137. 66 134 60 145.98 169.07 161. 16 149. 86 136: 14 137. 39 135:48 6.03 414 6.61 6. SO 5.37 S.95 5.44 5.02 6. S3 6.42 10.52 8.72 7.21 8.59 7.86 9.47 9.08 8.62 9.00 S.01 • 7.-57 250.29 1889 234 94 1890 207. 64 1891 214 85 1892 211.33 1893 236.77 1894 224.86 1895 237.87 1896 212. 29 1897 220. 14 1898 207. 69 1899 207. 27 1900 220.62 1901 217.65 1902 232.27 1903 256.02 1904 256.69 1905 241.52 1906 228. 14 1907 224.97 1908 216. 50 " Since 1900 including dependent widowers. CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1155 For the industrial accident associations the number of dependents per fatal case has shown a tendency to increase, while the agricul- tural associations have at the present time about the same proportion of dependents in the last 5 years as in the first, though there are some wide variations in the rates during the period; the proportion of dependents for the insurance by the public authorities likewise shows a tendency to remain the same. The increase in the number of dependents, especially of those included in the column headed "wid- ows," since 1900 is in part at least due to the fact that the law as amended in 1900 gives the right to a pension to disabled widowers (while the disability lasts) who were dependent for their support on the earnings of the wife; the 1900 law also included the children of such female insured persons and this provision is likewise in part responsible for the increase in the number of dependents in the col- umn marked "children and grandchildren." The small number of parents, etc., who are entitled to" compensation is readily explained by the plan of granting pensions; as 20 per cent is given to the widow and 20 per cent to each child with a maximum payment of 60 per cent, and the parents, etc., have a claim only if the 60 per cent is not exhausted, the number of instances in which parents or grandparents would be entitled to pensions is naturally small. In the following table are shown the number of persons given compensation for the first time in each year ("new accidents") and the total number of persons receiving pensions for disability at the close of each year ("old and new accidents"), for the period 1897 to 1908; the table begins with the year 1897 because the number of "full-time" workers was computed for the first time in that year. ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrlchten des Relchs-Versicherungsaints, 1899 to 1910.] All Industries except agriculture and forestry. Agriculture and forestry. Year. Number ol full-time workers. Old and new accidents compensated. New accidents compensated. Average number of insured persons, (o) Old and new accidents compensated. New accidents compensated. Number. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. Num- ber. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. Number. Per 1,000 insured per- sons. Num- . ber. Per 1,000 insured per- sons. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 6,622,219 6,944,106 6,270,220 6,527,896 6,513,412 6,742,829 7,084,093 7,426,538 7,736,162 8,122,025 8,631,632 8,540,601 243, 136 272,066 301,829 330,807 362,213 391,129 421,799 454,731 486,769 516,356 544, 619 566,214 43.25 45.77 48.14 50.68 55.61 68.01 69.54 61.23 62.93 63.57 63.84 66.30 44,816 48,165 62,660 55,294 59,238 61,068 64,616 69,220 72,630 75,589 79,907 79,339 7.97 8.10 8.40 8.47 9.09 9.06 9.12 9.32 9.39 9.31 9.37 9.29 11,411,675 m c m 17,425,790 181,974 207,993 234,936 256,382 283,383 311,201 339,975 309,703 396,300 408,886 423,980 431,086 15.95 "24.' 73" 46,365 48,609 62,161 61,163 56,851 58,833 63,331 60,906 67,157 62,694 63,449 62,377 4.06 ' 'i"58 a For ..■%^-rr.Tr.ont ..,f nhH»h..,..n tc tha niimhar «f l„n.H-ma w.^>Vor« ^aS USed. 6 Not reported. 1156 BEPOET OF THK COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908. [Source: AmUiolio Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherunf:samts, 18D9 to 1910.] 1. MINING. 3. QUARRYING. Old and new- New accidents Old and new accidents compensated. New accidents Year. NuiTiljer of compensated. compensated. Number of compensated. full-time Per Per full-time Per Per workers. 1,000 1,000 workers. 1,000 1,000 full- Num- full- Num- full- Num- full- ber. time work- ers. ber. time work- ers. ber. time work- ers. ber. time work- ers. 1897 468,953 31,724 67.65 5,670 12.09 130,146 8,800 67.62 1,654 11.94 1898 495,086 35,337 71.38 6,323 12.77 141,952 9,616 67.74 1,616 11.38 1899 521,352 38,679 74.19 6,306 12.10 153,446 10,681 69.61 1,902 12.40 1900 665,060 41,862 74.08 6,890 12.19 158,609 11,688 73.69 1,973 12.44 1901 607,367 46,645 76.80 7,931 13.06 148,615 12,807 86.18 2,197 14.78 1902 601,132 51,221 85.21 8,132 13.63 149,274 13,812 92.53 2,289 15.33 1903 619,798 56,091 90.50 9,043 14.59 152,410 14,716 96.56 2,273 14.91 1904 642,526 61,289 95.39 9,931 15.46 158,261 15,809 99.89 2,347 14.83 1905 647,458 66, 175 102.21 10,054 15.53 160,848 16,726 103.99 2,436 15.14 1906 689,248 70,796 102. 71 10,821 15.70 170,161 17,707 104.06 2,549 14.98 1907 732,584 75,405 102.93 11,381 15.63 174,446 18,591 106.57 2,677 15.35 1903 798,378 80,580 100.93 11,725 14.09 169,566 19,159 112. 99 2,657 15.07 3. GLASS, POTTERY, AND BB MAKING. .ICK- 4. IRON AND STEEL. 1897 290,461 7,645 25.98 1,486 5.12 770,339 36,320 47.15 6,873 8.92 1898 313,054 8,427 26.92 1,607 5.13 809,609 41,663 51.46 7,903 9.76 1899 329,679 9,511 28.55 1,874 5.68 905,925 46,984 51.86 9,102 10.05 1900 330,937 10,601 32.03 2,119 6.40 «57,669 52,103 54.41 9,646 10.07 1901 315,895 11,442 .36.22 1,983 6.28 909,201 57,746 63.51 10,352 11.39 1902 318,023 12,431 39.09 2,042 6.42 1,026,615 63,695 63.04 10,744 10.47 1903 330,387 13,307 40.28 1,993 6.03 1,075,934 69,331 64.44 11,329 10.53 1904 348,688 14,282 40.96 2,288 6.56 1,126,500 75,838 67.32 12,873 11.25 1905 354,199 15,382 43.43 2,485 7.02 1,194,707 81,674 68.28 13,130 10.99 1906 364,857 1«,223 44.46 2,415 6.62 1,271,387 87,944 69.17 14,283 11.23 1907 370,709 17,136 46.22 2,588 6.98 1,329,888 93,769 70.51 15,012 11.29 1908..'... 354,362 17,527 49.46 2,431 6. 86 1,289,887 97,114 75.29 14,974 11.61 5. METAL WORKING, INSTRUM ENTS, 6. CHEMICALS. AND MUSICAL INSTKUMEN TS. 1897 254,883 5,656 22.19 1,190 4.67 129,827 5,580 42.98 1,007 7.76 1898 277,972 6,652 23.93 1,347 4.85 135,350 6,116 45.19 960 7.00 1899 297,124 7,655 25.76 1,423 4.79 143,119 6,781 47.38 1,115 7.79 1900 316,571 8,685 27.43 1,582 5.00 153,011 7,536 49.25 1,284 8.39 1901 315,099 9,904 •31.43 1,846 5.86 156,488 8,372 53.50 1,415 9.04 1902 313,812 10,855 34.59 1,804 5.75 160,841 ' 8,975 55.80 1,262 7.85 1903 335,761 11,738 34.96 1,947 5.80 168,950 9,609 50.87 1,348 7.98 1904 368,176 13,173 35.78 2,342 6.36 177,461 10,396 58.58 1,635 8.65 1905 395,900 14,731 37.21 2,707 0.84 185,820 11,127 59.88 1,619 8.71 1906 423,314 16,059 37.94 2,866 6.77 195,356 11,915 60.99 1,805 9.24 1907 456,391 17,472 38.28 3,239 7.10 214,984 12,822 59.68 2, 033 9.48 1908 445,983 18,374 41.20 2,908 6.65 216,751 i 13,680 63.11 1,994 9.20 7. GAS AND WATER WORKS. 8. TEXTILES. 1897 34,848 1,101 31. 59 179 5.14 736,397 14,786 20.08 2,394 3.25 1898 37,129 1,210 32.59 200 5.39 747,111 16,271 21.78 2,338 3.13 1899 42. 670 1,320 30.94 222 5.20 768,008 17,831 23.22 2,565 3.34 1900 46,848 1,470 31.38 254 5.42 772,266 19,371 25.08 2,668 3.45 1901 50,525 1,654 32.73 308 6.10 768,259 20,730 26.98 2,465 3.21 1902 52,020 1,861 35.77 309 5.94 791,096 21,537 27.22 2,382 3.01 1903 54,292 2,075 38.22 378 6.96 824,469 22,305 27.05 2,504 3.04 1904 56,047 2,317 40.90 384 6.78 813,345 23,188 28.48 2,443 3.00 1905 60,092 2,520 41.94 387 0,44 839,940 24, 191 28.80 2,576 3.07 1906 63,528 2,699 42.49 396 6.23 856,489 25,201 29.42 2,630 3.07 1907 67,452 2,895 42.92 435 a 45 912,594 26,018 28.51 2,739 3.00 1908 70,079 3,093 44.14 473 6.75 885,522 26,812 30.28 2,748 3.10 CHAPTEB V. — WOHKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1157 ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTSY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1988— Continued. D. PAPER AND PRINTING. Year. Number of full-time workers. 1897. 1898. 1890. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 19a5. 1903. 1907. 1908. 238,383 250,477 204,280 277,847 284,070 287,812 301,852 316, 770 329,721 342,220 3S9,113 307,992 Old and new accidents compensated. Num- ber. 6,442 7,184 7,901 8,753 9,038 10,293 11,020 11,505 12,401 12,981 13,573 14,212 Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. 27.02 23.68 29.90 31.50 33.80 35.76 30.51 36.51 37.01 37.93 37.80 38.02 New accidents comi)ensated. Num- ber. 1,115 1,077 1,151 1,281 1,399 1,351 1,379 1,447 1,004 1,043 1,721 1,790 Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. 4.68 4.30 4.36 4.61 4.91 4.69 4,57 4.57 5.05 4.80 4.79 4. SO 10. LEATHER AlVD CLOTHING. Number of luU-tirae workers. 191,017 201,198 219,510 228,320 243,404 245,898 262,843 278, 791 291,633 305,238 316,081 325,060 Old and new accidents compensated. New accidents compensated. Num- ber. 3,225 3,762 4,261 4,791 5,537 6,122 6,731 7,438 7,691 8,283 8,804 9,129 Per 1,000 full- Num- time ber. work- ers. 16.88 587 18.70 719 19.41 725 20.98 827 22.74 1,007 24.90 885 25.61 1,003 26.68 1,095 26.37 1,058 27.14 1,140 27.85 1,213 28.08 1,092 Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. 3.07 3.57 3.30 3.02 4.14 3.60 3.62 3.93 3.63 3.73 3.84 3.36 11. WOODWORKING. 12. FOOD PRODUCTS. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 19CC. 1907. 1933. 243,625 258,408 272,857 289,179 296,299 310,400 «28,880 353,213 309,945 387,101 397,707 395, 117 10,201 00.50 2,808 18,082 69.96 3,121 20,165 73.90 3,647 22,295 77.10 3,738 24,635 83.14 3,957 20,137 84.19 3,834 27,889 84.80 4,081 29,827 84.44 4,479 31,934 80.32 4,828 33,937 87.67 5,104 35,058 69.66 5,280 30,680 92.85 6,021 11.77 12.07 13.00 12.93 13.35 12.35 12.41 12. 68 1105 13.19 13.28 12.71 232,974 243,020 247,566 257, 755 207,339 320,553 337, 859 353, 753 374,370 397, 4.39 418, 498 449,730 3,238 13.90 720 3,597 14.80 689 4,060 16.40 799 4,634 17.59 876 6,220 19.53 1,090 6,340 19.78 1,495 7,26.5 21.50 1,665 8,235 23.28 1,792 9,173 24.50 1,863 9,947 25.03 1,828 10,780 25.70 1,990 11,771 28.17 2,185 3.12 2.84 3.23 3.40 4.08 4.66 4.90 5.07 4.98 4.60 4.76 4.80 13. nULLING, SCGAB, DAIRYING, DISTILLING, STARCH, AND BREWING. 14. BUILDING TRADES (EXCLUDING STATE OPER.4.TIONS ).(■>) igg-r. 1898. 1899. 1903. 1901. 1902. 1983. 190.1. 1905. 1900. 1907. 190S. 287,063 290,384 289,740 296,098 293,943 285,609 286,854 287, 180 289,392 296,781 293,469 292,983 18,531 64.55 3,018 20,284 69.85 2,978 21,947 75.75 3,222 23,618 80.03 3,236 25,335 84.75 3,289 25,854 90.52 3,302 27,172 94.72 3,382 28,482 99.18 3,659 29,537 102.07 3,527 30,268 101.99 3,414 31,010 10.5,67 3,552 31,727 108.29 3,517 10.51 10.26 11.12 10.97 11.00 11.56 11.79 12.39 12.19 11.50 12.10 12.00 828,039 913,151 961,278 974, 157 925,160 935,075 1,008,426 1,061,204 1,105,237 1,151,818 1,1.54,632 1,109,233 40,809 53.63 9,191 62,204 57.17 9,981 57,413 60. .35 10,017 62,272 63.92 10, 068 66,500 71.88 10,8.37 71,047 75.93 11,861 75,849 75.22 11,998 80,903 76.23 12,415 85,602 77.51 12,691 89,020 77.29 12, 670 92,004 79. 68 13, 208 94,311 85.02 13, 004 11.10 10.93 11.16 10.95 11.71 12.68 11.90 11.70 11.48 11.00 11.44 11.78 15. PRIVATE RAILWAYS. 16. STORAGE AND DRATAGE. 1S07. 1898. 1899., 19,T0. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1M6.. 1907.. 1908.. 54,040 1,376 25.44 293 59,738 1,567 20.23 313 08,145 1,878 27.56 447 75,479 2,139 28.34 440 80,328 2,440 30.38 568 78,631 2,805 35.67 597 78,362 2,921 37.28 594 80,834 3,069 37.97 541 85,845 3,365 S9.20 607 90,460 3,684 40.72 051 99,703 3,952 39.64 653 105,679 4,268 4a 39 758 5.42 5.24 6.56 5.83 7.07 7.59 7. 58 6.69 7.07 7.30 6.55 7.17 188,571 195,213 211,174 220,535 228, 791 243, 245 275, 103 332,532 356,146 382,097 440,688 465,014 12,012 63.70 2,00S 1.3,365 68.46 2,827 15,329 72.59 3,162 17,018 77.17 3,200 18,946 82.81 3,798 20,878 85.83 3,885 23,602 85.79 4,552 26,061 78 37 4,760 28,95.5 81.30 5,540 31,606 82. 72 5,755 34,394 7S.0o 6,432 35,069 75 32 5,912 14.13 14.48 14.97 14. S4 16.60 15.97 16. S5 14.31 15.56 15.06 14.60 12.70 oNot including the insurance institutes. 1158 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ACCIDENT RATES, BY INDUSTRY GROUPS, 1897 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. 17. INLAND NAVIGATION. Number of full-time workers. Old and new accidents compensated. Num- ber. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. New accidents compensated. 18. MARINE NAVIGATION (EXCIiCD- ING STATE OPERATIONS). Num- ber. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. Number of full-time workers. Old and new accidents compensated. Num- ber. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. New accidents compensated. Num- ber. Per 1,000 full- time work- ers. 1897, 1898, 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904, 1905, 1906 1907, 1908, 46, 4.37 48, 241 49, 182 50,501 49, 340 48,558 51,115 50,329 53, 460 56,404 56, 782 65, 108 2,632 2,765 3,057 3,308 3,647 3,916 4,231 4, .566 4,897 6,261 6,602 5,730 54.53 57.32 62.16 65.50 73.91 80.65 82.77 90.72 91.60 93.27 96.90 103. 98 627 516 577 693 683 630 700 756 765 796 763 812 11.35 10.70 11.73 11.74 13.84 12.97 13.69 15.02 14.31 14.11 13.26 14.73 44,357 46, 670 46, 446 62,026 64, 823 67,330 60,219 62, 220 65, 123 68,818 73, 780 71,491 2,011 2,348 2,661 2,934 3,066 3,266 3,339 3,638 3,695 3,902 4,076 4,217 46.34 61.41 57.08 56.40 55.93 56.97 55.46 66.80 56.74 56.70 55.25 -58. 99 397 366 419 416 400 440 391 418 423 461 459 460 8.95 8.01 9.02 8.00 7.30 7.67 6.49 6.72 6.50 6.70 6.22 6.43 19. ESTABLISHMENTS OF THE MIL- ITARY AND NAVAL ADMINISTRA- TIONS. SO. PUBLIC BUILDING OPERATIONS (INCLUDING LOCAL GOVERN- MENTS). 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906, 1907 1908, 47,176 1,772 37.66 276 60,332 2,009 39.91 311 49,265 2,246 45.57 326 60,366 2,482 49.29 334 52,486 2,675 50.97 317 53,248 2,967 55.53 380 63,222 3,089 68.04 386 52,724 3,144 69.63 282 53,986 3,170 68.72 242 56,705 3,296 68.13 260 58,700 3,390 57.75 262 61,486 3,485 56.68 273 5.86 6.18 6.62 6.63 6.04 7.14 7.26 6.36 4.48 4.41 4.46 4.44 72,261 76,511 76,229 81,126 81,669 82,287 78,467 83,902 86,211 88, 406 99,334 103,924 2,190 2,512 2,818 3,166 3,516 3,767 4,097 4,421 4,653 4,972 5,325 5,692 30.31 32.83 36.97 39.03 43.10 45.78 62.22 52.69 54.61 66.24 63.61 64.77 450 486 499 615 664 646 623 603 657 641 768 776 6.23 6.35 6.56 6.35 6.91 6.62 7.94 7.19 6.54 7.25 7.63 7.46 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900- 1901., 1902. 1903., 1904., 1905.. 1906.. 1907.. 1908.. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907, 1908, 21. GOVERNMENT RAILROADS, POS- TAL AND TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS 327,373 15,013 45.86 2,287 349,313 16,813 48.13 2,442 358,097 18,335 Ik'f7 2,598 369, 127 19,810 2,690 373,443 21,333 57.13 2,759 375,056 22,899 61.06 2,826 392,608 24,920 63.47 2,982 414,889 26,672 64.29 3,048 429,998 28,634 66. 5.9 3,382 457,664 30,052 66.66 3,396 496,979 31,415 63.21 3,437 500, 129 32,910 65.80 3,625 6.99 6.99 7.26 7.29 7.39 7.53 7.60 7.35 7.87 7.42 6.92 7.26 23. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY (EXCLUDING STATE OPERATIONS). 111,189,071 («) ■ ) 177, 202, 229, 250, 276, 304, 332 362; 387 400, 415 422; 1 16. 86 !> 24. 61 45, 438 47,683 51,287 60,311 55,983 57,934 62, 397 66,003 66,336 61,887 62,673 61,609 6 4.06 6 3.59 22. STATE ESTABLISHMENTS EN- GAGED IN NAVIGATION, DREDG- ING, ETC. 6,053 273 54.03 67 5,121 282 56.07 45 5,134 327 63.69 62 6,431 371 68.31 68 6, 3(H) 425 80.19 73 6,655 461 81.62 ■73 6,292 602 79.78 76 6,527 638 82.43 82 6,125 577 94.20 89 6,523 603 92.44 75 7,198 628 87.26 80 6,631 668 102.28 86 11.28 8.79 12.08 10.68 13.77 12.91 11.92 12.56 14.63 11.50 11.11 13.01 34. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, STATE OPERATIONS. 222, 223, 228, 231, 237, 234, 238, 238, 240, 246, 604 4,563 20.45 917 lOV 5,145 23.06 926 847 6,606 24 50 864 971 6,003 25.88 842 069 6,390 26.95 868 267 6,872 28.72 899 684 7,240 30.35 934 391 7,622 32.52 902 379 7,888 33.09 822 849 8,056 33.72 807 884 8,139 33.79 776 796 8,237 33.38 768 4.12 4.15 3.78 3.76 3.91 3.85 3.45 3.38' 3.22 3.11 <• Estimated number of insured persons according to the industrial census. 6 Computed from the estim ' ' ' ' ' -' — -'""■' c Not reported. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSTJRANCE IN GERMANY, 1159 The column headed "new accidents" includes injured persons iceiving compensation for the first time; the column "old and new jcidents" includes cases of disabled persons carried forward from revious years plus the number in the column of "new accidents"; le column shows therefore the number of persons on the accident msion rolls, or, in other words, indicates the extent of the burden hich the above industries have to carry on account of industrial jcidents. Taking up first all industries except agriculture and forestry, for le 8,540,601 full-time workers included in the insurance, the num- jr of persons injured in 1908 was 9.29 per 1,000; in other words, le German experience shows that each year slightly less than 1 per snt of the full-time workers in industries were injured by accident • such an extent that they were disabled for 13 weeks or more. The column marked "old and new accidents" shows that in 1908, le industries, building trades and navigation, included in the insur- ice system had to provide pensions for 663 persons for every 10,000 ill-time workers employed by them. During the period in question, Le number of persons on the pension rolls per 10,000 full-time orkers has increased rapidly, except during the last five years when le tendency to increase has become less marked. The stationary )int in the number of pensioners carried by the insurance system has jparently not yet been reached. For the insured persons employed in agricultural establishments le rates can not be computed as accurately as for all other industries; le rates as given in the first part of the preceding table differ so uch from those given for government establishments (at the end of LO table) that they must be accepted with many reservations. On le basis of the rates for government agricultural establishments it is •obable that the number of accident pensions per 1,000 full-time orkers to be provided by agricultural industries in 1908 was about df of the number to be provided by all other industries. Taking up the separate groups of industries in the preceding table, 1908 the column marked "old and new accidents" had 5 groups industries with a rate of over 100 per 1,000 full-time workers: aarries (2) with 113; flour-milling, distilling, breweries, etc. (13) ith 108; navigation on inland waterwaj's (17) with 104; state tablishments engaged in navigation, dredging, etc. (22) with 102; id mining (1) with 101. The groups of industries with the lowest imber of pensioners per 1,000 full-time workers to provide for were 1908, food products, etc. (12), with 26; leather, clothing, etc. (10), th 28 ; and textiles (8) with 30. The column headed "new accidents," meaning the number of per- QS injured by accidents compensated for the first time in each year, 1160 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LAEOB. is an index of the trade risk of the industry. Of the groups given in the preceding table, 9 have a rate of over 10 per 1,000 full-time workers: Quarrying (2) with 15; navigation on inland waterways (17)' with 14; miniag (1) with 14; government establishments for naviga- tion, dredging, etc. (22) with 13; woodworking (11) with 12; storage, drayage, etc. (16) with 12; flour-milling, distilleries, breweries, etc. (13) with 12; building trades, construction, etc. (14) with 11; and iron, steel, etc. (4) with 11. The lowest rate shown is for textiles (8) and government agricultural establishments (24), each with 3. The burden to be carried by the various industries is also shown by a comparison of the average amounts of compensation paid per case of disability. The expenditures for benefits stated in the form of annual averages per case of disability on the pension rolls (includ- ing both old and new cases) are shown in the following table for the odd years from 1887 to 1908: AVERAGE COMPENSATION AND OTHER RELIEF PROVIDED PER CASE OF ACCIDENT, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1908. [Source: Statistisches Handbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1907; the years 1907 and 19G3 were computed from Amtliche Nachrichteu, 1909, 1910.J Industry group. 1893. 1895. 1897. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Mining Quarrying Glass, potter}', and brick malting Iron and steel Metal working, instruments, and musical instru- ments Chemicals Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printing Leather ana olothmg Woodworking Food producte Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing Building trades (excluding state operations, but including institutes) Private railways Storage and drayage Inland navigation Marine navigation (excluding state operations) . . . . Establisliments of the military and naval admin- istrations PubUc building operations (including local govern- ments) Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- tems Government establishments engaged in naviga- tion, dredging, etc Agriculture and forestry (including state opera- tions) State agriculture and forestry operations Total industrial, building, and marine Total agriculture and forestry S6S. 50 55.37 46.09 59.87 48.38 59.00 07.75 35.91 45.26 42.36 44.02 48.63 62.78 65.22 73.40 48.13 46.93 73.00 71.90 S71. 35 61.68 46.91 52.66 43.42 63.94 69.93 33.28 41.02 43.22 40.69 42.65 62.24 56.30 75.35 55.42 66.67 63.87 63.59 48.20 72.8.5 87.52 22.20 24.64 53.29 22.33 368. 34 46.30 46.18 49.13 38.71 57.06 68.69 33. 28 39.86 43.24 37.61 38.43 50.26 53.63 72.28 56.70 59.45 48.42 68.53 48.34 C9.68 79.83 23.82 31.81 62.43 24.03 $66. 97 46.01 40.63 43.95 37.93 53.89 66.62 31.38 37.90 39.29 36.13 37.02 48.79 50.01 76.06 53.52 57.90 57.88 47.10 68.89 71.68 22.06 30.25 60. 15 22.29 $63. 62 43.09 4L58 44.33 36.39 54.23 66.48 30.16 37.46 38.81 34.93 35.42 47.80 48.18 71.02 60.72 66.32 47.69 64.99 42.49 67.90 66.67 20.47 28.61 48.26 20.69 $61.00 42.82 40.33 44.03 36.30 49.26 63.21 29.56 36.20 37.62 34.12 33.50 45.67 47.10 67.10 49.76 .54.25 48.63 57.12 41.09 05.67 59.29 19.43 27.49 46.82 19.04 CHAPTEB V. WOKKMEN S INSUEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1161 VERAGE COMPENSATION AND OTHER RELIEF PROVIDED PER CASE OF ACCIDENT, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY INDUSTRIES, 1887 TO 1908— Concluded. Industry group. Mining Quarrying Glass, pottery, and brick making Iron and steel Metal working, instruments, and musical instru- ments Chemicals , Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printing Leather and clothing I Woodworking Food products Milling, sugar, dairying, distilling, starch, and brewing Building trades (excluding state operations, but Including institutes) , Private railways , Storage and drayage . Inland navigation , Marine navigation (excluding state operations) . Establishments ol the military and naval admin- istrations . Public building operations (including local govern- ments) , Government railroads, postal and telegraph sys- tems . Government establishments engaged in naviga- tion, dredging, etc . Agriculture and foresliy (including state opera- tions) . State agriculture and forestry operations . Total industrial, building, and marine . Total agriculture and forestry 1899.. 1901. 1903. 1905. 1907. S60.C5 $62.93 805.04 $64.79 S65.61 43.36 46.22 44.84 45.99 47.25 40.63 43.11 42.56 43.06 42.83 44.03 47.70 48.00 48.74 49.60 35.46 39.64 42.25 42.82 43.01 48.77 61.17 55.50 52.46 53.00 62.94 65.08 63.50 62.06 62.20 29.69 30.79 31.72 32.73 32.79 35.89 37.29 37.51 37.97 38.97 37.77 39.21 38.53 40.06 39.49 33.52 36.27 36.42 30.03 37.48 32.68 35.18 34.18 35.15 35.69 45.31 40.50 46.95 47.33 40.97 46.03 49.35 48.71 48.45 49.98 06.24 71.32 72.10 70.98 71.44 48.73 51.73 61.81 60.51 49.21 63.21 64.34 56.67 56.77 57.80 40.85 50.76 66.14 68.29 C2.48 66.00 67.28 63.91 64.18 02.05 38.80 41.20 41.76 41.23 41.34 65.19 66.86 07.70 67.78 68.90 60.61 64.70 " 03.97 63.61 63.91 18.65 18.71 19.06 18.74 18.26 25.94 25.78 20.40 25.63 25.80 46.30 48.89 49.54 49.78 50.51 18.82 18. S7 19.21 18.87 18.41 S66.80 47.45 44.52 50.47 43.41 53.17 63.29 33.26 39.21 40. 01 37.63 36.80 46.82 £0.38 72.44 49.92 58.52 62.30 63.04 41.30 02,27 IS. 20 25.01 51.19 13.40 The average for all industrial accidents, as shoAni in the group Lumbered 25, showed a tendency to decrease steadily from 1887 to 899; the year 1901 showed an increase over 1899, and in each of he following years given in the table there is an increase since 1901. Lt the present time there is a wide variation in the amounts paid in he different groups of industries; in 1908 the highest average iccurred in private railways, etc. (group 15), with $72.44 per case; he lowest group is that of textiles (group 8), with $33.26 per case. 'he average for accidents in agricultural, etc., industries (group 26) las sho-ivn a tendency to remain about the same since 1899; the .verage amount expended in the form of benefits per case of accident a the agricultural industries in 1908 was about one-third of the .verage amount paid for accidents in the other industries. The follomng table shows, first, in what proportion the amount xpended for disability pensions was distributed among the various lasses of disablement, and, second, m what proportion the number f days for which pensions ^\'ere paid were distributed among the arious classes of disablement. The data are for all cases of dis- bility on the pension rolls in 1897, regardless of when the accident ccurred. 1162 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. PEOPORTION OP PENSIONS TO INJURED PERSONS, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY AND PROPORTION OF DAYS OF DISABILITY, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY, FOR ALL CASES ON THE PENSION ROLLS IN 1897. [Source: Amtliohe NachricMen des Reichs-Versioherungsamts, 1900; II Beiheft, II Theil.] Industry group. All industrial accident assooiations (a) Mining Quarrying Glass, pottery, and brick making Iron and steel Metal workingj instrumeiits, and musical instruments. . . Chemicals -. Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printing Leather and clothing , Woodworking Food products Milling, sugar, dairying, dis- tilling, starch, and brewing. Building trades (excluding state operations) Private railways Storage and drayage Inland navigation Marine navigation (excluding state operations) Total pen- sions paid to injured persons in 1897. 86,986,859 1,089,144 226,256 212,229 1,229,233 169, 173 184, 678 46,829 354, 125 183,997 98,678 431, 768 90, 617 610,534 1,512,500 60, 437 386,864 68,523 33,211 Per cent of total pensions paid in 1897 to injured persons sustaining a loss of earning power of— Under 10 per cent. 1.95 2.60 8.80 .36 2.90 2.02 1.81 2.43 2.22 .81 .65 .22 .65 .73 .19 10 and under 16 per cent. 7.22 5.06 5.68 6.36 8.30 11.86 12.18 6.96 9.31 7.75 9.11 9.73 11.01 7.92 5.64 3.91 6.13 7.18 8.75 15 and under 20 per cent. 6.06 5.56 6.03 4.94 7.11 8.67 7.38 4.23 7.18 5.96 6.41 7.90 8.72 6.57 6.05 2.70 5,29 6.75 7.54 20 and under 25 per cent. 6.49 6.69 6.62 8.02 8.65 12.84 5.16 7.19 7.44 7.33 8.19 8.94 7.01 6.69 4.48 7.20 7.50 6.35 25 and under 50 per cent, 26.95 28.22 26.35 31.27 26.91 27.68 22.82 24.39 24.36 22.71 31.07 26.21 25.65 26.76 17.61 24.80 23.82 21.84 50 and 75 and under under 75 per 100 per cent, cent. 24.99 23.62 27.73 20.33 19.38 31.12 22.99 24.87 26.86 23.37 24.24 24.14 25.50 22.65 24.63 23.81 24 88 20.87 100 per cent. 17.25 11.27 13.39 11.11 7.76 8.45 13.16 10.40 10.82 10.93 6.95 7.60 11.14 11.68 13.72 10.44 11.62 9.59 18.95 16.71 16.94 16.26 13.48 25.33 13.76 14.82 18.33 9.49 11.16 16.60 21.99 32.83 21.78 18.52 24.87 Industry group. Total days of disability for which pensions were paid in 1897. Per cent of total days of disability for which pensions were paid in 1897 in cases sustaining a loss of earning power of— Under 10 per cent. 10 and under 15 per cent. 16 and under 20 per cent. 20 and under 25 per cent. 25 and under 50 per cent. 60 and under 75 per cent. 75 and under 100 per cent. 100 per cent. All industrial accident assooiations (o) Mining Quarrying Glass, pottery, and brick making Iron and steel Metal working; instruments, and musical instruments. . . Chemicals Gas and water works Textiles Paper and printing Leather and clothing Woodworking Food products Milling, sugar, dairying, dis- tilling, starch, and brewing. Building trades (excluding state operations) Private railways : . . Storage and drayage Inland navigation Marine navigation (excluding state operations) 62,517,066 7, 693, 624 2,269,646 2, 088, 488 11,038,021 1,769,956 1,634,192 296,705 4, 680, 165 1,991,596 1,015,648 4,969,915 5,346,050 12,492,894 341,302 3,128,300 544,381 339,187 21.34 10.92 26.21 12.92 5.03 4.47 4.21 5.64 9.61 11.80 29.30 2.20 13.20 9.77 8.96 10.60 9.09 3.79 3.72 1.71 3.21 3.79 .97 17.19 18.06 19.83 22.73 29.13 22.01 21.36 24.10 21.90 25.12 24.21 27.46 23.73 18.61 17.67 20.09 22.07 27.07 12.44 10.82 10.84 12.97 14.06 9.04 10.33 13.15 11.91 11.86 13.23 14.32 11.30 11.47 8.37 11.72 12.19 15.37 10.74 1L14 10.64 10.90 10.42 12.40 9.31 9.78 10.69 10.75 10.54 11.23 10.91 11.31 9.64 12.18 1L82 10.38 28.75 30.82 26.49 27.16 20.73 16.81 25.76 21.00 22.98 21.17 25.25 21.60 26.20 28.56 23.38 26.84 24.69 23.34 15.06 13.87 16 42 10.05 8.17 10.44 16.35 11.71 1411 12.34 11.38 10.89 14.49 14.10 18.96 14.45 14.73 12.02 5.10 5.58 2.73 2.68 6.25 6.60 5.41 3.96 3.01 6.39 3.78 4.32 4.56 2.41 2.63 4.70 5.18 7.08 4.53 5.14 4.12 9.30 3.28 4.32 5.25 2.38 2.78 7.15 13. 29 6.98 5.57 6.73 o Not including the subsidiary insurance institutes of the accident associations. The above table includes all disability cases on the pension rolls in 1897, the total number of cases being 230,095. The average for all the accident associations shows that of the payments for disability CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSUBANCE IN GEEMANY. 1163 pensions 27.04 per cent went for cases where the loss of eammg power was 25 to 50 per cent and that 23.63 per cent went for cases with a loss of eammg power of 50 to 75 per cent; the two classes together, therefore, absorbed over 50 per cent of the payments for disability pensions. The separate groups of industries show some fluctuations from the average, as, for instance, the group private railways (15) has almost one-third of its disability-pension expenditures for cases of disabihty involving a loss of earning power of 100 per cent. The second half of the preceding table also includes all the disability cases on the pension rolls in 1897. The days of disability for which pensions were paid in that year showed that the highest number of days was for a loss of earning power of 25 to 50 per cent; the next highest number of days was for a loss of earning power of 10 to 15 per cent. Some of the separate groups of industries show wide variations from the average for all industries; in the chemical industries (6), for instance, the days of disability were most frequent for cases involving a loss of earning power of under 10 per cent, while in the private rail- ways (15) the days of disability for loss of earning power of 100 per cent was 13.29 days, or considerably in excess of the average. The average amount per day paid in pensions per case of disability, together with an average for each class of disability, for the 230,095 cases on the pension rolls of the industrial accident associations in 1897 is shown iu the following table: AVERAGE DAILY AMOUNT OP A DISABILITY PENSION PAID TO INJURED PERSONS IN 1897, BY DEGREE OF DISABILITY. [Source: AmtUche Nachrlchten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1900, II Beiheft.] Industry group. All accident associations (a) 1. Mining 2. Quarrying 3. Glass, pottery, and brick mailing 4. Iron and steel 5. Metal working, instruments, and musi- cal instruments 6. Cliemicals 7. Gas and water works 8. Textiles 9. Paper and printing 10. Leatlier and clothing 11. Woodworking 12. Food products -^r-w,:-- 13. Milling, sugar, dairymg, disliUmg, starch, and hrewuig 14. Building trades (excluding state opera^ tions) 15. Private railways 16. Storage and drayage 17. Inland navigation -, — ■ - - 18. Marine navigation (excludmg state oper- ations^ Average daily amount paid as pensions for a loss of earning power of— Un- der 10 per cent. $0.02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .04 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02 10 and under 15 per cent. SO. 04 .04 .03 .03 .04 .04 .07 .04 .03 .03 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .04 .03 15 and under 20 per cent. SO. 05 .06 .05 .05 .06 .06 .10 .06 .04 .05 .05 .05 .05 .05 .06 .05 .06 .05 20 and under 25 per cent. $0.07 .09 .06 .06 .12 .09 .05 .06 .07 .07 .07 .07 .07 .08 .07 25 and under 50 per cent, 50 and under 75 per cent. $0.20 .24 .17 .17 .23 .23 .36 .23 .16 .18 .18 .19 .20 .20 .20 .23 .20 .21 75 and under 100 per cent. $0.28 .31 .24 .23 .32 .30 .32 .21 .23 .23 .25 .26 .27 .27 .34 .28 .29 .23 $0.38 .32 .43 .43 100 per cent. .42 .32 .32 .34 .35 .37 .37 .44 .39 .42 .36 Average daily amount paid for all cases. $0.11 .14 .10 .10 .11 .10 .12 .15 .10 .09 .09 .11 .12 .18 .12 .13 1164 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. The average for all cases for all the accident associations was SO.ll per day; the average per day, of course, increases with the degree of disabiUty, being $0.38 per day for complete disablement. The highest average for all cases in any one of the industrial groups occurs in the case of the railways (15), where it is SO. 18 per day. Of the 18 industrial groups, 6 pay an average in excess of $0.40 per day for total disablement, the highest being $0.44 in case of private railways (15). The textile group (8) shows the lowest average for all cases, the amount being $0.08 per day, and the amounts for the various degrees of disability being considerably below the average for all industries. Data relating to the immediate cause of the accident, such as the piece of machinery, the downfall of the roof of the mine, the fall from the ladder, etc., are of importance as disclosing the source of the accidents and thereby indicating the field to which efforts at accident prevention should be directed. The following tables show the number of persons injured by accidents due to the causes speci- fied for the period during which the accident insurance has been in operation : NUMBER OF PERSONS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED CAUSE, BY YEARS. [Source: Amtliohe Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1887 to 1910.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1885 TO 1908. Year. .2 1= lit ■aSi a c3 R H St, l1 boa :l| w a flj g- 3 »- is eg •g-o If S" CO d ill -J Hi 111 gig sis a >> 11.^ I- ^ Sg4 a a li 1 l| ■a ^ M a li /3;g'i-. ■21^ « g c 1 § i m ■a 3 " rt M fA 02 < a < 1885 (a).... 34 m 5 8 9 8- 41 m (») (M m m 42 1886 2,30: (b) ii 285 48S 2,20i l,82i (0) (") (») C) 2,579 1887 3,61( (b) 87 46( 477 3,075 2,92' (M (M (M C) 5,340 1888 4,196 49! Si 422 , 64C 3, 46; 3,19i 2,155; 1,07- 62: 210 19i 1,277 956 1889 4,757 64; 197 37f 685 4,21S 3,87; 2,397; 1,45£ 86C 28e 22 1,436 1,352 1890 5,926 775 ISd 35S 882 4,74C 4,341 3,258 1,66; 910 371 28! 1,61< 1,730 1891 6,145 826 147 362 1,00' 5,106 4,83; 3,697 1,877 812 396 28S 1,778 1,823 1892 5,837 842 129 432 93! 5,42< 6,025 3,549 1,835 842 331 ;«!. 1,94£ 1,988 1893 6,212 88! 161 408 1,082 5,80; 5,662 3,774 1,98J 98; 323 Mi 2,098 2,285 1894 6,SS£ 1,035 156 405 997 6, lis 6,77C 4,073 2,022 94< 372 .SSI 2,34C 2,256 1895 7, lis 1,10< 19f 413 1,104 6,083 6,270 4,315 1,977 916 404 401 2,.W> l,83i 2,163 1896 8,096 1,26C 167 384 1,324 7,055 7,039 4,882 2,419 1,124 430 40' 2,835 1897 9,068 1,576 189 436 1,334 7,489 7,371 5,322 2, .308 1,510 526 491 3,12s 2,168 1898 9,795 1,670 136 424 1,797 7,973 7,681 5,677 2,455 1,736 503 ,W.' 3,29C 2,510 1899 10,561 1,860 169 471 1,721 8,610 8,194 6,213 2,857 1,992 622 6.JS 3,781 2,715 1900 11,248 2,007 173 506 1,942 8,587 8,871 6,363 3,046 2,202 579 085 3,665 3,130 1901 11,671 2,159 163 541 2,092 9,168 9,209 7,031 3,62C 2,529 591 804 4,116 3,178 1902 11,714 2,122 1S4 495 1,781 9,780 9,526 7,551 3,799 2,588 641 851 4,606 3,119 1903 12,137 2,41S 189 563 1,780 9,977 9,826 8,451 4,199 2,828 058 1,044 4,589 3,319 1904 13, 148 2,606 175 483 2,183 10,451 10, 715 9,260 4,303 3,096 098 1,167 5,209 6,487 3,298 3,403 3,226 3,433 1905 14, 094 2,556 181 476 2,202 10, 762 11,367 9,620 4,644 3,034 650 1,218 1906 15,012 2,859 196 490 2,335 11, 715 11,605 9,876 4,846 3.411 667 1,272 6 260 1907 15, 897 3,145 180 519 2,641 11,932 12,247 10, 476 5,304 3,688l 719 1,271 5,266 5,389 1908 15,286 3,277 189 528 2,767 11,612 11,743 10,786 5,1621 3,973 1 619 1,147 3,352 a For the last three months of the year. >> Included in all other causes. CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1165 rUMBEH OF PERSONS INJURED IN ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED CAUSE, BY YEARS— Concluded. AGBICULTUBAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1888 TO 1908. a M is" . 2 s S! 'is .3 t-o! o as '3 ^ la P.P, feOg ^.o si §a M F: Q K m 0) "Si = B > SI 3 »* . 111 egl ■3^.3 taoS S S 3 a Is > C3 Included in all other causes. 25 556 834 76 161 210 160 303 396 418 399 485 462 495 563 554 009 655 542 524 482 628 500 483 The accidents included in the preceding tables are only those causing disability of 13 weeks or more. In the industrial accident associations, the principal cause of acci- dents is that given in the first column of the table and designated as onmT.p« Cnrime movers), power-transmission apparatus, etc.; this 1166 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. cause of accidents is not only the leading cause throughout the period but has increased rapidly during this time. The 3 causes designated as collapse, downfall of materials, etc., as falls from ladders, etc., and as loading and unloading show large numbers of accidents and the 4 causes together were responsible in 1908 for injuries to 49,427 per- sons out of the total of 75,830 injured persons included in the table for the industrial accident associations. In the table for the agricultural accident associations the cause designated as falls from ladders, stairs, etc., shows by far the greatest number of injured persons; the two causes, accidents from vehicles and accidents from animals rank next in order in the number of per^ sons injured and the 3 causes together were responsible in 1908 for the injuries to 37,513 persons out of the total of 61,609 injured per- sons included in the table for the agricultural accident associations. PER CENT OF ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversiclierung des Deutschen Eeichs, 1885 to 1906. A preliminary Mar- ginal num- ber. Accident associations for industries of — Total killed and injured, Per cent of accidents due to each group of causes. Ma- chin- ery. All other causes. Per cent of accidents due to each speci- fied cause. Machinery. En- Power gines, trans- mo- mis- tors. sion. etc. etc. 0.60 0.64 .46 1.65 1.77 1.60 .84 1.22 .72 2.08 2.22 .68 2.02 .05 3,23 .83 2.44 .93 1.86 1.61 .23 1.13 3.74 .83 6.75 .40 1.20 .77 2.68 .68 1.79 1.68 9.98 1.41 1.16 1.39 3.95 2.20 4.64 1.43 1.99 1.23 1.23 .93 1.87 Work- ing ma- chin- ery, etc. Mining Quarrying Instruments, etc Iron and steel Metal working Musical instruments Glass working Pottery, etc Brick and tile making Chemicals Gas and water works Textiles Paper making Paper products Leather Woodworking , Milling Food products Sugar Dairying, distilling, and starch Brewing and maltmg Tobacco Clothing 11, 360 2,639 1,467 14, 942 1,533 225 347 310 1,931 2,038 435 2,570 730 600 523 5,203 1,012 781 606 409 1,608 81 043 16.00 14.17 44.31 32.95 61.90 61.33 16.71 29.03 22.53 23.11 7.82 67.32 47.81 70.00 42.26 58.93 42.89 32. Co 28.66 22.00 12.00 37.04 65.79 84.00 85.83 55.69 67.05 38.10 38.67 83.29 70.97 77.47 76.89 92.18 42.68 52.19 30.00 57.74 41.07 57.11 67.35 71.34 78.00 88.00 62.96 34.21 3.06 6.99 37.22 22.97 57.14 67.78 13.82 22.25 13.67 17.03 2.76 50.78 37.26 67.20 36.52 55.43 23.32 27.27 13.64 11.74 4.66 33.35 61.12 CHAPTEB V. WOEKMEn's IKSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1167 The data in the table for the accidents to persons employed in tablishments, etc., conducted by public authorities are influenced '■ the presence of the government railways: the number of persona jured by accidents caused by railway operation is much in excess that due to any other cause; 3 of the other causes, namely, falls Dm ladders, etc., loading and unloading, etc., and collapse, down- 11 of materials, etc., were also prominent, and in 1908 the 4 together ere responsible for the accidents causing injuries to 3,829 persons it of the total of 5,526 injured persons included in the table. The causes of the accidents in each industry in the year 1907 are lowa in the following table; the first column presents the abso- te figures, while the rest of the table shows the proportion of the ;cidents due to each cause. .USE, BY ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1907. tement of a special investigation of industrial accidents compensated for the first time in 1907.] Per cent of accidents due to each specified cause. Explo- In- Falls from ladder, stairs, etc., into Load- Hand- Steam- boil- ers, steam pip- sive mate- flam- mable, Col- lapse, ing and Ve- hicles (run over etc.). Rail- way opera- tions (run- Ship- ping Ani- tools, simple leva- )rs, ines, ite. rials (explo- sions of liot and corro- sive down- fall, etc., of mate- un- load- ing by and trans- porta- tion mals (push, blow, bite, instru- ments (ham- mer. All other causes. ing, etc. pow- der, mate- rials. rials, etc. tions, etc. hand, hoists. etc.). by water. etc.). ax spade, etc.). etc. etc. etc.). l.«o 0.24 2.02 4.18 32.61 6.35 6.38 0.47 21.85 0.82 2.22 6.86 i.lH .08 3.75 1.29 18.72 9.62 16.01 5.15 13.79 0.72 1.14 4.81 11.26 i.82 .20 .17 27 3 34 9 75 8 79 9.61 3.07 1.04 4.50 14.62 .19 6.76 9.45 8.10 16.09 3.05 5.99 .13 1.01 0.20 10.29 1 >)(■. .13 .26 3.98 6.39 5.81 8.74 2.15 1.11 .07 .13 3.52 6.81 1 33 44 .44 6.67 7.12 13.78 .89 .44 3.11 5.78 9q .29 5.19 6.34 16.43 17.87 5.76 6.05 .29 1.15 1.16 22.77 ? Qn .32 2.58 8.39 13.55 17.74 7.74 4.84 l.ljl 2.58 11.02 i 'iq .26 .16 1.35 16.37 7.92 12.38 13.88 16.43 .47 2.04 2.43 6.18 i 91 .25 2.01 14.92 7.21 11.38 16.19 6.89 5.35 .20 .SB 3.24 9.37 i.22 8.05 2.68 14.94 5.72 18.62 11.27 16.54 9.77 8.51 3.36 6.44 .86 .46 ■".'70" 5.98 1.87 12.64 6.99 1 r,7 .43 .04 i 17 .55 3.29 7.40 9.86 14.24 4.93 2.47 .41 .14 3.42 5.48 1.20 .40 .80 5.60 7.00 6.80 2.80 .20 .80 2.80 2.80 J. 29 .57 9.37 6.12 16.83 9.75 2.68 .57 .57 5.35 5.93 1.13 .08 .02 .73 7.11 6.21 11.85 4.82 1.46 .08 .05 3.52 4.64 r.9i .20 .20 .40 6.13 8.10 14.92 14.31 2.27 3.66 2.47 4.45 i 82 77 3.84 7.17 15.11 13. (k; 8.07 .64 .i3 2.94 3.33 12.29 ).08 • ■JO 4.94 11.66 13.83 12.45 4.15 13.83 .40 3.36 6.32 i.42 1.22 .24 4.40 8.31 15.40 17.:)9 14.91 3.67 .24 3.67 2.93 5.62 i. 92 .31 3.17 7.69 15.98 24. K9 20.27 1.24 4.00 1.31 8.64 L.23 L.S7 1.23 2.02 3.70 4.04 17.28 7.78 14.81 5.44 4.94 3.73 1.23 .31 6.19 3.11 13. 68 7.15 .47 .ie Mar- ginal num- ber. 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 U 12 13 U 15 16 17 18 U 2 J 21 1168 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. PER CENT OE ACCIDENTS DUE TO EACH SPECIFIED Mar- ginal num- ber. Accident associations for industries of— Total killed and injured Per cent of accidents due to each group of causes. Mar chin- ery. All other causes. Per cent of accidents due to each speci- fied cause. Machinery. En- gines, mo- tors, etc. Power trans- mis- sion, etc. Work- ing ma- chin- ery, etc. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3S 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Chimney sweeping Building trades Printing trades Private railways Street railways and small steam railways Storage Drayage, hauling, etc Inland navigation Marine navigation Engineering (underground) construction .* Butchering, meatpacking, etc Public works: Naval establishments Military establishments Post and telegraph State railways Towing, lighterage, etc State building; operations... State navigation Provincial and communal building operations . Total: Nonfatal injuries Fatal injuries All injuries 34 II, 685 423 168 496 3,900 2,500 751 589 2,371 1,120 94 155 122 3,162 67 234 1 474 73, 824 6,320 80,144 10.55 57.71 5.36 5.85 12.74 2.04 16.25 18.68 6.65 20.98 32.98 26.45 1.64 4.90 14.93 6.41 2.11 25.71 14.59 24.83 100.00 89.45 42.29 94.64 94.15 87.26 97.86 83.75 81.32 94.35 79.02 67.02 73.55 98.36 95.10 85.07 93.59 100. 00 97.89 74.29 85.41 75.17 0.19 .93 .60 0.39 .24 .13 .13 2.40 6.62 .42 .54 1.05 1.29 .27 .17 .17 .18 2.13 .09 '.'43' '.21' .67 .70 .07 .09 1.10 2.47 1.21 6.90 56.07 2.97 4.44 3.05 1.04 .27 1.53 1.81 19.72 18.09 20.00 1.64 2.47 4.48 1.71 1.27 18.01 2. 78 17.36 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GEKMANY. 1169 JSE, BY ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, 1907— Concluded. Per cant of accidents due to each specincd cause. va- :s, lOS, c. Steam- boil- ers, steam pip- ing, etc Explo- sive mate- rials (explo- sions of - pow- der, etc.). In- flam- mable- hot, and corro- .sive mate- rials, etc. Col- lapse, down- fall, etc., of mate- rials, etc. Falls from ladder, stairs, etc., into excava- tions, etc. Load- ing and un- load- ing by hand, hoists, etc. V8- hioles (run- over, etc.). Rail- way opera- tions (run- over, etc.). Ship- ping and trans- porta- tion by water. Ani- mals (push, blow, bite, etc.). Hand tools, simple instru- ments (ham- mer, ax, spade, etc.). All other causes. Mar- ginal num- ber. 8.82 2.64 1.87 3.57 1.41 1.00 .36 1.20 1.19 2.95 2.05 2.13 1.94 1.64 1.33 44.12 27.27 3.27 3.57 5.65 10.21 2.48 3.99 4.58 16.79 2.6S 5.32 8.39 11.48 5.04 7.46 9.83 38.24 23.96 18.46 10.71 13.31 11.04 4.52 10.92 12.22 10.54 10.00 13.83 13.55 20.49 9.90 13.43 15.81 2.94 14.88 5. CI 9.52 11.09 28.53 20.80 11.85 4.75 20.84 0.9G 9.57 20.62 9.02 19.58 29.85 14.53 5.88 5.87 5.14 3.57 4.64 18.18 50.20 1.73 .08 5.90 0.61 4.20 4.52 16.39 1.80 17.91 9.40 24 07 ■IT 0.03 0.33 1.97 .70 66.55 44.14 3.33 2.96 1.46 '2i.'34' .54 2.13 1.29 4.10 45.95 5.97 4.70 6.09 0.55 1.17 4,03 .93 .60 3.02 1.95 .76 2.26 2.55 3.42 34,01 9.57 7.10 8,20 3,35 7.83 5.14 6.55 9.07 6.08 1.88 4,26 7,98 9,46 5.63 13,.83 12.26 25.40 7.92 6.97 15.38 100.00 21,73 8,27 3,99 7,93 25 26 79 27 41 43 00 31 36 ,26 .64 .70 .16 1.01 .05 '".'67' .17 .04 .09 ■".'es' '".'oi' .08 "i.'ss" .09 3.19 3,23 "2.' 66' .08 45.14 47.03 1.10 3.19 .SI 4.21 13.84 .27 .17 .03 10.36 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 '".'69' 4.48 12.82 1.G4 .06 37 .25 .03 38 39 .27 .86 1.28 .43 8,65 40 41 .42 .33 .64 .69 .14 .59 .17 .42 .49 2.28 .63 2.11 3.15 9.08 3.62 10.97 14.35 20.33 14.82 18.14 11.18 11.90 11.24 16.24 14.97 5.46 14.22 16.24 6.54 8.62 6.71 3.39 8.54 15.35 9.08 .84 .65 6.71 1,05 2.11 1.64 1.42 1.62 5,70 4,37 ,CS 4,08 42 43 44 46 1170 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE 01" LABOR. The table is a preliminary statement of the data obtained by the special investigation of the industrial accidents compensated for the first time in 1907. The scope of the investigation is indicated by the total line (at the bottom of the table), showing that in all over 80,000 accidents were included in the report. Of the total for all the accidents (given in the bottom line of the table), it may be said that about one-fourth are caused by machinery and three-fourths by all other causes. Among the causes specified in the table, accidents due to operating machinery showed the highest percentage; those due to collapse, downfall of material, etc., ranked next in order; loading, unloading, etc., and falls from ladders, stairs, etc., were the only other causes responsible for over 10 per cent of the total of the accidents. The fatal accidents are conspicuously due to collapse and fall of materials, etc., over one-fifth of the deaths being due to this cause; the only other causes responsible for 10 per cent of the deaths were those designated as railway operation with 15.35 per cent of the total, and as falls from ladders, stairs, etc., with 11.90 per cent of the total. These 3 causes together were responsible for over 47 per cent of all the fatal accidents. With one exception, the leading causes of the nonfatal accidents are the same as for the fatal accidents. The cause designated as operating machinery, etc., was responsible for the highest proportion of the accidents, having 18.61 per cent of the total; the cause loading, unloading, etc., had 14.97 per cent; that of collapse, downfall of material, etc., had 14.35 per cent, and that of falls from ladders, stairs, etc., had 11.18 per cent. Together, these 4 causes were responsible for over 59 per cent of all the nonfatal accidents. For the separate industries the causes specified in the tables are of varying importance, as for instance in the paper products industry accidents due to operating machinery formed 67.20 per cent of the accidents in that industry, while causes responsible for one-third or more of the accidents are frequently met with in the different indus- tries. The average compensation paid for the accidents due to the vari- ous causes is shown in the table on page 1135. Estimates of the loss of earning power made at the time the acci- dent occurred are necessarily imperfect; while those made 1 year after the date of the accident must frequently be revised, they are regarded by the officials of the insurance system as sufficiently definite to form the basis of studying the relative frequency of serious and other accidents in the different industries. The following table shows the proportion of accidents by degree of loss of earning power which had occurred in 1904 and which were still being compensated about 1 year later: CHAPTEB V. — ^WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1171 DEGREE OF DISABILITY OF PERSONS INJURED IN 1904, ABOUT 1 YEAR AFTER COMPENSATION WAS FIRST DETERMINED, BY INDUSTRIES. [Source: Statlstik der Arbeiterversicherang des DeutschenReichSjlSSS to 1906.] Industry. Injured per- sons com- pensated for the first time in 1904. Num- ber. Per cent of total. Per cent of injured persons to whom the injuries resulted in — Loss of earning power of— Less than 25 per cent. 25 and under 60 per cent. 50 and under 75 per cent. 75 per cent and over. Death Number of cases per 1,000 full-time workers in which the injuries resulted in — Loss of earning power of — Less than per cent 25 and un- der 60 per cent. 50 and un- der 75 per cent. 75 per cent and over. Death. 1. Mining 2. Quarrying 3. Glass, pottery, and brickmaking 4. Iron and steel 5. Metal working, instru- ments, and musical instruments 6. Chemicals 7. Gas and water works. . 8. Textiles 9. Paper and printing 10. Leather and clothing . . 11. Woodworking 12. Food products 13. Milling, sugar, dairy- ing, distilling, starch , and brewing 14. Building trades (ex- cluding state opera- tions) 15. Private' railways 16. Storage and drayage... 17. Inland navigation 18. Marine navigation (ex- cluding state operar tions) 19. Establishments of the military and naval administrations 20. Public building opera- tions(includinglocal governments) 21. GovernmentraiJroads, postal and telegraph systems 22. State establishments engaged in naviga- tion, dredging, etc .. . 23. Agriculture and for- estry, private opera- tions 24. Agriculture and for- estry, state opera- tions 9,931 2, 347 2,288 12,673 2,342 1,636 384 2,443 1,447 1,096 4,479 1,792 3,559 12, 415 541 4,760 756 418 282 603 3,048 82 66,003 902 7.30 1.72 1.08 9.31 1.72 1.13 .28 1.80 1.00 .80 3.29 1.32 9.12 .40 3.50 .56 .31 .21 .23 2.44 .06 48.49 Total All industries ex- cept agriculture and forestry Aericulture and for- estry 136, 125 69, 220 66, 906 100.00 60.85 49.15 64.03 64.25 64.55 72,10 77.08 09.00 64. 59 71.51 70.84 64.29 74.8: 79.35 64.46 62. 06 66. 56 66.15 56.74 49.29 36.16 34.45 62.44 64.77 30.93 17.01 17.09 18.44 16.20 13 90 15.24 17.18 16.63 16. 37 17.90 16.11 12.56 18.38 14.79 16.74 15. 35 12.68 19.50 30.85 16.60 18.29 22.23 27.94 4.22 4.94 6.34 3.56 2.73 5.73 4.43 6.47 5.25 5.84 3.78 3.18 3.94 3.91 4.76 3.11 12.77 16.25 11.62 12.19 5.05 16.30 2.84 4.00 3.41 2.93 3.50 2.93 4.42 2.18 3. 7. 1. 1.84 3.01 3.87 7.77 3.61 3.44 5.98 10.28 9.12 21.55 6.10 3.48 18.18 11.90 9.72 8.26 5.21 2.73 7.10 9.38 4.21 3.66 4.29 3, 3.07 8.37 11.09 9.18 21.30 22.49 8.16 8.62 15.88 10.98 4.47 6.65 66. 29 16.80 4.77 8.01 9.90 9.53 4.24 8.11 4. 5.97 4.38 2.15 3.23 2.53 9.49 4.02 7.54 4.19 9.63 8.29 3.76 2.64 2.63 2.53 6.59 3.82 1.19 2.63 2.53 1.21 1.82 .89 1.32 1.10 .47 .75 .70 2.04 .04 2.15 .99 2 2.30 .85 1.04 2.22 1. 22 2.30 1.31 l.o: 0.65 .73 .40 .18 .60 .30 .19 .24 .23 .48 .16 .21 .08 1.17 .85 1.53 .30 .03 0.44 .00 .22 .25 .30 .06 .18 .30 .18 .45 .62 .62 .52 .40 .55 .66 1.58 .70 .21 .70 1.67 1.84 L44 .54 .69 .17 .01 .64 .13 .17 .17 .49 .16 .98 .74 L31 3.20 1.51 .44 .62 1.17 1.38 .26 .26 Of the accidents included in the preceding table approximately one-half are industrial (including the building trades and navigation) and one-half agricultural. Of the industrial accidents the largest number, or 9.31 per cent of the ti:.tal, occurred in the iron and steel industry; the building trades, with 9.12 per cent of the accidents, 1172 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. ranked second, while the mining industry, with 7.30 per cent of the accidents, ranked third. These 3 industries produced, therefore, approximately one-half of the industrial accidents included in the table. The important feature of the table is rather the information which it conveys as to the severity of the injuries caused by the accidents in the various industries than the proportion of the total number of acci- dents in each industry. Two industries, navigation on the high seas and navigation on inland waterways, are conspicuous for their high proportion of fatal accidents; of the accidents occurring in marine navigation in 1904, about 22.50 per cent were fatal; of the accidents occurring in navigation on inland waterways, 21.3 per cent were fatal. No other industry had a proportion of fatal accidents in excess of 20 per cent. The state railv/aj^s had 15.88 per cent of fatal accidents (the difference between the proportions for state and private roads is due to the fact that the principal lines are state roads, while private lines include only the unimportant roads); the state establishments for marine navigation, etc., had 10.98 per cent of fatal accidents. The proportion of fatalities for the mining industries was 11.90 per cent, while quarrying ranked next with 9.72 per cent. The lowest proportion of fatal accidents was shown by the group designated as metal working, instruments, etc. (number 5), which had 2.73 per cent of its accidents resulting in death. The proportion of accidents resulting in loss of earning power of 75 per cent or over is naturally high in the various government establishments where special con- ditions prevail (manufacture of explosives, etc.). None of the other industries had 10 per cent of accidents causing disability of 75 per cent. Aside from the industries mentioned, the highest proportion of disabilities of 75 per cent occurred in the leather and clothing group (number 10) with 7.68 per cent and in the private railway establishments with 7.77 per cent. The lowest proportion of these disabilities is shown by the woodworking industries with 1.39 per cent. The industries with the highest proportion of accidents causing the least degree of disability — i. e., disability of 25 per cent or less — are the food products group (number 12) with 79.35 per cent, the metal- working, instruments, etc., group (number 5) with 77.08 per cent^ the woodworking group (number 11) with 74.83 per cent, the iron and steel group (number 4) with 72.10 per cent, the textile group (number 8) with 71.51 per cent, and the paper and printing group (number 9) with 70.84 per cent. The best index of the relative frequency of accidents of varying degrees of severity is the rate per 1,000 full-time workers for each class of accident. According to the last column in the table, the group designated as navigation on inland waterways (number 17) had CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GEBMANY, 1173 le highest rate of fataUties, there being 3.20 deaths per 1,000 full- me workers in 1904. The nearest approach to this rate occurs in le mining industry (number 1) where the rate v/as 1.84 deaths per 000 full-time workmen. Not including the government establish- ents, the following groups had fatal accidents in excess of 1.00 per 000 full-time workers: Marine navigation (number 18) with 1.51; jarrying (number 2) with 1.44; and storage, drayage, etc. (number 3) with 1.31 per 1,000 full-time Avorkers. The lowest rate for .tahties was shown by the textile industries (number 8) with 0.13 3r 1,000 full-time workers. The groups having the highest rates for le disabihties of 75 per cent or over were: Quarrying (number 2) ith 0.60 per 1,000 full-time workers, while the three groups of pri- ite railways (15), storage, drayage, etc. (16), and navigation on iland waterways (17) each had rates of 0.52 per 1,000 full-time orkers. The textile group (number 8) had the lowest rate for this ass of accidents, with 0.06 per 1,000 full-time workers. The acci- 3nts resulting in disability of less than 25 per cent occurred most equently in the following groups of industries: Mining (1) with 9.90; jarrying (2) with 9.53; storage, drayage, etc. (16) with 9.53; and oodworking (11) with 9.49 per 1,000 full-time workers. None of the iher groups had rates in excess of 9.00 per 1,000 full-time workers, he textile industry (number 8) had practically the lowest rates for 1 classes of accidents. The importance of the various classes of accidents to the industrial jcident insurance associations is shown in the following table: JR CENT OF TOTAL PENSIONS PAID AND OF TOTAL DAYS FOR WHICH PENSIONS (VERE PAID BY THE INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS, BY DEGREE OF DISA- BILITY, 1897. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Rdchs-Versicherungsamts 1900, II Beiheft.] Per cent of loss of earniug power. Per cent of total I>ensions paid. Per cent of total days for which pensions were paid. ,der 10 1.45 7.18 6.04 7.29 27.07 23. M 10.04 17.29 7.25 21.24 12.11 10.96 26.33 12.96 4.09 5.06 - Total 100.00 100.00 Of the compensation paid for accidents by the industrial accident sociations in 1897, tlie accidents causing loss of earning power of to 50 per cent received 27.07 per cent of the compensation and esfi accidents were responsible for 26.33 per cent of the davs of 1174 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. bilityof 10 to 15 per cent are charged with 21.24 per cent of the daya for which pensions were paid. The condition of the injured workers after they have received com- pensation for approximately 4 years is shown in the following table for the period 1896 to 1906: PROPORTION OF INJURED PERSONS COMPLETELY RECOVERING FROM EFFECTS OF INJURIES, AND CONDITION OF INJURED PERSONS AT END OF 5 YEARS, 1896 TO 1906. [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversiclierung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Per- sons com- pen- sated. Per cent of injured persons com- pletely recovered after having received compensation tor— Per cent of injured persons still receiving compensation after approximately 5 years. Per Year when compensa- tion pay- 1 year. 2 years. 3 years. 4 years. Degree of incapacity. Total. cent of injm'ed persons ments began. Under 25 per cent. 26 to £Oper cent. Over 60 to 75 per cent. Over 76 to 100 per cent. who died. 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 38,538 41,746 44,881 49,175 51,69r 55,525 57,244 60,650 66,205 68,360 71,227 20.82 21.29 21.38 21.93 19.67 19.83 21.11 21.35 22.69 23.49 25.07 28.37 29.20 29.39 28.70 27.32 28.73 29.94 31.72 33.59 35.42 32.68 33.42 32.92 32.53 31.78 33.24 35.68 37.87 39.97 35.09 35.39 35.06 35.41 34.53 36.88 39.49 41.55 34.32 34.76 34.86 35.53 36.13 35.39 34.51 33.65 12.68 12.62 12.78 12.26 12.49 12.10 11.52 11.03 4.39 4.18 4.18 4.20 4.16 3.81 3.73 3.50 2.60 2.44 2.36 2.36 2.39 2.41 2.26 2.09 63.89 53.90 54.18 64.36 55.07 53.71 52.02 50.27 11.02 10.71 10.77 10.24 10.40 9.41 8.49 8.18 1906 AGRICULTURAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS.(a) 1896 17,537 14.58 29.33 37.82 41.97 30.50 14.56 3.66 2.42 51.14 6.89 1897 18,343 13.83 30.60 38.98 41.81 31.51 14.04 3.39- 1.99 51.53 6.66 1898 18,641 14.22 33.29 38.27 43.16 32.02 12.87 3.46 1.90 50.25 6.59 1899 20,789 14.86 31.71 38.66 42.90 32.78 12.74 3.91 1.75 51.18 5.92 1900 20,830 14.31 31.00 36.75 43.55 31.98 12.74 3.80 1.75 50.27 6.18 1901. 23,104 13.81 32.13 40.13 43.79 32.42 12.84 3.50 1.80 60.66 5.65 1902 24,273 15.22 33. 74 40.60 44.67 32.81 12.46 3.09 1.83 60.19 5.14 1903 25,054 14.40 34.93 41.37 48.27 30.18 11.47 2.90 1.80 46.35 5.38 1904 26,920 25,709 24,607 17.02 18.49 17.95 34.87 38.09 45.13 1905 1906 a Data from 22 associations. The accidents included in the preceding table are, of course, those causing disabiUty for at least 13 weeks. Thus in the year 1896 com- pensation was paid for the first time to 38,538 injured persons (insured in industrial accident associations) who had already been disabled for 13 weeks; at the end of one year 20.82 per cent of these 38,538 persons had entirely recovered, at the end of 2 years 28.37 per cent of the 38,538 persons had entirely recovered, and at the end of four years 35.09 per cent had entirely recovered. After about 5 years, 11.02 per cent had died, leavmg 53.89 per cent of the 38,538 persons granted compensation in 1896 who were still disabled and still receiving com- pensation; arranged in order of the extent of incapacity, at about 5 CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1175 ■ears after compensation began, 34.32 per cent of the 38,538 persons ranted compensation in 1896 had sustained a loss of less than 25 per ent of their earning power, 12.68 per cent of the 38,538 persons had ustained a loss of 25 to 50 per cent of their earning power, etc. During the period given in the table there was a marked decrease 1 the number of persons who died during the 4-year period; there ^as also a decrease in the proportion of disabled persons who had ustained a loss of earning power of 75 per cent or over. According to article 76-c of the sickness insurance law, as amended y the act of 1903, the accident associations may take over the care nd treatment of persons who have been injured by accident before he end of the 13 weeks of waiting time. By so doing the asso- iations replace the sick funds and assume all the liabilities for sick- ess benefits, including that of pecuniary benefits; in return the ccident associations have a claim against the sick funds for all the enefits which they would otherwise have provided. The activities f the accident associations under authority of article 76-c for the ist 5 years are shown in the following table: PECIAL TREATMENT PROVIDED DURING THE FIRST 13 WEEKS OF DISABILITY, 1904 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachriohten des Reichs-Verslcherungsamts, 1908 to 1910.] INDUSTRIAL, ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. Num- ber of acci- dent associar tioDS. Cases treated. Cases In which treatment re- sulted— Expenditures for special treatment. fear. Frac- tures of bones. Inju- ries to eyes. AH other inju- ries. Total. In in- stitu- tions. Not in institu- tions. Favor- ably. Unfa- vor- ably. Total. Reim- bursed by sick funds. H.... 15.... 16.... 17.... 60 61 58 60 59 1,739 1,934 2,024 2,024 2,317 376 360 377 334 342 6,453 6,662 6,434 6,415 6,871 8,568 8,956 8,835 8,773 9,530 3,098 3,209 3,408 3,800 4,038 5,470 5,747 5,427 4,973 5,492 7,693 8,140 8,077 8,048 8,849 864 813 752 719 680 $135,351 148,531 153,409 161,573 171,438 $25, 458 26,542 29,916 33,548 34,419 AGBICCI.TUBAL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 4.... 30 712 339 1,370 2,421 1,799 622 2,223 162 $37,797 $776 5.... 32 631 346 1,317 2,294 1,762 532 2,121 141 35,856 653 6.... 33 603 324 1,272 2,199 1,635 564 2,071 108 32,758 916 7.... 35 787 376 1,435 2,598 1,887 711 2,433 143 36,910 733 8.... 32 958 399 1,682 3,039 2,401 638 2,852 172 46,339 1,384 ALL ACCIDENT ASSOCIATIONS. 1.... 90 2,451 715 7,823 10,989 4,897 6,092 9,916 1,026 $173, 148 $26,234 )-... 93 2,565 706 7,979 11,250 4,971 6,279 10,261 954 184,387 27,195 }. . .. 91 2,627 701 7,706 11,034 5,043 5,991 10,148 860 186,166 30,832 r 95 2,811 710 7,860 11,371 5,687 5,684 10,481 862 198,483 34,280 i 91 3,276 741 8,553 12,569 6,439 6,130 11,701 862 217,777 36,803 1176 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF lABOE. The total number of associations which undertook treatment of this kind in 1908 was 91 out of a total of 114 associations. The num- ber of cases treated has tended gradually to increase, but not more rapidly than the increase in the number of persons insured. Frac- tures of bones constitute the most numerous type of injury given treatment; as injuries to the eye form one of the most expensive types of disability, treatment in these cases is frequently provided. The number of cases given institutional treatment is increasing rapidly while the number of cases treated without the use of institutions has remained about the same. In the cases treated by the agricultural associations the institutional class of treatment naturally predomi- nates, as the rural districts are usually lacking in medical, surgical, etc., facilities. At the end of the year 1908 there were 11,701 cases, or 93.1 per cent out of a total of 12,569 cases treated which were reported as resulting favorably. The total amount expended in 1904 in this branch of the accident insurance was $173,148, or $15.76 per case given treatment, while in 1908 the amount had increased to $217,777, or $17.33 per case treated; both the total amount expended and the average amount expended per case have increased during the last 5 years. SICKNESS INSURANCE. INTBODTTCTION. The reasons for including insurance against sickness in a system of compulsory workmen's insurance have already been stated in con- nection with the chapter on such insurance in Austria (p. 226) . Com- pulsory insurance in this field was developed at an early date and to a higher degree in Germany than in any other European country. The nature of the insurance requires a large number of small organi- zations, the officiab of which must come into personal contact with the insured persons. The sickness insurance in Germany is a system of insurance for aU kinds of temporary disability, this including the disabihty usually designated as sickness, the disabihty due to indus- trial accidents, the disabihty due to accidents other than industrial, and the disabihty due to trade diseases. The experience of the Leipzig sick fund indicates that approximately 8 per cent of cases handled by the sick insurance organizations are cases of disabihty due to industrial accidents. The large number of types of institutions permitted to conduct the sickness insurance in Germany is due to historical reasons. At the time the compulsory sickness insurance was instituted a number of organizations were already conducting such insurance either volun- tarily or in consequence of certain laws specified below. It was prac- tically impossible to destroy these institutions, and the new com- pulsory system made use of them as instruments for administering CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSTJBANCE IN GERMANY. 1177 the compulsory laws. Since the enactment of the first law the ten- dency has been to gradually reduce the number of organizations, and in the future this tendency will be encouraged by restricting the formation of new funds. HISTORY OF SICKNESS INSURANCE LAWS. Insurance against sickness or temporary disabiUty is one of the earliest forms of workmen's insurance. In Germany it has been for many years connected with various compulsory institutes connected with industries, trades, etc. Thus the old guild corporations were required to provide sick benefits of various kinds, masters were required to provide for their apprentices in case of disability, and at an early date in the case of the mining industries there were various compulsory institutes for the rehef of sick and disabled miners. One of the earliest general laws relating to compulsory insurance against sickness is that of the Prussian Industrial Code of January 17, 1845, which authorized the communes by local regulations to require apprentices and other workers to affihate themselves with regular sick reUef organizations. A Prussian decree of February 9, 1849, authorized the communes to counsel persons conducting indus- tries, whether in the form of hand work or factories to create funds for the rehef of needy journeymen, factory workers, and other workers, and what is most important in this regulation the employers were required to defray at their own expense a part of the cost of conducting such rehef funds. A law of April 3, 1854, authorized local governments of wider extent than communes to make the intro- duction of such rehef funds compulsory for the territories subject to their jurisdiction. In other German states, for instance in the Kingdom of Bavaria, similar compulsory sickness insurance systems were estabhshed. The principal weakness of these early laws was due to the fact that it was left to the judgment of communes or other local governments of small extent to decide whether these institutes should be created. The German industrial code of June 21, 1869, reheved independent industrial workers of obligatory membersliip in the guild funds but did not disturb the existing state legislation in regard to sick funds, mutual aid funds, or burial funds for journeymen, factory workers and other workers; under these state regulations in many cases journeymen, apprentices, factory workers, and other workers were required to join specified sick funds, mutual aid funds, or burial funds. A certain measure of freedom was given by permitting persons who so desired to join other funds than those specified at first, but the compulsory insur- ance against sickness was maintained. Under this regulation a lorrro TiiimhAr nf voliintarv sick funds. usuaUv known as mutual aid 1178 BEPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OF lABOB. April 7, 1876, on mutual aid funds (EilfsTcassen) had a tendency to encourage the creation of these voluntary organizations by per- mitting the insurance provided by them to be credited as a substi- tute for the local government sick fund or other compulsory fund. An amendment to the industrial code was enacted on April 8, 1876. All the communes or similar local governments were authorized to enact local regulations creating mutual aid funds under the pro- visions of the law of April 7 of the same year for the support of journeymen, factory workers, and other workers; the commune was authorized to compel aU workmen of the classes just mentioned over sixteen years of age to become members of such funds and to con- tribute the dues specified in the law for its support unless the work- men could prove that they were already insured in another registered mutual aid society. In addition the proprietors of factories could be required by such local regulations to pay for the support of such funds, the amount of the employers' dues not to exceed one-half of the dues paid by the workmen. Local governments of larger size than communes were given the same authority to estabhsh funds of this kind covering either all of their area or parts of the same and to include in the membership journeymen, factory workers, and other workers. These facts show that as early as the year 1869 the idea of compulsory insurance against sickness for all workmen and especially factory workers by means of local funds to which the employers con- tributed in the ratio of one-third of the total contributions was recognized by a national law. Since, however, the adoption of the plan was left to the judgment of the local governments compulsory insurance against sickness on a national scale was not an accom- phshed fact. Compulsory insurance on a national scale became an accomplished fact with the enactment of the law of June 15, 1883. The bill pro- posing this law was placed before the Reichstag on April 29, 1882, and was the first of the laws carrying into effect the scheme of social insurance and promotion of the welfare of workmen advocated by the imperial message of November 17, 1881. The bill was referred to a committee and was subjected to considerable modification in some of its features, but the general principles remained unchanged. The law as enacted was based on the principle of compulsory insur- = ance for the workmen described in it and allowed the voluntary insurance of certain specified groups of workmen. To administer the law a number of new types of insurance funds were created and a number of existing types were made use of. The new funds consisted of the local funds, the establishment funds, and the building trades funds, while the existing guild funds, miners' funds, and voluntary aid funds were allowed to conduct the insurance under the new law provided that they complied with certain specified minimum stand- CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1179 ards. A person subject to the insurance was»without any action on his own part made a member of one of these compulsory funds unless he showed that he was a member of an "aid fund" or "mutual aid fund ' ' which also complied with the minimum standards . Where such funds were not created the communes were required to conduct the insurance; in other words, the communes provided as part of the local government a system of sickness insurance wherever other funds were not created. The law provided for the care of persons disabled by sickness or accidental injury for a period of 13 weeks during which the fund or other body conducting the insurance had to provide free medical attendance, medicines, etc., pecuniary benefits of not less than half the rate of wages for common labor in the locahty, benefits in case of childbirth, and funeral benefits. In case of volun- tary insurance the law specified the workmen alone should pay the entire cost of insurance, but in all other insurance the payments of the employer were not less than one-third of the cost, the workman himself paying the other two-thirds. Immediately after the enactment of this law plans for the exten- sion of the insurance were developed and on May 28, 1885, a new law was passed extending the insurance to specified classes of workmen. As the provisions of this law were later incorporated in the law of 1892 it is not necessary to specify the new classes. With the enact- ment of the law relating to accident insurance it was necessary to make some provision for persons employed in agriculture or forestry which are not included in the sickness insurance. The law of May 5, 1886, on accident insurance in agriculture, etc., specified the bene- fits which should be granted during the first 13 weeks of disability to persons employed in agricultural and forestry establishments. In the progress of time the experience gained under the adminis- tration of the law showed numerous defects and possibilities of improvement. On November 22, 1890, the Government introduced into the Reichstag a bill for the amendment of the sickness insurance law of 1883. The report accompanying this bill stated the Gov- ernment's views as follows: "The law on the sickness insurance of workmen of June 15, 1883, has during the 6 years of its operation proved itself in general to be advantageous both in regard to general principles as well as in regard to detailed provisions. As was to be expected on account of the wide scope of the sickness insurance which for the first time was put into operation on a national scale by this law, and of the great diversity of conditions affected by the law, a number of questions have arisen in the execution and apphcation of the law which it is desirable to remove and which it now seems possible to correct on the basis of experience already obtained. In great part the improvements needed are the amendment and com- 1180 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. the general principle of the law and will not make any great change in the greater part of the law." The Eeichstag referred the bill to a special committee of 28 members which returned the bill in an amended form in a report made to the Reichstag on March 17, 1891. On November 19, 1891, the Reichstag began consideration of the bill as reported by the committee and devoted eight sessions to the topic, ending with December 4, 1891. The third and final reading of the bill began on March 14, 1892, and six sessions were devoted to it ending with March 19, 1892. In each one of the readings of the bill important changes were made so that when it was finally enacted on April 10, 1892, it was quite different from the bill as introduced by the Government in 1890. The law of 1892 added to the class of insured persons those employees and apprentices of commercial establishments who were employed for wages; also the employees in the business offices of notaries and attorneys, the officials of sick funds, of the accident associations, and of the invalidity insurance institutes; also the persons employed in the establishments of the postal and telegraph administrations as well as the employees of the army and navy establishments, and finally those employed in dredging and similar work. In addition communes were allowed by local regulations to extend the insurance to persons employed in communal establishments and communal public works and the like if they were not already insured. On the other hand a small number of workmen were exempted from the insurance. The sick funds were authorized to provide by their constitutions that the "waiting time" could be omitted, that medical attention and medicines could be granted to members of the famihes of persons voluntarily insured, that the insured persons must make use of the services of specified physicians, apothecaries, hospitals, etc., and that certain fines were to be imposed for failure to comply with specified regulations regard- ing the taking on of workmen, the dismissal of the same, etc. The local sick funds were authorized to accept as members persons employed in branches of industry or occupations for which a local fund had not been created. The benefits in case of childbirth were increased from three to four weeks, but were slightly diminished in other respects. The funds were authorized by their constitutions to provide benefits for convalescents and were authorized to accept as members persons not subject to the insurance whose annual income did not exceed 2,000 marks ($476). The authorization to create federations of funds was renewed and wider scope was given to such federations. A number of administrative provisions were also con- tained in the 1892 law; the announcement of the taking on or dis- missal of workmen was made to include the aid funds; the assurance of punctual and accurate payment of the contributions by the CHAPTER V. WOBKMEn's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1181 employer was made more definite by the imposition of certain fines; a time limit was placed on which claims might be made for entrance fees, «;ontributions, and claims for benefits. Controversies in regard to benefits and dues could be settled by the administrative rules of the state in which the fund was located instead of by means of regu- lar law procedure; the guild funds were to include as compulsory members all persons employed in the establishments by the members of the guild. The relations of the sick funds to the government authorities and to the accident associations were made more specific and a failure to perform the duties imposed by the regulations was made punishable by fines. In the year 1899 the Government introduced a new bill for the amendment of the sickness insurance law which later became the law of June 30, 1900. The feature of this law which caused the most discussion was the authorization of the federal council to include such branches of the home-work industries or sweated industries as the Government saw proper. During the discussion of the amendment of 1900 the question of insurance for the home-working or domestic industries (often termed the "sweated" industries) was the principal point at issue. The Gov- ernment and most of the parties were convinced of the difficulties attending such a system of insurance, but nevertheless in 1902 the Government offered a bill according to which all persons employed in the sweated industries were to be included in the insurance ; the Reichs- tag, however, refused to pass the proposed bill and asked for a more general amendment of the law as it stood at that time. On February 19 a new law was brought forward by the Government, but no action was taken on this bill. Instead the Reichstag passed a resolution which requested the Government to introduce a law which would extend the compulsory insurance to the domestic or sweated indus- tries, to the workers in agriculture and forestry, and to workers in domestic service. The Government was also requested to introduce a bill providing for a thorough reform of the sickness insurance law. In preparing this bill the Government was requested to hear the representatives of the sick funds, of the sick-fund physicians, and of the apothecaries; this request included a proposal to the Government to consider whether permanent committees could not be formed con- sisting of representatives of the directors of sick funds, of represent- atives of the physicians and apothecaries which would regulate the medical treatment and the furnishing of medicine in the administration of sickness insurance. The resolution also included a request of the Government to take measures to bring into close connection the three branches of government insurance (the sickness, the invalidity, and the accident), in order to simplify and diminish the cost of adminis- 1182 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. tration and if possible to unite all existing insurance laws into a single law. The most pressing nee4 for the reform of the insurance arose from the fact that a person disabled by sickness could receive benefits from the sick fund for 13 weeks only, while the invalidity pension began only after the expiration of 26 weeks, thus leaving a period of 13 weeks for which no benefits were provided. On February 27, 190.3, the bill was referred to a special committee of 21 members which returned the bill to the Reichstag with but minor changes. It was finally approved by both houses and became a law on May 25, 1903. The principal innovations of the law of 1903 are : The minimum benefits are to be pro- vided for 26 weeks instead of 13 weeks as before; the pecuniary bene- fits shall no longer be refused in part or in whole when the sickness is due to immoral excesses; in determining the customary rates of daily wages representatives of the workmen and of the insured persons are to be allowed to present their views. Formerly the sum of 3 marks ($0.71) was the maximum amount to be used as the daily wages in computing benefits. This was now raised to 4 marks ($0.95), and in case the constitution provided that the actual earnings of persons should be used in computing benefits, 5 marks ($1.19) instead of 4 marks ($0.95) was the maximum sum to be used; the benefits in case of childbirth are to be given for not less than 6 weeks instead of 4 weeks as formerly. The funeral benefit may be made as much as 40 times the amount used as the rate for daily wages with a mini- mum payment of 50 marks ($11.90); in case the accident insurance organization must provide a death benefit this benefit must be re- paid to the sick fund after the latter has made such payment; in order to provide means for the increased benefits the funds are authorized to collect dues not in excess of 4 per cent (formerly 3 per cent) of the rate of daily wages, and in the case of communal insurance dues may be made not to exceed 3 per cent (formerly 2 per cent) of the same rate; and finally a more stringent control over the accounts of the sick funds was instituted. The chairman of the board of directors, for instance, was authorized to suspend illegal or unconstitutional acts of the board until action could be taken in regard to them, and under certain circumstances members of the directorates and officials of the funds could be removed or suspended by government officials. Since 1883 five laws affecting the sickness insurance have been passed; the general tendency has been to extend the insurance as far as the number of persons and the industries included are concerned, to increase the benefits, to permit greater freedom of movement from one fund to another, the prohibition of collecting dues while the insured person was in receipt of benefits, extending, membership in funds while not employed, the introduction of secret ballots in case CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1183 the general meeting is composed of representatives of the members, the placing of the settlement of controversies in the hands of industrial courts instead of the government officials when the dispute related to the computation of dues to be paid by the employer. The points on which action has not been taken as yet relate to the insurance of persons in agriculture, in the sweated (or domestic) industries, and in domestic service, though in some States, especially in south Germany, such insurance has been introduced by state law, and, second, the bene- fits in case of childbirth have not yet been provided for workers insured under the communal insurance. The third point on which no satisfactory solution has been obtained is the dispute regarding the employment of physicians. In the opinion of some of the best-known students of the sickness insurance question the problem of the relation between the physicians and the sick funds is regarded as the one most needing solution. The workmen demand freedom of choice in selecting their physician, while on the other hand the high cost of such procedure has prevented the sick funds from adopting this plan. INDUSTRIES COVERED. The sickness insurance includes mines, salt works, quarries, pit works, factories, smelting plants, railways, transportation on inland waterways, shipbuilding, the building trades, trades connected with commerce, the hand-working trades, and other trades or industries with fixed place of business; it also includes the persons employed in notaries' offices, attorneys' offices, auctioneers' offices, in sick funds, in accident associations, and other insurance institutes. Like the accident insurance it includes all persons engaged in establishments in which mechanical motive power is used. The establishments of the postal and telegraph administrations and of the army and navy departments are also included. The law specifically excludes persons engaged in navigation and in establishments in which motors or engines are used only temporarily. Agriculture and forestry are not included because the insurance of persons engaged in agriculture and forestry was purposly left to the regulation of the various States of the Empire. By order of a commune or of a larger local government the industries subject to the law may be made to include agriculture and forestry and establishments owned by the commune; the imperial chancellor or the officials of a state government may also extend the insurance to government establishments under their direction. The federal council is also authorized to extend the insurance to persons working at home under orders from outside firms (usually termed sweat-shop work, home work, etc.). 1184 KEPOE.T OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. PERSONS INCLUDED. The insurance includes workmen and administrative officials who are employed for wages or salary and whose term of service is known in advance to be not less than 1 week. If their wages or salary exceeds 6J marks ($1.59) per day (or if it is a yearly amount, 2,000 marks ($476) per annum) the following persons are excluded from the insurance: Administrative officials, foremen, technical officials, com- mercial employees, and commercial apprentices ; if their pay (wages or salary) exceeds the amount specified, officials employed in establish- ments of the States, of the local governments, or of the Empire are also excluded. ExTcluded from the insurance are apprentices and employ- ees of apothecaries, persons employed in the military service as well as those in the service of the Empire, of the State, or of a local govern- ment who in case of sickness have a right to continue drawing their salary or wages, or who by some other law are entitled to correspond- ing sick benefits at least for the first 13 weeks after the sickness and in case of the continuance of the sickness for a second 13 weeks, or who have a right to salary during disability or to a pension or to other benefits at least equal to IJ times the amount of the pecuniary sick benefits. By communal regulation the insurance may be extended to persons whose employment in an establishment subject to the insurance continues for less than 1 week, or who are employed without a wage contract or who are employed on the system of giving out work on orders (sweat-shop work, home work, etc.). Upon the application of the person affected or upon the applica- tion of the employer certain persons may be exempted from the insurance; the law permits an exemption in the case of persons who on account of infirmities, chronic diseases, or old age are only tem- porarily able to work or who are partially disabled, but in each case the consent of the poor-law authority having jurisdiction must first be obtained. Exemption m,ay also be granted on their own apphcation to persons who in case of sickness have a claim against their employer for benefits at least equal in value to the value of the minimum bene- fits of the sickness insurance if the proper authorities deem the employer solvent and able to pay the benefits. Upon appHcation of the employer apprentices in industrial estabhshments are to be exempted provided that they have a right to benefits either in a hospital for 26 weeks or in the employer's home. DISABILITY PROVIDED FOR. The sickness insurance provides benefits for disabihty due to what is usually understood as sickness, for disabihty caused by accidental (industrial and nonindustrial) injury, for normal childbirth, and a benefit in case of death. The term sickness is defined to be an abnormal condition of health, to remove which neceaaitatp s marlifgl nt.fanrlgnp.A nnrl m orlif iPTnaa CHAPTEE V. — WOEKMEN's INSUBANCE IN GEBMANY. 1185 The period of convalescence following sickness is not properly sickness, but when there is a recurrence of the sickness during the convales- cence the disability becomes entitled to rehef. Physical imperfec- tions are not disabilities in the meaning of insurance unless they prevent the person from working. Thus strabismus, when not caus- ing disability, is not sickness. If, for instance, an operation to remove strabismus is undertaken, the disability caused by the voluntary operation is likewise not the basis for a claim to sick benefits; if, however, an operation conducted in good faith results in sickness to the insured person, then the latter is entitled to benefits. The sickness insurance also provides benefits for the disabihty resulting from industrial accidents. For the definition of this type of disability see page 996. As a measure of administrative convenience, the benefits paid to female members in case of normal childbirth are provided by the sick funds — in other words, the maternity insurance has been com- bined with the sickness insurance. If the childbirth is not normal, it is, of course, the basis of a claim to the regular sick benefits. To defray the cost of burial of the insured person, the funds (but not the communal insurance) provide a funeral benefit. BENEFITS. The minimum benefits provided by the sickness-insurance system consist of (a) medical attendance, medicines, therapeutical supplies, etc., from the date when the sickness or disability begins and regard- less of whether it causes inability to continue working; (b) if the sickness or disability prevents the insured person from continuing work, he must be granted a pecuniary benefit, the amount of which is stated below, but which must not be less than half the rate of wages paid in the locality for ordinary unskilled day labor, this benefit to be paid during disability for not less than 26 weeks and not more than 52 weeks; (c) a pecuniary benefit of the same amount as the sick benefit for 6 weeks after the date of confinement to female insured persons in case of childbirth; (d) a funeral benefit of 20 times the rate of wages used in computing the pecuniary benefits, but not less than 50 marks ($11.90). The relation of the benefits provided by the sickness insurance and those provided by the other 2 branches of insurance — the accident and invalidity — is a matter of importance. A person included in both the sickness and accident insurance, who is disabled by an industrial accident, receives the regular sick insurance benefits for 13 weeks, and in addition receives from the beginning of the fifth week the accident benefit described on page 998. If, at the end of 13 weeks, the disabled person has not recovered, the accident associations or 1186 EBPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONEE OP lABOB. disabled by sickness receives the regular sick insurance benefits for a period of 26 weeks; if he has not recovered at that time the invalid- ity insurance institutes then provide the regular invalidity benefits. If there is good reason to believe that by special courses of treat- ment a person disabled either by an industrial accident or by a dis- ease causing extended invalidity, can be restored to health, then the agencies conducting the accident and invalidity insurance are author- ized to relieve the sick fund of the care of the disabled person and pro- vide the treatment at their own expense; they may also authorize the sick fund to provide such treatment at their expense, or, at the conclusion of the 13 weeks or of the 26 weeks, respectively, they may request the sick fund to continue at their expense the treatment pro- vided up to that time. The pecuniary benefit, but not the medical, etc., benefits, may be re- fused by the sick funds if the disabled person has purposely caused the sickness or accident, or if the disability results from participation in rowdyism or similar misconduct, or results from chronic intoxica- tion; forfeiture of the same rights for the period of 1 year results if the insured person injures the fund by committing an act punishable by the loss of civic rights. MEDICAL ATTENDANCE, MEDICINES, ETC. From the beginning of the disability the sick funds are required to provide free medical attendance, medicines, and therapeutic sup- plies (e. g., eyeglasses, trusses, etc.) for a period of 26 weeks. The services of a physician are to be provided in accordance with the regulations established by each fund; the usual plan is for the fund to make contracts with a number of physicians who give their services in return for an annual sum, fixed in advance, or for a specified sum per case, also fixed in advance. In no case is the charge fixed on the number of visits or number of prescriptions. The insured person is required to use the services of the fund physician, except in case of emergency. Many of the sick funds (e. g., the Leip- zig fund, see p. 1198) make contracts with a large number of physicians and the insured person is allowed to select from this number the phy- sician, while other funds, in order to secure low rates of fees from the physicians, provide only the services of a limited number of physi- cians. The competition among the physicians to secure the position of medical officer has resulted in reducing the cost to the funds to a very low level, but on the other hand the fees have become so small that the medical profession has issued formal protests on the subject and in some instances have engaged in controversies with the officers of the sick funds. The official plan for the reform of the insurance system provides for methods of arbitrating disputes of this kind (see p. 1215). CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1187 The medicines, etc., are supplied by pharmacists who make contracts in advance with the funds, and from whom the members must pro- cure the material prescribed by the medical officer of the fund except in cases of emergency. The therapeutical supplies include eyeglasses, trusses, bandages, inhaling apparatus, etc., but do not include artifi- cial limbs, etc. The physician is authorized to prescribe certain articles of diet, if they are essential parts of the treatment, such, for instance, as milk, eggs, etc., while the use of certain baths may like- wise be given at the expense of the fund. In place of the treatment in the home of the insured person, the fund may provide maintenance and treatment in a hospital or similar institution. In these cases the members of the family who were supported by the person undergoing such treatment receive one-half of the pecuniary benefits to which he was entitled. A married person or one maintaining his own household can not against his will be given treatment in a hospital unless the disability is contagious, or requires treatment or care which the family is not able to provide, or when the conduct or condition of the disabled person is such as to require constant observation. The treatment in an institution includes transportation to and from the institution. For the members of the family of insured persons the funds are per- mitted to provide benefits in the form of free medical treatment and medicine. If the funds so desire, they may also increase their bene- fits by providing convalescent care in convalescent homes, sanatori- ums, etc., for a period of not more than 1 year after the regular sick benefits have ceased. PECUNIARY BENEFITS. The law makes a distinction between the amount of the pecuniary benefit to be provided by the communal sickness insurance and that provided by the regular sick funds. The communal sickness insurance must provide the following: If the sickness or disability prevents the member from working, then for a period of 26 weeks, beginning with the third day of sickness, the pecvmiary benefit for each working day lost is one-half of the rate of wages paid for unskilled day labor in that locality. This rate of wages is determined by the superior administrative authorities after the communal authorities and the representatives of the employers and the insured persons have had an opportunity to present their views. The wage rates must be classified to show the rates for (1) persons over 16 years (a) males (6) females and (2) for persons under 16 years of age (a) males and (&) females. If desired, rates for per- sons 14 to 16 years of age may also be given. The pecuniary benefit which the sick fimds must provide con- sists of not less than one-haK of the average rate of wages of the 1188 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. classes of persons for whom the fund was established, but such aver- age wage rate must not exceed 4 marks ($0.95) per day. The benefit must be paid for each working day lost, beginning with the third day of disability and continuing for not less than 26 weeks from the first day on which it was paid. If a fund so desires, the dues and benefits may be computed in the form of percentages on the actual wages earned, but in such cases the wages in excess of 6 marks ($1.19) per day are not to be mcluded in the computation. The right of the insured persons to the pecimiary benefit may be extended by the fund so as to begin on the first day of disability instead of on the third, and the payments may be continued during the period of not more than 1 year. In addition the sick wage may be paid for Sundays and holidays, or it may be increased to three- fourths of the wage used as the basis for computation. The law specifically prohibits the funds from paying widow, orphan, or inTalidity pensions of any kind, except in the case of the miners' funds ; "the latter are, however, required to keep the accounts of their invalidity, widow, or orphan relief entirely distinct from the opera- tions of their sickness insurance. The payment of the pecimiary sick benefit in case of disability begins with the third day from the date of sickness. This period of three days before the payment of the pecuniary benefit begins is usually designated as the "waiting time." The general purpose is to prevent malingering or shamming; in addition it tends to prevent workers from ceasing work and making claims on the sick fund for trifling cases of indisposition. However, it is in the interest of the sick funds for the disabled person not to delay immediately reporting a case of sickness or to delay immediate treatment of the case ; for this reason the law authorizes the funds to specify in their constitutions that the pecuniary sick benefits may begin with the day of the sickness, if agreed to by both the employers and the insured persons, and if there is a sufficient surplus in the treasury. CONFINEMENT BENEFIT. Female insured persons may be provided with the regular pecuniary sick benefit in case of normal childbirth for a period of 6 weeks from the date of confinement by all the funds, but not the communal insurance. To be entitled to this benefit, the member must have been in good standing for at least 6 months during the year prior to the date of confinement. The benefit is paid for the 6 weeks regard- less of whether the mother is able to return to work. Cases of childbirth which are not normal entitle the member to the regular sick benefits. CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1189 The funds are authorized to extend the confinement benefits if they so desire; the sick benefit may be granted for the disability due to approaching confinement for a period not to exceed 6 weeks and may include medical attendance, medicine, etc., for the minor ailments incidental to pregnancy and may also include the services of a midwife. The benefits which the funds may provide for the wife of an insured person include pecuniary benefits, medical attendance, medi- cine, etc., previous to the date of confinement, but do not include benefits after that date. FUNERAL BENEFIT. In case of the death of an insured person, a benefit is paid consist- ing of 20 times the rate of daily wages used as the basis for computing the benefits; the communal sickness insurance, however, does not provide any funeral benefit. The regulations require the benefit to be used in paying the funeral expenses, but any surplus must be paid to the widow or other heirs, and in case no heirs can be found the surplus reverts to the sick fund. Suicide does not exclude the claim to the funeral benefit. The regular sick funds (local, establishment, building, and guild funds) are authorized to increase the funeral benefit to not more than 40 times the rate of daily wages used as the basis for computing benefits, or they may use a fixed sum of not less than 50 marks ($11.90). If the disability of the insured person was due to an industrial accident, and the deceased was entitled to a funeral benefit under the accident insurance laws, then the sick fund can demand the return of the amount of its funeral benefit from the benefit provided by the accident association. DETERMINATION AND REVISION OF BENEFITS. The usual procedure followed by the sick funds is to have the disabled member announce to the officials of the fund or to the nearest agent of the fund the fact of his need for benefits; this announcement must be made within 3 days of the occurrence of the disability and must be accompanied by the membership book, showing the amount of dues paid. The official of the fund thereupon furnishes the sick member with a certificate entitling him to the services of the fund physician, who is then summoned to take charge of the case; the physician has authority to order the proper medicines, supplies, etc. Usually the certificate of sickness contains the names and addresses of the physicians in the service of the fund, and the rules regarding the selection of the physician in case the member is allowed to make 1190 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. a choice. At the conclusion of each week of disability (provided that he has not been able to resume work), the member or a person- acting for him is entitled to collect the pecuniary benefits for the preceding week; the application for the pecuniary benefit must be supported by the physician's certificate attesting the continuance of the dis- ability. The benefit paid to female insured persons during con- finement is paid upon presentation of a birth certificate from the registration office. In urgent cases the insured person may summon the fund physician and as soon as possible thereafter report to the officials, while in cases of emergency any physician may be sum- moned at the expense of the fund. The benefits are paid for entire days only, and as a rule for working days only. If the insured person is one who works on Sundays and holidays (watchmen, domestic servants, etc.), the benefits must be paid for each working day, but in case certain week days are regu- larly days of rest for the workman such rest days are not included in the period of benefit payments. The benefits are paid in the form of percentages of average rates of wages. For the communal sickness insurance the officials of the commune determine the rates of wages u on which the benefits are to be computed, and these rates can be changed only after 6 months' notice. For the other funds considerable latitude is permitted as to the rates of wages used as the basis for computing benefits; frequently classes of wages are adopted, permitting a wide range of benefits and dues, and in some cases the actual wages only are used, though in such instances 5 marks ($1.19) per day is the maximum amount which may be«included in the computation of the benefits. These rates of wages must be specified in the constitution of the fund and the insured person must have his benefits computed in the manner prescribed. Thus in a fund where a series of wage classes is used, if a worker has his wages increased his benefits must auto- matically increase, even if the employer had not reported the increase at the time when the worker was disabled. The right to benefits is lost unless the claim is made within 2 years after the beginning of the disability. Controversies which arise between the insured persons or their employers and the sick funds in regard to dues, benefits, or the obligation to insure are settled by the supervising government offi- cials; an appeal may be made from such decisions to the courts having jurisdiction over controversies relating to matters of administration. Controversies between an employer and insured persons in his service concerning dues, etc., are settled by the industrial courts (Gewerhegerichte) except in the case of the miners' funds and the mutual aid funds; the officials designated by the laws of each State to supervise the miners' funds settle controversies affecting the CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1191 members of that fund, while controversies with mutual aid funds are settled by the regular courts. Controversies relating to sick fund benefits are decided by the administrative officials. SOTTSCES OF INCOKE. The cost of the sickness insurance is defrayed in the proportion of one-third by the employer and two-thirds by the insured person, while the government (state, local, and imperial) provides the ser- vices of numerous officials. The income of the funds consists of dues or assessments, paid by the employer to the fund in which his work- men are insured; the employer is required to deduct the workmen's share from their wages and to add to this amount his own share, which must be not less than half of the amount paid by the workmen. According to the law (articles 9, 10, and 51) the dues for the persons insured in the communal sickness insurance are to be 1 per cent of the rate of wages paid for ordinary unskilled labor in that locality. The dues for the persons insured in the other funds are to be 3 per cent and in no case more than 4 per cent of the average rate of wages or of the rate of wages used in computing the benefits. The dues of the employer are not less than one-half of these rates. The communal sickness insurance may not charge entrance or •initiation fees, the other funds may make such charges to new mem- bers, but the fee may not exceed the sum of the dues for 6 weeks. No part of these fees is borne by the employer. Insured persons are not required to pay dues while they are dis- abled nor during periods of unemployment. If supplementary dues are charged to provide special benefits not required by the law such dues must be paid during disabiUty. Fines up to the amount of 300 marks ($71.40) and imprisonment are the penalties prescribed for employers who intentionally deduct from wages amounts which are higher than the prescribed rates of dues. Severe penalties are imposed on employers who intentionally defraud the fund either for their own profit or the profit of third parties. FINANCIAl ADMINISTRATION. Each of the various types of funds has so many features pecuHar to itself that the financial administration is necessarily determined by the special purpose and structure of each class of funds, as described in the next section; but in addition to this account of the organization and administration of the different funds, certain general features of the financial administration should be mentioned. The compulsory sick funds are required to keep their income and expenditure accounts in such a maimer that the benefits required by 1192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. the law are entirely distinct from any additional benefits which the funds are permitted to provide, while the assets or reserves of the 2 types of benefits must also be administered separately. To protect the funds all securities and negotiable papers must be deposited in places designated by the supervising government officials. Unless the superior government officials permit an exception, the assets of the funds must be invested in the securities approved for orphans' estates. If the fund is closed or dissolved, any assets remaining after the payment of the outstanding Habilities revert to that local fund to which the members have been transferred; if no such general transfer is made the residue is devoted to a purpose most akin to the object of the sick fund, the recipient being selected by the supervising government officials. The general financial administration of the sick funds is made as simple as possible; the dues are estimated to be sufficient to defray the current expenditures, though, to cover fluctuations, the funds (with the exception of the building funds) must accumulate a reserve equal to the average annual expenditures during the last 3 years. Expenditures may be made only for the benefits specified in the law ' and for administration, in addition to the necessary amounts set aside for the reserve. For the communal sickness insurance the regular dues are estimated to be sufficient to cover the expenditures, and any excess of receipts is used to form a reserve. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. On account of the localized nature of the administration of the sickness insurance, it is necessary to discuss each type of sick in- surance organization separately and explain the principal features of each. In the foUowing pages are discussed: (1) The local sick funds {Ortsjcranlcenkassen) ; (2) parish or communal sick insurance (Gemeinde-Kranlcenversicherung); (3) the establishment funds (Be- triebskrankenkassen) ; (4) the building trade funds (BauJcranlcenkas- sen); (5) the guild funds (Innungslcrankenlcassen) ; (6) the aid funds of both classes (Eingeschriebene Hilfskassen, LandesrecMliche Hilfs- Icassen); (7) the miners' funds (KnappschaftsTcassen) . » LOCAL SICK FUNDS. The principal organizations for the administration of sickness insur- ance are the " local sick funds," or funds whose membership is selected on industrial or occupational lines. They are corporations with all the rights of legal persons and in general have the same struc- tural organization as other funds. Communes are authorized to estab- lish local funds whenever the number of persons to be included in the CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1193 proposed fund is at least 100, and in case the number is less than this such funds may be established whenever the superior administra- tive authorities regard the financial stability of the fimd as perfectly secure. As a rule, such funds are established upon the voluntary actions of the communes affected, though the above-named govern- ment officials may compel the commimes to create a local fund for any occupation or kind of estabhshment if the persons insured so request ; in such cases all persons affected must be given an oppor- tunity to express their views and the number of persons making formal appHcation must be not less than 100 and the persons apply- ing must be at least half of those engaged in the occupation or branch of industry in the area affected. If the local fund is to include more than one occupation or kind of estabhshment, then the application must be signed by more than half of the persons employed in these groups with 100 as a minimum number. The decision of the superior administrative authorities in this matter can be appealed from by the communes to the central authorities of the Government. Any commune which does not comply with the order of the officials to establish such a fund loses the right to secure for the persons affected contributions for communal sick insurance. As a rule local sick funds are created for persons employed ia one occupation or one class of establishment in a specific area. This class of fund therefore attempts to insure workers against sickness on in- dustrial lines. The insurance by occupations, however, can not always be adhered to; the communes may therefore combine several occupa- tions or classes of establishments, if each has less than 100 persons, into one fund. If each occupation or class of establishment employs more than 100 persons, the communes can combine these into 1 fimd only after the persons affected have had an opportunity to express their views, and in case they oppose such a combination, only after the superior administrative authorities have given their consent. The territorial limits of the communes are frequently disregarded because the number of persons of the different occupations employed in the different classes of establishments is too small to form a finan- cially stable organization. The superior administrative authorities must summon the persons affected and give them an opportunity to express their views ia regard to such a combination, and in case of their opposition may decline to approve the same. The combina- tion of several communes into one local sick fund can also be forced upon the communes by the order of the superior administrative authorities, though the representatives of the persons affected must be heard in each case. In all of these cases the appeals against the orders of the superior administrative authorities may be made to the central authorities of the State if such an appeal ia filed within 4 1194 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The affairs of the local sick funds are regulated by a constitution which is drawn up by the comnaunal officials, who must allow the persons affected to express their opinions on the various points included; the constitution must comply with the various points specified in the law and may not contain anything in conflict with the sickness insurance law, or which is not in harmony with the purposes of the fund, and must always be approved by the superior administrative authorities before being put into force; the latter may decline to approve the constitution only if it does not comply with the legal requirements or when the class of persons included conflicts with those insured in another fund. Appeals against the decision of the superior authorities in case of disapproval may be made according to the usual rules for such appeals. The general administration of the sick fund is carried on by a board of directors and a general meeting; the latter is composed either of aU adult members in full possession of civil rights or of delegates elected by the members by secret ballot. In case the fimd has 500 or more members the general meeting is required to consist of dele- gates. The employer has a proportion of votes in the general meeting corresponding to the proportion of his dues, but such votes shall not in any case be more than one-third of the total number and may be cast by the manager or other official of the plant. The general meeting alone can approve the annual accounts, prosecute claims of the ftmd against members of the board of directors, and amend the constitution. The general meeting also elects the board of directors by a secret ballot in which the votes of the employers and of the members are taken separately. The employers are entitled to the same proportion of members in the board of directors as they have votes in the general meeting. The number of members of the board is to be specified by the constitution. In case the general meeting fails to elect a board, that body is appointed by the governmental officials. Members of the board receive no salary but are recom- pensed for cash expenditures on behaK of the fimd; but in order to protect the workmen members of the fund, the constitution may provide that they may receive a specified sum for loss of time or loss of earnings due to attending to the business of the fund. Serv- ice on the board of directors is compulsory and can be refused only when the person elected already holds an office in the accident or invahdity insurance systems, or if he has already served for 2 years in an honorary office created by the sickness insurance law. In case of refusal, except for the grounds mentioned, the person declining office may be deprived of his vote in the general meeting by resolu- tion of that body. The chairman of the board of directors has the special duty of suspending any illegal or unconstitutional act of the CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1195 officials or executive bodies of the fund until the government authori- ties have time to act on the report which he is required to make in such matters. The local funds have the right to appoint as many em- ployees as are necessary to conduct their business, especially book- keepers and cashiers. The receipts and expenditures of the local fund must be kept separately from all receipts and expenditures which are foreign to the insurance purposes of the fund, and the money must be kept in separate places. The securities which belong to the assets of the fund must be deposited with the government officials or ia places specified by the latter. The cash balances may be deposited only in the public savings banks or invested in securities authorized for the investment of trust funds. The state officials, however, may grant special exceptions from this rule. Each fund must keep a reserve of not less than the average expenditure per year for the last 3 years, and to form this reserve a supplementary charge of 10 per cent on the dues must be made and must be contiaued whenever necessary to keep the reserve above the minimum amount. The form of book- keeping is to be specified by the government authorities and an annual report on blanks provided for that purpose must be made to these officials. The bookkeepers and cashiers, as well as the members of the board of directors are responsible for the administration of their offices and liable to prosecution under the civil code in the same man- ner as are trustees or guardians. Aside from the prosecution just mentioned, officials of the fund who use its assets for their private benefit may be required by the government officials to pay interest on the amounts so disposed of. The administrative authorities may suspend bookkeepers and other officials, including members of the board of directors, from their office whenever a court renders a verdict depriving them of any of their civil rights or whenever they are guilty of acts which are prejudicial to the welfare of the fund. The supervision of the local sick funds in regard to compliance with the provisions of the sickness insurance law and of the constitution made in accordance therewith rests with the officials of the com- mune in case the latter has more than 10,000 inhabitants; in other cases with officials named by the government of the various States of the Empire. The final supervision of the fund rests in the hands of the superior administrative authorities. The superior administrative authorities are authorized either to close a fund or to approve of its dissolution. The dissolution of a fund may take place only when requested by the officials of the commune with the consent of the general meeting of the fund. In case the officials decline to dissolve the fund, appeals from their decision may be made to the next higher authority. The closing of a fund may be done only by the higher administrative authorities, 1196 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. and such action does not require the consent either of the commune or of the general meeting. Closing of a fund is obligatory whenever the number of members falls permanently below 60 or when the annual accounts show that the minimum benefits provided by the operation of the fund can not comply with the minimum specified in the law, even though the dues are raised to 4 per cent of the wages. Orders of admin- istrative authorities in such matters may be contested by appeals in the regular manner. Whenever a fund is closed or dissolved its members subject to compulsory insurance, are either to be added to another local fund or to be included in the communal sickness insurance, and to the organization to which the members are added is transferred any assets left after the payment of existing claims. If it is not necessary to transfer the members to another fund the existing assets may be used for a purpose in harmony with the purpose for which the fund was established. Appeals from the actions of the superior administra- tive authorities in this matter may be made within 4 weeks to the central authorities of the State. Because of the size and scope of its activities the local sick fund for Leipzig and surrounding territory is frequently used as an illus- tration of the method of operation of the sick funds. When the sickness insurance was introduced, in the year 1884, there were cre- ated for Leipzig 18 different local sick funds for various occupations, and the usual communal sickness insurance; at that time these 19 funds, together, included 20,833 members. Even in the first year's operations it was made evident that a number of advantages could be secured by consolidating these 19 funds, and on the 1st of January, 1887, such a consolidation was made, which included not only the municipahty of Leipzig but also the surrounding territory comprised in • a radius of about 6 kilometers and including about 42 local governments. In the year 1902 the membership of the fund was composed of 141,000 persons in the service of about 20,000 employers, and the fund is at the present time the largest sick fund in Germany. This step of consoHdation has not been taken in the other large cities of Germany; in 1902, for instance, there were in Berlin 54 local funds; in Breslau, 54; in Hamburg, 19; in Hanover, 10; in Magde- burg, 10, and in Stuttgart, 18, in each case the membership of the funds being based on occupations. To show the actual operations of the local type of sick fund it will be recalled that the business of the fund is administered by the general meeting and by the board of directors. The general meeting consists of two-thirds of representatives of the insured persons and one-third of representatives of those employers who have paid con- tributions for persons employed by them. The number of repre- CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1197 sentatives in the general meeting of the Leipzig fund is at present 450, and they are elected for 3-year terms. The board of directors is elected by the general meeting and consists of 18 persons, of whom 12 represent the insured persons and 6 the employers. The term of oifice of members is 3 years, and one-third of the membership is renewed each year as the terms of 2 employers and 4 insured persons expire each year. The benefits paid by the local sick fund of Leipzig consist of : 1. From the beginning of the sickness on, free medical attendance, medicines, therapeutic appliances, etc. 2. In case of disability a pecuniary benefit not to exceed 15 marks ($3.57) per week, beginning with the second day of disability and continuing for 34 weeks. 3. In place of the benefits specified under 1 and 2 above, the fund may grant free medical care and free maintenance in a hospital, a sanitarium or home for convalescents; and in addition, while the disabled wage-earner is in such an institution, a cash benefit to the family dependent upon the disabled person, equal to two-thirds of the cash benefit to which the member was entitled ; or if the member was unmarried a cash benefit equal to one-fourth of the ordinary cash benefit in case of sickness. 4. A pecuniary benefit for a period of 6 weeks to female members in case of childbirth. 5. A funeral benefit in case of the death of a member. 6. A benefit to members of the family not gainfully employed who are living in the household of an insured person, consisting of the following: (a) In case of the sickness of the children, of the wife (or husband) , parents, or grandparents, if these are not members of the fund, the benefits are free medical treatment and free medicines, but not including therapeutic appliances, for the duration of the sickness, but not to exceed 13 weeks, (b) In case of the death of the wife or of a child, if they were not themselves members of the fund, a funeral benefit is paid of 30 marks (17.14) for the wife, and of 15 marks ($3.57) for a child. As an illustration of how important the expenditures under the last-named class of benefits (those designated under 6) are to the members of the fund it may be stated that in the year 1902 free medical attendance and medicines were provided for 55,084 wives, 125,540 children, and 5,323 other dependents of members, while funeral benefits were paid for the death of 376 wives and 3,279 children of members. The dues of the members are paid by the employer, who pays one-third at his own expense and deducts two-thirds from the wage payments of the insured persons. The dues are collected at the end of each month by 14 collectors employed for this purpose by 1198 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. the fund; in case the dues are collected by the collector of the fund the latter must provide the employer with a receipt; in other cases the employer must forward the amount of the dues within 1 week to the office of the fund. If proper payments are not made within 1 week the fund institutes proceedings against the employer in the manner prescribed by the law. Persons who are not subject to the compulsory insurance may become voluntary members of the fund, but in such case must themselves pay the full amount of the dues. The members are divided into 10 classes according to the amount of then- daily earnings. The dues of the fund are based on the average amount of the wage in the class to which the member belongs, and are 3.5 per cent of this average amount while the cash benefits are based on the amount of dues paid. The following table shows the amount of the dues and the benefits by wage classes: WAGE CLASSES OF MEMBERS, WITH RATES OF DUES AND BENEFITS, OF THE LOCAL SICK FUND OF LEIPZIG AND SURROUNDING TERRITORY, IN 1902. ISource: Die Entwickelung und Tatigkeit der Ortskrankenkasse fiir Leipzig und Umgegend.] Average daily earnings. Aver- age daily wages. Weekly dues. Sick bene- fits, not in- clud- ing medi- cal atten- tion, medi- cines, etc. Adults. Young persons (14 to 16 years of age). Paid by- Total. Fu- neral bene- fits. Class. Males. Females. Males. Females. Work- man. Em- ploy- er. I $1.07 and over .95 to $1.07 .84 to .95 .78 to .83 .60 to .77 .002to .60 $1.07 and over 95 to $1.07 .84 to .95 .78 to .83 .60 to .77 .48 to .60 .36 to .48 .002to .36 $1.19 1.07 .95 .83 .71 .60 .48 .36 .24 .14 $0,167 .152 .133 .119 .100 .086 .067 .053 .033 .019 $0,083 .076 .067 .060 .050 .043 .033 .026 .017 .010 $0,260 .228 .■200 .179 .150 .129 .100 .079 .050 .029 $3.57 3.21 2.86 2.50 2.14 1.79 1.43 L07 .71 .43 $23.80 II 21.42 III 19.04 IV 16.66 v 14.28 VI 11.90 VII 9.62 VIII $0,002 and over $0,002 and over .002 to $0.24. m 7.14 IX 4.76 oX m 2.86 " Persons under 14 years of age of both sexes. t> Not specified. In 1902 the local fund of Leipzig had 297 physicians in its service on the basis of contract, and of these 97 were specialists. The fund has therefore endeavored to solve the difficult question of the free choice of physicians by having a large number of physicians on its staff, who, as a matter of fact, formed 80 per cent of the registered physicians in the city. A member may select any physician whom he desires, but if the physician is required to visit the dwelling of the sick person to provide treatment he must use the services of the physician who dwells nearest to him. The physicians are paid a lump CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSTJRANCE IN GERMANY. 1199 sum annually on the basis of the membership of the fund. The number of apothecaries who deliver medicines under contract to the fund is 43. In addition the fund has in its service, first, 3 physicians who act as officers of the fund and who make the examination of voluntary applicants for membership, and make the examination of disabled members after treatment by the regular fund physician; and second, the sickness controllers, who render advice as to methods of treatment, other technical questions, and similar problems. The supervision and control of the sick members is arranged as follows : If a sick member desires to draw pecuniary benefits, the attending phy- sician specifies, in accordance with the nature of the sickness, certain hours of the morning or afternoon during which the beneficiary may leave his home and in certain cases can specify that the beneficiary may not leave his home at all. If a sick member disregards the rules of the fund or disobeys the orders of the physician in regard to leav- ing his home, he may be penalized with fines not to exceed three times the amount of the daily sick benefit for each offense. To supervise the sick members 21 paid and 250 voluntary sickness controllers are employed. The area of the fund is divided into 31 districts for this purpose. For each district there is an agent who attends to the busi- ness of that district and manages the business of the members with the administration of the fund ; each agent has a proper number of sick visitors or controllers in his service. The voluntary sickness con- tollers are members who perform their duties outside of their regu- lar working hours, but who receive no compensation whatever for such work. The fund has the use of 3 health resorts placed at its disposal as a gift, in which approximately 175 patients receive treatment annually. Besides these 3 resorts the fund has the use of a wooded park in the neighborhood of Leipzig on which are buildings, kitchens, etc., where in the summer persons suffering from lung diseases can be sent during the daytime and return to their homes in the-evening. Patients who are directed to use this park are supplied with car fare and with a midday meal. The problem of reducing the disability due to tuberculosis is re- garded as one of the most important fields of activity of the Leipzig fund and special care is provided for persons suffering from this disease. All of the fund physicians provide any member with full information in regard to the origin, the results, and the proper methods of treatment of tuberculosis, and members for whom treatment in a sanitarium is advisable are immediately provided with such treat- ment. All the officials of the fund are required to make immediate report of any case of tuberculosis among the members of which they obtain knowledge in order that treatment may begin at the earliest date possible. 1200 EBPOET OF THE OOMMISSIONER OF IiA30E. The following table shows the expenditures of the Leipzig fund for the year 1902 and for the period 1884 to 1902. AMOUNT AND PER CENT OF EXPENDITURES OF THE LOCAL SICK FUND OF LEIPZIG AND SUEROUNDING TEEEITOEY, BY CLASS OF EXPENDITUEE, 1902 AND 1884 TO 1902. [Source: Die Entwickelung und Tatigkeit der Ortskrankenkasse fiir Leipzig und Umgegend.] Class of expenditure. Expenditure in 1902. 1884 to 1902.' Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. $196,523 114,214 364,152 13,046 15,910 25,617 74,506 78,149 24,727 21.7 12.6 40.2 1.4 1.8 2.8 8.2 8.6 2.7 $1,877,949 1,162,505 3,917,860 106,822 146,945 321,629 742,860 766,030 266,958 Medicines, etc 12 5 Pecuniary benefits to members 42 1 1 2 Benefits in case of ebildbirth 1 6 Funeral benefits Medical care and maintenance in institutions, etc. . . 8 Costs of administration All other expenditures 2 9 Total 906,844 100.0 9,309,558 100.0 PARISH OR COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. In the creation of the German sickness insurance system, efforts were made to organize the persons insured along trade or industrial lines as much as possible; it is obvious in many districts there would be large numbers of persons who would not fall within the scope either of a local fund, an establishment fund, a building trades fund, a guild fund, or a miners' fund, or one of the mutual aid funds pro- vided to conduct the insurance of its members. In Austria a special territorial organization was created for this purpose, but in Germany the communal or parish governments were directed to perform this work. It is therefore not a separate fund with an independent exist- ence, but only one of the duties of a commune or parish. This duty exists automatically whenever and as long as there are establishments located in any commune, the employees of which are subject to the insurance and do not belong to any of the 7 classes of fund authorized to conduct insurance. It is the duty of the commune to provide those persons subject to the compulsory insurance law with the regu- lar sick benefits whenever they become disabled. To defray these expenditures the commune assesses upon the insured persons the dues or contributions specified in the law. As a rule, these are assess- ments on the wages and are to be equal to IJ per cent of the customary daily rate of wages; in case this amount is insufficient it may be increased to 3 per cent of the customary daily wages of that locality; and in each case the employer pays one-third of the sum. A special account must be kept for the receipts and expenditures of this department of the communal government, and an annual report of the operations under this account must be made to the CHAPTEE V. WORKMEHr'S INSXIRANCE IN GEEMANY. 1201 superior administratiTe authorities. The commune must administer the insurance without compensation and whenever the funds on hand are insufficient for the purposes of the insurance the commune must temporarily provide a loan to defray the deficit; this loan shall be repaid from the excess of receipts over expenditures at a later time, or may be repaid from the reserve of the fund, or may remain unpaid. In general, the area covered by the communal sickness insurance is that of one commune or parish; but a combination of several communes may form a federation of these bodies to conduct the insurance and such a federation may require adjoining communes to combine with it in order to increase the scope of their operations. In case the supe- rior administrative authorities deem proper, several communes may be forced to create such a federation. This action may be taken where federations of communes do not exist or it may be taken at the request of those communes in which, because of the small number of persons subject to insurance, or because, at the rate of 3 per cent of the customary daily wages, the receipts are not sufficient to defray the expenditures. An exception to this rule is made in the provision that communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants without their con- sent may not be combined with smaller communes unless the admin- istration of the combined communal sickness insurance is given to the large commune. Federations of this kind may be dissolved in the same manner as other organizations, but all actions in this regard must be approved by the superior administrative authorities. ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. The establishment sick funds are organizations which had existed for many years previous to the introduction of compulsory insurance and were made one of the means of administering that system. While the local sick funds are to be created for specffic branches of industry or specific kinds of establishments, and therefore include in their membership all the establishments of a certain kind in a certain district, the establishment funds on the other hand are sick funds created for the purpose of insuring the employees of a single estab- lishment or of several establishments of the same employer. An establishment fund may not be created for the establishments of several employers. The only exception to this rule occurs in cases when one of several establishments of an employer is sold or otherwise separated from the others, and in such cases at the request of the new proprietor the insurance of his employees may be continued with those of the former group of establishments. The separation of the insurance can take place only upon the apphcationof the new employer. Under certain conditions, therefore, the employer is entitled to estabhsh a sick fund for his estabhshment and under certain other conditions he may be required to do so by order of the superior 1202 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. administrative officials. The latter provision applies especially in case of establishments where the employees are subjected to an unusu- ally high risk of sickness and in such cases the employer may be re- quired to establish a fund even if the number of his employees is less than 50, the minimum number required in all other cases. In this manner an effort is made to avoid unduly burdening the communal sickness insurance or the local sick fund with establishments where special risks are present. In addition, whenever an employer has more than 50 persons in his establishment the commtme in which the establishment is located or the sick fund in which the persons em- ployed are insured may make application to have the employer establish such a fund. Before the order is issued in such cases the employer and the persons employed by him, or their representatives, and the commune are entitled to a hearing in order to express their views on this subject. In case the superior administrative officials issue such an order and the employer fails to comply therewith, the latter must at his own expense pay the dues not exceeding 5 per cent of the wages of the insured persons. The amount of these contribu- tions is determined by the superior administrative officials in con- sultation with the parish officials. In general, the administration of this type of fund follows that of the local sick funds. The constitution is drawn up by the employer or his representative in consultation with his employees or their representatives and must be approved by the superior administrative officials. The employer is entitled to representation in the board of directors and in the general meeting and may himself be the president of both bodies or appoint that official. He must himself keep the books and accounts and defray the cost thereof; in case at any time there is a deficit in the treasury of the fund, he must advance the amount necessary to supply the same and whenever the contribu- tions, even though they are equal to 4 per cent of the average wages of the employees, are not sufficient to provide the minimum benefit specified in the law the employer must at his own expense and without any claim for recompense supply the amount necessary. Of the current contributions be must pay one-third. .Persons who have been members of an establishment fund and after leaving the employ of the firm desire to continue their membership may do so by con- tinuing the payment of full dues, but shall have no vote and may not hold office. In case the establishment temporarily shuts down or temporarily reduces the number of its employees below 50 the super- vising officials may continue the administration of the fund by install- ing a representative in office. This may not, however, be done for establishments which because of the nature of the industry in which they are engaged close down at regular intervals. CHAPTEB V. WOKKMEN's INSUEAlirCE IN GERMANY. 1203 Establishment funds cease to exist either through dissolution or through an order to cease business. Both steps can be ordered by the superior administrative officials against which order the persons affected may file an appeal within 2 weeks to higher officials. A fund may be dissolved upon application of the employer with the approval of the general meeting of the insured members provided that the communal officials affected have had a chance to express their views in regard to the application. An establishment fund must be closed up whenever the establishment is dissolved for which the fund has been created, or in case the keeping of the books and accounts has been unsatisfactory, or in case of a permanent diminution in the number of members below 50 persons. In other respects the establishment funds follow closely the admin- istration of the rules and procedure of local sick funds. BUILDING TRADES FUNDS. A special type of establishment fund is found in the fund for insur- ance of persons employed in the building trades. As operations in the building industry frequently bring together large bodies of men for a short time and these men are exposed to an unusually high rate of sickness or other disability, it is often preferable to unite them into a special organization to provide sickness insurance. These funds are therefore another form of establishment fund, and are subjected to practically the same regulations as the last-named funds; they are not, however, required to accumulate reserves unless the authorities so require, and the constitution shall, in case of the dissolution or clos- ing of such a fund, state the use to which the assets are to be put. The creation of such funds may be made compulsory upon order of the superior administrative authorities for special excavation work or heavy building work in which a large number of workmen are employed. This order may be made to apply to several contractors engaged on one or more buildings or parts of buildings, or other con- struction work. If the employers do not comply with such an order, they must at their own expense pay all the benefits of the sickness insurance without deductions from the wages of their employees. In case the fund is closed by the above-named officials because the em- ployer does not properly conduct the accounting and other oper- ations of the fund the latter must provide the minimum benefits of the insurance at his own expense. The fund must also be closed in case the building or construction work is completed or the firm conducting the work is dissolved. The administrative authorities are authorized to settle controversies arising in regard to benefits to be paid to employees as well as claims of communes or other bodies against such funds. 1204 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. GUILD FUNDS. The guild funds are one of the types of organization providing sickness insurance which existed at the time of the establishment of the compulsory system and were made part of the latter. These funds are created in accordance with certain provisions contained in the industrial code, but so long as these comply with the minimum stand- ards established for the compulsory funds they are regarded as parts of the compulsory system. According to article 73 of the sickness insurance law and article 90 of the industrial code the provisions of the sickness insurance apply to funds which the guilds have provided for the journeymen and the apprentices of their members in accord- ance with title 70 of the industrial code. As a matter of fact, the membership of these funds includes many persons in addition to the journeymen and apprentices; according to the law all persons in the employ of members of the guild who are subject to compulsory insur- ance, as for instance the unskilled workers, laborers, messen- gers, etc., are members of the guild sick fund. In such cases, of course, the employment must be in the establishment to which the workmen, who are members of the guild, belong. If, for instance, a guild member has a salesroom in which certain persons are exclusively employed without coming in contact with the workshop, the latter are, of course, not subject to the compulsory insurance. A person who becomes a compulsory member of a guild sick fund at that mo- ment ceases to be a member of all other compulsory sickness insurance funds, such as the communal sickness insurance, the local sick funds, or an establishment fund. In order to protect the local sick funds against sudden decreases of membership through the creation of guild funds the law provides that persons subject to compulsory insurance whose employers become members of the guild, may, after the creation of a guild sick fund, not begin their membership in the new sick fund of the guild until the beginning of the new fiscal year, and only after the employer has given 3 months' notice of his membership in the guild fund to the board of directors of the local fund to which he formerly belonged. For the same reason the time when a new guild sick fund may begin operations must be fixed by the superior govern- ment officials; in fact, according to article 85 of the industrial code the proposal for the creation of a guild sick fund must receive the approval of the superior government officials before such a fund can be established. In general the administration of guild sick funds resembles closely the administration of the local sick funds, though in one important feature the arrangements diflfer. The local sick funds are independ- ent legal persons with the right to acquire property and enter into obligations, to sue and to be sued, and for whose obligations only the property of the fund is liable. On the other hand, the guild sick CHAPTER V. — workmen's INStfttANCE IN GERMANY. 1205 funds are subsidiary features of the guild and the guild itself must fulfill the rights and duties of the sick fund. However, the receipts and expenditures of the guild fund must be accounted for separately and its asssets must be administered separately from the other assets of the guild. Whenever the minimum requirements pre- scribed in the law for these funds can not be met through the con- tributions of the members, provided that such contributions are already 4 per cent of the average daily wages or actual earnings of the members, then the necessary amount to defray the deficit must be paid for out of the assets of the guild. The administration of the property of the guild sick fund and the representation of the sick fund in legal and other matters is not performed by the directorate of the guild but by a special board of directors of the sick fund and a special general meeting of the same organization. The result of this duplication of the administrative bodies has not been entirely satisfactory and many complaints have arisen in regard to this feature. AID FUNDS. In both the German and Austrian compulsory sickness insurance systems voluntary organizations of the workmen for insurance against sickness were allowed to continue their operations after the enact- ment of the compulsory insurance laws, with the provision that such funds must comply with certain minimum requirements as to benefits, rights of members, etc. At the present time the term "aid fund" or "mutual aid fund" in the German sickness insurance system is understood to include only the voluntary funds which provide benefits in case of sickness, accidental injury, death, etc. As already stated, in the earlier part of the nineteenth century many of the communes or similar local gov- ernments established compulsory aid funds for their areas. The first general national regulation of these funds was contained in the industrial code of June 21, 1869, which provided that local regula- tions should continue to exist, except that journeymen, factory workers, and other workers should be exempt from obligatory mem- bership in such funds whenever they could show that they were members of a voluntary sick fund, aid fund, or death-benefit fund. The provisions of the law of 1869 were not, however, entirely clear in some respects and were repealed by the enactment of the law on aid funds of April 7, 1876, and the amendment to the industrial code of April 8, 1876. The law of 1876 on voluntary aid funds contained regulations applying to this class of funds and among other things specifying the amount of the benefits, the amount of the dues, pro- viding for specific officials of the funds, requiring a supervision of the funds bv e-overnment officers, the prohibition of use of the assets of 1206 EEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. which comphed with the regulations of the law of 1876 were allowed to designate themselves as "registered aid funds," and in return were given the rights of legal persons with the liability of the fund restricted to its assets. This privilege was not granted to those funds which did not comply with the law and apply for registry. The power to conduct sickness insurance under local compulsory sickness insurance regulations was granted only to the registered funds. Many of the funds, however, did not apply for registry, but retained their old status under existing state laws and still retain that status. In the statistics of sickness insurance these aid funds are referred to as registered aid funds and as aid funds acting under the authority of state laws. When the law of June 15, 1883, introducing general compulsory sickness insurance for the Empire was enacted, these two classes of voluntary aid funds were permitted to provide sickness insurance for their members by complying with the minimum require- ments of the law of 1883. On June 1, 1884, a law amending the law of April 7, 1876, was enacted which remains a part of the existing law on the subject of activities of these organizations. Under the provisions of this law certain requirements must be met by these vol- untary registered aid funds. They must bear a specified name which is clearly distinguished from the name of all other sick funds of the same locality, and this name must have added to it the words "registered aid fund." The fund must have a constitution in which all the essential features required by the law are clearly specified; copies of this constitution must be supplied to the officials of the local government where the fund is located and the constitution must be approved by the admin- istrative" authorities of the government before coming into force. Amendments to the constitution must also be approved before going into force. The officers of the fund must forward to the proper gov- ernment officials regular statistical reports in regard to their opera- tions, and at any time the officials of the government have the right to inspect the books, accounts, and other records of the association. In case of violation of any of the provisions of the law fines not exceeding 100 marks ($23.80) may be imposed on the officers of the fund. The general method of the administration of these funds follows closely that of the other sick funds. The official bodies of the aid fund are, first, the general meeting consisting either of adult members in full possession of civic rights or of delegates elected by such mem- bers, and, secondly, the board of directors. The general meeting is authorized to elect a supervisory committee also, which has the right to supervise the work of the board of directors and make reports to the general meeting. The law of June 1, 1884, authorizes the funds to create local branches with restricted rights and duties. The law CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSUEAKCE IN GERMANY. 1207 also permits several registered aid funds to federate for the pui-pose of mutual assistance, and such federations are subject to the same supervision of the government officials as the funds composing it. The benefits provided by such aid funds may consist only of pecu- niary benefit, medical attendance, medicines, and other pharma- ceutical aids, maintenance and medical treatment in a hospital, con- valescent care, confinement benefits, medical benefits for the mem- bers of the family, and finally certain restricted benefits to survivors of deceased members. The claim of a member to benefits may not be seized by legal process or transferred. The dues and benefits must be the same for all members, but may be classified by sex, state of health, age, employment, and locality. The income and expendi- tures for sickness relief must be kept separate from all purposes foreign to that of sickness insurance. At least one-tenth of the annual receipts from dues must be put into the reserve fund until the latter reaches the amount of annual expenditures based on the average expenditures for the last 5 years, and the reserve must be maintained at this amount. In case the receipts are insufiicient to cover the expendi- tures, including the maintenance of the reserve, the fund must then provide for an increase of the dues or a diminution of the benefits ; in case such measures are not taken the supervisory government authori- ties have power to require the inauguration of such reforms. The dissolution of an aid fund may take place through a resolution of the general meeting passed by a majority of four-fifths of all votes, or under certain conditions the supervisory public authorities may order its dissolution. The enactment of the imperial sickness insurance law of June 15, 1883, made but little change in the regulations concerning this class of funds, except to require them, in case they desired to act as part of the machinery for the administration of the law, to comply with certain minimum standards; these were simply to provide mem- bers with the minimum benefits paid by the communal sickness insurance of the commune where the said fund was located, or in case they did not provide free medical attention and free medicines, to pay their members a pecuniary sick benefit of not less than three- fourths of the customary wages for ordinary day labor of that locality. The activities of the aid funds in connection ^vith the compulsory sickness insurance developed to an unexpected degree and caused some friction wath the regular compulsory funds. In the opinion of many workmen these funds possessed advantages as against the other compulsory forms, among which may be mentioned the greater independence of the members, the freedom to go from one estab- lishment or industry to another, the absence of any right of the employer to act in the administration of the fund, the possibiUty of 46598°— 10 77 12Q8 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. selecting their own physician (which the aid funds could permit by providing a pecuniary benefit equal to three-fourths of the rate for ordinary day wages instead of providing medical treatment by the fund), the ease in excluding from membership persons who were poor risks, while in addition the workmen found it easy to add other bene- fits to the fund besides those specified in the sickness insurance law. Some of the employers regarded the funds favorably because they were freed from compulsory contributions to the sickness insurance for employees who were members of these organizations. Gradually a semblance of competition between the aid funds and the local sick funds sprang up, principally because the former were allowed to pro- vide an increased sick wage instead of the benefit consisting of medical attendance, medicines, etc. In order to remove this unde- sirable competition between the two types of funds, the sickness insurance law of April 10, 1892, modified the benefit requirements which the aid funds must provide. Under the 1892 law an increased pecuniary benefit as a substitute for the benefits in the form of medical attendance, medicines, etc., can be given only if the workman is at the same time insured in a compulsory sick fund or included in the communal sickness insurance. Otherwise the aid funds must pro- vide medicine and medical attendance in the same manner as the compulsory sick funds. In order to be allowed to act as a substitute for carrying insurance under the compulsory sickness insurance, the fact that the benefits just described comply with the minimum standards of the sickness insurance law must be certified to by the government authorities. The aid funds subject only to the legisla- tion of state laws are entitled to act as agencies for the compulsory sickness insurance law only when their constitution has been approved by state authorities and the reserve is maintained at the same amount as for the local sick funds. Aid funds which comply with the minimum requirements of the sickness insurance law have, as well as the other funds, the right to require the accident associations to reimburse them for funeral benefits paid in case of persons injured by accident. Wherever the regular compulsory funds have a claim against the poor-law authorities or against third parties for benefits which they have paid, the aid funds which comply with the law have a similar right. In other respects the aid funds have imposed on them the same duties as the compulsory funds, such, for instance, as reporting disabihty caused by accident, etc. In connection with the invalidity and old-age insurance, the law of 1899 permits the aid funds to participate in the election of representatives to the directorate of the invahdity insurance institute and the certificates of the registered funds and of the funds operating under state regu- lations are accepted as proving the duration of sickness in making claim for invalidity pensions. (See page 1216 for the proposed reform of the aid societies.) CHAPTER Y. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1209 miners' funds. These funds constitute one of the oldest organizations for the insur- ance of workers against sickness, accident, and old age in Germany. When the compulsory sickness insurance system was created the miners' funds had reached such a high state of development and presented such a compUcated system of relief of various types that they were accepted in their existing form as part of the new insurance. "We fmd, there- fore, that the funds provide reUef for sickness, invaUdity, old age, and for the dependents of members, although their principal activity at the present time relates to the relief of sickness or temporary dis- ability. The regulations governing the funds are principally found in the mining codes of the various States of the Empire, though the general sickness insurance law provides that the funds shall maintain the minimum standard of benefits required for other industries. The history of these funds dates so far back that even the earliest mining codes known contain some reference to their operations; thus in the fourteenth century the mining regulations contain provi- sions relating to the relief to be provided through this means, although compulsory membership was not provided until 1854; in Prussia, for instance, the number of members included in the funds in 1854 v;'as 56,000 out of 68,000 persons employed in the industry. The Prussian %w of 1854 made the creation of such funds compulsory, regulated the proportion of dues to be paid by the employers and by the workmen, and specified that the funds were to be administered on the mutual plan. The revised mining code for Prussia of 1865 reformed the existing system by permitting greater freedom of movement from fund to fund. As already stated, the new sickness insurance law which was passed in 1883, covering the whole Empire, made practi- cally no changes in the existing funds, merely requiring them to make as Uberal provision for the persons insured as in the case of other industries. As the majority of the funds and the largest number of miners are situated in the State of Prussia the regulations of that State may be taken as typical of the methods pursued in complying with the minimum requirements established by the imperial insurance law. The law of Prussia of June 19, 1906, makes compulsory the creation of a miners' fund for workers in mines subject to the mining code of the State, workers in smeltmg establishments, in salt works, and in the accessory establishments of these industries. A miners' fund is a corporation with all the rights and duties of legal persons and is in existence whenever its constitution and by-laws have been approved by the state minmg office. The insurance provided by the miners' fund must be kept in two distinct classes, the sickness insurance and the invalidity insurance. The benefits provided by the sickness 1210 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. insurance must be not less than the benefits provided by the estab- lishment funds, but may be and usually are higher than the amounts required of the last-named funds. In addition the funds may pro- vide benefits for the dependents of members, but must charge special dues for that feature. Insurance may be continued by a miner who is dismissed from an estabhshment or leaves his employment for any other cause by continuing the payments, including both his own share and that of his employer. A person voluntarily insured must have been a member for at least 2 years, must remain in the territory of the German Empire, must not engage in an employment by virtue of which he will be entitled to insurance in another sick fund, and the full dues must be paid within the time required. Failure to pay dues for 2 successive dates of payments causes the insurance to lapse. The dues for both the sickness and pension insurance are defrayed one-half by the employer and one-half by the workman and are computed in the form of percentages of the wages or salary earned and in case the expenditures call for more than 4 per cent of the average wages of the persons insured in order to provide the minimum benefits, then the employer must provide the excess entirely at his own expense. Whenever the existence of the funds is endangered because of a decrease in the number of members, or for other reasons, in such a manner that by increasing the dues or by decreasing the benefits the financial status can not be strengthened, the supervising officials may dissolve the fund and affiliate the members with another fund or establish a new fund according to special principles. In addition the supervising officials must arrange for the dissolution of a fund when- ever the establishment or establishments for which the fund has been created is dissolved. The administrative bodies of the fund are the board of elders, the board of directors, and the general meeting. The board of elders is .practically a supervising committee whose duty it is to protect the rights of members as against the board of directors and to act as representatives of the members in the general meeting. They are elected by the adult male members who are paying dues and who must be in the possession of all civil rights. The election takes place according to rules prescribed in the constitution. The board of directors, the real administrative body of the fund, consists of one- half of representatives of the employers and one-half of elders; this board selects its own chairman from the number of the employers. The directorate represents the fund in all legal and other matters, conducts the election of the elders, appoints the officials and phy- sicians of the funds, makes contracts with the latter, administers the assets, directs the bookkeeping, and in other respects administers the fund in general. The general meeting consists of the employers and CHAPTER V. — -WOBKMEn's INSXJEANCB IN GEEMANY. 1211 the elders of the fund; it must hold a session at least once a year. It has power to amend the constitution, to elect the board of directors, to choose a committee for the examination and approval of the annual accounts, and to prosecute claims of the fund against officials or members. The general supervision of the miners' funds is exercised by the superior mining office of the State, which appoints inspectors for each fund. These inspectors are authorized to attend all sessions of the general meeting of the board of directors and of committees. Members who wish to appeal against acts of the board of directors must apply to the superior mining office and from there to the min- ister of commerce and industry. Decisions relating to claims for pensions, controversies in regard to membership, to dues, and to entrance fees of the pension fund can be settled by courts of arbi- tration, which are formed in the same manner as the arbitration courts of the compulsory insurance system ; from the decision of such courts appeal may be made to a central court of arbitration for miners' fund, which has been established in Berlin. The above description applies to miners' funds in the Kingdom of Prussia ; in other States the organization of miners' insurance follows along similar lines, except that in the Kingdom of Saxony two entirely different organizations administer the sickness insurance and pension insurance. PROPOSED REFORMS. The official plan for the reform of the workmen's insurance system introduced a number of important changes in the sickness insurance. Some of the administrative features have already been described in connection with the accident insurance on page 1052. The scope of the insurance, as far as the persons included is con- cerned, is changed materially. According to the new bill the insur- ance of persons against sickness is no longer dependent on the occu- pation or kind of establishment, but is to be extended practically to all persons who are engaged in work of a subordinate nature and who hold subordinate positions. This definition approaches closely to the definition of persons included in the invalidity insurance. If adopted, it would mean that the compulsory sickness insurance would include workers engaged in agriculture and forestry, domestic servants in both cities and rural districts, transient workers, and persons engaged in itinerary occupations, also helpers and apprentices in pharmacies, persons engaged in theaters and as members of an orchestra, teachers and instructors (so far as their regular annual earnings are not more than 2,000 marks) (S476), and finally all persons engaged in work done at home upon the order of outside parties. In addition, the federal council is authorized to extend the insurance for specific occu- 1212 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. pations, either for the whole Empire or in special districts, and, fur- thermore, to extend it to heads of establishments who do not regu- larly employ more than two persons subject to the insurance. The bill endeavors to reform the existing abuses arising from the fact that many of the sickness-insurance organizations are extremely small; it endeavors to do this in part by compulsory and voluntary consolidation of existing funds, and in part through preventing the creation of small funds in the future. The bill proposes to abolish entirely the communal sickness insur- ance system. The principal organizations for ihe administration of the insur- ance are to be local sick funds and rural sick funds. The "rural" sick fund (Landkranhenlcasse) is a new type of territorial sick fund and is intended primarily for the classes of persons newly sub- jected to compulsory insurance. Although called a rural fund, such funds are intended to be organized in cities as well as in the country districts. Working side by side with these are the estab- lishment sick funds, the guild funds, miners' funds, and under certain conditions the aid funds now permitted to conduct the in- surance. The bill proposes that there shall be no compulsion for the creation of establishment sick funds, and, as a rule, new establishment funds shall not be created with less than 500 mem- bers, though existing funds which have 250 members or more are to be permitted to remain. For building funds and guild funds a minimum number of members is not prescribed. In the case of the local funds the territorial restriction is to be more carefully applied in the future, andj as a rule, there must be one local fund for the district of each local insurance office. However, existing local funds for one or more branches of industry or occupations are to be allowed to remain, under certain general conditions. The conditions required for the continuance of existing funds and the creation of new funds of all kinds which are to operate by the side of the local or rural sick funds are that their benefits shall be at least equal to that provided by the last-named funds. The same local boundaries apply for the rural sick funds as for the local sick funds. The rural sick funds are especially to make provision for persons engaged in agriculture, for domestic servants, for persons employed in itinerary trades, for per- sons engaged in work on the order of outside parties, and persons employed by the former. The bill permits a number of variations from the plan just described, such, for instance, as the omission of the rural sick fund and the insurance of persons supposed to belong to it in the local sick fund. In the bill special emphasis is placed on the means for consolidating several single funds; this consolidation may take place upon the decision of the board representing the funds, and CHAPTEB y. WOBKMEN's tSSUEAlfCE IN GEBMANY. 1213 under certain circumstances can be required to be made under direc- tion of the local insurance office and the imperial itisurance office. An important change is made in regard to the administration of the ' sick funds and in the proportion of dues paid by the employer and the insured persons. In the future each party is to have the same influence in the administration and to pay exactly the same amount of dues. The elections to the committee which in the future is to direct the operations of the fund, instead of the general meeting, are to be so conducted as to permit of proportional representation. These committees are to consist of not more than 50 employees and 50 workmen. The chairman of the board of directors in the local sick fund is to be elected by the members composing it from their own number, and the majority of each group must have voted for the same person; if an election does not take place, the local insurance office will appoint a temporary presiding officer, or a member of the board of directors will be temporarily authorized to conduct the business of the fund. In the case of the rural sick funds the presiding officer and the members of the board of directors are named by the proper communal or other body; if these funds do not elect a committee, as is permissible, the board of directors must consist of equal numbers of representatives of employera and of the insured persons. In the case of establishment sick funds the proprietor shall have one-half of the votes in the board of directors and in the committee and must act as chairman. For the guild sick funds practically the same rules apply as in the case of the local sick funds. As heretofore, the assets of the sick funds may be used only for the benefits specified in the constitution, for the reserve, and for costs of administration, except that it shall be permissible to make expendi- tures for measures of a general nature whose object is to prevent disease, while with the approval of the authorities the fund may bear the cost of participation in conventions, congresses, etc., whose object is to promote matters connected with the sickness insurance. The amount of the dues may be varied on the basis of the occupa- tion or branch of industry of the member if the variation corresponds to the difference in the risk of sickness. This measure was taken to permit the territorial funds to adjust themselves to the occupational differences in their membership. The funds may not charge en- trance fees. General regulations are also provided for the officials and employees of the sick fund. One of the most important features of the proposed insurance code is that including agricultural workers in the insurance. Under certain circumstances insured persons engaged in agricultural estab- lishments may be exempted from the insurance obligation upon the application of the employer, which must contain information show- 1214 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. ing that the employment contract continues for at least one year and that the payments in kind continue for at least the period during which pecuniary benefits must be paid by the employer. In addition, a reduction of the insurance dues and of the cash benefits of the insured persons may be made in certain cases. In the case of domestic servants the employer is permitted to count the continuation of payment of wages as a sick benefit, and under certain circumstances the so-called "extended sick care" may also be counted. At the request of the employer the fund may be required to grant hospital care in cases of contagious diseases or of disability which makes greater demands for care or treatment than can be sup- plied in a household. The state governments may also exempt from the insurance domestic servants who are equally as well provided for by state laws or other regulations. The regulations concerning the insurance of transient or casual em- ployees provide that the fund shall contain an alphabetical list of such employees and that the latter must themselves announce whenever they are employed, but the officials of the fund may themselves reg- ister such persons whenever they learn that employment has been ' secured by the latter. The insurance dues and benefits are to be regulated by special sections of the constitution, and the casual employees must themselves pay their own dues, while the share of the employer is to be paid by the local government and afterwards assessed by the latter on all employers, or more heavily on those employers who employ large numbers of casual workers or employ them for longer periods of time. Under certain circumstances the collection of dues on account of casual employees may be omitted; but in such cases the employees receive only medical treatment, and in case of death their survivors receive a funeral benefit of not more than 30 marks ($7.19). Persons employed in itinerant trades or itinerant -occupations are to be registered by the employers with the rural sick fund of that locality from which the worker has received his itinerant certificate; only the number of such workers is to be reported to the funds, and the dues to be paid are for the period specified on the certificate of the worker unless the board of directors permits the use of a shorter period. The certificate of an itinerant worker shall be granted only when the worker presents a statement from the sick fund containing information showing the amount and the payments of the sickness dues. One-half of the amounts paid in by the employer may be deducted from the wages. Workers of this class are to receive only the usual benefits of the fund and the dues are to be correspondingly reduced. Persons engaged in domestic industries, by which is meant persons working at home upon order of outside parties, are to be insured by CHAPTEE V. WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1215 the rural sick fund in whose area they have their workshop. Such persons shall be registered with the rural sick fund in an alphabetical list, and shall be treated in the same way as casual workers. The dues are to be paid in part by the worker himself and by the persons employed by him and in part by the person giving the order, and always excluding the so-called intermediate person {Zwischenmeister) . The share of the dues to be paid by the person giving the order is to be independent of the amount paid by the worker and is to be com- puted on the basis of the sum paid for the order. The amount of this charge is to be the same for the whole Empire and until the end of the year 1914 is to be 2 per cent, and later shall be readjusted by the federal council for periods of 4 years each. The person giving the order must each month supply to the rural sick fund of the locality where the establishment is located a list of the persons employed during that time and forward with the list the contribution for his own share of the dues, and in case of workers who are in the service of one emploj^er only the dues of the workers. Special features of this insurance relate to the benefits, which consist of free medical attend- ance, etc., and a special pecuniary benefit. By means of local regu- lations the local governments may prescribe that they themselves shall pay the cost of the insurance of such domestic workers, except the share paid by the employer, so that the insured persons may pay no dues whatever and that in such cases the insured persons shall receive only sick care and a funeral benefit not to exceed 30 marks ($7.14). The regulation of the relations between the sick funds on the one side and the physicians and pharmacists on the other seeks to remedy a number of conditions which have called for reform. The new bill does not provide for free choice of physicians. The sick funds are permitted to make contracts with specified physicians, hospitals, and pharmacists and, except in urgent cases, may dechne to pay for treat- ment by other than those persons or institutions with whom they have contracts. In case the regulations of the fund in this respect are not satisfactory to their members, the superior insurance office may make other arrangements after granting a hearing to the fund and to the arbitration committee attached to the local insurance office.' The funds may draw up medical regulations specifying the relations of the physicians to the fund, and these, too, may also provide arbitra- tion committees for the settlement of controversies and determina- tion of their mutual obhgations. Careful regulations are made for the settlement of all controversies arising between the sick funds and the medical practitioners. The local insurance offices are as a rule to have the supervision of the sick funds, the latter having a right of appeal to the superior insurance office in case they object to any action of the local office. 1216 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIOETER OF LABOR. In urgent cases, such, for instance as the withdrawal of medical treat- ment or the necessity of amending the constitution, etc., an immedi- ate hearing by the superior insurance office is provided for. The relation of the aid funds to the compulsory sickness insurance is regulated with the ultimate view of eliminating these organiza- tions; those in existence at the time of the enactment of the law are to continue operations as substitutes for the compulsory sick funds, but in the future no more of these funds are to be allowed to act in that capacity. In the future the fact that a workman belongs to an aid fund will not exempt the employer from the duty of announciag the employment to the proper compulsory sick fund, but wiU only mean that the insured person shall have no rights and no obligations in relation to the compulsory fund. The aid funds must, within the scope of the membership prescribed by their constitutions, accept all persons who apply for membership, so that in the future member- ship may not be made dependent on age, sex, or condition of health. The benefits paid by such aid funds must be at least equal to the bene- fits paid by compulsory sick funds, and the fund must have not less than 1,000 members. STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. SCOPE OF THE INSUEUJSTCE . The reports of operations under the sickness insurance law are pub- lished annually by the imperial statistical office in the series known as "Statistik des Deutschen Reichs" under the title "Die Kranken- versicherung. " The year 1908 is the twenty-fourth year for which the statistics are available, and as they have been prepared by the same office during this time the data are comparable for the entire period. The statistics given in the following discussion have been compiled from this source. Changes in the sickness insurance law in 1892 and 1903 made it necessary to alter the form of the tables in some respects. Owing to the special status of the miners' funds (Knappschafts- fcassen), the annual statistical report does not include these organiza- tions. It is therefore necessary to present the statistics of operations of the miners' funds separately, although a special study made in the year 1905 collected some data which were comparable with the sta- tistics of the other funds. The information relating to the miners' funds will be found on page 1251. For many of the tables here reproduced the data for 10 selected years are given instead of for each year of the period 1885 to 1908 ; the year 1885 is given as being the first year of the insurance; 1888 because it is the first year for which reliable averages are available; 1893 because it is the first year after the law of April 10, 1892, came into force; 1892 because it permits a comparison with 1893; 1904 because it is the first year after the law of May 25, 1903, came into CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUBAH-CE IN GERMANY. 1217 force; 1903 is giren for comparison with 1904; 1898 because it is mid- way between 1893 and 1903 ; the last 6 years show recent operations. The extent of the national system of insurance against sickness, or rather against temporary disabihty, is shown in the following table by comparing the insured persons with the total population of the Empire for the years 1885 to 1908: NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED AGAINST SICKNESS, COMPARED WITH THE POPULA- TION OF THE EMPIRE, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversiclierung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885 to 1906.] Year Total number of persons insured (toeludingmrners' funds). Population of thie Empire. Number of persona Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. per 1,000 popula- tion. 1885 3,882,156 4,104,783 4,330,097 4,796,793 5,350,164 5,693,697 5,922,789 5,971,667 6,014,910 6,138,887 6,305,815 6,040,518 6,968,971 7,328,909 7,045,137 7,941,700 8,020,514 8,105,940 8,348,569 8,716.816 9,053,373 9,400,149 788,803 839,429 890,685 993,638 1,207,172 1,324,880 1,420,169 1,456,132 1,560,020 1,017,799 1,699,982 1,802,531 1,890,714 1,996,813 2,097,122 2,217,455 2,299,050 2,423,220 2, 560, 719 2,701,630 2,850,421 3,008,557 4,070,959 4, 944, 212 5,220,782 5,790,431 6,557,330 7,018,483 7,342,958 7,427,699 7,674,942 7,756,686 8, 005, 797 8,443,049 8,865,685 9,325,722 9,742,259 10,159,155 10,319,564 10,529,160 10,909,288 11,418,446 11,903,794 12,408,706 "12,945,242 "13,189,699 22,864,000 23,074,000 23, 322, 000 23,592,000 23,871,000 24,137,000 24,400,000 24,653,000 24,899,000 25,192,000 25,523,000 25,902,000 26,316,000 26,740,000 27,168,000 27,574,000 27.985,000 28,416,000 28,824,000 29,225,000 29,721,000 30,149,000 23,843,000 24,060,000 24,308,000 24,570,000 24,846,000 25,104,000 25,362,000 25,613,000 25,858,000 26,147,000 25,478,000 26,851,000 27.253,000 27,666,000 28,080,000 28,472,000 28,886,000 29,330,000 29,752,000 30,166,000 30,693.000 31,028,000 46,707,000 47,134,000 47,630,000 48,168,000 48,717,000 49,241,000 49,762,000 60,200,000 60,757,000 51,339,000 52,001,000 52,753,000 53,669,000 54,406,000 66,248,000 50,046,000 56,871,000 67,740,000 68,576,000 59,391,000 00,314,000 61,177,000 "62,000,000 "63,000,000 100 105 110 120 135 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 148 148 1892.. 1893 1894 . . 151 1895 1896 1887 . . 16S 1898 1899. . 176 1900 1901 181 1902 182^ 1903 1904. . 102 1905 1906 203 1907 .... a 209 1908 6 209 a From Statistisohes Jahrbuch liir das Deutsobe Reioh, 1910. b Computed. In 1908 the total number of persons insured, including the miners, was 13,189,599, or 209 persons per 1,000 of the population; in 1885 the number of persons insured was 4,670,959, or 100 persons per 1,000 of the population, so that during the period covered by the table the proportion of the population insured has more than doubled. According to the industrial census of 1895 the number of persons insured per thousand wage-earners was 684 males and 448 females, or an average of 615 insured persons for each thousand wage-earners in the population. Since 1895 the only data available as to the propor- tion of wage-earners insured are the estimates made by the officials of the imperial insurance office. According to these estimates in 1906 the number of persons insured per thousand wage-earners was 863 males and 671 females, or an average of 807 insured persons for each thousand wage-earners in the population. The statistics afford no indication as to the industries in which the insured persons are emoloved, except in the case of those miners insured in miners' funds 1218 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. regulated by state laws and a part of the building trades workers. The situation may be summed up, therefore, by stating that of the wage-earners over 80 per cent are insured against temporary disa- bility and that of the males, who may be considered either the actual or potential heads of families, over 86 per cent are insured against temporary disability. The following table shows for all the funds except the miners' funds, the number of funds, by class, and the number of persons insured, by sex, for specified years, 1885 to 1908: NUMBER OF FUNDS AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED (NOT INCLUDING THE MINERS' FUNDS) IN THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversioherung. Prior to 1888 the figures are tor the end of the year; beginning with 1888 they are averages for the year.) Communal sick insurance. Local sick funds. Year. Com- munes jrovid- mg in- surance. Persons insured. Funds. Persons insured. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1885 7,126 6,874 7,802 7,847 8,177 8,219 8,194 8,045 8,062 8,003 8,008 462,061 602,883 844,427 871,681 969,179 994,187 1,003,746 1,007,702 1,012,659 1,023,103 1,034,614 124,533 168,076 335,418 365,055 440,551 505,179 512,043 519,291 527,927 541,653 663,757 586,584 770,959 1,179,845 1,236,736 1,409,730 1,499,366 1,515,789 1,526,993 1,640,486 1,564,756 1,588,371 3,700 3,783 4,220 4,306 4,568 4,706 4,692 4,718 4,731 4,742 4,752 1,260,312 1,812,904 2,357,231 2,522,607 3,104,771 3,598,079 3,845,906 4,034,170 4,216,046 4,321,474 4,346,214 274,576 407,827 641,147 717,764 974,187 1,377,243 1,492,061 1,603,220 1,734,141 1,872,634 1,973,404 1,534,888 2,220,731 2,998,378 3,240,371 4,078,958 4,976 322 1888 . - 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 5,337,967 5,637,390 6,950,187 6,194,108 6,319,618 1905 1906 1907 1908 Establishment sick funds. Building sick funds. Year. Funds. Persons insured. Funds. Persons insured. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1885 5,500 6,807 6,257 6,361 7,040 7,592 7,601 7,679 7,718 7,813 7,873 980,853 1,119,421 1,366,485 1,391,627 1,802,886 2,036,463 2,138,767 2,256,651 2,387,214 2,529,070 2,535,562 280,347 315,246 377,363 390,987 477,765 538,168 565,170 579,172 604,164 627,151 638,758 1,261,200 1,434,667 1,742,838 1,782,614 2,280,651 2,673,621 2,693,927 2,835,723 2,991,378 3,166,221 3,174,320 101 115 103 93 74 43 41 42 41 39 38 11,978 28,150 29,131 30,692 17,406 16,157 22,259 24,709 22,219 19, 156 23,220 137 477 612 496 694 302 453 468 487 661 661 12,115 28 627 1888 1892 29,743 31,188 18 100 1893 1898 1903 16,459 22 712 1904 1905 26,177 22, 706 1906 1907 - . 19, 697 23,881 1908 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1219 NUMBER OF FUNDS AND NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED (NOT INCLUDING THE MINERS' FUNDS) IN THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM, FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. Year. Guild sick funds. Funds. Persons insured. Male. Female. Total Registered aid funds. Funds. Persons insured. Male. Female. Total. 1885 1888. 1892 1893. 1898. 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 224 392 469 472 601 662 672 699 733 753 772 24, 277 51,647 72, 738 84, 699 146, 190 193,619 205, 482 216,331 224,558 227, 261 226,770 602 3,781 3,673 6,829 13,964 37, 183 43,572 47,456 39,504 37, 343 42,306 24,879 55,428 76,411 90,528 159, 154 230,802 249,054 263, 787 264, 122 264, 604 269,076 1,818 1,822 1,697 1,338 1,415 1,421 1,368 1,351 1,327 1,307 1,300 661,057 686, 176 734, 134 007, 054 098,699 800,065 776, 793 779, 019 803, 039 822, 038 831, 330 69,665 58, 995 62, 200 55,300 07,291 81,005 77, 104 78,809 80,465 81,522 81,894 730,722 745, 171 796, 340 662, 360 765,990 887, 130 853,897 868,428 884, 104 903,560 913,242 State registered aid funds. All funds. Year. Funds. Persons insured. Funds. Persons insured. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1885 474 114,747 29,038 143,785 18,942 19,367 19,716 19, 254 20,065 20,568 20,897 20,981 20,681 20,992 21,362 21,684 22, 000 22, 130 22, 304 22,508 22, 684 22,747 22,842 22,730 22, 696 22, 707 22,808 22,887 3,515,275 3,740,014 3,901,730 4,415,445 4,948,537 6,200,319 5,471,790 5,510,521 5,667,379 5,674,721 5,836,198 6,151,886 6, 450, 124 6,783,118 7,008,016 7,313,855 7,353,472 7,446,675 7,677,617 8,023,919 8,349,779 8,690,665 8,972,210 9, 027, 423 778,898 829,473 880,490 983,033 1,195,062 1,313,220 1,408,131 1,444,528 1, 549, 425 1,607,888 1,090,320 1,792,934 1,880,995 1,980,939 2,080,900 2,206,908 2, 288, 270 2,412,391 2,540,080 2,080,801 2,834,097 2,992,833 3, 166, 756 3,296,671 4, 294, 173 188B 4,670,087 1887 4,842,226 1888 401 114,264 28,631 142,895 6,398,478 1889 6, 144, 199 1890 6,579,539 1891 6,879,921 1892 433 204 107,375 49,019 24, 119 13,988 131,494 03,007 0,956,049 1893 7,106,804 1894 7,282.609 1895 7,525,524 1890 7,944,820 1897 8,337,119 1898 255 44, 987 12,487 57,474 8,770,067 1899 9,156,582 1900 9,520,763 1901 9,641,742 1902 9,868,066 1903 199 108 161 155 151 144 34, 057 30,976 30, 697 30,320 30, 128 29,713 7,540 0,398 0,281 6,085 6.892 5,891 41,597 37, 374 36,978 36,405 36,020 35,604 10,224,297 1904 10,710,720 1905 1906 11,184,476 11,689,388 1907 12,138,966 1908 12,324,094 The number of funds of the 7 different lands here given has increased but little during the last 10 years, while the total number of persons included has increased from 4,294,173 in 1885 to 12,324,094 in 1908, or 187 per cent. The most important fact presented by the table is the tendency of the membership of the funds to increase in the compulsory funds, while the membersliip of the voluntary funds has increased at a slower rate or actually decreased. The following table shows the proportion of insured persons in the different funds for the years 1885 to 1908. 1220 EBPOBT or THE COMMISSiaUEB OP LABOR. PEB CENT OF TOTAL FUNDS AND OF TOTAL MEMBEKSmP IN EACH CLASS OF FUNDS, 1885 TO 1908. rsource: Statistik des Deutsohen Heichs, vols. 170 and 229. Die Krankenversicherung Prior to 1888 the percentage is based oa tie num*>e» at the end of the year; begHmmg with 1888 it b based on the aver- age for the year.] Per cent ol total funds in each class. Year. Com- munal insur- ance. Local sick funds. Estab- lishment funds. BnUding funds. Guild funds. Regis- tered aid funds. State registered aid funds. Total. 1885 S7.6 37.0 ST. 3 38.4 38.1 37.9 37.9 38.2 38.8 38.5 38.4 38.2 38.2 37.6 37.3 37.0 36.7 36.7 3a7 36.7 36.0 36.0 35.7 35.5 19.5 19.4 19.1 19.0 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.6 20.4 20.5 20.3 20.5 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.3 20.5 20.4 20.5 20.5 29.1 29.2 29.2 28.7 28.6 28.9 29.0 29.3 30.3 30.6 30.8 30.7 31.0 31.6 32.1 32.5 32.8 32.9 32.9 33.2 33.6 33.7 34.0 34.2 0.5 .7 .7 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 1.2 1.5 1.8 ■ 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 9.6 9.7 9.5 9.0 9.0 -8.8 8.6 8.1 6.4 C.4 6.3 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0. 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 100 1^6 100 1887 100 1S8S 100 1889 100 1880 1891 1892. 100 100 100 laaa .. . 100 1894 100 1895 100 1896. . 100 1897 . ... 100 1898 100 1899 100 1900 100 1901 1902 100 100 1903 100 1904 100 1905 100 1906 100 19ffir 1908 100 Iffi) Per 3ent of tota 1 members hip in eac 1 class of fi mds. Year. Com- munal insur- ance. Local sick funds. Estab- lishment funds. Building funds. Guild funds. Regis- tered aid funds. State registered aid funds. Total. 1885- 13.7 13.8 13.0 16.0 16.5 16.7 IS. 7 16.9 17.1 16.8 16.8 16.5 16.0 15.6 15 3 14.8 15.0 14.8 14.3 13.7 13.1 12.6 12.6 12.7 35.7 37.2 39.4 39.9 40.4 40.4 41.1 42.6 44.7 44.8 45.1 45.2 45.5 45.9 45.9 46.3 46.6 47.1 48. 6 49.4 50.0 50.7 50.5 51.1 29.4 28.8 28.4 26.5 26.4 26.6 26.1 26.0 26.1 26.7 26.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 27.3 27.0 38.3 25.8 26.0 25.9 26.3 26.5 26.8 20.0 0.3 .3 .3 .5 .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 0.6 .7 .9 .9 .9 1.0 1.0 .9 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.1 17.0 16.0 15.0 13.6 13.1 12.9 12.7 11.5 9.8 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.6 8.4 S.2 7.8 7.7 7 6 7.7 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.2. 2.1 1.8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .5 .5 .6 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 100 1886 100 1887 100 1883 100 1889 100 1890 100 1891 100 1^2 189S 100 100 100 1895 100 1896 100 1897 100 100 1899 100 1900 100 1901 loa 1902 100 1903 IGO 1904 100 1905 100 1906 100 1907 100 1908 100 The proportion of funds during the period shows that but little change has taken place in the proportion of communal sickness insur- ance departments and in the proportion of local funds. The establish- ment funds show an increase, as do the guild funds, while the build- ing-trades funds and the two classes of mutual-aid funds show a CHAPTEE V.-— WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEEMANY. 1221 tendency to decrease. The proportion of members insured in the various types of funds is, however, a better index of the relative importance of the different methods of conducting the insurance. The most striking fact presented by the table is that over half of the persons insured (excluding miners) are members of the local type of sick fund, and that the proportion of persons insured has increased about 43 per cent during the period in question. The fund with the next highest proportion of membership is the estabhshment fund, or factory fund, which includes over one-fourth of the insured persons. Except for the first few years of the insurance the proportion of members in this type of fund has remained practically the same. The building-trades funds, which are a special form of establishment fund, are relatively unimportant. The proportion of members included in the communal sickness insurance increased up to the year 1893 and since then has tended to decrease, the years 1906 to 1908 showing the lowest proportion since the inauguration of the insurance. The guild funds show a comparatively rapid increase in the proportion of persons insured in them, but the absolute number of persons included is small. The 2 varieties of aid funds show a marked decrease in relative importance as compared with the other funds, though the actual number of persons'insured by the registered aid funds has increased. The average size of fund of each type is a matter of importance as indicating the financial stability of each type of organization as well as determining the general methods of administration. The follow- ing table presents the data for the years 1885 to 1908: AVERAGE NUMBER OF MEMBERS PER SICK FUND OF EACH CLASS, 1883 TO 1903. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 22D; Die Krankeaversicherung.] Year, 1885. 1886 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892 1893 1894 1895 189S 1897 1898 1899 1900, 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1806 Commu- nal sick insur- ance. 83. 87. 85. 112. 139. 144. 150. 151. 157. 158. 159. 164. 106. 172. 175. 176. 180. 181. 182. 185. 189. 191. ia5. Local sick funds. 415.6 455.1 508.5 537.0 033.3 675.7 693.6 710.5 752.5 700.5 774.5 811.2 849.1 892.9 929.6 966.1 975.8 003.1 057.2 137.7 194. 9 257.7 306.2 Estal)- lisliment funds. 230.4 234.1 240.2 247.1 262.0 .276.9 280.8 278.5 280.2 283.7 290.7 302.8 314.0 324.0 331.7 339.0 333.8 330.5 339.0 354.4 369.3 387.6 404.0 Building funds. 146.0 122.8 176.6 248.9 300.1 266.6 248.1 288.8 335.4 358.2 298.5 282.9 252.6 244.6 252.9 300.0 277.0 334.6 382.8 554.0 559.5 553. S 505.1 Guild funds. 111.1 111.2 119.1 141.4 150.0 166.2 169.0 162.9 191.8 203.5 213.8 235.9 248.8 264.8 282.7 322.6 332.5 343.0 34S.6 370.6 377.4 360.3 351.4 Regis- tered aid funds. 404.8 397.1 395.6 409.0 425.5 441.4 4IV1. 8 469.3 495.0 488.7 487.8 600.8 519.2 541.3 500.1 586.4 604.5 631.5 624.3 624.2 C35.4 666.2 691.3 state regis- tered aid funds. 303.3 310.3 307.7 310.0 312.9 313.8 311.4 303.7 23S. 7 232.2 231.1 229.4 227.1 225.4 191.1 194.0 197.6 199.4 209.0 222.5 229.7 234.9 23S. 5 Total. 228.7 237.6 247.4 280.4 306.2 319.9 329. 2 331. 5 343. U 346.9 352.3 366.4 379.0 390.3 409.4 423.0 426.9 433.4 447.6 471.1 492.8 513.4 532.2 1222 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF IjABOE. For all the funds the average membership of an organization has increased from 228.7 in 1885 to 538.5 in 1908, an increase of 135.5 per cent. Since 1885 the average size of each type of fund has increased, with the exception of the state registered aid funds. In 1 908 the local funds had an average membership of over 1,300 persons per fund, which was greatly in excess of any of the other types. The local funds in some of the large cities have memberships ranging from 50,000 to 100,000. The type of fund with the next highest member- ship is the registered aid fund, with 703 persons per fund in 1908. The building trades funds and the establishment funds average 628 and 403 persons per fund, respectively, and rank next in size to the registered aid funds. In 1908 the average size of the guild funds was 349 members and of the state registered aid- funds was 247 members; the tendency in both Germany and Austria is to restrict the forma- tion or registration of funds with less than 500 members and the official plans for the revision of the insurance systems in each country con- template a normal fund with a membership of twice that number. The fluctuations in the number of persons insured from month to month are shown in the following table for the year 1907: FLUCTUATIONS IN MEMBERSHIP OF THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF SICK FUNDS DURING THE YEAR 1907, BY MONTHS. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 194: Die Krankenversicherung.] Date. Local funds. Estab- lish- ment funds. Build- ing funds. Guild funds. Regis- tered aid funds. State regis- tered aid funds. Total. Communal sick in- surance. Grand total. Ian. 1 Feb. 1.... Mar.l.... Apr.l...- Mayl.... June 1 — Julyl.... Aug. 1.... Sept. 1-.. Oct.l.... Nov. 1.... Deo. 1.... Average of year.. Dec. 31... 6,687,885 5,751,811 6,834,734 6,016,214 6,364,350 6,445,803 6,438,876 6,437,780 6,411,124 0,365,232 6,340,063 6,236,343 6,194,108 6,915,114 3,026,857 3,065,596 3,079,541 3,095,670 3,177,164 3,185,536 3,178,981 3,187,665 3,181,049 3,212,049 3,252,383 3,243,133 3,156,221 3,146,386 11,509 12,436 13,676 17,230 22,456 22,797 22,631 21,845 22,243 22,860 23,799 22,961 19,697 15,222 236,^47 237,227 243,945 263,069 268,717 273,703 277,822 280,975 281,948 280,065 275,029 265,786 264,604 240,087 875,810 877,098 881,616 907,317 917,058 922,863 922,286 922,013 917,344 902,181 899,903 897,289 903,660 893,330 36,828 35,811 35,730 35,^6 36,002 36,049 36,046 36,100 36,171 36,141 36,201 36,263 36,020 36,168 9,873,836 9,969,979 10,089,142 10,324.386 10, 785; 747 10,886,750 10,876,641 10,886,378 10,849,879 10, 818; 528 10,827,378 10,701,775 10,574,210 10,246,307 1,434,466 (4 1,621,138 [^] 1,683,402 («) 1,619,990 C) C) 1,564,766 1,475,489 11,308,302 («) 11,845,524 (») 12; 669, 943 ^] 12,438,618 (a) (.") 12,138,966 11,721,796 a Not reported. As the member usually ceases to pay dues when out of work, the fluctuations in the number of insured persons are an index of the relative state of employment from month to month. Thus in the preceding table, the 3 months of June, July, and August show the maximum number of persons insured, while the months of January, February, and March show the minimum number of persons. The last column in the table shows the largest number of insured persons for July 1, when it was 12,559,943, and the lowest on January 1, when it was 11,308,302, the difference between the highest and lowest numbei- being 1,251,641. CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSXJBANCB IN GERMANY, 1223 RECEIPTS. The receipts of the sickness insurance system (not including the miners' funds) are shown in the following tahle by class of fund for specified years, 1885 to 1908: RECEIPTS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistil: des Deutschen Reicbs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.) COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. Year. Cash on band at begin- ning of year. Interest on invest> ments of all kinds. Entrance fees. Dues of employers and workmen. With- drawn from re- serves and other capital. Loans paid in. Another receipts. Total receipts. 1885 $30,315 143,398 221,222 209,868 292,405 353,482 369,194 4.31,966 437,062 542,450 581,507 $836 5,116 12,877 14,731 22,972 32,700 33,607 34,892 38,975 44,582 51,366 $954,439 1,292,782 1,9^7,783 2,228,133 2,687,184 3,238,004 3,871,616 4,049,173 4,248.078 4,561,806 4,659,340 $2,708 14,498 63,923 61,292 48,961 74,620 98,611 89,878 84,836 114,562 121,991 $109,779 151,052 336,827 387,921 389,332 526,714 669,797 428,388 357,971 367,566 399,718 $1,098,077 1,648,678 2,673,368 2,977,976 3,533,323 4,365,516 1888 $41,832 70,736 76,031 92,469 139,996 156,737 176,741 147,996 190,003 223,722 1892 1893 .. . 1898 1903 1904 5,089,462 5,211,028 6,314,918 5,820,969 6,037,634 1905 1906 1907 1908 LOCAL, FUNDS. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $411,256 $35,989 $157,332 353,770 99,771 205,500 488,133 194,496 204,803 628,346 210,392 231,582 975,202 409,747 282,306 1,260,031 697,781 324,867 1,438,394 642,077 330,872 1,666,432 682,198 340,531 1,808,046 765,397 355,918 2,266,281 878,859 356,942 2,397,216 953,383 340,839 $4,384,001 7,009,222 9,979,969 11,496,893 16,164,368 22,818,673 28,324,942 30,994,484 34,465,292 37,365,892 39,359,006 $557,141 856,636 961,815 1,696,997 2,355,482 3,010,647 3,578,619 3,893,713 4,744,722 5,025,361 $16, 648 34,057 108,579 122,788 138,062 280,882 367,166 458,874 308,963 608,044 847,378 $93,206 168,736 278,625 362, 969 618,211 1,044,646 1,384,162 1,520,177 1,392,877 1,704,515 1,651,755 $5,098,432 8,428,197 12,111,241 13,914,785 20,284,893 28,682,362 35,506,260 39,240,315 42,990,206 47,825,255 50,574,939 ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 1885 $740,285 653,879 602,699 599,653 698,049 878,865 877,814 915,313 1,007,998 1,307,813 1,303,193 $91,949 198,251 329,493 339,182 456,855 603,035 634,464 661,687 707,232 791,971 867,427 $35,979 33,045 24,437 23,065 30,813 35,510 33,324 35,898 42,031 47,105 36,163 $4,830,698 5,773,372 7,397,591 7,760,891 10,973,069 13,992,685 16,270,655 17,719,644 20,026,217 22,144,817 22,797,196 $6,505 50,274 80,830 157,993 167,757 373,753 425,383 479,174 397,713 509,659 699, 182 $389,926 385,765 457,581 539,790 599,673 792,174 898,766 970,639 1,044,692 1,160,922 1,223,118 $6,094,342 1888 $345,284 626,834 776,986 866,545 1,244,746 1,383,194 1,626,077 1,440,872 1,747,572 2,369,872 7,442,870 1892 9,519,465 1893 10,187,560 1898 13,792,761 1903 17,920,768 1904 20,523,600 1905 22,408,432 1906 24,666,755 1907 27,709,859 1908 29,296,151 BUILDING FUNDS. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $10,314 $507 $602 25,862 893 2'JS 18,918 2,022 125 16,224 2,190 292 15,025 1,677 212 9,161 1,514 409 8,927 1,403 159 14,817 1,999 48 12,190 2,134 45 11,749 2,083 69 11,686 3,019 297 $86,889 134,237 140,025 155,743 101,883 101,072 176,585 182,069 147,263 147,191 207,144 $3,350 $2,007 $827 10,515 13,021 1,279 8,650 22,226 692 9,597 10,277 690 5,439 1,983 2,070 20,802 5,248 516 5,281 10,956 16,104 4,283 9,430 16,189 3,368 10,308 1,008 4,995 37,823 4,541 6,215 $101,662 176,481 184,040 206,964 135,103 137,011 198,119 230,276 190,609 177,403 270,725 1224 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. RECEIPTS OF THE SICKNESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOE SPECIFIED YEARS, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. GUILD FUNDS. Year. Cash on hand at begin- ning of year. Interest on invest- ments of all kinds. Entrance fees. Dues of employers and workmen. With- drawn from re- serves and other capital. Loans paid in. Another receipts. Total receipts. $5,668 14,236 20,663 19,318 44,969 65,398 61,935 82,480 87,870 94,688 93,736 $589 2,018 4,884 6,227 14,285 22,493 23,672 25,358 28,333 32,706 35,305 $1,435 3,924 5,169 6,398 9,085 14,678 14,835 15,327 13,680 13,402 15,924 $64,182 151,741 229,446 289,240 627,895 1,041,260 1,322,193 1,477,340 1,639,177 1,593,232 1,666,803 $65 3,975 4,437 6,604 2,444 14,145 9,519 12,870 8,134 18,501 43,864 $3,122 3,136 5,474 10,184 16,307 36,370 37,515 40,912 45,247 47,953 46,977 $75,061 1888 $14,126 27,966 24,208 68,310 116,061 168,398 224,666 230,328 199,787 268,724 193,155 1892 297,929 1893 360,079 1898 773,285 1903 1,300,295 1904 1,627,967 1905 1,878,963 1906 1,952,769 1907 2,000,169 1908 2,171,333 BEGISTERED AID FUNDS. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $194, 592 293,861 245,286 186,685 219, 663 247, 622 226, 846 226,912 246,963 259,640 273, 108 $33, 642 53, 132 77, 602 66,973 110,668 123, 316 120,903 124,065 132,908 148,946 168,546 $80, 697 57, 227 48, 216 44,395 46,659 52, 212 53, 632 63,886 61,688 53,300 47,350 $2,320,220 2,669,288 3,146,815 2,803,020 3,349,438 4,151,505 4, 198, 092 4,390,784 4,609,264 4,820,237 5,068,311 $130, 525 496,940 232, 808 274, 657 749,075 344,152 452,631 429,703 664,689 720,704 $11,132 5,481 15,266 14,676 19,193 27,307 27,861 55,492 49,568 57,726 78,465 $76, 332 73,221 73,777 106,587 108,540 143,965 139,297 162,663 147,553 147,526 148,869 $2,715,615 3,282,735 4,101,901 3,455,043 4,128,718 6,494,902 5,110,773 5,466,333 5,667,627 6,149,962 6,491,343 STATE BEGISTERED AID FUNDS. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 $49, 60, 40, 22, 20, 12, 9, 9, 10, 12, 11, $31, 713 33,782 36,120 17,442 17, 363 16,174 14,621 15,277 14,627 16, 638 15,010 $11,253 7,277 4,980 3,386 2,601 1,418 1,486 1,447 1,257 1,444 1,297 $432,422 474,335 470,780 232,771 216, 593 160, 709 146,844 147, 800 147, 165 161, 453 154,931 $106, 140 109, 789 67,215 42,789 37,741 19,428 23,220 14,281 15,097 22, 262 $4,777 11, 014 9,777 916 492 867 783 935 884 997 942 $19,424 20,568 19,860 12,484 11,205 8,698 9,157 9,645 8,418 8,199 7,862 $648,693 703,619 691,443 346,293 311,640 226,906 201,300 207,492 197,186 205,020 213,505 ALL FUNDS. 1885, 1886, 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894, 1895, 1898. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. $1,441,536 $195,225 1,561,032 260,276 1,686,678 317,453 1,636,418 392,963 1,509,403 485,386 1,672,281 653,852 1,578,923 612, 603 1,637,157 657,495 1, 682, 093 656, 137 1,480,093 892,456 1,881,819 750,453 2,001,033 841,337 2,154,822 938,214 2,266,700 1,033,467 2,430,947 1,136,867 2,365,161 1,218,499 2,622,758 1,292,899 2,636,904 1,364,471 2,816,767 1,396,014 2,983,090 1,470,647 3,346,078 1,545,476 3,610,693 1,689,605 4,494,716 1,912,783 4,671,646 2,082,044 $287,297 254,221 261,013 309, 113 335, 469 332,222 308,602 286, 729 308, 120 289,046 315, 566 328,588 366, 812 371,676 376,295 394, 628 377, 791 399, 047 428,994 434, 308 447, 137 464, 620 472, 262 441, 871 $13,072,852 14, 532, 372 15,762,340 17,504,977 19,728,390 21,383,039 22,721,713 23,342,408 24,956,690 28,203,367 27,571,087 29, 768, 636 31,824,020 34, 120, 429 36,353,665 39,020,649 40,287,472 42,497,935 46,493,896 54,309,927 58,961,296 65,182,437 70,784,627 73,912,731 $1,197,053 1,363,686 2,015,726 1,968,849 2,201,913 2,151,290 2,003,616 2,306,297 2,321,275 2,563,479 3,042,044 3,513,637 3,836,847 3,672,488 3,885,320 4,645,084 5, 085, 804 6,092,909 6,166,301 7,572,079 8,688,469 $40,834 102,430 99,637 120, 128 155, 733 252,594 299,854 274,091 364,859 312,261 301,262 346,290 343,566 377,600 528,677 795,622 873,266 643,291 773,844 929,729 1,113,328 866,286 1,210,487 1,794,363 665,671 668, 810 816,983 824,063 1,055,165 1,089,064 1,180,694 1,429,511 1,433,860 1,646,432 1,487,681 1,758,891 1, 748, 707 1,994,473 2,259,151 2,351,627 2,394,777 2,673,371 3,043,976 3,136,606 3,000,128 3,441,875 3,484,615 $16,731,882 17,386,002 18,784,931 21,876,635 24,402,100 27,264,879 28,567,808 29,579,387 31,448,700 32,394,489 34,672,916 37,082,740 39,938,794 42,969,823 46,334,381 49,889,447 51,478,199 53,820,745 68,127,780 68,257,481 74,842,829 80,980,070 89,888,828 95,056,829 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1225 The total amount of receipts of the sickness insurance systena (not including the miners' funds) increased from $15,731,882 in 1885 to $95,055,629 in 1908; the current receipts in the form of entrance fees and dues of the insured persons and their employers amounted in 1908 to $74,354,602. The funds with the largest receipts of course are the local funds and the establishment funds. In 1908 the receipts of the local funds formed 53.21 per cent and the receipts of the estab- lishment funds formed 30.82 per cent of the total receipts included in the preceding table, leaving only 15.97 per cent of the receipts to the other five types of funds. The local and the establishment funds show a large percentage of increase in 1908 as compared with 1885; the state registered aid funds are the only funds showing a tendency to decrease during the period 1885 to 1908. The receipts indicate what has already been stated in connection with the financial admin- istration of the insurance, viz, that the current contributions of the insured persons and their employers are expected to defray practically aU of the current expenditures, the receipts from interest, etc., being an unimportant part of the total. ASSETS AND LIABILITIES. The assets and liabihties of the sickness insurance funds are shown in the following table by class of fund for specified years, 1885 to 1908 : ASSETS AND LIABILITIES OF THE SICK FUNDS FOE EACH SPECIFIED YEAR, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: StatlstUc des Deutschen Belchs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenverslcherung.] COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSUBANCE. Assets. Liabilities. Year. Permanent invests ments. Reserve fund. Funds for current operations. Claim. Included in other expenditures. Including hospital, etc., expenses. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1235 AVERAGE RECEIPTS PER MEMBER AND EXPENDITURES PER MEMBER OF THE SICK- NESS INSURANCE SYSTEM FOR SPECIFIED YEARS, 1886 TO 190^ConcIuded. STATE KEGISTEBED AID FUNDS. Average receipts and expenditures per member. Average ex- penditure for relief of sick- ness. Dues, en- trance fees, and supple- men- tary dues. Cost of relief of sickness. Cost of admin- istra- tion. Year. Med- ical service. Medi- cine. Pecu- niary bene- fits. Hospi- tal, etc., ex- penses. Other ex-- pendi- tures. Total. Per case of sick- ness. Per day of sick- ness. 1885 W t3.37 3.62 3.76 3.82 3.67 3.95 4.05 4.09 4.26 4.40 ^"^20 .27 .52 .61 .75 .83 .88 .87 .91 .95 («) SO. 18 .23 .48 .55 .62 .68 .69 .68 .71 .74 (<•)■ $2.14 2.71 2.13 1.83 1.87 1.99 2.00 1.84 2.01 2. IS m m so. 19 .24 .20 .23 .32 .32 .33 .40 C") cSO.40 <:.49 .38 .35 .36 .34 .33 .32 .32 .33 (») S2.92 3.70 3.70 3.58 3.80 4.07 4.22 4.03 4.28 4.57 $0.29 .36 .39 .37 .33 .36 .36 .38 .38 .38 S9.63 10.10 11.06 10.60 12.54 13.06 13.50 14.04 14.63 13.64 12.80 1888 JO. 41 1892 .45 1893 .62 1898 .64 1903 1904 .63 1905 .65 1906 .67 1907 1908 .69 AL.L, FUNDS. 1886 1886 1887, 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898, 1899 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, SO. 55 .66 .61 .62 .65 .72 .72 .73 .74 .77 .79 .83 .91 .95 1.06 1.13 1.17 1.24 1.31 tl.28 1.27 1.44 1.45 1.50 1.53 1.39 1.44 1.39 1.48 1.47 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.84 2.13 2.19 2.12 2.38 2.58 h' h' (6' (b' S0.'39 .39 .40 .41 .42 .43 .47 .49 .51 .51 .65 .62 .65 .66 .71 .76 cSO.44 i:.46 C.48 C.60 C.62 .19 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .19 .20 .19 .19 .20 .23 .23 .24 .25 .26 S6.29 7.38 7.56 8.31 8.27 8.26 8.86 9.06 8.69 9.51 9.23 9.45 9.67 10.16 9.95 10.21 10.75 11.16 11.38 12.04 12.42 13.01 13.15 13.59 SO. 45 .48 .49 .50 .50 .51 .52 .52 .53 .54 .64 .65 .56 .57 .67 .58 .58 .59 .60 .61 .63 .66 .67 .68 " Not reported. 6 Included in other expenditures. cincluding hospital, etc., expenses. The average receipts per insured person have shown an ahnost uninterrupted increase since the beginning of the system, and the average for 1908 was 83.3 per cent greater than for 1888. For 1908, the establishment funds and the allied type — the building trades funds — show the highest rate of receipts per member in the form of dues, etc. ; the local fimds and the guild funds ranked next, the two having approximately the same average receipts. The communes conducting sickness insurance, which do not have the same benefit obligations as the other funds, show average receipts of about one- half of the total for all funds. 1236 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. The most important item in the table is the average amount expended per case and per day of sickness. The average amount expended per case of sickness (or rather per case of disability) has increased rapidly, and in 1908 was more than twice the amount expended in 1885. The average amount expended per day of dis- ability is shown in the last column of the table ; while the per cent of increase in the expenditures per day of disability is not as large as the increase in the average expenditure per case of disability, there has been a constant growth in the latter since 1885, and in 1908 it was approximately 50 per cent greater than in 1885. The cost of relief of sickness per insured person increased from $2.71 in 1888 to $5.74 in 1908, a growth of over 100 per cent. The largest item is of course that for pecuniary benefits, which has increased from $1.28 in 1888 to $2.58 in 1908. The expenditures for medical service shows the most rapid rate of increase, being $0.65 in 1888 and $1.31 in 1908. The different types of funds show considerable fluctuations from the average for all funds. The communal insurance naturally shows the lowest averages, since the communes as a rule provide only the minimum benefits. The establishment funds, with an average of $14.75 per case of disability in 1908, show the highest expenditure per case, while the local funds, which include the largest number of insured persons, had an average expenditure of $13.35 per case in 1908. The average amount expended per day of sickness was highest in the case of the establishment funds, which had an average of $0.81 per day in 1908; the local funds in 1908 averaged $0.64 per day for this purpose, as compared with $0.41 in 1885. The average amount per member paid for the relief of disability in 1908 fluctuated between $8.19 per insured person in the case of the building funds and $3.03 per insured person for the com- munal sickness insurance; the local funds in 1908 had an average of $5.75 per insured person as compared with $2.50 in 1888. The average amount paid for pecuniary benefits also shows a wide varia- tion; the lowest expenditure for this purpose in 1908 was shown by the communal sickness insurance, with an average of $0.94 per insured person; the building funds has the highest expenditures in 1908, the average per insured person being $3.91. The local funds are of importance because of the large proportion of the insured per- sons enrolled in them; in these the expenditure per insured person for pecuniary benefits has increased from $1.04 in 1888 to $2.59 in 1908, a growth of 149 per cent. The expenditures per insured person for medical service show an increase of over 138 per cent. The expenditures per member for medicines, etc., also show a rapid increase. The amount paid out for hospital treatment and institutional care is given separately CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1237 or the period beginning with the year 1893; the building trades unds show the highest expenditure per member for this item, the imount in 1908 being more than double the average for all funds. The column showing the cost of administration per person insiu-ed •eflects the conditions prevailing in each type of fund; the average ;ost per member for all the funds was $0.20 in 1888 and $0.35 in L908. The cost of administration of the communal insurance is of !ourse defrayed entirely by the communes, while the employer bears ilmost all the expense of conducting the establishment and the juilding trades funds. The local funds, which are important because )f their large membership, had a per capita cost of administration )f $0.33 in 1888 and $0.54 in 1908, an increase of approximately 34 per cent. PROPORTION OF FUNDS CHARGING SPECIFIED RATES OF DUES AND PROVIDING SPECIFIED RATES OF BENEFITS. The proportion of the funds charging the different rates of dues md the proportion providing the different rates of pecuniary benefits ire shown in the following table: DELATION OF DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1888 TO 1908. [Source: Statlstik dea Deutsohen Keichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenverslcherung.] COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. Num- ber of funds. Percentage of funds with dues equal to specified percentage of wages. Percentage of funds with pecuni- ary benefits equal to specified percentage of wages. Year. liper cent and under. Over lJto2 per cent. Over 2 to 3 per cent. Over 3to4i per cent. Over 4ito6 per cent. 60 per cent. Over 50 to 66? per cent. Over 66Sto75 per cent. Over 75 per cent. 888 7,852 7,926 8,011 8,145 8,253 8,234 8,302 8,449 8,451 8,587 8,512 8,521 8,512 8,467 8,528 8,548 8,513 8,333 8,366 8,290 8,237 93.6 91.4 90.3 88.4 85.8 83.2 80.6 79.4 76.6 74.3 73.0 72.0 72.1 71.0 69.7 69.1 62.0 58.8 57.1 54.3 52.3 6.4 8.6 9.7 11.6 14.2 16.8 19.4 20.6 23.4 25.7 27.0 28.0 27.9 29.0 30.3 30.9 26.1 25.4 24.4 25.1 25.1 C) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0 99.9 99 9 99.9 99.8 99.7 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.8 99.9 (") (-) (») %'.l .1 <"^ .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .2 .1 889 890 C) (») (a) RQ'-t (<■) 0.1 .1 (0) ») c SKtA SQR 903 904 "ii.'g' 905 906 907 18.5 20.6 22.6 ■■■(■»)"■" 908 a Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent . 1238 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOE. RELATION 01" DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1888 TO 1908— Continued. LOCAL, SICK FUNDS. Num- ber of 'unds- Percentage of funds with dues equal to specified percentage of wages. Percentage of funds with pecuni- ary benefits equal to spedfled percentage of wages. Year. liper cent and under. Over lJto2 per cent. Over 2 to 3 per cent Over 3to4J per cent. Over 4ito6 per cent. 50 per cent. Over 60 to 665 per cent. Over 663 to 75 per cent. Over 75 per cent. 1888 1889 3,893 4,030 4,119 4,219 4,243 4,328 4,410 4,475 4,523 4,548 4,585 4,623 4,655 4,677 4,699 4,715 4,709 4,740 4,741 4,757 4,768 11.8 10.9 10.1 9.6 8.1 6.5 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.5 2.3 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.5 38.9 39.1 37.1 35.7 34.1 31.9 29.0 27.1 26.2 26.5 ■ 26.2 25.9 25.0 24.0 24.1 22.7 15.3 14.1 12.8 11.3 10.4 46.1 46.9 49.6 51.2 63.1 56.7 58.1 69.5 60.3 60.2 60.4 61.0 61.6 62.5 62.1 62.3 62.5 59.6 57.9 56.9 56.3 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.6 4.7 5.9 7.7 8.4 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.6 9.2 9.8 10.3 11.5 19.6 23.9 26.5 28.8 31.3 ""ols .6 1.0 1.1 1.5 92.1 91.0 90.0 89.9 89.7 89.5 89.7 89.7 89.4 88.4 87.1 85.6 85.0 84.7 84.9 84.7 84.9 84.9 84.2 83.5 83.2 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.7 10.0 11.3 11.7 11.9 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.6 13.4 13.9 14.3 2.2 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.4 2 6 6 i 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 . ; 1908 2 5 ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. BUILDING FUNDS. 1888 6,868 6,958 6,124 6,244 6,316 6,434 6,591 6,770 6,796 6,974 7,139 7,344 7,487 7,663 7,626 7,665 7,695 7,774 7,823 7,914 7,954 18.3 19.1 19.7 19.9 20.1 18.7 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.6 17.3 16.9 15.9 14.7 14.2 13.1 8.9 8.4 7.9 7.5 7.0 24.0 23.8 23.8 24.0 23.6 21.4 21.1 20.6 20.9 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.2 20.0 19.7 19.3 16.2 15.1 14.6 13.9 12.8 64.4 53.7 53.1 52.6 62.8 66.1 66.7 55.9 55.0 55.4 55.4 65.7 66.1 56.4 56.6 57.3 57.5 66.4 55.7 54.4 53.6 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.8 6.9 6.2 6.5 6.4 6.7 6.8 7.8 8.9 9.6 10.3 16.8 19.3 20.8 22.9 25.0 89. 8 88.9 86.8 85.3 84.6 84.1 84.3 84.1- 84.0 83.2 82.7 82.4 ^ 81.9 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.9 81.9 81.4 81.2 80.7 7.6 7.8 9.1 10.2 10.5 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.8 12.4 12.7 13.0 13.5 13.8 13.8 14.0 14.3 14.3 14.7 14.8 15.4 2.6 3.2 3.9 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.9 0.1 1889 .. . . .1 1890 .2 1891 1892 .1 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 ■- . 1898 1899 1900 1901 0.6 .8 1.1 1.3 1.6 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1888 136 160 130 132 123 116 106 102 103 92 84 90 79 64 52 46 45 44 46 41 42 8.2 15.3 13.9 12.9 11.4 10.4 10.4 10.8 10.7 10.9 14.3 14.5 15.2 12.6 21.2 16.2 6.7 4.6 10.9 14.6 11.9 17.0 16.0 14.6 12.9 18.7 16.7 12.3 16.6 16.5 19.6 17.9 18.9 17.7 20.3 19.2 17.4 13.3 11.4 10.9 12.2 9.5 70.4 64.0 69.2 71.2 63.4 67.8 62.2 66.7 67.0 64.1 60.7 62.2 62.0 64.1 67.7 63.0 71.1 72.7 67.4 63.4 64.3 4.4 4.7 2.3 3.0 6.5 6.1 16.1 6.9 5.8 5.4 7.1 4.4 6.1 3.1 1.9 4.4 6.7 9.1 8.7 7.3 14.3 '"l.'i 2.3 2.1 2.5 96.3 96.7 93.9 96.2 96.8 94.8 93.4 94.2 . 92.2 92.4 92.8 93.4 92.4 89.1 86.5 93.5 97.8 97.7 95.6 92.7 90.5 0.7 1.3 2.3 1.5- .8 2.6 3.8 2.9 3.9 3.3 3.6 3.3 6.1 6.2 7.7 2.2 ""•i.'i 4.9 7.1 3.0 2.0 3.8 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.3 2.5 4.7 5.8 4.3 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 ' 1889 1890 1891. 1892 1893 1894 ... 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1909 1907 1908 CHAPTER V. — WOKKMEn's IKSXJRANCE IN GERMANY. 1239 RELATION OF DUES AND PECUNIARY BENEFITS TO WAGES, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1888 TO 1908— Concluded. GUILD FUNDS. Num- ber of funds. Percentage of funds with dues equal to sijecified percentage ol wages. Percentage of funds with pecuni- ary benefits equal to specified percentage of wages. Year. Hper cent and under. Over lito2 per cent. Over 2 to 3 per cent. Over 3 to 4i per cent. Over 4ito6 per cent. 60 per cent. Over 60 to 665 per cent. Over 635 to 75 per cent. Over 75 per cent. 1888 401 425 452 467 471 483 607 545 566 593 606 612 601 636 639 667 681 710 744 761 784 41.9 40.7 39.8 39.4 39.1 30.0 24.8 22.6 22.9 22.1 21.1 20.6 20.3 20.6 18.3 17.1 13.4 12.0 10.8 10.0 8.4 37.2 39.3 40.0 39.0 38.6 46.8 46.2 44.8 42. C 42.1 42.2 42.5 41.3 41.2 40.4 40.5 34.2 31.0 30.0 28.2 26.8 20.4 19.5 19.5 21.0 21.4 22.1 26.4 30.1 32.0 34.1 35.2 34.6 35.4 34.4 37.1 37.9 40.1 41.6 42.3 43.8 44.8 0.5 .5 .7 .6 .9 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 1.7 1.5 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.2 4.5 12.0 14.8 16.5 17.6 19.-0 '■■ o.'s' .7 .4 .5 1.0 86.0 85.2 84.7 82.9 82.8 86.7 83.0 84.2 83.0 82.6 82.2 80.5 78.0 79.1 80.6 79.5 79.9 81.0 81.7 81.2 81.0 10.0 10.6 10.8 11.8 12.3 10.6 13.6 11.6 13.6 14.2 13.9 16.2 18.8 17.8 16.3 16.8 15.6 15.6 15.1 15.4 15.2 3.0 4.0 3.8 6.3 4.9 3.7 3.4 4.2 3.4 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.7 4.5 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.8 1.0 1889 1890. ... . .7 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901. 1902 1903 1904. 1905 1906 1907. . 1908 The term "dues" used in the preceding table means the dues of both employer and insured person; thus dues of IJ per cent consist of 1 per cent paid by the insured person and J per cent paid by the employer. The table indicates that there is a tendency for the communal insurance to restrict their operations to the minimum dues and minimum benefits; since the enactment of the law of 1903 the tendency has been for the funds to charge higher dues, as the com- pulsory increase in the period of benefit payments from 13 to 26 weeks called for an increase of income. In the case of the local sick funds the tendency to charge higher dues is clearly marked; in fact this class of fund shows the highest rates of dues of any of those included in the table. In general, there is a well-defined tendency for the payment of benefits of 50 to 66f per cent to increase, except in the rase of the communal insurance. The proportion of funds with a benefit of 66§ per cent to 75 per cent has always been small and shows no tendency to increase. PERIOD FOR WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID. The law prescribes a minimum period for which benefits must be provided, but permits the funds to make extensions of the minimum period if they desire. Frequently the additional benefits provided are 46598"— 10 79 1240 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. of lower amounts than those granted during the compulsory period. The following table shows the periods for which benefits were paid from 1885 to 1908: LENGTH OF TIME FOB WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Eeichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherung.) COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSURANCE. Number of funds paying benefits for— Minimum period, 13 weeks. Over 13 to 26 weeks. Over 26 to 52 weeks. Over 52 weeks. Total Year. Number. Number full bene- fits- for whole period. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. number of funds. 1885 7,125 7,862 8,253 8,233 8,508 8,475 o 8,513 o 8,333 o8,366 o 8,289 o8,237 " 7,125 1888.. 7,852 1892 8,253 8,234 1893 1 4 73 1 4 72 1898 8,512 8,548 8,513 1903 1904 1905 8,333 1906 8,366 8,290 8,237 1907 61 1908 LOCAL FUNDS. 1885 2,842 3,115 3,461 3,506 3,687 3,447 04,597 4,634 04, 630 04, 647 04, 652 734 650 657 710 782 1,151 123 127 125 112 116 117 / 6 47 \ ces / 6 43 \ C63 ; 645 1 C60 f 6 50 \ c60 / 6 52 \ c63 1 1 3,700 1888 581 589 639 708 1,072 85 95 82 88 88 6 31 c52 6 29 c51 634 C48 6 36 c49 6 38 <:49 3,893 1892 4,243 1893 4,328 1898 4,585 1903 4,715 1904 4,709 1905 4,740 1906 4,741 1907 4,757 1908 1 1 4,768 ESTABLISHMENT FUNDS. 1885 4,332 4,063 4,393 4,418 4,809 4,705 07,223 7,301 07, 360 7, 430 7, 470 897 1,153 1,311 1,516 1,811 2,430 265 644 612 500 519 514 / 6 114 \ <:358 / 6 117 1 C356 / 6 117 \ c3S6 ( 6 122 \ C362 / 6 130 \ '!354 6 8 5,500 1888 925 1,059 1,296 1,558 2,179 307 289 296 304 305 683 c206 684 <:202 6 86 202 685 c204 690 cl98 2 5,868 1892 0,316 1893 6,434 1898 7,139 1903 7,655 1904 \ 7,095 1905 { 7,774 1906 7,823 1907 7,914 1903 7,954 o 26 weeks. 6 Over 26 to 39 weeks. c Over 39 to 52 weeks. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1241 LENGTH OF TIME FOR WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Continued. BUILDING FUNDS. Number of funds paying benefits for — Minimum period, 13 weeks. Over 13 to 20 weeks. Over 20 to 52 weeks. Over 52 weeks. Total Year. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. number of funds. 35 101 131 118 108 79 41 44 1143 "45 "40 a 41 101 38 4 3 135 92 I 4 1 61 61 61 61 61 4 4 3 1 61 61 61 61 61 123 93 2 1 4 2 1 3 115 98 84 03 46 04 45 05 44 OS . . . . 40 07 41 08 42 GUILD FUNDS. 85 88 82 «3 08 03 04 05 lOO 07 172 312 372 377 461 432 073 a 700 0733 a 749 a 770 42 79 90 101 134 224 75 85 94 122 205 10 10 9 5 11 11 c6 62 c7 63 c8 63 c8 64 c9 65 61 c5 61 CO 61 CO 61 KEGISTERED AID FUNDS. 185 Sfi 192 193 198 103 104 103 lOO 107 lOS 582 616 037 035 615 634 01,159 01,152 01,133 01,119 ol,118 OCl 090 665 480 540 051 409 396 333 385 603 470 431 410 236 252 239 C43 6 167 C41 6 160 c40 6 155 c39 6150 c38 6142 101 113 84 100 99 cl8 6 72 cl9 6 05 cl9 6 68 cl9 6 68 clO 6 09 105 110 37 10 9 12 11 U 11 10 12 o 20 weeks. 6 Over 39 to 52 weeks. c Over 20 to 33 weeks. 1242 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. LENGTH OF TIME FOE WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID, BY CLASS OF FUND, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. Minimura period, 13 weeks. 1886, 1888. 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Number of funds paying benefits for — 95 100 102 77 .77 ,62 oll3 11114 olll a 106 a 105 Over 13 to 26 weeks. Number. 142 130 128 90 90 75 Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. Over 26 to 52 weeks. Number. 181 185 180 90 78 65 63 c46 65 C36 66 <:33 65 ■;35 65 C32 Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. 14 62 12 61 012 61 cl4 61 ol3 Over 62 weeks. Number. Number paying full bene- fits for whole period. Total number of funds. 474 466 443 271 259 204 162 156 151 146 ALL FUNDS. 1885 15,249 15,116 15,650 16,189 16,620 16,875 17,130 17,336 17,354 17,629 17,975 18,128 ' 18, 299 18,236 18,336 18,331 18,271 18,356 17,696 22,322 o 22, 277 o 22, 374 a 22, 380 o 22, 393 2,476 2,723 2,664 2,706 2,746 2,853 2,899 2,841 2,900 2,962 3,022 3,036 3,181 3,368 3,601 3,663 3,767 3,862 4,614 1,049 1,268 1,169 1,397 1,323 1,330 1,389 1,341 948 943 969 926 973 980 1,007 998 998 969. 937 / 6 213 \ 0638 f 6 213 1 618 6 216 t O606 6 226 t 611 / 6 234 t 597 168 250 242 176 133 116 80 70 24 28 26 22 24 23 28 29 28 27 24 1 20 I ^' 18 } '' } - 18, 942 1886 ,.-.. 1887 2,076 2,077 2,066 2,080 2,212 2,231 2,199 2,425 2,464 2,515 2,608 2,664 2,837 2,941 3,101 3,207 3,288 4,088 602 556 647 612 566 664 568 493 488 524 486 518 526 649 ■ 639 537 534 518 6 137 346 6 139 332 6146 332 6 147 337 6 152 332 63 47 32 14 9 7 5 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 19,357 19, 715 1888 20,468 1889 20,822 1890 21,173 1891 21,498 1892 21,588 1893 21,226 1894 21,562 1896 21,992 1896 22,111 1897 22,477 1898 22, 607 1899 22,872 1900 23,021 1901 23,064 1902 23,214 1903 23,271 1904 23, 193 1905 23,127 1906 23,214 1907 23,232 23,240 a 26 weeks. 6 Over 26 to 39 weeks. Over 39 to 52 weeks. During the period 1885 to 1903, inclusive, the time for which benefits were required to be paid was 13 weeks; the data given in the table indicate that the great majority of the funds were content to provide the legal minimum of benefits. There was a steady increase in the number of funds which provided benefits for from 13 to 26 weeks; the funds giving additional benefits from 26 to 52 weeks showed a tendency to increase up to the time of the enactment of the law of 1892, aiid since that date have changed in number but slightly. The CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1243 number of funds which provided benefits for more than 52 weeks decreased steadily until the year 1892, and since then has fluctuated but Httle. The data for the different classes of funds indicate that among the compulsory organizations there has been a tendency to provide only the minimum benefits prescribed by the law; the volun- tary funds, such as the estabhshment, the guild, and the aid funds, have shown a tendency to make additions to the benefits required by the law. STATISTICS OF SICKNESS. As already stated, the disability for which benefits are provided by the sick funds includes not only disabiHty due to sickness, but also that due to injury by accident; in the following tables the word "sickness" is used to describe these two classes of disability. The number of cases of sickness relieved by the sick funds in the period 1885 to 1908 is shown in the following table: NUMBER OF CASES OF SICKNESS AND CASES OF SICKNESS PER 100 MEMBERS, BY SEX, 1886 TO 1908. [Source: Statistic des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Bie Krankenversicherung.] Year. Number of cases of sickness. Cases of sickness members. per 100 Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1885 (a) 1,488,120 1,425,003 1,453,399 1,479,698 1,696,381 2,007,139 1,963,706 2,028,828 2,259,135 2,017,587 2,175,991 2,220,043 2,371,597 2,395,052 2,781,922 2,942,437 2, 878, 879 2,817,290 2,943,422 3,278,130 3,458,312 3,424,736 3, 830, 274 3,999,532 316, 709 287,651 285,507 282,822 345,701 415,211 434, 120 449,409 534,892 474,722 527,641 543,714 593,340 607,541 694,145 736, 848 738, 143 761, 120 839, 198 951,047 993, 136 999,020 1,126,114 1,206,616 1,804,829 1,712,054 1,738,906 1,702,520 2,042,082 2,422,350 2,397,826 2,478,237 2,794,027 2,492,309 2, 703, 032 2,763,757 2, 964, 937 3,002,593 3,476,007 3,079,285 3,617,022 3, 578, 410 3, 782, 620 4,229,177 4,451,448 4,423,756 4,950,388 5,206,148 42.3 38.1 36.7 33.5 34.3 38.1 35.9 36.8 40.7 35.6 37.3 30.1 30.8 35.3 39.4 40.2 39.1 37.8 38.3 40.9 41.4 39.4 42.7 44.3 40.7 34.7 32.4 28.8 28.9 31.6 30.8 31.1 34.5 29.5 31.2 30.3 31.4 30.6 33.3 33.4 32.3 31.6 33.0 35.4 35.0 33.4 35.0 36.6 42.0 1880 (II) 37.5 1887 (o) 35.9 1888. 32,6 1889 33.2 1890 36.8 1891 34.9 1892 35.6 1893 39.3 1894 34.2 1895 35.9 1896 34.8 1897 35.6 1898 34.2 1899 38.0 1900 38.6 1901 37.5 1902 36.3 1903 37.0 1904 1905 1907 a For the vears 1885 1880, and 1887 computation of tbe number of cases of sickness per 100 members was b^ed on thrnumber of meinbers on December 31; for the years beginning with 1888 the average number of members during the year was used. The important figures in the preceding table are the rates per 100 insured persons. According to the rates here given, there was a tendency to a decrease during the first 4 years, but since then the tendency has been for the number of cases of sickness to increase gradually. The number of cases of sickness per 100 insured males is much higher than the number of cases per 100 insured females; the higher disability rates of the males are due in part to the higher av'erage age of the males, and in part to the fact that the males are 1244 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. exposed to greater accident risk because they predominate in tke hazardous occupations. The difference in the duration of the cases of disabihty of the sexes is shown below. The following table shows the number of cases of sickness and the number of days of sickness for each of the different types of funds for specified years, 1885 to 1908: NUMBEE AND DURATION OF CASES OP SICKNESS IN SPECIFIED YEAES, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutscheu Eeiohs, vols. 194 and 229 : Die Krankenversicherung.) COMMUNAL SICKNESS INSUBANCE. Tear. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 Cases of sickness. Number. 206, 079 194,615 311,531 355, 837 336, 123 384, 136 398, 617 408, 669 381,013 410, 276 428,673 Average number per 100 members 36.1 25.2 26.4 28.8 23.8 25.6 26.3 26.8 24.7 26.2 27.0 Days of sickness. Number. 2,640,016 3,048,449 5,117,405 5,771,461 5,790,420 6,924,631 7,935,817 8,240,391 7,729,556 8,348,528 8,732,943 Average number per 100 members ■"433.0 395.4 433.7 466.7 410.7 461.8 523.5 539. 6 601.8 533.5 549.8 Average number of days of sickness per case. ' Male. 12.6 16.3 16.1 15.9 16.5 17.1 18.8 19.1 18.8 19.0 19.0 Female. 11.2 17.2 17.3 17.1 19.2 20.3 22.4 22.7 23.7 23.5 23.5 All members. 12.3 16.7 16.4 16.2 17.2 18.0 19.9 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.4 LOCAI, FUNDS. 1885 1888 1892 1893 1898 1903 1904 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 617,088 = 40.2 699,704 31.5 1,063,691 35.5 1,273,932 39.3 1,384,514 33.9 1,865,458 37.5 2, 142, 616 40.1 2,261,661 40.1 2,276,050 38.3 2,547,888 41.1 2,720,081 43.0 8,677,928 1565.4 13.8 16.2 11,796,929 531.2 16.6 18.4 18, 630i 823 621.4 17.1 19.3 21,703,451 669.8 16.6 19.0 26,037,786 628.5 17.6 21.6 36,599,777 735.6 IS. 4 23.1 44,123,156 826.6 19.3 24.3 46,601,435 - 826.6 19.3 24.4 47,298,109 794.9 19.2 25.1 52,661,622 860.2 19.3 24.2 57,076,666 903.2 19.6 24.4 14.2 1&9 17.5 17.0 18.5 19.6 20.6 20.6 20.8 20.7 21.0 ESTABMSHMENT FUNDS. 1885 643,346 539,539 694,891 815, 140 942,564 1,108,719 1,256,162 1,341,603 1,363,790 1,533,798 1,658,110 O61.0 37.6 39.9 45.7 41.3 43.1 46.6 47.3 46.3 48.6 49.1 8,035,990 8,417,511 11,236,269 12,808,730 15,494,370 19,927,583 22,830,888 24,638,448 24,286,030 27,253,754 28,474,287 »637.2 586.7 644.7 718.6 679.4 774.3 847.5 868.9 811.9 863.5 897.0 12.6 16.6 16.0 15.6 16.0 17.6 17.5 17.7 17.1 17.0 17.6 12.5 16.2 16.7 16.3 18.2 19.7 21.1 21.5 21.8 21.5 21.3 12.6 1888 16.6 1892 16.2 1893 15.7 1898 16 4 1903 18.0 1904 18.2 1905. 18.4 1906 17.9 1907 17.8 1908 18.3 BUILDING FUNDS. 1885 10,431 18,699 13,761 17,354 9,782 10,691 17,205 19,463 13,134 12,032 18,371 a ^6.1 65.3 46.3 65.6 54.0 65.0 75.8 77.3 57.8 61.1 76.9 144,313 238,140 229,350 269,563 154,492 167,640 290,981 311,698 224,863 203,949 319,611 ol,191.2 831.9 771.1 864.3 863.5 1,018.6 1,081.2 1,238.0 990.3 1,035.4 1,338.3 14.7 12.7 16.7 15.5 16.8 15.6 16.8 15.9 17.0 16.9 17.3 20.3 17.4 15.4 15.9 16.6 24.3 21.9 26.4 23.3 20.1 21.7 14.7 1888 12.7 1892 16.7 1893 15.5 1898 16.8 1903 15.7 1904 16.9 1905 16.0 1906 17.1 1907 17.0 X908 17.4 <> Computed on number of members on December 31. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1245 JMBER AND DURATION OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN SPECIFIED YEARS, 1885 TO 1908- Concluded. GUILD FUNDS. REGISTERED AID FUNDS. Cases of sickness. Days or sickness. Average number of days of . sickness per case. Year. Number. Average number per 100 members. Number. Average number per 100 members. Male. Female. All members. i5 13,173 14,870 25,487 32,703 50,373 81,793 97,155 99,548 96,592 100,5.57 109,900 62.9 26.8 33.4 36.1 31.7 35.4 39.0 37.7 36.6 38.0 40.8 120,015 232,472 403,067 496,822 823,037 1,577,763 1,912,524 2,067,624 1,957,177 2,034,699 2,238,753 482.4 419.4 527.5 648.8 517.1 683.6 767.9 783.8 741.0 769.0 832.0 8.7 15.1 15.2 14.7 15.9 18.3 18.6 19.3 19.5 19.7 19.8 11.5 27.2 31.0 24.9 22.5 25.3 25.0 27.9 25.5 24.1 24.2 i8 )2 )3 )8 16.3 19.3 19.7 20.8 20.3 20.2 20.4 )3 )4 )5 )6 )7 )8 S5 !8 )2 )3 SB )3 )4 )6 )6 )7 )8 272,801 37.3 253,748 34.1 324,936- 40.8 277,058 41.8 262,830 34.3 319,714 36.0 306,141 35.9 309,397 36.0 293, 139 33.2 340,, 549 37.7 358,293 39.2 4,801,276 1 657. 1 4,870,591 653.0 6,202,069 778.8 4,715,217 711.9 4,954,165 646.8 6,276,993 707.6 6,931,578 694.6 6,989,741 697.8 6,742,438 649.5 6,423,770 ' 710. 9 6,820,973 746.9 17.6 19.1 19.0 Ki.q IS.R 19.5 19.2 19.2 19.3 18.7 18.9 17.2 20.5 20.1 18.5 19.7 20.8 21.0 21.4 22.4 21.2 20.6 STATE REGISTERED AID FUNDS. i5 41,911 41,345 43,940 22,003 16,417 12, 109 11,281 11,117 10,038 11,290 12, 720 29.1 28.9 33.4 34.9 28.6 29.1 30.2 30.1 27.6 31.3 35.7 981,640 924,678 937,043 434, 192 346, 913 252,311 235,023 232,959 206,442 222,458 232,066 682.7 647.1 712.6 689.1 603.6 606.6 628.8 630.0 567.1 617.6 651.8 24.0 22.4 21.3 20.7 21.7 21.5 21.3 21.2 21.2 20.7 19.3 21.4 22.1 21.5 16.3 18.7 18.1 18.9 19.8 17.5 15.2 13.6 23.5 S8 22.4 )2 21.3 )3 19.7 )8 21.1 )3 20.8 )4 20.8 )5 21.0 )6 20.6 )7 19.7 )8 18.2 ALL FUNDS. (5 1,804,829 1,712,664 1,738,906 1,762,620 2,042,082 2,422,360 2,397,826 2,478,237 2,794,027 2,492,309 2,703,632 2,763,757 2,964,937 3,002,693 3,476,067 3,679,285 3,617,022 3,578,410 3,782,620 4,229,177 4,451,448 4,423,756 4,956,388 5,206,148 O42.0 37.5 35.9 32.6 33.2 36.8 34.9 35.6 39.3 34.2 35.9 34.8 36.6 34.2 38.0 38.6 37.5 36.3 37.0 39.5 39.8 37.8 40.8 42.2 25,301,178 26,281,437 27,112,705 29,528,770 33,428,682 39,176,689 40,798,620 42,756,026 46,199,436 43,686,440 46,470,023 47,608,226 51,513,783 63,201,173 60,406,683 64,916,827 60,652,488 67,377,067 71,726,598 83,259,967 88,082,296 87,444,605 97,148.780 103,894,299 589.2 o 575. 1 559.9 547.0 544.1 595.4 593.0 614.7 650.1 699.9 617.5 599.2 617.9 606.6 659.8 681.8 691.3 683.6 701.5 777.4 787.5 748.1 800.3 843.0 14.1 15.4 15.5 16.6 16.1 16.0 16.8 17.0 16.2 17.1 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.1 16.7 17.0 17.8 18.2 18.1 18.7 18.7 18.6 18.6 18.9 14.1 15.3 16.0 17.7 17.5 17.2 18.2 18.3 17.8 19.4 18.9 19.1 19.4 20.2 19.9 20.1 20.9 21.3 21.9 23.2 23.6 24.1 23.4 23.5 14. ;6 15. 17 15. 18 16. 19 16. fO 16. 11 17. 12 17. 13 16. 14 . 17. i5 17. i6 17. i7 17. 8 17. 9 17. 1 18. 2 18. 19. 19. 5 19. 19. 1246 EBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. The number of days of sickness as given in the preceding table includes only the days for which pecuniary benefits or hospital treat- ment were provided; the table therefore does not include the days of disability due to industrial accident lasting more than 13 weeks nor, in the case of persons included in the invalidity insurance, cases of sickness lasting more than 26 weeks, nor the days of sickness of persons whose disability continues beyond the period for which benefits are paid and who are not included in the invalidity insurance. While the cases of sickness per 100 insured persons have increased but slightly, the number of days of sickness per 100 members has shown a constant tendency to increase since the creation of the insur- ance system. The official reports offer no explanation of the con- stant increase during the 23-year period; for the increase since 1903 the changes made in the law in 1902 offer a partial explanation, as these changes increased the length of time for which benefits were required to be paid from 13 to 26 weeks and included disability due to sexual diseases. The following table shows the number of days of disability (for which benefits were paid) per 100 males and per 100 females: NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 100 INSURED PERSONS, BY SEX, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversicherang.] Year. Males. Females. Year. Males. Females. 1885 593. 2 58.5.0 508.9 655. 6 553.0 608.4 601.5 620. 6 659.8 607.9 625.2 604.8 671.1 530.1 519. 4 608.3 607.0 643.4 659. 9 669.7 615.1 671.7 591.0 580.2 1897 620.1 603.4 658.8 685.1 696.5 687.6 695.3 762.1 775.9 728.6 788.7 836.6 610 5 1886 1898 617.5 1S87 1899 663 2 1SS8 1900 671.0 1889 . . .... 1901 674 5 1890 1902 670.8 ISO] . . 1903 720.4 1893 1904 822.9 1893 . . 1905 821.9 1894 1906 804.7 1895 . 1907---, 833.1 1896 1908- - - 860.7 According to this table the number of days of sickness per 100 per- sons was, except for the two yeara 1898 and 1899, higher in the case of the males than in the case of the females up to the year 1903; the law extending the period of benefit payments from 13 to 26 weeks caused an increase in the number of days for which benefits were paid, but the increase benefited the female insured persons to a greater extent than the males. The official reports on the sickness insur- ance call attention to two studies in medical statistics in which the relative duration of the cases of sickness of males and females is discussed. According to Heym ("), per 100 cases of sickness, the number of cases lasting over 13 weeks is as follows: "Heym, Anzahl und Dauer der Kranklieiten in Vermischter Bevolkerung. Zweite Auflage Leipzig, 1884, page 30, as cited in Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 194. Die Krankenversicherung in 1907, p. 14. CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1247 PROPORTION OP CASES OF SICKNESS LASTING OVER 13 WEEKS, BY SEX. Duration of sickness. Per 100 cases of sickness. Males. Females. 14 to 25 weeks 3.6 2.3 5.7 20 weeks and over 2.8 In commenting on this table Prinzing is quoted as stating "The cases of sickness of brief duration are almost twice as numerous for Ihe males as for the females; the cases of sickness of longer duration (those lasting longer than 3 weeks) show the contrary." Attention is also called to the experience of a Swiss sick fund at Berne, which showed the following results of increasing the period of benefit pay- ments, the period of 13 weeks being used as the basis: RESULTS OF INCREASING THE PERIOD OF BENEFIT PAYMENTS IN THE CANTONAL SICK FUND OF BERNE, 1884 TO 1893. (Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 194: Die ICrankenversicherung in 1907, p. 4.] Maximum period of benefit payments. Number of days of sickness for wliich benefits were paid. Males. Females. 100 105.1 108.7 111.8 100 106.8 111.5 115.9 According to the preceding table, an increase in the period of benefit payments affects the females to a much greater degree than the males; the table on page 1246 indicates that the increase in the period of benefit payments required by the 1903 law has shown similar The rapid increase in the rate for females in Germany since 1904 is not explained by the official reports, though they suggest that there may have been an increase in the average age of the women workers included in the insurance. The question is made only more difficult of explanation by the improvement in the death rate durmg the years 1903 to 1908, as stated on page 1250. The last column of the table on pao-es 1244 and 1245 shows the average duration of a case of dis- ability for all insured persons and for the two sexes separately; the average for all the funds shows that the tendency has been f.u- the duration of a case to increase, both for the males and for the females, and also that the tendency is for the number of days per case^to increase more rapidly among the females than among the males. The average duration of a case of disabiHty under varying periods of 1248 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. benefit payments has also been computed on the basis of the experi- ence of the Leipzig Local Sick Fund; a statement of the results of these computations is given on page 1267. The amount which the sickness insurance costs per person insured is shown in the following table for the years 1888 to 1908: AVERAGE ANNUAL AMOUNT PER INSURED PERSON PAID AS DUES, SUPPLEMEN- TARY DUES, (a) AND ENTRANCE FEES, 1888 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reiolis, Vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankenversiclierung.] Year. Commu- nal sick insur- ance. Local funds. Estab- lishment funds. Building funds. Guild funds. Regis- tered aid funds. state reg- istered aid funds. $1.68 $3.25 $4.04 $4.76 $2.81 $3.66 $3.37 1.64 3.26 4.08 5.13 2.83 3.71 3.42 1.64 3.27 4.17 4.74 2.86 3.82 3.49 1.64 3.34 4.22 4.70 2.99 3.91 3.54 1.68 3.40 4.26 4.71 3.07 4.01 3.62 1.80 3.62 4.37 6.06 3.26 4.31 3.76 1.82 3.72 4.45 5.42 3.52 4.39 3.84 1.85 3.80 4.53 5.45 3.68 4.44 3.80 1.87 3.91 4.62 5.30 3.80 4.44 3.80 1.90 3.98 4.71 5.07 3.90 4.43 3.79 1.91 4.04 4.84 5.64 4.01 4.46 3.82 1.92 4.11 4.96 5.52 3.95 4.52 3.63 1.93 4.23 5.13 5.86 4.20 4.57 3.69 2.01 4.32 5.22 6.26 4.19 4.67 3.65 2.15 4.48 5.34 5.61 4.36 4.74 3.66 2.16 4.66 5.47 6.17 4.58 4.79 3.67 2.56 5.38 6.07 7.78 5.37 5.03 3.95 2.65 5.57 6.29 7.23 5.66 5.23 4.05 2.76 5.86 6.74 6.49 5.89 5.33 4.09 2.92 6.10 7.06 7.48 6.08 5.45 4.26 2.93 6.30 7.23 8.69 6.26 5.66 4.40 All classes of funds. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896, 1897. 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905, 1906 1907 1908 S3. 30 3.27 3.30 3.35 3.40 3.56 3.64 3.71 3.79 3.87 3.94 4.02 4.15 4.23 4.36 4.51 5.13 6.33 5.63 6.89 6.05 a Supplementary dues since 1892. The items in the preceding table include, first, the regular dues (both the share of the employer and of the insured person) ; second, the supplementary dues to provide benefits in addition to those pre- scribed by the law but collected only after the law of 1892 came into force, and, third, the entrance fees. The average for all the funds shows an uninterrupted increase since 1888 and the average for 1908 is 83.3 per cent higher than that for 1888. The different classes, of funds show the same tendency. The smallest increase since 1888 occurred ia the case of the state regis- tered aid funds, where it was 30.6 per cent, and the largest increase took place in the case of the guild funds, where it was 122.8 per cent. The total amount of the benefits provided for normal childbirth, the minor ailments of pregnancy, etc., is shown in the foUowiag table for the period 1892 to 1908 for 6 classes of funds: CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1249 RELIEF PROVIDED IN CASES OF CHILDBIRTH, ETC., BY CLASS OF FUND, 1892 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Krankeuversicherung.] Local funds. Establishment funds. Building funds. Year. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. 1892 641,147 717,704 748,663 792,660 849,946 910,438 974,187 1,038,065 1,122,810 1,179,472 1,269,104 1,377,213 1,492,061 1,603,220 1,734,141 1,872,634 1,973,404 $140,089 190,296 206,008 219,159 244,625 268,447 293,685 312,700 332,716 350,816 370,907 . 401,518 041,780 098,887 793,261 876,097 957,091 $0,218 .265 .275 .276 .283 .295 .301 .301, .296 .297 .292 .292 .430 .436 .467 .468 .486 377,353 390,987 406,281 421,812 443,216 460,325 477,765 494,374 611,012 614,536 523,877 538,108 555,170 579,172 004,164 027,151 038,758 $143,867 198,383 212,511 210,601 231,205 243,374 269,495 204,124 268,936 265,120 266,251 266,778 361,415 371,786 396,346 416,886 437,977 $0,381 .507 .823 .499 .522 .529 .643 .534 .526 .515 .508 .496 .651 .642 .656 .065 .686 612 496 560 658 562 500 694 692 468 362 305 302 453 468 487 561 661 $92 122 636 319 171 193 218 293 107 95 65 59 125 177 302 110 186 $0. 150 .246 .957 .572 .304 .380 .314 .495 .229 .262 .213 .195 276 1893 .. 1894 1896 1896. 1897. 1898 1899 1900 1901 . . . . 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 .. 620 1907 , . . 207 1908 .281 Guild funds. Registered aid funds. State registered aid funds. Year. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. Average number of female members. Amount of relief. Relief per female mem- ber. 1892 3,673 6,829 7,939 8,081 10,861 13,134 13,964 15,133 17,931 21,984 30,379 37,183 43,572 47,466 39,564 37,343 42,306 $819 997 1,179 1,228 1,619 1,884 2,063 1,697 1,990 2,479 4,234 0,333 11,116 13,399 9,317 8,397 9,170 $0,223 .171 .149 .141 .149 .143 .148 .112 .111 .113 .139 .170 .265 .282 .235 .225 .217 02,206 55,306 56,613 58,541 60,757 64,024 67,291 73,827 79,298 80,873 86,321 81,065 77,104 78,809 80,465 81.522 81.894 $2,306 2,130 2,841 2,109 2,271 2,461 2,658 2,587 4,027 3,838 3,980 3,765 6,344 6,339 5,314 5,746 6,205 $0,038 .039 .051 .036 .037 .038 .038 .035 .061 .047 .046 .046 .009 .068 .066 .070 .076 24,119 13,988 13,724 13,701 13,085 12,839 12.487 8,014 7,964 7,976 7,629 7,640 6,398 6,281 6,085 6,892 5,891 $1,676 84 71 158 297 274 364 177 189 168 146 174 168 186 14,5 1.52 141 $0,069 1393 .008 1894 .005 1896 .012 1890 .023 1897 .021 1898 .029 1899 .022 1900 .024 1901 .021 1902 .019 1903 .023 1904 .026 1906 .030 1906 .024 1907 .026 1908 .024 The communes conducting sickness insurance are not required to provide the confinement benefit. The table also shows the number of female members in each class of fund and the average amount expended per female member for this benefit. The amount expended by the local funds is of importance because they have by far the largest number of female members of any of the funds; the average amount expended per female member by the local funds since the enactment of the law of 1903 has shown a tendency to increase and for the year 1908 was the highest on record. The establishment funds show the highest average expenditure per female member, with an apparent tendency for the amount to increase. The smaU number of female members in the other classes of funds makes their 1250 EBPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. experience in this field of minor importance. The funds included in the preceding table had a total female membership of 2,742,914 and the total amount expended by these funds in 1908 for the con- finement benefit was $1,410,770 (see page 1232). The number of deaths for which the funds paid benefits is given in the following table for the years 1888 to 1908, by sex: NUMBER AND RATIO OF DEATHS, BY CLASS OF FUNDS, 1888 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vols. 170 and 229: Die Kjankenversicherung.] MALES. Local sick funds. Establish- ment lunds. Building funds. Guild funds. Registered aid funds. state regis- tered aid funds. Total. Year. Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Nimi- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem. bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. 1888. . . . 16,961 0.94 11,521 1.03 236 0.84 312 0.60 7,286 1.06 1,926 1.68 38,242 1.00 1889. . . . 19,610 .96 12,110 1.00 339 .93 421 .72 7,454 1.03 1,819 1.57' 41,753 1.00 1890.... 22,074 1.01 14,068 1.07 224 .79 500 .72 7,845 1.05 1,950 1.67 46, 651 1.05 1891.... 22,152 .97 13,608 1.00 236 .89 483 .65 7,773 1.00 1,799 1.60 46,051 .99 1892.... 22, 628 .96 14,265 1.04 233 .80 506 .70 8,660 1.18 1,974 1,84 48, 266 1.03 1893.... 25,731 1.02 14,571 1.05 254 .83 613 .72 6,227 1.03 925 1.89 48,321 1.03 1894.... 24,334 .94 13,709 .95 252 .80 665 .72 5,936 .98 864 1.86 45,760 .95 1895.... 24,392 .92 14,108 .95 221 .85 720 .68 6,051 .99 895 1.91 46,387 .94 1896.... 25,576 .91 14,592 .91 203 .84 858 .71 6,028 .95 898 1.94 48,155 .92 1897.... 26,783 .91 15,156 .89 177 .91 886 .67 6,329 .95 869 1.90 60,200 .91 1898.... 27,163 .87 15,400 .85 161 .87 973 .67 6,304 .90. 860 1.91 50,851 .87 1899.... 30,784 .95 17,017 .89 134 .70 1,220 .79 7,003 .96 687 1.87 56,846 .93 1900.... 32,004 .95 18,024 .90 153 .77 1,284 .75 7,642 1.00 704 1.87 59,811 .94 1901...- 30,229 .90 16,996 .86 115 .75 1,251 .69 7,243 .92 651 1.76 56,485 .89 1902.... 30,474 .89 16,655 .85 132 .86 1,381 .74 7,335 .90 658 1.78 56,636 .88 1903.... 31,365 .87 16,544 .81 136 .84 1,404 .73 7,170 .89 638 1.87 57,257 .86 1904.... 33,198 .86 17,263 .81 151 .68 1,462 .71 6,637 .84 666 1.79 59,157 .84 1905. . . . 3,% 794 .89 18,249 .81 179 .72 1,609 .74 6,693 .86 626 1.71 33,060 .86 1906.... 3!,, 326 .84 18,212 .76 160 .68 1,667 .70 6,669 .83 444 1.46 B2,368 .81 1907.... 37,992 .88 19,319 .76 124 .65 1,630 .72 6,961 .85 478 1.69 66,604 .84 1908.-.. 38, 160 .88 19,524 .77 175 .76 1,514 .67 6,948 .84 603 1.69 66,824 .84 FEMALES. 1888.... 2,853 0.70 2,366 0.75 2 0.42 34 0.90 636 1.08 367 1.28 6,268 0.77 1889.... 3,292 .66 2,342 .69 3 .44 20 .46 617 1.03 301 1.26 6,635 .71 1890.... 3,794 .68 2,745 .76 2 .32 21 .44 717 1.16 367 1.29 7,636 .75 1891.... 4,142 .68 2,712 .73 3 .40 23 .69 665 1.04 406 1.65 7,951 .74 1892.... 4,362 .68 2,701 .72 1 .16 32 .87 715 1.15 346 1.43 8,157 .74 1893.... 6,066 .71 3,003 .77 6 1.01 43 .74 611 1.10 246 1.76 8,974 .76 1894.... 4,795 .64 3,068 .76 1 .18 37' .47 498 .90 184 1.34 8,583 .70 1896.... 6,069 .64 2,998 .71 5 .90 47 .64 674 .98 234 1.71 8,927 .69 1896.... 6,210 .61 2,849 .64 4 .71 41 .38 681 .96 160 1.22 8,845 .64 1897.... 6,469 .60 2,924 .64 4 .80 65 .49 587 .92 193 1.60 9,232 .63 1898.... 6,737 .69 2,958 .62 4 .68 69 .49 565 .84 160 1.20 9,483 .61 1899.... 6,623 .64 3,250 .66 1 .17 63 .42 607 .82 161 2.01 10,705 .66 1900.... 7,215 .64 3,392 .66 3 .64 73 .41 694 .88 161 2.02 11,538 .66 1901...- 7.285 .62 3,135 .61 2 .65 111 .50 696 .86 175 2.19 11,404 .63 1902.... 7,790 .61 3,268 .62 1 .33 149 .49 665 .76 126 1.67 11,989 .63 1903... . 8,348 .61 3,235 .60 1 .33 166 .46 640 .79 138 1.83 12,528 .61 1904 9,766 10,254 .65 3,429 3,737 .62 216 .50 560 .71 103 1.61 14,054 .65 1906..-- .64 .65 246 .62 560 .71 118 1.88 14,915 .64 1906. . . . 10,512 .61 3,487 .68 2 .41 199 .50 668 .69 111 1.82 14,869 .60 1907...- 11, 519 .62 3,694 .57 1 .18 178 .48 678 .71 112 1.90 15,982 .61 1908.-.. 12,175 .62 3,748 .59 2 .30 192 .45 542 .66 111 1.88 16,770 .61 CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1251 NUMBER AND RATIO OF DEATHS, BY CLASS OF FUNDS, 1888 TO 1908— Concluded. BOTH SEXES. Local sick funds. Establish- ment funds. Building funds. Guild funds. Registered aid funds. State regis- tered aid funds. Total. year. Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 Num- 100 ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. ber. mem- bers. i88.... 19,814 0.89 13,887 0.91 238 0.83 346 0.62 7,922 1.00 2,293 1.60 44,500 0.90 iS9.... 22,902 .90 14,452 .94 342 .92 441 .70 8,071 1.03 2,180 1.50 48,388 .95 i90.... 25,808 .94 10,803 1.00 226 .78 621 .70 8,562 1.06 2,307 1.59 64,287 .99 391 26,294 .91 10,320 .94 239 .88 606 .65 8,438 1.01 2,205 1.59 64,002 .95 392 26,990 .90 16,950 .97 234 .79 638 .70 9,375 1.18 2,320 1.76 56, 413 .98 S93.... 30,797 .95 17,574 .99 259 .83 666 .72 6,838 1.03 1,171 1.86 57,296 .98 894.... 29,129 .88 16,777 .91 253 .79 702 .70 6,434 .97 1,048 1.74 64,343 .90 895.... 29,401 .85 17, 106 .89 226 .85 767 .67 6,625 .99 1,129 1.86 55,314 .89 890.... 30,786 .84 17,441 .86 207 .84 899 .68 6,609 .95 1,058^ 1.78 67,000 .86 897 32,242 .84 18,080 .84 181 .91 951 .66 6,916 .96 1,062 1.81 59, 432 .85 898.... 32,900 .81 18,358 .80 165 .86 1,042 .65 6,809 .90 1,010 1.76 60,334 .82 899 37,407 .87 20,267 .84 135 .68 1,283 .76 7,610 .94 848 1.90 67,550 .87 900 39,219 .88 21,416 .80 156 .76 1,367 .72 8,336 .99 865 1.90 71,349 .88 601.... 37,514 .82 20,131 .81 117 .74 1,362 .67 7,939 .92 826 1.83 67,889 .83 902 ... 38, 2t4 .81 19,923 .80 133 .86 1,530 .70 7,990 .88 784 1.70 68,624 .82 903.... 39,713 .80 19,779 .77 137 .83 1,570 .68 7,810 .88 776 1.87 69,785 .80 904 42,954 46,048 .80 20, 692 .77 151 .66 1,668 .67 7,087 .83 659 1.76 73, 211 .80 905 .82 21,986 .78 179 .71 1,855 .70 7,263 .84 644 1.74 77,965 .81 906.... 45,838 .77 21,099 .73 152 .67 1,706 .67 7,227 .82 555 1.52 77,237 .76 907 49,611 60,335 .80 22,913 .73 125 .03 1,808 .68 7,539 .83 590 1.04 82, 486 .78 1908.... .80 23,272 .73 177 .74 1,706 .63 7,490 .82 614 1.72 83,594 .78 The general tendency has been for the death rates to decrease, both among the males and the females. The death rates in the different funds show considerable variation, with an exceptionally high rate in the state registered aid funds; the official reports suggest that the rate may be due to the higher average age of the members of these funds, many of which have been in existence for a long time. The fluctuations in the rate for female members in the building trades funds, the guild funds, and the state registered aid funds are due to the small number of female members. The low rates for the males in the guild funds and the building trades funds are probably due to the younger age grouping of the male members of these funds. MINERS' INSURANCE. The statistics of the operations of the miners' funds (Kruipp- schamassen) are published each year in one of the issues of the Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Eeichs (the quarterly publication of the imperial statistical office). The regular report of the imperial statistical ofiice on the sickness insurance for 1904 contained a summary of the data relating to the nuners fuiKls or the period 1885 to 1904, but reframed from making any combmation of the data with the figures for the rest of the insurance system. In the following table are stated the number of funds, the number of members, the cases of sickness orJssMOy, and the days of sickness or disability, for the period 1885 to 1908. 1252 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF MINEHS' FUNDS, MEMBERSHIP, CASES OF SICKNESS, AND DAYS OF SICKNESS, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Tol. 170: Die Kranbenverslcherung; Vierteljahrsliefte zur Sta- tistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1910.1 Average number of active Cases of sickness of active Days of siolcness of active Num- members members members. Year. her of funds. ' Male. Female. Total. Mate. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1885 195 366,881 9,905 376,785 149, 845 1,961 151,806 2,530,813 32,235 2,663,048 1886 196 364,169 9.,956 374,125 159,734 1,914 161,648 2,650,372 31,118 2,681,490 1887 196 368,36? 10,189 378,556 164,36a 1,771 156,134 2,448,301 29, 4« 2,477,749 1888 197 381,348 ia,605 391,953 159,212 1,822 161,0341 2,555,337t 32,003 2,687,340 1889 19S 401,627 11,510 413,137 167,682 1,95S 169,535 2,694,505 32,49! 2,727,(»3 1890 198 427, 27S 11,666 438,944 202,776 1,99! 204,774 2,793,28a 32,86a 2,826,146 1891 196 450,998 12, OSS 463,03-7 216,650 2,067 218,607 3,113,47f 36,867 3,150,333 1892 197 461, 04« 11,604 472,650 218,783 2,071 220,854 3,611,386 38,06a 3,649,448 1893 197 457,5.37 10, 601 468,138 241,264 2,081 243,345 3,881,96a 38,693 3,920,646 1894 196 464,166 ff,911 474,077 225,217 1,649 226,866 3,660,62E 33,561 3,694,090 1895 196 470,617 9,656 480,273 237,782 1,745 239,527 3,794,679 36,938 3,831,517 1896 195 488,632 9,597 498,229 236, 04C 1,^7 237,927 3,811,999 41,626 3,853,625 1897 195 518,847 9,719 528,566 254, (K5 1,830 255,865 4,025,07C 38,234 4,063,304 1898 195 545,791 9,874 555,666 257,681 1,92C 269,601 4,105,115f 41,705 4,146,820 1899 18E 576,52) 10, 156 586,677 301,552 3,192 3l/4,T44 4.727,810 63,978 4,791,788- 1900 18S 627,845 10,547 638,392 340, 68C 3,456 344,136 5,164,153 66,011 5,230,164 1901 186 667,042 10,78C 677,822 363,204 3,672 366,876 6,723,744 69,914 5,793,668 1902 186 660,265 10,829 671,094 348,692 3,537 352,229 5,676,011 71,461 5,747,472 1903 177 670,952 14,03S 684,991 389,884 4,776 394,660 5,779,875 97,017 5,876,892 1904 17f 682, 897 14,825 707,726 408,36! 6,134 413,602 6,683,476 108,067 6,791,543 1905 17; 703, 59< 15,724 719,318 391,578 (.4 5,684 397,162 6,515,473 117,460 6,632,923 1906 16i (») (<■) 761,795 (.') 410,352 (") W 7,128,722 1907 16! 794,152 12,124 806,276 445,573 4,115 449.688 7,645,849 88,377 7,734,226 1908 170 853,118 12,387 865,505 491,903 3,129 495,032 7,959,947 70,408 8,030,355 <• Not separately reported. The number of funds has tended to decrease during the period stated in the table, while the number of persons insured has increased to such an extent that the number in 1908 was over twice what it was in 1885. The increase both in actual numbers and relatively has been greater among the males than among the females. The total number of cases of sickness (or disability) as well as of the number of days of sickness show a tendency to increase more rapidly than the number of members. STATISTICS OF OPERATIONS. The receipts of the miners' funds for the period 1885 to 1908 are shown in the following table : CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1253 RECEIPTS OF MINERS' FUNDS, 1885 TO 1908. Jouroe: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 170: Dlo Krankenversicherung; Vlerteljahrshelte zur Sta- tistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1910.] Receipts from ineml)?r:.. Year. .885. .88;!. 1887. 1890.. 1891. 1892. 1895., 1893. 1897. 1900., 1901., 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1903. 1907. 1908. Contri- butions. En- trance tecs, mar- riage fees, etc. $1,763,115 1,887,251 1,981,181 2, 255, 476 2,441,793 2,461,4fi9 2, 655, 406 2,871,055 3,295,061 (a) 4,138,028 4,677,723 C) («) (") (<■) (») (») (") (") SI, 914 2,267 3,382 5,411 4,342 3,257 3,751 4,190 3,603 (") 4,8S0 2,197 Fine; h C) C) (") (») (") ") l") W C") $S,846 6,329 9,759 11,802 14,255 14,263 22,987 24, 276 20,616 (-) 21,574 22,512 Total. $818, 216 930,052 975, 893 1,016,388 1,045,674 1,214,663 1,354,961 1,431,997 1,514,774 1,540,790 1,538,136 1,609,599 1,771,875 1,895,847 1,994,322 2,272,689 2, 460, 390 2,478,989 2,682,204 2, 899, 521 3,319,280 (<■) 4,164,462 4,602,432 Receipts from mine owners. Contri- butions. (") ") (-) (-) (») («) C) (") ■ C) l") $1,300,112 1,465,464 1,533,208 1,747,574 1,891,148 1,915,329 2,081,453 2, 237, 594 2,589,369 (a) 3,352,449 4,452,907 Fines. W (a) (") W ?1,I87 216 4 (0) 76 97 Total. Sfi82, 880 709,213 8n6,914 821,674 841,708 972, 455 1,079,672 1,114,948 1,181,390 1,185,840 1,177,485 1,225,641 1,361,299 1,465,680 1,533,210 1,747,574 1,891,225 1,915,340 2,081,470 2,237,599 2,589,373 C) 3,352,525 4,453,004 Inter- est and miscel- laneous income. $28,680 32, 526 49,573 45,776 51,395 55,681 73, 625 73,207 121,109 104,582 105,093 108, 800 119,724 124,137 334,903 424,519 480,914 497,075 453,965 517,229 489,318 178,023 191,502 332,445 Total receipts. $1,529,770 1,731,791 1,832,380 1,883,738 1,938,777 2, 242, 599 2,508,258 2,020,152 2,817,273 2,831,212 2,820,714 2,944,040 3,252,898 3,485,664 3,862,438 4,444,782 4,832,529 4,891,404 5,217,645 5,654,349 6,397,971 6,932,459 7,708,489 9,387,881 a Not separately reported. The total amount of receipts shows a rapid increase during the period included in the table, and the total for 1908 is over 6 times the total for 1885. The receipts consist principally of the dues or contri- butions of the members and their employers. The amount of the expenditures and the reserve are shown in the following table for the years 1885 to 1908: EXPENDITURES AND RESERVE OF THE MINERS' FUNDS, 1885 TO 1CIC8. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 170: Die Krankenversicherung; Vierleljahrshefte zur Sta- tistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1910.] Year. Expenditures. 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 Benefit;. 31,275,381 1,419,379 1,431,661 1,512,741 1,579,073 1,831,021 2,087,886 2,314,556 2,414,141 2, 302, 754 2, 430, 565 2.422.172 2,072,107 2,849,304 Adminis- tration. $62,809 04,349 69,795 68,598 68,771 75,461 94,902 78,747 84, 147 84,350 84.004 87,467 92.168 95,259 $19,879 18,650 35,476 20,169 24,069 29,031 30,123 34,223 28,224 24,374 24,240 26,241 29,381 35,695 rolil. $1,358,009 1,502,27,? 1,536.932 1,601,508 1,671,913 1,935,513 2,212,911 2,427,520 2,520.512 2,411,478 2,539.409 2,535,880 2,793,716 2,980,318 Reserve at clo^e of vear. $1,158,009 1.358,009 1,430.173 1,465,700 1,546,906 1,603,451 1,730.312 1,940,112 2,191,984 2,388,983 2,455,172 2,492,406 3,092,757 3,294,543 1254 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. :EXPENDITURES and reserve of the MINERS' FUNDS, 1885 TO 1908— Concluded. Expenditures. Reserve at Year. Benefits. Adminis- tration. All otlier. Total. close of year. 1899 $3,366,811 3,842,954 4,524,980 4,341,357 4,749,090 5,161,911 5,607,209 6,892,744 6,523,333 7,600,342 $104,492 128,066 143,823 180,117 156,244 167,570 193,191 214,632 247,458 316,181 $77,342 78,298 93,812 100,574 97,297 116,751 124,501 36,490 39,017 50,087 $3,548,645 4,049,318 4,762,615 4,622,048 5,002,631 5,446,232 5,924,901 6,143,866 6,809,808 7,965,610 $4,219,672 4,808,853 6,624,424 fi 182 ^96 1900 1901 1902 1903 4,941,552 5,211,990 5,509,471 5,725,768- 6,014,148 3,190,254 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 The total expenditures, like the total receipts, show a rapid growth during the period; the expenditures for benefits form by far the largest item. The amount of the reserve in 1908 was about 40 per cent of the expenditures for the year; the decrease in the reserve from about $6,000,000 in 1907 to about $3,000,000 in 1908 is due to changes in the methods of accounting introduced in the Prussian funds by the law of 1906. In the following table the expenditures for the various forms of benefits are shown for the period 1885 to 1908: EXPENDITURES OF MINERS' FUNDS FOR BENEFITS, 1885 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 170: Die Krankenversicherung ; Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutsclien Reichs, 1910.] Benefits in the form of— Year. Physicians' services. Medi- cines, ap- pliances, etc. Sick bene- fits to mem- bers. Sick bene- fits tofam- llies of members in insti- tutions. Hospital and other institu- tional treat- ment. Funeral benefits. Benefits in case of child- birth. Total. 1886 $221,098 235,839 242,593 256,692 262,061 288,716 320, 353 329,482 346,592 348,923 365,490 368,741 388, 394 410,424 459,064 504,086 560,018 586, 121 663,655 741,298 890,296 914,379 1,005,779 1,119,427 $244,730 252,394 252,602 273,009 290,985 344, 167 369,738 390,767 407,621 384,217 401,291 401,300 438, 948 449,453 521,931 578,094 637, 416 668,284 723,744 762,363 764,658 732,349 758,800 866,620 $598,436 715,458 690,420 730,313 753,463 892,164 1,041,493 1,213,706 1,262,751 1,178,391 1,236,854 1,213,020 1,368,142 1,447,239 1,781,273 2,087,665 2,578,286 2,286,129 2,343,062 2,647,515 2,886,724 2,936,742 3,312,034 3,697,619 $1,826 2,421 2,642 2,817 3,178 3,233 3,895 4,513 6,694 5,968 6,263 6,848 7,805 7,888 10,240 11,857 14,444 15,705 18, 297 19,892 22,513 29,114 31,610 49,162 $161,822 170,789 197,261 202,187 218,596 .241,884 289,038 308,406 311, 187 314,946 354, 937 356,643 386,962 451,197 500,702 565,723 625,473 681,767 862,363 850,946 896,897 1,127,933 1,260,409 1,641,972 $46,968 41,930 45,357 47,025 50,058 60,164 62,715 67,065 79,644 69,670 76,022 74,987 82,098 82,394 92,830 104,652 108,460 112,634 137, 116 139,041 155,197 150,841 153, 155 224,665 $602 548 886 698 743 693 664 618 652 639 708 627 818 769 771 887 883 717 855 856 924 1,386 1,486 877 $1,275,382 1,419,379 1,431,661 1,512,741 1,579,073 1,831,021 2,087,886 2,314,566 2,414,141 2,302,754 2,430,566 2,422,172 2,672,167 2,849,364 3,366,811 3 842,954 1886 1887 . 1888 1889 1890 1891 . . 1892 1893.... 1894 1895 1896 . 1897 1898 1899 . 1900 1901 4,524,980 4,341,357 4 749 091 1902 1903 . . 1904 5,161,911 5,607,209 5,892,744 6,523,333 7,600,342 1905 1906 1907 .. . 1908 CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1255 The most important item of expenditures for benefits is that for ick benefits to members; the amount has increased more rapidly lian the number of members, and in 1908 was $3,697,619, or approx- nately 6 times the amount in 1885. A high rate of increase occurred 1 expenditures for hospital and institutional treatment, which in 908 amounted to $1,641,972, or 21.6 per cent of the expenditures ar benefits in that year. The amounts paid to dependents of mem- lers while the members were in hospitals, etc., also shows a rapid acrease during the periods included in the table, though the amount ormed only an unimportant part of the total. SICKNESS STATISTICS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, (a) The regular annual reports on the sickness-insurance system pre- lent rather the statistics of operations than what is usually included mder statistics of morbidity. A number of special studies have )een made in the endeavor to find the sickness rates of persons sub- ect to the insurance; but until recently these special reports were acking in certain respects, which detracted from their value for any )urpose except that of the funds covered by the information. The irst investigation was that of the year 1888 (published in vol. 46 of ;he Statistik des Deutschen Eeichs, Neue Folge), in which an at- ;empt was made to secure data relating to the sickness and death •ates of the establishment funds and of the guild funds, with the nembership classified according to occupation, and the investiga- ion was continued in the following years as a part of the annual ■eport on the operation of the sickness insurance. The investigation of 1890 (published in vol. 65 of the Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, Neue Folge) was extended to include informa- ion for the local sick funds and the two types of registered aid funds, [n this investigation the principal emphasis was placed on the num- jer of days of sickness of the members for which benefits were paid. This limitation on the data, as well as the fact that insured persons TOre not classified by age, greatly lessened the value of the statistics, [t was, for instance, impossible to tell whether the difference m iickness rates for the various industries was due to trade influence )r due to the difl^erent age composition of the group of insured per- sons. Principally for the last-named reason the compilation of these statistics was discontinued in the year 1892. A careful study was next made of the records of a number of sick Hinds, especially those in Berlin, for the purpose of ascertaming aThe title of the report from which the information in this section was obUined is: ' Krankheits-und Sterblichkeitsverhaltnisse in der Ortskrankentesse f ur Leipzig und Jmeeeend Untersuchungen fiber den Einflusa von Geschlecht, Alter und Beruf. Jeaxbeitetim Kaiserlichen Statistischen Amte. 4 Bande. Berlin, 1910. 46598°— 10 80 1256 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. whether the records contain information sufficient to form the basis for a study of sickness rates according to occupation. The only- fund of sufficient size which had records adequate for this purpose was found to be the local sick fund for the city of Leipzig and sub- urbs. This fund includes all persons subject to compulsory insur- ance residing in the city of Leipzig and the adjoining industrial areas, and is described briefly on page 1196. The records of this fund were found to have been kept in such form that they supplied the information desired for the period from January 1, 1887, to April 30, 1905. The statistical information compiled in this study proved so ex- tensive that only selected parts of it could be published. In the four volumes published in the year 1910 information is given for the period already mentioned, showing (1) the various facts relating to the sickness of the compulsory and voluntary members, grouped by ages and class of disease; (2) the same data for the compulsory members, classified by groups of occupations; (3) the same data for the same class of members, classified by subgroups of occupations; (4) the voluntary members of selected subgroups of occupations. A special discussion is given of the diseases of men classified as regular users of alcoholic drinks, and in the last volume a special discussion is given of the maternity cases. The insured persons were not classified according to the estab- lishment or branch of industry in which the employer was engaged, but according to the individual occupations in which they were engaged. Since an individual at times would change his occupation, the in- sured person is credited with as many days as he is engaged in a specific occupation, and if he changes to a second occupation he is likewise credited with the number of days in which he is engaged in the second. In the statistics of the number of persons included, the data do not refer to actual persons, but are computations; thus the columns entitled "Persons under observation one year" mean the total num- ber of days one person was insured, divided by 365. Throughout the study this statistical computation is used instead of the actual number of persons on the membership list. The list of occupations and the list of diseases used in this study are given at the close of this section in order to make clear what is included under these groups. NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED. The number of persons included in the investigation is, as already explained, the number of days one person was insured, divided by 365, and is referred to in the tables as "Number of persons under observation one year." This number is as follows: CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1257 NUMBER OF PERSONS INCLUDED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1887 TO 1905, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS. Age group. Males. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Females. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Under 15 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 36 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 46 to 49 years SO to 54 years 65 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 76 years and over . 11,733 184,269 176,409 169,621 125,610 94, 799 69,382 48,424 32,635 20,023 11,607 6,689 2,134 49 3,192 977 82,405 1,448 81,998 4,675 37,613 6,494 18,663 6,805 11,853 6,269 8,399 6,008 5,942 3,817 4,150 3,018 2,715 2,142 1,563 1,577 788 1,022 302 670 99 Total 952, 674 259, 582 •42 2,497 6,408 4,669 3,376 2,976 2,678 2,425 1,720 1,232 765 452 199 110 28,549 The investigation included, therefore, 996,445 males and 288,131 females, or a total of 1,284,576 persons. COMPULSORY AND VOLUNTARY MEMBERS. Under certain conditions, as described on page 1198, persons may voluntarily insure themselves in the Leipzig sick fund. Throughout the study the members are carefully divided into these two classes, namely, members subject to compulsory insurance, and members who have voluntarily insured themselves. It is generally agreed that the persons who voluntarily insure themselves will, as a rule, be what is known as the less desirable risks from the insurance point of view. AGE GROUPS. As already stated, the first compilations of statistics of sickness were discontinued because information regardmg the age composi- tion of the groups of persons included was lacking. Throughout the special study of the statistics of sickness based on the experience of the Leipzig' fund, special emphasis is placed on the importance of the age grouping. It is pointed out that unless information concern- ing the age grouping of the total number of persons formmg the basis of the statistics is known serious errors are likely to occur in comput- ing sickness and other rates. The report uses the following example as showing the possibility of mistakes in this connection: If nothing more is known except that in two occupatioDs, A and B, occupation A has 12,000 cases of sickness and that 600, or 5 per cent, of these cases are due to tuberculosis, and that in occupation B, out of 3,000 cases of sickness, 200, or 6? per cent, are due to tuberculosis, then it would appear that occupation B is relatively more subject to 1258 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. this disease than occupation A. This conclusion, however, is changed at once as soon as it is known that occupation A contains 30,000 per- sons, while occupation B contains 10,000 persons. Knowing the total number of persons included in the occupation groups, it is seen at once that the 600 and 200 cases of tuberculosis are each exactly 2 per cent of the number of persons, and one would be likely to con- clude that persons in occupation A and in occupation B are both sub- ject to tuberculosis in the same degree. This conclusion is likewise imsafe, for in spite of the fact that the rates just given are identical, occupation B may be much more favor- ably situated than occupation A as regards tuberculosis. Thus, for instance, for each 100 members in occupation A of the age class 20 to 30 years, there are 1.5 cases of tuberculosis; in occupation B there are only IJ cases. In the age group 30 to 40 years occupation A shows 2 cases and occupation B If cases per 100 members. In the age group 40 to 50 occupation A shows 3 cases and occupation B 2i cases, and in the age groups over 50 years occupation A shows .5^ cases and occupation B only 5 cases. In each age class, therefore, occupation B shows a smaller number of cases of sickness per 100 members, due to tuberculosis, than occupatioii A. These facts are brought out clearly in the following table: COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL SICKNESS RATES IX TTC' _ THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENCES IN COMPOSmoX v3 OCOITAIIOXS, SHOWING rEE AGE GKOFPS. Age group. OocDpatioB A. Ocengiiiiaii B. Number of work- men. Cases of tuberoD- losis. C^^:n5r Sizmfier! Cases* [Cases per SWwfflSc- dfwoiS- mihsi.d ilOOwork- TTiwn . -mar. T,T«jit mpn 15,000 10,000 4,000 .1,000 225 200 120 55 H «.«» 46 It 2 &.«» SO l| Si i.«» 55 2J 5^ i.ew 50 5 30,000 600 : 10. AY- ' ano 2 20 to 30 years. 31 to 40 years. 41 to SO years. Over 50 years Total.. The data in the above table show that while the averages for the entire group are identical, occupation B is in every case more favor- ably situated than occupation A, and this fact can be brought out only by showing the age grouping of the total niunber of persons in each occupation. The writers of the report on the Leipzig fund have therefore fol- lowed the rule that to obtain trustworthy rates of sickness not only the age grouping of the persons included in the cases of sickness or days of sickness must be known, but also the age grouping of the total number of persons included in the occupation or industry. The age distribution of the membership of the Leipzig sick fund, compared with the age grouping of the whole population of the Empire, is shown in the following table: CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1259 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PERSONS INSURED IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905, COMPARED WITH THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE ON DECEMBER 1, 1900. Age group. Per cent of total in each age group. Males. German Empire. Leipzig. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Females. German Empire. Leipzig. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Under 15 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 65 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years . . . . . 75 years and over . Total 14.9 14.2 12.4 11.0 9.5 8.4 7.0 6.2 5.3 4.2 3.1 2.0 1.8 1.2 19.3 18.6 17.8 13.2 10.0 7.3 5.1 3.4 2.1 1.2 .6 .2 .1 0.1 2.2 3.3 10.5 14.8 15.6 14.3 11.5 8.7 6.9 4.9 3.6 2.3 1.3 14.1 13.6 11.9 10.6 9.2 8.4 7.1 6.6 5.7 4.7 3.6 2.4 2.2 1.2 31.7 31.6 14.5 7.2 4.6 3.2 2.3 1.6 1.1 .6 .3 .1 0.1 8.8 18.9 16.4 11.8 10.4 9.4 8.5 6.0 4.3 2.7 1.6 .7 .4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O The data contained in the table on page 1257, giving the absolute number of male compulsory members, show that the persons included in the age group from 15 to 19 are approximately 184,000 persons. The next higher age group, that of 20 to 24, shows, however, only 176,000 persons, or a decrease of about 8,000. A comparison of the age groups 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 shows a decrease of approximately 7,000. A comparison of the age groups 25 to 29 and 30 to 34 shows a still more marked decrease, being approximately 44,000 persons. This decrease, with increasing age, is due in part to the fact that a number of workmen make themselves independent upon arriving at the higher age. For instance, a number of them become independent hand workers or home workers or otherwise set up in business for them- selves. The principal reason, however, for this change in the size of the age groups is found in the manner in which the figures were obtained. It will be remembered that the total number of male persons, namely, nearly 1,000,000, was not present at the same time in any one year, but was composed of persons coming within the scope of the insurance fund from year to year during the period under observation, and for this reason the younger age groups are higher, because the newcomers are principaUy young persons. The percentages given in the preceding table indicate clearly that volun- tary members have a higher average age than the compulsory mem- bers. Thus the male compulsory members over 25 years of age form 61 per cent of the total, while the male voluntary members over 25 form 94.4 pei^cenljif^alLjgQluntarv members. 1260 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. In the discussion of the statistics frequent use is made of the age group 25 to 34 for purposes of comparison. In this age group is included 31 per cent of the male compulsory members and 21.7 per cent of the female compulsory members. This group has the advan- tage of containing members who have been exposed to the risks of the occupation for a number of years, while, as compared with the older age groups, it has the advantage of containing a much larger number of persons. CASES OF SICKNESS. The total number of cases of sickness of all the persons included in the investigation is shown in the first of the following tables, while the second gives the number of cases due to each group of diseases per 10,000 cases of sickness and the number of cases per 10,000 insured persons: NUMBER or CASES OF SICKNESS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1885 TO 1905, BY SEX AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. Group of diseases. Number of cases of siclmess. Males. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Females. Compul- sory mem- bers. Volun- tary mem- bers. Total. Developmental diseases (7-19) (o) Infectious and parasitic diseases (2(Mp7) General diseases, other than developmental and in- fectious and parasitic (68-95) Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98) Growths and swellings, benign (99-100) Diseases of the nervous system (101-139) Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168) Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190) Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229) Diseases of the genito-urinary organs (230-261). Diseases of the external tissues (262-280) Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294) Diseases of the ear (295-299) Diseases of the eye (300-316) Injuries and other external influences (317-334) All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses (335) 20 47,711 8,568 454 676 12, 680 53,596 9,633 57,373 4,661 34,450 46,777 1,859 7,913 88,435 2,003 24 4,762 1,025 149 74 2,356 6,585 1,315 4,609 575 2,123 5,763 129 690 3,976 215 3,132 13,594 18, 199 111 261 3,637 12,491 2,814 22,749 6,620 7,588 7,119 447 1,825 7,382 555 1,463 2,328 2,638 52 52 1,090 2,670 779 2,952 1,310 925 1,745 64 274 766 97 4,639 68,395 30,430 766 1,063 19,763 75,242 14,541 87,683 13,166 45,086 61,404 2,499 10,702 100,559 2,870 o For males, includes senile debility (7) only. CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSTJEANCE IN GERMANY. 1261 FEEQUENCY OF CASES OF SICKNESS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1906, BY SEX AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. Males. Females. Compulsory Voluntary Compulsory Voluntary Total (638.808 cases of members members members members sickness and (376,809 cases of (34,370 cases of (108,524 cases of (19,105 ;asesof 1,284,576 mem- bers). sickness sickness sickness sickness and 952,674 and 43,771 and 269,582 and 28,649 Group of diseases. members). members). members). members). Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases Cases per 10,000 per 10,000 In- 10,000 1^,000 in- 10,000 10,000 in- per 10,000 10,000 10,000 ^ir cases of sick- sured cases of sick- sured cases of sick- sured cases of sick- sured cases of sick- sured ness. per- sons. ness. per- sons. ness. per- sons. ness. per- sons. ness. per- sons. Developmental diseases 17-195(0) 0.5 0.2 7.0 5.5 288.6 120.7 765.8 612.4 86.1 36.1 Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67) 1,266.2 500.8 1,385.5 1,087.9 1,252.6 523.7 1,218.5 815.4 1,269.4 532.4 General diseases, other tlian developmental and Infectious and parasitic (68-96) Growths and swellings. 227.4 89.9 298.2 234.2 1,677.0 701.1 1,380.8 924.0 564.8 236.9 malignant (96-98) Growthsand swellings. 12.0 4.8 43.4 34.0 10.2 4.3 27.2 18.2 14.2 6.0 benign (99-100) Diseases of the nervous 17.9 7.1 21.5 16.9 24.0 10.1 27.2 18.2 19.7 8.3 system (101-139) 336.6 133.1 685.6 538.3 336.1 140.1 570.5 381.8 366.8 153.8 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140- 168)..:. 1,422.4 562.6 1,916.9 1,604.4 1,161.0 481.2 1,345.2 900.2 1,396.5 585.7 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169- 190) .• 255.6 1,522.6 101.1 602.2 382.6 1,341.0 300.4 1,063.0 269.3 2,096.2 108.4 876.4 407.7 1,646.1 272.9 1,034.0 269.9 1,627.4 113.2 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 682.8 Diseases of the geuito- vulnary organs (230- 261)........ 123.7 914.3 48.9 361.6 167.3 617.7 131.4 485.0 610.0 699.2 255.0 292.3 685.7 484.2 458.9 324.0 244.4 836.8 102.5 Diseases of the external tissues (262-280) 351.0 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281- 294) 1,241.4 49.3 210.0 491.0 19.5 83.1 1,676.8 37.6 200.8 1,316.6 29.5 157.6 666.0 41.2 168.2 274.2 17.2 70.3 913.4 33.6 143.4 611.2 22.4 96.0 1,139.6 46.4 198.6 478.0 DIseas'raof the ear (295- 299) 19.5 Diseases of the eye (300- 316) 83.3 Injuries and other ex- ternal Influences (317-334) 2,346.9 928.3 1,166.8 908.4 680.2 284.4 400.9 268.3 1,866.3 782.8 AU other diseases, in- cluding indeflnlte di- lumoses f 3351 53.2 21.0 62.6 49.1 61.1 21.4 50.8 34.0 63.3 22.3 tIgUUSDO \tftJtJf ......... a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. In the preceding table the data relating to the cases of sickness due to each group of diseases per 10,000 cases of sickness of all kinds are of less value than the rates relating to the cases of sickness per 10,000 persons The number of cases per 10,000 persons depends on the kind and character of persons affected, and the number of persons is therefore the most trustworthy basis on which to compute the various rates derived from the sickness data. In the preceding table, for instance, the rate for male voluntary members for infectious and parasitic diseases, based on the number of cases due to these dis- 1262 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. eases per 10,000 insured persons, is approximately double the rate for the male compulsory members, or per 10,000 persons the rate for voluntary members is 1,088 and for compulsory members 601; while per 10,000 cases of sickness the difference is very much smaller, for per 10,000 cases of sickness the male voluntary members have a rate of 1,386 in this class of diseases, while the male compulsory members have a not very different rate of 1,266 cases. Throughout the pre- ceding table the rates for the voluntary members are considerably in excess of the rates for the compulsory members, and this holds true for the rates when arranged by sexes, though an exception is found in the case of injuries and other external influences, where both the male and female compulsory members have higher rates than the voluntary members. Marked differences are shown in the number of the cases of diseases when the two sexes are compared. The males exceed the females in the number of cases per ten thousand persons in case of injuries, diseases of the organs of locomotion, diseases of the external tissues, diseases of the eyes, and diseases of the respiratory organs, while the females exceed the males to a marked degree in the case of develop- mental diseases. NUMBER OF DATS OF SICKNESS. Throughout the report emphasis is placed on the number of days of sickness rather than upon the number of cases of sickness, though ample data regarding the latter are presented. In the period 1887 to 1905 the number of days of sickness for all persons included is as follows : Males. Females. Total. T^ayR of Riotn*»ss '^f (^mnpnlRnry TTifiinherR 8,144,721 1,251,936 2,674,568 696,300 10,819,289 1,948,236 Total 9,396,657 3,370,868 12,767,525 Stated in relative form, per 100 persons of all age classes, there were in the case of the compulsory members 855 days of sickness for the males and 1,030 days for the females, and in the case of the voluntary members 2,860 days for the males and 2,439 days for the females. In the age group 25 to 34 years of age the number of days of sickness per 100 persons is as follows: Males. Females. Days of sickness per 100 compulsory members. . Days of sickness per 100 voluntary members... 753 2,213 1,268 2,476 CHAPTER V. ^WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1263 These figures at once show the sharp contrast between the volun- bry and compulsory members in the case of the males, and show lat in the case of the females the number of days of sickness of the oluntary members is also much greater, though here the data are ifluenced by the fact that the greatest number of maternity cases icurs in the ages 25 to 34. In the following table the number of days of sickness per 100 lembers, arranged by sex and age groups, is shown for the compul- )ry and the voluntary members for the period 1887 to 1905: DMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 100 MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, FOR COMPULSORY AND VOLUNTARY MEMBERS, 1887 to 1906. Age group. Oder 15 years... to 19 years to 24 years to 29 years.... to 34 years to 39 years to 44 years to 49 years to S4 years to 59 years to 64 years to 69 years to 74 years years and over Number of days of sickness per 100 mem- bers of each class. Compulsory mem- Voluntary mem- bers. bers. Males. Females. Males. Females. 595 533 1,639 1,498 617 754 2,837 2,375 657 955 4,233 2,389 708 1,205 2,353 2,367 814 1,395 2,116 2,627 941 1,465 2,294 2,453 1,088 1,463 2,498 2,323 1,243 1,496 2,893 2,027 1,456 1,490 3,142 2,334 1,705 1,486 3,642 2,668 2,069 1,632 4,149 3,155 2,760 2,373 4,358 3,153 3,456 2,531 4,517 3,695 4,043 2,512 4,560 • 4,575 As shown in the preceding table, the number of days of sickness er person included increases steadily with advancing age in the case f the male compulsory members. In the case of female compulsory lembers the rate shows some fluctuations, but on the whole shows decided tendency to increase with age. For the male voluntary lembers the rate shows the effect of the presence of the less desira- le insurance risks; the number of days of sickness increases rapidly p to the twenty-fourth year of age, when there is a sharp decrease. I the text of the report this is explained as follows: Practically II the male population, including the weaker and those who are bysically less valuable, are sent to work in the earlier ages; in a !W years, however, the weaker persons must give up the occupations I which 'they are engaged, but realizing their need for insurance, )ntinue their membership as voluntary members. In the higher ^•es the voluntary members are also below standard physically, but le fact that they have been engaged in industrial occupations for number of years proves that they are physically somewhat stronger »pn the voluntary membership composed of the younger age classes. 1264 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. In the preceding table a comparison of the sickness rates of the male and female compulsory members shows that the females oyer 15 years of age have higher rates of sickness than the males up to and including the age group 50 to 54 years; but from that age on the rates are higher for the males. It is interesting to note that the high rate of the male voluntary members in the age group 20 to 24 years is also evident in the high death rate for the whole Empire in the same ages. Thus, the general mortality table for Germany (see Vierteljahrshefte zur Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, 1908, III, pp. 120 and 121) gives the following rates as the probability of death for the years mentioned: PROBABILITY OF DEATH AT CERTAIN AGES. 17 years of age 0. 00438 18 years of age 00497 19 years of age 00544 24 years of age 00575 25 years of age 00593 26 years of age 00602 For these ages the rates show a steady increase, but for the 4 years between 19 and 24 the rates are irregular, namely: PROBABILITY OF DEATH AT CERTAIN AGES. 20 years of age 0. 00577 21 years of age - 00592 22 years of age 00592 23 years of age 00585 STATISTICS OF SICKNESS, BY DAYS OF SICKNESS. The statistics showing the number of days of sickness and the num- ber of days of sickness per 1,000 members, with the data classified by occupations and age groups, will be found in the table on page 1281 and following pages. Throughout this study, the technical meaning of the term "days of sickness" must be kept in mind. In the report it is stated that the number of days of sickness was obtained by copying from the mem- ber's card the dates indicated as those on which he was unable to work because of sickness. The statement of the number of days of sickness includes only those days during which the insured person was entitled to benefits; in the period 1887 to 1896 this period was twenty-six weeks, while after July 1, 1896, the period was thirty-four weeks. By consulting the table on page 1267 it will be seen that the number of days of sickness compensated would be but shghtly less than the actual number of days of disabihty. As 9,lready stated, the importance of any disease or group of diseases to a system of sickness insurance is most accurately indi- cated by the number of days of sickness caused by it. In the Leipzig CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUEAXCE IN GERMANY. 1265 fund, the number of days of sickness of the compulsory members and the distribution of the days of sickness among the different groups of diseases (including injuries caused by accidents of all kinds), are shown in the following table : DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBEE OF DAYS OF SICKNESS OF COMPULSORY MEM- BERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AMONG THE CLASSES OF DISEASES, BY SEX, 1887 TO 1905. Class of diseases. DeTelopmental diseases (7-19) ("•) Infectious and parasitic diseases (20^7) General diseases, other than developmental and infec- tious and parasitic (68-96) Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98) Growths and swellings, benign (99-100) Diseases of the nervous system (101-139) Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168) Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190) Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229) Diseases of the geni to-urinary organs (230-261) Diseases of the external tissues (262-280) Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294) Diseases of the ear (295-299) Diseases of the eye (300-316) Injuries and other external influences (317-334) All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses (335). All diseases . Days of sickness. Males (compulsory members). Number. Per cent. 740 1,356,298 253, 129 36, 667 14, 720 434, 989 1, 418, 498 296, 981 873, 746 122, 379 555, 623 948, 197 35, 707 145, 772 1, 614, 888 36,387 8, 144, 721 0.01 16.05 3.11 .45 .18 6.34 17.41 3.65 10.73 1.60 6.82 11.64 .44 1.79 19.83 .45 100.00 Females (compulsory members). Number. Per cent. 86, 558 396, 968 477, 380 10, 668 9,849 108, 793 361, 960 96, 757 408,917 185, 411 163, 521 170, 481 9,588 40, 878 146, 261 11,688 3.24 14.84 17.85 .39 .37 4.07 13.63 3.68 16.29 6.93 5.74 6.C7 .30 1.63 6.47 .44 100.00 a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. For the male compulsory members the group of diseases causing the largest number of days of sickness was the group designated as injuries and other external influences, with 19.83 per cent of the total days of sickness compensated; this was followed by the group of diseases of the organs of respiration, with 17.41 per cent; the group of infectious and parasitic diseases, with 16.65 per cent; the group of diseases of the organs of locomotion, with 11.64 per cent; and by the group of diseases of the organs of digestion, with 10.73 per cent of the total days of sickness compensated. These are the only groups of diseases each causing over 10 per cent of the days of disability to males. For the female compulsory members the cause responsible for the greatest proportion of days of disability was that designated as general diseases other than developmental, infectious, and parasitic, with 17.85 per cent of the total. This group was fol- lowed by diseases of the organs of digestion, with 15.29 per cent; by the group of infectious and parasitic diseases, with 14.84 per cent; and by the group of diseases of the organs of respiration, with 13.53 per cent of the total days of sickness compensated. These four groups are the only ones causing over 10 per cent of the days of disability of the female compulsory members compensated. 1266 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOR. There is great variation in the degree to which persons of different ages are incapacitated by the different classes of diseases. The fol- lowing table shows for the male and female members the number of days of sickness per 1,000 persons, caused by the principal groups of diseases : NUMBER OF DAYS OF SICKNESS PER 1,000 MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1887 TO 1905, BY AGE GROUPS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. Days of sickness per 1,000 persons in specifled age groups. Group of diseases. Males (compulsory members). Females (compulsory members). 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Infectious and parasitic 1,162 517 S75 190 705 1,522 258 105 539 1,407 823 1,310 391 900 1,424 234- 125 453 1,691 1,370 1,661 714 1,000 1,924 315 121 609 1,814 2,016 2,438 925 1,253 2,377 476 179 857 2,068 2,867 4,189 1,199 1,748 2,670 857 274 1,126 2,842 4,242 8,134 2,412 2,766 3,119 1,834 463 1,794 1,315 400 1,018 285 1,320 . 494 279 511 451 1,872 746 1,875 569 1,949 553 416 1,210 618 1,980 1,371 2,219 840 2,279 702 693 1,153 974 1,979 1,973 2,357 906 2,150 958 659 839 1,431 2,100 2,418 3,005 640 1,900 1,268 854 310 1,482 3,617 3,196 5,572 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294) Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168) Diseases of the nervous system (101-139) Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229) Injuries and other external mfluences (317-334) Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190) Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261) Diseases of the external tissues (262-280) 2,689 2,438 1,407 108 2,372 The general tendency is for the number of days of disability in any given group of diseases to increase with increasing age, though there are some variations from this rule for the younger age groups. AVERAGE DURATION OF A CASE OF SICKNESS. The experience of the Leipzig fund shows a mfl,rised difference in the average duration of a case of sickness of compulsory members as compared with voluntary members. The averages for males and females for these two groups are as follows: Average duration of a case of sickness among compulsory members, days. Average duration of a case of sickness among voluntary members, days. . . Males.' 21.6 36.4 Fe- males. 24.6 36.5 For all of the female compulsory members the average duration of a case of sickness is 3 days longer than in the case of males. For all of the voluntary members there is practically no difference in the average for males and for females. As compared with the com- pulsory members, the average duration of a case of sickness of the voluntary members is approximately 69 per cent higher for the males and 48 per cent higher for the females. CHAPTER V. WOBKMEN'S INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1267 The statistics showing the average duration of a case of sickness, with the data classified by occupations and age groups, are included in the table on page 1281 and following pages. AVERAGE DXJBATION OF A CASE OF SICKNESS WHEN THE PERIOD OF BENEFIT PAYMENTS VARIES. As stated above, the average number of days of sickness per case of sickness for compulsory members of all age groups was 21.6 days for males and 24.6 days for females. In any system of sickness insurance it is of importance to know what the average duration of a case of sickness will be with a given period of benefit payments. The following table gives a computation of what the average duration of a case of sickness would be if the period of benefit payments is from 1 day to 34 weeks, based on the experience of the Leipzig fund in the period 1887 to 1905. AVERAGE DURATION OF A CASE OF SICKNESS AMONG MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND DURING THE PERIOD 1887 TO 1905, BY DURATION OF BENEFIT PAYMENTS AND AGE GROUPS. Duration of benefit pay- ments. Average days of sickness per case of sickness of members in specified age groups. Males (compulsory members). 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 5Sto64 years. 65to74 years, Females (compulsory members). 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years. .■)5to44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. 1 day 2 days 3 days 4 days.... 6 days 6 days 7 days 2 weeks... 3 weeks. . . 4 weeks. . . 5 weeks. . . weeks... 7 weeks. . . 8 weeks... 9 weeks. . . 10 weeks. . 11 weeks. . 12 weeks. . 13 weeks. . 14 weeks. . 15 weeks. . 16 weeks. . 17 weeks. . 18 weeks. . 19 weeks. . 20 weeks. . 21 weeks. . 22 weeks. . 23 weeks. . 24 weeks. . 25 weeks. . 26 weeks. . 27 weeks. . 28 weeks. . 29 weeks. . 30 weeks. . 31 weeks. . 32 weeks. . 33 weeks.. 34 weeks. . 1.00 1.99 2.98 3.94 4.85 6.66 6.37 9.85 11.74 12.96 13.81 14.43 14.92 16.31 16.63 16.90 16.13 16.33 16.50 16.65 16.78 16.90 17.00 17.10 17.18 17.26 17.33 17.40 17.46 17.61 17.56 17.61 17.66 17.69 17.73 17.77 17.80 17.83 17.86 17.89 1.00 1.99 2.98 3.96 .4.88 5.72 6.47 10.32 12.60 14.13 15.23 16.07 16.75 17.29 17.75 18.14 18.48 18.78 19.04 19.27 19.47 19.66 19.80 19.95 20.08 20.20 20.31 20.41 20.51 20.59 20.67 20.74 20.81 20.87 20.92 20.97 21.02 21.07 21.11 21.16 l.OO 1.99 2.98 3.96 4.90 5.77 6.66 10.79 13.45 15.30 16.66 17.71 18.57 19.28 19.88 20.40 20.86 21.26 21.62 21.94 22.22 22.61 22.70 22.94 23.10 23.28 23.46 23.00 23.74 23.87 24.00 24.11 24.22 24.32 24.42 24.61 24.69 24.67 24.75 24.81 1.00 1.99 2.98 3.96 4.91 6.81 6.64 11.32 14.45 16.71 18.39 19.71 20.78 21.66 22.42 23.08 23.66 24.17 24.62 25.02 25.38 25.71 26.01 26.28 26.64 26.77 26.99 27.19 27.37 27.64 27.76 27.84 27.97 28.10 28.22 28.34 28.46 28.56 28.66 28.76 1.00 2.00 2.99 3.97 4.93 5.86 6.72 11.86 16.50 18.20 20.28 21.96 23.33 24.49 25.61 26.41 27.20 27.91 28.66 29.11 29.62 30.08 30.60 30.90 31.27 31.62 31.96 32.26 32.56 32.82 33.07 33.30 33.52 33.73 33.92 34.11 34.30 34.47 34.66 34.82 1.00 2.00 2.99 3.98 4.95 6.90 6.81 12.43 16.73 20.08 22.76 24.95 26.78 28.36 29.70 30.91 31.98 32.96 33.85 34.67 35.41 36.11 36.75 37.36 37.93 38.47 38.98 39.46 39.91 40.34 40.74 41.12 41.49 41.83 42.16 42.48 42.80 43.10 43.39 43.66 1.00 1.99 2.98 3.97 4.91 5.81 6.63 11.16 14.03 16.99 17.34 18.34 19.09 19.67 20.14 20.62 20.84 21.11 21.33 21.52 21.68 21.81 21.94 22.06 22.14 22.23 22.31 22.37 22.44 22.49 22.64 22.59 22.64 22.67 22.71 22.76 22.78 22.80 22.83 22.86 1.00 1.99 2.99 3.97 4.93 5.85 6.71 11.65 14.97 17.31 19.01 20.30 21.31 22.13 22.79 23.34 23.81 24.21 24.66 24.84 26.09 25.31 25.52 25.70 25.87 26.02 26.15 26.28 26.39 26.50 26.59 26.68 26.76 26.84 26.92 26.99 27.05 27.12 27.17 27.23 1.00 2.00 2.99 3.98 4.94 6.87 6.73 11.80 15.22 17.64 19.40 20.76 21.83 22.71 23.45 24.06 24.68 25.04 26.44 26.88 26.09 26.36 26.61 26.84 27.05 27.23 27.40 27.66 27.71 27.85 27.98 28.10 28.21 28.32 28.41 28.51 28.60 28.68 28.76 28.83 1.00 2.00 2.99 3.98 4.96 5.89 6.77 11.89 15.35 17.77 19.61 20.85 21.96 22.84 23.58 24.23 24.78 25.27 26.71 26.09 26.43 26.74 27.02 27.27 27.50 27.71 27.91 28.07 28.24 28.41 28.61 28.71 28.85 29.01 29.16 29.30 29.43 29.57 29.70 29.83 1.00 2.00 2.99 3.99 4.97 6.93 6.84 12.33 16.26 19.09 21.18 22.73 24.01 26.08 25.99 26.74 27.42 28.02 28.65 29.00 29.41 29.76 30.00 30.33 30.69 30.83 31.07 31.29 31.51 31.70 31.89 32.05 32.20 32.34 32.46 32.58 32.70 32.81 32.93 33.05 1.00 1.99 2.98 3.97 4.95 5.89 6.79 12.46 16.88 20.27 22.85 24.93 26.60 27.97 29.21 30.33 31.34 32.25 33.11 33.88 34.59 35.27 35.94 36.59 37.20 37.74 38.22 38.68 39.12 39.55 39.96 40.38 40.75 41.13 41.48 41.78 42.08 42.38 42.66 42.94 1268 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. The preceding table is of value in giving the basis for the cost of the insurance with any specified period of benefit payments. Thus, if the period of benefit payments is 5 weeks, the average duration of a case of sickness will be 15.23 days for males 25 to 34 years of age. If the period of benefit payments is made 10 weeks instead of 5 weeks, the average duration of a case of sickness for the same persons will be 18.14 days instead of 15.23 days. In other words, by doubling the period of benefit payments the average duration of a case of sickness for the persons already mentioned would be increased only one-fifth. CASES OF DEATH. The total number of cases of death included in the returns for the whole period of investigation, 1887 to 1905, is as follows: Males. Females. Total. Cases of death of compulsory membsers Cases of death of voluntary member . . . Total 7,288 1,426 460 8,668 1,876 ,10,544 If the above figures are arranged in the form of a relative state- ment, the rates are: Males. Females. of death per hundred compulsory members, of death per hundred voluntary members. . . 0.77 ,■^.26 0.63 1.58 The more favorable death rates shown in each case by the female members are due to the fact that the females, on the whole, belong to the younger age groups. In order to show the mortality rates for the persons insured in the Leipzig fund, the following table gives the number of cases of death per hundred thousand persons under observation for one j^ear, CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. ' 1269 NUMBER or CASES OF DEATH PER 100,000 PERSONS UNDER OBSERVATION ONE YEAR IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. Number of deaths per 100,000 persons. Age group. Males. Females. Excess of deaths of males com- pared with deaths of females. Under 15 years 94 274 403 492 687 860 1.126 1,421 2,032 2,622 3,589 5,475 6,666 9,546 94 307 493 601 657 666 726 993 1,229 1,694 1,919 3,299 4,967 5,051 a 33 O30 O109 70 + 184 + 400 + .428 + 803 + 928 +1,670 + 2,176 +1,687 +4,495 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40to44years 45to49years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over o Number of deaths of males less than those of females. Beginning with a death rate in the age group under 15 of 94 per per hundred thousand persons for both males and females, the rate for females increases more rapidly up to the age of 34, after which the rate for males is uniformly higher and increases with greater rapidity. In order to afford comparison with the preceding table, the following figures show the death rates for the total population of Germany as given in the general mortality table, the rates being deaths per hundred thousand persons : Age group. Females. 25 to 29 years . 30 to 34 years . 634 736 For the ages between 25 and 34 the death rates for both males and females are higher in the case of the total population than for the insured persons. The absolute number of deaths due to each of the groups of diseases is shown in the table following. 1270 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SEX AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905. Group number. Number of deaths (compulsory mem- bers). Males. Females. 7 26 2,626 650 135 40 232 5S 12 6 443 40 1,439 194 618 104 562 118 150 47 21 7 102 11 5 5 3 1 499 29 434 47 7,288 1,380 7- 19 20- 67 68- 95 96- 98 99-100 101-139 140-168 169-190 191-229 230-247,261 262-280 281-294 295-299 ■ 300-316 317-334 335 I. Developmental diseases (i) II. Infectious and parasitic diseases III. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and parasitic diseases Ill A. Growths ajid swellings, malignant III B. Growths and swellings, benign IV A. Diseases of the nervous systCTU IV B. Diseases of the organs of respiration IV C. Diseases of the organs of circulation IV D. Diseases of the organs of digestion IV E. Diseases of the genito-urinary organs IV F. Diseases of the external tissues IV G. Diseases of the organs of locomotion IV H. Diseases of the ear '. IV J. Diseases of the eye rv K. Injuries and other external influences V. AU other diseases. Including indefinite diagnoses Total : a For males, includes senile debility (7) only. For males the absolute number of deaths is greatest in the case of the group designated as infectious and , parasitic diseases, which is followed by the group diseases of the organs of respiration. For females the number of deaths is much smaller, but the same causes produce the greatest number of deaths. The statistics showing the number of deaths and the death rates, with the data classified by occupations and age groups, are included in the table on page 1281 and following pages. ACCIDENTS. In the investigation disability caused by accident was treated like other causes of disabihty, and under this heading the term accident is used to include industrial accidents as well as other accidents. The part which accidents of aU kinds played in the sickness insurance of Leipzig is shown by the following table : NUMBER AND FEB CENT OF CASES OF SICKNESS DUE TO ACCIDENTS OF ALL KINDS AND TO INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905. Sex and class of members. All cases of sick- Accidents of all kinds. Number. Percent. Industrial acci- dents. Number. Per cent. Male: Compulsory members Voluntary members. - Female: Compulsory members Voluntary members. . Total 376,809 34,370 108,524 19, 105 92,862 4,108 7,473 745 24.6 12.0 6.9 39,793 802 2,270 28 10.6 2.3 2.1 .2 538, 808 19.5 42,893 8.D CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSXJBANCE IN GERMANY. 1271 About one-fourth of the cases of sickness or disability of male compulsory members were due to industrial and other accidents, and for the female compulsory members about 7 per cent were due to mdustrial and other accidents, and for the total membership of the fund about one-fifth of all the cases of disability were caused by accidents of all kinds. It is of especial interest to compare the figures for all accidents -with the figures showing the proportion of cases of disability caused by industrial accidents. For the male compulsory members approximately one-tenth of all cases of disability are caused by industrial accidents, meaning thereby accidents occurring in the course of the employment and entitled to compensation under the accident msurance laws. The female com- pulsory members have but 2 per cent of the cases of disability caused by industrial accidents, and for all persons included in the Leipzig fund the proportion of cases of disability due to industrial accidents was 8 per cent. It is also of interest to compare the total number of days of sickness with the number of days caused by industrial accidents. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF DAYS OF SICKNESS DUE TO INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND. Sex and class ol members. Total days of sick- ness. Days of sickness from industrial accidents. Number. Per cent. Male: Compulsory members. Voluntary members. . Female: Compulsory members. Voluntary members. . Total 8,144,721 1,251,936 2,674,668 696,300 893,846 30,319 58, 112 979 11.0 2.4 2.2 .1 12, 767, 525 983,266 7.7 On the basis of membership, the number of cases of industrial accidents and of days of siclcness due to industrial accidents per thou- sand persons under observation are as follows : CASES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND DAYS OF SICKNESS DUE TO SUCH ACCIDENTS PER 1,000 PERSONS IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905. Days of Cases of in- sickness dustrial due to in- Sex and class of members. accidents dustrial per 1,000 accidents persons. per 1,000 persons. Male: 41.8 18.3 938 693 female: 8.7 1.0 224 34 33.4 7(6 1272 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. Out of the total of 12,767,525 days of sickness above mentioned, the proportion of days of sickness due to accidents of all kinds was 15.5 per cent, and the proportion due to industrial accidents alone was 7.7 per cent. It should be mentioned that the number of industrial accidents as above reported is not entirely accurate, because the accident insur- ance law of 1900 requires the reporting of only those accidents which cause complete or partial disability for more than 3 days, so that industrial accidents which disable insured persons for 3 days or less are not classed as industrial accidents, because of the rule just mentioned. A second reason for believing that the reporting of industrial accidents is defective arises from the fact that the law requires an industrial accident to be reported by the employer to the local police officials, so that many cases arise in which the fund is not certain whether a case of brief duration is really an industrial accident or other accident. A third reason for failure to get a complete count of industrial accidents is due to the fact that when a case of disability due to .industrial accident lasts longer than 4 weeks, the benefits paid are increased at the expense of the employer, beginning with the fifth week of disability. Since the determination of disability in such cases requires a certain amount of clerical labor on the part of the employer, the latter frequently neglects to report accidents which they know will be of less than 4 weeks' duration, in order to avoid the annoyance of filling out the official reports. It is believed, however, that indus- trial accidents of more than 4 weeks' duration are accurately reported, on account of the increase in benefits to which the injured person is then entitled. INFLUENCE OF AGE ON DEGREE OF DISABILITY CAUSED BY ACCIDENT. The influence of age is evident in the extent "to which the more severe accidents appear in the higher ages, the more severe accidents being those of over 4 weeks and those of over 13 weeks. The follow- ing table shows this fact by dividing the accidents into 3 classes, namely, those causing disability for more than 4 weeks, for more than 13 weeks, and accidents causing death. CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSTJKANCE IN GERMANY. 1273 NUMBEE OF CASES AND DURATION OF DISABILITY IN CASES OF SERIOUS INDUS- TRIAL ACCIDENTS TO MALE COMPULSORY MEMBERS OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. Number of industrial accidents per 100,000 male compulsory members causing— Disability of over 28 days. Disability of over 13 weeks. Death. Age group. Cases. Days. Cases. Number. Increase in each age group compared with pre- ceding group. Number. Increase in each age group compared with pre- ceding group. Number. Increase In each age group compared with pre- ceding group. Number. Increase in each age group compared with pre- ceding group. Under 15 years 16 to 24 years 1,057 731 813 1,213 1,616 1,786 1,774 2,034 55,433 36,744 45,925 72,000 99,770 111,782 119,785 140,219 179 84 166 285 456 561 647 939 "326 82 400 403 170 ol2 260 a 18, 689 9,181 26,075 27,770 12,012 8,003 20,434 <>95 82 119 171 105 86 292 15 17 39 53 67 104 25 to 34 Tears.. 2 22 14 55 to 64 vears.- 14 37 75 years and over a Decrease. The rates for industrial accidents given in the preceding table show a tendency to increase in each 10-year age period in practically all classes of accidents and for practically every age group. The only important exception from the rule occurs in the case of boys under 15 years of age, where there is both an unusually high number of cases of accidents and an unusually high number of days of dis- ability caused by these accidents. In the age group under 15 natu- rally would be found the qualities of carelessness and lack of skill, as well as lack of muscular development, which would readily account for the high rates shown in the table. The regular increase in the rates with age, as is shown above, is due in part to the fact that the more responsible and more dangerous work is given to the older and more experienced workers; but at the same time, such workers he- quently experience the weakness due to increasing age and the accompanying loss of muscular control. ACCIDENT RATES. The table following shows the number and proportion of accidents, by sex and age groups, for all of the persons included in the Leipzig fund. 1274 KBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY SEX AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. MALES (COMPULSORY MEMBERS). Num- ber of persons under obser- vation one year. Num- ber of cases of sickness (includ- ing acci- dents of all kinds). Num- ber of in- dus- trial acci- dents. Days of sick- ness caused by in- dustrial acci- dents. Num- ber of in- dus- trial acci- dents caus- ing dis- abil- ity for 28 days or less. Num- ber of in- dus- trial acci- dents caus- ing dis. abil- ity for more than 28 days. Num- ber of in- dus- trial aoei- denlB caus- ing dis- abil- ity for more than 13 weeks Fatal in- dus- trial acci- dents. Number of industrial ac- cidents per 100,000 in- sured personseausing— Age group. Dis- abil- ity tor 28 days or less. Dis- abil- ity for more than 28 days. Dis- abil- ity for more than 13 weeks Death Under IS years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 60 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over. . . 11,733 184,269 176,409 169,621 125,610 94,799 69,382 48,424 32,535 20,023 11,607 5,589 2,134 639 4,443 68,727 62,598 60,226 48,325 38,698 30,665 22,873 16,539 10,780 6,895 3,864 1,665 531 671 8,256 6,384 6,481 6,038 4,162 3,154 2,315 1,637 957 511 249 61 17 13,607 152,607 122,713 131,894 112,726 102,298 83,368 66,732 47,625 30,805 16,863 9,467 2,279 972 547 6,804 5,201 5,202 3,916 3,077 2,247 1,530 1,014 602 303 136 37 4 124 1,452 1,183 1,279 1,122 1,085 907 786 523 355 208 113 24 13 21 138 164 237 262 265 203. 205 164 116 61 40 10 6 ■■■23' 31 28 21 31 33 19 24 12 9 6 2 4,662 3,692 2,948 3,067 3,118 3,246 3,239 3,160 3,117 3,007 2,633 2,433 1,734 626 1,067 788 671 764 893 1,115 1,307 1,621 1,607 1,773 1,808 2,022 1,125 2,034 179 76 93 140 201 280 293 423 604 579 530 716 469 939 "12 18 17 17 33 48 39 74 60 78 107 94 Total 952,674 376,809 39,793 893,846 30,620 9,173 1,882 239 3,214 963 198 25 FEMALES (COMPULSORY MEMBERS). Under 15 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 64 years 55 to 69 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 years and over... 3,192 82,405 81,998 37,613 18,563 11,853 8,399 5,942 4,150 2,715 1,663 788 302 99 914 29,175 33,160 17,409 9,396 6,149 4,364 3,073 2,151 1,271 772 452 186 63 30 805 657 264 171 106 73 49 47 28 22 14 1 3 756 17,703 15,497 7,465 6,173 3,113 2,097 1,773 1,658 1,066 1,095 738 8 82 22 613 492 173 106 67 62 28 29 16 9 7 1 1 8 192 165 91 65 39 21 21 18 13 13 7 1 14 17 22 6 6 4 4 2 3 4 3 '""i' ....I "'i' 689 744 600 460 571 665 ~619 471 699 652 676 888 331 1,010 251 233 201 242 350 329 250 353 434 479 832 888 31 17 21 68 32 51 48 67 48 no 266 381 i 5 ■■■■37 2 2,020 Total ... 259,582 108,624 2,270 68, 112 1,616 665 86 3 622 252 33 1 The most interesting data shown in the preceding table are those contained in the last four columns. For males the industrial accident rate in the case of accidents causing disability for 28 days or less, was 3,214 per 100,000 insured persons; in case of accidents causing dis- ability for more than 28 days the rate was 963 per 100,000 insured persons. In other words, the rate for accidents causing disability for 4 weeks or under was over three times the rate for accidents causing disability for over 4 weeks. The accidents causing disability for more than 13 weeks had a rate of 198 per 100,000 insured persons, or a rate of about one-sixteenth of the rate for accidents causing disability for 4 weeks or less. The influence of age on the duration of the disa- CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSXJKANCB IN GEEMANY. 1275 bility is evident in the higher rates for the more serious accidents which are shown for the older men. In the preceding table the data are given for all of the insured persons. In the following table the same data are given, classified by industries, only those industries being given in which the number of persons included was large enough to form an adequate basis for the computation of rates: NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905. (A) BUILDING TRADES: Males. Number of per- sons un- der obser- vation one year. Number of cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of all kinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by sick fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 1,041 45,081 62,992 36,430 20,484 7,745 1,550 66 464 20,142 24,528 18,825 12,006 4,967 1,194 83 63 2,320 2,680 2,109 1,379 527 116 3 1,066 42,169 69,872 67,163 42,766 17,302 4,445 243 63.8 43.0 39.4 41.0 43.4 41,3 42.6 16.2 6.7 8.4 11.2 16.9 23.9 26.7 32.3 30.3 1.9 1.5 3.1 4.9 7.6 8.8 12.3 15.2 15 to 24 years 0.53 .43 .69 .83 1.29 3.23 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years. . . 75 years and over Total.... 165,389 82,209 9,197 225,005 41.4 14.2 4.0 .63 (B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Males. Under 16 years... 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Total 513 16,278 8,178 2,921 996 323 92 11 28,312 118 4,046 2,233 951 415 162 50 5 7,980 7 219 90 39 12 1 1 105 3,613 1,803 800 339 8 14 6,682 13.7 12.3 8.8 10.6 9.0 3.1 10.9 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.0 2.1 0.2 .2 .7 2.0 0.24 i.oo .11 (B) HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS: Females. Under 15 years.. 16 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 314 22,405 6,925 1,871 1,077 477 64 33,141 54 5,736 2,290 766 456 220 29 5 9,556 126 28 ,936 691 438 210 94 3,397 6.4 2.9 3.0 4.8 3.7 2.1 3.1 0.5 1.0 1.6 1.9 2.1 0.5 .03 (C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Males. Under 15 years.. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 56 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 76 years and over Total 228 12,980 8,997 3,569 1,437 594 182 32 28,019 38 3,301 2,446 1,150 509 292 93 24 7,863 2 110 60 23 3 6 3 207 100 1,862 1,092 700 37 109 107 4,007 7.5 5.2 4.5 2.1 8.4 5.6 8.8 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.7 11.0 0.4 '".6 0.70 1276 EEPOKT OP THE COMMISSIONBE OF LABOR. NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905-Cont'd. (C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Females. Number of per- sons im- der obser- vation one year. Number of eases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of alllcinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by siclj: fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 544 35,251 11,402 3,540 1,561 685 170 2 160 11,619 4,511 1,450 658 271 66 3 93 35 12 2 3 1 148 1,699 961 329 176 130 91 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.3 3.7 .5 1.0 1.1 1.3 2.9 5.9 1.8 .1 .4 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years 1.5 65 to 74 years 5.9 75 years and over Total 53,155 18,735 149 3,534 2.1 .7 .2 (D) CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES: Males. Under 15 years 18 1,235 1,872 1,140 652 228 53 4 4 518 839 563 351 - 112 22 4 15 to 24 years 69 122 76 37 13 3 1,385 2,696 1,875 966 278 128 44.5 50.8 50.9 41.4 48.3 37.7 11.3 14.4 15.8 15.3 8.8 18.9 1.6 2.1 4.4 3.1 25 to 34 years :... 0.88 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years., 65 to 74 years 18.9 75 years and over. Total 5,202 2,413 320 7,328 47.7 13.8 2.7 .19 (E) HIDES, LEATHEK, BAGS, ETC.: Males. Under 15 years 62 2,478 2,746 2,242 1,208 409 89 4 26 756 961 806 606 212 49 9 2 58 62 39 22 7 16 1,236 749 889 634 310 32.3 19.4 17.5 13.4 14.1 7.3 15 to 24 years 4.0 1.5 4.0 4.1 9.8 2.0 .4 1.8 1.7 2.4 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 1 91 250.0 250.0 Total 9,237 3,324 181 3,825 1.5 .11 (G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Males. Under 15 years 128 4,771 3,502 2,418 1,768 1,683 663 74 14 1,091 1,170 1,135 1,101 1,115 561 80 1 92 .115 111 74 84 27 2 17 1,875 2,800 3,140 1,834 2,875 1,109 113 7.8 14.7 24.6 31.0 31.9 30.3 19.6 13.6 15 to 24 years 4.6 8.3 14.9 10.2 22.7 21.1 13.5 0.6 1.7 5.0 2.3 8.8 3.0 13.5 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 0.83 .57 .63 66 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 14,897 6,267 506 13,763 23.5 10.5 2.8 .27 (G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Females. Under 15 years 66 3,352 2,616 2,668 2,071 1,278 473 64 13 888 1,314 1,562 1,172 682 311 37 15 to 24 years 14 24 28 32 18 6 2 252 881 693 966 674 244 53 3.6 4.8 9.0 10.1 7.0 8.5 15.6 0.6 4.8 2.0 5.3 7.0 4.2 16.6 0.3 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years .4 1.6 .8 2.1 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years . 0.78 65 to74 years 75 years and over Total 12,386 5,979 124 3,662 6.6 3.4 .6 .08 CHAPTEE V. WORKMEN S INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1277 NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905-Cont'd. (J) GLASS, POBCELAIN, POTTEBT: Males. Number of per- sons un- der obser- vation one year. Number of cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of all kinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by sick fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 178 3,874 3,307 1,953 962 331 47 2 67 1,280 1,186 869 474 185 37 2 6 126 103 65 22 9 71 2,248 2,521 1,623 711 313 33.7 27.1 23.0 25.1 13.6 21.2 15 to 24 years 6.4 8.2 8.2 9.4 6.0 0.5 2.7 .5 2.1 3.0 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years Total 10,654 4,100 331 7,387 i 24.0 7.0 1.4 (K) WOOD AND CUT MATERIALS: Males. Under 16 years 673 22,083 22,643 13, 171 6,665 2,097 572 66 275 8,899 8,515 5,108 3,134 1,146 378 49 44 1,058 1,023 534 293 105 18 1 670 20,579 22,352 14,680 8,441 3,279 920 63 66.6 38.5 36.1 27.2 29.4 30.5 14.0 8.9 9.4 10.3 13.4 14.6 19.6 17.5 17.9 0.6 1.3 2.7 3.9 6.2 7.0 0.05 25 to 34 years .13 35 to 44 years .23 .46 55 to 64 years .48 1.75 75 years and over Total 67,860 27,503 3,076 70,974 34.0 11.4 1.8 .18 (L) MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL , CHBONOLOGICAL, ETC ..INSTRUMENTS: Males Under 15 years 399 11,331 7,111 3,398 1,857 903 227 37 160 4,387 2,226 1,076 640 377 109 33 -24 668 232 104 59 31 4 1 363 10,741 6,044 2,432 1,669 1,084 190 30 52.6 40.7 26.3 22.7 23.2 22.2 4.4 7.5 9.4 7.3 8.0 8.6 12.2 13.2 27.0 0.8 1.0 .6 3.2 5.6 4.4 35 to 44 vears 0.69 75 years and over Total 25,263 8,998 1,023 21,663 31.8 8.7 1.2 .08 (M) LEATHER AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS: Males. 450 8,112 5,378 2,413 987 402 126 18 128 2,750 1,820 910 410 232 78 10 20 192 112 53 21 4 1 661 3,987 2,061 1,302 428 163 10 28.9 18.7 18.0 15.3 17.2 2.6 7.9 16.6 4.9 2.8 6.6 4.1 7.6 4.4 .6 .2 1.2 Underl5 years 0.25 25 to 34 v€!ars ..J. 1.01 75 years and over Total 17,886 6,338 403 8,612 17.8 4.8 .6 .17 (N) METAL WORKING: Males. 2,307 64,722 47,282 23,835 10,071 3,023 618 25 1,381 32,608 21,096 11,815 5,547 2,061 471 13 342 5,796 3,201 1,616 661 181 34 7,386 106,716 65,606 36,688 18,028 6,348 1,090 116.2 73.6 54.6 61.7 43.4 41.7 38.6 32.1 16.0 13.2 16.1 21.3 18.2 27.0 4.8 1.4 2.2 2.5 4.8 5.3 5.8 UnderlS years 1 K to 24 vears 0.14 .33 1.93 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 161,783 74,982 11,821 240,761 62.1 15.8 2.2 .17 1278 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905— Cont'd. (O) POODS AND DBINKS: Males. Number of per- sons un- der obser- vation one year. Number of cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of all kinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by sick fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 553 17,242 9,365 3,797 1,897 827 192 21 146 5,032 3,313 1,648 900 440 160 13 16 733 503 196 83 27 6 364 14,329 9,077 4,870 2,333 924 287 23.5 34.4 44.6 38.7 30.6 19.4 10.4 5.4 8.1 9.1 12.9 13.2 13.3 20.8 3.6 .9 1.5 4.2 2.6 6.1 5.2 0.06 .21 .26 45 to 54 years . 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. . . 75 years and over Total. . 33,894 11, 652 1,564 32,184 36.8 9.4 1.7 .12 (P) PAPER: Males. Under 15 years 693 13,699 10,036 5,153 2,348 885 222 15 337 6,605 3,600 2,028 1,037 536 185 9 34 470 256 178 71 25 5 1 584 9,536 5,709 4,310 2,148 425 159 37 41.9 27.5 20.2 25.0 19.6 24.9 18.0 7.2 6.9 5.3 9.5 10.7 3.4 4.5 66.7 15 to 24 years, . . 0.7 1.4 1.9 3.4 1.1 4.5 07 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years - 19 45 to 54 years 2.26 as to 74 years 75 years and over Total 33,051 13,337 1,040 22,908 24.5 7.0 1.3 12 (P) PAPER : Females. Under 15 years 516 21,192 7,261 2,549 864 173 35 2 169 9,973 4,229 1,406 485 81 19 5 301 67 26 4 1 1 97 7,019 1,962 606 78 61 139 7.8 10.4 5.7 6.7 3.5 1.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 1.2 5.8 28.6 15 to 24 years 0.1 .4 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 yeans 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years - , Total 32,592 16,362 405 9,962 8.8 3.7 .2 (Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Males. Under 15 years... 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 to74 years 75 years and over. Total 1,416 31,587 22, 737 11,988 6,542 2,222 617 54 76,163 509 11,635 7,282 3,886 1,949 952 323 37 26,473 63 798 238 101 48 20 4 1 1,160 16,872 4,976 2,247 1,099 516 145 16 1,263 27,031 29.7 20.2 8.2 6.8 6.7 5.9 3.2 18.6 13.1 7.8 5.1 2.3 1.7 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.5 2.1 .6 .2 .3 .5 1.6 (Q) PRINTING, PUBLISHING, ETC.: Females. Under 16 years 497 18,260 6,162 1,509 601 126 6 161 8,127 2,615 760 304 51 3 10 302 I 204 7,428 1,392 365 '127 68 16.1 11.9 6.1 6.6 3.3 15.9 4.0 tl 2.7 1.7 7.9 15 to 24 years 0.5 .4 0.05 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 to 64 years 65 to74 years 75 years and over Total 26,151 12,021 377 9,684 10.1 4.3 .4 .08 CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1279 NTJMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905— Cont'd. (R) STONE WORKERS: Males. % Number of per- sons un- der obser- vation one year. Number of cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of allkinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by sick fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 86 2,852 2,913 1,634 687 216 41 3 48 1,450 1,441 951 449 164 39 1 8 200 151 71 43 25 2 146 3,024 3,017 1,726 1,216 596 20 81.4 63.1 42.2 32.4 45.1 92.6 48.8 11.6 7.0 9.6 11.0 17.5 23.2 1.1 2.8 2.5 5.8 4.6 75 years and over Total 8,432 4,543 500 9,745 49.3 10.0 2.4 (S) TEXTILES: Males. Under 15 years lA to 24 "rears 145 5,494 3,863 3,000 1,803 625 103 4 55 2,149 1,514 1,215 811 354 70 4 5 313 147 111 76 33 1 65 6.446 3,616 3,050 2,667 1,091 91 34.5 44.6 29.1 24.7 23.3 28.8 12.4 9.1 12.3 18.9 24.0 9.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 5.0 6.4 9.7 0.18 .67 75 years and over 1 Total 15,027 6,172 686 17,024 33.0 12.6 2.3 .20 (S) TEXTILES: Females. (T) TRANSPORTATION: Males. Under 15 years. . . 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Total 12 0,369 16, 338 9,348 3,979 1,647 323 9 36,915 2,200 5,599 4,188 2,314 1,036 249 11 15,603 1 393 1,095 794 409 151 22 2,865 14 7,248 25,189 20,772 13,012 5,793 778 72,806 8.3.3 50.6 54.0 61.8 64.8 51.1 40.3 56.3 11.2 17.4 23.1 38.0 46.5 27.9 (U) CEMENT AND LIME INDUSTRY: Males. Under 15 years.. - 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 66 to 64 years 66 to 74 years 75 years and over. Total 37 2,333 3,740 2,337 1,079 4S9 126 7 10, 148 11 1,327 2,129 1,537 804 334 136 8 6,286 137 209 163 70 29 7 1 618 97 2, 607 4,401 4,170 2,193 1,546 375 14 16,403 27.0 48.4 44.9 62.2 40.8 28.6 16.9 142.9 45.8 27.0 10.3 11.0 17.5 24.1 30.7 39.7 336 15,586 7,169 2,933 1,496 576 97 99 7,744 4,858 2,049 926 302 68 3 262 131 46 27 14 4 111 6,279 3,936 1,664 816 690 84 6.0 12.0 11.3 7.8 10.0 10.4 30.9 3.0 4.8 7.0 7.6 8.0 13.9 10.3 i Under 15 years 6.4 1.7 1.0 1.3 5.2 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 vears and over I 28,193 16,046 486 13,479 11.2 6.0 .9 Total 5.5 1.9 1.42 4.1 .72 ,1.9 .86 11.6 1.01 1.5.5 1.94 12.4 3.10 27.0 .9 3.2 5.1 8.3 14.3 23.8 4.5 0.27 .43 .93 2.04 1280 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS COMPENSATED BY THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND AND ACCIDENT RATE, BY INDUSTRIES AND AGE GROUPS, 1887 TO 1905— Cpnc'd. CV) OFFICE, ETC., EMPIiOTEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males. Number of per- sons un- der obser- vation one year. Number of cases of disability (sickness and acci- dents of all kinds). Industrial accidents. Number per 1,000 insured persons of— Age group. Cases of industrial accidents. Days of disability compen- sated by sick fund. Cases of industrial accidents causing disability for— Fatal in- dustrial accidents. 28 days or under. Over 28 days. Over 13 weeks. Under 15 years 1,080 50,680 29,371 10,499 4,568 1,855 472 66 208 10,247 5,611 2,272 1,225 561 190 26 9 130 46 29 15 11 1 180 2,121 919 1,095 496 289 33 6.5 2.2 1.3 1.4 2.2 4.3 1.9 .4 .3 1.3 1.1 1.6 2.1 15 to 24 years 0.02 .03 .6 .4 .5 04 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 98, 591 '20,340 241- 5,133 1.9 .6 .1 02 (V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPLOYEES, SALESWOMEN, ETC.: Females. Under 15 years 242 24,943 7,299 1,356 291 81 49 1 57 7,066 1,936 290 53 17 17 1 ]5to 24 years 22 4 270 82 0.8 .4 0.04 .1 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 34, 262 9,437 26 352 .7 .1 (W) ENGINEERS AND FIBEMEN IN ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 287 2,103 2,588 1,447 668 128 1 96 656 847 511 236 80 1 17 105 124 84 28 9 383 2,261 3,615 2,173 895 346 48.8 39.5 30.1 40.8 28.7 31.3 10.5 10.5 17.8 17.3 21.5 39.1 3.6 1.4 3.6 4.2 1.8 15.6 25 to 34 years 85 to 44 years. . . 1 93 65 to 64 years 65to74years 75 years and over Total 7,112 2,427 367 9,573 35.7 15.9 3.1 1.41 (X) SUBSIDIABT OCCUPATIONS CONNECTED WITH COMMERCE: Males. Under 15 years 1,631 33,177 21,971 12,965 6,590 2,751 696 67 428 9,843 6,843 3,784 2,105 1,026 365 43 31 693 441 307 124 50 10 2 439 11,787 8,382 6,989 3,433 1,367 510 120 17.8 14.6 16.4 18.6 12.8 12.0 8.6 1.2 3.3 3.7 6.1 6.1 8.2 6.8 29.9 16 to 24 years. . . 0.6 .6 .9 1.4 1.8 4.3 14.9 03 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 23 45 to 64 yeai3 . .15 66 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 79, 848 23,426 1,558 33,027 15.5 4.0 .8 (T) MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS: Males. Under 15 years 70 4,115 7,584 6,640 3,062 1,635 649 61 23 1,592 3,181 2,847 1,802 1,077 664 64 180 354 321 204 93 35 4 3,231 7,021 8,400 6,432 2,969 978 256 36.5 38.6 41.3 43.4 33.0 37.0 7.3 8.2 16.6 23.2 23.9 17.0 65.6 1.0 2.4 4.2 6.9 5.5 6.2 32.8 25 to 34 years 26 36 to 44 years. .90 55 to 64 years. . . 61 66 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 22,716 11,250 1,191 29,286 38.8 13.6 3.6 .48 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE TN GERMANY. 1281 SICKNESS KATES, BY INDUSTRIES. The greater part of the four volumes giving the results of the study of the Leipzig fund is devoted to the presentation of the sickness data by groups of industries. Under each industry the information is presented by sex, age groups, and classes of diseases (including traumatic injuries of all kinds), together with selected specific diseases. The diseases included in each class are stated on pages 1350 to 1354. The following is a summarfof the information contained in the report : SUMMARY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE SPECIAL STUDY OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, 1887 TO 1905. COMPCLSOBT MEMBERS. Sickness (Including accidents of all kinds). Number of persons under observation 1 Number of deaths Age group. year. Number of cases of Number of days of disa- from all causes. sickness. bility. Males Fe- males. Total. Males Fe- males. Total. Males. Females. Total. Males Fe- males Total. Under 15. 11,733 3,192 14,925 4,443 914 6,367 69,814 17,024 86,838 11 3 14 15 to 19... 184,269 82, 405 266,674 68,727 29, 175 97,902 1,137,737 621,015 1, 758, 752 505 253 758 i!0to24... 176,409 81,998 258,407 62,598 33,160 95,758 1, 169, 154 783,066 1,942,220 817 404 1,221 25 to 29... 169,621 37,613 207,234 60,226 17,409 77,636 1,200,070 453,390 1,653,460 835 226 1,061 30 to 34... 125, 610 18,563 144, 173 48,325 9,396 67,721 1,022,005 258, 974 1,280,979 737 122 859 35 to 39... 94,799 11,863 106,662 38,698 6,149 44,847 891,922 173,672 1,066,694 806 79 885 40 to 44... 69,382 8,399 77,781 30,666 4,354 36,019 754,956 122,050 877,006 781 61 842 45 to 49... 48,424 5,942 64,366 22,873 3,073 25,946 602,104 88,886 690, 990 688 69 747 50 to 54... 32,536 4,160 36,685 16,539 2,151 18,690 473,756 61,827 635,583 661 61 712 55 to 59... 20,023 2,716 22,738 10,780 1,271 12,061 341,323 40,332 381,655 526 46 571 60 to 64... 11,507 1,563 13,070 6,895 772 7,667 238,042 25,604 263,646 413 30 443 65 to 69... 5,589 788 6,377 3,864 462 4,306 154,246 18,699 172,945 306 26 332 70 to 74... 2,134 302 2,436 1,665 186 1,840 73,768 7,642 81,400 142 15 157 75 and over 639 99 738 531 63 594 25,834 2,487 28, 321 61 6 66 Total. 962,674 259,682 1,212,266 376,809 108,524 486,333 8,144,721 2,674,668 10,819,289 7,288 1,380 8,668 VOLUNTARY MEMBER S. Under 15. 49 42 91 32 24 56 803 629 1,432 1 1 15 to 19... 977 2,497 3,474 986 1,692 2,678 27,721 59,304 87,025 ■""24 36 69 20 to 24... 1,448 6-, 408 6,866 2,010 3,661 6,661 61,289 129,216 190,505 60 82 142 25 to 29... 4,676 4,669 9,244 3,684 3,036 6,620 107,630 110,526 218, 156 71 66 137 30 to 34... 6,494 3,376 9,870 4,368 2,376 6,743 137,366 88,688 226,054 129 44 173 35 to 39... 6,805 2,976 9,781 4,661 2,018 6,679 156,071 73,003 229,074 137 34 171 40 to 44... 6,269 2,678 8,947 4,487 1,797 6,284 156,586 62,200 218,786 172 22 194 45 to 49... 6,008 2,425 7,433 3,871 1,442 6,313 144,860 49, 146 194,006 169 36 204 60 to 54... 3,817 1,720 6,637 3,148 1,059 4,207 119,920 40, 151 160,071 115 29 144 65 to 59... 3,018 1,232 4,260 2,538 820 3,368 109,922 32,863 142,785 127 28 155 60 to 64... 2,142 766 2,907 1,860 679 2,439 88,881 24, 136 113,017 146 22 167 65 to 69... 1,677 452 2,029 1,402 366 1,767 68,727 14,253 82,980 111 26 136 70 to 74... 1,022 199 1,221 905 167 1,062 46, 167 7,153 53,320 86 12 98 76 and over 570 110 680 518 90 608 25,993 6,032 31,026 80 16 95 Total. 43,771 28,549 72,320 34,370 19,105 53,475 1,251,936 696,300 1,948,236 1,426 450 1,878 Grand total... 996,446 288, 131 1,284,676 411,179 127,629 638,808 9,396,667 3,370,868 12,767,626 8,714 1,830 10,544 The preceding table includes sickness cases as well as cases of acci- dent of all kinds. The data for industrial accidents have been given on page 1274 and following pages. The table following shows the data by industry groups and by 1282 BBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. SlfKNESS KATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOKY MEMBEKS), BY GROUPS OP OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905. (A) BUILDING TRADES: Males. Sdmmaky. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. 1,041 45,081 ■ 52,992 36,430 20,484 7,745 1,550 66 464 20,142 24,528 18,825 12,006 4,967 1,194 83 6,258 317,289 465,648 424,501 313,374 155,808' 42,597 3,741 13.5 15.8 19.0 22.5 26.1 31.4 35.7 45.1 445.7 446.8 462.9 516.7 586.1 641.3 770.3 1,257.6 6,012 7,038 8,787 11,653 15,298 20,117 27,482 56,682 15 to 24 yeai's 134 236 306 329 188 70 8 2 97 8.40 45 to 54 years 16 06 24 27 65 to 74 years... 45 16 75 years and over 121.21 Total 165,389 82,209 1,729,216 21.0 1,271 497.1 10,455 Sickness Rates, by Ghoups op Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67)., Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of D'thS, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of slck- D'tha. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 44.0 51.5 51.1 51.8 54.6 73.6 978 1,283 1,528 1,645 1,818 2,349 1.02 1.92 2.66 3.22 4.13 7.10 22.2 24.9 29.9 29.9 33.3 31.9 9.7 11.9 10.8 11.0 8.5 14.8 206 306 313 399 513 335 0.04 .11 .22 .44 .65 21.3 25.7 29.1 36.3 60.2 22.6 0.04 .20 .40 1.80 3.50 5.20 0.2 19 37 128 323 0.02 .22 .98 1.81 5.5 85.2 83.1 72.6 92.7 90.8 49.7 1,319 2.16 26.6 10.8 302 .18 27.9 .06 60 .29 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 0.8 .7 .7 1.1 .7 .7 20 0.02 16 15 32 .10 15 14 19 .02 24.1 22.3 20.4 28.2 23.6 21.0 23.5 7.2 171 0.13 11.6 348 .09 19.4 642 .41 23.0 787 .93 23.6 928 2.19 34.2 1,426 1.94 14.3 464 .39 23.8 30.1 33.1 34.2 39.3 41.7 68.3 63.1 73.0 90.6 116.7 164.2 70.6 1,065 0.22 1,408 .81 1,912 1.45 2,814 3.32 4,180 6.68 6,661 18.06 1,778 1.54 18.3 22.3 26.2 31.1 36.8 43.1 25.2 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 9.S 226 0.18 9.3 234 .15 9.9 295 .69 12.6 443 1.32 16.5 774 2.07 23.9 912 4.52 10.4 302 .56 23.8 25.2 29.7 35,0 46.8 38.2 68.2 70.2 63.2 71.6 78.0 97.4 29.2 69.0 788 1,030 1,076 1,459 1,768 3,074 0.31 .25 .52 1.81 2.58 3.23 .67 11.5 14.7 17.0 20.4 22.5 31.6 4.5 4.6 4.6 3.8 6.3 7.7 15.6 4.5 92 108 123 163 226 168 119 0.04 .08 .16 .24 .13 .11 20.6 23.7 27.5 43.3 42.6 21.7 26.8 CHAPTEB V. — WOEKMEN's INSUEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1283 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORy MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (A) BUILDING TRADES: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups or Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the external Diseases of the organs of tissues (262-280). locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'tbs. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 Av- persons, of — erage days of du- ration of each Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years, 6S to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 48.1 37.1 42.5 43.0 44.7 51.0 548 833 1,039 1,466 1,800 0.04 .05 12.5 14.8 19.6 24.2 32.8 35.3 52.6 75.2 96.4 115.2 136.9 149.7 753 1,248 1,882 2,502 3,877 4,856 0.02 .04 .16 .64 .90 1.29 14.3 16.6 19.6 21.7 28.3 32.4 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.4 1.9 16.3 17.3 19.0 33.9 28.7 19.7 42.6 743 .02 17.4 82.0 1,564 .18 19.1 19.0 Diseases of the eye (300-316). 9.4 8.2 8.1 11.2 10.9 11.6 137 133 160 275 396 624 175 14.6 16.2 18.5 24.5 36.5 53.7 128.5 113.7 131.6 144.7 136.8 141.9 19.2 127.2 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a^o). 3.2 6.8 7.2 7.1 8.7 16.8 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 216 502 665 629 634 912 4,823 0.71 1.66 2.33 2.44 3.62 5.16 1.74 68.5 73.6 91.1 88.3 73.3 54.3 79.0 Poisoning (92-95). Injuriesandotherexter- nal influences (317-334). 1,912 2,005 2,758 3,592 3,648 4,731 2,449 0.71 .81 1.10 1.76 1.94 5.16 1.05 14.9 17.6 21.0 24.8 26.9 33.3 19.3 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 6.1 6.4 5.1 6.2 9.8 15.5 5.9 166 160 185 275 516 637 202 0.18 .15 .66 1.22 1.81 4.52 .52 27.2 29.6 36.1 44.4 52.6 41.1 34.; All other diseases, in- cluding indefinite diag- noses (335). .3.4 47 0.27 3.7 67 .13 .3.4 64 .74 3.3 61 1.42 4.1 161 1.29 .7 14 3.6 61 .51 14.1 18.1 16.9 18.8 36.6 22.0 17.7 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 39.0 58.6 80.7 98.8 117.0 128.4 66.3 517 966 1,566 2,084 3,167 4,392 1,249 0.04 .11 .49 .77 1.29 .16 13.3 16.6 19.4 21.1 27.1 34.2 18.9 • 7.5 9.3 6.3 5.0 4.1 6.8 7.3 160 263 208 209 299 104 212 0.02 .06 .03 .16 .26 .06 21.4 27.1 32.9 41.9 72.6 17.9 29.0 1284 REPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICE FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (B) HOTELS AND BESTAUBANTS: Males. StrMMAET. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness.. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 613 15,278 8,178 2,921 996 323 92 11 118 4,046 2,233 951 415 162 50 5 2,104 84,159 51,584 25,618 12,883 4,710 2,332 141 17.8 20.8 23.1 26.9 31.0 29.1 46.6 28.2 230.0 264.8 273.1 325.6 416.7 601.6 543.6 464.6 4,101 5,509 6,308 8,770 12,935 14,582 25,349 12,818 40 52 44 23 14 3 2.62 6.36 35 to 44 years 16.06 23.09 55 to 64 years 43.34 65 to 74 years 32.61 75 years and over Total 28,312 7,980 183,531 23.0 176 281.9 6,482 6 22 Sickness Rates, by Gkoitps of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Growths and swellings, maUgnant (96-98). Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days siok- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 56 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years., 45 to 54 years.. 66 to 64 years.. 66 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years.. 26 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 65 to 64 years.. 66 to 74 years.. Total... 40.7 46.6 41.8 44.2 62.6 43.6 1,161 1,456 1,644 2,287 2,062 804 0.92 3.06 6.16 7.03 3.10 10.87 28.6 31.9 39.4 61.8 39.2 18.5 4.3 5.3 9.6 15.1 21.7 131 129 248 316 0.07 .12 .34 2.01 30.7 24.6 26.9 20.9 35.4 0.1 1.0 6.0 19 54 516 21.7 3,065 0.12 .68 3.01 lo.'s?' 164. 0, 62.7 102.8 141.0 42.1 2.33 31.7 166 .18 27.2 39 .26 100.7 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 0.5 .4 1.0 1.0 .6 6.7 16 13 7.3 18.3 16.7 13.0 I 5.2 8.6 11.6 16.1 27.9 21.7 11.9 7.6 143 268 487 402 613 2,717 233 6.19 27.3 30.1 41.8 25.0 22.0 126.0 29.2 37.3 49.3 60.2 102.2 217.4 31.1 35.9 751 1,040 1,326 1,884 4,360 10,446 997 0.46 .86 2.74 2.01 12.38 10.87 1.02 26.7 27.9 26.9 31.3 42.6 48.1 27.8 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 7.7 11.0 9.2 18.1 27.9 9.3 207 309 358 609 271 0.20 .49 .68 4.02 3.10 26.9 28.1 38.7 33.7 32.0 36.3 43.8 41.2 52.6 43.5 33.9 437 556 1,021 841 1,232 1,826 561 0.13 .12 1.71 1.00 6.19 14.6 15.3 23.3 20.4 23.4 42.0 16.6 7.6 8.7 5.8 14.1 12.4 21.7 8.0 164 227 251 532 446 554 0.37 1.37 2.01 6.19 .39 21.7 26.2 43.1 37.9 36.0 26.5 26.9 CHAPTER V. WORKMEN ^S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1285 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (B) HOTELS AND KESTAURANTS: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups op Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, ol— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of slck- Diseases of the ear (295- 299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of slck- 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 66 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years., 25 to 34 years. , 35 to 44 years., 45 to 54 years.. 66 to 64 years., 65 to 74 years.. Total. 16 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years. . 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 64 years.. 65 to 64 years. . 65 to 74 years.. Total... 46.9 30.2 30.8 38.2 40.3 65.2 714 631 631 1,365 567 2,913 16.2 17.6 20.5 35.8 14.1 44.7 28.2 38.3 64.4 94.4 105.3 65.2 673 874 1,410 2,831 2,108 2,457 23.9 22.8 25.9 30.0 20.0 37.7 2.0 1.7 .3 41 46 3.4 21.0 26.9 10.0 40.4 686 17.0 37.0 907 .04 24.6 23.7 Diseases of the eye (300- 316). Injuries and other ex- ternal influences (317- 334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 4.7 4.9 11.3 4.0 3.1 10.9 5.4 131 126 262 79 43 152 139 0.07 .04 28.2 25.8 23.2 19.8 14.0 14.0 26.6 66.8 907 0.26 43.2 706 .49 54.1 1,016 .34 6.'). 3 1,269 1.00 52.6 1,449 32.6 413 62.3 874 .35 16.2 16.3 18.8 19.3 27.5 12.7 2.3 1.6 1.4 16.7 1.9 36 0.62 .12 .34 1.00 6.19 .46 19.6 15.1 32.6 17.0 19.4 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169- 181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 3.7 6.0 11.6 10.0 9.3 5.4 279 402 1,123 1,451 1,142 0.72 2.81 6.16 5.02 3.10 2.50 76.1 67.1 96.4 144.5 123.0 3.9 6.6 6.2 13.1 21.7 83.2 5.4 119 227 287 469 681 184 0.20 .49 4.02 3.10 30.2 34.4 46.6 35.2 31.4 17.5 29.8 45.9 76.3 92.9 43.6 26.9 382 719 1,201 2,280 1,808 1,207 652 0.12 21.9 24.1 26,2 29.9 19.6 27.8 24.2 Poisoning (92-95). 0.3 .7 .7 .4 5.4 26 6.9 0.12 .34 .07 20.5 34.8 10.0 1286 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (B) HOTELS AND RBSTAUBANTS: Females. Summary. 'Number of persons under observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years IS to 24 vears ... . 314 22,405 6,925 1,871 1,077 477 64 8 54 5,736 2,290 766 456 220 29 5 1,019 157,047 65,009 22,893 14,552 9,075 1,294 266 18.9 27.4 28.4 29.9 3L9 4L3 44.6 53.2 172.0 256.0 330.7 409.4 423.4 461.2 453.1 625. 3,245 7,009 9,388 12,236 1.1,512 19,025 20,219 33,250 76 25 8 16 10 4 3.39 3.61 35 to 44 vears... 4.28 14.86 55 to 64 years 20 96 62.50 75 years and over Total 33, 141 9,556 271,155 28.4 139 288.3 8,182 4 19 Sickness Rates, by Grovps of Diseases. Age group. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. Developmental diseases (7-19). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 3.7 9.2 10.7 5.0 Days sick- ness. 294 406 D'ths. 0.14 .53 .06 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 24.1 31.8 38.0 28.8 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). 0.1 6.6 2.1 46.9 2.5 423 161 3,760 25 2.79 3i.'25" .15 28.6 76.0 77.0 80.0 9.2 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 18.4 581 0.31 36.1 1,206 .87 36.3 1,072 .63 52.9 2,046 1.86 81.8 3,996 8.39 93.8 2,406 16.63 26.2 836 .63 31.5 33.4 29.6 38.7 48.9 25.7 13.1 Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-^7). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- 38.7 39.7 42.2 67.6 58.7 62.5 39.9 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 1,367 1,230 1,168 1,636 2,029 2,344 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of siok- 1.25 1.30 .53 4.64 4.19 1.36 36.4 31.0 27.7 28.4 34.6 37.6 33.6 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 0.4 8.2 .6 11 .6 14 2.8 106 8.4 994 2.10 .6 26 . .03 23.0 19.5 26.0 38.0 118.5 43.8 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 7.2 11.7 18.7 17.6 21.0 9.4 310 394 884 818 1,466 2,672 0.45 .14 .53 43.2 33.7 47.3 46.4 69.9 57.0 42.6 General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- 25.2 29.6 27.3 17.6 2L0 15.6 26.7 Days of sick- D'ths. 822 857 526 568 801 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- 0.09 .14 .09 32.7 29.1 25.4 29.8 27.1 13.0 31.2 Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 6.3 11.0 17.6 18.6 10.6 8.4 205 382 7S5 636 304 0.18 .14 .63 .18 32.4 34.8 46.1 28.8 29.0 34.1 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 39.0 846 0.58 54.4 1,423 .29 64.1 1,771 .53 61.1 1,476 .93 62.4 1,491 4.19 62.6 1,369 44.1 1,046 .57 21.7 26.1 27.6 28.9 28.4 21.8 23.7 CHAPTEB V. WOBKMEn's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1287 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued. (B) HOTELS AND BESTAUBANTS: Females— Concluded. Sickness Rates, bt Geoups of Diseases. Diseases of the genlto-uri- nary organs (230-261). Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Age group. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. 16 to 24 years 16.8 27.2 27.8 13.9 8.4 488 886 1,219 500 126 0.09 .29 .63 1.86 29.1 32.6 43.8 36.9 15.0 43.9 45.5 67.7 67.8 62.4 934 1,129 1,711 2,166 2,650 'o.'qs' 21.3 24.8 29.6 32.0 60.6 23.9 31.8 58.3 61.3 98.6 46.9 649 902 1,489 1,786 3,824 4,000 '6.' 93' 27.1 28.4 25.6 29.2 38.8 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total 19.3 604 .21 31.4 46.8 1,082 .03 23.6 29.6 833 .03 28.1 Diseases of the ear (296-299). Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external Influences (317-334). 0.9 1.2 2.7 1.9 32 16 66 46 35.4 13.9 21.0 25.0 3.3 3.3 4.8 6.5 2.1 113 72 180 134 42 34.2 21.7 37.4 20.6 20.0 26.5 26.7 35.8 45.6 39.8 62.6 519 522 712 1,260 1,281 2,078 0.22 .14 .53 25 to 34 years 19 5 19 9 45 to 54 years 27 5 55 to 64 years 32 2 65 to 74 years 33 3 Total 1.1 29 27.8 3.6 112 31.3 28.1 670 .21 20 3 All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Anemia (68). 1.9 2.9 4.8 2.8 4.2 15.6 44 64 68 61 94 1,406 0.22 .14 "2.'i6' 15.63 23.5 22.1 14.2 22.0 22.5 90.0 2.3 2.2 1.6 4.6 4.2 158 138 157 271 417 0.89 .87 .53 3.71 2.10 69.3 63.5 98.0 68.4 99.5 24.4 28.6 24.6 15.8 21.0 16.6 807 843 654 403 568 203 0.04 33.0 25 to 34 years 29.5 26.6 45 to 54 years - 26.5 27.1 13.0 Total . 2.4 63 .24 22.6 2.3 159 .97 69.4 24.8 781 .03 31.5 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). Poisoning (92-95). 4.0 6.7 8.0 4.6 4.2 31.3 215 226 424 317 298 531 0.45 ".53" .93 54.1 40.2 52.9 68.2 71.0 17.0 13.3 21.7 61.8 63.9 83.9 46.9 371 661 1,350 1,602 2,935 4,000 '6.' 93' 27.8 30.5 26.0 29.7 35.0 85.3 0.3 .3 6.2 2.6 0.04 .14 19.7 9.0 Total 4.6 232 .36 50.6 19.5 567 .03 29.1 .3 4 7 .06 17.3 46598°— 10- -82 1288 EBPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (C) CliOTHIlVG AND CLEANING: Males. Sdmmaet. Age group. Number of persons under observar tionl year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 228 12,980 8,997 3,569 1,437 594 182 32 38 3,301 2,446 1,150 509 292 93 24 471 67,896 59,225 30,767 18,500 10,680 4,583 1,749 12.4 20.6 24.2 26.8 36.3 36.6 49.3 72.9 166.7 254.3 271.9 322.2 354.2 491.6 511. 750.0 2,066 6,231 6,583 8,621 12,874 17,980 25, 181 54,656 52 68 40 26 23 4 2 4 01 7.34 11.21 18 09 35 to 44 years. . . 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years... 38.' 72 21.98 62.50 75yearsandover Total 28,019 7,853 193,871 24.7 213 280.3 6,919 7.60 Sickness Rates, by Geoups op Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of slck- D'ths. Av- days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. Total.. 40.3 47.1 47.4 50.8 70.7 22.0 1,149 1,738 1,597 2,142 2,404 643 2.47 4.22 4.76 7.65 6.73 5.49 28.5 36.9 33.7 42.2 34.0 29.3 6.1 6.5 7.3 11.3 37.0 5.5 165 166 211 564 606 104 1.68 27.2 30.5 28.9 47.6 16.4 19.0 0.1 .1 1.4 6.7 3.3 6.1 49 64 .70 3.37 43.0 55.0 58.0 46.0 65.3 44.3 1,463 33.1 7.0 200 28.7 22 .18 66.8 Growths and swellings, benign (9»-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 0.2 .8 1.4 .7 1.7 11.0 2.i 11 17 2.! 91 753 14 19.0 14.1 12.4 4.0 54.0 68.5 6.9 10.7 23.0 27.8 26.9 60.4 21.9 12.1 1,127 1,878 1,837 3,165 519 0.44 .56 2.09 3.37 29.9 34.0 49.0 67.5 68.2 52.4 37.8 48.6 57.7 64.0 97.6 109.9 42.9 47.0 914 1,297 2,049 2,411 6,061 6,835 1,408 0.39 .67 1.12 2.78 10.10 5.49 .96 24.2 26.7 35.5 37.7 61.8 63.1 29.9 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the orgms of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 11.3 10.0 8.7 20.2 20.2 27.5 11.3 384 1,139 695 1,440 0.31 .67 .56 .70 10.10 29.7 34.4 56.4 34.4 52.4 6.0 43.1 673 0.46 62.6 836 .11 62.1 780 .56 47.3 1,208 1.39 42.1 1,559 3.37 38.6 2,302 5.49 47.4 793 .50 16.6 16.9 16.0 26.5 37.0 69.9 4.5 5.8 6.2 4.2 10.1 22.0 16.7 5.3 194 131 164 273 2,022 146 0.22 .28 .70 '5."49' .18 19.3 33.5 21.3 36.8 27.0 92.0 27.6 CHAPTEB V. WOEKMEN's INSUBANCB IN GERMANY. 1289 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Geodps of Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of- Cases of sick- nesSi Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of slck- 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. . . 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years., 45 to 54 years. 66 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. . . Total. 35.4 23.1 25.2 29.9 16.8 22.0 463 384 468 650 318 632 0.15 .28 .70 13.1 16.6 18.6 18.4 18.9 28.8 20.3 29.2 46.5 61.9 92.6 115.4 435 615 1,037 1,573 2,689 4,363 21.4 21.0 22.3 25.4 29.0 37.8 1.6 1.7 2.0 .7 1.7 33 39 31 8.4 66 21.2 23.3 16.9 12.0 33.0 29.3 440 .14 16.0 30.7 701 22.8 21.1 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 56 to 64 years 66 to 74 years Total.. 16 to 24 years. 26 to 34 years., 35 to 44 years., 46 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external Influences (317-334). All other diseases. Including indefinite diagnoses (335). .9.2 7.6 10.7 4.9 13.5 11.0 107 171 178 164 224 473 173 18.0 22.6 16.7 33.7 16.6 43.0 35.7 28.0 32.5 25.8 60.5 55.0 19.7 32.8 520 441 634 955 1,498 2,390 566 0.56 .84 .70 14.6 15.7 19.6 37.1 29.7 43.5 2.0 1.2 .8 2.8 3.4 11.0 17.2 28 24 12 62 231 1,060 37 0.15 .44 1.96 .70 14.1 19.5 14.3 22.3 68.5 96.5 21.8 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 7.1 13.0 11.5 20.2 13.6 6.6 10.3 455 1,052 888 1,557 882 170 761 2.31 3.89 4.20 6.96 6.06 8.49 3.35 64.2 80.9 77.3 77.1 65.5 31.0 74.1 Poisoning (92-95). 0.2 .1 .3 2.1 L7 3.2 2.8 2.8 38 12 13.7 25.0 10.0 18.3 7.0 15.3 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 9.1 327 0.31 fi.8 225 .67 4.8 237 .66 11.8 817 .70 18.5 685 10.10 6.5 418 8.1 324 .71 35.9 33.1 49.7 69.1 37.0 76.0 40.1 15.5 22.8 39.0 62.2 82.6 104.4 24.6 270 433 859 1,386 2,168 4,077 620 17.4 19.0 22.0 26.5 26.2 39.1 21.1 1290 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR, SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (C) CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Females. Summary. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sic]£uess. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deatlis. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 644 35,251 11,402 3,640 1,661 685 170 2 160 11,619 4,511 1,450 658 271 66 3,740 274,812 126,216 43,861 22,469 9,622 3,636 23.4 23.7 28.0 30.2 34.1 35.5 55.1 294.1 329.6 395.6 409.6 421.5 395.6 388.2 6,875 7,796 11,070 12,390 14,388 14,047 21,388 141 78 27 15 16 5 4.10 25 to 34 years 6.84 7.63 45 to 54 years 9.61 23.36 65 to 74vears.. 29.41 75 years and over Total 63,165 18,735 484,346 25.9 282 352.5 9,112 5.31 SiCKi^ss Bates, by Geoups of Diseases. Age group. Developmental (7-19). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case - of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 65 to 64 years. . 65 to 74 years.. Total... 6.0 15.4 162 465 186 0.09 .09 27.2 30.2 27.5 39.6 49.5 52.3 63.2 54.0 52.9 1,099 1,711 1,725 1,873 2,320 2,324 2.21 3.68 3.67 2.56 4.38 11.76 27.8 34.6 33.0 35.2 42.9 43.9 69.6 54.8 30.8 11.7 2,385 2,060 1,687 1,060 560 0.26 .53 27.5 29.6 30.8 34.5 47.1 220 28.6 43.2 1,317 2.67 30.6 78.1 2,193 .28 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 0.1 .4 1.1 2.6 2.9 1.8 44 241 329 164 38 0.18 1.13 .64 2.92 .17 21.3 124.0 213.3 128.3 56.0 0.4 1.2 1.9 4.4 5.9 119.9 45 'ioi" 88 371 21 0.09 1.46 .06 22.6 36.8 52.7 20.0 63.0 9.4 18.2 29.1 34.6 14.6 5.9 32.1 13.3 246 681 1,113 1,474 702 666 417 0.03 .09 26.2 32.0 38.3 42.6 48.1 113.0 3L3 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). IS to 24 years. 26 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.. 36.1 1,014 0.57 49.2 1,585 .96 70.9 2,153 .56 64.1 2,004 .64 75.9 2,264 4.38 106.9 6,671 11.76 42.5 1,264 .73 28.1 32.2 30.4 31.3 29.8 62.6 11.6 12.2 14.1 8.8 11.8 9.7 9.5 271 369 625 629 912 359 322 0.26 .26 1.13 1.28 4.38 32.5 31.0 43.2 37.5 104.2 30.5 34.0 72.0 1,197 0.23 82.0 1,677 .44 68.6 1,524 .66 82.0 1,876 1.92 70.1 1,689 4.38 64.7 2,624 5.88 74.3 1,356 .41 16.6 20.4 22.2 22.9 24.1 40.6 CHAPTEE V. — WORKMEN S INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1291 SICKNESS BATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. CLOTHING AND CLEANING: Females— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'tlis- Av- erage days of du- ration of eacli case of sick- ness. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years. . Total... 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years. . 65 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total . 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years., 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 64yeara.. 55 to 64 years. . 65 to 74 years.. Total. 14.7 32.4 23.7 25.6 7.3 1,025 949 1,360 601 0.06 .35 1.28 1.46 26.8 31.7 40.0 62.7 68.6 17.8 17.5 23.2 38.4 48.1 47.1 259 323 601 1.570 1,698 4,571 14.6 18.4 20.0 40.9 35.2 97.1 12.7 22.7 30.2 48.7 43.8 64.7 298 571 914 1,609 1,578 3,129 .64 23.4 25.2 25.3 33.0 36.0 48. 4 590 .17 30.! 19.2 366 19.1 18.0 463 25.7 Diseases of the ear (295-299). Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other exter- nal Influences (317-334). 1.9 3.0 1.4 .6 0.09 22.2 26.3 20.2 46.0 7.9 149 ,5.9 176 9.0 379 9.0 186 11.7 206 6.9 218 7.6 173 18.9 29.9 41.9 20.7 22.8 37.0 14.2 16.0 18.4 14.1 36.0 23.5 22.7 15.1 226 322 319 336 1,045 1,559 275 0.03 .02 15.9 21.4 17.4 23.8 29.8 66.3 18.2 Ail other diseases. Includ- ing Indefinite diagnoses (335). Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Anemia (68). 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.9 7.3 45 63 270 1.9 0.28 .21 26.8 26.6 23.0 32.7 37.0 10.7 8.3 27.1 6.6 401 725 887 697 518 2.13 2.89 3.39 2.56 1.46 75.6 81.8 82.8 83.7 59.2 86.2 67.8 51.4 28.2 11.7 77.0 2,361 1,977 i,eo8 985 550 0.14 .35 27.4 29.2 31.3 35.0 47.1 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). Poisoning (92-95). 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total . . ,'i.7 209 0.23 8.1 295 .26 9.9 486 1.13 in. 3 368 1.28 4.4 190 2.92 6.9 94 6.6 248 .36 36.7 36.6 49.1 35.9 43.3 16.0 8.5 18.3 29.9 44.2 40.9 64.7 37.7 13.6 175 422 726 1,410 1,537 3,129 326 20.6 23.0 24.2 31.9 37.6 48.4 0.1 .3 M.O 1.0 3.4 0.03 9.0 13.0 1292 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOIirEB OF LABOR. SICKNESS EATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK f UND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (D) CHEMICAL, INDUSTRY: Males. SUMMAEY. Age group. Number of persons under , observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of eacb case of sickness (days). Number of deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years . 18 1,235 1,872 1,140 652 228 53 4 4 518 839 563 351 112 22 4 !!2 7,836 15,140 12,234 8,885 3,807 1,100 157 28.0 15.1 18.0 21.7 25.3 34.0 50.0 39.3 222.2 419.4 448.2 493.9 538.3 491.2 415.1 1,000.0 6,222 6,345 8,088 10,732 13,627 16,697 20,755 39,250 5 9 4 15 5 5 1 4.05 4.81 35 to 44 years... 3.51 23.01 21.93 65 to 74 years... 94.34 75 years and over 250.00 Total 5,202 2,413 49,271 20.4 44 463.9 9,472 8.46 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and parasitic (68-95). Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Age group. Number, per 1,000 persons, of — - Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days ofdu- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'tli. Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 43.7 50.8 70.2 49.1 79.0 18.9 744 1,071 2,097 1,248 1,943 1,679 1.62 1.07 1.75 is.'ie' 17.0 21.1 29.9 25.4 24.6 89.0 4.9 9.1 14.9 24.5 41 140 293 614 i.'ss' 8.5 15.5 19.6 25.0 0.8 1.1 23 103 'o.'ss' 29.0 25 to 34 vears . 96 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years... 4.6 218 3.07 47 3 65 to 74 years . . . 37.7 698 18.5 37.7 4,283 37.74 113.5 Total 53.8 1,280 L73 23.8 11.2 209 .19 18.7 1.5 113 .96 73 8 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 15 to 24 years . 7.3 8.0 23.7 35.3 39.5 113 163 898 1,196 2,570 0.81 1.07 .88 7.67 4.39 18.87 15.4 20.4 37.9 33.9 65.1 48.6 62.0 71.1 118.1 105.3 75.5 979 1,284 1,952 3,095 4,917 6,472 0.81 "'.'is' 4.60 is.'sf 20 2 1.1 L2 11.5 20.7 35 to 44 years 27 5 26.2 46.7 85.6 Total .4 4.4 11.5 16.0 545 2.11 34.2 70.0 1,816 L35 26.0 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). 7.3 5.3 14.0 16.9 211 163 388 952 i'm 28.9 30.6 27.6 56.5 87.5 83.9 60.5 64.4 70.2 56.6 1,015 1,073 886 948 3,197 415 'o.'ss' "4.'39" 11.6 12.8 14.6 14.7 45.6 7.3 5.7 2.1 2.6 3.1 130 54 27 78 25.3 10.3 25.5 35 to 44 years... 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 56.6 3,698 18.87 65.3 Total 9.4 351 .58 37.2 76.7 1,101 .38 14.4 3.1 66 2L5 CHAPTEB V. — WORKMEN S INSUBANCE IN GEEMANY. 1293 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (D) CHEMICAL INDUSTRY: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Diseases of the external tissues (26a-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Diseases of the ear (295- 299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Age group. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. 60.2 39.0 41.2 36.8 48.3 18.9 541 575 744 906 1,149 113 10.8 14.8 18.0 24.6 23.8 6.0 38.1 60.9 66.7 82.8 43.9 56.6 653 1,103 1,052 1,767 772 1,415 '6.'53 17.1 18.1 15.8 21.3 17.6 25.0 0.8 2.1 3.5 3.1 11 60 61 . 38 13.0 28.3 as to 44 vears 14.5 12.5 Total 41.9 664 15.8 68.6 1,060 .19 18.1 2.1 40 19.0 - Diseases of tlie eye (300- 316). Injuries and other external Influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses 8.9 8.6 14.0 13.8 8.8 125 123 162 525 373 14.0 14.4 10.8 38.0 42.5 115.0 112.7 109.7 85.9 96.6 66.6 1,760 2,108 2,155 2,041 1,776 1,981 0.81 .53 15.3 18.7 19.7 23.8 18.4 35.0 0.8 1.6 1.8 0.8 53 37 'o.'ss' Tot' 1.0 25 to 34 Tears 33.3 21.0 Total 10.4 189 18.2 107.7 2,005 .38 18.6 1.2 27 .58 23.8 Tuberculosis of all Icinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169- 181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 1.6 2.7 10.5 4.6 8.8 86 297 788 508 563 0.81 1.07 1.75 is.'ie' 53.0 111.2 74.8 110.3 63.0 6.5 3.2 4.4 12.3 201 101 176 860 's.m 31.0 31.5 40.2 70.1 33.2 46.5 60.0 72.1 43.9 66.6 642 799 810 1,486 772 1,416 16.3 17.2 OS to 44 vears 16.2 20.6 17.6 65 to 74 years 37.7 264 18.87- 7.0 25.0 Total 4.6 388 1.54 84.0 6.6 233 .68 41.8 47.3 836 17.7 Poisoning (92-95). 1.6 6.4 7.9 12.3 8.9 102.0 108.0 268.0 5.5 15.8 13.7 21.9 91 to 34 vears 65 to 74 years 37.7 698.0 18.6 Total 6.3 103.0 16.2 1294 BEPOBT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SICKNESS EATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (E) HIDES, LEATHER, BAGS, ETC. SUMMAKY. : Males. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deatlis. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— A^e group. Cases of sickness. Days of siclmess. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years . 62 2,478 2,745 2,242 1,208 409 89 4 25 756 961 806 506 212 49 9 391 12,705 18,354 17,174 13,482 6,227 2,162 385 15.6 16.8 19.1 21.3 26.6 29.4 44.1 42.8 403.2 305.1 350.1 359.5 418.9 518.3 550.6 2,250.0 6,306 5,127 6,686 7,660 11,161 15,225 24,292 96,250 10 14 18 28 18 2 1 4.04 5.10 35 to 44 years 8.03 23.18 55 to 64 years . 44.01 22.47 75 years and over 250.00 Total 9,237 3,324 ^ 70,880 21.3 91 359.9 7,673 9.85 Sickness Rates, by Gboups of Diseases. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Age group. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 34.7 60.5 52.2 64.6 68.5 89.9 1,119 1,482 1.288 2,027 2,269 5,798 1.61 2.91 4.01 5.79 4.89 32.2 24.6 24.7 31.4 33.1 64.5 3.6 6.9 4.9 14.1 7.3 11.2 42 174 51 333 521 2,674 ...... 11.4 25.1 10.4 23.6 71.0 238.0 3.3 7.3 201 447 0.83 9.78 60.8 61.0 Total 52.6 1,479 3.25 28.1 6.7 173 25.8 .8 46 .54 60.9 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of resphatlon (140-168). 4.0 7.7 11.6 20.7 17.1 33.7 131 242 322 709 1,406 1,876 'b'.sh' 'i'.m 32.5 31.6 27.8 34.3 82.1 55.7 48.0 66.3 69.6 106.0 156.5 78.7 869 1,494 2,006 3,325 4,455 2,112 0.81 .73 '5.'79" 22.00 18.1 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 0.7 .5 9.8 1.8 13.5 4.0 22.5 28.8 31.4 28.5 66 to 74 years 11.2 281 25.0 26.9 Total .4 6.1 14.0 10.1 362 .32 36.0 71.6 1,834 2.17 26.6 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 8.1 8.0 8.5 8.3 12.2 197 187 225 335 428 O.40 ".'89" .83 2.44 11.24 24.5 23.3 26.6 40.5 35.0 50.0 58.3 59.3 48.8 66.0 33.7 SIS 888 1,216 1,115 1,829 1,404 0.40 .73 1;78 4.97 ii.'24" 10.3 IS. 2 20.5 22.8 27.7 41.7 4.4 4.7 3.1 4.1 4.9 71 101 33 77 98 16 1 ?1 4 10 7 0.83 18.6 SflO Total 8.3 228 .65 27.3 65.1 942 1.62 17.1 4.1 72 . 11 17 4 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1295 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICE FUND (COMPULSOEY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (E) HIDES, LEATHER, BAGS, ETC.: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Gboups of Diseases. Age group. IS to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years . 45 to 64 years . 65 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. 16 to 24 years. 26 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 to 64 years 66 to 74 years Total.. 49.6 41.5 38.8 31.5 46.5 191.0 44.0 Days sick- ness. D'ths, 526 629 683 665 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 10.6 15.1 15.0 21.3 18.1 24.2 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 15.1 Diseases of the eye (300- 316). 5.7 8.7 7.1 7.5 Total 6.9 15 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 to 64 years 66 to 74 years Total.. 151 106 230 146 141 26.8 12.1 32.2 12.4 13.0 20.4 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). .5.7 509 1.61 9.S 663 2.55 7.6 638 3.12 in, 8 879 4.97 12.2 1,320 4.89 66.2 5,213 8.8 712 2.81 90.1 67.4 84.2 81.7 108.0 92.8 27.4 32.4 43.7 67.1 70.9 67.4 40.3 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 363 490 729 1,272 1,562 5,046 706 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 13.2 15.1 16.7 19.0 22.0 74.8 17.6 Injuries and other exter- nal influence (317-334). Diseases of the ear (295- 299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 1.6 1.5 .5 Days sick- ness. 22 52 4.1 38 D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 13.5 36.0 146.0 5.0 All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses(33S) 67.0 61.7 69.3 42.2 68.7 22.6 57.2 1,117 818 907 1,000 1,352 326 975 0.36 .46 2.44 16.7 15.8 15.3 23.7 23.0 14.6 17.1 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 81.2 Poisoning (92-95). 0.4 LI L5 2.4 L6 60 3.1 26 4.0 46.0 7.0 91.0 5.7 6.6 4.9 5.0 119 106 175 261 401 168 0.89 .83 2.44 11.24 .54 2L0 19.5 35.6 62.5 41.0 0.8 LI .5 2.4 5.7 14 2.7 7.2 0.81 L66 2.44 7.0 12.7 6.0 8.0 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 19.4 256 24.8 404 35.2 563 R7.1 1,109 6.S.6 1,433 56.2 4,056 32.1 574 13.2 16.3 16.0 19.4 22.6 72.2 17.9 40.0 1296 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SICKNESS EATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1906— Continued. (F) INDUSTRY OF FATS, OIJLS, VARNISHES, ETC. Summary. Males. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number ot cases of sicloiess. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years... 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 13 692 1,097 822 432 161 28 314 436 341 133 46 7 67 5,147 7,177 7,510 3,296 1,396 147 8.4 16.4 16.5 22.0 24.8 30.3 21.0 4.5 615.4 453.8 397.6 414.8 307.9 285.7 250.0 1,000.0 6,154 7,438 6,542 9,136 7,630 8,665 5,250 4,500 2.89 6.08 20.83 24.84 71.43 3,247 1,287 19.2 396.4 7,622 6.78 SicKNEsa Rates, by Geoups of Diseases. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Age group. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days ofdu- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. 69.3 53.8 68.1 41.7 65.9 36.7 951 1,384 1,636 1,100 689 214 1.46 'i."22' 6.94 16.0 25.7 24.0 26.4 12.3 6.0 5.8 8.2 6.1 2.3 6.2 314 172 642 118 12 i'.is 64.3 21.0 105.6 61.0 2.0 26 to 34 years 55 to 64 years... 18.6 640 6.21 34.3 Total 56.7 1,267 1.64 22.4 6.2 304 .62 49.4 .9 32 .31 34.3 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs ot respiration (140-168). 2.9 75 26.0 10.1 13.7 13.4 18.5 87 341 719 444 2.31' 8.6 24.9 63.7 24.0 62.1 33.7 62.3 46.3 62.1 71.4 697 457 1,015 1,866 3,143 2,786 "i.22" 4.63 35.'7i' 11.2 25 to 34 years . 13.5 19.4 45 to 54 years 2.3 35 15.0 40.1 50.6 35.7 429 12.0 39.0 Total .9 21 22.3 12.9 379 .31 29.3 47.7 986 1.23 20.7 Diseases of organs of cir- culation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). 15 to 24 years . . 13.0 4.6 6.1 2.3 18.6 374 28 179 12 441 28.8 6.2 29.4 5.0 23.7 78.0 83.9 68.1 26.6 24.8 35.7 776 1,046 1,343 593 913 714 L45 'e.'ai' 36.71 9.9 12.5 19.7 23.3 36.8 20.0 4.3 1.8 2.4 2.3 127 57 140 278 'i."22' 2.31 29 3 35 to 44 years 57 5 46 to 54 years 120 56 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total 7.1 158 22.3 68.1 992 .92 14.6 2.6 119 .62 48.3 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1297 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Contiiiued. (F) INDUSTRY OF FATS, OILS, VAKNISHES, ETC.: Males-Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups or Diseases. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, ol— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness- Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Age group. Cases of sick- ness. sick- ness. D'ths Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths 15 to 24 years 53.5 25.5 23.1 27.8 12.4 35.7 1,176 331 466 644 404 714 22.0 13.0 20.1 23.2 32.5 20.0 34.7 45.6 54.7 46.3 55.9 364 693 797 609 1,143 10.5 15.2 14.6 13.2 20.4 1.6 5.6 1.2 32 107 7.3 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total 30.8 594 19.3 45.6 651 14.3 2.5 45 18.1 Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 15 to 24 years 6.8 10.9 6.1 4.6 117 89 106 69 20.3 8.2 17.4 15.0 122.8 108.6 111.9 88.0 31.1 35.7 2,350 1,827 2,082 1,873 1,280 393 19.1 16.8 18.6 21.3 41.2 11.0 1.8 1.2 10 6.1 '4.'63' 6.21 6.6 5.0 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total 7.4 92 12.5 106.3 1,979 18.6 .9 4.9 .92 5.3 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169-181). , Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 15 to 24 years . 7.2 3.7 7.3 18.5 198 405 622 681 L46 .91 1.22 6.94 27.4 111.0 86.2 36.8 4.3 .9 3.7 2.3 91 4.7 130 12 21.0 5.0 35.7 5.0 24.6 36.6 48.7 41.7 43.5 184 525 695 630 876 7 5 25 to 34 years 14.8 14.3 45 to 54 years 12 7 55 to 64 vears 20 1 Total 7.1 427 1.85 60.3 2.5 55 22.5 37.3 506 13.6 Poisoning (92-95). 15 to 24 years 1.5 6.5 1.2 27 139 24 19.0 25.5 20.0 35 to 44 vears . Total 2.6 59 24.0 1298 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (G) GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY: Males. SUMMABT. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of siclmess. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 128 4,771 3,602 2,418 1,768 1,583 663 74 14 1,091 1,170 1,135 1,101 1,115 661 80 228 17,866 21,004 24,718 26,770 37,465 20,384 3,497 16.3 16.4 18.0 21.8 24.3 33.6 36.3 43.7 \ 109.4 228.7 334.1 469.4 626.3 704.4 846.2 1,081.1 1,781 3,745 5,998 10,223 16,228 23,661 30,745 47,257 10 14 29 38 66 37 7 2.10 25 to 34 years 4.00 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 11.99 21.62 55 to 64 years 41.06 55.81 76 years and over 94.59 Total 14,897 6,267 161,922 24.2 200 420.7 10,198 13.43 Sickness Rates, by Gboups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Growths and swellings maUgnant (96-98). Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Cases of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 16 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 28.5 42.3- 57.6 64.9 68.2 78.4 1,026 1,480 2,269 2,046 2,649 0.84 2.00 2.89 6.83 3.16 3.02 21.1 24.3 26.7 36.0 30.0 33.8 1.3 1.7 1.7 4.0 3.8 1.6 60 43 186 48 128 0.63 20.7 29.0 25.8 46.7 12.7 85.0 0.4 2.3 1.9 7.5 192 95 501 0.57 1.90 3.02 91.0 84.3 50.3 66.4 47.7 1,311 2.62 27.5 2.1 .07 28.8 70.1 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 0.6 .6 .4 2.3 1.9 1.5 13 0.21 6.6 4.1 22 24 243 22 .07 21.3 11.5 10.0 9.8 12.7 161.0 5.7 8.0 16.6 23.9 29.7 31.7 23.9 13.9 92 142 501 796 1,172 1,279 427 0.83 1.14 1.90 9.05 .87 16.3 17.8 30.3 33.3 39.5 40.4 30.7 30.0 504 0.42 45.7 905 .86 72.0 1,799 4.14 117.2 3,181 6.83 158. H 6,791 13.27 221.7 9,748 22.62 74.2 2,187 4.43 16.8 19.8 25.0 27.2 36.5 44.0 29.5 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-329). Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230—261). ,S.4 96 0.21 6.1 86 9.5 393 .41 12.5 422 1.14 17.1 932 ■4.42 33.2 1,282 7.64 8.9 327 1.07 28.4 16.5 41.3 33.7 54.7 28.3 56.1 61.6 7.5.7 97.9 111.6 57.3 346 661 0.57 930 .41 1,225 1.71 3,112 6.69 2,869 4.62 1,069 1.34 12.2 11.8 15.1 16.2 31.8 26.7 2.1 6.0 2.6 5.7 8.2 10.6 18.5 5.0 46 188 144 203 227 345 .67 .63 1.51 .27 22.0 31.4 6S.0 36.6 27.6 32.7 32.0 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSITHANCE IN GERMANY. 1299 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (G) GABDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FOBESTBT: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. 16 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 65 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 64 years.. 66 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 sons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 38.2 34.6 38.1 60.3 53.7 76.9 43.2 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 468 636 742 1,651 2,107 3,217 971 0.41 .67 .63 .20 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 12.3 15.6 19.6 27.4 39.2 41.8 22.5 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. 26.2 45.7 79.8 126.9 129.6 140.3 67.7 Days sick- ness. 782 1,334 2,218 4,334 3,992 1,439 D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 0.67 3.16 .40 16.3 17.1 16.7 17.5 33.5 28.5 2L3 Diseases of the eye (300- 316). 7.1 4.9 7.9 6.3 10.7 19.6 7.6 121 105 270 123 176 464 16.9 21.6 34.4 19.7 16.4 23.2 65.5 80.5 117.9 121.7 120.7 110.1 21.6 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 1.7 106 0.63 3.7 270 1.14 7.4 642 2.48 16.5 1,345 6.26 6.1 414 2.53 7.5 805 5.6 462 1.96 62.6 72.8 86.3 81.5 82.0 106.8 80.2 Poisoning (92-95). 0.3 1.1 16.0 Injuries and other exter- nal influences (317-334). 8.7 962 1,466 2,473 2,661 3,548 4,023 1,947 0.21 .29 1.65 1.71 1.26 3.02 .87 17.3 18.1 21.0 21.8 29.4 36.6 21.9 Diseases of the heart (169- 181). Diseases of the ear (296- 299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. 0.4 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 7.3 43 38 48 32 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 17.5 21.4 30.7 42.5 26.5 25.8 All other diseases, includ- ing indeflnite diagnoses (335). 1.6 2.0 2.5 1.7 1.3 1.7 37 0.29 1.24 3.79 1.51 .74 40.7 12.3 13.3 23.7 13.0 21.9 1.6 2.0 5.8 6.8 12.0 22.6 5.2 72 31 345 171 784 876 235 0.21 .41 1.14 3.79 7.64 1.01 49.3 16.4 69.5 25.1 65.3 38.7 45.0 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 17.0 32.3 61.6 111.6 103.0 125.2 63.2 291 524 1,024 1,969 3,403 3,576 1,144 0.67 2.63 17.1 16.2 16.6 17.7 33.0 28.6 21.6 1300 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OE OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (G) GABDEOTNG, AGBICULTUBE, AND FOBBSTBT: Females. Summary. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 65 3,352 2,515 2,568 2,671 1,278 473 64 13 888 1,314 1,562 1,172 682 311 37 306 16,546 27,446 36,426 29,250 20,574 11,560 1,383 23.5 18.6 20.9 23.3 25.0 30.2 37.2 37.4 200.0 264.9 522.5 608.3 565.9 533.7 657.5 578.1 4,708 4,936 10,913 14,185 14,124 16,099 24,440 21,609 9 14 14 12 20 18 2 2.68 25 to 34 years i. 5.57 35 to 44 years 5.45 45 to 54 years 5.79 15.65 65 to 74 years 38.05 75yearsandover. 31.25 Total 12,386 5,979 143,491 24.0 89 482.7 11,585 7.19 Sickness Rates, by Gkottps of Diseases. Age group. Developmental diseases (7-19). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Cases of sick- Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years. . 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years. . 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 7.5 27.8 21.4 1.5 144 791 782 35 19.3 28.4 36.5 24.0 2.11 28.0 62.4 78.3 74.8 77.5 76.1 756 1,540 1,649 1,751 2,466 4,592 1.19 2.39 1.95 1.93 3.13 6.34 27.0 24.7 21.1 23.4 31.8 60.3 19.7 13.9 11.3 9.7 3.1 14.8 556 268 193 107 319 0.30 28.3 19.3 17.1 40.0 34.3 21.6 12.4 367 .08 60.2 1,589 2.10 13.2 345 .08 26.2 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 1.2 1.0 7.8 4.2 1.4 151 230 819 334 167 0.39 .48 3.91 4.23 .73 129.0 238.0 104.7 79.0 121.6 0.6 16 .4 9.9 0.40 .8 18 2.4 35 1.6 59 1.0 22 .08 27.0 25.0 23.0 14.6 38.0 6.0 16.7 21.8 15.0 16.4 23.3 22.8 14.8 84 363 525 321 369 581 331 0.40 .16 14.1 21.8 24.1. 21.5 22.5 25.0 22.4 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 31.9 62.8 80.6 86.0 90.8 126.9 67.5 583 1,412 2,449 2,328 2,654 5,404 1,844 0.40 L56 .97 3.13 14.80 18.3 22.5 30.4 27.1 29.2 42.6 3.0 8.8 13.2 16.4 16.4 33.8 27.3 11.1 90 161 433 621 488 1,118 344 0.60 .40 .78 .48 1.56 4.23 .81 30.2 18.4 32.7 37.9 29.7 33.1 50.7 128.4 134.4 117.3 97.0 93.0 31.1 102.1 720 2,133 2,338 2,395 2,461 3,027 1,9 1.19 .39 .97 3.13 4.23 .97 14.2 16.6 17.4 20.4 25.4 32.5 18.7 CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1301 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOBY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1906— Continued. (G) GARDENING, AGRICUL.TUIIE, AND FOBESTRT: Females— Concluded. SiCKNEsa Rates, by Gkodps of Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the genlto-uri- nary organs (230-261). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- D'tlis. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years.. 85 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years. . 55 to 64 years. . 6S to 74 years. . Total. 12.8 41.8 40.9 22.7 8.6 6.3 317 1,076 1,281 679 211 224 0.30 24.7 25.8 31.3 29.9 24.5 35.3 38.2 39.8 47.9 48.8 47.0 62.9 532 734 1,127 1,159 1,710 2,144 0.48 13.9 18.5 23.5 23.8 36.4 40.6 22.4 58.1 93.9 93.7 87.6 129.0 444 1,198 1,946 2,328 2,946 3,440 19.8 20.6 20.7 24.9 33.6 26.7 25.5 715 .16 28.0 43.5 981 .08 22.6 67.7 1,633 24.1 Diseases of the ear (295-299). Diseases of the eye (300-316). Inj urles and other external influences (317-334). 1.8 40 2.4 35 1.2 12 2.9 100 1.6 79 2.1 42 47 22.2 14.8 10.0 34.7 50.5 20.0 24.2 9.0 123 11.5 235 15.2 252 10.1 197 14.9 322 35.9 1,264 12.6 250 13.7 20.4 16.6 19.4 21.7 35.2 32.2 44.5 41.7 60.8 61.8 59.2 19.9 45.6 620 1,520 1,392 1,949 1,007 16.1 20.2 22.8 26.0 22.6 32.9 22.1 All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (336). Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Anemia (68). 1.2 3.2 4.7 2.9 1.6 2.6 2.11 .08 10.5 18.4 17.4 13.0 8.5 15.4 1.R 218 0.89 3.6 258 .80 4.7 163 1.66 K.K 426 .97 6.6 577 3.13 8.6 1,300 2.11 4.2 326 1.29 121.7 72.2 34.9 63.1 105.3 153.8 77.6 18.6 535 12.3 224 7.S 161 6.3 176 .8 61 6.3 140 10.7 276 28.9 18.2 20.7 27.9 78.0 22.0 25.9 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). Poisoning (92-96). 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 0.9 52 0.60 2.8 51 .40 3.9 153 .39 5.8 257 .48 7.0 208 1.66 16.9 628 4.23 4.0 146 .73 58.0 18.4 39.3 44.3 29.6 37.1 13.7 43.7 78.7 83.1 75.9 103.6 36.6 55.3 276 896 1,626 1,822 2,507 2,300 1,286 20.0 20.6 20.7 21.9 33.0 22.2 0.3 2.0 .5 23.2 0.3 15 34 3.1 9.1 .08 7.6 70.0 4.0 14.1 1302 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (H) GAS WOKKS EMPLOYEES: Males. Summary. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sicioiess. Average duration oteacli case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sicJsness. Deatb^. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years , 55 to 64 years , 66 to 74 years 75 years and over.. Total 216 1,216 1,020 448 121 7 611 279 2,227 13,740 9,142 5,534 1,650 530 14.2 14.8 15.0 19.8 25.8 58.9 726.9 761.5 599.0 622.8 528.9 1,285.7 10,310 11,299 8,963 12,353 13,636 75,714 3.29 1.96 17.86 33.06 285.71 2,046 32,823 20 675.7 10,840 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days 01 sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Growtlis and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years- . 45 to 64 years.. 65 to 64 years.. 65to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years.. 66 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 16 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 46 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years Total.. 83.3 98.7 62. 84.8 24. 142.9 1,333 1,518 870 1,446 696 6,857 6.70 8.26 142.86 16.0 15.4 13.9 17.1 24.0 48.0 1,251 16.6 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 28 17.0 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 13.9 11.6 13.7 8.9 16.6 142.9 12.6 231 307 207 163 322 26,000 306 0.82 16.7 26.6 15.1 18.3 19.6 182.0 24. 4.1 1.0 8.9 24.8 65 62 103 207 13.4 53.0 11.6 8.3 196 "174 238.0 2.23 78.0 63 104 .33 168.0 Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseasesof the organs of respiration (140-168). 23.2 13.7 17.9 13.2 287 161 224 254 74 12.4 16.3 16.3 14.3 9.0 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 69.4 129.1 82.4 133.9 99.2 142.9 108.7 674 1,620 939 2,237 2,826 1,000 1.414 4.46 8.26 142.86 1.32 8.3 11.8 U.4 16.7 28.5 7.0 13.0 115.7 127.5 79.4 89.3 165.3 142.9 106.3 1,255 1,819 1,267 2,728 6,174 6,714 1,870 0.82 2.23 8.26 .99 10.8 14.3 16.0 30.6 31.3 40.0 17.6 Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 13.9 9.9 3.9 6.7 7.3 213 178 158 122 15.3 18.0 9.3 23.7 16.8 CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1303 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOEY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (H) GAS WORKS EMPLOTEES: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Age group. Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ttis. Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. 83.3 00.0 54.9 38.0 8.3 1,227 771 955 806 lie ' '6.' 98 14.7 12.8 17.4 21.2 14.0 120.4 135.7 130.4 120.5 115.7 714.3 1,079 1,969 1,813 1,866 3,388 36, 143 9.0 14.5 13.9 15.5 29.3 60.6 4.1 2.0 71 26 17.2 35 to 44 years 12.5 Total 54.5 842 .33 15.5 131.1 1,973 15.1 2.3 37 15.9 Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses 9.3 7.4 13.7 2.2 213 129 224 13 23.0 17.4 16.3 6.0 185.2 159.5 140.2 109.4 57.9 3,759 2,565 2,347 2,404 769 2.23 8.26 20.3 16.1 16.7 22.0 13.3 9.3 1.6 1.0 139 14 5.9 "6.' 82 15.0 8.5 35 to 44 vears 6.0 8.3 166 20.6 Total'. 8.6 144 16.8 143.0 2,475 .66 17.3 2.0 24 .33 12.2 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a^o). Diseases of the heart (109-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 9.3 3.3 2.9 4.5 403 77 86 538 "6.' 82 "4.46 8.26 142.86 43.5 23.5 29.3 120.5 ' '48.' 6 4.6 3.3 10.8 6.7 8.3 142.9 148 88 179 138 264 20,000 "6.' 82 .98 32.0 26.8 16.6 20.7 32.0 182.0 92.0 120.9 105.9 102.7 107.4 571.4 810 1,648 1,352 1,692 3,298 33,000 8.8 OK to 34 vears 13.6 16.5 30.7 65 to 74 years 142.9 6,857 67.8 Total 4.0 184 1.05 46.5 6.9 197 .6b 28.5 111.6 1,633 14.6 Poisoning (92-95). 2.6 39 16.0 8.3 74 9.0 Total 1.3 19 14.3 46598°— IC 83 1304 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIOBTEB OF LABOB. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (J) GLASS, PORCELAIN, AND POTTEKT: Males. SUMMAEY. Number ot persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number ol cases of sicTmess. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sicloiess (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of siclme^. Days of siclmess. Deatlis. Under 15 years 178 3,874 3.307 1,953 962 331 47 2 67 1,280 1,188 869 474 185 37 2 928 22,051 24,410 21,119 12,738 7,841 1,316 66 13.9 17.2 20.6 24.3 26.9 42.4 36.6 33.0 376.4 330.4 358.6 445.0 492.7 558.9 787.2 1,000.0 5,213 5,692 7,381 10, 814 13, 241 23,689 28,000 33,000 11 18 14^ 13^ 12' 1 2.84 25 to 34 vears 5.44 7.17 45to54years 13 51 36.25 65 to 74 years 21 28 75 years and over Total 10,654 4,100 90,469 22.1 69 384.8 8,492 SicKirass Bates, by Gboups or Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sicls:- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of eacii case of sick- ness. General diseases, otlier tban developmental and infectious and para- sitic (OS-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of eacli case of sick- ness. Growth and swellings, malignant (96-98J. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years. . 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total., 38.2 63.8 66.6 S3. 4 42.3 85.1 1,151 1,725 2,169 2,088 1,224 1,745 1.03 3.63 4.61 3.12 6,04 30.1 27.0 32.6 32.9 28.9 20.5 5.9 5.4 16.9 5.2 9.1 21.3 98 226 576 109 613 5,064 16.6 41.6 34.1 21.0 67.7 238.0 0.5 1.0 3.0 18 27 45 35.0 26.0 15.0 53.6 1,594 2.82 29.7 7.8 263 25.3 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 0.5 2.6 1.0 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 5.9 4.2 101 14 23 11.5 14.0 39.6 13.0 3.9 13.6 25.1 27.0 33.2 63.8 27.6 14.1 247 1,027 1,530 1,915 6,106 528 0.51 3.12 9.06 21.28 .75 25.6 18.2 40.9 56.6 57.6 95.7 37.5 43.6 48.1 71.2 119.5 163.1 148.9 60.8 857 1,219 1,947 2,978 8,441 3,277 1,601 0.26 .30 1.54 3.12 9.06 1.03 19.6 25.4 27.4 24.9 51.7 22.0 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 9.6 7.9 11.8 11.4 9.1 21.3 9.7 176 160 475 322 553 1,021 253 1.04 6.04 .28 Diseases of the orga.ns of digestion (191-229). 18.4 20.3 40.3 28.2 61.0 48.0 26.1 54.2 55.3 56.3 55.1 60.4 55.8 679 673 905 1,172 740 2,404 769 0.77 .51 3.12 12.5 12.2 16.1 21.3 12.3 16.1 13.8 Diseases of the geniin- urinary organs (230-261). 5.7 7.3 7.2 9.4 12.1 6.9 139 143 256 411 1,082 3.02 .09 24.4 19.7 35.6 43.9 89.5 30.1 CHAPTER V. — ^WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEBMANY. 1305 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 190&-Conclude 138 407 812 1,078 1,905 2,207 432 0.11 .30 .71 1.39 1.98 7.72 .42 20.6 30.3 35.4 35.8 48.8 71.4 53.5 56.2 62.8 78.6 120.7 239.4 31.7 59.4 1,009 0.37 1,420 .74 1,762 2. OS 2,456 3.28 5,247 8.93 13,448 23.17 1,472 1.20 18.9 25.2 28.1 31.2 40.5 56. 3 24.8 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of di£estioQ (191-229). Diseases ol the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 10.2 2.53 0.12 9.1 244 .23 10.7 366 .67 13.3 616 1.39 21.5 1.211 4.63 67.9 4,338 7.72 10.6 317 .44 24.8 26.7 34.2 38.7 56.3 74.9 30.0 74.7 841 0.20 75.1 1,071 .36 67.1 1,103 .34 70. S 1,414 1.49 80.1 2,100 3.97 86. 9 2,282 3.86 73.8 1,024 .44 11.3 14.3 16.4 20.0 26.2 26.3 5.4 5.5 4.2 6.2 14.2 11.6 13.0 5.4 107 129 112 160 675 749 130 0.02 .06 .34 .30 .99 1.93 .13 19.8 23.3 26.4 31.1 40.4 64.7 24.0 CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1313^ SICKNESS EATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (N) METAL WORKING: Mates-Coneluded. SicKKESS Rates by Groups of Diseases. Age group. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 04 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years.. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sieli:- ness. 60.8 30.0 38.2 41.2 41.7 63.7 47.9 Days of sicli- ness. 720 609 685 968 1,099 2,442 679 D'ths. 0.02 .04 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of slclc- ness- 11.8 14.1 17.9 23.5 26.4 38.3 34.5 48.0 73.3 97.1 113.5 154.4 14.3 Diseases of the eye (300-316). 15.fi 206 11.9 171 11.0 163 11.2 248 7.9 234 9.7 610 13.3 195 13.2 14.4 14.8 22.1 29.5 62.8 14.7 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 5.0 9.2 10.4 10.2 10.3 19.3 7.6 395 683 863 829 1,102 1,448 599 1.22 2.41 2.85 3.28 6.62 6.79 2.07 79.2 73.9 83.0 81.1 107.4 75.0 78.8 Poisoning (92-95). 1.4 2.4 3.0 2.2 .7 19.4 22.0 25.0 32.1 54.5 22.9 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. 50.8 Days of sick- ness. 534 880 1,497 2,464 3,258 6,064 993 D'ths. 0.02 .04 .05 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15.5 18.3 20.4 25.4 28.7 39.3 19.6 Injuries and other exter- nal InQuences (317-334). 176.8 2,736 0.28 119. 6 2,006 .21 123.3 2,370 .46 115.6 2,692 .79 116.8 2,889 .99 131.3 4,243 3.86 146.9 2,512 .35 15.5 17.3 19.2 23.3 24.7 32.3 17.1 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 6.0 174 O.U 4.7 137 .21 ,5.0 231 .63 6.7 207 .79 1S.9 851 4.30 38.6 2,994 7.72 5.7 199 .38 29.1 29.4 45.8 40.1 65.9 77.6 35.0 Diseases of the ears (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 3.5 2,5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.9 Days of sick- ness. D'ths. 0.04 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15.6 21.1 18.4 36.6 23.5 All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 2.4 35 0.20 1.9 38 .32 2.4 35 .59 2,1 38 .70 4.0 59 2.32 1.93 2.3 37 .38 14.5 20.0 15.1 18.3 14.8 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 24.1 350 0.02 39.3 714 .04 62.3 1,281 .08 84.8 2,133 98.9 2,734 137.1 5,770 1.93 40.0 792 .04 14.5 18.2 20.0 25.2 27.6 42.1 19,5 1314 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (O) FOODS AND DBINKS: Males. Summary. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of eacli case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 553 17,242 9,365 3,797 1,897 827 192 21 146 5,032 3,313 1,648 900 440 160 13 2,423 95,361 62, 597 36,480 23,058 12,782 6,185 673 16.6 19.0 18.9 22.1 25.6 29.1 38.7 51.8 1 38 37 36 36 22 10 1 264.0 291.9 353.8 434.0 474.4 532.0 833.3 619.1 4,382 5,531 6,684 9,608 12,155 15,456 32,214 32,048 1.81 2.20 3.95 35 to 44 years 9.48 18.98 55 to 64 years 26.60 52.08 75 years and over 47.62 Total 33,894 11, 652 239,559 20.6 181 343.8 7,068 5.34 t Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases 01 sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases ol sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.., 15 to 24 years., 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years., 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years., 65 to 74 years.. Total.. 32.1 44 3 52.7 53.2 66.5 78.1 900 1,140 1,455 1,624 1,800 2,964 1.16 2.24 2.37 5.80 6.05 27.8 25.7 27.6 30.5 27.1 37.9 2.4 3.6 9.0 26.9 9.7 5.2 63 109 289 625 219 177 0.26 .53 25.8 30.1 32.3 23.3 22.6 34.0 0.1 2.7 46.0 1.6 3.6 28 113 287 0.63 2.42 106.0 71.7 79.0 40.0 1,095 27.4 5.1 136 .06 26.9 75.5 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139), Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 10 12 6.1 10 15.6 16.7 7.7 31.0 ,s.s 109 0.12 9.5 276 .11 1(13 413 .53 19. .5 728 1.05 IK.l 677 2.42 26.0 719 8.3 249 .27 28.5 29.0 25.3 37.3 37.3 27.6 28.3 47.4 64.8 74.9 106.4 239.6 42.2 580 1,093 1,241 2,185 4,318 9,583 1,025 0.06 .64 1.58 3.16 6.05 20.83 .86 20.5 23.1 22.6 29.2 40.6 40.0 24.3 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 36 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.., 7.8 6.5 8.7 13.7 15.7 67.7 8.4 219 173 266 497 719 3,667 267 0.17 .11 2.11 3.16 3.63 6.21 .66 28.2 20.6 29.4 36.2 46.8 54.2 30.2 47.8 49.6 56.4 72.6 145.8 30.7 40.5 430 735 888 1,130 1,195 6,177 057 0.17 .32 1.32 2.11 2.42 16.62 .59 14.2 16.4 17.9 20.0 16.6 42.4 4.2 4.8 6.5 5.8 4.8 6.2 16.2 4.6 108 118 193 108 232 94 122 0.53 .53 25.8 24.5 34.9 18.5 48.0 18.0 6.7 CHAPTER V. — ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1315 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-CoQtlnued. (O) FOODS AND DRINKS: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups or Diseases. Age group. 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 46 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 15 to 24 years.. 26 to 34 years. . 36 to 44 years. . 45 to 64 years.. 66 to 64 years. . 65 to 74 years.. Total..., Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 49.1 39.3 40.8 36.4 41.1 62.5 44.6 Days sick- 769 644 868 857 1,276 1,120 766 D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15.7 16.4 21.3 23.6 31.0 17.9 17.2 Diseases of the eye (300-316). 5.4 5.2 8.4 5.8 16.9 5.2 6.1 71 77 315 118 300 42 109 13.1 14.7 37.4 20.3 17.7 8.0 17.9 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 2.6 226 0.81 5.3 390 1.92 9.5 646 2.11 7.9 682 3.69 6.1 554 3.63 4.4 347 1.48 88.6 73.0 68.0 86.2 91.6 Poisoning (92-95). 0.2 .2 .5 .3 37 92 31.8 34.0 42.6 31.0 34.6 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 26.8 42.6 85.6 90.7 96.7 114.6 43.4 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 579 719 1,629 2,278 2,189 3,901 884 1.05 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 21.6 16.9 19.0 26.1 22.6 34.0 20.' Injuries and other ex- ternal influences (317-334). 98.8 1,647 0.29 98.9 1,645 .43 P8.2 1,938 .26 87.5 1,851 78.6 2,207 S3. 3 3,771 97.4 1,693 .30 16.7 16.6 19.7 21.2 28.1 45.3 17.4 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 4.1 124 0.17 3.7 119 .11 4.7 193 2.11 12.1 488 3.16 9.7 363 3.63 26.0 2,365 6.21 4.8 169 .65 30.5 31.9 40.7 40.3 37.5 90.8 35.4 Diseases of the ear (295-299). J^umber, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 0.6 1.5 1.3 .5 Days sick- D'ths, 0.11 .03 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 16.8 12.1 45.2 45.0 19.7 All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 1.4 1.5 2.1 1.6 1.5 28 0.23 .63 1.05 3.63 5.21 .35 23.9 16.6 13.8 11.3 19.4 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 16.4 32.9 73.0 78.0 88.3 88.5 32.7 309 521 1,315 1,889 i.65 2,048 3,151 5.2i 624 .09 18.9 16 8 18.0 24.2 23.2 36.6 19.1 1316 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOS.. SI-CKNESS BATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOEY llEMBEKB^, BY GROUPS or OCCUPATIONS AND GHOUPS OF BISEASES, 1887 TO 1«05— Conttooed (?) PAPEBs Mates. Summary. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion! ysar. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Ax-ecage duration of each <;aseof sickness 917 807 159 0.05 .19 25.6 29.9 25.6 37.3 20.0 28.0 28.1 31.2 30.0 31.8 431 681 952 824 444 15.4 24.2 30.6 27.5 14.0 20.2 26.6 39.1 64.9 119.1 417 560 820 2,083 4,024 'o.'io" 20.6 25 to 34 years . 21 1 35 to 44 years 21.0 37.9 65 to 64 years 33.8 Total 26.1 682 .08 27.2 28.3 519 18.3 23.6 519 .04 21.9 ^ Diseases of the ear (295-299). Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). 1.3 1.9 1.3 19 68 15 15.0 30.1 11.5 6.6 4.5 2.0 5.0 7.9 129 114 21 156 63 19.8 25.4 10.7 31.3 8.0 38.9 29.7 31.2 18.3 39.7 728 642 724 468 841 0.11 .19 18.7 25 to 34 vears . 21.6 35 to 44 years 23.2 45 to 54 vears 25.5 55 to 64 vears 21.2 Total 1.4 26 19.0 5.8 118 20.5 36.1 704 .11 19.5 All other diseases, including indefinite diagnoses (335). Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-0). Anemia (68). 2.4 2.3 2.0 48 39 27 0.22 20.6 16.8 13.7 6.4 11.5 7.3 18.3 7.9 565 1,008 968 1,897 1,476 2.14 4.27 2.65 8.32 7.94 88.1 88.0 132.7 93.5 73.6 68.3 2,165 2,020 2,297 1,494 3,341 o.ig 23.1 27.5 35 to 44 vears 33.7 103. 6 41. 6 186.0 47.6 35.9 7.94 70.2 65 to 74 years Total 2.3 43 .10 19.3 7.7 700 2.71 91.5 86.0 2,113 .04 24.6 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). Poisoning (92-95). 6.6 9.7 9.3 15.0 15.9 209 374 645 413 640 0.16 .97 'i'.m 31.6 38.5 69.5 27.6 34.0 14.4 20.0 35.1 48.3 79.4 280 399 700 1,805 2,690 'o.'ig" 19.5 19.9 19.9 37.4 33.9 3.8 5.6 5.3 8.3 91 160 206 498 0.05 .19 24.1 28.4 35 to 44 vears S5 to 64 years Total 7.8 273 .34 35.2 17.6 370 .04 21.1 4.3 120 .08 27.7 1324 EEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (a) STOXEWOBKIJVG: Males. SUMMAKY. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 86 2,852 2,913 1,634 687 216 41 3 48 1,460 1,441 951 449 164 39 1 756 21,866 35,446 28,630 16,311 5,504 1,768 25 16.8 15.1 24.6 30.1 36.3 33.6 45.3 25.0 558.1 508.4 494.7 582.0 653.6 769.3 951.2 333.3 8,791 7,667 12,168 17,521 23,742 26,481 43,122 8,333 7 27 38 20 12 2.45 9.27 35 to 44 years 23.26 29.11 55 to 64 years.. . - 65.56 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 8,432 4,543 110,306 24.3 104 538.8 13,082 12.33 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Total. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years, 46 to 64 yeais, 55 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 49.1 65.2 98.5 88.8 101.9 48.8 Days of sick- ness. 1,296 2,805 5,603 6,790 4,824 1,927 3,191 D'ths. 1.05 6.84 16.91 18.92 23.16 7.59 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases other than developmental, infectious, and para- sitic (68-95). 26.4 43.0 56.9 76.5 47.4 39.5 46.4 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 0.4 .3 .6 4.2 4.5 16 12.0 13.0 26.0 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 7.4 5.5 12.9 13.1 18.5 24.4 8.6 166 163 499 598 1,597 415 294 0.34 .61 2.91 21.1 27.8 38.8 45.7 86.3 17.0 4.4 Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. 1.1 1.4 1.8 8.7 4.6 2.0 Days of sick- ness. 555 148 D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,0 persons, of— 22.0 7.8 47.0 63.6 32.0 Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 9.8 11.0 23.3 21.8 13.9 73.2 14.1 107 578 709 425 56 6,951 443 0.35 .34 10.9 62.6 30.6 19.6 4.0 95.0 31.4 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 77.1 64.5 53.9 77.2 83.3 24.4 68.8 857 972 808 1,664 2,806 341 1,006 0.34 .61 .47 11.1 15.1 15.0 21.6 33.7 14.0 14.6 Cases of sick- ness. 1.2 Days 122 'i,'6i9' 63 D'ths. 0.61 4.'63' Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 99.5 164.0 131.8 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 65.2 118.4 115.7 138.3 129.6 170.7 101.2 1,163 0.70 3,423 2.40 3,896 5.61 6,760 7.28 6,609 18.62 14,561 3,017 3.20 17.8 28.9 33.7 41.7 42.5 85.3 29.8 Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 6.0 7.2 1.8 8.V 4.6 5.7 267 124 413 287 188 15.0 37.0 67.7 47.3 62.0 CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1325 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Contmued. (B) STONEWOBKING: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Diseases of the ear (295-299). Age group. Number, per 1,000 persons, ol— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Cases of sick- ness. Da^s sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65.8 26.8 37.9 33.5 46.3 97.6 614 346 531 873 745 6,756 :::::: 11.0 12.9 14.0 26.1 16.1 69.3 41.7 63.5 86.9 110.6 129.6 195.1 539 1,368 2,057 2,977 3,264 5,829 12.9 21.4 23.7 26.9 25.2 29.9 3.5 2.4 1.8 1.5 57 32 24 26 16.3 13.1 13.3 18.0 65 to 74 years Total 40.2 569 13.9 66.8 1,412 21.1 2.7 41 14.9 Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other ex- ternal influences (317-334). AH other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 15.1 13.4 22.6 32.0 37.0 97.6 150 258 634 675 1,806 3,537 10.0 19.2 23.6 18.0 48.8 36.3 173.6 110.9 119.3 116.5 171.3 219.5 2,577 1,920 2,154 3,032 2,736 2,805 14.8 17.3 18.0 26.0 16.0 12.8 2.8 4.1 3.7 2.9 9.3 34 43 359 54 186 0.35 12.3 10.6 97.7 18.5 20.0 Total 18.2 354 19.5 137.3 2,327 16.9 3.7 106 .12 28.8 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169-181.) Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years ^.1 23.7 47.1 55.3 32.4 288 1,958 4,367 5,911 2,310 1.05 5.84 15.30 18.92 13.89 137.0 82.7 92.7 106.9 71.3 4.9 5.2 6.1 5.8 9.3 24.4 121 143 346 432 128 415 0.34 .61 2.91 24.7 27.8 56.5 74.3 139.0 17.0 26.3 64.9 74.1 87.3 111.1 170.7 307 1,191 1,648 2,098 2,611 5,585 11.7 21.7 22.3 24.0 23.5 32.7 Total 23.5 2,162 7.23 92.1 5.5 228 .47 41.7 63.4 1,104 20.7 Poisoning (92-95). 25 to 34 years 0.3 1.4 4.0 Total .1 .5 4.0 1326 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OE LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICE FUND (COMPULSOEY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1906— Continued. (S) TEXTILES: Males. Summary. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Underl5 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 146 5,494 3,863 3,000 1,803 625 103 4 55 2,149 1,514 1,215 811 354 70 . 4 731 35,866 29, 046 26,667 19,475 10,227 2,961 170 13.3 16.7 19.2 21.9 24.0 28.9 42.3 42.5 379.3 391.2 392.9 405.0 449.8 666.4 679.6 1,000.0 5,041 6,528 7,539 8,889 10,801 16,363 28,748 42,500 24 18 22 27 21 6 1 4.37 4.67 7.33 14.98 33.60 58.25 250.00 Total 16, 027 6,172 126,143 20.3 119 410.7 8,328 7 92 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Av- erage days of du- ration eaih ("f^ sil "^- ness Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. . Total. 45.5 69.4 63.0 67.7 83.2 116.6 1,107 1,269 1,619 1,629 1,610 4,738 1.82 1.56 3.67 4.44 3.20 9.71 24.3 21.4 26.7 24.1 19.3 40.7 7.1 4.2 3.3 3.3 6.4 9.7 141 94 60 69 70 136 0.18 19.8 22.8 18.1 20.8 11.0 14.0 4.7 26.0 .3 1.7 6.4 9.-S 56 113 475 ,922 0.33 1.11 3.20 9.71 57.1 1,362 2.53 23.7 101 19.5 59 167.0 67.7 74.3 198.0 .40 89.1 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 1.3 .6 22 11 38 5.0 19 40.7 13.7 28.3 9.0 6.6 11.4 18.7 17.8 27.2 19.4 26.9 12.5 177 383 632 603 1,259 1,884 396 0.36 .52 .67 .65 3.20 27.0 33.5 28.6 28.3 46.3 97.0 54.4 54.2 61.3 67.1 88.0 145.6 31.6 935 0.36 1,290 1.82 1,391 .33 2,264 3.88 2,112 9.60 6,476 9.71 1,360 1.60 17.2 23.8 22.7 33.6 24.0 37.6 22.8 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 8.7 10.6 8.0 12.2 32.0 97.1 11.2 332 362 267 623 2,078 6,097 456 0.18 .26 .33 1.11 6.40 19.42 .80 38.0 34.0 33.4 42.9 65.0 52.5 61.7 82.5 74.3 69.9 99.2 116.5 40.8 72.9 1,227 1,257 .1,196 3,268 1,922 1,118 0.18 1.00 1.66 8.00 9.71 .87 11.2 14.9 16.9 17.1 32.8 16.5 4.2 6.2 4.7 1.7 4.8 9.7 15.3 4.5 67 127 148 13 98 233 90 0.26 13.5 20.4 31.6 8.0 20.3 24.0 19.9 CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1327 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (8) TEXTILES: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Diseases ol the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of eacti case of sick- Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295- Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years. . 45 to 54 years. . 65 to 64 years. , 65 to 74 years- . Total. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 6 to 74 years.. Total... 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years. . 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years. . 65 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years.. Total. . . 67.7 29.9 28.3 42.2 22.4 38.8 078 337 643 801 718 1,884 11.8 11.3 19.2 19.0 32.1 48.5 25.9 48.8 66.3 79.9 89.6 77.7 414 849 1,276 1,420 1,946 3,757 0.65 16.0 17.4 19.2 17.8 21.7 48.4 3.5 3.4 1.3 .6 1.6 57 20 9.4 24 13.7 16.8 14.8 17.0 15.0 41.0 587 14.3 903 18.4 14.7 Diseases of the eye (300- 316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 7.1 8.2 182 7.6 111 6.3 113 .5.6 144 6.4 61 140 22.2 14.8 21.1 26.9 9.6 106.6 73.2 68.3 79.3 97.6 86.1 1,713 1,407 1,567 2,113 2,636 1,699 1,702 0.36 .67 16.2 19.2 22.9 26.6 27.0 43.8 19.8 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 £W)). 6.4 7.5 10.3 13.9 38.8 8.3 661 606 667 778 575 1.64 1.04 3.67 3.88 1.60 9.71 2.20 86.5 67.2 63.5 56.1 71.0 69.6 Poisoning (92-95). 0.4 .3 .7 9.7 1.5 1.0 13 136 4.3 4.0 4.0 19.0 14.0 10.7 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 5.6 6.2 3.0 3.9 25.6 68.3 6.3 278 268 173 292 1,762 3,408 340 0.18 .26 .33 1.11 6.40 .67 49.3 43.1 57.8 75.1 68.8 58.5 63.8 .3 .6 1.6 30 14 2.0 10 19 17 0.91 .33 1.66 20.4 18.0 6.0 18.0 12.0 18.1 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 16.6 42.1 58.3 67.7 76.8 77.7 40.3 209 762 1,177 1,250 1,693 3,767 753 .07 12.6 18.1 20.2 18.5 22.0 48.4 18.7 1328 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (S) TEXTILES: Females. Summary. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deatiis. Under 15 years 336 15,586 7,169 2,933 1,496 576 97 99 7,744 4,858 2,049 926 302 68 1,706 169,330 120,148 56,734 24,067 9,111 3,445 17.2 20.6 24.7 27.7 ,26.0 30.2 50.7 294.6 496.9 677.6 698.6 619.0 524.3 701.0 5,077 10,223 16,759 19,343 16,088 15,818 35,515 68 50 28 14 3 4 4.36 25 to 34 years 6.97 9.55 45 to 54 vears 9.36 6.21 41.24 Total 28,193 16,046 374,541 23.3 167 569.2 13,285 5.92 Sickness Rates, by Groups or Diseases. Age group. Developmental diseases (7-19). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases,' other than developmental and Infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years . 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years. . Total.... 19.2 34.2 21.5 .7 1,041 726 34 0.06 .14 25.3 30.5 63.6 85.0 99.9 92.3 69.4 72.2 1,696 2,454 2,966 1,856 2,170 3,629 2.76 3.63 5.80 3.34 10.31 26.7 28.9 29.7 20.1 31.3 50.3 86.8 82.3 59.3 22.7 15.6 20.6 1,980 2,165 1,532 802 479 0.06 22,8 26.3 25.8 35.3 30.7 28.5 21.6 611 28.3 74.0 3,028 .26 27.4 24.3 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 0.1 .4 1.7 2.7 1,7 20.6 3.8 66 221 134 181 ,763 69 0.28 1.02 1.34 1 74 10.31 .32 29.5 158.3 129.8 50.0 104.0 85.5 1.1 1.8 2.7 4.0 10.3 97.5 1.6 21 106 192 283 701 76 19.2 58.4 70.5 70.5 68.0 13.7 18.1 27.3 29.4 22,6 30.9 17.2 317 425 981 951 ,260 268 463 0.19 .14 .34 1.74 .21 23.1 23.5 36.0 32,3 55.8 8.7 26.9 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 49.3 83.4 93,4 92,3 104,2 134,0 i.O 1,180 2,466 2,561 2,831 3,153 6,773 1,790 0.32 .84 .68 .67 10.31 23.9 29.6 27.4 30.7 30.3 50.6 27.1 12.1 311 0.19 14.4 439 .56 22.5 896 1.02 28.1 1,031 .67 li).« 854 1.74 10.3 82 14.6 463 .43 25.6 30.5 39.8 36.7 64.7 8.0 115.9 158.2 142.6 130.4 99.0 134.0 31.0 129.3 1,689 2,879 3,310 2,332 2,135 7,443 2,210 0.26 .70 .67 io.si 14.6 18.2 23.2 17.9 21.6 55.5 17.1 CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1329 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (S) TEXTILES: Females— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. TotaL. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years. . Total..., Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. . 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 64 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. 33.4 66.4 54.9 29.4 3.5 10.3 42.7 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 760 1,909 1,805 802 257 124 1,142 0.19 .28 .68 1.34 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness- Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- 22.8 28.8 32.9 27.3 74.0 12.0 32 26. 7 25.5 34.6 45.0 53.5 36.5 82.6 Days of sick- ness. D'ths. 413 712 1,115 1,713 608 3,062 31.9 643 0.14 ".'67 .07 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 16.2 20.6 24.8 32.0 16.7 37.1 20.2 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — of sick- ness. 25.2 44.6 70.9 72.2 86.8 30.9 38.5 Diseases of the ear (295- 2.1 1.8 28 3.2 60 1.7 24 .7 80 1.7 168 0.13 15.4 15.6 13.8 12.0 91.0 16.4 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years Total.., All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). 1.3 3.8 3.8 2.7 1.7 0.06 .14 10.8 19.4 10.9 22.8 7.0 Diseases of the eye (300- 316). 10.9 7.8 11.6 12.7 6.9 20.6 10.2 185 198 282 233 458 1,938 17.0 26.3 24.4 18.4 66.0 94.0 20.6 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 7.7 10.3 12.6 8.7 6.2 15.0 8, Diseases of the heart (169- 181). 7.4 216 0.19 7.0 268 .56 11.6 507 1.02 18.1 686 .67 10.4 693 1.74 10.3 82 8.3 295 .43 29.3 38.4 43.8 38.0 66.6 8.0 35.5 1,257 321 411 716 2.50 3.35 4.77 1.34 2.80 77.8 87.0 99.6 36.9 79.0 81.4 Days sick- ness. D'ths. 471 790 1,687 1,950 2,151 1,990 793 0.06 .67 .07 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ( ness. 18.7 17.7 23.8 27.0 24.8 64.3 20.6 Injuries and other exter- nal Influences (317-334). 36.8 39.5 39.9 45.5 59.0 123.7 39.0 Anemia (68). 85.9 80.8 56.9 19.4 16.6 10.3 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282-291). 18.7 37.0 62.4 64.8 74.7 30.9 31.5 340 640 1,456 1,781 1,797 1,990 642 0.06 .67 .07 18.0 17.3 23.3 27.5 24.1 64.3 20.4 76.2 1,956 2,147 1,459 712 479 144 22.8 26.6 26.1 36.7 30.7 14.0 24.3 Poisoning (92-95). 0.1 .1 0.1 0.06 .04 2.0 6.0 1330 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (T) TRANSPORTATION: Males. Summary. Age group. Number of persons und,er observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of eacii case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 12 6,359 15,338 9,348 3,979 1,547 323 9 6 2,200 5,599 4,188 2,314 1,036 249 11 96 36,920 104,011 91,854 57,664 30,685 9,836 334 16.0 16.8 18.6 21.9 24.9 29.6 39.5 30.4 1 31 84 116 78 64 20 600.0 346.0 366.0 448.0 681.6 669.7 770.9 1,222.2 8,000. 5,806 6,781 9,826 14,492 19,835 30,452 37,111 83.33 4.87 5. 48 35 to 44 years 12.41 19.60 65 to 64 years 41.37 61.92 75 years and over Total . . 36,915 16,603 331,400 21.2 394 422.7 8,977 10 67 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 66 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 16 to 24 years. 26 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years - 45 to 54 years- 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years, 65 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.. Diseases of the orgaui „f Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190).\^ digestion (191-229). 470 667 691 913 1,348 2,688 669 0.79 .33 .21 2.76 4.62 3.% .84 12.0 12.1 15.3 17.6 21.1 4L8 ;i4.4 Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 6.0 5.7 4.2 3.0 5.8 104 164 165 147 405 167 0.16 .13 .43 .60 .65 .27 17.4 26.9 39.5 48.6 69.7 31.1 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1331 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (T) TKANSPOBTATION; Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Gboups or Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'tlis, Av- erage days of du- ration of eacli case of sick- Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of- Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. Av- erage days of du- ration of each D'ths.l case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total. . 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total. . 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years. 46 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. . . 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. . . 42.0 3L4 30.9 36.9 49.1 49.6 691 637 649 983 1,526 2,670 0.07 ".'25' 14.1 17.1 21.0 26.6 31.1 51.9 32.9 41.4 68.6 87.5 102.1 142.4 527 678 1,265 1,888 2,756 6,833 0.13 .11 .25 1.29 16.0 16.4 18.5 21.6 27.0 48.0 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.0 17.0 16.5 27.0 19.5 34.7 683 .05 19.7 65.3 1,073 .16 19.4 Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other exter- nal influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (336). 4.4 82 3.5 66 4.2 73 7.5 183 11.fi 316 18.6 467 4.8 98 18.6 18.4 17.4 24.3 27.1 25.2 20.5 131.6 1,984 1.89 136.6 2,481 1.04 169.6 3,305 2.36 186.0 4,434 1.26 188.1 6,584 2.59 148.6 6,124 6.19 148.6 2,967 L66 16.1 18.3 20.7 23.8 29.7 34.6 1.3 1.3 1.9 2.3 1.3 3.1 20.0 1.6 0.31 .39 .76 .76 1.94 3.10 .60 11.8 13.7 14.6 12.9 13.5 22.0 13.7 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 2.0 4.2 8.0 14.6 15.5 6.3 156 349 746 930 874 0.94 1.83 2.89 3.77 6.17 75.9 83.7 93.0 63.8 56.3 3.9 2.7 4.0 4.3 11.0 16.5 78.6 3.9 186 125 121 150 480 168 0.31 .69 1.28 2.26 2.69 12.38 1.08 47.2 46.8 30.6 36.1 43.6 63.2 24.1 32.7 67.6 75.4 88.6 114.6 41.1 45.3 385 527 1,006 1,587 2,308 4,743 861 0.13 1.29 16.0 16.1 17.5 21.1 26.1 41.4 18.8 Poisoning (92-95). 0.3 .4 2.4 3.8 60 5.2 8.6 7.6 9.7 238.0 8.0 31.9 1332 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOJSTEE OF LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOEY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (U) CEMBIVT AND LIME: Males. Summary. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of siclmess. Deaths. Under 15 years... 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over. Total 37 .2, 333 3,740 2,337 1,079 489 126 7 11 1,327 2,129 1,537 804 334 136 171 20,097 37,328 31,834 18,748 10,986 5,693 114 15.5 15.1 17. S 20.7 23.3 32.9 41.1 14.3 297.3 568.8 569.3 657.7 745.1 683.0 079.4 142.9 4,622 8,614 9,981 13, 622 17,375 22, 466 44,389 16,286 27.03 2.14 3.74 9.41 16.68 28.63 55.56 142. 86 10, 148 124,871 19.! 82 619.4 12,305 8.08 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 53.6 57.8 53.1 80.6 55.2 134.9 15 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 54 years, 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. 58.7 Days of sick- ness. 1,069 1,162 1,368 1,966 2,041 4,468 1,362 D'ths. 1.71 .80 2.14 5.66 4.09 7.94 2.07 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 20.0 20.1 25.8 24.4 37.0 33.1 23.0 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 1.3 .3 14 1.3 158 20 10.7 5.0 25.9 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 10.3 14.4 17.1 14.8 18.4 39.7 14.6 204 282 598 401 1,192 1,881 0.53 6.13 7.94 19.9 19.5 34.9 27.1 64.8 47.4 28.3 General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 2.6 3.2 2.1 4.6 2.0 2.9 Days of sick- ness. 45 39 109 67 18 D'ths. 0.27 .10 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 17.5 12.0 50.8 12.2 9.0 19.8 of the nervous system (101-139). 12.0 10.4 18.4 21.3 16.4 15.9 14.1 245 360 537 604 231 1,071 0.27 .43 .93 4.09 .49 20.4 34.5 29.2 28.3 14.1 67.5 28.5 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 75.9 86.4 89.4 88.0 87.9 87.3 84.9 841 1,061 1,449 1,681 1,405 3,616 1,210 0.43 .27 1.28 4.63 4.09 7.94 1.38 11.1 12.3 16.2 19.1 16. 40.3 14.2 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of siok- 0.4 1.9 2.0 15.9 Days sick- 9.0 324 67 1,675 D'ths 2.04 7.94 .20 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 21.0 175.0 33.0 105.5 102.5 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 81.0 73.5 97.1 119.6 126.8 333.3 91.4 1,529 1,522 2,098 3,232 6,025 13, 611 2,203 0.80 2.67 4.63 4.09 15.87 1.87 18.9 20.7 21.6 27.0 47.5 40.8 24.1 Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 5.1 4.6 3.9 3.7 4.1 31.8 4.7 94 85 180 96 51 4,294 160 7.94 .20 18.3 18.7 46.7 26.0 12.5 135.3 33.9 CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1333 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continued, (U) CEMENT AND LIME: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. IS to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years. . 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total... Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, ol— of sick- ness. 73.3 54.6 46.2 59.3 49.1 7L4 57.5 Days of sick- ness. 879 857 886 1,635 1,413 3,056 993 D'tlis. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- 12.0 15.7 19.2 25.9 28.8 42.8 17.3 Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 87.4 114.4 133.1 172.4 161.6 198.4 121.7 Days of sick- ness. 1,031 1,916 2,451 3,176 4,342 5,730 2,128 D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 11.8 16.7 18.4 18.4 26.9 28.9 17.5 Diseases of the eye (300-316). 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 8.6 7.2 8.1 10.2 10.2 23.8 8.4 153 169 156 347 411 556 197 17.9 23.4 19.2 34.0 40.2 23.3 23.5 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 3.4 165 0.S6 3.7 209 .27 6.0 342 .86 4.6 189 1.85 8.2 767 39.7 3,310 7.94 4.9 292 .79 48.0 65.8 67.1 40.8 93.8 83.4 Poisoning (92-95). 2.6 9.6 4.1 6.0 12.0 10.5 Injuries and other exter- nal Influences (317-334). 145.7 131.8 178.9 157.6 135.0 127.0 148.7 2,269 2,332 3,591 3,663 4,746 4,532 2,897 0.80 1.71 .79 15.0 17.7 20.1 23.2 35.2 35.7 19.5 Diseases of the heart (169-181). 6.4 166 8.0 201 0.53 9.4 332 .86 .'i.6 196 16.4 1,006 6.13 23.8 1,476 7.94 8.3 276 .79 25.8 25.0 35.2 36.3 61.5 62.0 1.7 1.6 2.1 1.9 4.1 2.0 Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- 38.0 22.0 13.0 6.0 ,27.1 All other diseases, includ- ing indeHnite diagnoses (336.) 9.1 8.1 5.6 10.2 166 161 115 112 160 0.43 2.04 .20 16.8 17.7 14.2 20.2 48.8 18.7 Muscular aud articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 68.2 88.2 11.3. 155.7 143.2 182.5 100.0 793 1,467 2,080 2,852 3,978 5,349 1,764 11.6 16.6 18.4 18.3 27.8 29.3 17.6 1334 EEPOET OS" THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE, SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OP OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPLOYEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males. SXIMMAEY. Number of persons under observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. Under 15 years 1,080 60, 680 29,371 10,499 4,568 1,855 472 66 208 10,247 6,611 2,272 1,225 561 190 26 4,008 216, 666 133,931 61,214 39,810 18,643 10,027 1,209 19.3 21.1 23.9 26.9 32.5 33.1 52.8 46.6 1 244 193 103 70 48 27 8 192.6 202.2 191.0 216.4 268.2 302.4 402.5 393.9 3,711 4,275 4,560 5,830 8,715 9,996 21,244 18,318 0.93 4.81 25 to 34 years 6.57 9.81 45 to 54 vears 15.32 25.88 65 to 74 vears 57.20 7S years and over 121.21 Total 98,691 20,340 485,408 23.9 694 206.3 4,923 7.04 Sickness Rates, by Gboups of Diseases. Age group. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total . . 15 to 24 years. . 26 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 64 years.. 65 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 39.5 37.5 42.6 42.5 34.0 48.7 Days of sick- ness. D'ths. 1,214 1,057 1,232 1,396 705 2,415 1,171 2.64 2.69 3.62 2.85 1.08 2.12 2.71 Av erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 30.7 28.2 29.0 32.9 20.8 49.6 29.9 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 0.7 .6 .3 1.6 2.1 8.0 7.6 3.0 32 466 12.6 15.8 10.3 20.0 220.0 17.5 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 9.4 8.6 11.3 15.5 18.9 40.3 10.0 249 264 345 488 1,115 3,189 0.37 .61 1.62 2.85 3.77 19.07 26.6 30.9 30.4 31.4 69.1 79.2 31.0 General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 6.8 4.8 6.3 10.7 14.0 23.3 Days sick- D'ths, 137 142 195 423 586 1,169 171 0.08 .27 .19 .44 .54 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 23.5 29.3 31.0 39.4 41.8 60.2 28.; Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 9.2 17.6 25.1 34.4 29.7 42.4 15.1 291 610 1,126 1,691 1,395 3,911 572 0.16 .24 1.06 1.09 4.31 12.71 .46 31.6 34.7 44.9 46.3 47.0 92.3 37.9 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 40.7 34.9 32.3 34.6 35.6 33.9 37.7 512 570 548 891 1,037 1,030 0.26 .54 .48 1.31 2.16 2.12 .47 12.6 16.4 17.0 25.8 29.2 30.4 14.9 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 0.04 .1 1.3 3.2 .23 Days of sick- ness. 6.6 13 63 137 246 D'ths. 0.02 .07 .29 1.09 2.70 .17 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 168.0 98.3 184.0 104.7 76.2 106.3 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 31.6 792 0.51 31.1 887 1.26 33.1 906 1.71 46.3 1,556 3.72 69.3 2,035 7.55 101.7 4.593 12.71 33.0 909 1.23 25.1 28.6 27.4 34.3 34.3 45.2 27.5 1 Diseases of the genito- urinary organs (230-261). 5.7 5.7 3.8 4.2 10.8 12.7 6.6 107 129 98 188 413 629 0.06 .27 .10 .88 2.16 4.24 18.7 22.7 25.7 46.1 38.4 49.5 22.5 CHAPTEE V. WOBKMEn's INSUEANCE IN" GEEMANY. 1335 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905-Continu6(l. (V) OFFICES, ETC., EMPLOTEES, SALESMEN, ETC.: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Gbotjps of Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the e^cternal tissues (26^-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of siclc- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'tlis. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of siolc- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths, Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear. (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total . . 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 56 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years.. 35 to 44 years.. 45 to 54 years.. 65 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total.. 17.3 12.1 11.9 12.3 17.3 17.0 214 169 190 252 314 2.12 12.4 13.9 16.0 25.0 14.6 18.6 12.2 15.0 24.3 38.3 43.1 48.7 243 307 591 968 1,111 1,869 0.07 .10 .66 19.9 20.6 24.3 25.3 25.8 38.3 1.7 1.5 .8 .9 2.2 2.1 0.02 17.0 22.2 25.0 15.3 10.3 17.0 15.0 204 .01 13.6 16.3 358 .06 22.0 1.5 29 19.0 Diseases of the eye. (300-316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (336). 6.0 6.2 6.4 9.9 6.5 11.0 115 84 163 339 466 924 0.22 .01 19.1 16.2 24.0 34.4 70.4 87.2 21.2 15.0 17.1 17.7 26.9 14.8 21.6 18.9 340 263 346 408 678 67.6 0.30 .14 .10 .22 16.0 17.5 20.1 23.0 22.3 38.9 1.0 1.6 1.1 .7 .6 4.2 17.3 18 0.39 22 .41 28 .67 11 12 1.62 123 2.12 20 .46 17.1 13.9 26.5 16.0 22.0 29.0 16.9 Tuberculosis of all kinds (31arK)). Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 7.2 631 2.29 7.1 607 2.52 10.4 686 3.06 7.2 546 2.86 2.2 246 1.08 2.1 504 2.12 7.3 583 2.41 87.8 71.2 66.1 75.6 113.5 238.0 79.4 6.2 184 0.36 6.4 190 .61 8.4 279 1.43 11.8 413 2.63 13.6 996 3.77 29.7 2,136 19.07 6.7 235 .82 29.8 36.1 33.3 34.9 73.8 72.0 35.1 7.8 146 11.6 221 0.03 20. S 490 .10 32.4 832 .44 34.0 850 40.3 930 -1 12.1 264 .04 18.6 19.1 23.6 26.7 25.0 23.1 20.9 Poisontag (92-96). 0.4 .4 .1 8.2 17.2 1.6 .3 9. 5 .07 0.06 .07 .19 21.8 38.9 17.0 28.4 46598°— 10 85 1336 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSOEY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPJLOTEES, SALESWOMEN, ETC.! Females. SUMMABT. Number of persons under observa- tion! year. Number of oases of siclmess. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Age group. Cases of sickness. Days of siclmess. Deatlis. Under 15 years 15 to 24 years 242 24,943 7,299 1,356 291 81 49 1 57 7,066 1,936 290 53 17 17 1 1,163 165,241 51,204 9,569 1,561 834 688 50 20.4 23.4 26.4 33.0 29.6 49.1 40.5 60.0 1 64 26 8 1 3 1 1 236.5 283.3 265.2 213.9 182.1 209.9 346.9 1000.0 4,806 6,625 7,015 7,049 5,364 10,296 14,041 50,000 4.13 2.57 3.56 35 to 44 years 5.90 3.44 55 to 64 years 37.04 65 to 74 years 75 years and over 20.41 1000.00 Total 34,262 9,437 230,300 24.4 106 275.4 6,722 3.06 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. 15 to 24 years.. 25 to 34 years. . 35 to 44 years. . 46 to 64 years.. 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total.... 16 to 24 years., 26 to 34 years., 35 to 44 years., 45 to 64 years., 55 to 64 years.. 65 to 74 years.. Total.... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... Developmental diseases (7-19). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 2.1 4.5 3.0 2.6 Days of sick- ness. 64 134 79 D'ths. .06 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 30.6 29.7 31.5 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). 0.1 .3 .7 2.3 26 7.4 0.14 .74 28.5 93.0 10.0 60.6 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-.(68). 31.2 34.7 36.1 10.3 86.4 61.2 32.0 820 1,122 1,188 237 4,656 4,673 907 0.28 .65 1.47 24.69 .44 26.3 32.4 32.9 23.0 52.7 76.3 Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. 36.4 36.9 35.4 27.5 163.3 36.4 Days of sick- ness. D'ths. 1.24 1.61 2.21 1.31 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious 'and parasitic (68-96). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— 27.1 24.7 30.7 20.6 18.8 26.6 Growths and sweUlngs, benign (99-100). 0.4 1.1 1.5 12.4 .6 693 19 26.7 32.1 29.6 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 10.3 5.9 13.8 20.4 273 348 136 766 291 0.04 .41 .74 3.44 12.35 31.7 33.8 23.1 65.0 207.0 Cases of sick- ness. 69.3 51.0 27.3 17.2 62.9 Days of sick- ness. 1,846 1,315 1,016 340 D'ths, 0.08 .27 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 26.6 25.8 37.2 19.8. Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 10.0 21.0 23.6 44.7 12.4 307 620 1,121 1,962 418 .12 30.8 29.6 47.5 43.9 28.0 31.8 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 63.3 46.0 29.5 20.6 37.0 32. 9 67. 9 1,085 1,108 597 223 420 0.28 .14 .23 17.1 24.1 20.2 ID. 8 11.3 18.3 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1337 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (V) OFFICE, ETC., EMPLOTEES, SALESWOMEN, ETC. : Females— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Diseases of the genlto-url- nary organs (230-261). Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of slck- ness- Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Age group. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Dap sick- ness. D'ths. Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. 15 to 24 years 13.4 17.4 17.0 376 537 672 0.12 .14 .74 28.0 30.9 33.7 15.0 13.2 8.1 6.9 37.0 20.4 211 211 173 357 3,815 408 14.1 16.0 21.4 62.0 103.0 20.0 13.8 13.2 17.0 27.5 294 335 583 625 21.4 25 to 34 years 25.5 35 to 44 years. . . 34.3 22.8 12.4 481 39.0 20.4 653 32.0 Total 14.2 413 .18 29.1 14.3 219 16.3 13.9 316 22.8 Diseases of the ear (295-299). Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other external influences (317-334). 1.6 1.6 .7 31 60 176 O.U 18.7 30.6 238.0 4.4 3.4 2.2 3.4 93 68 192 72 21.1 19.8 86.7 21.0 12.4 9.6 6.2 10.3 12.4 202 160 63 223 86 0.12 16.3 16.7 35 to 44 years 12.3 21.7 7.0 61.2 1,020 16.7 Total 1.6 41 .03 25.2 4.2 95 22.5 11.5 187 .09 16.3 All other diseases, Includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (335). Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). Anemia (68). 15 to 24 vears 1.2 1.2 .7 22 35 2.2 0.16 .27 17.6 28.4 3.0 3.0 3.3 6.6 283 233 615 1.00 .96 1.47 94.1 71.0 77.7 68.6 50.0 26.6 17.2 1,824 1,247 1,002 340 0.04 .14 26.6 24.9 35 to 44 vears 37.8 19.8 65 to 74 years 20.41 81.6 2,143 26.3 Total 1.2 23 .23 19.6 3.3 279 .99 85.4 62.1 1,649 .06 26.5 Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). Poisoning (92-95). \R to 24 vears 5.8 6.7 3.0 13.8 200 272 88 756 0.04 .41 .74 3.44 12.35 34.4 40.6 29.8 66.0 9.1 9.3 14.8 20.6 173 242 559 567 19.0 25.9 37.9 27.6 0.3 .1 1.8 .6 0.04 .14 6.6 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 66 to 74 years '26.4' 4,224 207.0 20.4 652 32.0 Total 5.9 219 .20 37.0 9.5 206 21.8 .2 L5 .06 6.3 1338 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO 1905— Continued. (W) ENGINEERS AND FIREMEN IN ESTABUSHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males. Summary. Age group. Number of persons under observa- tion! year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sickness. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Days of sickness. Deaths. 15 to 24 years 287 2,103 2,588 1,447 558 128 1 96 656 847 511 236 80 1 1,544 11, 748 19,039 12,500 6,779 2,745 182 ie.i 17.9 22.6 24.5 28.7 34.3 182.0 334.6 311.9 327.3 353.1 422.9 625.0 100.0 6,380 5,586 7,357 8,639 12,149 21,445 18,200 25 to 34 years 7 20 21 17 5 3.33 7.73 45 to 54 years .. 14.51 30.47 39.06 75 years and over Total 7,112 2,427 54,537 22.6 70 341.3 7,668 9.84 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and infectious and para- sitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days ofdu. ration of each case of sick- ness. Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years . Total. . 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years. 46 to 54 years . 56 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years. 26 to 34 years. 36 to 44 years . 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total... 45.3 46.1 46.8 38.0 62.7 70.3 467 979 1,311 1,005 1,520 1,250 0.95 3.86 4.15 7.17 7.81 10.3 21.2 28.0 26.4 24.2 17.8 3.5 4.3 3.9 6.2 5.4 35 56 156 169 188 0.69 10.0 13.1 40.0 27.2 35.0 94 68.0 46.4 1,132 3.23 24.4 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 0.6 1.2 .7 2.9 21 6.5 9.6 6.0 18.0 8.0 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 10.0 6.6 10.4 12.5 23.4 173 199 365 599 3,469 307 1.16 1.38 3.58 17.3 30.2 35.2 47.7 148.0 34.7 .14 .14 Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 8.1 12.8 9.0 16.1 39.1 10.8 197 400 429 690 2,453 0.69 3.58 24.4 31.3 47.8 42.8 62.8 46.3 30.4 44.1 51.1 53.8 164.1 36.0 44.6 871 693 1,060 1,282 1,857 7,250 1,188 1.43 .77 4.15 8.96 !3.44 2.67 19.2 22.8 24.1 26.1 34.5 44.2 26.7 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 46.3 52.3 48.7 38.7 78.9 62.5 50.2 652 654 806 708 1,866 1,188 826 1.79 7.81 Diseases of the eenito-uri- nary organs (130-261). 14.4 12.6 16.6 18.3 23.7 19.0 16.4 13.9 6.2 1.8 3.4 324 159 17 104 50 91 23.3 41.8 21.5 16.7 28.0 27.0 CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1339 SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BV GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 TO lOOS-Continued. (W) ENGINEERS AND FIEEMAN IN ESTABLISHMENTS OF ALL KINDS: Males— Coned. Sickness Rates, by Geoups of Diseases. Age group. Diseases ol the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295-299). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55. to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. 15 to 24 years - 25 to 34 years - 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years - 66 to 64 years . 65 to 74 years . Total. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 66 to 74 years. Total... 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years . 46 to 64 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. - 41.8 15.2 17.4 23.6 26.9 23.4 610 220 346 553 919 453 0.69 14.6 14.5 19.9 23.6 34.2 19.3 62.3 49.0 63.8 69.8 73.6 78:1 537 731 1,151 1,908 1,823 1,180 10.3 14.9 18.1 27.3 24.8 15.1 1.0 2.1 1.8 24.5 14.0 12.3 10.0 19.8 20.6 1,209 .14 19.1 1.1 17 Diseases of the eye (300-316). Injuries and other ex- ternal influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indeflnite diagnoses (336). 4.8 4.6 7.6 12.6 39 118 146 262 104 8.1 26.4 19.2 20.9 87.1 86.6 76.0 86.4 73.5 148.4 82.4 1,885 1,659 1,756 1,800 1,910 3,906 1,791 0.95 1.16 2.07 21.6 19.2 23.4 20.8 26.0 26.3 1.2 2.1 3.6 16.6 21.7 1.4 9.7 46 448 297 53 3.58 8.3 21.7 125.0 19.0 37.: Tuberculosis of nil kinds (31 a-o). Diseases of the heart (169-181). Muscular and articular rheu- matism (282 and 291). 7.0 4.8 7.3 4.2 5.4 5.6 35 282 600 381 349 408 0.95 3.48 2.07 5.38 2.39 5.0 59.3 81.7 91.8 65.0 4.8 3.6 6.9 7.2 23.4 72.6 5.1 78 55 323 240 1,469 190 1.16 1.38 1.79 .84 16.3 15.8 46.8 33.6 148.0 41.8 40.9 53.3 63.6 66.3 62.5 37.5 62.6 477 686 981 1,840 1,719 1,070 11.4 14.3 18.4 28.9 25.9 Poisoning (92-95). 1.4 .4 1.8 140 9.0 238.0 78.0 68.6 1340 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OE LABOR. SICKNESS BATES OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 to 1905— Continued. (T) ALL OTHER OCCUPATIONS (») AND INDUSTRIES: Males. Summary. Age group. Number ol persons under observa- tion 1 year. Number of cases of sickness. Number of days of sicioiess. Average duration of each case of sickness (days). Deaths. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of Days of siclcness. Deaths. Under 15 years. . . 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years 75 years and over Total 70 4,116 7,584 5,540 3,062 1,635 649 61 1,592 3,181 2,847 1,802 1,077 664 64 294 27, 107 67,686 62,300 46, 876 34, 465 25, 814 3,116 12.8 17.0 18.1 21.9 26.0 32.0 38.9 48.7 328. 386. 419. 613. 588. 658. 1,023, 1,049. 4,200 6,587 7,606 11,245 15,309 21,073 39,775 51,082 22, 716 11,250 257, 648 22.9 315 11,342 5.35 5.01 13.00 19.60 32.42 97.07 114.75 13.87 Sickness Rates, by Groups of Diseases. Age group. 16 to 24 years. 25 to 34 yeais. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years.. Total... Infectious and parasitic diseases (20-67). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of siclc- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 66 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 to 74 years. Total. . 45.9 51.3 66.8 60.1 80.7 90.9 68.7 Days of siclc- ness. 1,013 1,269 1,845 1,538 2,783 3,055 D'ths. 2.19 2.11 3.79 2.94 6.12 15.41 3.39 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of siclc- ness. General diseases, other than developmental and Infectious and parasitic (68-95). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. 22.1 24.7 27.6 25.6 34.5 33.6 26.7 Growths and swellings, benign (99-100). 0.5 .9 .5 .7 .6 1.5 6.3 18 11 42 7.3 25 0.04 13.0 19.6 19.7 65.0 12.0 41.0 33.3 Diseases of the organs of circulation (169-190). 14.3 6.9 8.7 12.4 19.6 65.5 383 162 225 479 1,057 2,684 0.24 .40 .54 2.61 4.28 20.03 46.4 65.0 74.4 84.6 83.2 134.1 11.9 403 1.63 33.9 70.0 26.7 23.7 26.0 38.6 64.0 48.4 2.2 2.0 6.6 8.2 8.0 3.1 4.4 Days of sick- ness. 62 46 132 130 305 25 D'ths. 0.13 .18 .13 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 28.6 22.6 20.4 16.0 38.4 8.0 22.4 Diseases of the nervous system (101-139). 7.1 10.9 17.2 20.9 24.5 64.7 15.7 175 334 699 1,007 1,120 4,167 628 0.26 .90 1.83 12.33 .92 24.8 30.6 34.9 48.2 45.8 64.2 40.1 Diseases of the organs of digestion (191-229). 615 886 1,335 1,612 1,865 4,479 1,208 0.24 .13 1.08 1.96 3.67 10.79 1.19 17. 13.3 13.6 18.0 17.9 22.4 33.4 Growths and swellings, malignant (96-98). Number, per 1,000 persons, of — Cases of sick- ness. 2.3 2.5 10.8 Days of sick- 31 32 166 262 1,486 102 D'ths. 0.18 .66 .61 4.62 .31 Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 238.0 36.0 72.4 107.0 137.7 6.5 Diseases of the organs of respiration (140-168). 54.4 56.2 69.0 97.7 169.4 269.7 79.3 1,118 1.22 1,174 .79 1,673 2.17 3,184 7.51 6,952 11.62 11,636 29.28 2,243 3.70 20.5 20.9 24.3 32.6 35.1 43.2 28.3 Diseases of the genito-uri- nary organs (230-261). 5.4 6.7 5.8 4.3 2.5 9.2 6.3 90 168 243 206 19 169 162 0.53 .64 .33 .61 a Not Including subsidiary occupations in commerce ( Group X). 16.8 28.0 42.1 48.3 7.8 18.3 30.7 CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEN's INSTJKANCE IN GEEMAKY. 1341 SICKNESS RATES OF THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND (COMPULSORY MEMBERS), BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES, 1887 to 1905— Concluded. (T) ALL, OTHER OCCUPATIONS (») AND INDUSTRIES: Males— Concluded. Sickness Rates, by Geo'dps of Diseases. Age group. Diseases of the external tissues (262-280). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days slcli- ness. D'tlis Av- erage days of du- ration of eaeh case of sick- Diseases of the organs of locomotion (281-294). Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days of sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. Diseases of the ear (295- Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sick- ness. Days sick- ness. D'ths. Av- erage days of du- ration of each case of sick- ness. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years, S5 to 64 years, 65 to 74 years. Total.. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 65 to 64 years. 65 to 74 years. Total. 50.6 36.5 34.5 48.0 42.2 52.4 621 604 605 1,115 1,376 1,592 0.18 .61 12.3 13.8 17.6 23.2 32.6 30.4 45.2 69.1 92.6 109.7 92.4 181.8 731 1,115 1,693 2,596 2,324 6,031 0.49 '.'36 i.22 16.2 16.1 18.3 23.7 25.2 33.2 1.6 .3 15.3 15.7 24.9 47.0 41.3 731 17.7 81.0 1,637 .26 20.2 19.9 of the eye (300- 316). Injuries and other exter- nal influences (317-334). All other diseases, includ- ing indefinite diagnoses (3S6). 5.1 4.1 6.0 7.2 9.2 4.6 105 79 121 234 304 544 144 20.7 19.4 20.3 32.5 33.1 117.7 26.0 104.0 1,601 0.97 107.6 1,784 .26 128.9 2,666 1.44 130.6 3,064 1.31 122.3 3,660 1.22 140.2 3,704 3.08 117.1 2,336 1.06 15.4 16.6 20.7 23.5 29.9 26.4 19.9 3.4 30 2.4 33 0.40 .7 24 1.62 1.6 22 1.31 1.8 40 1.5 35 1.54 2.0 29 ,75 13.9 33.0 13.2 22.0 23.0 14.7 16 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 to 64 years 65 to 74 years Total.. Tuberculosis of all kinds (31 a-o). 4.4 6.4 9.0 6.2 16.3 23.1 7.5 306 462 877 385 1,135 1,311 609 1.70 1.46 3.43 1.96 4.28 10.79 2.60 86.4 97.2 73.6 74.2 66.7 81.4 Poisoning (92-95). 1.2 .3 .7 1.3 21 1.5 12 &2 8.4 0.18 17.6 5.5 16.8 6.3 Diseases of the heart (169- 181). 9.2 3.7 4.0 7.5 11.0 37.0 7.0 272 116 146 362 672 2,034 285 0.24 .40 .64 2.61 3.67 16.96 1.50 29.5 31.5 36.8 46.9 61.0 65.0 Muscular and articular rheumatism (282 and 291). 30.9 53.7 75.6 90.6 80.1 165.6 64.8 446 804 1,387 2,139 2,050 5,194 1,301 0.24 '.'36 i.'22 .22 14.4 16.0 18.4 23.6 25.6 33.4 20.1 a See page 1350. SICKNESS BATES FOE SELECTED AGE GROUPS, BY OCCUPATIONS AND GROUPS OF DISEASES. The following table presents selected data for males and for females of the age groups 25 to 34 and 35 to 54. The occupation group numbers will be found on pages 1348 to 1350. 1342 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIOWEE OP LABOR. SICKNESS EATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND OBSERVATION FOB MALES 33 TO 34 TEAKS OF AGE. Ooou- pation niiin- ber. Occupation. Persons under obser- vation one year. Number, per 1,000 persons, of- Cases of sickness. Total. Cases lasting more than 34 weeks. Days of sick- ness. .Days of sickness due to- Dii eases of the respi- ratory organs. Tuber- culosis of all kinds. Dis- of the nervous system. Ala Alb A 2a A 3a A 3b A4& Bla Bid Clb C3 D El G II K3 K6a LI L2 M2e M2d N2 N8 NIO Nil O la 2a 03 P2 Qla Qlb QIC Qld Q3a Elb Sla Ulb Via Vlb W X Yl Excavators, construction workers, etc Stone setters, cement workers, etc — Painters Masons Masons' helpers Carpenters, roofers, etc Waiters Miscellaneous workers in restaurants. Tailors Shoemakers Workmen In chemical factories Furriers Laborers in agriculture, gardening, etc Glaziers Wood turners Joiners Workmen in musical instrument fac- tories Watchmakers, optical workers, etc. . . Saddlers Upholsterers Founders, boilersmiths, etc Tinsmiths Whitesmiths Blacksmiths Bakers Beer brewers, maltsters, etc Butchers Bookbinders, album makers, etc Type founders, etc Compositors Bookbinders Copper, steel, and zinc engravers Lithographers, music engravers, etc. . Sculptors in stone, marble, etc Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc Workers in asphalt, concrete, etc Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- nograpners , draftsmen, etc Shop employees, salesmen, clerks, etc. Engmeers Subsidiary commercial occupations. . Open-air workers, boatmen, ice work- ers, window cleaners, lamplighters, stable hands, fruit gatherers, etc... 3,168 2,604 6,305 18,612 12,405 8,133 5,673 2,146 2,961 3,992 1,872 2,328 3,502 1,964 2,533 14,797 3,260 3,277 2,004 1,560 11,198 4,175 22,273 4,138 2,074 2,379 1,807 7,891 2,196 8,508 3,685 1,852 4,773 2,754 3,096 2,001 25,300 4,071 2,103 21,971 5,674 636 487 439 351 645 370 258 325 239 292 448 330 334 325 368 347 350 274 334 305 579 344 406 485 269 481 301 314 401 378 274 284 235 491 418 593 195 165 312 266 0.79 .81 .56 .25 .71 1.69 1.00 .53 .43 2.04 1.18 .81 1.23 1.83 1.00 1.28 1.07 1.20 1.08 .72 .55 .63 2.28 1.65 .54 .54 1.05 1.82 .65 1.50 1.19 .74 .48 1.14 12,029 9,294 9,767 6,548 11,694 7,044 6,260 6,663 6,612 6,831 8,088 6,335 5,998 6,907 7,797 7,133 7,667 6,116 6,914 6,626 10,770 7,091 8,256 8,153 5,853 8,895 5,467 8,184 9,784 11,852 6,936 6,134 5,980 12,285 11,603 4,702 3,680 5,586 5,234 1.06 8,261 1,971 1,344 1,344 1,089 1,945 1,109 1,182 611 1,213 1,386 1,284 1,456 905 1,309 1,497 1,335 1,028 1,417 1,664 1,456 1,643 1,239 1,445 984 1,190 1,113 427 1,801 2,465 2,419 1,240 1,668 1,146 3,604 1,381 1,528 929 628 693 985 1,246 497 425 935 442 459 367 463 308 1,242 971 297 741 270 822 867 629 1,055 777 780 732 543 411 861 396 300 512 186 1,096 885 1,453 897 333 974 2,040 560 176 282 553 336 510 263 265 443 293 292 177 502 303 163 197 142 205 526 349 347 313 320 290 412 297 436 352 378 316 191 606 166 843 424 282 810 685 461 631 624 527 197 304 290 CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1343 SELECTED GROUPS OF DISEASES, FOR SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER ONE YEAR. MALES 35 TO 34 TEARS OF AGE. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Concluded. Days of sickness due to —Concluded. Cases of death from - Cases of industrial accident. Dis- eases of the circu- latory system. Dis- eases of the di- gestive system. Dis- eases of the ex- ternal organs. Dis- eases of the or- gans of locomo- tion. Dis- eases of the eye (includ- ing in- juries). All causes. Dis- eases of the respi- ratory organs. Tuber- culosis of all kinds. Inju- ries and other exter- nal influ- ences. All indus- trial acci- dents. Days of disability from in- dustrial accidents. [ndustrial accidents causing disability for more than 13 weeks. 220 1,508 750 2,016 211 4.73 0.32 1.58 0.63 61.6 1,568 6.05 192 1,086 631 1,659 176 4.99 1.15 1.15 .77 60.7 1,089 3.07 441 939 407 1,141 169 5.39 1.11 2.85 .32 20.9 584 1.74 179 850 452 916 96 4.41 .97 1.29 .97 38.5 774 1.67 289 1,302 778 1,724 167 3.87 .73 1.29 .73 76.2 1,670 4.35 127 878 422 943 77 4.66 .61 1.60 .98 66.8 1,321 3.32 314 499 442 869 159 6 52 .88 3.17 .18 3.4 52 277 680 810 949 61 6.52 .93 2.33 .93 32.6 699 .93 227 838 300 718 194 9 12 .68 5.74 .34 2.4 41 563 191 6.61 .75 2.76 .76 9.0 158 163 1,073 575 1,103 123 4.81 1.07 .63 65.2 1,440 2.14 220 829 541 438 110 3.87 .43 2.68 18.0 238 86 651 536 782 105 4.00 .86 1.14 .29 32.9 799 1.71 158 628 396 691 31 5.09 .61 3.05 33.6 839 2.55 159 1,366 472 446 156 4.34 .39 2.37 .79 27.6 532 .39 237 884 468 633 100 6.07 .74 2.57 .27 36.5 788 1.08 271 1,102 331 857 162 8.31 .92 4.62 .31 47.1 1,116 1.64 151 882 256 439 69 3.97 1.83 1.83 .31 18.9 363 .61 133 638 201 970 804 1,244 222 4.49 3.49 23.0 468 174 720 72 5 77 2.66 12.8 180 652 1,174 187 5.63 1.07 2.05 .18 106.8 2,308 3.84 151 871 487 1,188 95 3.59 .96 1.20 .48 33.8 683 .96 296 1,042 619 728 174 6.66 .58 3.14 .09 54.2 1,091 1.75 131 1,163 563 915 235 2.90 .72 .72 .24 88.7 1,634 1.93 62 622 621 668 61 2.41 .48 1.45 .48 20.3 395 .48 259 -954 886 997 98 6.31 .84 2.94 .84 90.4 1,813 3.78 133 337 621 1,109 851 468 126 3.32 70.3 996 1. U 641 90 6.70 .89 3.42 12.0 212 .25 248 431 163 1,012 1,373 1,026 830 878 310 478 280 767 773 772 44 6 46 .91 3 19 25.1 506 7 99 .94 4.58 .24 2.7 29 113 4.88 .81 2.99 18.2 426 .27 138 383 197 764 376 57 4 86 54 2 70 174 6.24 .84 2.93 6.7 130 .21 168 991 330 1,416 238 9.08 2.18 5.81 49.4 1,007 2.90 359 1,376 1,203 372 961 120 5.81 2.26 1.29 43.0 1,108 1.94 285 1,007 2,137 210 4.60 1.00 i.66 66.6 1,442 4.50 266 563 168 326 80 6.88 1.26 2.61 .16 1.5 30 .04 617 176 220 190 731 109 39 4 67 1 23 173 146 3.33 1.43 .96 .96 50.0 1,075 1.43 649 306 577 93 4.92 1.27 2.00 .27 20.1 381 .50 147 934 546 1,262 100 4.06 .88 1.23 .35 52.7 1,099 3.00 1344 BBPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONBB OP LABOK. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND OBSERVATION FOE MALES 35 TO 54 TEARS OF AGE. Occu- pation num- ber, Ala Alb A 2a A 3a A 3b A 4a B la Bid Clb C3 D El G II K3 K6a LI L2 M2c M2d N2 N8 NIO Nil O la O 2a 03 P2 Qla Qlb QIC Qld Q3a Rib Sla Ulb Via Vlb W X Yl Occupation. Excavators,construction workerSjCte Stone setters, cement workers, etc — Painters Masons Masons' helpers Carpenters, rooters, etc Waiters Miscellaneous workers in restaurants. Tailors Shoemakers Workers in chemical factories Furriers Laborers in agriculture,gardening,etc. Glaziers Wood turners Joiners Worlnnen in musical instrument fac- ■ tories Watchmakers, optical workers, etc. . . Saddlers Upholsterers Founders, boilersmiths, etc Tinsmiths Whitesmiths Blacksmitlis Bakers Beer brewers, maltsters, etc Butchers Bookbinders, album makers, etc Type founders, etc Compositors Bookbinders Copper, steel, and zinc engravers Lithographers, music engravers, etc. Sculptors in stone, marble, etc Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc Workers m asphalt, concrete, etc Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- nographers, draftsmen, etc Shop employees, salesmen, clerks, etc. Engineers Subsidiary commercial occupations. Open-air workers, boatmen, ice work- ers, window cleaners, lamplighters, stable hands, fruit gatherers, etc. . Persons under obser- vation one year 3,678 3,482 4,164 21,078 13,027 9,97S 2,862 955 1,424 1,966 1,792 3,125 4,176 1,682 1,667 13,337 3,105 1,638 1,211 628 9,012 2,688 16,202 2,858 541 1,794 556 5,746 2,033 7,129 2,781 1,815 2,336 2,026 4,303 1,432 13,857 1,210 4,036 19,665 Niunber per 1,000 persons, of— Cases of sickness. Total. 841 663 490 402 765 414 319 413 355 330 510 364 635 451 346 380 346 296 346 444 611 468 460 601 357 638 300 350 399 358 296 284 285 576 436 728 234 215 337 301 591 lasting more than 34 Days of sick. 2.18 .57 3.60 L33 3.15 1.10 L40 2.09 4.21 2.04 3.35 .96 1.92 1.26 4.20 2.17 1.93 1.22 1.59 2.44 1.12 2.35 3.15 1.67 3.13 3.44 2.67 3.24 3.86 3.42 10.37 1.86 1.40 2.60 2.48 1.98 2.40 18,586 15,883 14,200 9,573 17,723 10,097 9,000 11,708 10,736 9,010 11,785 8,512 12,330 11,379 9,185 9,623 8,491 8,066 9,608 16,989 13,865 11,654 11,273 14, 221 8,086 14,873 4,746 10,967 13,067 14, 103 9,842 8,931 8,768 19,849 9,848 18,010 6,737 6,338 7,816 7,522 Days of sickness due to— Dis eases of the respi- ratory organs. 1.95 13,694 3,495 2,766 1,885 1,649 3,179 1,661 1,340 1,768 2,020 2,070 2,368 2,470 2,381 1,843 1,801 1,706 1,666 1,263 1,842 2,857 2,319 1,920 1,758 1,995 1,344 1,619 613 2,063 2,098 2,194 1,462 1,596 748 4,716 1,740 2,642 1,140 1,434 2,234 Tuber- culosis of all kinds. 660 495 1,260 447 861 583 1,131 1,317 1,016 1,004 686 582 938 1,416 711 849 614 1,226 276 4,704 596 693 881 1,022 22 851 1,269 968 1,660 1,038 1,026 746 5,482 601 330 644 641 521 913 Dis- eases of the nervous system. 1,003 1,045 582 733 629 386 707 2,173 1,040 1,007 387 626 1,613 966 732 717 1,077 380 932 799 773 1,085 669 490 750 432 1,006 1,012 1,238 1,177 1,203 1,772 672 666 788 1,249 1,469 410 494 754 CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1345 SELECTED GROUPS OF DISEASES, FOE SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER ONE YEAR— Continued. MALES 35 TO S4 YEARS OF AGE. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Concluded. Days of slclcness due to —Concluded. Cases of death from - Cases of industrial accidents. Dis- eases of the circu- latory system. Dis- eases Of the di- gestive system. Dis- eases of the ex- ternal organs. Dis- eases of the or- gans of locomo- tion. Dis- eases Of the eye (includ- ing in- juries). All causes. Dis- eases of the respi- ratory organs. Inju- Tuber- "Xf ences. All indus- trial acci- dents. Days of disability from in- dustrial accidents. [ndustrisa accidents causing disability for more than 13 weeks. 526 1,914 1,468 3,469 171 13.87 3.26 3.26 1.90 76.7 2,151 4.89 410 1,679 1,046 2,539 374 11.77 1.15 1.72 1.15 68.0 1,787 6.89 312 1,117 699 1,972 160 13.69 2.64 3.12 1.20 20.4 712 3.60 212 897 775 1,591 188 9.77 1.99 1.90 1.19 46.2 1,323 4.32 481 1,718 1,179 2,809 270 14.35 2.38 3.15 L84 94.7 2,647 8.67 325 891 674 1,633 88 8.02 2.01 2.01 .90 59.4 1,640 6.11 348 960 830 1,710 230 16.48 2.45 6.66 4.6 97 .35 495 867 843 1,788 93 16.75 3.14 4.19 "2.' 69' 68.0 1,787 3.14 806 490 593 1,342 901 908 401 620 803 1,279 907 1,312 103 13.34 3.51 6.62 1.4 38 237 14 76 1.02 4.07 i.62 4.6 103 287 10.60 2.23 1.12 63.0 1,585 3.' 91 272 1,222 554 844 197 12.80 1.92 3.62 "".'64' 14.4 361 1.92 405 1,054 1,124 1,706 209 16.04 5.27 4.07 1.68 44.3 1,191 3.83 576 1,077 433 1,267 118 9.48 1.90 3.79 32.9 869 1.26 119 1,493 380 981 285 13.80 1.80 3.00 ■"""." 60" 19.2 476 .60 343 1,109 604 1,138 130 10.50 1.95 3.82 .37 29.9 849 2.02 302 971 637 821 194 10.95 3.54 2.25 .32 39.3 951 2.25 117 490 1,063 1,059 437 809 924 1,955 91 76 12 82 1 83 5 49 1.83 13.4 397 7^43 2! 48 1.65 19.0 435 .'83 108 1,967 1,081 1,726 &4 19.11 9.65 23.9 811 1.69 291 1,433 813 2,042 175 11.32 "3.' 33' 2.00 """"."33' 99.2 2,439 5.10 441 1,182 674 2,062 126 13.02 3.35 3.35 1.49 37.2 1,041 2.23 493 1,090 1,224 774 1,434 202 9.88 1.79 2.96 .37 51.9 1,257 2.47 338 784 3,003 196 11.20 2.80 3.60 .70 100.1 2,179 2.80 377 378 364 937 1,463 359 31.4 1,462 7.39 1,080 1,142 3,206 117 "22." 30' ■■■4.' 46' "'3.' 34' 85.8 2,004 5.02 210 630 678 1,484 450 416 786 1,354 85 14 39 1 80 41.4 710 141 10!97 1.22 ""4.' 87' " ".'35' 13.1 291 .'35 1,108 604 696 660 1,863 1,647 1,252 170 322 210 19.68 1.97 4.43 17.2 344 252 10!24 6.47 112 4 21 .14 2.8 41 547 521 1,094 1 198 l!08 2.52 .36 12.9 360 .'72 194 1,080 275 1,353 178 7.16 .55 3.31 .55 13.2 278 .55 319 576 971 2,387 343 475 13.27 27.64 1.71 6.42 4 28 .43 7.3 176 276 469 1,012 1,029 18! 26 43.4 1,014 2.' 47 381 814 1,257 1,837 675 1,421 138 10.46 1.86 3.26 .46 40.7 1,242 3.25 1,109 3,360 344 13.27 4.19 1.40 1.40 85.9 2,643 11.17 369 605 268 302 655 228 713 210 11.33 2.24 2.89 .14 2.9 101 .43 621 770 767 199 618 207 13.22 3.31 4.13 2.5 161 1.65 420 1,423 128 10.16 1.98 2.97 "'i.'w' 61.6 1,409 3.72 383 978 105 12.38 2.71 3.58 .46 22.0 633 1.07 342 1,568 839 2,200 1«2 16.05 4.20 3.16 1.65 69.3 1,977 5.70 1346 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. SICKNESS RATES IN THE LEIPZIG LOCAL SICK FUND, BY SPECIFIC OCCUPATIONS AND OBSEEVATION FOR FEMALES ZS TO 34 YEASS OF AGE. Occu- pation num- ber. Bib Blc Cla Clb C2 C4a G P2 P3 QIC Q2 Sla Via Vlb Occupation. Bib B ic Cla Clb C2 Cte G P2 P3 QIC Q2 Sla Via Vlb Cooks, scullions, etc General servants Tailoresses (cloalcs and garments), pressers.etc Tailoresses (notin cloak and garment making) Milliners Laundresses, ironers, etc Gardening, agriculture, and forestry.. Bookbinders, album makers, etc Workers in colored papers B ookbinders Printers' helpers Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- nographers, draftswomen, etc Shop employees, saleswomen, clerks, etc Subsidiary' commercial occupations. . Persons under obser- vation one year. Number, per 1,000 persons, of- Cases of sickness. 2,267 3,220 3,093 1,357 1,212 2,515 5,386 1,729 2,935 1,427 5,597 2,803 4,496 1,084 Total. 344 327 394 399 326 397 522 570 598 505 549 719 244 279 464 lasting more than 34 weeks. 0.88 1.55 2.20 2.69 2.21 3.19 1.74 1.70 2.10 1.79 1.78 1.33 3.69 Days of sickness due to— Days of sick- ness. 9,813 9,798 11,391 11,425 9,954 8,908 10,913 16,729 14,996 13,812 14,671 17,537 6,158 7,550 13,938 Dis- eases of the respi- ratory organs. 1,079 1,366 1,660 1,632 1,217 1,380 1,412 2,608 2,113 2,047 2,124 2,535 1,144 1,108 2,926 Tuber- culosis of all kinds. 243 744 985 23 258 1,239 760 951 1,304 815 200 1,323 Dis- eases of the nervous system. FEMALES 35 TO 54 TEARS OF AGE. Cooks, scullions, etc General servants Tailoresses (cloaks and garments), pressers, etc Tailoresses (not in cloak and garment making) Milliners Laundresses, ironers, etc Gardening, agriculture, and forestry. . Bookbinders, album makers, etc Workers in colored papers Bookbinders Printers' helpers Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, ste- nograpners, draftswomen, etc Shop employees, saleswomen, clerks, etc Subsidiary commercial occupations. . 785 1,900 1,323 1,181 506 1,750 4,639 2,469 765 1,300 538 3,812 736 912 992 480 361 466 420 327 402 689 485 773 477 610 231 190 467 2.55 2.63 4.54 8.47 3.96 1.71 2.37 3.66 5.23 6.16 7.43 4.98 4.39 3.02 15,215 10,934 14,596 18,522 7,072 6,493 14,355 1,106 1,635 2,650 15,685 2,092 9,897 1,412 11,223 1,830 14,157 2,396 16,522 2,287 18,082 2,070 16,378 3,650 18,723 1,989 2,761 1,143 921 2,659 304 183 785 1,555 442 509 281 1,506 602 1,475 599 962 512 354 1,011 447 438 651 722 779 312 363 893 443 468 706 367 501 756 866 641 1,287 1,904 1,467 747 434 976 410 978 1,444 1,464 1,113 690 CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEKMANY. 1347 SELECTED GROUPS OF DISEASES, FOR SELECTED CLASSES OF PERSONS UNDER ONE YEAR— Concluded. FEMALES 35 TO 34 TEABS OF AGE. Number, per 1,000 persons, of— Concluded. Days of sickness due to— Concluded. Cases of death from - Cases of industrial accident. Dis- eases of the circu- latory system. Dis- eases of the di- gestive system. Dis- eases of the ex- ternal organs. Dis- eases of the or- gans of locomo- tion. Dis- eases of the eye (includ- juries). All causes. Dis- eases of the respi- ratory organs. Tuber- culosis of all kinds. Inju- ries and ether exter- ' nal Influ- ences. All Indus- trial acci- dents. Days of disability irom in- dustrial accidents. Industrial accidents causing disabiUty for more than 13 weeks. 464 423 355 482 321 176 161 759 316 374 699 393 269 397 258 1,411 1,321 1,678 1,739 1,562 1,600 2,133 2,397 2,634 1,936 2,094 3,167 696 1,364 1,395 1,438 1,156 300 274 245 642 734 549 885 859 564 787 116 270 351 1,304 771 641 467 375 726 1,198 1,124 839 632 504 891 324 343 443 36 48 211 243 85 20 235 250 25 32 131 212 20 97 251 2.65 4.97 6.21 8.73 9.68 2.48 5.57 8.06 7.62 6.81 9.81 6.25 2.85 4.00 7.38 1.32 .93 1.40 .65 1.47 0.44 1.55 3.00 2.91 5.90 2.7 4.7 2.4 2.9 1.5 5.0 9.6 8.6 11.0 8.2 14.0 20.0 .7 .4 6.8 46 126 67 43 62 190 361 244 374 235 488 593 9.6 12 208 0.40 .32 83 .40 .75 "".'es' 1.40 .89 .89 .80 5.06 4.05 4.09 5.61 3.04 .71 1.11 7.38 ■' o.ig' "".'to' .18 .19 1.16 .34 .70 1.79 .92 FEMALES 36 TO 64 TEARS OF AGE. 1,121 725 346 313 439 517 1,210 969 693 907 188 293 630 2,000 1,271 2,216 1,697 895 1,549 2,363 2,257 3,446 2,195 3,666 3,160 716 382 2,277 3,702 1,121 262 461 214 1,965 1,141 893 1,406 1,184 472 1,323 162 249 1,302 1,967 1,433 946 1,200 1,467 1,200 2,117 2,032 2,315 1,170 1,320 1,710 263 854 1,016 210 127 204 94 227 271 21 78 272 308 424 .92 9.07 10.16 9.90 6.86 5.60 8.91 11.76 8.46 9.29 9.71 5.44 5.48 6.05 1.05 .57 1.29 2.03 1.54 3.72 .62 1.36 1.10 3.82 1.05 3.02 3.39 3.96 2.86 1.29 2.43 3.92 3.85 1.86 3.67 1.36 1.10 3.02 1.3 4.7 4.2 4.0 13.0 8.5 10.6 6.9 13.0 17.1 32 211 &3 152 177 336 186 203 154 367 686 0.86 1.01 1348 KBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONS. A. BUILDING TRADES. la. Underground workers. lb. Stone setters, asphalt workers, etc. 2a. Painters, decorators, etc. 2b. Stucco workers. 3a. Masons and polishers. 3b. Masons' helpers. 4a. Carpenters, boat builders, roofers, etc. 4b. Carpenters', etc., helpers. B. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. la. Waiters, waitresses, etc. lb. Cooks (male and female) and scullions. Ic. General servants (female). Id. Helpers in restaurants, etc. C. CLOTHING AND CLEANING. la. Tailors, tailoresses (cloaks and garments), pressers, etc. lb. Tailors and tailoresses (not in cloak and garment making). 2. Milliners. 3. Shoemakers. 4a. Laundresses, ironers, etc. (including males). 4b. Workers in dyeing establishments, chemical cleaning establishments, etc. 5. Barbers, wig makers, bath attendants, etc. 6. Hatters (workers in felt, hair, wool, etc.). D. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES. Apothecaries, workers in acetylene factories, chemical plants, dye-stuffs making, etc. E. SKINS, LEATHER, HAIR, ETC. 1. Furriers. 2. Brush and hair workers. 3. Workers in refuse plants. F. FATS, OILS, PAINTS, ETC. 1. Workers in factories for oils, glycerines, perfumeries, stearin, tallow, soap, etc. 2. Workers in factories for gelatin, glue, etc. 3. Workers in factories for varnish, lacquer, etc. G. GARDENING, AGRICULTURE, AND FORESTRY, WORKERS IN. H. WORKERS IN GAS WORKS. J. MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, PORCELAIN AND POTTERY. 1. Glaziers. 2a. Glass blowers and sand blowers. 2b. Glass grinders, engravers and etchers. 2c. Workers in factories for glass specialties. 3. Porcelain turners. 4. Glass painters and porcelain painters. 5a. Mirror-glass blowers. 5b. Mirror-glass mounters. 6. Potters and stove potters. K. INDUSTRY OF WOOD AND CUT MATERIALS. 1. Workers in picture frame factories, bronzers, gilders, silverers, etc. 2a. Coopers. 2b. Wheelwrights. 3. Turners (wood, amber, ivory, cork, meerschaum, etc.). 4a. Workers in factories for small wooden articles. 4b. Workers in sawmills. 5. Basket makers, straw weavers, etc. 6a. Cabinet makers. 6b. Wood polishers and furniture polishers. CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1349 L. MANUFACTURE OF MUSICAL, CHRONOLOGICAL, ETC., INSTRUMENTS. 1. Piano makers and makers of musical and phonographic apparatus. 2. Mechanicians, opticians and watchmakers. 3. Workers in factories for measuring instruments. M. LEATHER AND LEATHER SUBSTITUTES. 1. Rubber workers. 2a. Glove makers, etc. 2b. Tanners, leather dyers, etc. 2c. Saddlers. 2d. Upholsterers. 3. Workers in oilcloth, etc., factories N. METAL WORKING. la. Workers in accumulator factories, lb. Lead casters, lead workers, etc. Ic. Zinc casters, etc. 2. Founders, boilersmiths, tool makers, etc. 3. Workers in factories for electrical apparatus, etc. 4a. File cutters. 4b. Metal blowers and grinders. 5. Workers in aluminum, alloys, etc. 6. Gold and silver workers. 7. Workers in bronze, brass, etc. 8. Tinsmiths. 9. Sheet-iron workers, wire workers, etc. 10. Whitesmiths. 11. Blacksmiths. 12. Other metal workers. O. FOODS AND DRINKS. la. Bakers. lb. Confectioners. 2a. Beer brewers and maltsters. 2b. Distillers, etc. 3. Butchers, etc. 4. Flour millers. 5. Tobacco and cigar workers. 6. Workers in sugar factories and refineries. 7. Workers in factories for other foods and drinks. p. PAPER INDUSTRY. 1. Paper and pulp workers. 2. Bookbinders, album makers, etc. 3. Workers in colored papers. Q. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING INDUSTRIES. la. Type founders, etc. lb. Compositors. Ic. Bookbinders. Id. Copper, steel, and zinc engravers. 2. Printers' helpers. 3a Lithographers, music engravers, etc. 3b. Illustrators, copyists, photographers, etc. R. STONE WORKING. la. Workers in stone quarries, stonebreakers, etc. lb. Sculptors in stone, marble, etc. S. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES. la Workers in spinning plants, wool combing, etc. lb. Workers in weaving plants, knitting works, etc. Ic. Machine lace workers, etc. 1350 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. T. TRANSPORTATION. la. Teamsters. lb. CoachmeB, chauffeurs, etc. Ic. Street-railway workers. TJ. LIME, CEMENT, ETC. la. Workers in lime, mortar, and cement factories. lb. Workers in asphalt, concrete, etc. 2. Workers in brick works, clay, pipes, etc. V. OFFICE AND SHOP EMPLOYEES. la. Bookkeepers, cashiers, copyists, stenographers, draftsmen, etc. lb. Shop employees, salesmen, saleswomen, clerks, etc. W. ENGINEERS. Engineers and firemen. X. SUBSIDIARY COMMERCIAL OCCUPATIONS. Porters, messengers, watchmen, packers, sorters, etc. Y. MISCELLANEOUS OCCUPATIONS. 1. Open-air workers, boatmen, ice workers, window cleaners, lamplighters, stable hands, fruit gatherers, etc. 2. Workers in closed rooms (with dust), cleaning of feathers, warehousemen, chimney sweeps, etc. 3. Workers in closed rooms (without dust), bath attendants, bospital attendants, musicians, stage hands, singers, etc. 4. Workers under conditions not reported. CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES. I. DEVELOPMENTAL DISEASES. 7. Senile debility. 8. Pregnancy. 9. Extra-uterine pregnancy. 10. Diseases of pregnancy. 11. Convulsions of pregnancy. 12. Puerperal eclampsia 13-17. Sequelae of parturition. 18. Premature labor. 19. Miscarriage. 28. 29. 30. 31. II. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES. 20. Smallpox. 21. Chicken pox. 22. Scarlet fever. 23. Measles. 24. German measles. 25. Miliary fever (general acute tubercu- losis). 26. Typhus fever. 27. Diphtheria. Whooping cough. Pneumonia. Influenza, grippe. Tuberculosis of all forms: (a) Pulmonary phthisis. (b) Tubercular laryngitis. (c) Tubercular glands. (d) Tuberculosis of skin, lupus, etc. (e) Tubercular bones and joints. (f) Tubercular meningitis. (g) Tubercular tumors in the brain, (h) Intestinal tuberculosis, (i) Tuberculosis of the kidneys, (k) Tuberculosis of the bladder. 31. Tuberculosis of all forms — Concluded. (1) Tuberculosis of male genito- urinary organs, (m) Tuberculosis of female genito- urinary organs, (n) Miliary tuberculosis. (0) General tuberculosis. 32. Leprosy. 33. Mumps. 34. Typhoid fever. 36. Weil's disease. 37. Relapsing fever. 38. Epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis. 39. Erysipelas. 40. Tetanus. 41. Septicemia. 42. Puerperal fever. 43. Acute articular rheumatism. 44. Plague (bubonic). 45. Asiatic cholera. 46. Cholera nostras. 47. Dysentery. 48. Intermittent fever. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1351 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 75. 76. 77. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83, 84. 85, 86, 87, Gonorrhea: (a) Urethral gonorrhea. (b) Gonorrheal rheumatism. (c) All other sequelae. Soft chancre and bubo. Syphilis: (a) Primary syphilis. (b) Secondary syphilis. (c) Tertiary syphilis. (d) Congenital syphilis. (e) Syphilis, not specified. Anthrax. Glanders. Hydrophobia. 55. Foot and mouth disease. 56. Cystitis. 57. Tape worm. 58. Trichinosis. 59. Ankylostomiasis. 60. Pin worms. 61. All other worm diseases. 62-66. Parasitic skin diseases. 62. Thrush. 63. Pavus. 64. Pityriasis. 65. Herpes. 66. All other parasitic skin diseases. 67. Actinomycosis. m. GENERAL DISEASES OTHER THAN INFECTIOUS OR PARASITIC. Anemia. Pernicious anemia. Leukemia. Pseudo-leukemia. Ly mph-adeni tis . Scurvy. Purpura hemorrhagica. Haemoglobinuria. Hemophilia. Osteomalacia. Diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus. Gout. Addison's disease. Obesity. Acromegaly. Elephantiasis. Myxoedema. 88. Gangrene: m Gangrene. (b) Perforating ulcer. 89. Inanition. 90. Alcoholic poisoning: (a) Acute alcoholism. (b) Chronic alcoholism. (c) Delirium tremens. 92.. Organic poisons: (a) Poisoned by meats, etc. (b) Snake, insect, etc., bites. (c) Mushroom poisoning. 93. Inorganic poisons: (a) Acute poisoning. (b) Chronic poisoning. 94. Poisoning, not specified. 95. Poisonous gases (including coal gas, sewer gas, etc.). GROWTHS AND SWELLINGS. A. MALIGNANT. 96. Cancer. 97. Sarcoma. 98. Other malignant tumors, etc. B. BENIGN. 99. (a) Fibroma, (b) Polypi. 100. Growths and swellings, not specified. IV. LOCAL DISEASES. A. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 104 105 106 107 108 101. Meningitis. 102. Hydrocephalus. 103. (a) Acute encephalitis, (b) Cerebral abscess. Apoplexy. Softening of the brain. Cerebral congestion. Anemia of the braio. Diseases of the brain, not specified. 109-113. M:ental diseases. 109. Ordinary mental diseases. 110. Progressive paralysis of the insane. 111. Senile dementia. 112. Epileptic insanity. 113. (a) Imbecility, (b) Cretinism. 114. Myelitis dorsalis_. 115. Spinal meningitis. 116. Myelitis due to pressure. 117. Tabes dorsalis, locomotor ataxia. 118. Friedrich's disease. 119. Spinal paralysis. 121. Diseases of the spinal cord, not specified. 122. Progressive muscular atrophy. 123. Spinal apoplexy. 124. Multiple sclerosis. 125. Paralysis agitans, shaking palsy. 126. Multiple neuritis, 127. Neuralgia. 128. Paralysis of peripheral nerves. 129. Reynaud's disease. 130. Migraine. 131. Epilepsy. 132. St. Vitus dance, chorea. 133. Tetany, eclampsia. 134. Neurasthenia. 135. Hysteria (excluding 112). 136. Traumatic neurosis. 137. Occupational neurosis, writers' cramp, etc. 138. Diseases of the nervous system, not specified. 139. Basedow's disease. 46598°— 10- 1352 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. B. DISEASES OP THE RESPIHATOEY ORGANS. 140. Ehinitis. 141. Ozena. 142. Nasal scleroderma. 143. Nosebleed. 144. Diseases of the tonsils. 145. Diseases of the nasal bones. 146. Diseases of the nasal pharynx. 147. Hay fever. 148-. Diseases of the nose, not specified. 149. Laryngitis. 150. Oedema of the glottis. 151. Laryngismus. 152. Stricture of the larynx. 153. Catarrhof the trachea. 154. Acute bronchitis. 155. Chronic bronchial catarrh. 156. Pulmonary emphysema. 157. Bronchial pneumonia.. 158. Hypostatic pneumonia. 159. Pneumonia, not specified. 160. Pneumonitis. 161. Diseases of the lungs, not specified. 162. Hemorrhage of the lungs. 163. Pulmonary abscess. 164. Pulmonary gangrene. 165. Pulmonary paralysis. 166. Pleurisy: (a) Fibrous pleurisy. ^b) Suppurating pleurisy. (c) Pleurisy, not specified. 167. Pneumo-thorax. 168. Hsemothorax. C. DISEASES or THE ORGANS OF CIBCTJLATION. 169. Endocarditis. 170. Pericarditis. 1?1. Hydrocarditis. 172. Cardiac hypertrophy. 173. Valvular diseases of the heart. 174. Congenital diseases of the heart. 175. Myocarditis. ' 176. Fatty degeneration of the heart. ' 177. Rupture of the heart. 178. Cardiac apoplexy. 179. Angina pectoris. 180. Cardiac neurosis. 181. Diseases of the heart, not specified. 182. (a) Aneurism. (b) Rupture of the arteries. 183. Embolism. 184. Arterio-sclerosis. 185. Senile gangrene. 186. Varicose veins. 187. Phlebitis. 188. Thrombosis. 189. Hemorrhoids. 190. Inflammation of glands. D. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION. 191. ,192. il93. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 207. 208. Diseases of the mouth. Diseases of the teeth. Diseases of the tongue. Diseases of the throat. Diseases of the salivary glands. Diseases of the oesophagus. Goiter. Catarrh of the stomach. Acute gastritis. Ulcer of the stomach. Fistula of the stomach. Stricture of the stomach. Degeneration of the mucous mem- brane of the stomach. Dilatation of the stomach. a) Intestinal catarrh. b) Intestinal colic. (c) Diarrhoea. (d) Acute colitis. Constipation. Duodenal ulcer. 209. Intestinal tumors. 210. Intestinal hemorrhage. 211. Appendicitis. 212. Intestinal obstruction, etc. 213. Rupture of the intestines. 214. Proctitis. 215. Prolapse of the rectum. 216. Rectal fistula. 217. Stricture of the rectum. 218. Anal fistula. 219. Hernia. 220. Peritonitis. 221. Inflammatory diseases of the liver. 222. Pylephlebitis. 223. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver. 224. Cirrhosis of the liver. 225. Jaundice. 226. Diseases of the liver, not specified. 227. Cholecystitis. 228. Diseases of the pancreas. 229. Diseases of the spleen. E. GENITO-URINARY DISEASES (EXCLUDING INFECTIOTJS AND PARASITIC). 230. Nephritis. 231. Pyelitis. 232. Hydronephrosis. 233. Purulent nephritis. 234. Renal calculi. 235. Floating kidney. 236. Uremia. 237. Catarrh of the bladder. 238. Urethritis. 239. All other diseases of the male urinary 240. Phimosis. 241. Epispadias. 242. Spermatorrhea. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1353' 243. Orchitis. 244. Displacement of testicle. 245. Hydrocele. 246. Epididymitis. 247. Prostatic diseases. 248. Diseases of the vulva. 249. Diseases of the vagina. 250. Vaginal fistula. 251. Prolapse of the vagina. 252. Dysmenorrhoea, etc. 253. Parametritis. 254. Disturbances of the climacteric. 255. Endometritis. 256. Uterine hemorrhage (not in preg- nancy). 257. Displacement of the uterus. 258. Inflammation of the ovaries. 259. Salpingitis. 260. Ovarian hydrocele. 261. Mastitis, etc. F. DISEASES OF THE EXTERNAL TISSUES. 262. Scabies. 263. Eczema. 264. Psoriasis. 265. Urticaria. 266. Inflammation of the sweat glands. 267. Pemphigus. 268. Herpes zoster. 269. Seborrhoea 270. Alopecia. 271. Ichthyosis. 272. Naevus. 273. Other eruptions of the skin. 274. Carbuncle. 275. (a) Lymphangitis, (b) Panaritium. 276. Ingrowing nails. 277. Pediculosis. 278. Scleroderma. 279. Ulcer of the leg. 280. Elephantiasis. Q. DISEASES OF THE OKGANS OF LOCOMOTION. 281. Inflammation of the muscles. 282. Muscular rheumatism. 283. Muscular atrophy. 284. (a) Tendo-synovitis, etc. (b) Contraction of the tendons. (c) Torticollis, etc. 285. Injuries to bones. 286. Inflammation of bones. 287. Exostosis (nonsyphilitic). 288. Chondritis, etc. 289. Injuries to joints. 290. Inflammation of joints. 291. Chronic articular rheumatism. 292. Arthritis deformans. 293. Curvature of spine. 294. Flat-foot and other foot malforma- tions. H. DISEASES OP THE EAH. 295. Diseases of external ear. 296. Diseases of tympanic membrane and middle ear. 297. Diseases of the internal ear. 298. Deafness. 299. Diseases of the ear, not specified. 1. DISEASES OF THE EYE. 300. Diseases of the eyelids. 301. Ectropion, entropion. 302. Blennorrhea. 303. Trachoma. 304. Other forms of conjunctivitis. 305. Diseases of the sclera and the cornea. 306. Diseases of the iris. 307. Diseases of the lens. 308. Diseases of the humors. 309. Diseases of the choroid. 310. Glaucoma. 311. Diseases of the retina. 312. Diseases of the optic nerve. 313. Abnormalities of refraction. 314. Paralysis of ocular muscles. 315. Diseases of the lachrymal glands. 316. Diseases of the eye, not specified. K. INJURIES AND OTHER EXTERNAL INFLUENCES. 317. 318. Contusions and lacerations. Fractures of — (a) Skull. (b) Scapula and clavicle. (c) Spinal column. (d) Ribs. (e) Pelvis. (f) Upper extremities. (g) Lower extremities, (h) Not specified. 319. Dislocations. 320. Sprains of— ^a) Upper extremities. (b) Lower extremities. (c) All others. 321. Wounds: (a) Contused, punctured, orincised. b) Gun-shot. c) Bites. d) All others. 1354 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOE. 322. (a) Burns and scalds, and wounds resulting therefrom, (b) Burns from corrosive substances. 323. Frostbites. 324. Concussion of the brain. 325. Lightning. 326. Electric shocks. 327. Drowning. 328. Hanging. 329. Suffocation. 330. Execution. 331. Foreign bodies in — (a) Head or neck. (b) Chest. (c) Back. (d) Eibs. 331. 332. 333. 334. Foreign bodies in — Concluded. (e) Pelvis or abdomen. m Upper extremities. • (g) Lower extremities. (h) Not specified. Injuries, nature not specified, caused by — (a) Explosion. (b) Bun over. (c) Machinery. (d) Fall, push, etc. (e) Shaking, concussions. (f) Other causes. Loss of blood, not further specified. Operations, not specified. V. OTHER DISEASES AND INDEFINITE DIAGNOSES. 335. Other diseases, including those not specified (e. g., beri-beri, yellow fever, dropsy, abdominal affections, etc.). INVALIDITY AND OLD-AGE INSURANCE.(») INTKODTICTION. The German insurance system began by making provision for cases of temporary disability, whether due to sickness or to industrial accident, and followed this system of relief by a comprehensive plan of caring for persons injured during their employment. The third step taken was to make provision for permanent disability, or disa- bility due to long-continued sickness, or due to accident not occur- ring during employment, or due to old age. Invalidity insurance, as defined by most workmen's insurance laws, is intended to care for cases such as these, especially cases arising from the gradual deterioration of the physical powers of the workmen. Such a system of insurance is usually combined with a system of old-age insurance, and in Germany the two have from the very start been treated under the same law. The principal antecedent of the present invalidity insurance system in Germany is found in the system of relief for old and disabled miners provided by the miners' brotherhoods. These organizations at a very early date found it necessary to make provision for their mem- bers because of the special nature of mining work and because of the special conditions surrounding the industry. As finally developed, the insurance provided hy the miners' brotherhoods consisted of "occupational" invalidity; that is, benefits were provided in case the insured person was unable to continue working in his own trade, even if he was able to earn his livelihood in other occupations. For many years a number of institutions provided voluntary insurance in case of old age or invalidity, but the cost of such insur- oA translation of the invalidity and old-age insurance law of 1899, will be found in Bulletin 91 of the Bureau of Labor. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1355 ance was necessarily high, and as far as the workmen were con- cerned, there was practically no possibility of its insurance being extended to them. The introduction of railroads into Germany was followed by the formation of a number of institutions for the protec- tion of railroad employees in case of invalidity, as well as to provide old-age pensions. As most of the German railways are state insti- tutions, these funds were readily established and developed rapidly. When the insurance for sickness and accident was made compul- sory, it was inevitable that a similar step should be taken to intro- duce compulsory invalidity and old-age insurance. In fact, as stated below, the invalidity insurance would have been introduced at the same time and made a part of the same administrative organization as the other branches of the insurance had conditions, especially political conditions, permitted the simultaneous introduction of the invalidity with one of the other branches of the workmen's insur- ance system. As at present organized in Germany, the country is divided into a series of districts, each of which has its own organi- zation for the administration of the insurance, which is conducted by the employers and by the insured persons under the supervision of a government official. Practically all of the wage-earning popu- lation is covered by the insurance, and the benefits of the system are granted whenever the insured person suffers disability which causes him to lose one-third or more of his earning capacity. The old-age insurance provides benefits when the insured person reaches the age of 70. Considerable complaint is heard because of the high age required, but up to the present time the Government has declined to make any change in the age limit. It is worthy of note that the contributory plan was adopted for this, the first national system of old-age and invalidity insurance. The plan of having the State defray the entire cost out of its general revenues was seriously discussed, but the preponderance of opinion was in favor of a sj^stem in Avhich the insured persons and their employers made a direct payment toward the expense of the system, to which the State should add a liberal subsidy. HISTORY OF INVALIDITY INSURANCE LAWS. The first of the great insurance laws to be passed was that relating to sickness in the year 1883. This was followed by the accident insurance law in 1884, and in the year 1887 the government plan for a SA'stem of invalidity and old-age insurance was published. This plan was first submitted to the economic council ( VoTkswirtschaftsrat) of Prussia for discussion, after which a bill was prepared in the ]\Iinistry of the Interior. The chancellor introduced this bill into the upper house of the imperial legislature, where it was remodeled, and 1356 BEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. in July, 1888, adopted in its amended form. On the 22d of Novem- ber, 1888, it was introduced into the lower house of the legislature, where it was referred to a special committee of 28 members, which de- voted 43 sessions to the consideration of the bill. After the bill was reported by the committee to the Keichstag an extended debate took place. The law was finally enacted on June 26, 1889, under the title of the "law relating to invalidity and old-age insurance." The bill was introduced as a bill "relating to old-age and invalidity insurance," and the change of title indicated the relative importance in the minds of the legislature of the two features of the law. It was nec- essary to pass an amending law, that of June 8, 1891, to clearly establish the status of persons who reached the age 70 immediately after the law came into force; the law of 1891 provided that persons who, on January 1, 1891, completed their seventieth year, or were already 70 years of age on January 1, 1891, were not required to pay the full amount of old-age dues, but immediately received the right to draw the old-age pension. It is the testimony of students of this question that the invalidity and old-age act of 1889 proved anything but popular during the first few years of its operation. The feature receiving severest criticism was that relating to the use of stamps as receipts for dues, the employer being required to aflSx a special stamp on the card of each of his insured employees each week that they were in his service. A protest bymany of the employers was made against this feature, and in some sections of the country these protests were especially bitter. The requirement that certificates of employment should be furnished in order to prove the completion of the waiting time caused also some hostility since procuring attested certificates was difficult for workmen who were employed in labor of a casual nature, and also resulted in the forging of false certificates in many cases. Considerable dissatisfaction was also caused through the small amounts of pensions. It is stated by competent authorities that much of this dissatisfaction ceased when the provisions of the law became better known and its benefits were more clearly understood. To remedy the objectionable features of the law, a conference of the state and imperial authorities affected by the law was summoned in November, 1894. At this conference Doctor Boediker, the presi- dent of the imperial insurance office, proposed a comprehensive reorganization of all three parts of workmen's insurance, a plan which later had considerable influence, and although it was not adopted, was given serious consideration. According to Doctor Boediker's proposal the accident, invalidity, and old-age insurance were to be administered by a series of organizations, one of which was to provide the insurance for each State of the Empire. The accident associations were to be either dissolved and the work per- CHAPTEB V. — WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GEKMANY. 1357 formed by state insurance offices, or, if they were continued, their work was to be done under the supervision of state offices similar to the special funds for conducting old-age and invalidity insurance. It was propoaed that the cost of invalidity and old-age insurance should be assessed annually and collected at the same time with the assess- ments for the accident insurance. These radical changes, however, were not undertaken, and the bill which was finally brought into the federal council in the fall of 1896, and into the Reichstag on February 26, 1897, made but few changes in the fundamental features of the existing system. The bill proposed that the difference between the financial condition of the various insurance institutes should be equal- ized by the plan of dividing the burden of the pension payments into two parts, a general part and a special part. The system of stamps as receipts for dues was retained for lack of a better plan, but in practice this was to be simplified by a system of cumulative cards, with the destruction of the individual receipt cards when the latter had become filled. After lengthy discussion in the Reichstag no action was taken on the bill as presented, and in 1898 a new bill was pre- pared in which an attempt was made to meet some of the objections to the previous bill. The new bill reached the Reichstag on January 18, 1899, where it was referred to a special committee of 28 members. After a comparatively short time the committee reached a conclusion, and when the bill was finally voted on in the Reichstag, on June 15, 1899, but four or five votes were cast against it. The bill was approved and became a law on July 19, 1899. In the official report accompanying the bill when introduced it was stated that the revi- sion of the bill was in fact a development of the various features of the insurance on principles already established and in force, and the removal of certain defects which experience had shown to exist. The official report accompanying the bill of 1897 states that while it admitted the desirability of a consolidation of the various branches, the difficulties and obstacles in the way of such a measure were so serious that the Government was unable to find a way to solve the question at that time. In addition, the plans proposed and sugges- tions offered on the question by experts were so diverse and con- fficting that there was no well-supported plan to consider. In favor of a consolidation of sickness and invalidity insurance the report states that there is a definite connection and an intimate relation between the two branches of insurance. Invahdity is frequently the conclusion of a sickness of longer or shorter duration, and a claimant for an invahdity pension usually has to make use of the benefits of the sick funds before applying to the invalidity organization. It would therefore be an easy matter to refer the decision in regard to an invalidity pension to the same body which would decide on the sick benefit. Furthermore, the administration 1358 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. of the sickness insurance is of considerable importance for the invalid- ity insurance institutions because a thorough treatment of the cases of sickness frequently prevents the occurrence of invalidity and thereby relieves the invalidity insurance. Both employer and workman contribute to the payment of the cost of both branches of insurance, though in different degree, and both together administer the different branches of insurance. On the other hand, in order to have a uniform limitation of the classes of persons, the amalgama- tion of the sickness and the invalidity insurance could hardly be introduced before the compulsory sickness insurance is extended to include all classes covered by the invalidity insurance. In addition, the different nature of the risks involved in the sickness and in the invalidity insurance makes the problem of combining the two an extremely difficult one. In favor of the combination of accident and invalidity insurance it was stated that the problems which each must solve are quite similar. In each instance the insurance must provide for disability continuing for some length of time and in each the cases of disability are not so numerous, but each case is a serious one. In each instance the insurance is administered by organizations with large amounts of capital at their disposal in distinction from the sickness insurance, where the capital is usually of small amount. A combination of accident and invalidity insurance might be made in a number of ways, for instance, by permitting the accident associations to con- duct the invalidity insurance or by dissolving the accident associa- tions and transferring the accident insurance to the invalidity insti- tutes; or a combination of the two methods might be attempted by which the two branches of insurance might be administered by the same officials or committees, and making the accident associations a subordinate power of the invalidity institutes. The report stated that it was the opinion of the Government that a satisfactory solution of the problem could not be found in the third method, and a change in the principle of administering the insurance would run the risk of substituting uncertain improvements for definite advantages which the existing system provides. The report goes on to state that for the present no one could say whether a simplification of the work- men's insurance would be obtained by a consolidation of the various bodies administering it; it is not impossible that an appropriate solution of the question will eventually be found which will present satisfactory methods of removing the disadvantages sure to arise from such a step. At the present time the methods proposed would not provide any definite improvement over the existing state of affairs; on the contrary, the disadvantages arising from a change of the fundamental features of the organizations would bring with the change a number of disadvantages which would outweigh any CHAPTER V. -WOBKMEn's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1359 possible improvement. The report further states that such a change should be, however, kept in mind as an object to be attained and to be made the subject of investigations in order to find some possible plan of union. The sick funds, the accident associations, and the invalidity institutes should be allowed to develop the various features of the insurance wTiich they now administer. After these organ- izations have worked side by side for a number of years it will be possible to form a definite opinion as to how far the organizations based on industrial lines are to be retained by the side of those based on territorial lines. The report accompanying the bill of 1899, presented two years later, repeated the preceding argimients against any change in the existing system of organization. A statement by the minister of the interior, made at the time the bill of 1899 was under discussion, explains that the plans proposed up to that time aimed rather at a formal rearrangement of the insurance rather than at revision of funda- mental features involved in the question. He points out that the sickness insurance, the accident insurance, and the invalidity and old- age insurance each has different purposes, each possesses different types of organization, some being organized on territorial lines, some on trade lines, and all working under totally different conditions. The minister admitted that the three divisions of insurance legisla- tion would never have been made if it had been possible to introduce all the varied machinery of this immense organization at the same time. While the existing division was in his opinion only the result of the gradual introduction of the compulsory insurance at different times, he pointed out that a consolidation could be undertaken only on the basis of extreme decentralization, since it is doubtful if an institute could adequately conduct the three branches of insurance for an area as large as a province, and unless such a thorough decen- tralization were instituted it would prevent the necessary individual treatment of separate cases. The minister compared the insurance with the compulsory military service and called attention to the fact that the latter did not by any means include as many persons as the insurance, but had only reached its present stage of devel- opment through a long period of years and required a vast number of officials to administer it. At a later time the minister compared the operation of the accident insurance with the operation of a Vreat piece of machinery which in the interest of the public welfare had to be kept running continuously and any efforts to repair or improve it had to be done cautiously in order not to destroy the whole structure. The law of 1899 in the form finally adopted contained among others the following important features: The standard of disability which justified a claim for an invalidity pension was made more 1360 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. definite and easy to determine; the conditions under which exemp- tion from compulsory insurance could be made were extended; the "waiting time" for cases of temporary disabiUty was reduced from 52 to 26 weeks; the invaUdity institutes were given greater authority in regard to proriding medical treatment for the insured persons, and caring for invalids in institutions instead of providing pensions was made one of the benefits; the "waiting time" necessary to estab- hsh the right to a pension or to a return of contributions was short- ened; the period of convalescence following the sickness, as well as a normal case of childbirth, were allowed to be classed as sickness; a fifth wage class was created for insured persons whose annual earn- ings exceeded 1,150 marks ($273.70); the right to a pension in case of delay on the part of the claimant, as well as the right to pay con- tributions overdue, were restricted; the procedure ior obtaining re- turn of contributions was simphfied and the conditions under which a claim for return of contributions by the survivors of the female insured persons were made easier; the number of contributions necessary to establish a claim to a pension was reduced; in the case of simidtaneoxis right to a pension, both on account of accident and on account of invalidity, the highest amount which could be claimed was increased; the claims of the poor-law authorities against a pen- sioner were made more definite and their claim against a pension was restricted (in favor of the pensioner) to only a part of the pen- sion; the organization was made simpler by the elimination of the advisory council {Aufsichtsrath) , of the state commissioner (Staats- Jcommissar) , and of the district agents {Vertrauensmaenner) , while the authority of the general committee was extended; the officials of the invahdity institutes were granted the status of state officials; the officials of the arbitration courts and of the local offices were to be considered officials of the invalidity institutes; the arbitration courts were to consist of five instead of three members; the competency of the arbitration courts was to be specified by law; stamps covering longer periods of time are permitted to be used, while the invalidity institutes could make use of summary (or cumulative) cards contain- ing the information on the receipt cards ; more liberty was allowed in regard to voluntary insurance, which apphed to all of the wage classes, while, on the other hand, restrictions were imposed on the payment of contributions overdue; in controversies regarding the payment and the amount of payments of contributions the invalidity institutes were to be given the right of expressing their views, while the officials deciding the question must follow the general principles laid down by the imperial insurance office; the investment of the capital of the invalidity institutes was permitted to a larger degree than heretofore, to be made in institutions for the welfare of work- men and more particularly in the form of workmen's dwellings. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1361 The provisions relating to the proof required of the workmen subject to the insurance that they have been employed during the legal period were made simpler, and under certain circumstances such proof was not required. The question of making the classes of persons subject to the work- men's insurance system identical under the invalidity law and under the sickness law has been a question of much discussion. Approxi- mately 11,500,000 persons are insured under the invalidity law and 8,500,000 under the sickness insurance law. Previous to the year 1900 workers in agriculture were excluded from the sickness insurance law for the reason that it was considered unwise to place any additional burdens on the agricultural industries; since 1900, however, the new civil code requires employers engaged in agriculture and forestry to make provision for sick and disabled employees. As the statistics of sickness show that the average duration of a case of sickness is approximately 17 days, the burden on the agricultural industries under the new civil code would be approximately the same as under the sickness insurance law. Against the proposal to introduce national compulsory sickness insurance for the agricultural workers, it was stated that the com- munes and other local governments covering larger areas already had the right to extend the insurance to this class of workers and, as a matter of fact, in a great number of cases such extension has actually been made. Since the agricultural workers were already cared for to what the Government regarded as a reasonable degree the proposal was finally voted down. During the discussion efforts were made to extend the invalidity insurance so as to include provision for widows and orphans. In the discussion of the law during the sessions of 1898 and 1899 it was claimed that this feature would greatly add to the popularity of the invalidity law, and in the opinion of the persons asking for this measure it was claimed that this feature was the only one lacking to com- pletely round out the system. The results of this demand for the insurance of widows and orphans have since received more favorable consideration and are stated in connection with the proposed laws given on page 1399 and following pages. During the discussion it was proposed to grant the invalidity insurance institutes the right to issue health regulations and regu- lations to prevent the development of special diseases either for special branches of industry or for specific organizations. At one time this measure proved popular enough to be included in the bill, but during the second reading the proposal was eliminated, the main reason being that already the Federal Council, the state govern- ments the police officials, the accident associations, the guilds, and the factory inspectors had the right to issue health regulations of 1362 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. various kinds and that adding another series of such regulations would be both burdensome and unnecessary. PERSONS INSURED. COMPULSORT INSURANCE. Persons who have completed their sixteenth year of age, who are employed (1) as workmen, helpers of all kinds, clerks, journeymen, apprentices, domestic servants for wages or other hire, regardless of the amount of such compensation, in industry (including the home-work- ing industries), agriculture, commerce, transportation, the handicrafts, or in offices of the Imperial Government, and of the state and local governments, or in offices connected with the practice of the learned professions; (2) as administrative officials, technical officials (includ- ing engineers, architects, chemists, etc.), commercial employees, such as salesmen, traveling agents, bookkeepers, etc., apprentices (but not including assistants and apprentices of pharmacists), other persons holding positions which constitute their principal occupation (such as governesses, superintendents of charitable and other institutions, etc.), instructors, teachers and tutors (but not including independent teachers, such as dancing teachers, swimming instructors, etc.), pro- vided that their salary or usual earnings do not exceed 2,000 marks (1476) per annum; (3) persons employed for wages or other com- pensation as members of the crews of German vessels and of vessels engaged in inland navigation, or employed as officers on such vessels, .provided that their usual wage or salary does not exceed 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. The preceding classes of persons are those compulsorily insured by the law; in addition to these the federal council (the upper house of the imperial legislature) is authorized to extend the compulsory insurance to certain occupations generally or to certain districts only, to (1) persons carrying on trades or persons owning establishments in which no employees are engaged, and (2) to such persons conduct- ing establishments in the home-working industries (regardless of the number of- employees) in which manufacturing or other work is done for the account of a third party. The federal council has not extended the insurance to any occupations as described under (1) above, but has included some of the workers in the domestic industries; these are (1) persons engaged in the manufacture of cigars, or other tobacco products; (2) persons engaged in the greater part of the textile iadus- tries operated under the domestic system. The persons subject to the invalidity and old-age insurance are practically all the gainfully employed population of the Empire over 16 years of age, male, female, married, single, foreign and native, who hold positions in German establishments and who are not CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSUKAHTCE IN GERMANY. 1363 specifically exempted from the insurance. The number of inde- pendent persons, or persons not having an employer, is naturally small and is practically limited to those in the domestic and home working industries. Independent persons, such as employers, may under certain conditions voluntarily insure themselves. The law specifically exempts from the insurance (1) persons whose compensation consists of maintenance only, such as frequently occurs in the case of apprentices, elderly persons, etc.; (2) officials of the Empire, state or local governments, as well as teachers in public schools or institutions whose service is simply a preparation for a future position, or who are entitled to a pension under another law, provided that the latter pension is not less than the highest pension provided by the imperial invalidity and old-age insurance law; (3) officials of the compulsory invalidity and old-age insurance institu- tions, who have a claim for a pension; (4) persons who give instruction during the period of their own educational training; (5) employees of the military establishments who are engaged in industrial operations (military artisans, etc.); (6) persons in receipt of an invalidity pen- sion; (7) persons who on account of permanent disability or of old age are unable to earn one-third of the amount usually earned by normal persons of their ability and physical powers. Persons under restraint, such as inmates of prisons, reformatories, almshouses, etc., are like- wise excluded from the insurance. Certain persons may be exempted from the insurance on their own application, which must be made to the political officials of the locality where they are employed, but an official notice directs these officials to urge the makers of such applications for exemp- tion to do so only under exceptional circumstances. The persons who may be so exempted are: (1) persons who are in receipt of a pension or similar benefit from the Empire, a State, or a commune, or who receive a teacher's pension, provided that such pension is equal to the minimum pension of the compulsory invalidity insurance system; (2) persons who are in receipt of an annual pension under the accident-insurance laws, provided that such pension is likewise equal to the minimum invalidity pension; (3) persons who have attained the age of 70 years; (4) persons who engage in wage work at certain seasons only, or who do such work for not more than 12 weeks or for not more than 50 days altogether in the year and who otherwise are engaged in independent work or work not done for wao-es or salary — e. g., farmers who work as lumbermen at certain seasons but the right to make application for exemption is lost if 100 reo'ular weekly insurance contributions have been paid for such independent persons. The persons in the four groups just mentioned do not lose their right to voluntary insurance by making application for exemption. 1364 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. VOLUNTARY INSURANCE. The following persons who are over 16 years of age and less than 40 years of age, may voluntarily become insured under the provi- sions of the invalidity and old-age insurance law: (1) Administrative officials, foremen, technical officials, employees in commercial estab- lishments (excepting apprentices) and other persons holding posi- tions which constitute their principal occupation, also teachers and instructors, as well as ships' officers; the persons just mentioned may not be included unless their annual earnings are more than 2,000 marks ($476) and not exceeding 3,000 marks ($714); (2) regardless of the amount of their income persons engaged in business on their own account, and other heads of establishments, who do not regu- larly employ more than two wage-workers who are subject to the compulsory insurance, as well as persons engaged in the domestic or home-working industries, provided that the federal council has not extended the compulsory feature of the insurance to them; (3) per- sons whose only compensation for their work is free maintenance or persons who have been exempt from the compulsory insurance because of the temporary nature of their employment. The persons mentioned in the three preceding groups are authorized to continue the voluntary insurance in case they cease to be employed under the conditions just described. In case of voluntary insurance, benefits for invalidity are granted only after the insured person has paid 100 weekly contributions. In addition to the persons classed in the three groups above, any person who has been subject to the compulsory insurance, after he has ceased to be employed under conditions obligating insurance, may voluntarily continue the insurance, or he may renew the insurance if he has severed his connection with the insurance institute. Such continuance of the insurance is not dependent on any age limit or on any occupation or industry; the applicant must not, however, be permanently disabled or at the time of application naust not have been ill within a period of 26 weeks prior to the date of appUcation. In no case is a renewal of the insurance permitted if the person has once been insured and withdrawn his insurance contributions; only a new insurance is allowed in such cases. KIND OF DISABILITY INSUBED. In the description of the system of benefits in force, it was stated that benefits are provided for three types of disability: (1) Invalidity or permanent disability; (2) siclaaess or temporary disability; (3) old age, regardless of any disability affecting the insured person's earning power. CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSTJEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1365 The invalidity pensions are paid to those persons, regardless of their age, who become disabled through age, sickness, or other cause to such an extent that they suffer a permanent loss of earning capacity. Sick pensions or pensions for temporary disability are the complement of the benefits provided under the sickness insurance law, and are paid to all persons subject to the invalidity insur- ance law who have been ill for 26 weeks without interruption, regard- less of the age of the insured person. Old-age pensions, finally, are paid to persons subject to the law, who have attained the age of 70, regardless of the presence or absence of disability in any form. The invalidity and old-age insurance therefore makes provision for all cases of disability not covered by the accident insurance system or the sickness system; it includes the disability arising from disease, from the weakness due to old age, from accidents occurring outside of the employment, etc. As partial pensions for partial invalidity are not paid, the definition of the term "invalidity" is a matter of importance. Article 5 of the invalidity insurance law specifies that a state of invalidity is present when the physical or mental condition of the insured person is such that he is no longer able to earn one-third of that amount which, with due regard to his training and education, persons who are similarly situated and who are not incapacitated physically or men- tally are customarily able to earn in the same region by their labor. The determination of the amount of an insured person's earnings is in consequence an important factor in the insurance. Eamuigs are estimated from what the insured person has obtained from his labor during his lifetime and not from what he is receiving at the time the invalidity begins. Under the first invalidity insurance law — that of 1889 — earnings were computed on the basis of the customary- local wages of unskilled day laborers, but this method has been dis- carded, and under the present law the method consists of ascertaining what a physically and mentally normal worker of the same kind is able to earn through his labor, though it need not be exactly the same work as the disabled person performed. After such an estimate has been secured, a decision is made as to whether the disabled person is capable of earning one-third of this sum. In addition, consideration is taken of what work the claimant is able to perform in any field of labor and what would be his earnings, due regard, however, being paid to his education and previous occupation. If after such con- sideration it is decided that he is not able to earn the sum estimated, the claimant is declared to be an "invalid" in the meaning of the law. It is not permissible to consider as a source of earnings an occupation which is entirely unknown to the claimant or which is incompatible with his physical or mental abihties or which can be exercised only in 1366 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. a district far distant from his previous place of residence. It may be stated that this method of definmg invahdity is an approach to the idea of pensionmg "occupational" invalidity, but the framers of the law purposely refrained from making the insurance so broad. An invahdity pension is not paid if the claimant has purposely brought on himself the invahdity. In addition, if the invahdity was sustained during the commission of a crime or of a deliberate offense, the pension may be entirely or partly denied, provided that the acts are pronounced criminal by a court of law; but in cases of this kind, if the insured has a family living in the Empire whose support has been defrayed out of his earnings, the whole or a part of the pension may be allowed to his family. If at the time he reaches the age of 70 the insured person is entitled to both an invalidity pension and an old-age pension, he has a claim to only one, the larger of the two. If a person in the receipt of an invahdity pension reaches the age of 70 and the old-age pension to which he then becomes entitled is larger than the invahdity pension, then the old-age pension is substituted for the other; similarly, if a person who is receiving an old-age pension becomes disabled and the invahdity pension to which he then becomes entitled is larger than his old-age pension, then the higher pension must be awarded him. The reasons for maintainiag the age entitling the insured person to receive his pension at 70 are entirely financial. Proposals have been made frequently to decrease the age limit from 70 to 65, or even to 60. The official report of 1909 on the amendment of the invalidity law points out that the proposals for the reduction of the age limit do not lay sufficient stress on the relative importance of the other forms of pensions. On January 1, 1910, for instance, the number of invalidity pensions was 893,585; the number of sickness pensions was 18,502, while the number of old-age pensions was 102,362. The report states that, furthermore, with the development of the insurance system the importance of the old-age pension will decrease. The iacrease in the financial burden of the insurance by decreasing the age limit from 70 to 65 or to 60 can now be accurately estimated by comparing the two iadustrial censuses of 1895 and 1907. The foUowing table shows the number of persons included in the indus- trial census of 1895 who were subject to compulsory insurance and compares this number with those still capable of earning their liveh- hood twelve years afterwards, the data in the second half of the table being computed from the experience gained from the operation of the invalidity-insurance system : CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1367 NUMBER OF PERSONS OF SPECIFIED AGES RETAINING EARNING CAPACITY DURING THE la-YEAR PERIOD, 1895 TO 1907. [Source: Anlagen zum Entwurf einer Reicbs-Vcrsicherungsordnung, 1909 (Document 360)0 Number of persons of specifled ages Included In the insurance according to the Industrial census of Jnne 14, 1895. Age. 48 years 49 years 50 years 51 years 52 years 63 years 54 years 55 years 56 years 57 years Total Males. Females. Total. 89,000 85,400 82,000 78,800 76,800 72,800 69,800 66,600 63,000 59,600 742,600 37,200 36,100 35,200 34,500 33,900 33,400 33,000 32,500 32,000 31,600 339,300 126,200 121,600 117,200 113,300 109,700 106,200 102,800 99,000 95,000 91,000 1,081,900 Number of persons subject to the Insurance In 1896 still capable of earning a livelihood twelve years later (1907), as computed _on the basis of the expe- rience of the insurance organizations. Age. 60 years.. 61 years.. 62 years.. 63 years.. 64 years.. 66 years.. 66 years.. 67 years.. 68 years.. 69 years.. r60to69 .. i65to69... Males. Females. Total. 64,870 49,768 44,885 40,208 35,797 31,608 27,624 23,727 19,994 16,602 344,983 119, 455 22,016 20,285 18,661 17,136 15,666 14,218 12, 829 11,416 10, 036 8,701 160,953 57,200 76,886 70,053 63,646 57,344 51,452 45,826 40, 463 35,143 30,003 • 25,203 496,936 176, 656 The industrial census of 1907 showed that the number of persons insured in the invalidity system, of the age group 60 to 69, was 495,828. The estimate in the previous table, based on the experience of the invalidity system, was therefore in accordance with the actual enumeration. The additional burden placed on the insurance system by reducing the age limit from 70 to 65 would consist of pro- viding old-age pensions for 176,655 persons, while if the age limit were reduced to 60 years the additional burden would consist of providing pensions for 495,936 persons. In the year ] 908 the average amount of an old-age pension was 163.15 marks ($38.83). On this basis the additional amount necessary to cover the cost of reducing the age limit would be as follows: By reducing the age limit to — Additional cost to insurance organiza- tions. Additional cost to Imperial Government. Total additional cost. 65 years.. 60 years.. 14,767,266 13,365,408 J2, 102, 195 5,901,638 16,859,461 19,257,046 On account of the increased expenditure incurred through such a change, the Government declined to recommend it at the present time. BENEFITS. The benefits provided by the invalidity and old-age insurance consist of: 1 . Pensions : (a) InvaUdity pensions, for permanent disabihty, and sick pensions, for temporary disability; (6) old-age pensions. (Pages 1368 to 1373). 46598°— 10 -87 1368 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. 2. Eeturn of contributions paid by the insured persou (pages 1373 to 1375). 3. Certain miscellaneous benefits, such as medical treatment, etc., and in some instances, of maintenance in institutions (pages 1375 to 1378). As the law makes no distinction between the pecuniary benefit or pension paid for permanent disability and that for temporary disa- bUity, the following description applies to both types of pension. To become entitled to the benefits of the insurance, the insured person must have paid the regular dues or contributions for certain periods of time, designated in the law as "waiting time" ( Wartezeif). For invalidity pensions, this period is 200 weeks, provided that duriQg this time at least 100 weekly contributions have been paid; otherwise the waiting time is 500 weeks. For old-age pensions, the waiting time is 1,200 weeks of contributions. In the case of voluntary insurance, the contributory weeks paid for are added to the "waiting time" for the invalidity pension, only when at least 100 contributions have been paid under the conditions which establish the insurance obligation or establish the right to voluntary insurance, or under both conditions. The law specifies, however, that this requirement does not apply to contributions which have been voluntarily paid by the insured person within the first four years after the compulsory insurance for his occupation has come into force. Article 30 of the law defines a "contributory week" by specifying that for each week (regardless of whether the insured person works the entire week) in which an insured person has been engaged in work covered by the compulsory insurance, an insurance contribu- tion must be paid. The "contributory week" begins with the Monday of each calendar week. The same article of the law provides that under the foUowing conditions the contributions need not be paid in order to have the time included: (1) Time spent in military duty in times of peace, of mobilization or of war; (2), time spent in voluntary military service either in mobilization or in time of war; (3) time lost from one's occupation on account of sickness which caused incapacity for work, but such sickness must be duly attested by proper certificates PENSIONS. Both the invalidity and old-age pensions are based on the amount of dues paid in and on the wage classes. The wage classes are five in ' number and consist of the following: Annual earnings. Wage Class 1 350 marks ($83.80) and under Wage Class II Over 350 to 550 marks ($83.80 to $130.90) Waee Class III Over 550 to 850 marks ($130.90 to $202.30) Wage Class IV Over 850 to 1,150 marks ($202.30 to $273.70) Wage Class V Over 1,150 marks ($278.70) CHAPTER V. WOBKMBN's IKSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1369 Ihe law requires the wages or earmngs of an insured person to be determinetl as follows: First, for members of the local, estabUshment, building or guild sick funds the annual earnings shall be assumed to be 300 times the wage rate adopted by these funds as the basis of collecting their dues; second, for persons employed in agriculture and forestry (so far as they are not included in one of the sick funds just specified) the wages or earmngs shall be assumed to be an amount fixed by the local administrative authorities with due regard to the actual average earnings of persons insured; third, for seamen and persons insured under the navigation accident-insurance law (but not including those persons engaged in towing and Hghtering) the average earnings shall be assumed to be the amount specified by the imperial chancellor in accordance with the law on navigation accident insurance (see page 1082); fourth, for persons insured in a miners' provident fund the average earnings shall be assumed to be 300 times the rate of daily wages as estimated by the board of directors of that fund, but such rate shall not be less than the average daily rate for casual labor in that locality; fifth, for all other persons the average rate of wages shall be assumed to be 300 times the average rate paid in that locality for casual or unskilled labor, unless the administrative authorities fix a higher rate for special occupations; sixth, instructors, teachers, etc., belong to the fourth wage class, unless a higher rate is shown to be received. However, for persons who are employed by the week, month, quarter or year and who receive a cash wage or salary deter- mined in advance, and if this amount is higher than the amount which would be obtained by making the computation as above stated, then this cash sum shall be used in determining the wage class. An insured person may have himself rated in a higher wage class than the one in which he would be placed by the rules just stated; but in such case the employer may not be required to pay a higher amount of dues than that necessary under the wage ratings according to the rules specified in the law. All pensions are composed of two amoiints, first, of the variable amount provided by the invahdity institute, and, second, of a fixed amount provided by the Imperial Government which is 50 marks ($11.90) annually for each pension granted. The amount provided by the institute consists of two parts, a basic amount and a supplementary amount. For the old-age pen- sions the amount provided by the institute consists of the basic amount only. It is therefore much higher than the basic amount provided in the case of invahdity pensions. 1370 EBPOET OT THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOE. (a) Invalidity and sickness pensions. — For invalidity and sickness pensions the basic amount varies for the different wage classes and is as follows : Basic amount of invalidity pensions. ■ Wage Class 1 60 marks ($14.28) Wage Class II 70 marks (116.66) Wage Class III 80 marks ($19.04) Wage Class IV 90 marks (121.42) Wage Class V 100 marks ($23.80) In computing the basic amount of the pension, 500 contributory weeks are always used; if less than 500 weeks of dues have been paid, then for the number of weeks lacking, contributions of Wage Class I most be added. If more than 500 weeks of dues have been paid, then the 500 weeks for which the highest wage payments have been made are to be used in making the computation. If for these 500 weeks payments in different wage classes have been made, then the basic amount corresponding to the average amount paid shall be used. After the basic amount of the pension has been computed, this sum is increased by a system of supplementary amounts deter- mined by the number of weeks for which dues have been paid. These supplejnentary rates of increase are as follows: Supplementary increase for invalidity pensions. Wage Class I 3 pfennigs (0.7 cents) Wage Class II 6 pfennigs (1.4 cents) Wage Class III 8 pfennigs (1.9 cents) Wage Class IV 10 pfennigs (2.4 cents) i Class V 12 pfennigs (2.9 cents) For each week for which dues have been paid one of these supple- mentary amounts must be used. The pension must consist of three sums therefore, the basic sum, the supplementary increases, and the imperial subsidy. The minimum amount of an invahdity pension would be as follows: Minimum amount of invalidity pension. Wage Class I 116.40 marks ($27.70) Wage Class II 126.00 marks ($29.99) Wage Class III 134.40 marks ($31.99) Wage Class IV 142.20 marks ($33.84) Wage Class V 150.00 marks ($35.70) As stated above, the insured person must pay dues for 200 weeks before becoming entitled to benefits. In the preceding table the minimum pension of 116.40 marks for Wage Class I is composed of the following items: The basic amount of 60 marks, the imperial subsidy of 50 marks, the supplementary increase of 6 marks (200 weeks at 3 pfennigs each) and 0.40 marks to round off the monthly installment in even marks. CHAPTER V. — WOBKMEN's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1371 In makiiig computations for invalidity pensions the basic amount must always be 500 weeks of dues. To simplify the calculation the plan of dividing the basic amount by 500 and then using the result as the factor in computation is usually followed, thus: Wage Class I. Basic amount 60 marks -h 500=12 pfennigs (2.9 cents) Wage Class II. Basic amount 70 marks -h 500=14 pfennigs (3.3 cents) Wage Class III. Basic amount 80 marks -i- 500=16 pfennigs (3.8 cents) Wage Class IV. Basic amount 90 marks -r- 500=18 pfennigs (4.3 cents) Wage Class V. Basic amount 100 marks -^ 500=20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) If a workman had paid 150 weeks of dues in Class I, 50 in Class II, 100 in Class III, 40 in Class IV, 10 in Class V,. and was entitled to have 115 weeks of sickness and military service, he would be entitled to count altogether 465 weeks. There would be lacking still 35 weeks to make up the even 500 which would be added from Wage Class I. The computation of his pension, if the results of the above division were used, would be as follows: Wage Class. Basic amount. Supplementary Increases. I. 150X12 pfennigs= 18.00 marks ($4.28) 150X3 pfennigs= 4.50 marks ($1.07) II. 50X14 pfennig8= 7.00 marks ($1.67) 50X6 pfennigs= 3.00 marks ($0.71) III. 100X16 pfennigs= 16.00 marks ($3.81) 100X8 pfenmgs= 8.00 marks ($1.90) IV. 40X18 pfennigs= 7.20 marks ($1.71) 40X10 pfennigs= 4.00 marks ($0.95) V. 10X20 pfennigs= 2.00 marks ($0.48) 10X12 pfennigs= 1.20 marks ($0.29) II. 115X14 pfennigs= 16.10 marks ($3.83) 115X6 pfennigs= 6.90 marks ($1.64) I. 35X12 pfennigs= 4.20 marks ($1.00) 27.60 marks ($6.57) 70.50 marks ($16.78) Amount of increase 27.60 marks ($6.57) Imperial subsidy 50.00 marks ($11 .90) Total 148.10 marks ($35.25) As an additional illustration the following may be cited: A workman becomes an invalid after he has paid dues for 150 weeks in Wage Class I, 100 weeks in Class II, 50 weeks in Class III, 100 weeks in Class IV, and 200 weeks in Class V, and in addition is entitled to count a military service of 20 weeks and 30 weeks on account of sickness; the pension in this case would be as follows: Imperial subsidy 50 marks and basic amount 87 marks, to which must be added the supplementary increase of (150 X 3) + (100 X 6) + (50 X 8) + (100 X 10) + (200 X 12) + (20 X 6) + (30 X 6) = 51.50 marks; total, 188.50 marks ($44.86). (6) Old-age pensions. — The share of the old-age pension to be pro- vided by the insurance institutes consists of the following amounts: Old-age pennon to he provided by the institutes. Wage Class 1 60 marks ($14. 28) Wage Class II 90 marks ($21. 42) Wage Class III 120 marks ($28. 56) Wage Class IV 150 marks ($35. 70) Wage Class V 180 marks ($42. 84) 1372 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIOSTEE OF LABOB. This pension is paid without regard to the physical condition of -the insured person when he completes his seventieth year of age. He must, however, have paid dues for 1,200 weeks. If the dues paid by the insured person have been in different wage classes, then the average of these amounts shall be used in computing the pension. If he has paid dues for more than 1,200 weeks then the 1,200 contributions of the highest class shall be used in making the computation. If the insured person has been engaged in military service or has been sick, he is allowed to count this time in the same manner as in the case of an invalidity pension. As an example of an old-age pension an ofBcial publication cites the following: An insured workman has been for 300 weeks in Wage Class I, 100 weeks in Class II, 200 in Class III, 500 in Class IV, and 250 in Class V; his pension therefore would be as follows: Imperial subsidy 50 marks, to which must be added [(150 X 60) + (100 X 90) + (200 X 120) + (500 X 150) + (250 X 180)] divided by 1,200 = 135 marks ($32.13); total, 185 marks ($44.03). As the minimum waiting time for an old-age pension is 1,200 weeks, no one could obtain a pension before the year 1914 (approxi- mately) if this rule were adhered to during the first quarter century of the insurance. To obviate this the 1899 law provides that during the transition period old-age pensions shall be provided for those insured persons who have paid more than 400 weeks of dues, and the figure 400 is used instead of 1,200 in making the computations. Thus if a workman has paid dues for 280 weeks in the first wage class and 180 weeks in the second wage class, his pension would be [(280 X 60) + (180 X 90)] -h 460, to which must be added 50 marks (imperial subsidy), making a total of 121.74 marks ($28.97). If, however, the insured person has paid dues for less than 400 weeks, then the contributions for the number of weeks lacking shall be added and the dues shall be those corresponding to the aver- age earnings during the three years previous to the date when the compulsory insurance was extended to his occupation. Thus, for instance, the Federal Council on November 9, 1895, extended the insurance to ho use workers in the textile industries; if such a worker had paid 260 weekly dues of the second wage class, and if the average annual earnings of such a worker during the three years previous to 1895 were 592 marks, then there would be added to his account 140 weekly dues of the third wage class;, thus his pension would consist of [(260 X 90) + (140 X 120)] -=- 400, to which must be added the imperial subsidy of 50 marks, making a total of 150.50 marks ($35.82). A workman who on January 1, 1891 (the day when the invalidity insurance law came into force), was 55 years and 26 weeks of age would have his waiting time reduced as follows : From the 55 years and 26 weeks there would be deducted CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1373 40 years, leaving 15 years and 26 weeks; as 40 weeks' dues per year are sufiicient, this makes a period of 626 weeks (15 X 40 + 26), by which the required 1 ,200 weeks would be reduced ; subtracting 626 weeks from 1,200 weeks gives 574 weeks; he would therefore be entitled to a pension as soon as he had paid dues for 574 weeks. As a matter of fact the workman had paid 200 weeks of dues in Class III, 200 in Class IV, and 100 in Class V, while he was entitled to count 74 weeks on account of sickness. His pension computation would be, therefore : Marks. 200 X 120 marks = 24, 000 200 X 150 marks = 30, 000 100 X 180 marks = 18, 000 74 X 90 marks = 6, 660 574 78, 660 78,660 marks -i- 574 =137.04 marks, +50 marks (imperial subsidy), or a total of 187.04 marks ($32.62). A workman born on December 18, 1855, would on December 17, 1925, complete his seventieth year of age. If his receipt card showed 150 weeks in wage Class I, 650 in Class II, 600 in Class III, he would have a total of 1,400 weeks. Since only 1,200 weeks can be included in the computation, 200 weeks must be deducted from the lowest wage classes. His pension, therefore, would be computed as follows: Marks. 600 X 90 marks = 54, 000 600 X 120 marks = 72, 000 1, 200 126, 000 126,000 marks -i- 1,200 = 105 marks, + 50 marks (imperial subsidy), or a total of 155 marks ($24.99). RETURN OF CONTRIBUTIONS PAID BY THE INSURED PERSON. The law requires the territorial invalidity institutes, under cer- tain conditions, to return to the insured workman one-half of the dues paid in to secure rights under the invalidity and old-age insur- ance. The return of contributions in the case of the special invalidity institutes is determined according to the constitution and by-laws of each organization. The return may be made so long as the claim of the insured person has not lapsed. The cases in which the return of contributions is made are: 1. To female insured persons if they marry. 2. In case of the death of a male insured person the return is made to his widow; or if there be none, then to his legitimate children under 15 years of age. 3. In case of the death of the female insured person, to the father- less children under 15 vears of aee, or in case of the disability of the 1374 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. husband who was supported by the deceased insured person, the return is made to the widower. 4. In case of an industrial accident (compensated by the accident law) which causes permanent disability to the insured person and which (during the period of receiving the accident pension) does not entitle the claimant to an invaUdity pension. The return of contributions in cases designated as 1, 2, and 3 is per- mitted only when at least 200 weeks of contributions have been paid and only when the insured person has not been granted an invalidity or old-age pension before the right to a return of contributions arose. On the other hand, in the case designated as 4, the return is dependent on fulfilling the waiting time for an invalidity pension, but is not prevented by the granting of such a pension. The original bill as introduced in 1887 did not allow for return of the contributions either in the case of remarriage or in the case of death. This feature was introduced during the consideration of the bill by the committee to which it was referred and was justified on the ground that women who had paid dues for many years would regard the failure to be given any return of dues in case of marriage as a great injustice; women would also look with favor on the return of even small amounts of contributions which might be used as a slight addition to their capital on beginning housekeeping. During the discussion of the law of 1899 it was proposed to eliminate all return of contributions, but the reasons which prompted the intro- duction of this feature in the first place caused its retention in the second law. In practice all women who request a return of con- tribution on marriage are warned that by such a step they forfeit the right to much greater benefits at a later date, and are urged to continue the insurance voluntarily. In comparison with the small sums to which the return of contributions amounts, insured persons have pointed out to them the small annual cost of continuing the insurance. In the lowest wage class this would, in case of voluntary insurance, amount to 2.80 marks (67 cents) per annum. In the second class of cases, when the death of the insured person occurs, the return of benefits is allowed in order to provide the widow and children with the small sum to which the contributions amount. It is to be regarded as practically a death benefit, and is the nearest approach to a widow and orphan insurance which the law contains. The right to such a return of contributions does not exist if an inva- lidity or old-age pension or a pension for temporary disability had been granted; the action of the insurance institute in providing medical treatment does not prevent the survivors from making a claim for this benefit. The cases designated under 3 above are practically the same, except that either the father was absent or was not able to support his family. CHAPTER V. WOBKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1375 In the cases designated under 4, where a person who has paid at least 200 weeks of dues in the invaUdity insurance and is permanently disabled by an accident which entitles him to an accident pension the dues are returned for practically the same reason as in the case of the marriage of female insured persons. The worker has paid inva- hdity dues for^a long period of years and would feel that he had been unjustly treated if there were no return for this expenditure. This feature was introduced for the first time in the law of 1899 and has been subject to considerable criticism from the insurance point of view. It was stated that the dues of the invalidity insurance were made lower because a certain number of cases would be compen- sated under the accident insurance. It is pointed out that there is a certain risk to the insured person in accepting this benefit, because frequently physicians state that there have been workmen who were totally disabled and who afterwards entirely recovered their earning capacity; if the worker recovers his earning capacity the accident pension is naturally reduced or entirely cut oflF, and if the pensioner had accepted a return of his invalidity contributions he has then lost a valuable right to many weeks of waiting time. OTHER BENEFITS. Medicines, medical treatment, etc. For the invalidity insurance system the granting of benefits in the form of medical treatment, medicines, etc., by the invahdity insurance agencies is not required by the law and the institutes can not be compelled by the state authorities to provide such benefits. As stated in the law, if an insured person becomes ill to such a degree that disability is liable to result which would form the basis for a claim to an invalidity pension, then the invalidity institute (either territorial or special) has the authority to provide a course of medical treatment such as would reduce or prevent altogether the loss of earning power. Such a course of treatment may be prescribed also for a person in the receipt of an invalidity pension if it can be shown that good reasons exist for believing that thereby the pensioner would have part or all of his earning power restored. The form of the treatment is not specified by the law, so that the institutes may adopt such methods of treatment as they deem proper; the treatment may be provided at the residence of the insured person, or in a hospital, sanatorium, special resort, such as a medicinal spring, or mountain district, etc., or in an institution for convalescents. The insurance institutes are usually guided in the selection of the course of treatment by the opinion of experts as to whether the disabihty is curable or can be alleviated for a considerable length of time and as to whether the cost of the treatment is not excessive in com- 1376 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. parison with the pension to which the insured person has a claim. The authority to provide medical treatment includes the power to supply artificial limbs, supporting apparatus, eyeglasses, artificial teeth, etc. The disabled person who is to be given the course of treatment must be notified in writing of the decision of the institute, from which the insured person has the right of appeal to the supervisory committee of the institute. If the insured person, without any legal right or adequate reason, either refuses to comply with the treatment prescribed by the insurance institute, or by his conduct nullifies the treatment, his pension may for a specified time be either partly or entirely withheld. The power of the invalidity institutes to provide medical treat- ment both of a preventive and curative character is regarded as one of the most important phases of the invalidity insurance, and the statistical returns given on pages 1414 to 1416 of operations under this power show that the institutes are making increased use of it with the progress of time. The work in connection with the campaign against tuberculosis has been of especial value. At the present time the invalidity insurance institutes of all kinds possess 65 sanatoriums and other medical institutions, most of which are used in the treat- ment of tuberculosis. Among these institutions may be named the sanatoriums in mountain resorts, the dispensaries and hospitals for lung diseases, and the like. The invalidity institutes which do not themselves possess such institutions frequently contribute large sums to their support when conducted by other parties. Under section 164 of the invalidity law the institutions are author- ized to invest part of their reserve in such manner as will promote the social welfare of the working classes. As indicated by the table on page 1420, the erection of dwellings for workmen takes a prominent place in such investments; other institutions which have been created under this authority are hospitals, convalescent homes, apprentices' inns, labor colonies, people's baths, homes for the blind, and the like, all of which have had a prominent place in improving the health and well-being of the insured persons. The imperial insurance ofiice claims that the efforts of the insurance agen- cies in this field have been an important cause in the reduction of the death rate from tuberculosis in the German Empire in the last 15 years. As the insured males form 31.1 per cent of the entire popu- lation and the insured females 15.4 per cent of the ent:re population, and the insured males form 85.9 per cent and the insured females practically 100 per cent of the respective sexes gainfully employed, it is evident that the large expenditures in this field have con- tributed in no small degree to the success of the struggle against tuberculosis and other preventable diseases. CHAPTEE V. — WOEKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1377 Miscellaneous benefits. As in the case of the accident insurance, the agencies for admin- istenng the invahdity insurance are authorized to provide, instead of the pecuniary benefit, maintenance and care in an institution if the disabled person so requests. The maintenance and care may be given in a, homfe for invalids conducted by the institutes or in a similar institution conducted by third parties. This benefit is optional with the institutes, and if they make such provision it is optional with the pensioner to accept it or not. The intention of the framers of the law is to provide for invahds who have no family or similar care or who for other reasons are not in a position to obtain proper care and maintenance. The cost to the institutes of such a benefit is usually greater than the pension to which the invalid has a claim, but the granting of the benefit is regarded as in entire harmony with the purpose of the law. The insurance institute, if it desires, may at its own expense establish a home for invalids for such cases, but the great cost of such institutions, together with the risk that they may not be fully occupied, has deterred most of the insur- ance institutes from establishing them. The imperial insurance ofl&ce and the state insurance offices have encouraged the invalidity institutes to establish sanatoriums and sim- ilar institutions for the care of insured persons hkely to have claims for disabihty pensions or actually in receipt of such pensions. The ravages of tuberculosis have been the strongest reason for erecting such institutions, and the possibility of saving large sums in pensions through the cure of cases of this and other lung diseases has encour- aged a number of the institutions to make large expenditures for this purpose. In the year 1908 the invahdity institutes owned and had in oper- ation 36 sanatoriums for lung diseases and 29 other medical institu- tions of various kinds. Altogether the sixty-five institutions have a capacity of 6,642 beds; of this number, 4,261 (2,985 for men and 1,276 for women) are contained in the sanatoriums for lung diseases, while the other establishments contain 2,381 beds (1,530 for men and 851 for women). The number of persons who received treatment in these establishments in 1908 was 35,502; of these, 19,658 (14,352 men and 5 306 women) received treatment for lung diseases, while the number of persons received in the other establishments numbered 15,844 (11,344 men and 4,500 women). The largest of these estabhshments are owned by the Berhn Institute, which in 1908 had 1,221 beds and treated 7,937 persons, and by the general miners' fund of Bochum, which in 1908 had 653 beds and treated 6,069 persons. The amount expended for the ground, buildings, equipment, etc., of these 65 med- ical institutions was approximately 57,000,000 marks ($13,566,000), 1378 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOB. of which 43,000,000 marks ($10,234,000) was expended for sanatoriums for lung diseases and 14,000,000 marks ($3,570,000) for other medical estabhshinents. In the year 1908 the amount expended in the main- tenance of the sanatoriums for lung diseases was 7,251,910 marks ($1,725,955), and the amount for other medical establishments was 2,215,896 marks ($527,383). The average amount expended per day per person treated in the sanatoriums for lung diseases was 4.90 marks ($1.17) and in the other institutions 4.17 marks ($0.99). In the sanatoriums for lung diseases it is the usual practice to accept for treatment only persons for whom a treatment of from 60 to 80 days will probably insure a recovery of working capacity. The law does not allow the insurance institutes to receive in their sanato- riums persons whose disability has progressed so far that a recovery or improvement is not to be expected. The other institutes consist of convalescent resorts, rest homes, hospitals, and general sanatoriums which treat such cases as anemia, lead poisoning, disturbances of the circulatory system, of the digestive tract, etc., cases of neurasthenia, hysteria, rheumatism, and the like. In accordance with the law, the efforts of those in charge of the insti- tutions are directed to the restoration of the working capacity of the insured persons, as well as to provide instruction in order to prevent the recurrence of the disability. One establishment connected with the Berlin Institute is devoted exclusively to the treatment of sexual diseases. The insurance institutes possess but few hospitals of their own; the general miners' fund of Bochum possesses 2 hospitals, which are primarily intended for the treatment of serious cases of injury; they are also used for the treatment of cases of sickness, and make full use of mechanical, electrical, and similar apparatus, the special purpose being to restore the working capacity of the patient. A number of the institutes possess homes for invalids where insured persons in the receipt of pensions may be cared for; some of these are devoted exclusively to the care of cases of tuberculosis. DETERMINATION AND REVISION OF BENEFITS. The claim for benefits in the form of pensions does not lapse because of failure to present the claim immediately; even if the insured person fails to present his claim within one year he also obtains the pension for the time which has lapsed between the date when the claim was valid and the date when the claim was made. On the other hand, claims for return of contributions must be made within specified times; in case of marriage of insured persons, or in case of the death of an insured person, the claim must be made before the expiration of one year, and in case the insured person receives a pension on CHAPTER V. — workmen's INStTBANCE IN GERMANY,- 1379 account of accident his claim for return of contributions must be made before the expiration of two years. Claims for invalidity or old-age pensions must be presented to the lower administrative authorities or to the local office of the institute which has jurisdiction for the place of residence or business of the insured person. In making a claim the insured person must present the receipts or their equivalent for the dues which he has paid, and in the case of old-age pensions he must present a certificate of birth. Pensions are granted only when the persons entitled to them so request. The lower administrative authorities to whom the claim is made must examine the documents presented to see that they are complete, must verify the statements as to whether the insured person was subject to the compulsory insurance, must verify the facts regarding the completion of the waiting time, and supply other information necessary for the final determination of the rights of the claimant. In case the claimant, because of his disability, is unable to earn his livelihood, the administrative authorities must call the attention of the authorities whose duty it is to care for such cases to the needs of the case. An important feature of the work of the lower administrative authorities consists in making the investigation of the physical condition of the claimant (at the cost of the institute) if the insured person does not present a satisfactory physician's cer- tificate of his own accord. If the lower administrative authorities make an investigation they must at the same time cause to be prepared an expert opinion of the degree of the earning capacity of the claimant. After the lower administrative authorities have verified the contents of the documents presented by the claimant and secured the informa- tion which is deemed necessary to complete the claim, they forward the papers to the proper insurance institute for final decision. If, however, the lower administrative authorities are of the opinion that the claim as presented does not entitle the claimant to a pension, they must investigate the case with the assistance of one representative of the employer and one of the insured person. If the insured person desires, or if his presence is necessary, he may participate in this investigation, and in all cases he is to be informed of the results of the investigation. Such an investigation is not necessary if in the opinion of the lower administrative authorities the claim as presented should be awarded, but the board of directors of the insurance insti- tute in case it believes that the claim as presented does not entitle the claimant to a pension, may return the papers to the administrative authorities and direct that, with the assistance of the above-men- tioned representatives of the employer and employee, an investiga- tion into the merits of the case shall be made. If the claim for a pension as presented is granted by the board of directors of the insurance institute they must immediately 1380 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. determine the amount of the pension and date when it shall begin. The pensioner must be immediately informed in writing of the decision and the statement forwarded him must show the manner in which the amount of the pension was computed. If the claim is disallowed, the claimant must receive notice in writing thereof together with a statement of the reasons for the refusal of the claim. The statement must also contain information as to the time within which the claim- ant may appeal against the decision and specify the arbitration court for workmen's insurance to which such an appeal must be made. Decision of the board of directors of the institute must also be com- municated to the claimant or pensioner in the following cases: When- ever an invalidity pension is withdrawn ; whenever pension payments are stopped because the pensioner's right to the pension ceases; when- ever a pension is to be refused or withdrawn because the pensioner acts contrary to orders in regard to medical treatment and in case the former is granted a lump-sum settlement in lieu of a pension. In such cases appeals may be made and the notice of the decision ren- dered must contain the same information as that just specified. After a pension has been granted, it is paid by the Post-Office Depart- ment upon authority of the invalidity institute. The, pensioner must be informed as to which post-office is authorized to make this payment; as a rule the office nearest to his residence is the one used for this purpose. An insured person may not make a second application for an inva- lidity pension which has been refused because permanent disability was not present before the expiration of one year, unless he can prove by means of proper certificates that circumstances have arisen which substantiate the existence of such permanent disability. In case the person receiving an invalidity pension recovers his earning capacity, the invalidity pension may be withdrawn by the board of directors of the institute, which in such cases must supply to the pensioner a written decision in the matter. Before such a decision shall be made, the lower administrative authorities of the district in which the pensioner resides must file an opinion in writing. The written opinion of the lower administrative authorities must specify to what extent the pensioner has regained his earning capacity as well as contain recommendations regarding the feasibility of insti- tuting medical treatment to restore the pensioner to health. Before reporting on such matters to the invalidity institute, the lower administrative authorities must make an investigation of the case and include the results of this investigation in their written report. In case the report does not recommend the withdrawal of the pension and the directors of the institute are not satisfied with the same they can direct that a second investigation be made in the presence of the representatives of the employer and of the insured person. In case CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1381 the right of the pensioner to his pension ceases because of the granting of an accident or other pension, or because the pensioner is subjected to a prison sentence, or because the pensioner resides in a foreign country, the decision of the board of directors in the case must be presented to the insured person in written form ; before issuing such a decision the competent lower administrative authorities must be called on for a written opinion as to the merits of the case. Claims for return of contributions are to be presented to the lower administrative authorities in the same manner as claims for pensions. Practically the same procedure is followed as in the case of pensions. Applications for medical treatment or for the institution of a course of special treatment must be made to the board of directors of that insurance institute which would decide in case an application for a pension were made. If this institution declines to provide such treatment, any other insurance institute which has received contribu- tions from the insured person has the right to undertake the treat- ment. The insurance institute may call upon the lower administrative authorities for assistance in determining the facts in the case, or it may call upon the directorate of the sick fund for this purpose. ARBITEATION COUBTS. The revision of the accident-insurance laws made in the year 1900 extended the function of the invalidity insurance courts which had existed previous to that date so as to include matters affecting not only the invalidity insurance but also the accident insurance. For the area covered by each invalidity insurance institute there must be not less than one arbitration court, and these courts since 1900 have borne the title "court of arbitration for workmen's insurance." The number, the districts, and the location of these courts are deter- mined by the central authorities of each State in whose area the invalidity institute is located, but in certain cases the imperial chancellor may specify the location. Each court consists of one permanent president and at least one vice-president, who is a substitute for the president and who is selected from the number of government officials by the authorities of the State in which the court has its location; in addition to the president the court must have a number of associates selected from the employers and from the insured persons. The number of asso- ciates available for service in each court must be not less than 20. In making decisions either in invalidity or accident cases the court must consist of not less than 5 members, two of whom must be employers and two of whom must be insured persons. The selec- tion of. the associates is to be made according to the constitution of the invalidity institute and in deciding accident cases the selection is to be made in accordance with the requirements as stated on page 1039. 1382 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOK. The cost of maintaining the arbitration courts, such, for instance, as the salaries of the employees of the court, rental of rooms, office supphes, and the like, is to be in the first place paid for by the insur- ance institute and to be returned to the latter by the accident asso- ciations and administrative authorities in proportion to the number of cases brought by each during the previous year; the distribution of the expenses is made by the president of the court. At the present time there are 89 of these regular arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. In addition to these there are 34 special arbitration courts (for railway employees, mining employees, etc.). From the decision of the arbitration courts appeals may be made to the imperial insurance office; the cases in which appeals may be made relate principally to complaints in regard to return of contri- butions, complaints in regard to amount of contributions, appeals against certain penalties and in practically all decisions of the arbi- tration courts. SOURCES OF INCOME. The income of the invalidity insurance system is derived from the contributions (a) of the employers, (&) of the insured persons, and (c) of the Empire. The general features of the contribution of the Imperial Government are discussed on page 1384. The contributions of the employer and of the insured person are each one-half of the premiums prescribed by the law; the discussion of the regular inva- lidity premiums or contributions applies equally to each. CONTKIBUTIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND INSUEED PERSONS. According to article 32 of the law, the contributions or premiums for the five different wage classes are: Rates of weekly contributions or premiums {half of which are paid by the employer and half by the workmen). Wage Class I 14 pfennigs (3.3 cents) Wage Class II 20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) Wage Class III 24 pfennigs (5.7 cents) Wage Class IV 30 pfennigs (7.1 cents) Wage Class V 36 pfennigs (8.6 cents) The earnings of an insured person determine the rate of dues to be paid; if he so desires, the insured person may have himself rated in a higher wage class than the one to which he would normally belong, but in such cases must himself pay all of the excess dues or contribu- tions. A person voluntarily insured is allowed to select the wage class in which he is rated. The rates given above were fixed in the law of 1899, which states that they will remain in force until December 31, 1910, and are to be revised by the federal council every ten years thereafter. Before the expiration of each 10-year period the law requires the imperial insur- CHAPTER V. — WOKKMEN's INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1383 ance office to make an actuarial investigation as to whether the rates are adequate; if the investigation shows a deficit or an excess, the rates for the succeeding 10-year period are to be modified accordingly. The only variation in the rates of dues is that corresponding to the differences Ln the earnings. The law makes no difference in rates for persons engaged in different occupations, in different establish- ments, for the different insurance institutes, or for the individual insured persons. The official reports accompanying the insurance bills stated that from the administrative point of view it was impossible to vary the contributions according to the age or physical condition of the insured person or according to the general features (sanitary condition, etc.) of the establishment where he was employed. While the reports express the opinion that it would be entirely feasible to vary the rates for the different occupations — such, for instance, as agriculture, min- ing, the chemical industries, the glass industry, etc. — the framers of the law preferred to recognize the general origin of the risk which the insurance was designed to provide for and to emphasize the mutual features of the system without distinguishing the various causes of the disability. The invalidity insurance law of 1889 contained provisions by which the rates could be varied by each invalidity institute to correspond with its own experience; the report accompanying the bill of 1899 stated that variations in the dues or benefits of the invalidity insur- ance, if such variations were made on geographical lines, would be in conflict with the principle of a national insurance system; it would also be a discrimination in favor of the cities as against the rural dis- tricts and would add to the forces already at work in drawing the population into the large cities. The arrangement of the amounts of the dues and benefits was originally fixed in the ratio of 2:3:4:5:6, the original rates of the pensions being 60:90:120:150:180 (marks) and the original rates of contributions being 12:18:24:30:36 (pfennigs). The proposed rate of contributions for the two lowest classes were, however, too low to defray the cost of the corresponding pensions and were raised to 14 and 20 pfennigs, the extra 2 pfennigs being in the nature of a sup- plementary charge. The investigations of the imperial insurance office in connection with the preparation of the new law of 1899 showed that the rates of contributions for Classes I and II (14 and 20 pfennigs) were too low to provide the corresponding rates of pensions, while the rates for Classes IV and V were higher than was necessary; the existing system of contributions therefore favors the lower classes of pensions at the expense of the higher. 46598°— 10 88 1384 ' EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. The report accompanying the first bill on old-age and inva,lidity insurance gives the reasons for charging part of the cost of the insur- ance on the employer and the workman. The latter must expect a gradual loss of earning power with advancing age, for which it is reasonable to expect him to make some provision. The entire cost of such provision would, the report claims, be too heavy a burden to place on the workman alone; the persons whose interest it was to maintain an efficient labor force— the employers— could therefore be properly caUed on to assist in defraying the cost of the old-age insur- ance. The system adopted places equal burdens on the employer and on the workman, while the Imperial Government contributes the amount stated below. CONTRIBUTION OF THE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT. The contribution of the Imperial Government to the invalidity and old-age pensions consists of, first, a cash payment of 50 marks ($11.90) annually for each pension in force; second, besides this direct payment, the Government provides the services of certain officials in the administration of the law as well as the services of the Post-Office Department and defrays the entire cost of the imperial insurance ofiice. The most important of these contributions of the Empire is the direct cash payment to the pensions each year. The first bill introduced in 1887 included payments from the insured persons, from the employer, and from the Imperial Government, but proposed that each one of these three should pay one-third of the cost of each pension. Practically all parties were agreed that it was desirable for the Imperial Government to contribute toward the cost of the old-age pensions, but there was great diversity of opinion as to the manner in which the payments should be made. The plan of having the Government defray one-third of the cost of each pension met with considerable opposition and after much discussion the idea of having the Government contribute a fixed amount to each pension granted was found to meet with more general approval than any other of the numerous plans offered. By fixing the amount of the govern- ment contribution in this manner the pension granted to those earning the lower rates of wages was treated more favorably than the pensions granted to those in the higher wage classes. During the discussion in the Reichstag as to the form and amount of the imperial contribution to the insurance, an amendment was introduced to have the entire cost of the old-age insurance defrayed by means of a tax upon the whole Empire ; in other words, to adopt a noncontributory plan of defraying the cost of the insurance. The objections of the Government to this method of defraying the cost were stated in the official report accompanying the bill; this report states that while the general welfare is intimately affected by the CHAPTER V. — ^WOKKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1385 development of the system of workmen's insurance, the common interest would not go so far as to require the entire payment of the cost by means of a tax. In the same manner the administration of justice is a matter of the most vital importance for the general welfare but is not provided free of cost for the country. The report also lays especial weight on the importance of having the insured persons and their employers take an active part in the administration of the insurance; if the entire cost were paid by the Empire such active participation by the employer and the insured persons could not be obtained. Furthermore the character of the pension as being something which the insured person had paid for himself would be lost and the insurance would approach more closely to a system of poor relief. A pension paid for by a system of dues based on wages closely follows the financial standing of the individual insured person; if the entire cost were paid by the Government the pension would have to consist of a series of units or of fixed amounts which would bring about a less favorable state of affairs than the one proposed. It would also mean the giving up of the invalidity and old-age insurance as a provision for the working classes, as it would require the granting of pensions to all subjects of the Empire, based probably on the amount of the pensioner's income, and would require such a large revenue to meet such expenditures that the Government believed it was not feasible to raise it by means of taxation. The plan proposed for raising the funds necessary to defray the cost of a state-borne insurance was that of assessing the amount on the various States of the Empire which were to secure the sums necessary by means of a supplementary charge to the income tax. This was not regarded with favor, as the methods of taxation in the various States varied so widely as to make the plan impossible of execution. FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION. Each invalidity institute, both the territorial and the special, must administer its assets in the form of two special reserves known as the "general reserve" {Gemeinvermdgen) and the "special reserve" (Son- dervermogen) . This method of dividing the property of the insti- tutes was introduced by the law of 1899; previous to that date each institute managed its own reserve independently of all the others. Since 1899, therefore, the institutes have distributed their receipts into two parts, one to be used for a common fund for the whole Empire and the other to be used for the expenditures occurring in tJbeir own areas. The general reserve is used to defray the "general" cost of the ins\irance system; this general cost comprises three-fourths of all the old-age pensions, the basic amounts of all invalidity pensions; the increases of pensions because of weeks of sickness and finally 1386 KEPOKT or THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOK. the amounts necessary to round oflE the pensions into sums of even marks. All other obligations of the institutes are classed as ' ' special costs. All of the assets of the institutes on hand on December 31, 1899, belong to the special reserve of the institutes. After January 1, 1900, the general reserve is to be formed by putting into a special account four-tenths of the contributions received and the interest arising from these amounts computed according to a rate specified by the federal council. Each invalidity institute administers its own general reserve, but the amounts are used in order to equalize the difiEerent costs of the insurance in the different parts of the Empire. The federal council is authorized to vary the proportion to be paid into the general reserve if it is shown that at the end of each ten- year period beginning with 1900 the common reserve is either too high 6r too low; but if an increase is necessary the action of the federal council must be approved by the Reichstag. This feature of the financial administration is the most important change made by the law of 1899. The difference in the financial status of the various institutes made this change absolutely neces- sary because experience had shown that the original supposition that the expenditures for old-age and invalidity insurance would be approximately the same for the different areas was entirely incorrect. A computation made for the year 1897 showed that while the majority of the institutes were financially sound, a few of them, especially those which included principally agricultural areas, were below the average, and one or two had an actual defic.it which threatened to increase. Among the latter the institutes of East Prussia and of Lower Bavaria showed serious deficits. On the other hand, the institute for the city of Berlin had accumulated such a very large reserve that the interest on the reserve already accumulated would be sufficient to defray the entire cost of the pensions then in force without drawing on the contributions due at the time. A similar condition prevailed in the institute for the Hansa cities. If, therefore, the rates are to be revised for the future, in order to cover the current pensions, dues in some institutes would have to be seriously increased, but in others could be appreciably diminished. Thus, when the expenditures reach the stationary point in the institutes which are principally agricul- tural (such as East Prussia, Pommerania, Posen, and Lower Bavaria), where the average invalidity pension is 125.96 marks ($29.98) (not including the imperial subsidy), the weekly dues would be on an average 27.14 pfennigs (6.5 cents), while in the industrial areas (such as Westphalia, the Rhine provinces, Mittelfranken, and the Kingdom of Saxony), with the average pension, not including the imperial sub- sidy, of 190.35 marks (45.30) the average weekly contribution would be only 24.34 pfennigs (5.8 cents), and in the areas of Berlin and the Hansa cities with the average pension of 228.26 marks ($54.33) the CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUBANCB IN GEKMANY. 1387 weekly dues would be only 20.67 pfennigs (4.9 cents) ; in other words, for each 100 marks ($23.80) of invalidity pension (not including imperial subsidy) the average contribution would be: In the areas which are principally agricultural 21 .55 pfennigs (5.1 cents) In the areas which are principally industrial 12.79 pfennigs (3.0 cents) In the areas of Berlin and the Hansa cities 9.06 pfennigs (2.2 cents) The causes of this difference in the financial condition of the various institutes are stated by the official report to be due in only a slight degree to the methods of administration of the institute for collecting the dues and paying the pensions; for the most part the differences are due to the conditions prevailing in the various localities upon which the administration of the insurance has but little influence. The report mentions several points upon which the operations of the institute could influence the receipts. Among these are the influence which the control over the receipt of contributions exercises and the control over the reports of the duration of employment. A relatively low income of an insurance institute does not always mean a lack of care in supervising the payment of dues. In agricultural areas, how- ever, where the population is dispersed over wide areas the opportu- nities for employment and the average duration of employment exerts a strong influence on the amount of dues paid. In the agri- cultural areas of East Prussia the number of insured persons is in general small because over 10 per cent of the persons subject to the insurance engage in farming on their own account, and thus for a part of the year are not required to pay dues. The total number of persons who are only temporarily employed is in many areas from one-half to two-thirds of all workmen, and in each year there is on an average 25 weeks of the time of the working population in such areas for which no dues are paid. On the other hand, institutes with principally city population have an advantage over those with rural and agricultural population, due to the fact that in the cities a large number«of the insured persons cease to be subject to the insurance — such, for instance, as female insured persons who marry and males who go into independent occupations and who make only slight use of the right to voluntary continuation of the insurance. Another point which was discussed was whether the attitude of the institutes in regard to granting invalidity pensions had any influence in causing the unfavorable actuarial balance; the opinion of the report states such action, if it had any influence at all, is of minor importance. According to the report, however, the most important feature of the financial administration is the different expenditure necessitated by the differences in the age grouping of the insured persons. The differences in the groupings in the various institutes are of importance not only in regard to the old-age pensions, but also in regard to the invalidity pensions; the risk of invalidity is, as is well known, quite 1388 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. low in the younger years and increases rapidly with advancing age. Thus, for instance, the number of invalidity cases per 1,000 insured persons in the age group 20 to 40 years is 1.6; in the age group 40 to 50 the number of cases per 1,000 insured persons is 5.9; in the age 50 to 60 it is 16.8; and in the age from 60 to 70 it is 48. On this basis the cost per 1,000 insured persons 20 to 40 years of age would be only one-thirtieth of the cost for 1,000 insured persons in the ages 60 to 70, although in both cases the contributions paid by the insured persons are the same. The younger persons pay by their contributions an important part of the expenditure caused by the older age groups. Any insurance institute, therefore, which must operate with an unfavorable age grouping must have a less favorable financial status than those institutes composed of a larger proportion of younger persons. The result of such a difference in the age group- ing between the various institutes is shown by the fact that up to the year 1898 the average number of pensions per 1,000 insured persons was for the whole Empire 56, for East Prussia 109.4, while for Berlin it was only 20.9. These figures are not due to any temporary cause, but are a permanent factor in the financial administration of the insurance. Furthermore, the occupational census of 1895 showed the number of persons 70 years of age, from which could be computed the number of persons 70 years of age subject to the insurance. On the basis of the 1895 census the number per 1,000 of insured persons 70 years of age and over engaged in specified groups of occupations were as follows : Agriculture, etc 27. 4 Industry, etc 7. 3 Commerce and transportation 5. 2 All other occupations 12. 5 Average for the Empire for all occupations 14. 2 For the persons engaged in agriculture and forestry, therefore, there would be nearly twice as many old-age pensions as for tSe aver- age of the Empire and almost four times as many as for persons engaged in the industries. Experience has shown that the same rates would occur in connection with invalidity pensions; in agricul- ture and forestry per 1,000 persons the number of invalidity pensions would be practically double the number in all other industries. The returns for the various invalidity insurance institutes composed prin- cipally of persons employed in agriculture showed on an average about twice as many invalidity pensions and about four times as many per- sons who were able to work, although 70 years of age or over, as was the case in institutes composed principally of persons engaged in the industries. The situation is not improved by the fact that the institutes com- posed principally of persons employed in agriculture' have lost their CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 1389 younger membership on account of the steady emigration of workers from the country to the city, while other institutes which received this stream of young persons from the rural districts thereby obtained an unusually favorable age grouping. The withdrawal of the younger persons reduced the receipts of the institutes, but by no means reduced in the same proportion the burdens of the insurance. By means of the separation of the accounts of the reserve into general reserve and special reserve it is expected that this difference in the cost of the insurance of different areas will be equalized. The federal council is authorized to vary the amounts set aside for general or special reserve and to equalize the expenditures in the various districts. GENERAL ASUINISTBATION. The dues of the invalidity insurance are paid by means of stamps, which are purchased from an agency of the institute and then pasted on receipt or membership cards ; the stamps are canceled by writing or stamping on them the date on which they were pasted on the card. Each invalidity institute publishes its own stamps, which must be used by the persons insured in it. The card referred to above is the receipt card (QuittungsTcarte) , which is supplied by the invalidity institutes to each insured person; it contains the date on which it was issued, a reprint of articles 139 and 184 of the law, and at least 52 spaces for pasting on the stamps. Each insured person must take steps to provide himself with a card and failure to do so is punished by a fine; in each subdivision of the area covered by the invalidity institute some office or organization, such as the police office, the sick fund, etc., acts as its agent in distributing and exchanging the cards. On each pay day it is the duty of the employer to paste the proper amount of stamps on the card for each week of employment, and the insured person must present the card for this purpose at the time. The employer is held responsible for pasting on the correct amount of stamps, both for the share of the insured person and for his own share. The dues paid must cover the same time as the wage payment, except that if an employee begins a week of service (the invahdity insurance week begins on Monday and ends on Sunday) the dues for that entire week must be paid by the employer even if the service continues for only a part of the day. Failure on the part of the em- ployer to comply with the regulations means the imposition of a fine, and if the negligence of the employer causes the insured person to lose his right to a pension or other benefit the employer is liable in a suit for damages. In fact, employers have repeatedly been required by the courts to pay the etltire cost of pensions, the right to which was lost through their failure to obey the law. Whenever a receipt card is filled up with stamps, it must be returned to the local agency and a new card procured. The insured person is 1390 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. required to preserve the certificates covering periods of illness and of military service, and is not allowed to include such periods in his "waiting time" if he can not produce the certificates at the time his benefits under the law are determined. The invahdity iasurance is administered by territorial invalidity insurance institutes (VersicJierungs-Anstalten) , by special invaUdity insurance institutes organized on industrial liues (Besondere Kassen- Einrichtungen) , by the arbitration courts, by the imperial insurance ofiice, and by the state insurance oflices. The Post-Office Department cooperates in the admiaistration of the insurance, while the officials of the communes and of the States also have many duties in coimection with the execution of the law. INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES. While the bill for the invaUdity insurance was being prepared it was proposed by some to make the invalidity insurance part of the work of the accident associations, while others advocated making it a part of the sickness insurance. Both of these proposals were rejected and it was finally decided to make the insurance entirely separate from the other two branches. One of the plans proposed at an early date provided that the insurance should be administered by one imperial institute conducting the insurance for the whole of the Empire. It was stated at the time that the creation of such an institu- tion with an army of officials would be unwise and that it would be preferable to organize a series of institutes for the separate political divisions of the Empire and to use as far as possible the unpaid serv- ices of the insured persons and of their employers, these working under the supervision of state or other officials. At the same time it was recognized that it would be advantageous to permit the railroad industries to conduct the insurance of their employees separately because of the special nature of that industry; the mining industries had for many years institutions which provide such insurance for theii' own employees, and it was decided to continue these organizations. It is the opinion of some experts that the creation of a single institu- tion covering the whole Empire would have had many advantages, particularly those connected with the financial administration of the insurance. The law as finally enacted provided that the district or territory covered by each institute should be either one of the larger local governments, such as a province or the entire area of a State or parts of the area of a State, or if necessary several States might be combined into one institute. The institutes are subject in many respects to the regulations of the state governments, and in case the area covers more than one State the Federal Council regulates the affairs of the institutes. These institutes are corporations possessing CHAPTEB V. WOKKMBn's INSTJEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1391 all the rights and duties of legal persons, and can sue and be sued and purchase and sell property, enter into obligations of all sorts, etc. The institutes are, subject to the regulations of the imperial insur- ance office, self-administering mutual organizations; they must pro- vide a constitution and by-laws. The official bodies which conduct the organizations are, first, the board of directors consisting of one or more government officials and representatives of the insured persons and of the employers; second, the supervisory committee consisting of five representatives of the insured persons and five representatives of the employers; third, the local officers; fourth, the collecting officers ; fifth, the supervisory officials appointed by the institute and intrusted with the duty of supervising the punctual and complete payment of insurance contributions or dues. At the present time there are 31 of these territorial insurance institutes in the Empire, so distributed that the entire area of the country is covered by them; 13 in Prussia (one for each province); 8 in Bavaria (one in each administrative district) ; one each in Saxony, Wiirttemberg, Baden, Hessen, Oldenberg, Brunswick, and Alsace-Lorraine; there is one in common for the two Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg, one for the Thiiringian States, and one for the Hansa cities. They, therefore, include the whole Empire and, with the exception of the persons affiliated with special insurance institutes, provide insurance within the area subject to their jurisdiction for all persons described on page 1362 and following pages. As the institutes are territorial organizations, in case the assets of these bodies are at any time insufficient to meet their obligations, the government of the area which they cover is responsible for the deficits. Thus in Prussia any institute which is unable to meet its obligations would have to be supported by the province which it covers. In case the institute covers more than one State the lia- bility of the different States is in proportion to their population according to the last census. It is understood, of course, that in case a political subdivision of the country is required to supply funds to an insurance institute, the institute shall at a later time reimburse the government for such advances. The government of the area covered by the institute must also loan to the institutes the funds necessary for the first year of their operation, such advances to be returned out of the dues or contributions collected for the insurance. Each institute must have a constitution and by-laws, which are drawn up by the supervisory committee. It was the intention of the law makers to allow the greatest possible freedom of movement to each institute, and therefore only the principal provisions of this constitu- tion were included in the law. The law provides that the constitution must specify, first, the number of representatives of the insured persons and of their employers who are to compose the board of directors ; sec- 1392 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK. ond, the number of members, the duties and powers, as well as the jurisdiction, of the supervisory committee, including the method of selecting the chairman and the method of making decisions of the committee; third, in regard to announcing the decisions of the board of directors ; fourth, in regard to representing the institute as against the board of directors in special cases; fifth, the number of associates of the court of arbitration, which must consist of not less than four representatives of the insured persons and four representatives of the employers, and also the order in which these associates are to be selected for service in deciding cases ; sixth, the amount to be paid as -return of expenses in performing duties connected with the asso- ciation; seventh, the method of drawing up the budget for the ensuing year; eighth, the method of the preparation and approval of the annual accounts, unless the government officials having authority in the case prescribe otherwise; ninth, the method of publication of the accounts ; tenth, the publications, such as newspapers and ofiicial gazettes, through which the oflicial announcements of the institute shall be made ; and, eleventh, the rules for amending the constitution. The law, however, provides that the supervisory committee shall have the following duties : First, to select the members of the board of directors who are not officials of the Government and in addition to select the associates of the arbitration courts ; second, to determine the amount of the expenditures for the following year; third, to audit the annual accounts ; fourth, actions of the board of directors in regard to the purchase, the sale, or encumbering of real estate of the institute must have the approval of the supervisory committee, unless in the opinion of the board of directors some special risk warrants them in proceeding without such approval ; fifth, to decide in regard to the creation of reinsurance organizations; sixth, to decide in regard to amending the constitution; and, seventh, to supervise the conduct of business of the board of directors. Any constitution which has been drawn up by an institute must receive the approval of the imperial insurance office before going into effect, and amendments to the constitution must similarly be approved. Against decisions of the imperial insurance office the institutes have the right to appeal to the Federal Council. The administrative head of the insurance institute is the board of directors, which represents the institute in legal and all other matters, except in so far as the law reserves certain powers to other bodies, in distinction from the board of directors of the accident associations the directorates of the invalidity institutes are composed of officials, one of whom is selected as chairman; to these officials are added a number of nonofficial members, composed of representatives of the insured persons and of the employers, who serve without pay. The law also permits the addition of several other persons to the board CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1393 not belonging to any of the classes specified. This provision was inserted to permit the addition of physicians, insurance experts, and similar persons to the board whose special knowledge would be of assistance in administering the business of the institute. As the business of the board of directors is apt to- be of a more routine nature than is the case of other insurance, government officials were given a more conspicuous place in its formation. In order to allow the insured persons and the employers proper influence in the administration of the institute a special body was created, called the supervisory committee. Each insurance institute has such a committee, which consists of at least five representatives of the insured persons and five of the employers, the number being specified in the constitution of the institute except in the first selection, when it is named by the proper government officials. The election of the representatives of the two parties takes place under the direction of the officials supervising the institute. There must be at least a first and second alternate for each representative, to take the place of the representative in case the latter is unable to serve. The chairman of the supervisory committee is selected from their own number, and in case a member is unable to attend any meeting his alternate must be notified to attend in his place. Members of the supervisory committee are honorary officials, but for actual expenses which they have made in the service of the institute they are granted a special compensation, determined by the government officials. In order to make the administration of the invalidity insurance more accessible to the insured persons the institutes are authorized to create local offices {Rentenstdlen) ; such offices may be created only after securing the approval of the supervisory committee and of the government authority having jurisdiction. Though the law makes careful provision for the introduction of these offices, they seem to have been regarded with but little favor by the various institutes, and at the present time but few of them are in operation. The same fate has befallen the "collecting offices" authorized by the law. The law authorizes the state officials or the institute to create these collecting offices as special institutions, or, instead of creating special offices, to use the services of the sick funds in collect- ing the insurance contributions. Up to date practically no special collecting offices have been created, while the number of sick funds authorized to collect the dues of insured persons is approximately 6 000 and in addition nearly 2,000 state officials perform the same duty. The regulations of the invalidity law in regard to the organization, methods of procedure, return of contributions, and method of collect- ing dues do not, however, apply to the special invaUdity institutes {Besondere Kassen-Einrichtungen). The Federal Council is author- 1394 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OP LABOB. ized to permit these special insurance institutes to conduct the inva- Hdity insurance of their members who are thereby freed from mem- bership in the territorial institutes. The reasons for permitting these special institutes to conduct the insurance alongside the industrial insurance are given in the official report of the invalidity and old-age law of 1889; the principal ground was that at the time the law was framed the establishments conducted by the Empire, by the States, and by the local governments already had in existence invalidity and old-age funds which made adequate provision for persons insured in them and which rested upon an adequate financial basis; there was no reason for withdrawing the members fTom these funds and affiliat- ing them with the territorial funds, and against such procedure was cited the important instance that the benefits provided by these special funds were in many cases higher than the benefits provided under the imperial law. It was finally decided to permit these funds to continue in operation with the stipulation that their benefits should in no case be less than the benefits provided under the imperial law. The Federal Council decides whether in any given case the benefits are equal to or higher than those provided by the imperial law. The funds recognized by the federal council as complying with the regu- lations consist of a number of railroad funds and of miners' funds. These funds receive the imperial subsidy for each pension which they grant, and collect the dues and pay the benefits in accordance with the provisions of their own constitutions, these instruments having been approved by the imperial insurance office. The computation of the benefits must, of course, be the same (or more favorable to the insured persons) as in the case of the territorial institutes, and the computation of the waiting time must include the time during which the insured person was affiliated with one of the territorial funds, just the same as the territorial institute must give full credit in computing the pension of a person formerly connected with a special invalidity institute. Persons employed in establishments subject to the law may affiliate themselves with the special insurance institutes provided that they have such a right in connection with the territorial insti- tutes, and the same thing applies in connection with the right to con- tinue the insurance after leaving such employment. The contribu- tions of members of the special institutes may not be higher than contributions of employers, and, as a rule, are to be one-half of the total amount of dues established by the constitution and the law. It is not necessary for the special institutes to collect contributions by using the method of stamps and receipt cards, and, as a matter of fact, the special institutes have not used this method. Payment of benefits by the institutes need not be made through the post-office, and if the institutes themselves pay the benefits the imperial subsidy is forwarded to the institutes directly. The guarantor of solvency CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1395 of the special institutes is, in case these institutes are connected with imperial or state establishments, the owner of the establish- ment; in all other cases the State in which the establishments are located is responsible for the solvency of the institute. As the State is responsible for the obligations which these institutes take upon themselves, granting the right to conduct invalidity insurance to these organizations has been done only after careful consideration. In the case of some of the miners' funds, for instance, it was necessary to consider whether the possible exhaustion of the coal fields where these miners were employed would not eventually leave upon the State the obligation to pay great amounts of pension liabilities. In the case of the railroads, the matter was simpler, as the State or the Empire was the owner of these establishments. Besides the railway funds and miners' funds mentioned above, article 11 of the law of 1899 authorized the Federal Council to permit the accident association created under the navigation-accident insur- ance law to conduct the invalidity insurance of the seamen, etc., insured against accident under that law. This special permission was granted on condition that the navigation accident association should create a system of pensions for widows and orphans in addition to the regu- lar invalidity insurance. It was pointed out in the report accom- panying the 1899 law that seamen were exposed to special risks and were liable to special forms of invalidity due to their exposure to climatic influences, tropical diseases, and the like, and in addition these risks from special diseases were more serious than was ordinarily the case, because of the frequent absence of medical treatment during the voyage. It was but seldom that seamen and navigators had an opportunity to acquire the right to an invalidity or old-age pension, because they frequently gave up their occupation as sailor and took up some independent occupation or calling where they were not sub- ject to the compulsory insurance, and would therefore not retain whatever rights might have accrued to them in regard to pensions. In the opinion of the report provision for the widows and orphans in the case of seamen was more important than that of invalidity or old ao'e. It was admitted that a system of invalidity and old-age insur- ance for seamen could be provided much more cheaply if organized separately than if made part of the territorial institute. Understand- ino- this condition, the employers in the navigation industry had fre- quently declared themselves ready to institute a system of widow and orphan insurance if allowed to conduct the invalidity insurance of their employees separately. Before the introduction of the compul- sory insurance system' there had existed a number of special funds supported by the shipowners and seamen in common, which provided benefits for sick and invalid seamen as well as made provision for the widows and orphans. The law as enacted provides that the insur- 1396 KEPOBT OF THE. COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. ance of persons included in this fund should permit the participation of the insured persons in the administration of the fund in proportion to the amount which their dues were to the dues of the shipowners. The share of the dues paid by the employers may not be less than half of the total amount collected, and in no case shall the dues of the insured persons exceed that of the employers. If the contributions or dues of the insured persons are arranged in different classes, the pensions are to be varied accordingly. The waiting time for widow and orphan insurance was not to be greater than that for the inva- lidity insurance. The other features of this system of insurance for widows and orphans are described in the following section. INVALIDITY, WIDOW, AND ORPHAN INSURANCE OF MEMBERS OF THE NAVIGATION ACCIDENT ASSOCIATION. The accident association of employers engaged in navigation, which up to the year 1907 had been engaged only in providing accident insurance for the employers affiliaied with it, on the first day of that year introduced a system of invalidity insurance, including provision for the widows and orphans of seamen and other persons engaged in navigation. In accordance with article 1 1 of the invalidity insurance law the plan to introduce this system of insurance was first submitted to the Federal Council, which approved the plan, and the insurance has been in force since January 1, 1907. The insurance is administered by a fund which bears the name "Invalidity, Widow, and Orphan Insurance Fund of the Navigation Accident Insurance Association," with headquarters in Hamburg. The administrative bodies of the fund are the board of directors and the general meeting; the first consists of sixteen members, the sec- ond of fifty members, each body being composed half of employers and half of insured persons. The fund is not an independent person but is a subsidiary corporation of the navigation accident associa- tion. Controversies arising in connection with the operations of this fund, as well as all other disputes relating to invaUdity insurance, are to be settled by the arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. The imperial insurance office has general supervision of the fund. The persons insured are all those over sixteen years of age who are subject to the compulsory insurance of the invaUdity insurance law of July 13, 1899, provided that such persons are in receipt of wages or salary. Ship captains whose regular annual income in wages or salary exceeds 2,000 marks ($476.00) are not included in the insurance. Owners of vessels which are regularly manned by not more than two persons, besides the owner, are permitted to insure themselves voluntarily, if not over forty years of age. If not over forty years of age captains of vessels whose regular annual earnings in wages CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1397 or salary are more than 2,000 marks ($476.00) but not more than 3,000 marks ($714.00) are also permitted to voluntarily . insure themselves. These two classes of persons are further permitted to continue their insurance if they cease to be employed in positions which give them the privilege of voluntary insurance. In fact, all members subject to the compulsory insurance are permitted to vol- untarily continue their insurance in the fund so long as they do not accept a position which gives them insurance in another fund which is part of the compulsory invalidity insurance system. This volun- tary insurance and continuation of insurance relates both to the invalidity and old-age insurance as well as to the insurance for wid- ows and orphans, but the privilege of continuation of insurance in the widow and orphan fund is granted to persons working on foreign vessels only so long as their families continue to reside in Germany and for a period not to exceed one year, though in special cases this period may be extended by the board of directors. If a seaman enters the service of a foreign army or a navy, then the right to con- tinuation of insurance ceases with the date of beginning such service. Those survivors who have received compensation upon the basis of laws other than the navigation accident insurance law are not enti- tled to pensions under this law. The claim of a widow to a widow's pension does not depend on whether the widow is disabled or not, but a widow has no right to pension if the marriage has been contracted after the deceased hus- band was disabled or after he was seventy years old, or after the occurrence of an accident which was compensated by the navigation accident association with a partial pension or in case the deceased was not disabled, if the marriage was contracted within three months before his death. A claim to a widow's pension may not be made by a widow whose deceased husband at the time of death had ceased to be subject to the compulsory insurance or had lost the right to continuation of insurance because of desertion from his vessel. As an exceptional measure the board of directors is author- ized in special cases to give a widow's pension even if the husband had been a deserter from his vessel. The fact that the husband had ceased to receive pension payments at the time of his death has no influence on the right of the widow to a widow's pension. Pensions to legitimate children (not yet fifteen years of age) of deceased insured persons and of deceased pensioners are granted under the same conditions as widows' pensions. The same class of children of insured female persons have a claim to orphans' pensions only if the father of the children at the time of the death of the mother is not living, or if living is disabled or has separated himself from the household and refuses to fulfiJl his obligations to maintain the chil- 1398 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. dren and can not be compelled to do so. Special regulations exist for illegitimate children. The annual amount of the widow's pension as well as the pension for an orphan child is as follows (see page 1368 for the wage classes) : Wage Class I '- 30 marks ($7.14) Wage Class II ■ 40 marks ($9.52) Wage Class III 50 marks ($11.90) Wage Class IV 65 marks ($15.47) Wage Class V 80 marks ($19.04) In computing the widows' and orphans' pensions only the contri- butions paid into the fund are considered, and if the contributions belong to different wage classes then the widows' and orphans' pen- sions are to be arranged on the average rates corresponding to these contributions. The widow and orphan pensions may not together exceed three times the sum of one pension, and if there are more than three persons entitled to a pension then the individual pensions must be reduced pro rata. These pensions are frankly admitted to be small, but it is claimed for them that they mean an important addition in defraying the cost of living. An official periodical states that since the seamen belong principally to the higher of the wage classes specified in the list above the majority of the pensions will be based on the higher rates. The constitution of the fund contemplates an increase in the amounts of the pensions if at the expiration of three years the actuarial balance shows a surplus; such a balance must be struck regularly every five years thereafter, and in case of a surplus increases are to be made. In addition the fund expects that as soon as the imperial system of wido.w's and orphan's insurance is introduced the claimants under the fund's system of insurance will, in addition to the above sums, receive the federal subsidy. In case the widow remarries a settlement equal in amount to three annual payments is provided for her; both widows and orphans who permanently change their residence to localities not within the bounds of the German Empire are also to be given a settlement of three times their annual pensions. The claim to widows' and orphans' pensions ceases for those claimants who receive pensions on the basis of the accident insurance law or of the employers' liability law, or who receive state or com- munal pensions as long as and in so far as the amount of the widow and orphan pension, together with the amount received from the pensions just mentioned, exceeds 750 marks ($178.50) annually. The right to a pension also ceases if the claimant is subjected to a penalty causing loss of liberty involving more than one month, or is maintained in a workhouse or in a reformatory ; also the claim CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1399 ceases if the claimant does not reside in Germany or within the area specified in article 48, paragraph 1 of the invalidity insurance law. The provisions of the invalidity insurance law (article 55) in regard to the freedom of pensions from seizure and attachment apply also to pensions granted by this institution. The money-order division of the Post-Office Department transmits the pension moneys. The regulations in the imperial pension law (see page 1369) in regard to the wage classes to which the various members belong apply also to the persons insured in this fund. The amounts of the dues are: Ifonthly dues. Wage Class 1 20 pfennigs (4.8 cents) Wage Class II 26 pfennigs (6.2 cents) Wage Class III 32 pfennigs (7.6 cents) Wage Class IV 40 pfennigs (9.5 cents) Wage Class V 46 pfennigs (10.9 cents) The amount of the dues and benefits has been computed on the basis of the following estimated receipts: The dues from the imperial invalidity insurance from approximately 49,000 seamen (the number included in the year 1905) would amount annually to about 670,000 marks ($159,460); to cover the expenses of the special invalidity widow and orphan pension system would need an addition to this sum of approximately 200,000 marks ($47,600) annually. The receipts are to come one-half from the shipowners and one-half from the insured persons. The payment of dues for commanders of vessels and for the crews is arranged on practically the same principles as that for the accident insurance. At the end of each calendar j'^ear the amount is paid on the basis of the estimated number of persons included in the crews. The usual arrangements of receipts for the dues in the form of mem- bership cards on which stamps are pasted follows that in use for the federal invalidity insurance system. The determination of the right to the pension for invalidity, old ao'e as well as in the case of widows and orphans, rests with the board of directors of the fund, and in general follows the same procedure as that in use for the imperial invahdity insurance system. PBOFOSEB BEFOBMS. Under the provisions of the proposed insurance code (see page 1052), the most important addition to the invalidity insurance is that relating to the benefits for survivors of insured persons. In the future the invalidity institutes are to administer not only the invalidity and old-ao'e insurance, but also the insurance for survivors of insured persons. The invalidity insurance is extended to include helpers and apprentices in apothecaries as well as persons who are employed in theaters or in orchestras without regard to the artistic character 1400 KEPOET OF TSE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. of their labor. Those subjects of the German Empire who represent officially the Federal Government or the federal State in foreign countries, as well as their assistants, are declared to be insured. Raising the contributions for this class of persons is to be regulated by the Federal Council. The present clause in the law permitting the exemption from the insurance provided that the insured person can prove that adequate provision for the disability covered by the law is provided by other sources, is so changed that the person desiring to be exempted must show that the provision includes proper pensions for widows and orphans. Persons who are in receipt of an accident pension are no longer permitted to exempt themselves from the obligation of invalidity insurance, this provision being inserted on account of the introduction of widow and orphan insurance. On account of the introduction of the widow and orphan insurance, weekly contributions of the invalidity insurance are to be increased. The increases are to be as follows: Wage Class 1 14 to 16 pfenn^ (3.3 to 3.8 cents) Wage Class II 20 to 24 pfennigs (4.8 to 5.7 cents) Wage Class III 24 to 30 pfennigs (5.7 to 7.1 cents) Wage Class IV 30 to 38 pfennigs (7.1 to 9.0 cents) Wage Class V 36 to 46 pfennigs (8.6 to 10.9 cents) The proposed insurance code provides that in determining and revising the benefits practically the same procedure is to be followed as in the case of the accident insurance (see page 1057). The claimant or the insurance institute may appeal from the decisions of the local insurance office to the superior insurance office; the pro- cedure in such cases is practically the same as the procedure in the existing arbitration courts for workmen's insurance. If the superior insurance office desires to depart from a previous ruling of the imperial (or state) insurance office, then it shall transmit the case, together with its opinion, to the imperial insurance office, which shall then decide in place of the superior insurance office. The code permits a restricted appeal from decisions of the superior insurance office to the imperial insurance office. The list of cases in which appeals may not be made is quite large and will undoubtedly serve to relieve the latter body from the excess of business which now prevents it from transacting business as rapidly as is desired. The conditions under which the right to receive a pension ceases have been modified in favor of the insured person; the receipt of pensions or other benefits from other sources shall not in the future cause the cessation of pensions, and if considerations of health require the insured person to live in a foreign country this shall not cause the pension to cease. If a pensioner moves to a German colony or a German protectorate the pension is in the future to be CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1401: continued. The regulations for equalizing the expenditures of the insurance institutes are changed considerably. As heretofore the general cost of the insurance is to consist of the basic amount of the invalidity pensions, the increases in pensions due to weeks of sickness, and the expenditures for rounding off the amounts of pensions. Instead, however, of adding to the general cost three-fourths of the old-age pension, in future the entire amount of old-age pension is to be made -one of the general costs. To the general cost also are to be added the increases in pension due to time spent in military service and that share of the cost of the widows' and orphans' pensions which is to be paid by the invalidity institutes. In the future, therefore, the special cost of the invalidity institutes consists only of the supplementary increases in the invalidity pensions. That part of the receipts which is to cover the expenditures for the general costs is in the future to consist of 50 per cent instead of 40 per cent. During the time in which the insured person is engaged in military service or is in the receipt of sick benefits, the insurance institutes must place to his credit stamps for Wage Class II, which are to be counted as regular weekly contributions. The duty of attaching these stamps in cases of sickness is imposed on the sick fund or on the local agency of the invalidity institute; for persons employed in imperial or state establishments the oflBicials in charge may attach the stamps. After the period of military service has been concluded, the local agency must attach the proper number of stamps when a new receipt card is filled out. The conditions under which contri- butions are not recognized or are considered as not having been made are modified in favor of the insured person and the conditions under which an insured person may later make up back payments are made easier for the workman. Contributions which have been made under a mistaken idea that they were obligatory may be counted as voluntary insurance contributions. In response to the general demand for permission to make higher contributions in order to secure higher amounts of benefits than those specified in the law the bill proposes that insured persons (including persons voluntarily insuring themselves) may attach to their receipt cards contribution stamps in any amount and at any time that they desire. In return for such stamps sup- plementary pensions are to be paid during the continuance of the invalidity. These supplementary stamps are to cost 1 mark (23 8 cents) each and for each stamp attached to the card the amount of 2 pfennigs (0.476 cent) multiplied by the number of years which have passed between the date on the stamp and the date of the invalidity will be added to the annual amount of the pension. According to a statement contained in the report accompanying the 1402 KEPOHT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. bill, if an insured person, beginning with the twenty-fifth year of age, adds each month a supplementary stamp of 1 mark (23.8 cents) and such person becomes entitled to an invalidity pension in his fifty-sixth year of age, the supplementary pension will amount to 119.04 marks ($28.33) annually. If, however, the invahdity occurs at the age of 65 and no supplementary stamps have been paid after the age of 56, then the supplementary penadon will be 186 marks ($44.27); if, how- ever, between the ages of 56 and 65 supplementary stamps to the value of 1 mark monthly have been paid, the supplementary pension will then be 196.80 marks ($46.84). It is also proposed that if the supplementary pension is not more than 60 marks ($14.28), the insured person shall receive a lump-sum settlement equal to the capitalized value of such pension. The bill proposes that the receipts from supplementary contributions shall be added to the general assets and the expenditures for supplementary pensions are to form a part of the general cost. WIDOW AND ORPHAN INSURANCE. The proposed insurance code makes the widow and orphan insur- ance part of the invalidity insurance, and it is to be administered by the agencies of the latter. The claim to benefits for survivors is made dependent on the deceased having complied with the require- ments regarding waiting time and the payment of dues. The pen- sions provided are pensions for widows and for orphans. If the widow by paying contributions herself has complied with the required waiting time for the invalidity pension she is entitled, however, to only one pension, this being the invalidity pension which would in the nature of things, be higher than the widow's pension. This pro- vision was inserted in order to make it to the interest of female insured persons to secure invalidity pension on their own account. As a slight recompense for the widow's pension, which would not be given in such case, the law provides for "widow money" and "orphan money." A widow's pension is paid only on condition that the widow is an invalid; invalidity means the same as invalidity specified in the invalidity insurance law, but it is given a somewhat more liberal definition in article 1315 of the code, which reads as follows: A widow is to be considered an invalid if, by an employment befitting her strength and powers and with due regard to her training and previous social standing {Lebensstellung), she is not able to earn one-third of that amount which women in good physical and mental health of similar training in the same locality are able to earn through their labor. Orphans' pensions are to be granted to the legitimate children of male insured persons and to the fatherless children of female insured CHAPTER V. — WOEKMEn's INSTJEANCE IN GEEMANY. 1403 persons, if such children are under 15 years of age. Under certain circumstances pensions may be granted to the orphan children of a deceased female insured person even if the father is Uving. Father- less grandchildren under 15 years of age who are in necessitous circumstances may receive pensions while such circumstances con- tinue if the deceased insured person was the main or principal source of their support. Widow money is paid to insured widows on the death of the insured husband and orphan money is paid to the children when the fifteenth year of age is completed. Both widows' pensions and orphans' pen- sions cease in case of remarriage. The authority which the invalidity institute has to subject an insured person to medical treatment for the purpose of removing invalidity may also be used in the case of widows. The pensions granted in case of invalidity and old age remain unchanged in amount. The benefits of the widow and orphan insurance consist of the following: The imperial subsidy to a widow's pension or to "widow money" is 50 marks ($11.90); the subsidy to an orphan's pension is 25 marks ($5.95), and the subsidy to "orphan money" is 16§ marks ($4.05). The part of the expenditure which must be paid by the invalidity institutes is three-tenths of widows' pensions, three-tenths of the pension for one orphan, and for each additional orphan one-fortieth of the basic amount and of the supplementary increase of the inva- lidity pension to which the deceased supporter of the family was entitled at the time of his death or in case of invalidity. The pensions granted to the survivors of an insured person rhay not together be more than one and one-half times the invalidity pension, and if there are only orphan pensions the latter may not be more than the amount of the invalidity pension. If an orphan entitled to a pension ceases to be so entitled (has reached the required age, died, etc.), then the other orphans are to be increased to the highest possible amount. The "widow money" is to be equal to twelve times the monthly amount of the widow's pension, and the "orphan money" is to be eight times the amount of the orphan pension received. In case of voluntary insurance, in computing the widow and orphan pensions the contributions are to be counted at only half the amount paid in. The same rule must be used in regard to the voluntary insurance in the form of additional contributions. Article 15 of the customs tariff law of December 25, 1902 (amended by the law of December 11, 1909), contained the provision that whenever the receipts from the tariff on certain food products exceeded the average per capita receipts during the 5-year period 1898 to 1902, the net excess is to be used to facilitate the introduc- tion of a system of insurance for widows and orphans. A special 1404 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. law for the creation of the insurance system is to be enacted and until such a law is passed, the money so received is to be placed at interest and allowed to accumulate. If a law for the insurance of widows and orphans is not enacted by April 1, 1911, the interest on the funds accumulated up to that date and the future annual receipts are to be turned over to the invalidity insurance institutes in accord- ance with certain specified rules. The collection of the excess just described was to begin after the year 1905; for 1906 and 1908 there were no receipts; for 1907 the receipts were about 42,000,000 marks ($9,996,000); for 1909 no information was available regarding the receipts at the time of writing this report. The experience of the three years during which the law has been in force indicates clearly that the excess of receipts from the customs tariff is not adapted for the purpose of a source of income for an insurance system. The proposed plan of widow and orphan insurance substitutes for the uncertain income of the customs tariff, a regular contribution from the Imperial Government in the form of subsidies to the benefits granted by the insurance organizations. PBOPOSED INSTTBANCE OF OFFICIALS AND PEBSONS HOLDINO SALABIED POSITIONS IN PRIVATE ESTABLISHMENTS. Both in Germany and Austria a strong demand exists for provid- ing a system of insurance to the salaried employees of private estab- lishments who are not included in any existing system of workmen's insurance. It is generally recognized that persons not engaged in the actual work of producing commodities need for themselves, their dependents, and their survivors some means of providing against distress due to the partial or entire loss of earning power caused by physical disabihty. Persons whose economic condition is more favorable, who hold, for instance, the higher paid positions of this kind, are able to procure such insurance against distress because of more favorable employment contracts, by savings, and by insurance with private companies at their own expense. For the more favorably situated officials the system of compulsory insur- ance as proposed is not necessary. Those who are less favorably situated, who of course are more numerous thS,n those just men- tioned, are able to obtain some provision for the relief of distress of this kind in the existing voluntary institutions attached to estab- lishments. Most of these institutions can not be regarded as pro- viding insurance in the proper sense of the word even though they are of considerable importance. Besides the various institutions attached to the commercial and industrial establishments the officials ' themselves have established self-help organizations, which are of even greater importance than those just mentioned — for example, the CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1405 Versicherungs Lexikon of Professor Manes mentions as leading insti- tutions of this kind the Deutsche Privatbeamtenverein in Magdeburg, the Verein fiir Handlungskommis of 1858 in Hamburg, the Verband deutscher Handlungsgehilfen in Leipzig, the Allgemeine Deutschen Buchhandlungsgehilfenverband, the Deutsche Technikerverband in Berlin, the Deutsche Bankbeamtenverein in Berlin, etc. It must be admitted that these efforts at organized self-help, how- ever beneficial they are, do not make possible a general system of insurance for private officials. As is always the case with voluntary insurance, only those persons possessing foresight and those favorably situated seek aid from such organizations. The lower grades of incomes of the private officials are not much higher than the similar grades of income of the better situated workmen. The existing legislation provides for the insurance against sickness of establishment officials, foremen, technical workers, commercial employees, and apprentices, persons engaged in the offices of attorneys, notaries, and those persons employed by sick funds, by accident insurance associations, by the invalidity insur- ance institutes under the provisions of the law, including those whose salaries do not exceed 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. In the acci- dent-insurance system there are insured masters of vessels, estab- lishment officials, foremen, and technical oflacials of insured establish- ments under the provision insuring those whose annual earnings are less than 3,000 marks ($714) per annum. Establishment officials with higher salaries can be brought within the scope of the insurance by a vote of the accident association; the invalidity-insurance system includes establishment officials, foremen, technical officials, com- mercial assistants, and apprentices, as well as other persons holding positions whose occupation is their main source of support ; instructors and tutors, masters of vessels engaged in marine and inland trans- portation, provided that such persons receive salaries or wages not exceeding 2,000 marks ($476) per annum. All of those persons receiving salaries in excess of 2,000 marks ($476), but less than 3,000 marks ($714) are entitled to insure themselves voluntarily under the compulsory law. Furthermbre, a certain amount of protection in cases of sickness is given to private officials by article 617 of the Civil Code, which specifies that the employer must provide in cases of sickness for maintenance and medical treatment for not more than 6 weeks to persons employed in his household. The movement for a special system of insurance for officials in the service of private establishments and for persons holding salaried posi- tions began in Austria about the year 1888 and soon exerted a strong influence on the same classes of persons in Germany. An associa- tion of commercial employees in the Rhein district took up the ques- tion about seven years later, but were unable to secure any tangible 1406 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. results. In 1898 a national convention of commercial employees was held in Leipzig with this system of insurance as the topic of dis- cussion, but again practically no results were obtained. The bill introduced in the Austrian Parliament in 1901 stimulated the move- ment in Germany and led to the formation of a national committee of representatives of the large organizations, of officials, salaried per- sons, etc. The same objections which were made to other systems of compulsory insurance also arose here; in particular, a large number of the persons who would be included in such a system of insurance objected to any plan which would involve compulsory insurance, and it was several years before the hostility to a compulsory system was overcome. In 1903 the cormnittee above referred to undertook an investigation of the economic condition of the officials and salaried persons engaged in private establishments; the data collected in this investigation were compiled by the Ministry of the Interior and were presented to the Imperial Parliament in 1907. C) According to the statements in the repbrt the requests of persons holding positions as officials in private establishments for the institu- tion of a system of invalidity pensions and pensions for old age begin- ning with the sixty-sixth year of age, as an addition to the existing system of invalidity insurance, could not be complied with. Neither was it possible, because of both social and financial obligations, to comply with the desire to exempt private officials from the imperial law relating to invalidity insurance and to substitute therefor a special insurance institute for the purpose of providing a special system of insurance. Any such system of insurance of private officials must, according to this report, be made a supplementary part of the existing imperial system of invalidity insurance and must be introduced as a compulsory system. The proposed compulsory insurance for such officials would include all persons over 16 years of age, but not over 60 years of age at the time of the introduction of the new system. Incomes in excess of 5,000 marks ($1,190) would have the excess of this amount disre- garded in computing pensions. To administer the insurance an impe- rial insurance institute for private officials was proposed, having the same form of organization as the invalidity insurance institute. The proposed institute would be supported by contributions paid one-half by the employers and one-half by the insured persons. The proposed benefits of the system would be the following: First, male persons would be granted, after they paid 120 monthly due pay- ments, (a) in case of invalidity (meaning occupational invalidity), an oDenkschrift fiber die wirtschaftliche Lage der Privatangestellten, bearbeitet auf Grund der im Okt. 1903 angestellten Erhebungen der Privatbeamtenverbande im Reichsamt des Innem, Berlin, 1907. Denkschrift, betreffend die Pensions- und Hinterbliebenen-Versicherung der Pri- vatangestellten, bearbeitet im Reichsamt des Innem, Berlin, 1908. CHAPTER V. — ^WOBKMEN's INSTJBANCE IN GEBMANY. 1407 invalidity pension; (6) after attaining the age of 65 years, an old age pension; (c) in case of death, benefits to survivors. Second, female- persons would receive, after the payment of 120 monthly due payments, the same pecuniary benefits as males; in addition, how- ever, it is proposed to provide, after the expiration of 60 contribution months, an invalidity pension (meaning occupational invalidity) of a fixed sum, and in case of death either orphans' pensions or a return of the sums paid in as dues. Invalidity pensions are to be composed of, first, a fixed amount, and, second, of supplementary amounts. The fixed amount is always to be one-fourth of the value of the first 120 monthly due payments, the increases from supplementary amounts are to be one-eighth of the value of the contributions in excess of 120 monthly due payments until the occurrence of the point for which the insurance exists (invalidity, death, etc.). The fixed invalidity pension which in certain cases is to be paid to female insured persons is one-fourth of the first 60 monthly due payments. The widow's pension is two-fifths, the pen- sion to half orphans is to be two twenty-fifths, and the pension for orphans is to be two-fifteenths of the pension to which the deceased was entitled if at the time of his death he was following his occupation. The dues which the official report considers necessary for these benefits amounts for both male and female insured persons to 8 per cent of the average salary of that class in which their salary is classi- fied. It is proposed to have 10 such wage classes; the lowest classes, however, do not correspond with those of the invalidity insurance, while the highest includes all salaries over 5,000 marks ($1,190). The report shows which part of these contributions would be required to provide for the various features in the proposed insurance system, so that if the amount estimated to be necessary is regarded as being too high, different features could be reduced or eliminated. STATISTICS OF OPEBATIONS OF THE INVALIDITY INSTTRANCE SYSTEM. The statistics of operations of the invalidity insurance system are published annually in the January issue of the Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts; supplements to this series have been issued annually which contain data relating to the operations of the insurance organizations in the field of medical treatment, preventive medicine, etc. C') Supplements were also issued in 1898 and 1903 con- taining studies of the causes of invalidity(*) and m 1901 contammg the data relative to the number of invalids who ceased to draw pensions because of recovery from invandity.(0 The figures relating to the o Statistik der Heilbehandlung bei den VersicherungBanstalten und zugelassenen Kasseneinrichtungen der Invalidenversichening. 6 Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfahigkeit (Invaliditat). c Das Ausscheiden der Invalidenrentenempfanger der Jahre 1891 bis 1899 aus dem Rentengenuss. 1408 EBPOBT OF THE OOMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. investments of the reserve and the operations of the arbitration courts are given annually in either the March or the February issues of th^ Amtliche Nachrichten des Keichs-Versicherungsamts. The compila- tion of statistics of the entire system of workmen's insurance prepared by a member of the imperial insurance office C*) contains a convenient summary of the principal data of the invalidity insurance system. SUMMARY. The estimated number of persons included in the invalidity insur- ance system since its creation, together with a comparison of the population of the Empire, is shown in the following table: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF PEBSOl^rS INSURED AGAINST INVALIDITY AND OLD AGE . COMPARED WITH THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE, 1891 TO 1908. [Source: Statistik der Arbeiterversicherung des Deutschen Reichs, 1885-1906.] Year. 1891 . ... 24, 400, 000 1892 24, 653, 000 1893 24, 899, 000 1894 25,192,000 1895 26, 523, 000 1896 26, 902, OOO 1897 26, 316, 000 1898 . 26, 740, 000 1899 27,168,000 1900 27, 574, OOO 1901 27,985,000 1902 28,416,000 1903 28, 824, 000 1904 29,225,000 1905 29, 721, 000 1906 30, 149, 000 1907(6) 1908(6) 30,640,000 31,084,000 Population of the Empire. Male. Female. 25,362,000 25,613,000 25, 858, 000 26,147,000 26,478,000 26,851,000 27,263,000 27,666,000 28,080,000 28,472,000 28,886,000 29,330,000 29, 752, 000 30, 166, 000 30,593,000 31,028,000 31,443,000 31,898,000 Total. 49, 762, 000 50,266,000 50,757,000 51,339,000 52, OOI, 000 52, 753, 000 53,569,000 54, 406, 000 65,248,000 56,046,000 56,871,000 57, 746, 000 68,576,000 69,391,000 60,314,000 61,177,000 62,083,000 62,982,000 Estimated numter of persons insured. 11,490,200 11, 650, 400 11, 812, 800 11,977,600 12,144,500 12,313,800 12,485,500 12,659,600 12,836,100 13,015,100 13, 196, 600 13,380,600 13,567,200 13,756,400 13,948,200 14,142,700 <:14,958,118 cl5,22&000 Number of persons insured per 1,000 popula- tion. 231 232 233 233 234 233 233 233 232 232 232 232 232 232 231 231 ment. Days of treat- ment per person. Amount. Per cent of total cost of treat ment. Per person treated. Per day of treat- ment. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902...... 1903 1904 1906 1906 1907 1908 2,466 3,623 6,696 8,037 11,249 12,886 16,047 18,634 21,788 25,749 26,287 31,979 69 74 74 72 77 78 80 79 82 83 82 83 190,306 292, 632 446,318 629,446 868,473 1,051,810 1,324,133 1,531,221 1,761,968 2,054,502 2,093,768 2,500,476 72 79 78 76 79 84 86 86 89 89 88 88 77 81 78 78 77 82 83 82 81 80 80 78 $182,283 292,886 443,093 680,710 962,485 1,167,197 1,507,934 1,726,485 • 2,045,127 2,423,100 2,601,246 3,113,600 72.42 79.66 77.52 76.96 80.32 83.71 85.61 85.60 88.77 88.66 88.42 88.36 $73.96 80.84 77.79 84.70 85.66 90.59 93.97 92.65 93.86 94.10 96.15 97.36 $0.96 1.00 .99 1.08 1.11 1.11 1.14 1.13 1.16 1.18 1.19 1.24 CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1415 RESULTS or SPECIAL TREATMENT WHEREIN TREATMENT WAS COMPLETED, 1897 TO 1908— Concluded. I. PuLM0N.4Ky TuBEECCLOSis, MALES AND FEMALES— Concluded. (b) casks wheeein disability was not kemoved. Persons treated. Days of treatment. Cost of treatment. Year. Number. Per cent of all persons treated. Number. Per cent otaU days of treat- ment. Days of treat- ment per person. Amount. Per cent of total cost of treat- ment. Per person treated. Per day of treat- ment. 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1966 1907 1908 1,103 1,287 2,002 3,057 3,407 3,604 4,101 4,843 4,833 5,273 5,787 6,746 31 26 26 28 23 22 20 21 18 17 18 17 73,295 77,302 125,896 193,891 226,934 197,363 214,776 264,713 226,300 258,348 282,721 333,944 28 21 22 24 21 16 14 14 11 11 12 12 66 60 63 63 67 55 62 63 47 49 49 50 $69,422 76,242 128,501 215,399 235,797 227, 163 265,525 290,394 258,602 309,862 327,644 410,252 27.58 20.44 22.48 24.04 19.68 16.29 14.42 14.40 11.23 11.34 11.58 11.64 S62.94 58.46 64.19 70.46 69.21 63.03 62.31 59.96 63.51 58.76 56.62 60.81 JO. 95 .97 1.02 1.11 1.04 1.15 1.19 1.14 1.14 1.20 1.16 1.23 II. Diseases other than Pulmonakt Tuberculosis, Males and Females. (A) cases wherein disability was removed. 1897 3,797 08 204,741 69 54 $155,444 71.87 $•10.94 $0.76 1898 5,451 73 278,272 73 51 216, 104 75.90 39.04 .78 1899 7,531 71 375,777 71 50 286,412 74.68 38.03 .76 190O 10,145 72 502,831 72 50 426, 950 74.91 41.99 .85 1901 11,210 74 562,714 73 60 499,288 75.36 44.54 .89 1902 11,974 75 597,600 74 50 670, 160 77.53 47.62 .95 1903 15,092 77 739,269 77 49 746,413 79.47 49. 46 1.01 1904 16,346 79 784,897 79 48 789,921 81.79 48.33 1.01 1905 18,265 82 853,721 83 47 909,933 85.28 49.82 1.07 1906 20,138 82 910,223 83 45 967,037 85.08 48.02 1.06 1907 22,198 83 1,030.429 84 46 1.140,920 86.63 51.40 l.Il 1908 24,343 83. 1,140,059 84 47 1,266,987 85.96 52.05 1.11 (B) CASES WHEREIN DISABILITY WAS NOT REMOVED. 1897 .. . 1,776 32 92,450 31 62 $60, 844 28.13 $34.20 $0.66 1898 2,063 27 100,597 27 49 68,599 24.10 33.25 .68. 1899 . - 3,141 29 154,142 29 49 97,130 25.32 30.92 .63 1900 3,886 28 198, 198 28 61 142, U47 25.09 36.71 .72 1901 3,975 26 209,596 27 63 163,263 24.04 41.07 .78 1902 4,059 25 207,839 26 61 165.240 22.47 40.71 .80 1903 4,537 23 223,888 23 49 192,799 20.53 42.49 .86 1904 4,262 21 205,069 21 48 175,841 18.21 41.26 .85 4,057- 18 177,367 17 44 157,067 14.72 38.72 .89 1906 4.428 18 190, 515 17 43 169,358 14.92 38.29 .89 4,539 17 189,068 10 42 176.061 13.37 38.79 .93 1908. ... 5,069 17 210,316 10 41 206,964 14.01 40.83 .98 The first table indicates the scope of the work as far as the number of persons is concerned. In 1908 the number given special treat- ment for pulmonary tuberculosis was 38,725, the number given special treatment for other diseases was 29,412, and the number given other kind of treatment was 18,853, or, together, 86,990 per- sons were provided with medical treatment which was in the main preventive in its nature. Of the persons granted special (i. e. more or less prolonged) medical treatment, the cases of pulmonary tubercu- losis were in the great majority. The number of days of special treatment are likewise principally for pulmonary tuberculosis. 46598°— 10 90 1416 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. In the second of the preceding tables the data presented for the cases given special treatment are classified by the results of the treat- ment shown. The results of treatment among the cases of pulmo- nary tuberculosis show for the last five years that in about 80 per cent of the cases treated the disability was removed. This high proportion is probably due to the selection of cases for treatment which promise favorable results. The average duration of treat- ment per person in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis wherein the disa- bility was removed has remained at about 80 days during the last five years. The average amount expended per case of this kind has gradually increased, and in 1908 was but little short of $100 per case. The cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in which disa- bility was not removed received shorter average periods of treat- ment than the cases wherein the disease was arrested, it being natural to discontinue treatment as soon as it becomes evident that favorable progress is not being made. NTJMBEH AND AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED. The total number of persons in receipt of pensions at the close of each year since 1896 is shown in the following table: NUMBER or PERSONS ON THE PENSION ROLLS OP THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES, 1896 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Naohricliten des Relehs-Versielierungsaiiits, 1903- 1910.] Year (December 31). Current pensions at the close q( the year. Invalidity pensions. Sick pensions. Old-age pensions. 1890 161,070 210,839 264,899 324,319 405,335 486,915 574,842 603, 140 734, 955 780,701 814,575 841.992 808,086 893,585 203,953 1897 203,644 1898 201,329 1899 195, 133 1900 5,118 8,700 12,145 14,186 16,985 20,140 22,097 20,079 19,087 18,502 188 472 1901 179, 450 1902 168,550 1903 156,620 1904 145,466 1903 134,100 1906 125,603 1907 116,887 1908 108,037 1903 102,302 The number of invalidity pensions has each year increased without interruption since 1896, while the number of old-age pensions has each year decreased since 1896 ; the number of old-age pensions cur- rent on December 31, 1909, was practically one-half of the number current on December 31, 1896. The large number of persons granted old-age pensions — about 133,000 — at the beginning of the system in 1891 and the high death rate pf persons over 70 probably accounts for the rapid decrease in the number of pensioners since 1896. The CHAPTEB V. ^workmen's I3SrSUBAJ!CCE US' GEEMANY. 1417 • predominance of the invalidity pensions emphasizes the fact that the insurance system is primarily an invalidity insurance system as distinguished from an old-age iasurance system. The number of pensions for sickness increased steadily from 1900 up to 1906, but since then has shown a tendencj^ to decrease. The number of sick pensions granted during the year 190S was 12,209; the number of pensioners on the rolls at the close of the year 1908 was 19,087, being approximately one and one-half times the number granted during the year. The number of pensions and number of returns of contributions, xogether -with the average amount of each, are shown in the following table for the years 1891 to 1908: NUMBER AND AVEP.AGE AMOUNT OF PENSIONS GRANTED AND CONTRIBUTIONS RETURNED, 1891 TO 1903. [Source: Amtliclie Nachrichten des Reiehs-Verslcherungsamls, 1S9 O-IOIO.] Pensions for— Return of contributions on account of^ Year. Invalidily. Sickness. Old age. Marriage. Accident. Death. Num- ber. Aver- age amt. Num- ber. Aver- age* amt. Num- ber. Aver- age amt. Num- ber. Aver- age amt. Num- ber. Aver- age amt. Num- ber. Aver- age amt. 1891 31 17,784 35,177 47,386 55,933 64,460 75,746 84,781 90,665 124,588 129,234 1-41,481 150,209 142, 29J 124,111 111,885 112,184 117,224 327. 01 27.35 28.17 28.97 29.09 30.33 30.82 31.35 31.51 33.81 34.82 35.04 30.24 36.92 37.95 38.77 39. .52 iO. 53 132,926 42,128 31,083 33,871 30,144 25.953 22,320 19,,K5 17.. 320 19,7911 14, 7.39 12,816 12,374 12,0C9 10,716 10, 739 10.769 11,003 S29.51 . 30. 45 30.97 30.05 31. 54 31.95 32.55 33.10 33.94 34.64 35.80 30.41 36.98 37.41 37.87 38.27 38.47 33,83 1892 1893 1894 8,245 63,444 99,805 121,977 135,097 15a, ISS 15.3,111 153,289 134,349 154,310 151,. 8.52 153. >24 152,478 151,327 S4.72 5. 65 6.24 0.81 7 20 7.57 7.84 8 12 8.40 8.112 8, S.J 8.97 9. 1.3 9.25 2,271 16, 766 22,537 25,811 30,367 34,127 32,258 32,027 32,677 32,623 33,941 32,827 35,463 36,774 SO. 70 1890 7.52 8.54 1898 9.61 10.07 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1903 6,403 7,391 8,695 8,977 10,517 11,833 12,569 11,537 12,209 $35.10 30.11 36.08 37.11 37.81 38.25 38.86 39.57 40.44 234 360 569 776 857 765 710 616 587 $11.27 12. C2 13. S2 15.03 16.63 17.95 18 07 19.70 21.13 11.08 12.97 14.18 15.45 10.66 17.87 19.14 20.33 21.52 The number of invalidity pensions granted each year increased steadily up to the year 1903 and since that year has fluctuated, though the tendency during the last three 3'ears has been for the number to increase. The number of old-age pensions granted each year showed a tendency to decrease from 1891 to 1905, since which time the number has varied but little. The number of sickness pensions granted in 1908 was 10.4 per cent of the number of inva- lidity pensions; from the preceding table, giving the total number of current siclcness pensions, it is evident that these pensions are either soon converted into invalidity pensions or the pensioner soon recovers his working capacity. The benefits in the form of return of contributions on the occasion of marriage have fluctuated but little during the last five years given 1418 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOK^ in ,.. the table. As far as the number of payments of the benefit m the form of return of contributions is concerned, the return m case of accident is the least important feature of the system of benefits. The return of contributions in case of death practically amounts to a burial benefit in the invalidity insurance system; on the whole the payments of this kind, both in number and amount, have tended to increase during the period that the insurance system has been in operation. The data relating to the average size of the pensions paid show that in recent years the invalidity pensions as a rule have been slightly higher than the old-age pensions, though at the beginning of the system the reverse was true. There is but little difference between the average amount of the invalidity pensions and the sickness pensions. The tendency of all classes of pensions to increase corre- sponds to the increase in the average rate of dues paid by the insured persons, and the same naturally applies in the case of the return of contributions. RESERVE. The amount of the reserve of the invalidity insurance organiza- tions since the creation of the system is shown in the following table: RESERVE OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES AT THE CLOSE OF EACH YEAR, 1891 TO 1908. [Source: Arntliche Nactirictiteii des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 191Q.] Value of securities, etc., comprising the reserve of — Year. Territorial institutes. Special institutes. All institutes. Par value. Purchase price. Par value. Purchase price. Par value. Purchase price. 1891 518,866,097 37,325,056 55,772,682 74,058,043 92,333,662 11!, 093, 633 129,715,980 148,570,225 168,539,919 186,813,699 204,947,098 221,937,570 238,604,890 266,213,109 272,116,891 289,804,674 308,121,513 326,415,780 318,198,710 36,024,509 53,927,826 72,249,891 90,627,043 109,418,467 128,049,318 146,856,243 166,671,884 184,777,601 202,780,641 219,702,509 236,316,967 262,869,192 269, 726, 653 287,331,517 305, 789, 450 324,021,580 (-) (a) C) (a) C) C) C) (°) (a) $16,412,394 18,237,983 19,941,700 21, 690. 915 23,152,119 24,662,837 26,352,612 28,260,098 30, 397, 590 (") C) (°) C) (C) (») (a) (<■) (<•) 516,613,053 18,369,968 20,077,143 21,741,912 23,307,309 24,807,916 26,477,583 28,378,661 30,506,746 C) (=) C) C) («) («) 5203,226,993 223,186,081 241,879,270 260,196,805 278,366,228 296,778,728 316,167,086 336,381,611 366,813,370 (") 1892 («) 1893 1894 (a) 1895 (o) 1896 (") 1897 (o) 1898 (") 1899 (") 1900 $201,290,654 1901 221,140,599 1902 239,779,652 1903 258,068,879 1904 276,176,501 1905 294, 634, 568 1906 313,809,100 1907 334, 168, 101 1908 354,527,326 a Not reported. The special insurance institutes were not required to make reports previous to the year 1900. It is estimated that in 1908 the number of insured persons was approximately 15,000,000; as the total amount of the reserve in 1908 was $354,500,000, this means an aver- age reserve of about $24 per insured person. The total number of CHAPTER V. WOEKMEN'S INSUBANCE IN GERMANY. 1419 persons receiving pensions (invalidity, sickness, and old age) at the close of the year 1908 was slightly less than 1,000,000 (see page 1416), making the average reserve per person receiving a pension of about $354. The average net return from the investments of the. invalidity insurance institutes is shown in the following table for the years 1891 to 1908: AVERAGE NET RATE PER CENT OF INTEREST OBTAINED FROM THE INVESTMENT OF THE RESERVE OF THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES, 1891 TO 1908. (Source: Amtliche Naohrichten des Reichs-Versiclierangsaints, 1910.] Class or institute. Per cent of interest obtained in— 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1S99. Teiritorial institutes Special institutes 3.07 (") (a) 3. 07 C) (a) 3.C<5 3.05 (") (°) 3.58 (.4 3.63 (") 3.49 (") 3.49 C) (a) 3.50 (") All institutes Class or Institute. Per cent of interest obtained in— 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Territorial insti tutcs Special institutes 3.63 3.60 3.53 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.56 3.66 3.56 3.54 3.56 3.64 3.53 3.60 3.64 3.63 3.63 3.63 3.53 3.68 3.53 3.54 3.69 3.56 3.56 3.63 All institutes 3.57 a Not reported. The average rate obtained from the investments by the territorial institutes has changed but little during the last nine years included in the table; the average rate obtained by the special invalidity insti- tutes has shown a tendency to increase somewhat, and in the year 1908 was the highest of any year included in the table. The various classes of investment used by the invalidity insurance institutes during the period 1900 to 1908 are shown in the following table: PROPORTION OF THE RESERVE INVESTED IN THE VARIOUS CLASSES OF SECURI- TIES, 1900 TO 1908. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.) Class of securities. Bonds of the Empire ................. Bonds of German states, bonds of railroads guaranteed by the stales Bonds of communes, e(o Bonds of parishes, school bonds, etc Mortgages on real estate, etc Deposits in savings funds Real estate owned Cash on hand including deposits in banks Amount per $1,000 of the reserve invested in each class. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1900. 1907. 1908. J34 129 331 281 180 3 26 16 S35 120 321 284 188 3 34 15 S32 119 314 286 194 4 38 13 S31 116 310 283 201 4 41 14 $29 112 306 281 207 5 43 18 $29 108 297 284 212 5 44 21 $27 104 288 293 218 6 $25 99 273 310 223 6 49 15 97 258 318 231 7 51 14 The investment in which the highest percentage of tlie reserve was placed in 1908, consisted of bonds of parishes, of school bonds, etc., • ■ ' ' - 4^^„A^^^^r o;,,„„ T ono ^o make iijcreasing use of It nn V\rt*- 1420 HEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. this class of investment. The bands of commnnes and similar local goTernments rank next in frequency; mortgages on real estate formed the third highest group and show a tendency to increase rapidly. The three classes of investments just mentioned included over 80 per cent of the reserve in 1908. The value of the real estate owned formed a small proportion of the reserve, thouigh there is a tendency for the proportion to increase. There has been a decrease in the proportion of the reserve invested in bonds of the Empire and of the various federated States, due, it is stated, to the fact that the net interest rate on this class of securities is l&wer than the rate secured for the other classes. On page 1376 mention was made of the scope of article 164 of the invalidity insurance law permitting the investment of not more than [>ne-half of the reserve in institutions or purposes for the general welfare of the persons included in the insurance. The following table shows the investments of this class by the invalidity institutes for the even years 1900 to 1908 r [NVESTMENTS OF THE EESEEVE FOR WELFARE AND BETTERMENT PURPOSES BY THE INVALIDITY INSURANCE INSTITUTES IN EVEN YEARS, 1900 TO 190S. [Source: Amtliehe NaobrichteQ des Reichs-Versicheniagsamts, 1909.]. ' 1900. 1902. 1904. 1900. 190*. [a) Building of workmen's dwellings, S18, 594,756. 13,078,127 12,838,703 2,772,316 $24,620,678 16,060,184 30,407,727 5,807,971 531,699,579 17,481,798 42,436,354 7,858,999 .541,085,381 18,801,397 58,437,691 9,758,923 856,975,921 Cb) Aids to agriculture, such as land mort- gages, branch lafflpoads, road tmpr&vie- ments,stocl£ raising, betterments, etc Cc) BuHrHnij o{ hospitals, convalescent institutes, sanatoriums, homes for the bliBdv etc. ,. buildin g of slaugMer-houses, 22,810,931 80,930,900 ;d) Building, of Institutions for use at the Invalidity insurance, siieh as hospitals, sanatoriums, tubercttlosra institetea,etc.. 12,788,145 Total 47,283,962 76,896,560 99,475,730 1128,083,392 173,505,897 The total amount of the reserve invested in this manner in 1908 was $17S,5®5,897 as compared with $47,283,962 in 1900. While the groups of investments shown in the table are too large to show spe- sifically the type of investment regarded with the most favor, the group marked "c" in 1908 had almost one-half of the total amount invested in this manner and shows the most rapid rate of increase since 1900. The investments in the group marked "d," including Institutions, etc., which the insurance organizations put up for their 3wn use, form the smallest proportion of investments of this kind. The most conspicuous feature of the table is the great variety of in- ^■estments which have been made under authority of the clause con- tained in article 164. The nature of the "general reserve" of the invalidity insurance system and its function in defraying the "general cost" are explained on page 1385. The operations of the general reserve since its insti- tution in 1900 are shown in the following table: CHAPTEK V. WOEKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY, 1421 "GENERAL RESERVE" AND "GENERAL COST" Ol' THE INVALIDITY INSURANCK SYSTEM, 1900 TO 1908. (Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reiolis-Versicliei-ungsamls, 1910.] Operations o( the "general reserve." "General cost" de- frayed from the general reserve. Year. Amount at be- ginning of year. Amount added from the contri- butions of the current year. Interest added dur- ing the year. Total. Amount of the general reserve at close of the year. 1900 812,258,944 12,834,240 13,2*1,446 13,925,525 14,669,159 15,354,983 16,196,0U 17,020,835 17,540,061 8137,913 240,871 325,081 382,560 418,191 437,593 453,910 476,876 508,199 $12,396,857 10,291,329 19, 430, 779 21,838,016 23,626,119 24,620,880 25,706,746 27,010,757 28,410,723 J9, 180, 645 10,417,077 11,900.848 13,399,247 14,697,815 15,564,055 16,193,700 16,648,294 17,134,868 $3,216,212 5,874,252 7,529,931 8,438,769 8,828,304 9,056,825 9,513,046 10,362,463 11,275,865 1901 $3,210,212 5,874,252 7,529,931 8,438,769 8,828,304 9,056,825 9,513,046 10, 302, 463 1902 1903.. 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 In the nine years since the creation of this reserve the amount of the "general cost" has almost doubled. The amount of the "gen- eral reserve" has increased rapidly during the same period and in 1908 was approximately two-thirds of the "general cost" for that year. LITIGATION. Though the term litigation is not exactly applicable to the contro- versies which arise under the administration of the invalidity insur- ance law, it is used here to describe the controversies between the insurance organizations and insured persons in regard to benefits granted in accordance with the procedure described on page 1378. The following table shows the number of decisions rendered by the insurance institutes which are subject to appeal, and the number of appeals taken from such decisions to the arbitration courts for the period 1891 to 1909: NUMBER OF DECISIONS MADE BY INSURANCE INSTITUTES AND NUMBER OF APPEALS MADE THEREFROM, 1891 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1910.] Year. 1891 1892 1893 1894, 1895 1896 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. Number of deci- sions of tVie insur- ance institutes relating to— Pensions, 103, 451 82, 979 79, 975 97, 720 104,062 113,672 121,972 128,788 136,669 170,946 Return of contri- bution. 88, 527 130,815 155,801 171,872 194,142 Number of appeals made from decisions. 10,553 19, 441 13,550 15,831 18,819 20,643 20,009 20, 716 20,067 16,S3o Year. 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906, 1907 1908 1909. Number of deci- sions of the insur- ance institutes relating to— Pensions. 177,106 193,733 207, 414 202,533 189, 305 181,249 181,858 180, 907 189, 424 Return of contri- bution. 196, 373 193, 268 197,924 197,838 196,392 197,729 199, 265 199, 456 197,313 Number of appeals made from decisions. 18,213 22,092 23,816 27,584 25,823 26,402 25,923 27,487 28,831 1422 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. It is stated elsewhere in the official report that in 1909 the number of decisions rendered in cases relating to pensions included 93.5 per cent of invalidity cases and 6.5 per cent of old-age cases; of the decisions rendered 71.4 per cent related to determination of pensions granted, 21.1 per cent were disallowals of pensions, 6.9 per cent were withdrawals of pensions, and 0.6 per cent related to other subjects. The last column of the preceding table indicates that there has been a tendency for the number of appeals to increase during the last ten years. The number of appeals, complaints, etc., pending and the number settled by decision of the arbitration courts and settled otherwise, is shown in the following table for the years 1891 to 1909: NUMBER OF APPEALS TO BE DECIDED AND NUMBER OF DECISIONS RENDERED, 1891 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des EeieHs-Versicheningsamts, 1892 to 1910.] Number of appeals, com- plaints, etc., to lie decided. Decisions rendered. Year. Total number. Appeals decided by judgment of arbitration courts. Number. Per cent in favor of insti- tutes. Per cent in favor of insured persons. IS91 10,581 23,935 17,892 19,619 23,575 25,865 25,266 25,717 25, 189 16,835 18,213 22,092 23,816 27,584 31,675 32, 015 30,807 33,121 34,191 12,087 19,593 14,104 14, 863 18,363 20, 599 20,204 20,695 21,414 13,800 14, 707 18,096 19,393 22,418 26,774 28,083 26,112 28, 580 29,158 8,477 14,613 10,319 10,663 13,267 15, 124 14,845 16, 070 15,713 9,791 11,462 14, 527 15, 426 18, 107 22,591 24,085 22,183 24', 484 25,023 61.8 68.1 67.1 67.6 73.0 75.6 76.1 74.7 74.3 77.3 80.9 82.2 83.2 84.3 83.6 83.0 81.3 81.6 81.3 38.2 1892 31 9 L893 32.9 IS94 1895 27.0 1896 1897 23 9 1898 25 3 1899 1900 , 1901 [902 1903 1904 190J5 16.4 17 1906 1907 18 7 1908 ... 18 4 1909 Obviously many of the appeals can not be decided during the year in which they are made; in the year 1909 for instance, there were pending approximately 5,000 appeals, etc., which were not settled during that year. Of the 29,158 cases settled, 25.023 were decided by judgment of the arbitration courts, the cases included in the num- ber comprising the difference between the two numbers being set- tled by compromise, by order for rehearing, etc. Of the appeals settled by decisions of the arbitration courts, by far the great ma- jority of the cases— over 80 per cent since the law of 1900 went into sffect — have been decided in favor of the insurance institutes. The following table shows the number of appeals made to the mperial insurance office from decisions of the arbitration courts in nvalidity insurance cases during the period 1891 to 1909: CHAPTER V. WORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1423 NUMBEn OF APPEALS MADE TO IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE FROM DECISIONS OF COURTS OF ARBITRATION, 1891 TO 1909. ISource: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1892 to 1910.] Year. 1891 1892, 1893, 1894 1895 1890 1S97 1898 1899 1000 Number of appeals from decisions of arbitration courts. Appeals made per 100 decis- ions of Appeals Appeals arbitra- by msur- by tion ance in- insured courts. stitutes. persons. f>32 752 16.33 2,030 1,301 22.79 2,106 859 29.31 2,057 716 26.00 2,(i43 789 25.88 3,339 765 27.14 3,2&S 559 25.78 3,060 642 24.57 3,028 638 22.69 2,691 423 31.80 Year. 1901 1902 1903, 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Number of appeals from decisions of arbitration courts. Appeals Appeals by msur- bv ance in- insured stitutes. persons. 2,826 347 3,486 429 3,720 406 4,267 531 5,386 652 5,683 707 4,917 038 6,596 710 5,200 901 Appeals made per 100 decis- ions of arbitra- tion courts. 27.71 20.95 20.75 20. 50 20.73 26.12 25.04 26.75 24.62 Since 1900 there has been a gradual though well-defined tendency ^ for the number of appeals per 100 decisions rendered to decrease. The insurance institutes in 1909 made over 85 per cent of the appeals filed in that year. The following table shows the operations of the imperial insurance office as a court of last resort in deciding appeals in invalidity cases during the period 1891 to 1909: NUMBER OF APPEALS FROM DECISIONS OF ARBITRATION COURTS AND NUMBER OF DECISIONS ON THESE APPEALS BY IMPERIAL INSURANCE OFFICE, 1891 TO 1909. [Source: Amtliche Nachrichten des Reichs-Versicherungsamts, 1892 to 1910.] Year. 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895, 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903, 1904, 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. Appeals on calen- dar of imperial insurance office. Decisions rendered by imperial insur- ance office. Total number. 593 3,277 3, .593 2,861 3,426 4,046 4,122 . 3, 939 3,721 3,464 2,813 3,176 4,278 4,797 5,105 5,488 6,323 0,475 5,990 Decisions In form of judg- ments Total number. 556 3,020 3,368 2,664 3,211 3,800 3,907 3,748 3, 674 3,040 2,610 2,770 3,835 4,327 4,667 4,788 6,799 6,929 6,433 Per cent affirming previous decision. Per cent modify- ing pre- vious de- cision or returning case for rehearing. 64.50 60.40 07.96 68.77 71.72 74.92 77.68 75.72 78.20 65.92 74.58 70.82 70.63 78.97 79.61 SO. 49 78.43 79.85 80.97 35.60 39.60 32.04 31.23 2S.28 25.08 22. 32 24.28 21.80 34.08 25.42 23.18 23.47 21.03 20.39 10. 51 21.57 20.15 19.03 1424 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOK. The number of cases decided by the imperial insurance office shows a rapid increase in the work of that institution; the number of deci- sions rendered in the form of judgments during the last three years has been the largest since the enactment of the original law of 1889. The last column of the table shows that the number of complete or partial modifications of the original decisions made by the im- perial insurance office is decreasing; most probably the decrease is due to a better understanding of the provisions of the law. SPECIAL STATISTICS OF INVALIDITY. Since 1900 data relating to the age of the persons receiving pen- sions of various kinds have been published in the annual reports of the invalidity insurance system. The following table shows the age of the persons granted pensions for invalidity, for sickness, and for old age during the period 1900 to 1908: NUMBER OF PENSIONS GRANTED EACH YEAR AND NUMBER PER 1,000 GRANTED AT SPECIFIED AGE OF PENSIONERS, 1900 TO 1908. A. INVALIDITY PENSIONS. [Source: Amtliche Naohrichten des Reichs-Versicherun^amts. 1902-1910.] Pensions granted. Number perl, 300 of pensions granted at the age of— Year. 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 years. 68 to 54 years. 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years. 05 to 69 years. 70 years and over. 1900 124,588 129,234 141,481 150,209 142,296 124,111 1U,885 112,184 117,224 23 26 26 26 26 28 30 29 27 38 43 44 44 44 48 47 45 45 37 37 41 40 43 40 . 49 48 47 40 42 44 46 45 46 45 47 48 51 53 54 54 53 53 56 67 53 67 66 08 m 70 71 70 69 70 101 107 109 108 104 98 96 94 93 147 150 146 149 144 140 135 139 137 19S 198 204 202 203 196 193 188 188 192 187 181 176 175 175 175 178 183 106 1901 91 1902 83 1903 87 1904 93 1905 99 1906 104 1907 106 1908 109 B. SICKNESS PENSIONS. 1900 6,463 7,391 8,695 8,977 10,517 11,833 12,569 11,537 12,209 106 97 101 109 96 82 86 84 82 151 167 165 IGl 157 144 136 128 130 121 120 131 139 140 133 131 124 125 126 129 130 132 126 119 120 119 121 124 123 123 121 122 121 123 124 117 118 114 115 115 119 129 124 124 121 100 113 111 108 116 115 119 119 118 89 78 11 74 89 95 102 108 47 38 38 36 39 51 50 67 61 16 14 12 7 10 16 15 18 16 3 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 C. OLD-AGE PENSIONS. Total old-age pensions granted. Number per 1,000 of pensions granted at the age of — Year. 70 years. 71 years. 72 years. 73 years. 74 years. 75 to 79 years. 80 years and over. 1900 19,790 14,759 12,816 12,374 12,069 10,716 10, 739 10,769 11,003 581 705 730 751 773 794 787 789 796 240 204 198 189 180 167 175 167 162 70 38 36 30 24 20 20 24 22 32 19 13 12 9 9 8 9 10 21 9 7 5 5 3 5 ' 5 4 43 19 11 10 7 5 4 5 5 13 1901 6 1902 5 1903 3 1904 2 1905 2 1906 1 1907 1 1908 1 CHAPTER V. ^workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1425 The purpose of the preceding table is to show the relative propor- tion of cases of invaUdity occurring at the ages indicated. Other things being equal, and if the data covered a period of sufficient length, the change in the age of the pensioners would denote a change in the trade life of the wage-earning population insured under the system. As there has been practically no change in the insur- ance system since the law of 1899 went into effect, the tendencies disclosed by the 9 years' operations shown in the preceding table are of interest as indicating the possible changes in the age at which workers become invalids. During the period 1900 to 1909, the proportion of invahdity pen- sions granted shows a tendency to decrease in the higher ages, such as those over 50; the proportion of pensions granted to persons over 70 is, however, an exception to this tendency. The proportion of invalidity pensions granted to the age groups under 50 shows a ten- dency to increase corresponding to the decrease in the higher age groups. The second of the preceding tables shows the number of sickness pensions or pensions for temporary invalidity granted at the ages specified. The proportions shown in this table are apt to fluctuate more than those in the first table, because the total number of cases on which the computations are based is much smaller than in the case of the invalidity pensions. The table indicates that there has been a general tendency for the number of pensions of this class to decrease in the younger age groups and to increase correspondingly in the age groups 50 to 64. The third table shows the number of old-age pensions granted at the various ages; the right to the pension begins with the age of 70, subject to the conditions explained on page 1368. The table indi- cates that there has been a tendency to accept pensions more promptly at the age of 70. The occupation groups of the persons granted invalidity pensions durinw the periods 1891 to 1895 and 1896 to 1899 are shown by age groups and by sex in the followmg table: TvTTTMBER OF PERSONS PEE 1,000 CASES RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS, IN SPECIi'IED AGE GROUPS, FOR THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1896 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS. „^- atatutilf (It Ursachen der Erwerbsunfahigkeit (Invaliditiit): Beihett zu Amlliche Nachrichten [Source. btatistiK a.i ^^ Reichs-\-eraichei-ungsaints, 1898, 1903.] Occupation group. MALES. Agricult lire, forestry, etc Industries, mining, building trades,etc. Commerce and transportation Houseliold service, day labor, etc Period. 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to,50 to55 to 60 to 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 59. 64. /I891-1885 1896-1899 13 18 21 27 40 .59 99 157 249 IS 24 27 34 4;^ a'i 100 Ifi."! 256 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 21 34 46 58 78 98 l.W IW 186 HO 48 52 66 74 101 129 161 184 (1891-1895 17 :« 50 S3 m 87 119 146 197 \1896-1899 29 53 57 67 75 88 111 152 191 /1891-1895 12 20 41 58 69 9B 104 14,1 2?? \189G-1899 18 31 37 46 57 80 105 154 240 317 268 174 155 217 177 235 233 1426 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER OF PERSONS PER 1,000 CASES RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS, IN SPECIFIED AGE GROUPS, FOR THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1893 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS— Concluded. Occupation group. Period. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 39. 40 to 44. 45 to 49. 50 tc 34. 55 tc 59. BO to 65 to 64. 69. MALES— concluded. Military, civil, etc., service and liberal professions. Domestic service in home of the em- ployer. /1891-1895 \1896-1899 J 1891-1895 U896-1899 /1891-1895 \] 895-1899 fl891-1895 \1896-1899 fl891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 fl891-1895 \1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1893 \1896-1899 /1891-1895 \1896-1899 11 18 17 28 8 18 45 65 15 23 56 24 27 63 30 31 32 62 53 33 37 113 103 78 101 121 93 148 158 127 149 248 259 190 211 384 307 206 205 Total 17 25 28 46 «6 60 25 33 4 9 7 4 49 58 27 38 30 47 56 67 30 47 4 12 20 21 51 71 35 42 23 38 51 56 25 40 10 10 20 27 42 58 45 62 33 40 54 60 30 31 15 14 27 35 39 51 61 60 49 48 69 65 34 44 28 31 74 47 46 53 81 83 ■ 73 77 87 87 64 81 44 61 77 76 65 74 118 115 116 118 123 118 100 109 100 109 94 99 104 103 160 101 160 163 139 148 170 179 137 182 193 164 151 143 214 216 231 219 174 178 218 228 265 282 232 293 218 209 242 FEMALES. 206 255 Industries, mining, building trades, etc. Commerce and transportation . 202 189 161 284 Household service, day labor, etc Military, civil, etc., service and liberal professions. Domestic service in home of the em- ployer. 208 373 290 234 234 235 180 Total 38 48 39 54 35 44 38 45 52 33 72 78 114 114 153 138 216 212 243 194 The term "invalidity" as used in these tables must be understood as defined on page 1365. The purpose of the table is to show the ages at which invalidity occurs most frequently in the different occupation groups, the total number of invahdity pensions granted in each group of occupations being assumed to be 1,000. The totals for all occupations iadicate that in the later period there was a tendency to grant invalidity pensions at an earlier age both in the case of males and of females, this tendency being most probably due to the efforts being made to stamp out pulmonary tuberculosis, as well as the readier recognition of this disease as a cause of invalidity. For the males in the various occupation groups, the rate in the group designated as military, civil, etc., service and liberal professions presents the most favorable showing in that it has the smallest proportion of invalidity cases in the younger age groups; the occupation group agriculture, forestry, etc., ranks next in this respect, while the highest rate of invalidity cases is found in the younger age groups in the occupation group commerce and transpor- tation. For the females in the various occupations, the rate in the occupa- tion group household service, day labor, etc., shows the lowest pro- portion of invahdity cases in the younger age groups. On the other hand, the two groups, industries, mining, building trades, etc., and domestic service in the home of the employer, show the highest rates in the younger age groups and may be considered as making the least favorable showing in regard to the invalidity caused to the insured workers. CHAPTEK V. — workmen's INSUKANCE IN GEBMANY. 1427 The causes of invalidity, by groups of occupations and by sex, are shown for the two periods 1891 to 1895 and 1896 to 1899 in the following tables: NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS. [Source: Statistik der Ursachen der Erwerbsunfahigkeit (Invaliditiit): Beibeft zu Amtliche Nacbrichten des Relobs-Versicberungsamts, 1898, 1903.] MALES. Nature of disease. Period. Agri- cul- ture, for- estry, etc. In- dus- tries, min- buifi- ing trades, etc. Com- merce and navi- tion. House- hold serv- ice, day labor, etc. Mili- tary, civil, etc., serv- ice and lib- eral pro- fes- sions. Do- mes- tic serv- ice in home of the em- ploy- er. /1891-1895 \1896-1899 118 97 Ill 95 132 92 188 125 116 143 186 121 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 70 60 69 60 62 62 67 55 78 69 64 96 /1891-1S95 \1896-1899 20 24 38 24 16 17 16 17 23 17 17 12 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 65 170 125 138 80 144 78 206 169 133 111 140 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 7 11 8 11 8 13 7 12 8 8 6 9 (1891-1895 17 15 13 15 16 13 11896-1899 25 25 21 28 22 9 /1891-1895 4 7 7 7 7 7 \1896-1899 i 9 9 6 7 6 1891-1895 7 14 25 10 17 17 \1896-1899 12 21 29 15 18 28 11891-1895 ■ilS96-1899 25 30 43 34 45 40 19 27 35 28 36 50 11891-1895 \1896-1899 7 8 8 8 6 6 9 9 10 9 6 9 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 23 25 35 31 26 34 18 22 31 24 26 25 1891-1895 \1 890-1899 22 17 23 22 21 19 20 18 20 20 20 28 11891-1895 \189 6-1899 53 41 40 63 48 30 43 35 34 38 36 16 1891-1895 V896-1899 3 3 8 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 11891-1895 \1896-1899 37 51 34 36 42 ■■'33' 34 40 33 32 34 16 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 4 5 6 5 5 7 4 6 5 4 9 11891-1895 \ 1896-1899 196 220 158 199 211 171 166 170 138 177 174 134 il891-1895 \1890-1899 54 50 53 57 53 69 62 58 65 57 68 93 /1891-1895 \1896-1899 11 6 9 10 9 16 15 9 11 14 12 25 J1891-1895 31 33 34 28 23 32 11896-1899 31 29 28 27 28 31 /1891-1895 10 12 13 10 11 10 V 896-1899 8 11 12 12 8 19 (1891-1895 tl896-1899 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 1 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 44 13 16 20 27 "ig 33 10 14 21 23 16 (1891-1895 \189&-1899 12 10 12 13 12 19 12 12 11 11 12 16 /1891-1895 \1896-1899 9 6 6 8 9 6 8 5 6 8 8 15 (1891-1895 \1890-1899 36 13 15 19 20 15 24 12 11 18 13 9 (1891-1895 \1S96-1899 84 40 42 56 60 70 71 36 36 52 47 37 (1891-1895 29 17 47 26 26 33 \1896-1899 22 17 39 23 20 25 Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculosis of other organs Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases Apoplexy, etc Epilepsy , etc Diseases of the spinal column Nervous diseases Diseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuber-, culosis. , , ,., , Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels. , .,, ui j 1 Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen. Diseases of the other digestive organs. . Ventral hernia Diseases of the kidneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs... Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Diseases of the organs of locomotion . . . Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries. 1428 BEPORT OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. NUMBER PKK- 1,000 OF PERSONS KECEIVING PENSiaNS FOE SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR THE PERIODS 189 TO 1S95 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY GROUPS OF OCCUPATIONS— Concluded. FEMALES. No. Nature of disease. Period. Agri- cul- ture, for- estry etc. In- dus- tries, mln- buifd- ing trades Mill- com- House- g Do- mes- tic serv- to To- hime tal. of the em- etc. pro- fes- sions ploy- er. 1 Debility, anemia, old age /1891-1895 \1896-1899 142 242 139 194 156 176 183 267 178 243 163 207 150 221 2 Articular rheumatism , gout /1891-1895 11896-1899 87 84 72 75 74 96 loa 101 82 71 95 97 86 85 3 Muscular rheumatisni (1891-1895 \1896-1899 23 13 16 12 36 21 33 20 10 18 19 14 21 14 4 PulmonaFy tuberculosis (1891-1895 tl896-1899 46 63 149 157 76 96 35 45 57 64 60 79 76 95 5 Tuberculosis of other organs 11891-1895 tl896-I899 8 9 17 13 12 8 3 4 10 8 9 10 10 10 6 Cancer, etc (1891-1895 \1896-1899 22 29 23 29 16 25 18 3S 20 29 18 29 21 27 7 Other general diseases (1891-1895 \1«5-1S99 5 7 7 ■ 9 2 11 5 7 2 16 9 11 6 9 8 Mental diseases )189M895 11896-1899 10 22 15 19. 8 15 7 8 22 13 17 29 13 21 9 Apoplexy, ete (1891-1895 U896-1899 25 17 24 18 29 21 24 17 32 23 23 17 24 17 10 Epilepsy, etc 1891-1895 1896-1899 11 15 11 12 7 6 4 9 7 14 9 12 10 13 11 Diseases of the spinal column \1896-1S99 15 10 16 11 11 9 13 7 7 S 12 10 14 10 13 Nervous diseases (1891-1895 ■\1S96-1899 25 20 29 29 32 31 20 18 52 43 27 29 27 25 13 Diseases of tho eye (1S91-1895 "11896-1899 09 51 69 61 69 46 06 45 52 47 55 45 03 49 14 Diseases of the ear (Iffill-1895 \l8a6-1899 5 4 4 3 5 4 5 4 5 2 7 7 5 i 15 Disease of the respiratory organs (1891-1895 11896-1899 29 22 24 22 35 33 33 29 32 27 2t 20 27 22 IG Diseases of the pleura J 1891-1895 11896-1899 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 17 Diseases of the lungs other than tuber- 11891-1895 133 122 139 130 138 98 124 culosis. \1896-1898 93 90 104 104 96 70 89 18 Diseases of the heart and large blood (1891-1893 \1896-1899 78 77 81 75 82 101 83 vessels. 82 81 92 82 84 103 86 19 Other diseases of the blood vessels. 1891-1895 U896-18B9 16 10 15 23 12 21 16 lymphatics, etc. 15 15 28 24 14 23 17 20 Diseases of the stomach 1891-1895 tl896-1899 26 33 33 28 26 25 32 31 35 30 39 35 32 31 21 Diseasra of the intestines, liver or spfeen . (1891-1895 \1896-1899 11 9 12 12 16 11 12 9 5 13 10 9 11 10 22 Diseases of the other digestive organs. . /1891-1895 \189C-1899 1 1 1 I 2 « 2 1 1 1 1 1 23 Ventral hernia (1891-1895 U896-189* 16 10 7 6 ""s 14 ■"is 14 20 15 14 10 13 9 24 Diseases of the kidneys 11891-1895 \1S9G-I89a 8 10 8 10 6 9 9 9 2 15 8 12 8 10 25 2S Diseases of the genito-urinary organs. . . Diseases of the skin and subcutaneotis (1891-1895 USB6-I890 11891-1895 il89fi-1899 49 38 34 30 31 22 31 39 31 44 39 30 32 37 12 36 34 33 40 35 30 22 tissues. 23 19 20 21 18 25 27 28 Diseases of the organs of locomotion. . . Invalidity resulting from mechanical (1891-1895 \1886-1899. (18B1-1895 77 62 21 55 41 10 51 43 25 54 46 20 67 37 25 72 53 18 66 62 19 13 injuries. i V1895-1899 13 9 15 15 14 15 »1 ess than on e. The term "invaHdity" as used in tke preceding table is the same as defined in the discussion of the type of disability relieved by the invalidity insurance system on page 1365. CHAPTEK V. WOBKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1429- The principal cause of invalidity is disease of the lungs in both sexes, but especially among the males; in the period 1896 to 1899 per 1 ,000 males granted pensions (see last column of table) there were 150 cases due to pulmonary tuberculosis (No. 4) and 167 cases due to diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis (No. 17), or together 317 per 1,000 pensioners due to these two groups of causes. In the industries, mining, and building trades the proportion of pensioners due to these two causes is 376 per 1,000 pensioners. The lov/est rates, naturall}', in connection with diseases of the lungs are found by agri- culture, forestry, etc., where the two causes together numbered 244 per 1,000 male pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899. For females, the number of lung affections per 1,000 pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899 was 184 for all occupations. The highest rates for the two causes together are found in industries, mining, and building trades, with 247 cases per 1,000 pensioners, and the lowest rates are found in household service, etc., and in domestic service in the home of the employer, in each of which occupations the two lung affections together had rates of 149 cases per 1,000 pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899. Next to affections of the lungs, the group of diseases designated as debility, anemia, old age, etc. (cause No. 1), was the most frequent cause of invalidity, with 150 per 1,000 males and 221 per 1,000 female pensioners in the period 1896 to 1899 in all industries; in the preceding period the proportion of cases due to this cause was lower for both the males and females. Throughout the two tables the differences in the rates for males and for females are in many cases quite marked; the cause articular rheu- matism, etc. (No. 2), has a much higher rate for females than for males, the cause pulmonary tuberculosis (No. 4) is higher for males than for females. The changes in the rates in the two periods may be and probably are influenced by the policy of the insurance organizations in more readily recognizing such diseases as pulmonary tuberculosis as the cause of invahdity. The data contained in the preceding tables are shown for age groups, industry, and sex in the tables following for the periods 1891 to 1895 and 1896 to 1899. 1430 JJEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOE AGKICULTUBE, FOBESTBT, ETC. [Source: Statistik der Ursaohen der Erwerbsunfahigkeit (Inraliditat): Beiheftzu Amtliche Nachrichten Nature of diseases. Period. Hales. Age group. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 39. 40 to 44. Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout. Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculosis of other organs.. Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases Epilepsy, etc Diseases of the spinal column. 1891-1895 1896-1899 '1891-1895 1896-1899 '1891-1895 1896-1899 /1891-1895 ■il896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 '1891-1895 1896-1899 ^pop'^^y-^t" KEsM (1891-1895 ■1.1896-1899 1891-1895 ,1896-1899 Nervous diseases ^189M899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 /IS91-1895 V1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 ■(.1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 ■11896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1895 D iseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis .Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . . Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen Diseases of the other digestive organs Ventral hernia Diseases of the kidneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 ("1891-1895 ■11896-1899 /I 891 -1895 ■\1896-1899 7 8 35 30 3 1 354 371 42 41 2 1 2 1 15 17 7 4 22 14 128 115 37 30 330 37 37 8 9 8 7 21 49 21 25 27 42 39 31 21 19 62 48 1 3 19 12 12 11 69 59 66 68 4 7 16 15 1 6 5 20 20 4 3 11 13 120 88 59 38 14 16 48 38 5 2 250 277 27 26 16 14 6 7 24 33 36 22 24 29 48 45 24 21 53 58 1 4 14 17 11 6 92 63 60 70 6 6 24 31 7 10 7 18 30 5 6 35 26 104 100 39 35 17 21 46 44 6 6 204 210 26 20 14 23 8 10 19 40 36 27 27 20 58 55 19 24 53 59 6 3 24 24 113 88 48 57 7 12 40 31 12 13 4 1 7 12 21 22 6 8 35 29 105 92 33 41 20 33 43 48 11 7 169 185 17 12 22 32 13 28 32 31 18 25 48 36 22 25 68 53 5 4 24 22 6 6 123 103 68 60 16 13 2 1 23 20 16 21 7 6 43 36 103 93 37 32 CHAPTER V. WOKKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1431 THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS. AGBICULTCRB, FORESTRY, ETC. des Relclis-Versichenmgsamts, 1898, 1903.] Males. Females. Age group. Age group. Num- ber. 45 to 50 to 56 to 60 to 65 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to 60 to 56 to 60 to 66 to 49. 64. 69. 64. 69. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 69. 64. 69. 25 40 68 122 221 42 46 32 27 46 50 77 104 169 263 1 48 68 124 226 363 62 66 69 64 91 117 147 203 329 474 62 63 74 82 71 84 80 67 62 74 79 84 110 95 78 2 64 65 76 77 70 63 73 55 69 68 80 90 92 96 83 15 16 21 24 26 6 12 3 7 15 24 29 21 25 31 3 11 16 20 21 17 4 6 4 6 6 13 18 19 17' 12 129 87 66 30 17 218 163 149 145 90 76 43 30 18 10 4 132 96 65 32 18 284 231 161 144 86 78 46 36 17 10 13 11 6 3 2 42 34 38 11 9 17 9 3 2 3 5 10 9 6 3 1 49 23 26 18 11 11 6 6 2 2 27 32 18 16 12 3 7 20 37 28 42 36 26 17 12 6 45 39 31 22 16 9 7 24 28 60 64 43 31 27 17 4 6 4 3 2 18 12 12 13 4 8 4 6 3 2 7 6 5 4 2 2 12 10 7 10 S 8 9 7 6 3 10 10 8 3 3 13 29 23 22 32 16 13 6 6 4 8 20 17 10 6 3 48 47 69 51 48 42 25 17 5 3 31 31 22 24 22 32 44 35 40 34 27 28 . 21 21 22 9 25 20 19 16 15 21 20 30 23 24 • 23 19 18 14 11 10 6 5 6 4 50 39 23 40 21 21 13 5 4 2 10 12 12 7 4 3 46 62 46 31 27 14 13 7 6 5 37 28 25 17 13 29 46 29 27 27 21 18 12 8, 8 ■ 11 31 27 17 11 8 17 26 26 16 17 12 12 8 5 4 22 25 27 26 17 32 22 23 35 24 36 31 32 24 15 12 22 23 25 20 15 22 28 25 21 29 27 24 23 17 10 53 55 67 53 48 63 78 105 68 97 78 75 75 65 58 13 57 51 45 39 33 44 52 88 84 77 69 63 55 43 29 2 2 4 3 4 3 3 9 9 1 5 6 4 5 6 r 1* 4 5 4 3 2 6 4 4 6 4 8 5 3 4 2 29 38 40 38 42 15 17 9 24 19 24 34 32 36 f '^ 32 37 38 40 33 "io' 10 11 23 19 22 23 25 23 24 6 4 149 150 52 59 9 15 61 56 17 9 2 2 28 25 21 22 6 6 7 185 171 5 4 2 3 2 2 13 4 3 4 6 2 4 6 1 6 1 4 2 2 4 3 2 3 1 } ^^ 218 189 221 196 215 175 37 34 32 39 67 48 76 46 80 65 113 74 119 91 155 173 118 166 116 } ^^ 49 59 10 16 62 48 13 12 3 1 38 29 16 17 5 8 46 35 96 80 33 27 60 65 65 63 55 60 61, 78 93 79 79 67 81 75 63 75 72 82 76 96 69 94 86 85 80 68 } "* 10 17 40 40 11 10 2 1 42 40 13 12 8 7 45 28 97 83 26 24 12 17 27 26 9 8 1 1 55 41 9 8 12 8 35 21 84 70 29 19 12 14 19 18 6 5 1 ■^% 36 8 a 10 8 8 5 26 34 5 4 3 ...... 1 13 21 37 28 7 6 15 39 12 9 "i' 3 3 16 18 34 42 12 7 26 31 15 6 3 2 ■■■■y 12 16 23 60 11 11 44 68 13 7 2 1 9 8 22 16 67 63 10 13 29 44 15 18 1 1 15 12 6 18 74 75 16 18 35 42 17 14 1 1 15 10 13 11 64 64 22 20 36 42 12 12 2 13 9 11 59 48 21 17 29 36 9 10 1 1 20 13 8 10 43 42 19 18 26 29 9 8 17 11 6 6 52 28 12 12 17 19 10 5 % 9 6 4 40 19 \ 20 r ^^ V 22 1 23 I ^* } ^ 6 66 34 97 81 37 28 27 16 63 46 26 16 13 18 126 76 29 22 22 18 107 75 27 14 38 20 108 89 26 21 31 28 90 86 9 17 60 25 116 70 16 13 38 34 83 64 16 14 45 33 85 76 26 13 38 28 92 73 22 14 28 20 67 61 22 12 30 12 49 39 19 9 1 26 1 27 } '' c Less t.hnn ae. 4659 8°—] LO -91 1432 KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. NUMBER PEE 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR INDUSTKIBS, MIRfING, BUILDING TRADES, ETC. Nature of diseases. Period. Males. Age group. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 40 to 44. Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculosis of other organs Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases Apoplexy, etc Epilepsy, etc Diseases of the spinal column Nervous diseases Diseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen Diseases of the other digestive organs Ventral hernia Diseases of the kidneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries fl891-189o \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1895-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 ■\1896-1899 (1891-1895 tl896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 '1891-1895 1896-1899 '1891-1896 1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 ('1891-1895 11896-1899 11891-1895 tl896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 yi 891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 ■\1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 /1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 13 7 13 15 13 2 548 624 50 47 4 4 2 9 19 35 11 9 26 24 18 16 8 7 29 18 8 10 3 3 7 4 61 39 23 16 31 17 1 2 521 576 37 31 6 7 25 40 14 16 20 22 29 22 12 14 24 21 2 2 14 8 6 7 77 54 51 44 2 1 13 14 10 5 1 (<■) 14 14 29 24 5 3 459 505 26 30 5 11 9 9 37 50 26 19 16 20 35 31 20 17 34 22 2 2 15 12 48 2 3 17 20 13 8 (<■) (a) 2 14 16 4 4 10 8 37 29 20 18 33 27 9 3 407 430 20 20 12 13 13 16 26 20 5 8 121 87 41 60 3 4 32 21 12 12 2 3 15 14 4 4 9 10 32 35 17 20 25 23 41 42 9 9 322 352 18 17 14 26 10 16 27 44 34 26 12 14 41 39 19 23 37 30 1 3 34 28 7 6 162 113 43 61 4 4 35 32 14 14 2 2 5 3 11 16 4 4 9 11 43 33 18 19 o Less than one. CHAPTEK V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1433 THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS— Con. INDUSTRIES, MINING, BUILDING TEADES, ETC. Males. remales. Age group. Age group. Num- ber. i'j to 50 to 55 to 00 to 65 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to 50 to 55 to 60 to 06 to 4D. 54. 59. 64. 69. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 2C 61 79 143 251 18 30 43 47 68 71 80 133 211 298 1 ' 38 67 119 205 332 41 53 72 89 116 122 146 187 270 411 52 66 76 75 63 20 37 30 84 69 73 76 83 82 92 . 2 51 61 69 70 67 17 27 39 52 49 74 94 87 105 92 17 13 27. 22 34 27 31 25 28 19 2 2 6 2 14 4 16 8 16 17 20 20 17 19 24 16 3 ■"2" ■■■3' 232 149 86 48 27 546 483 381 247 232 142 95 65 33 18 4 272 162 100 54 27 697 472 373 285 203 140 82 59 28 14 10 7 7 4 1 61 39 33 19 21 22 19 11 3 4 6 13 12 7 4 3 37 38 26 22 12 17 13 8 3 2 17 21 17 16 13 6 4 16 12 38 44 30 34 21 14 6 32 34 32 29 22 6 8 19 27 34 48 45 39 26 18 10 9 6 7 4 9 9 14 8 9 7 8 6 4 2 7 11 10 9 6 3 9 8 14 13 18 10 9 10 8 3 23 12 8 7 3 37 32 30 41 23 24 12 8 6 3 8 29 18 11 6 4 29 32 35 42 36 29 19 14 6 3 33 29 29 31 33 6 6 26 14 21 24 32 29 25 29 9 30 28 30 29 28 6 7 9 16 16 23 18 23 22 17 10 8 4 4 3 24 28 33 17 11 11 13 4 3 4 / '" 8 7 6 4 3 19 27 28 19 16 16 10 7 5 3 40 30 24 16 12 6 26 14 43 23 20 17 14 13 5 / ^^ 36 27 17 13 8 9 9 16 19 15 15 16 11 6 4 22 18 18 20 13 18 21 37 37 41 36 42 32 24 20 I 12 21 19 19 18 16 13 20 33 37 46 47 42 34 20 13 34 40 43 46 49 24 21 33 39 46 56 71 81 77 61 V 11 32 38 42 43 38 16 29 26 32 37 47 55 63 68 61 XO 2 2 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 6 1 8 6 4 7 4 3 4 3 ...... ....„ 14 50 70 68 57 61 6 7 8 19 11 30 23 32 28 35 \ \^ 40 55 63 47 45 8 11 9 12 18 17 28 31 24 26 10 6 7 6 3 3 6 4 2 6 3 2 2 2 2 1 \ ifl 7 7 6 5 3 2 3 4 4 5 3 4 3 4 2 10 209 246 277 272 233 39 66 66 101 97 116 132 129 168 146 \ 17 161 209 221 224 189 38 44 49 55 66 78 90 115 119 117 46 49 47 57 56 57 77 69 72 76 79 87 86 75 76 \ 18 52 60 67 65 68 57 62 74 84 83 91 97 88 86 72 5 4 7 10 8 4 8 ...... 9 7 16 12 11 12 6 8 10 14 13 3 3 ■■'ii' 12 18 16 21 22 13 la 43 43 42 31 23 17 15 20 23 26 34 44 50 33 29 \ 2C 36 41 36 28 21 11 20 21 33 32 33 34 35 28 20 14 15 12 10 8 9 2 12 17 11 13 9 17 11 12 f 21 16 14 13 8 6 6 9 12 10 16 16 16 16 12 10 2 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 ...... ■■("<.)■ " 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 ...... "'i' ...... ""'i' > 22 6 10 13 22 27 2 ...... 2 10 9 10 8 8 \ 23 6 10 12 16 19 3 6 8 6 9 9 7 7 15 11 10 8 6 ""is' 6 16 6 9 11 7 11 7 5 ?■ 2A 14 13 11 10 7 11 13 18 15 12 13 11 9 7 3 3 4 6 6 12 4 22 33 56 61 47 39 29 17 18 ) - 4 4 6 6 10 9 44 41 54 64 53 37 23 22 14 XI 13 16 15 17 11 9 26 18 15 24 28 23 29 21 \ 26 > 26 12 14 16 14 14 7 5 8 11 20 18 30 27 22 17 40 38 42 40 38 55 54 45 58 68 60 68 66 64 34 \ 27 37 38 41 36 30 36 38 47 39 68 61 44 41 41 32 f ■" 16 15 17 15 13 6 2 10 4 12 16 17 12 23 24 } 28 19 IS 17 15 12 8 7 10 9 9 8 12 12 10 8 a Less than one. 1434 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONBB OF LABOR. NUMBER PEK 1,000 OP PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR COMMERCE AND TBANSPOKTATION. Nam- ber. Nature of diseases. Period. Males. Age group. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 3.5 to 39. 40 to 44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculosis of other organs Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases „ Apoplexy, etc Epilepsy, etc Diseases of the spinal column Nervous diseases Diseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen Diseases of the other digestive organs Ventral hernia Diseases of the kidneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries fl89H895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 11891-1895 tl896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1896 11896-1899 /1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 /1891-1895 \1896-1S99 (1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1896 11896-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 U895-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1896 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 /1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1896 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 424 588 56 23 8 35 104 35 22 5 22 30 7 3 414 506 36 17 7 5 4 ,6 51 35 18 13 11 27 47 35 18 22 36 16 4 5 7 10 2 4 9 33 37 134 6 7 45 25 8 3 344 419 26 27 8 12 6 9 75 78 31 34 25 22 45 36 25 22 45 34 14 43 42 11 3 239 358 22 10 9 15 11 10 58 84 63 37 20 13 66 61 38 25 43 24 5 20 20 7 10 112 62 49 50 2 10 16 20 22 10 2 1 2 3 16 17 14 36 50 13 7 278 278 4 14 25 26 2 22 51 66 70 41 8 15 72 74 30 24 36 35 2 3 17 19 8 11 91 80 42 52 4 3 42 22 11 12 6 1 2 g 17 22 CHAPTEE V. workmen's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1435 THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX. AND AGE GROUPS— Con. CO UMEl BCE i IND ' rHANSPOBTATION. « Males. Females. Age group. Age group. Num- ber. 45 to 50 to 65 to 60 to 65 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to 50 to 55 to 60 to 65 to 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 69. 64. 69. 35 61 78 166 254 48 80 40 22 Ill 107 84 164 289 1 , 28 64 82 188 314 34 32 67 73 69 84 121 128 222 344 63 75 67 94 83 48 4» 143 40 S9 74 107 91 66 69 76 80 90 106 102 ■£i 16 10 61 26 65 117 109 124 121 21 11 40 30 63 41 53 39 46 22 22 26 18 33 24 24 63 19 33 30 46 16 12 10 3 182 107 66 37 26 476 400 238 240 178 66 48 56 33 17 216 126 82 40 17 662 476 276 266 129 93 52 69 23 9 8 11 8 6 2 6 4 2 2 2 96 23 40 41 48 9 24 3 7 8 16 4 6 26 17 4 16 32 13 32 IS 30 12 18 9 15 22 60 93 28 12 48 14 40 16 20 4 11 6 16 12 11 12 5 11 16 9 7 6 2 5 40 12 6 8 5' \ ^ 12 9 9 14 17 17 42 47 19 25 12 10 9 « 12 10 4 ""46' 40 40 "'76' 40 37 45 62 ■■■■4" 24 7 7 8 10 4 45 39 40 45 39 37 47 38 37 24 48 29 40 37 89 9 37 9 24 31 21 32 44 18 12 18 16 16 12 6 2 2 47 22 18 7 6 4 V 10 12 8 7 3 3 8 29 12 28 4 6 58 49 44 35 38 22 23 18 10 9 40 37 46 17 14 8 16 5 4 2 } ^^ 12 24 48 9 4 26 24 27 18 17 95 40 44 66 59 21 38 17 } "^ 27 24 20 20 13 23 49 76 24 62 47 48 32 17 18 39 45 .S3 ,W 45 48 80 94 80 44 111 71 63 66 67 } ^^ 52 30 40 33 39 34 57 48 37 69 84 41 32 40 51 5 13 10 10 10 40 40 12 7 \ 14 5 19 6 29 8 38 7 54 4 46 i7 67 5 7 59 6 21 3 38 4 42 40 } ^^ 28 35 46 47 40 29 17 5 45 46 50 29 1 18 1 10 9 6 4 4 6 3 2 3 141 173 195 194 186 96 40 95 160 89 130 36 161 168 176 107 162 177 187 176 34 73 67 73 95 56 86 122 114 139 42 72 64 46 63 80 , 48 89 37 95 104 82 88 } 18 67 87 86 66 64 80 24 105 73 78 131 90 93 121 67 10 9 20 9 22 37 12 21 22 8 } 19 9 12 17 16 14 12 16 19 12 43 19 21 42 33 25 43 36 60 43 41 32 25 47 48 37 36 35 22 26 1 20 40 23 25 24 12 34 33 48 27 22 22 16 21 19 12 21 10 6 40 22 18 36 7 16 12 I ^^ 17 11 4 8 9 17 28 7 6 16 7 1 1 4 2 7 6 7 3 3 1 1 2 16 10 11 13 28 18 40 12 21 6 4 21 24 9 24 9 9 24 17 13 13 30 13 10 6 6 48 22 24 5 } ^* 8 16 10 6 23 8 12 17 19 7 11 7 4 g 7 6 9 8 48 40 80 22 12 66 38 21 [ 25 6 16 3 7 7 9 11 24 19 61 62 89 65 42 28 25 20 20 12 37 24 49 22 46 } ^ 12 12 11 8 8 12 17 19 35 29 21 13 39 34 47 35 36 44 47 43 48 80 95 40 45 93 83 49 38 38 36 34 31 46 40 57 61 60 47 48 48 36 33 43 26 21 19 59 14 44 21 34 36 33 22 23 9 37 9 33 7 11 IS 16 1436 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOE. NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOB SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOR HOUSEHOLD SERVICE, DAT LABOR, ETC. Nature of diseases, Period. Males. A."e PTOUT) 20 to 24. 25 to 30 to 34. 35 to 40 to 44. Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculosis of other organs Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases Apoplexy, etc Epilepsy, etc Diseases of the spinal column Nervous diseases ' Diseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis ,. . Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . . Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen Diseases of the other digestive organs Ventral hernia. Diseases of the kidneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 481 491 56 29 18 18 35 21 3 508 497 42 24 17 15 16 26 44 7 7 373 338 15 19 7 26 19 16 22 33 41 35 34 28 45 44 30 30 30 42 4 3 7 16 7 5 123 76 45 49 19 27 61 47 16 4 273 285 25 17 10 21 29 17 6 13 149 96 38 64 3 13 51 36 22 8 3 2 3 9 38 21 3 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSUHANCE IN GERMANY. 1437 THEPEEIOD81891T01895AND1896T01899,BYOCCUPATION,SEX,AND AGE GROUPS— Con. HOUSEHOLD SEBVICE, DAT LABOR, ETC. Males. Females. Age group. Age group. Num- ber. 46 to 50 to 55 to 60tfl 65 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 3,5 to 40 to 45 to 60 to 55 to 60 to 65to 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 34 25 53 103 236 77 65 149 58 45 71 Ill 174 284 \ 1 35 64 96 191 302 24 56 77 96 69 121 148 182 293 423 48 50 62 69 76 250 97 107 70 89 116 UK) 86 112 • ^ 43 84 81 77 80 12 28 66 64 65 79 100 111 117 95 17 8 215 15 20 161 30 18 85 36 22 41 29 22 28 12 11 163 7 13 59 19 19 68 37 28 41 49 22 16 30 18 12 ■ 3 384 333 258 85 ► 4 203 152 82 44 28 518 333 219 112 130 99 68 35 20 12 7 13 11 7 14 7 . 2 4 4 2 ""i2' 83 37 7 7 10 3 •""4" 1 2 3 1 \ ' 22 8 7 24 34 17 37 17 46 21 29 10 19 58 47 59 30 22 36 21 18 23 26 6 16 \ ^ 9 22 16 7 7 15 24 10 4 11 16 3 7 4 17 3 4 11 6 9 5 4 4 64 11 4 12 33 """is" 22 19 10 12 10 4 """"9" 8 8 7 6 4 4 4 2 3 3 7 12 77 49 28 167. 56 } ' 11 32 29 39 44 28 32 30 36 27 29 24 32 44 ■""48' 12 18 45 24 29 26 18 22 23 12 25 11 \ « 12 28 15 15 6 6 2 3 7 5 3 2 21 32 23 26 "ii" 3 17 8 8 4 4 1 3 10 24 65 66 65 36 35 21 16 77 32 21 12 52 22 18 10 6 11 39 33 22 14 8 24 9 65 16 54 13 7 4 4 2 24 25 32 21 11 84 32 64 12 7 26 18 24 16 ■ 12 27 13 24 23 15 IS 55 48 16 30 28 22 15 12 60 63 49 SS 51 154 97 85 70 45 77 90 66 63 ■ 13 39 38 38 38 40 36 9 44 88 62 64 67 44 44 33 2 3 27 28 4 5 36 30 5 3 39 38 2 2 41 46 6 5 49 31 32 7 6 15 26 6 7 26 43 2 4 45 27 7 6 28 32 4 2 40 25 ' 14 7 11 29 } ^^ 12 11 16 g 2 7 5 1 16 9 169 150 4 218 212 7 242 192 5 236 219 1 216 199 4 116 87 "iii" 75 3 116 80 3 133 109 2 145 105 2 132 123 66 65 85 72 } " 48 65 34 54 74 71 69 154 32 43 105 89 61 64 91 70 } ^* 61 63 54 67 60 85 83 33 56 62 82 81 94 86 77 10 8 29 6 12 46 17 15 41 14 20 31 11 16 13 10 18 19 27 30 47 23 2.'i 35 32 24 27 19 11 16 21 14 26 52 83 20 50 42 33 25 17 12 9 22 72 33 41 45 44 29 18 12 23 6 9 20 17 5 9 7 8 21 8 23 11 16 13 22 12 14 12 8 10 10 6 } ^^ 12 11 4 4 8 16 17 14 3 1 23 30 4 10 2 2 22 • ■■"4' 12 16 12 18 32 30 13 ■5 2 30 22 11 6 1 25 20 6 10 1 24 11 9 6 12 10 2 5 21 12 14 12 11 30 16 30 21 13 24 26 17 23 32 11 21 16 } ^ 12 28 2 4 29 15 51 61 41 24 4 7 27 19 71 12 10 14 9 8 9 32 88 106 112 81 87 74 73 68 56 49 49 38 32 34 16 I ^ 12 56 17 26 56 66 25 20 64 52 16 16 46 42 43 8 43 48 35 25 46 65 22 22 89 66 51 27 80 56 33 26 60 57 33 26 52 46 22 16 40 31 \ 26 194 66 \ 27 36 74 23 28 21 19 20 77 46 22 29 25 15 18 27 17 15 48 9 11 16 11 19 9 19 16 14 a Less than one. 1438 BBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. NUMBER PER 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOR SPECIFIED CAUSES, TOE MILITARY SERVICE, CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL SERVICE, LIBERAL PROFESSIONS, ETC. Nature of diseases. Debility, anemia, old age Articular rheumatism, gout Muscular rheumatism Pulmonary tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis of other organs Cancer, etc Other general diseases Mental diseases Apoplexy, etc Epilepsy, etc Diseases of the spinal column Nervous diseases Diseases of the eye Diseases of the ear Diseases of the respiratory organs Diseases of the pleura Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc Diseases of the stomach Diseases of the intestiaes, liver, or spleen Diseases of the other digestive organs Ventral hernia Diseases of the Hdneys Diseases of the genito-urinary organs Diseases of the sl?in and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries Period. Males. Age group. 20 to 24. 461 622 51 -36 102 18 357 ms 71 9 107 63 36 36 30 to 34. 275 433 78 43 7 39 106 78 28 59 21 98 60 78 14 35 to 39. 25 19 12 12 325 338 13 18 37 74 25 40 to 44. 11 215 283 19 16 9 26 9 16 65 63 66 47 131 68 37 63 9 6 19 31 37 CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1439 THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GEOUPS— Con. MILITARY SERVICE, CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL, SERVICE, LIBERAL PROFESSIONS, ETC. Males. Females. Age group. Age group. Num- ber. 45 to 49. 50 to 64. 55 to 69. 60 to 64. 65 to 69. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 39. 40 to 44. 45 to 49. 50 to 84. 65 to 59. 60 to 64. 65 to 69. 28 26 60 41 241 28 15 6 23 11 15 33 23 61 29 11 ""66' 49 22 15 72 38 6 3 16 20 16 3 160 119 33 75 33 46 ' "i4' 26 64 42 88 8 20 125 130 11 7 23 36 8 7 30 18 53 S4 8 6 49 39 26 16 64 3B 8 2 30 44 8 5 136 192 80 44 19 15 30 41 15 11 55 113 61 75 26 16 75 92 2 5 24 33 2 8 22 20 49 31 2 5 32 34 14 27 45 40 12 3 34 34 4 6 242 184 44 61 10 18 26 33 16 21 2 2 24 24 18 12 16 5 38 17 67 54 38 28 131 197 75 84 13 22 48 49 7 3 22 24 13 6 9 8 52 36 5 10 20 20 30 22 48 40 r 3 43 38 6 3 207 203 64 60 4 11 25 26 14 6 5 ■"si" 31 9 10 6 10 18 16 65 45 26 17 224 352 69 66 21 20 27 27 1 1 12 14 4 2 6 3 33 31 2 1 12 9 13 12 43 33 5 6 57 38 3 3 250 194 47 60 11 13 21 23 7 3 1 1 34 30 8 6 10 11 14 8 48 35 18 9 91 100 91 25 134 74 33 56 32 116 65 57 32 12 129 103 32 12 32 46 79 123 106 61 ■"'26' 53 44 ""26' 61 88 176 101 85 25 37 25 32 13 11 13 37 225 244 98 86 10 21 20 33 3" 10 24 10 21 19 6 29 18 10 3 347 463 63 60 i" 11 15 11 4 11 15 """"ii" """62" 26 4" "333' 200 125 161 42 65 19 100 222 333 600 334 500 333 125 323 272 150 4 65 126 ""'gi" 25 37 33 37 I -7 26 ""60" """67" 37 34 '"23" 35 26 26 26 35 26 44 16 25 ""56' 21 "ie" 13 126 65 83 \ ^ } « 25 """33" 37 34 '"12 32 12 97 34 65 34 32 ■ 10 200 65 126 50 91 100 91 125 18 100 93 33 37 9 39 36 69 47 """"52" 26 21 37 11 8 31 11 125 """64" 79 79 63 53 13 32 76 59 12 13 42 5 38 37 "'"49" 36 65 46 """i§- } ^' 75 1 16 42 125 83 126 5 228 122 51 90 25 5 61 53 6 127 137 69 101 10 21 29 24 10 3 """i26" 108 126 75 21 11 11 15 7 260 32 91 25 33 "im 130 32 23 97 92 184 53- 26 79 32 25 \ ^^ 37 67 37 12 32 34 32 12 32 18 53 35 91 25 20 ■ 21 } 22 83 42 25 37 35 16 4 11 15 "'ii' 14 16 20 ...... 28 29 61 78 39 52 19 6 19 24 4 8 30 10 87 54 42 23 33 66 . 23 26 18 26 35 26 44 13 11 20 21 \ 23 25 I 32 25 91 50 "'"67" 18 23 32 115 21 51 27 9 20 27 29 24 59 35 39 6 7 21 37 21 7 42 30 7 1 25 1 26 32 260 """so" 18 33 56 67 23 65 57 """i2" 17 132 44 53 17 27 88 27 13 32 1 27 83 125 42 64 1440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP L.ABOB. NUMBER PEE 1,000 OF PERSONS RECEIVING PENSIONS FOE SPECIFIED CAUSES, FOE DOMESTIC SERVICE IN THE HOME OP THE EMPLOYER. Nature of diseases. Period. Males. ' Num ber. Age group. 20 to 24. 25 to 29. 30 to 34. 35 to 39. 40 to 44. 1 Debility, anemia, old age (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 (1891-1895 ■11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1896 U896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 (1891-1895 \1896-1899 (1891-1895 1896-1899 1891-1895 \1896-1899 1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1896 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 (1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1896 1896-1899 (1891-1895 U896-1899 1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1895 11896-1899 1891-1895 1896-1899 19 Articular rheumatism, gout 2 71 27 "84 38 111 39 59 3 Pulmonary tuberculosis 56 269 278 19 56 "i96" 294 "26' 4 429 556 622 714 27 48 283 250 22 ""22' 5 Tuberculosis of other organs fi Other general diseases 7 72 27 22 39 56 58 111 38 """26' "iis' 118 '"'59' 176 39 '"'26' Mental diseases 8 "222' 54 48 27 43 '"'22' 9 Apoplexy, etc 10 58 56 58 Diseases of the spinal column 11 fi 87 13 39 56 38 Diseases of the eye 13 65 83 Diseases of the ear 14 15 Diseases of the pleura. 16 39 ""ii?" 117 98 69 39 59 17 Diseases of the lungs other than tuberculosis '"n 111 48 81 48 27 "m 167 65 83 55 96 55 58 18 Diseases of the heart and large blood vessels Other diseases of the blood vessels, lymphatics, etc. . . Diseases of the stomach 19 20 71 ""■47' 44 83 19 Diseases of the intestines, liver, or spleen 21 19 55 19 Diseases of the other digestive organs 22 Ventral hernia 23 Diseases of the kidneys 24 27 22 39 39 69 20 Diseases of the genito-urinary organs 25 19 Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissues Diseases of the organs of locomotion. . 26 39 ""39' .59 S9 65 19 "'39' 2V 214 27 130 167 43 83 Invalidity resulting from mechanical injuries 28 "iii' 54 47 ' CHAPTEB V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1441 THE PERIODS 1891 TO 1895 AND 1896 TO 1899, BY OCCUPATION, SEX, AND AGE GROUPS— Con. DOMESTIC SERVICE IN THE HOME OF THE EMPLOTER. Males. Females. Nu be Age group. Age group. m- r. 45 to 50 to 55 to 60 to 65 to 20 to 2Stfl 30 to 36 to 40 to 45 to 50 to 55 in 60 to 65 to 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. 54. 59. 64. 69. 21 50 105 127 218 44 40 33 32 76 78 121 141 190 307 1 91 67 83 191 258 44 52 76 79 110 134 140 198 276 426 75 30 67 89 82 47 66 76 79 74 100 78 106 119 , 99 2 91 67 125 147 91 67 64 63 61 76 74 107 131 127 93 20 10 38 29 4 8 3 10 7 27 27 22 23 3 21 15 15 3 268 3 219 3 193 8 141 7 96 15 64 12 18 25 21 16 108 170 114 70 18 37 17 11 4 182 100 21 44 15 322 265 193 139 100 70 42 26 15 10 32 20 10 6 6 60 24 14 IS 16 10 6 6 2 2 ■ 6 30 11 41 7 30 13 27 6 17 17 8 30 6 28 2 21 5 28 4 15 1 15 20 19 13 12 6 30 34 21 7 12 5 16 7 16 20 3 34 12 36 9 28 11 26 8 21 7 13 7 6 7 15 16 30 63 28 12 35 65 27 17 49 74 16 20 69 72 35 10 27 70 22 11 22 45 33 17 24 26 33 12 10 14 21 9 8 5 22 6 1 3 18 43 61 64 10 67 40 10 48 32 23 9 91 34 104 76 18 17 22 27 18 29 16 16 13 13 6 19 46 27 17 16 12 13 4 3 1 21 15 29 37 25 37 16 10 12 5 2 2 10 86 30 19 13 12 33 18 19 20 27 22 17 10 6 4 11 30 33 42 15 15 18 26 22 16 15 10 3 4 3 43 10 10 26 12 16 38 46 38 34 38 38 20 30 13 12 100 62 IS 15 22 18 31 46 60 64 44 33 19 14 11 60 28 32 23 37 38 60 59 69 64 m 57 58 53 13 30 30 15. 32 47 69 8 4 16 52 3 6 17 60 10 11 10 63 4 11 22 46 13 13 26 61 10 8 23 45 7 4 29 37 5 6 30 19 6 12 6 11 11 50 38 57 47 15 30 21 29 IS 8 10 6 18 14 17 22 26 26 23 22 "isi' 12 5 3 54 64 5 2 63 6 2 62 2 3 64 6 3 76 1 1 92 2 2 124 2 2 111 1 1 117 16 33 190 152 204 229 30 100 146 206 167 36 39 42 32 41 60 67 83 89 98 86 80 67 89 47 77 73 98 94 96 88 102 116 112 97 18 91 133 125 88 137 65 74 90 83 96 106 114 120 121 96 11 10 26 29 2 4 5 16 12 12 31 31 26 21 19 33 42 44 15 6 8 11 11 24 27 36 30 27 20 75 20 38 38 18 19 38 60 47 62 64 52 33 39 25 20 61 33 44 30 18 39 45 46 62 47 46 35 31 20 21 19 6 12 9 9 11 9 16 12 10 11 12 7 91 61 41 15 8 7 12 9 9 12 16 8 6 8 9 6 2 1 2 1 4 3 2 ""2 9 2 1 7 ...... 21 1 1 10 2 1 1 18 '"'% oo 30 28 13 47 33 21 29 15 2 4 4 7 3 13 13 13 13 10 20 26 12 16 13 16 12 7 7 11 8 5 6 33 41 15 11 21 16 26 12 15 18 13 7 4 18 30 26 26 35 ,32 46 39 62 63 66 45 66 57 31 39 31 32 30 32 28 20 •"l 67 15 21 20 19 13 12 30 31 14 9 32 31 42 3/ 36 32 26 21 15 13 14 15 28 27 27 34 37 26 21 65 61 32 30 100 33 30 133 38 63 114 108 71 27 21 29 46 90 77 68 72 74 49 68 44 42 26 28 32 23 33 24 22 28 22 22 17 14 16 12 28 21 44 29 30 21 16 14 14 12 11 13 13 c iLesst hano le. 1442 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. The proportion of invalidity pensions which are discontinued because of the death or recovery of the pensioners is of great impor- tance in computing the cost of a system of invalidity insurance. In the following table the invalidity pensions discontinued (death, recovery, etc.), during the period 1891 to 1899 are shown by classes of pensioners, the classes being arranged by length of time for which pensions have been received. PER CENT OF PERSONS RECEIVING INVALIDITY PENSIONS GRANTED FROM 1891 TO 1899 WHO CEASED TO RECEIVE SUCH PENSIONS DURING EACH SPECIFIED YEAR AFTER PENSION WAS GRANTED. [Source: Statistisches Handbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1907.] Age when pen- sion was granted MALES. 20 25 30 35 40 45 SO .55 60 65 70 75 80 FEMALES. 20 25 30 35 40 45 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 BOTH SEXES. 20 25 30 35 40 46 60 55 60 65 70 75 80 Per cent of persons ceasing to receive pensions during each specified year after pension was granted. 1st year. 60.00 53.70 47.90 42.40 36.95 31.70 26.60 21.65 17.20 14.30 13.10 13.35 16.40 63.10 37.70 27.00 21.30 17.30 14.25 11.70 9.70 8.00 7.18 7.35 9.30 13.80 66.50 46.20 39.90 35.30 30.80 26.40 22.15 18.05 14.60 12.20 11.38 12.14 15.60 2d year. 35.00 31.30 27.80 24.55 21.50 18.50 15.55 12.90 11.10 10.40 10.80 13.10 17.40 22.10 17.60 14.00 11.35 9.60 8.20 7.26 6.48 6.05 6.17 7.20 10.20 14.90 28.20 24.95 22.25 19.80 17.65 15.30 13.05 10.90 9.55 9.13 9.72 12.23 16.65 3d year. 21.30 19.10 17.10 15.16 13.45 11.95 10.60 9.45 9.01 9.21 10.65 13.85 18.50 12.60 10.30 8.40 6.90 5.86 5.24 4.92 4.79 4.96 5.60 7.50 11.00 16.10 16.60 14.85 13.36 12.10 10.88 9.78 8.73 8.00 7.76 8.12 9.71 13.00 17.80 4th year. 14.66 13.20 11.95 10.95 10.00 9.25 8.62 8.13 8.05 8.74 11.15 14.65 19.70 8.70 7.10 6.00 5.00 4.40 4.18 4.10 4.15 4.50 5.66 8.10 11.86 17.40 11.25 10.20 9.45 8.70 8.04 7.54 7.15 6.87 6.94 7.90 10.24 13.80 19.05 6th year. 10.60 9.75 9.14 8.60 8.17 7.89 7.64 7.39 7.60 9.16 11.76 15.50 21.00 6.95 5.80 4.80 4.00 3.78 3.70 3.72 3.85 4.50 6.00 8.75 12.80 18.80 8.50 7.74 7.24 6.83 6.59 6.44 6.33 6.23 6.61 8.22 10.86 14.66 20.40 6th year. 8.00 7.65 7.37 7.16 7.00 6.90 6.90 6.92 7.45 9.60 12.40 16.40 22.40 5.60 4.75 4.00 3.60 3.39 3.36 3.45 3.76 4.75 6.45 9.45 13.80 20.30 6.60 6.19 5.93 5.78 5.72 5.68 ' 5.75 5.90 6.63 8.67 11.52 15.60 21.80 7th year. 6.60 6.27 6.12 6.09 6.09 6.18 6.31 6.50 7.85 10.10 13.10 17.40 23.90 4.65 4.00 3.50 3.18 3.10 3.16 3.35 3.92 6.00 6.96 10.20 14.90 21.80 5.35 5.15 5.07 5.07 5.07 5.17 6.36 6.69 6.99 9.15 12.23 16.65 23.30 8th year. 5.40 5.40 6.40 5.45 5.65 5.65 5.90 6.55 8.25 10.60 13.85 18.50 25.50 3.82 3.41 3.14 2.92 2.86 3.03 3.38 4.10 6.30 7.50 11.00 16.10 23.40 4.60 4.44 4.49 4.58 4.68 4.80 5.11 5.S2 7.38 9.67 13.00 17.80 24.90 9th year. 4.70 4.74 4.84 4.99 5.14 6.29 5.70 6.80 8.70 11.15 14.66 19.70 27.20 3.32 3.10 2.91 2.79 2.80 3.03 3.50 4.30 5.60 8.10 11.85 17.40 25.10 3.90 3.98 4.11 4.25 4.38 4.58 6.04 6.05 7.79 10.24 13.80 19.05 26.60 10th year. 11th year. 12th year. 4.14 3.80 3.68 4.24 3.94 3.83 4.40 4.13 4.03 4.60 4.37 4.34 4.80 4.68 4.76 6.06 6.17 5.32 5.90 6.10 6.30 7.10 7.45 7.85 9.15 9.60 10.10 11.75 12.40 13.10 16.50 16.40 17.40 21.00 22.40 23.90 29.00 30.90 32.90 2.95 2.74 2.68 2.85 2.72 2.69 2.75 2.71 2.70 2.70 2.71 2.73 2.79 2.83 2.89 3.11 3.19 3.29 3.62 3.76 3.92 4.60 4.75 6.00 6.00 6.45 6.95 8.75 9.45 10.20 12.80 13.80 14.90 18.80 20.30 21.80 26.90 28.80 30.80 3.50 3.25 3.17 3.65 3.42 3.36 3.81 3.66 3.61 3.98 3.86 3.86 4.17 4.12 4.19 4.47 4.59 4.73 5.22 6.41 5.61 6.32 6.63 6.99 8.22 8.67 9.15 10.85 11.52 12.23 14.65 15.60 16.65 20.40 21.80 23.30 28.40 30.30 32.30 The basis of the rates given in the preceding table consists of 444,654 cases of invalidity pensions granted in the years 1891 to 1899, inclu- sive; approximately 70 per cent of these were males and 30 per cent females. The number of these pensioners ceasing to receive pensions CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1443 during the period was 210,482, of which approximately 95 per cent were due to death, 4 per cent to recovery, and 1 per cent to other causes. The general tendency shown by the table may be summed up by stating that, except for the three highest ages, the probability of ceasmg to draw a pension— of ceasing to be an invalid either through recovery or death — is much greater in the younger ages than in the older. The proportion of demissions is quite large in the younger ages; at the ages of 20 and 25 approximately one-half of the invalids drop out in the first year; of those in middle age, e. g., 45 and 50, approxi^ mately one-fourth drop out in the first year while of those in the ages of 70 and 75, approximately one-eighth drop out in the first year. Of those who are in the second year of the receipt of pensions, in the ages of 20 and 25, approximately one-fourth drop out during that year, in the ages 40 and 45 about 15 per cent of the second year pen- sioners drop out in that year, while in the ages 70 and 75 from 10 to 12 per cent of the second year pensioners drop out in that year. The cause of the high proportion of demissions in the younger ages is stated to be due to the fact that the invalids of the younger ages suffer principally from severe diseases, many of which are likely to end fatally; pulmonary tuberculosis, which is responsible for a large proportion of the cases of invalidity in the younger ages, frequently causes death in a short time. The cases of invalidity in the higher ages include many instances in which there is a gradual deterioration of the physique of the pensioner; these cases usually suffer from sickness of various kinds, in which there is loss of earning power, but their death rate is perhaps not much in excess of the average rate of a standard population. Considerable difference exists between the rates for the sexes; as a rule the proportion of females dropped from the pension rolls is much smaller than the proportion of males. The data relating to the proportion of persons ceasing to receive pensions, whose invahdity was caused by pulmonary tuberculosis, show approximately the same tendencies as the data for all cases. The ratio of tuberculosis pensioners who drop out is greater for the younger than for the older ages; in the ages 20 to 24 years the pro- portion of males who drop out in the first year after the pension has been granted is about 80 per cent and decreases steadUy with increas- ing age, and even in the age 65 to 69 the number of tuberculosis pen- sioners who drop out in the first year after the granting of the pension is only about 39 per cent. The same ratios are found in the case of the females. In general it may also be said that the probabihty of ceas- in"" to draw a pension decreases with length of time the pensioner has 1444 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOB. been on the roll; for the males of the age 20 to 24 it is probable that 80 per cent will drop out in the first year they have been drawing pensions, while of those who have been drawing pensions for nine years only 8 per cent are hkely to drop out. Data relating to the probabUity of old-age pensioners ceasing to receive pensions have been compiled for 316,484 persons granted pen- sions during the years 1891 to 1897; up to the end of the year 1899 about 51 per cent of this number had dropped out, of whom 72 per cent were males and 28 per cent were females. The males are there- fore more strongly represented among the demissions than among the admissions. The ratio of demissions per 100 pensions granted was 52 males and 48 females. Of the 160,892 demissions 152,446, or about 94 per cent, were due to the death of the pensioner, and 7,791, or about 5 per cent, to the substitution of a higher invalidity pension for the old-age pension, while less than one-half of 1 per cent was due to miscellaneous causes. UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE. INTBODTJCTION. The compulsory workmen's insurance system of Germany provides relief ia case the worker is physically unable to perform work because of accidental injury, sickness, or invahdity. The worker may, how-, ever, be physically able and willing to work, but because of lack of opportunity may be plunged into distress just as severe as if he had suffered a loss of ability to work. Rehef for distress due to this cause is provided by a variety of methods, some of which are classed as insurance, though none of the systems of insurance against unemployment has as yet been developed to the stage long since attained by the sickness, accident, and invalidity insurance. In fact, it may be said that unemployment insurance in Germany is as yet in a period of development. In Germany the greatest amount of rehef provided in case of unem- ployment is that furnished by the trade unions of industrial workers and similar voluntary associations of employees organized on occu- pational liaes. The organizations which have solely for their purpose the insurance of workers against unemployment are comparatively few iu number, the number of persons protected is small, and the benefits provided are frankly admitted to be inadequate. The nature of the problem of unemployment insurance practically compels the voluntary insurance organizations to restrict themselves to meager and inadequate benefits. While the number of insurance organiza- tions in Germany is not large, they are sufficiently varied m character to make of interest their experience as part of the movement to develop a practicable system of unemployment insurance. Many of CHAPTEB V. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1445 the organizations receive subsidies from the municipal or other local government in which they operate ; that these subsidies are but small in amount does not, however, lessen the importance of the experience derived from the operations; in some cases the subsidies have pur- posely been made small in order to encourage a sound and natural development instead of unduly stimulating growth by larger grants. From the technical insurance point of view the basis on which a system of insurance against unemployment must be established is defective in certain important features. In any system of insurance where compensation is provided for loss due to a specified occurrence the latter should be an event independent of the will of the insured person or at least directly in conflict with his own interest. In unem- ployment insurance it is practically impossible to control the charac- ter of the unemployment ; frequently that due to the wfll or conniv- ance of the insured person or continuing for the same reason can not be distinguished from involuntary and unavoidable unemployment. This fact makes it necessary to restrict the benefits to small amounts . which only partially indenmify the insured person for his losses on account of unemployment. The question of fault in connection with the origin of the worker's unemployment involves a number of administrative problems. For instance, under certain circumstances a worker may be entirely justi- fied in voluntarily giving up his position, and to pass on such cases quickly and impartially special administrative machinery will have to be devised. The question of whether a workman shall be required, regardless of the rate of pay or other conditions, to accept a position offered to him or to forfeit his rights under the insurance is also one of the administrative problems calling for special consideration, par- ticularly as this phase of the insurance may cause conflict with the trade unions. The causes of unemployment are usually divided into two classes — the voluntary and the involuntary causes. Unemployment due to voluntary causes includes that arising from trade disputes, whether the dispute affects only one person or a group of persons engaged in a strike or lockout; the class of unem- ployment due to lack of desire to work is however the most important class of voluntary unemployment and constitutes the most serious problem in the way of introducing a successful system of insurance against unemployment. The necessity of distinguishing unemploy- ment which originated or which is continued because of the mental attitude of the workman, from unemployment originating or con- tinuing in spite of sincere efforts to obtain employment — in other words of distinguishing between two psychological factors — has always been the factor which makes the status of this problem more or less doubtful as an insurance question. 1446 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. The causes of involuntary unemployment — aside from the physical disability of the workman — are either the recurrent or the special depressions in industrj'. Many industries practically suspend operations at regular intervals each year, as is the case in agriculture, transportation on inland waterways, the building trades, quarrying, etc. ; certain industries, the so-called seasonal trades, have recurrent periods of activity and depression, such as the clothing trades, certain textile industries, etc. In addition to these more or less regularly recurring periods of depression each year in specified industries, periods of general industrial depression occur at intervals of every few years, which cause widespread unemployment. In some of the industries just mentioned, for instance, in the building trades, the wages are to some degree adjusted to the recurrent periods of unem- ployment. Any system of unemployment insurance must therefore be adjusted to meet these risks as well as those of persons engaged in industries where employment is less subject to wide fluctuations. Partly for this reason and partly because it permits of a more efficient system of control, state subsidies to organizations conducting unem- ployment insurance have most frequently been granted to trade unions and similar associations organized on occupational or industrial lines. The existing institutions for providing insurance against unem- ployment may be divided into three classes : (1) Systems of unemploy- ment relief subsidized by the municipality or other government; (2) institutions created by employers for their own establishments; (3) unemployment rehef conducted by trade unions. INSTTBANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT BY THE LARGER POLITICAL DIVISIONS. One specialized form of unemployment relief provided by the imperial accident insurance law is contained in the provision that the employers' mutual accident associations may grant a person in receipt of a partial disabihty pension, a full pension so long as he is actually out of work because of the accident and not through any fault of his own. (See art. 9, par. 5, of the law.) This provision relates only to persons partially disabled by accident; furthermore, the mjured worker does not possess a right to such a benefit and may make a claim only if the accident association establishes the benefit. At the present time there is no imperial or state system of unem- ployment insurance in Germany. Up to the close of the year 1909, three of the States— Bavaria, Baden, and Hessen— have had under dis- cussion the adoption of a state system of insurance, but in each case no affirmative action has been taken. In the discussion in the upper chamber of the State of Hessen the minister of the interior stated that 'the result of the investigation of unemployment in Hessen CHAPTEB V.^-WORKMEn's INSUKANCE IN GERMANY. 1447 showed that in the case of small miinicipalities the need for such an insurance system had not yet heen demonstrated; for the large municipalities it had been proved that such a system of insurance was either desirable or necessary. In the opinion of the minister, neither the villages, nor the townships, nor the cities would be able to carry on such a system of insurance by themselves; the burden must fall on the widest possible area, namely, that of the Empire. Since an imperial law on this subject is not to be expected in the near future, it must remain, therefore, a problem of the cities to take measures against the distress caused by unemployment by maintaining relief or emergency work, or adopting similar measures. In particular, the minister urged that the system of public employ- ment agencies should be more fully developed. The trade unions and other workmen's organizations were without doubt adapted to assist in the administration of a system of unemployment insurance, the principal difficulty being that at the present time no plan for unemployment insurance which is free from serious defects has been developed. INSTITUTIONS SUBSIDIZED BY MUNICIPALITIES FOR INSURANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOYMENT. In Germany the most important special institutions for insurance against unemployment are those subsidized by the municipalities. The leading unemployment insurance funds are those of Cologne, Leipzig, and Strassburg, but during the years 1909 and 1910 a long list of cities and towns have provided subsidies for organizations furnishing unemployment relief. A few of the subsidy plans adopted are mentioned in the following pages. THE COLOGNE MUNICIPAL FUND FOE INSURANCE AGAINST UNEMPLOY- MENT IN WINTER. The municipal fund of Cologne had its origin in a resolution passed by the municipal council on October 31, 1894, which read as follows : There may be attached to the Municipal Employment Exchange a savings and insurance fund for cases of unemployment, if such an institution is created with the approval and support of the city. In such a case the office rooms and officials of the employment exchange shall, as far as possible, be placed at the service of the new institution free of charge, and the insured workmen who have paid their contributions shall first receive consideration in being given opportunities for employment. The unemployment fund was founded on March 6, 1896, at a meetino' of the citizens of Cologne at which the oberburgermeister presided, and began operations on May 6, 1896. 46598°— 10 92 1448 KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. The constitution adopted at the meeting which established the fund provided that insurance in the fund should be roluntary; membership was restricted to male workmen thrown out of employ- ment between the dates of December 15 and March 15. The fund, therefore, is not a municipal institution, but a private institution receiving a subsidy from the municipality; two ofl&cials of the munici- pality are ex ofl&cio members of the directorate. Only male workmen at least 18 years of age who have resided for not less than 2 years in the city of Cologne may insure them- selves in the fund. The dues or contributions were fixed at a uniform rate of 25 pfennigs (6 cents) per week, and were to be paid beginning April 1 for 34 weeks continuously. The benefits provided in return for these dues or contributions consisted of preference in being given positions from the employment exchange, and if such employment could not be provided, then in the payment of a pecuniary benefit for 8 weeks. The pecuniary benefit is varied in two ways, first, a higher class of benefits is paid to married persons with children, and, secondly, the benefits are decreased with the length of time for which they are received. Under the system of benefits at first adopted the highest amount which a workman could receive in return for paying dues for 34 weeks was 2 marks (47.6 cents) for 20 days, and 1 mark (23.8 cents) for 28 days, or together 68 marks ($16.18), for which he had paid 34 times 25 pfennigs, or an amount equal to 8.50 marks ($2.02). The insured person has no right to benefits if the unemploy- ment was due to his own fault or occurred because of a strike or if he declined to accept a job that was offered him at the employment exchange. The insured person has no special right to employment in his own occupation, but the administration of the fund makes every effort to provide employment appropriate to the physical and mental capacities of the individual. To protect the fund the board of directors is authorized, and also, upon the notification of the super- visory officials, is required, to stop the sale of due books as soon as the amount of contributions paid in by the insured persons reaches the point where, under the assumption that all persons entitled to benefits should become unemployed, two-thirds of the total assets of the fund, including the municipal subsidy, would be exhausted. The officials of the fund consist of the board of directors, the committee of the insured persons, and the general meeting; the board of directors consists of 6 members elected from the committee of the insured persons, of 6 employers, and of 6 persons neither employers nor workmen. In addition, the oberburgermeister and the director of the employment exchange are ex officio members of the board. The committee of the insured persons is elected from their number in the proportion of 1 member to every 50 insured persons. CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1449 The receipts of the fund are composed of contributions of honorary members and patrons, dues of the insured persons, subsidy of the municipal council, and donations from associations, societies, employ- ers, etc.; at the end of the first year the patrons had contributed 70,500 marks ($16,779), honorary members had contributed 3,170 marks ($754.46) in addition to annual contributions of 5,025 marks ($1,195.95), while the municipality provided a subsidy of 25,000 marks ($5,950). At the close of the first year the assets of the fund amounted to 103,582 marks ($24,652.52). Obviously the Cologne fund is not capable of becoming self- supporting, since the only persons who would take out insurance would be those who expect to be unemployed for some length of time during the winter. One writer sums up the situation by char- acterizing the fund as a benevolent institution intended to stimulate saving; a workman who saves 8.50 marks ($2.02) has this sum returned to him during the winter in the form of unemployment benefits, together with a considerable premium. The statistical data given below indicate that the fund can rarely expect the workmen to pay as much as 75 per cent of the amount given in benefits. During the first few years the board of directors practically reduced the requirements imposed on the insured persons; but following that period there has been a tendency to increase the requirements. In the year 1903, for instance, the dues were raised from a uniform rate of 25 pfennigs (6 cents) to 30 pfennigs (7.1 cents) for unskilled workers and 40 pfennigs (9.5 cents) for skilled workers. A further restriction was introduced in the requirement that only those persons might become members of the fund who could show that they had a regular occupation, which meant the exclusion of casual workers from the insurance. In the same year the date when benefits should begin was changed to December 1 and the date of their ending to March 1. In 1905 an increase in the weekly dues was again made, the rates this time being 35 pfennigs (8.3 cents) for unskilled workmen and 45 pfennigs (10.7 cents) for skilled workmen. In actual practice the fund has developed into a system of insur- ance for workers in the building trades and in trades closely connected therewith. In the year 1908-9, for instance, the occupations of those drawing benefits were masons, plasterers, carpenters, painters, pavers, stonecutters, cabinetmakers, and paper hangers. A great advantage possessed by the Cologne fund consists of its close affiliation with the municipal employment exchange, which has materially reduced the number of days of benefits required to be paid; in fact during the first few years the number of days was reduced more than one-half because of employment provided through the efforts of the exchange. 1450 BEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOK. The most difficult point in any system of unemployment insurance, namely, that of control of the unemployed, is provided for in Cologne by requiring the insured person to appear twice each day at the office of the municipal employment exchange, and it is stated that no complaints have arisen on this account from the insured persons. The reports of the fund admit that the beneficiaries may secure casual employment which they do not report to the fund, but as the number of insured persons is comparatively small, it is believed that an adequate supervision of the workers is maintained. The operations of the fund during the fiscal year 1908-9 showed that there was an endowment of 136,360 marks ($32,454), the annual dues of 213 honorary members amounted to 2,335 marks ($556), the interest and miscellaneous income amounted to 6,330 marks ($1,507), and the dues of the insured persons amounted to 26,585 marks ($6,327). The expenditures for the fiscal year 1908-9 were: For ad- ministration, 5,485 marks ($1,305) ; for benefits to unemployed persons, 61,934 marks ($14,740) ; and miscellaneous expenses, 146 marks ($35). The dues of the insured persons were 42.9 per cent of the benefits received by them. The number of insured persons was 1,957, among whom were 1,435 skilled workers, with weekly dues of 45 pfennigs (10.7 cents), and 522 unskilled workers, with weekly dues of 35 pfennigs (8.3 cents). Among the skilled workers were 366 masons, 420 plasterers, 163 carpenters, 383 painters, 54 pavers, etc., and 49 miscellaneous. Of the number of insured persons, 1,786 were entitled to benefits. The number of married men was 1,573 and the unmarried 348. The number of insured persons who reported themselves as out of work and asked for benefits was 1,481, or 82.9 per cent of the total number of insured persons entitled to benefits. This percentage has been exceeded in one year only, namely, 1906-7, when it was 84.8 per cent. The number of days of unemployment was 62,867^, from which must be deducted 1,918 days during which work was provided for 46 persons; in addition, 1,159 insured persons were given casual work for 24,896 days. The large amount of temporary employment which was supplied to the insured persons was made possible by the close relation which the unemployment fund has to the municipal employ- ment exchange. The time for which full benefits had to be paid was 37,971 J days, for which 61,934 marks ($14,740) of benefits were paid; of this number of days 23,962| received 2 marks (47.6 cents) per day and 14,009 received 1 mark (23.8 cents) per day. The benefits were paid to 1,050 skilled and 383 unskilled workers. Among the skilled workers were 294 masons, 353 plasterers, 97 carpenters, 228 painters, 47 pavers, and 31 miscellaneous. The average amount paid to each person receiving benefits was 43.22 marks ($10.29). The number of days of unemployment for which benefits were paid in the form of groups of days of unemployment is shown in the following table : CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1451 NUMBER OF DAYS OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR WHICH BENEFITS WERE PAID IN THE YEAR 1908-9 BY THE COLOGNE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND. [Source: Reiohs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Number of persons unemployed for— Class of laborers. 1 to5 days. 6to 10 days. 11 to 15 days. 16 to 20 days. 21 to 26 days. 26 to 30 days. 31 to 35 days. 36 t» 40 days. 41 to 45 days. 46 to 47 days. 48 days. Unskilled laborers 34 94 34 77 36 85 49 117 42 110 43 121 43 146 33 83 26 02 9 25 34 Skilled laborers 130 Total 128 111 121 166 152 164 189 116 88 34 164 In the following tables a summary of the operations of the fund since its creation in 1896 is given: NUMBER OF MEMBERS AND EXTENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT OF MEMBERS OF THE MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF COLOGNE, 1896-97 TO 1908-9. [ Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Year. Number of insiured persons. Persons entitled to benefits who be- came u n e m - ployed. Number of days on ■which unem- ployed persons- Propor- tion of expenses for bene- fits met Ijy con- tributions of insured persons. Enrolled. Entitled to bene- fits. Number. Per cent. Were given work. Received benefits. Per cent. 1896-97 220 324 347 256 571 1,205 1,355 1,624 1,717 1,610 1,255 1,505 1,957 132 236 282 226 536 1,105 1,265 1,501 1,696 1,463 1,165 1,382 1,786 96 151 144 154 441 842 1,008 1,164 1,271 1,087 980 1,127 1,481 72.7 64.0 51.1 68.1 82.3 76.2 79.7 77.5 79.6 74.3 84.8 81.5 82.9 2,181 2,646 2,858 3,709 6,479 15,853 28,947 26,716 29,649 28,715 18,238 20,042 24,896 1,408 2,197 2,026 2,773 12,659 18,259 16,046 22,910 25,034 13,414 24,086 29,899 37,9711 42.5 1897_98 . 63.5 1898-99 73.1 1899 1900 42.7 1900-1901 23.6 1901 2 41.4 1902 3 49.7 1903-4 49.5 1904 5 48.5 1905-6 91.7 43.0 1907 8 42.5 42.7 RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND RESERVE OF THE MUNICIPAL UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF COLOGNE, 1896-97 TO 1908-9. rSouroe: Mitteilungen des Statistischen Amts der Stadt Magdeburg No. 19, Die Bisherigen Erfahrungeu ^ * auf dem Gebiete der Arbeitslosenversicherung.] Receipts. Expenditures.^ Year. Contri- butions of insured persons. Contri- butions of honorary members and of patrons. Contri- butions of city. Interest and mis- cellaneous receipts. Total. Pay- ments to insured persons. Costs of adminis- tration. Total. Reserve. 1896-97 1897-98.... 1898-99 1899-1900- . 1900-1901 . . 1901-2 1902-3 1903-4 1904-6 1905-6 190ft-7 1907-8 1908-9 S238 527 582 478 1,086 2,959 3,424 4,706 4,940 5,160 4,092 4,918 6,327 $18,730 1,220 1,249 959 851 794 766 724 709 665 611 682 666 $6,950 $943 1,021 1,075 1,118 1,165 1,121 1,164 1,284 1,299 1,382 1,513 1,600 1,507 $25,861 2,768 2,906 2,555 3,102 4,874 10,104 11,474 11,714 11,967 10,976 11,860 13,150 $560 830 790 1,121 4,602 7,161 6,856 9,600 10, 194 5,627 9,523 11,583 14,740 $648 657 497 459 497 703 883 937 1,042 959 1,053 1,129 01,340 $1,208 1,387 1,293 1,580 5,099 7,854 7,739 10,437 11,236 6,686 10,576 12,712 16,080 $24, 653 26,033 27,647 28,622 26,625 23,644 4,760 4,760 4,760 4,760 4,760 4,760 4,760 26,010 27,047 27,524 32,905 33,305 32,464 32,454 a Including a few small items of return of dues. 1452 BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONER OP LABOR. The number of persons insured fluctuates considerably, as shown in the first of the two tables, but in general the number may be said to show a tendency to increase. The most important item is shown in the column giving the proportion of persons entitled to benefits who apply for relief. While in 3 of the years the percentage is below 70, ever since the reorganization of the fund, in 1900, the proportion of persons claiming benefits has been in excess of 74 per cent. During the winter of 1906 the proportion was as high as 84.8 per cent. The proportion of the expenditures for benefits met by the contributions of the insured persons shows great fluctuations. In 1900-1901 it amounted to only 23.6 per cent, while in the year 1905-6 it reached the amount of 91.7 per cent. Since the year 1901-2 the proportion has varied between 41.4 and 49.7, with the exception of the year 1905-6. The experience of the fund is therefore that from 75 to 85 per cent of the insured persons entitled to benefits will make claim for the same, while the proportion of benefits defrayed by dues of the insured persons wiU be between 40 and 50 per cent. The unemployment insurance, as conducted by the Cologne fund, may be characterized as an insurance of the seasonal industries, espe- cially that of the buflding trades. Like all voluntary institutions, it has the weakness that it is principally what would in insurance ter- minology be called the "poor risks " which are included in its opera- tions and in consequence has a large deficit, which must be supplied by subsidies of various sorts. Although this fund is heavily subsi- dized by the municipality, the city authorities find it necessary to institute emergency work during the winter. Thus, in the winter of 1908-9, emergency work of various kinds was carried on, of which the cost was 172,447 marks ($41,042), this figure being obtained by deducting from the total appropriation the amount obtained from the product of the work. The sick fund for municipal employees estimates that the loss on the work was actually 192,447 marks ($45,802). The number of persons employed in this emergency work was 1,991, who received 37,271 days of employment, while in the writing room 86 persons were given work for 995 days. Among the persons employed were 613 skiUed workers (including 369 buflding trades employees) and 1,378 unskflled workers, among whom were 671 buflding trades employees. The census of the unemployed of the city, taken on January 24, 1909, gives an indication of the extent to which the unemployment fund and the emergency work affords a solution of the problem of refleving the unemployed. On the date mentioned the census showed there were 3,478 persons out of work, not including 620 persons employed on the emergency work and 710 persons receiving benefits from the unemployment uisurance funds, making the number of CHAPTER V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GBEMANY. 1453 unemployed on the date mentioned 4,808 persons, of whom only 14.8 per cent were insured against unemployment. It is of interest, also, to note that among the 3,478 unemployed persons disclosed by the census the building trades formed a large proportion — the sldHed building-trades workers formed 25.5 per cent, while the unskilled trades workers and casual laborers formed 20.7 per cent. The impor- tant part which workers in the building trades constitute in the question of relief of unemployed persons is indicated by the fact that skilled building trades workers formed 67.5 per cent of those receiving bene- fits from insurance funds, 18.5 per cent of those employed on emer- gency works, and 25.5 per cent of the other persons out of work. LEIPZIG. In the year 1903 an unemployment insurance fund for the city of Leipzig was created by a society of private persons who voluntarily contributed varying amounts for the support of the organization. At the beginning of the work an attempt was made to collect subscrip- tions for an endowment fund of 100,000 marks ($23,800); but this attempt was given up in June, 1904, and the society was reorganized in the following year with somewhat different methods of administra- tion. Under the new plan the principal supporters of the fund were the workmen's organizations, which insured a large number of their members under a collective policy and collected the dues from those who were insured. Private persons interested in the fund raised an endowment of 60,000 marks ($14,280) ; but up to the end of 1909 the municipality had not provided a subsidy to assist the fund in this work. By March, 1905, approximately 100 persons, were insured, and the society decided to begin operations at that time. The constitution is an elaborate document, the principal provisions of which may be summarized as follows: Membership in the fund is voluntary, is restricted to male workers who have resided in Leipzig for at least 1 year without interruption, who are not under 16 and not over 60 years of age, and who agree to pay dues in accordance with the specified schedule. According to the constitution, this sched- ule must be arranged to include classes of risks, which, in 1909, were as follows : Weekly dues. Class 1 30 pfennigs ( 7 cents) Class II 40 pfennigs (10 cents) Class III 50 pfennigs (12 cents) Class IV 60 pfennigs (14 cents) The right to benefits begins after a member has paid dues for 42 weeks. The benefits for each workday range from 1 mark to 1.60 marks (23.8 cents to 38 cents). The benefits are paid for 42 days, 1454 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OP LABOR. beginning with the fourth day of unemployment, if the unemploy- ment was not due to the worker's own fault. The usual reasons for disallowing claims for benefits have also been adopted by this fund. A special feature of the fund is the system of collective insurance, according to which trade unions or other organizations may insure their members in a body by making the union responsible for the collection of dues; to secure this right not less than one-third of the members of the union must be insured, this number to include not less than 50 persons. In such cases the dues per pe'i-son are reduced to 10 pfennigs (2 cents) per week, and each person so included becomes entitled to benefits of 75 pfennigs (18 cents) per day. If the member pays dues for an extended period without making a claim for benefits, he thereby becomes entitled to a higher rate of benefits, depending on the length of time for which no claim was made. The constitution makes no mention of any connection between the employment office and the .insurance fund; arrangements are made for the unemployed member to report daily at the office of the fund, but not at the office of the employment agency. The operations of the fund for the four years 1905-6 to 1908-9 are shown in the following tables: NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED AND PERSONS UNEMPLOYED, IN THE UNEMPLOY- MENT INSURANCE FUND OF LEIPZIG, 1905 TO 1909. [Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Number of insured persons at end of year. Insured persons unemployed. Days unemployed. Fiscal year (May 1 to April 30). Number. Per cent. Number. Per per- son unem- ployed. 1905-fi 143 171 244 227 13 14 20 38 9.1 8.2 8.2 16.7 275 241 388 1,042 1906-7 17 2 1907-8 ... 19.4 27.4 1908-9 CHAPTER V. WOKKMEN's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1455 FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF LEIPZIG, 1905 TO 1909. [Source: Eeichs-Arbeitsblatt 1910.] Benefits paid. Receipts. Assets at close of year. Fiscal year (May 1 to April 30). • Amount. Per person receiving benefits. Dues of insured persons. Interest and mis- cellane- ous. 1905-6 $64.74 48.65 118.06 297.26 14.21 3.47 5.90 7.82 1157.32 176. 12 237.29 272.03 1147.32 210.63 240.14 237.05 S4,273.05 4,615.10 1906-7 1907-8 4 687 66 1908-9 41636.95 The number of persons included in the fund is shown by the preceding table to be comparatively small, although there has been an increase during the period included. As compared with the industrial population of the city the operations of the fund are unimportant. The insured persons are divided into classes, as already mentioned, the classification being determined according to the risk of unem- ployment in each class. In the years 1907-8 and 1908-9 the num- ber of persons insured was as follows: NUMBER OF PERSONS INSURED IN THE UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE FUND OF LEIPZIG, BY CLASSES AND OCCUPATIONS, 1907-8 AND 1908-9. (Source: Eelclis-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Class and occupation. 1907-S. 1908-9. Class and occupation. 1907-8. 1908-9. CLASS i: DUES 30 PFENNIGS (7.1 CENTS) PER WEEK. 34 36 7 4 9 41 28 7 8 3 CT,,9S5 Si .9, 057 ?2, 390, 447 G,734 G, 173, 164 1:116,563 = 140,032 SIO, 009, 089 312,005 054,584 a Including expenditures for victimized benefits b Included in strike benefits b Included m strike Denents. oThis total does not agree with the sum of the items; the figures are the equivalents of those given in IP. original source. the original source 1470 EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOR. As shown in the preceding table, the first-named group of unions, the Hberal unions {Freie Gewerkschaf ten) ,o\xt of a total of expenditures of approximately ten million dollars, devoted nearly two million dol- lars for unemployment benefits, The other two groups spent com- paratively small amounts for this class of benefits, so that the largest amounts expended for unemployment relief are provided by the first- named group. In the following table the industries in which the membership of the unions in this group are engaged are shown, together with the number of members, the total expenditures, and the proportion of total expenditures devoted for benefits to relieve unemployment : EXPENDITURES OF THE LIBERAL TRADE UNIONS {FREIE OEWERKSCHAFTE N)FO'R UNEMPLOYMENT, TRAVEL, ETC., BENEFITS IN THE YEAR 1908. [Source; Statistisches Jahrbuch fiir das Deutsche Reich, 1909.] Unions of- Asphalt workers Baiters and confectioners . . . Barbers Building trades worlcers Mine worlcers Sculptors Flower makers Coopers Brewery workers Bookbinders Book printers Book printers' helpers Office employees Rooters Factory workers Butchers Lithographers (.Formslecher) Gardeners Restaurant workers Municipal workmen Glass workers Glaziers Dock, etc., workers Commercial employees Glove makers Woodworkers Hotel waiters H atters Insulators, etc Coppersmiths , Furriers Warehousemen Leather workers Lithographers Painters Engineers Masons Metal workers Millers Music engravers Photographers Leather goods workers Porcelain workers Saddlers Ship carpenters Umbrella makers Blacksmiths Total ex- penditures. Per cent of total expenditures for specified purposes. Average number of mem- bers. Unem- ploy- ment re- lief. Travel. Re- moval, death, and dis- tress benefits. 616 SI, 192. 14 81,163.71 11,311.43 256,856.98 264,859.25 51,040.77 991.51 46,543.99 140,663.00 108, 603. 21 553,601.61 44, 982. 24 16,398.68 15,703.95 638,899.35 8,447.81 3,467.81 21,432.61 39, 135. 29 110, 483. 88 89,768.36 30, 579. 43 116,371.53 23, 466. 80 32,690.49 1,090,990.10 6,602.40 42, 636. 07 4,004.11 34,526.42 8,287.16 3,337.24 45, 229. 28 218,880.51 178,241.77 61,757.43 619,274.57 2,769,829.48 22, 866. 56 6,286.06 1,852.69 14,928.31 105,285.26 46, 132. 18 20,643.41 607.01 111,115.77 1.2 18,289 2,110 20.2 9.8 1.9 .6 .8 1.9 55, 526 112, 192 1.6 47.5 6.7 4,175 498 3.4 1.9 7,705 33,422 18.0 7.9 33.6 30.4 21.1 4.8 2.7 2.6 3 8 21,978 1.2 65, 482 13,492 7.7 4.6 .3 4,477 5,938 7.7 1.2 .4 2.7 1.7 .7 7 2 136, 195 3,017 429 4,800 6,933 14.3 1.9 19.2 10.6 4.4 .6 3.7 2.1 28,160 2.8 26.8 48.0 6.5 16,859 3 6 4,378 23,980 6.0 2.3 8,750 8.2 76.6 30.7 3,228 146,337 3,078 1.9 3.7 .4 1.7- 1.5 11.5 .5 .4 3.7 2 6 7,005 875 39.3 6.4 10 7 4,189 2,636 21.2 4.0 1 2 2,091 6 7 7,491 16,648 39,485 37.6 18.1 4.0 3.6 1.7 4.7 8.0 2 4 18,370 39.2 4 9 175,019 2.1 3.8 1.6 .4 .4 .2 6 4 360,099 4,436 423 273 3,801 12,974 28.0 10.1 19.6 20.4 23.1 27.2 23.6 17.2 1.9 15.31 3.0 10.0 1.1 .3 1.9 3 3 6,796 3,929 239. 15,193 3.4 .4 .4 2.8 2.7 .8 3.3 1.8 CHAPTER V. workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1471 EXPENDITURES OF THE LIBERAL TRADE UNIONS (FBBIE GEWEEKSCHAFTEN) FOR UNEMPLOYMENT, TRAVEL, ETC., BENEFITS IN THE YEAR 1908— Concluded. Unions of- Average number of mem- bers. Total ex- penditures. Per cent of total expenditures for specified purposes. Unem- ploy- ment re- lief. Travel. Re- moval, death, and dis- tress benefits. Tailors Shoemakers Seamen Stoneworkers '. , Stone setters Stucco workers Tobacco workers Upholsterers Textile workers Potters Transportation workers Wood engravers Cigar sorters Carpenters Musicians 39,306 37, 097 7,541 17, 816 10,366 7,361 28,556 8,275 116,403 10, 839 88,096 502 2,601 51,119 1,642 $115,166.82 179, 989. 64 22, 712. 34 64, 853. 33 70, 882. 11 51,593.40 139,497.27 59,406.70 519,065.39 55, 593. 94 376, 483. 39 1,727.17 17, 527. 03 310,015.71 4,'626. 05 4.9 15.6 3.2 7.5 .3 .8 3.6 5.9 34.6 4.6 1.3 5.0 13.6 40.2 26.6 35.4 .3 3.4 2.6 2.5 .2 1.4 2.3 5.3 .7 4.9 2.0 2.8 2.8 .7 5.0 4.0 7.1 2.9 .1 5.0 A few of the German unions have had systems of unemployment relief for considerable periods of time. Among such may be men- tioned the German Book Printers' Union {Deutscher Buchdruckerver- hand) which has paid this benefit since 1880. As an illustration of the activity of a prominent union in this direction, the following table is given to show the expenditures for benefits of the union just mentioned since 1867: EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS, ETC., BY THE GERMAN BOOK PRINTERS' UNION (DEUTSCHEE BUCHDBUCKERVERBAND), 1867 TO 1907. [Source: "W. Kulemann, Die Berufsvereine, vol. 2.] Year. 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1S77, 1878, 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886. Average number of members. 3,192 5,000 6,589 (a) 6,227 7,471 7,030 7,326 7,276 6,386 5,511 5,696 5,724 6,278 8,702 9,021 10, 116 10, 648 11,423 12,824 Expenditures for — Support of trade a.eree- ment. 083 602 893 248 223 090 255 730 337 877 657 247 282 382 150 242 152 368 ,206 Unem- ploy- ment benefits. 84,000 3,369 5,859 6,791 8,290 8,512 13,435 Travel benefits. SO, 839 28, 620 10, 476 11,393 14,757 12, 495 15, 464 27, 287 31,461 29,889 25,485 21,952 Inva- lidity benefits. $24 197 551 2,114 3,666 5,291 12,059 Sick, in- cluding deith benefits. $3,178 35,208 54,013 56,917 04,091 76,384 a Not reported. 1472 EEPOBT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OF LABOE. EXPENDITURES FOR BENEFITS, ETC., BY THE GERMAN BOOK PRINTERS' UNION (DEUTSCHEB BUCEDBUCKERVERBAND), 1867 TO 1907— Concluded. Average number of members. Expenditures or— * Year. Support of trade agree- ment. Unem- ploy- ment benefits. Travel benefits. Inva- lidity benefits. Sick, in- cluding death benefits. 1887 11,856 11,643 12,792 15,377 16,921 15,188 16,749 17,334 19,188 21,437 22,854 24,942 26,344 28,838 30,697 33,369 35,970 38,976 42,717 46,625 51,012 $63,390 6,255 4,204 9,404 198,892 51,894 2,176 4,027 5,422 17,776 15,004 11,699 8,052 2,945 2,538 5,960 6,685 8,705 2,420 2,509 3,605 .$31, 145 18,252 13,450 13,422 12,217 56,056 22, 112 24,172 23,253 30, 307 31,601 33,722 37,891 63, 578 122,319 140, 572 129, 186 122, 428 110,936 105, 523 129,644 $35,085 19,872 14,856 20,513 21,535 28,837 23,969' 27,350 26,381 32,961 32,698 27, 412 27, 342 37,204 58,533 73,067 57,800 46,083 40,572 34, 140 33,956 $17,933 16,411 18,718 19,911 23, 154 27,687 29,567 31,207 30,288 30,828 33,068 16, 172 36, 192 40,382 43,016 47,402 51,800 52,157 69,151 54, 064 68, 198 $78,396 1888 72,685 1889 . 71,490 1890 82,687 1891 89,863 1892 108,362 1893 75,403 1894 75,799 189S 77,694 1896 78,044 1897 86,906 1898 93,138 1899 114,387 1900 130,202 1901 136,320 1902 136,630 1903 147, 086 1904 170,563 1905 186,914 1906 193, 987 1907 208, 611 STATISTICS OF UNEMPIOYMENT. The sources of information in regard to unemployment in Ger- many consist of, first, the data secured by the two censuses of 1895; second, the data secured by a number of municipal unemployment enumerations; and, third, the statements of the labor unions in regard to the proportion of their members out of v/ork. The statis- tical data collected in connection with the sickness insurance have also been utilized by the imperial statistical ofhce to show the fluc- tuations in the degree of employment and form an important source of information on this point. Also, some information has been col- lected from the numerous employment agencies which cover the industrial areas of the Empire as to the fluctuations in the labor market. Of all these, however, the data collected by the two cen- suses of 1895 and the reports as to the number of members of trade- unions out of work, are the most important sources of information from which data can be secured to form the basis for a system of unemployment insurance. At the time of writing tKis report the information collected by the industrial census of 1907 on the subject of unemployment v/as not available. CHAPTEE V. — workmen's INSUEANCE IN GEBMANY. 1473 In the year 1895 two censuses were taken; the first was the indus- trial census of June 14, 1895, and the second was the population census of December 2, 1895. Both of these censuses contained the following questions addressed to persons gainfully employed: (a) Are you at present employed ? (&) If not, how many days have you been out of work? (c) Are you out of work because of physical disability ? PERSONS UNEMPLOYED. An important feature in connection with the data collected is the fact that the first census was taken m June, when practically all occupations were in full operation, while the second enumeration was taken in December, when unemployment is more extensive. The data collected showed that on June 14 there were 299,352 persons out of work, while on December 2 the number was 771,005; both of these figures represent the entire number of persons out of work, and include, therefore, not only those unemployed because of lack of opportunity to work, but also those incapacitated for work because of sickness, accident, etc. In comparison with the entire population of approximately 52,250,000, the total number unemployed in June was 0.58 per cent and in December 1.48 per cent; in comparison with the 22,250,000 persons shown by the census as gainfully employed, the total number of persons unemployed in June was 1.35 per cent and in December 3.46 per cent. As the number of persons gainfully employed included many independent persons, a more accurate pic- ture is gained by omitting such persons from the count; the number of nonindependent persons (including salaried employees) is approxi- mately 15,500,000, of whom 292,678, or 1.89 per cent, were unem- ployed in June, and 762,678, or 4.88 per cent, were unemployed in December. The classification of wage-earners into five grand groups of indus- tries and occupations and the nilmber unemployed at each of the two census dates are shown in the following tables. 1474 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOE. NUMBER AND PROPORTION OF WAGE-EARNERS UNEMPLOYED ON JUNE 14 AND ON DECEMBER 2, 1895, CLASSIFIED BY PRINCIPAL GROUPS OF INDUSTRIES. [Source: Statistik des Deutsohen Reichs, vol. 111.] Industry group. Total number of wage- earners on— Number of wage-earners unemployed on— Per cent of wage-earn- ers unem- ployed on— Wage- earners unem- June 14, 1895. December 2, 1895. June 14,1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. June 1895. De- cem- ber 2, 1895. cember per 100 unem- ployed mJune. A. Agriculture, forestry, etc . 5,724,026 6,506,845 1,494,964 1,771,807 649,039 5,780,543 6,671,094 1,509,715 1,789,301 665,447 19,204 97,782 26,180 30,907 4,931 162,472 274,625 41,994 68,423 6,126 0.33 1.53 1.75 1.74 .76 2.81 4.18 2.78 3.82 .93 846.03 B . Industry, including mining and build- ing trades 280.85 160. 40 D. Domestic service, day labor, etc E. Public service and liberal professions. . 221.38 124.23 Total 16,146,671 16,306,-100 179,004 553,640 1.11 3.<0 309.29 The preceding table does not include those out of work because of temporary disability. The percentage of workmen unemployed in June, was 1.11, as compared with 3.40 in December. Taking the number unemployed in June as 100, this would mean that 309.29 persons were unemployed in December, or, in other words, about three times the number for the whole population of workmen. In each one of the five grand groups there is a marked increase in the percentage of workmen unemployed in December as compared with June, though the amount of this increase varies greatly in the different groups. Naturally the highest increase is found in the agricultural industries, and the least in the group which includes workmen employed in the public services, in the liberal professions, etc. The group marked "B" is the one of greatest interest in the present con- nection, and in order to bring out the changes in the two census dates the following table gives this group divided into 16 subgroups, together with a briefer classification* of the first and third groups. CHAPIEE V. — workmen's INSTJEANCE IN GERMANY. 1475 NUMBEE AND PROPOETION OF WAGE-EARNERS UNEMPLOYED ON JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 2, 1895, FOR 3 INDUSTRY GROUPS. [Source: Statistik des Deutsohen Reichs, vol. 111.] Industry group. A. Agriculture, forestry, etc.: Agriculture, etc Forestry and flsberies B. Industry, including mining and building trades: Mining and smelting Stones and eartli Metal worJdng Machinery, tools, etc Chemicals Forestry by-products, etc Textiles Paper Leather Wood and cut materials Poods and drinlss Clothing and cleaning Building trades Printing and publishing Art work and art trades Industrial employees, not specified C. Commerce and transportation: Commerce Insurance Transportation Hotels and restaurants •. . Total 13,725,825 143,166 479,091 Total number of wage-earn- ers on June 14, 1895. 5,607,313 116,713 564,922 468, 489 719,776 304,463 92, 682 38,116 878, 494 121,626 123,914 456,229 056,970 775,671 ,151,851 106,536 18,765 28,542 626,637 18,216 533,150 316,961 Number of wage-earners unemployed (o) Jvme 14, 1896, 18,442 762 15,866 203 4,163 5,948 Decem- ber 2, 1895. 168,340 4,132 2,622 3,422 3,068 20,616 12,719 10,098 4,627 6,273 900 1,056 403 494 6,537 7,723 1,775 1,773 2,865 6,322 8,068 11,033 14,304 18,946 16,466 27,982 19,408 145,121 2,847 2,864 466 712 727 5,191 18,326 227 11,003 11,838 Per cent of wage-earners unemployed («) June 14, 1895, 0.33 .66 .46 .65 1.77 1.52 .97 1.06 .74 1.46 2.30 1.77 2.18 2.12 1.68 2.67 2.48 2.65 2.53 1.11 .78 1.88 1.04 Decem- ber 2, 1896. 2.82 3.64 .61 4.40 2.24 2.06 1.14 1.30 .88 1.46 4.29 2.42 2.88 3.61 12.60 2.69 3.79 18.19 2.92 1.26 2.18 3.73 3.49 Wage- earners unem- ployed in De- cember per 100 imem- ployed in June. 858. .58 642. 26 130. 51 674. 13 126.67 136. 57 117.33 122. 68 118. 14 99.89 186. 4] 136. 75 132. 45 169. 94 747. 74 100.60 152. 79 714. 03 116. 60 111.82 278. 72 199. 02 334. 64 a Not including those unemployed on account of physical disability (sickness, accident, etc.). The most important fluctuations shown by the preceding table occur in the case of agricultural workers, of the building trades, and employees not specified. In the first the percentage of unemployed increased from 0.33 per cent in June to 2.82 per cent in December; the building trades employees increased from 1.68 per cent in June to 12.60 per cent in December, while the employees not specified increased from 2.55 per cent in June to 18.19 per cent in December. As a rule, the unemployment was most serious in the ranks of the unskilled workers and lowest among the highly skilled trades. The classification of the unemployed persons according to age brought out the fact that relatively more of the persons of the younger age groups were out of work than of the older; the official pubHcation states that the young inexperienced workers were more exposed to the risk of dismissal, and were perhaps more ready to accept dismissal than the older workers. The proportion of unemployed pesons who were heads of famihes was 34.92 per cent in June and 41.15 per cent in December; the size of the families of the persons unemployed was 1476 BEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEK OF LABOR. not above the average, a fact -which is explained by the official pub- lications on the ground that wage-earners with large famihes would make especial efforts to secure employment of some kind . These two enumerations also show that the majority of unemployed persons were unmarried; the proportion of unmarried men was 59.39 per cent in June and 51.77 per cent in December. The census also shows the information classified by size of the locaUty. In presenting the statistics in this form, the original report gives the total number of persons out of work, regardless of the cause of the unemployment, and therefore includes those out of work because of sickness, accident, etc. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF PERSONS UNEMPLOYED FROM ALL CAUSES, AND OF TOTAL POPULATION IN LOCALITIES OF SPECIFIED SIZE, JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 2, 1895. Population of locality. Number of persons unemployed. Number of inhabitants. Per cent of unemployed in each class of locaUty. Per cent of population in each class of locality. June 14, 1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. June 14, 1895. December 2, 1895. June 14,1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. June 14,1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. Under 10,000 . . 115,061 67,734 116,557 454,648 139,687 176,770 36,218,131' 8,524,363 7,027,790 36,202,750 8,771,439 7,272,400 38.44 22.63 38.93 68.97 18.10 22.93 69.96 16.47 13.57 69 29 10,000 to 100,000 Over 100,000. . . . 13 92 Total 299,352 771,005 61,770,284 52,246,589 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Attention should be called to the fact that the data in the above table include not only those out of work because of lack of employ- ment, but also those disabled by sickness, accident, etc. The above table shows that the smallest number, both absolute and relative, of unemployed persons was found in the second class of localities, those with from 10,000 to 100,000 persons. Part of the difference is due to the fact that in winter many of the agricultural workers move to the provincial cities to secure such employment as they can find during the period when agricultural operations are at a standstill. DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT. The census was restricted to collecting information as to the dura- tion of unemployment by inquiring how many days the worker had been out of work since his last employment, up to the date of the census. The following table gives, a summary statement of the duration of the unemployment (not including unemployment due to sickness, accident, etc.) of all the unemployed wage-earners ascertained by the census. CHAPTEB V. — rWORKMEN S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1477 ^JUMBEH AND PER CENT OF WAGE-EAENEHS UNEMPLOYED EACH CLASSIFIED NUMBER OF DAYS, JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER 2, 1895. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] Duration of unemployment. Number. June 14, 1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. June 14, 1895. Decem- ber 2, 1895. 1 day 2 to 7 days 8 to 14 days 15 to 28 days 29 to 90 days.... 91 days and over Not reported Total 2,104 17,471 39,659 19,782 39,398 25, 266 35,334 15,791 70,589 155,206 98,180 132,810 39, 051 42,013 1.17 9.76 22.16 11.05 22.01 14.11 19.74 179,004 553, 640 100. 00 2.85 12.75 28.03 17.74 23.99 7.05 7.59 100.00 In both June and December the largest number of workmen had been unemployed at the census date for a period of 8 to 14 days; the next largest group was that which had been unemployed from 29 to 90 days, or, in other words, in both June and December not far from one-fourth of the persons unemployed had been out of work from 1 to 2 weeks, while another fourth had been out of work from 1 to 3 months. In order to show the duration of unemployment by the various groups of industries, the following tables show the number and pro- portion of persons out of work at the two census dates, according to the standard classification of industries. 1478 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF PERSONS OUT OF WORK ON JUNE 14 AND [Source: Statistik des Deutsohen Reichs, vol. 111.) NUMBER. Industry group. GENEBAL GROUPS. A. Agriculture, forestry, etc B. Industry, including mining and building trades C. Commerce and transportation T>. Domestic service, day labor, etc E. Public service and liberal professions Total SPECirrED INDUSTEBES. A. Agriculture, forestry, etc.: I. Agriculture, etc II. Forestry and fisheries B. Industry ,_ including mining and building trades: III. Mining and smelting IV. Stones and earth V. Metal working VI. Machinery, tools, etc VII.. Chemicals ^ VIII. Forestry by-products, etc IX. Textiles X. Paper XI. Leather XII. Wood and cut materials XIII. Foods and drinks XIV. Clothing and cleaning XV. Building trades XVI. Printing and publishing XVII. Art work and art trades XVIII. Industrial employees, not specified C. Commerce and transportation: XIX. Commerce XX. Insurance XXI. Transportation XXII. Hotels and restaurants : . Total Groups A, B, and C Peraops out of work (o) each specified period on — June 14, 1895. Iday. 322 1,078 277 401 20 2 to 7 days. , 2,104 310 12 37 32 119 44 9 6 83 22 29 09 182 141 276 17 1 12 13S 1 67 74 1,677 2,007 10,119 2,208 2,906 231 8 to 14 days. 3,235 23,060 5,265 7,291 17,471 1,937 70 251 351 1,408 395 92 29 665 137 281 853 1,422 1,474 2,529 232 39 61 1,041 4 495 14,334 15 to 28 days. 3,074 161 442 615 2,820 917 175 103 1,259 425 717 1,924 2,908 6,166 4,830 553 97 119 2,909 22 880 1,454 31,560 1,492 12, 192 2,622 3,179 397 19,782 1,417 75 224 307 1,683 682 78 42 70O 249 425 1,043 1,716 2,168 2,532 419 69 66 1,358 12 496 656 16,206 a Not including those out of employment on account of physical disability (sickness, accidents, etc.). CHAPTER V. — WOKKMEn's INSTJKANCE IN GERMANY. 14 7^ DECEMBER 2, 1893, BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY GROUPS. [Source: Statistik des Deutsclien Reichs, vol. 111.] NUMBER. Persons out of work (o) each specified period on — June 14, 1895. December 2, 1895. 29 to 90 91 days Not 1 day 2 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 28 29 to 90 91 days Not days. or over. reported. days. days. days. days. or over. reported. 2,638 2,171 7,339 3,969 16,804 45,968 36,077 38,813 6,868 13,973- 21,116 13,672 16,645 8,145 40,320 83,993 46,296 61,239 18,200 17,432; 7,295 6,196 3,417 1,275 4,662 8,219 6,313 13,633 6,679 2,213 6,865 • 3,360 6,905 2,243 8,352 16,192 10,797 16,915 6,062 7,872. 1,484 967 1,028 169 451 834 697 2,210 1,262 523 39,398 26,266 35, 334 16,791 70, 589 165,206 98,180 132,810 39,051 42,013- 2,474 2,082 7,148 3,838 16,277 44,583 35,393 37,963 6,663 13,C2J 164 89 191 131 527 1,386 684 850 205 350' 478 368 832 87 351 605 363 829 567 630' 723 403 627 565 2,194 6,333 3,847 6,906 868 902. 2,886 1,847 2,056 420 1,735 3,789 2,625 4,307 1,911 1,311 1,238 845 606 163 727 1,417 933 1,732 911 390' 250 168 138 31 101 225 146 318 175 60' 102 73 48 15 84 104 102 117 60 22; 1,429 1,069 1,432 199 978 1,736 1,096 1,831 1,128 755- 444 273 225 61 214 428 259 470 236 674 330 399 118 464 1,405 1,015 1,654 447 319' 1,742 1,133 1,304 405 1,427 2,872 1,798 2,659 1,045 927" 3,470 1,981 2,626 676 1,906 4,353 2,971 6,096 2,387 1,65* 3,412 1,510 2,605 904 3,626 8,074 4,289 6,625 2, 610 2,954 3,172 2,980 3,090 4,371 25,496 61,711 24,623 27,831 4,538 6,552: 861 434 331 78 275 667 401 842 645 130 86 64 15 85 146 101 216 , 128 22 105 92 273 137 658 1,238 737 1,108 ' 654 659" 4,928 68 3,695 78 1,800 18 664 10 1,712 17 2,829 26 1,964 21 6,102 78 4,191 67 904 8. 843 606 776 423 2,112 3,496 1,859 2,242 790 681 1,456 817 823 278 821 1,868 1,469 6,211 1,631 seo- 31,049 20,939 27,401 13,389 61,786 138,180 86,686 113,685 31, 747 33,618. 46598°— 10 94 148a EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF PERSONS OUT OP WORK ON JUNE 14 AND DECEMBER [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Eeichs, vol. 111.J PEE CENT. Industry group Persons out of work (a) each specified period on— June 14, 1895. Iday. 2 to 7 days. Stol4 days. IS to 28 days. GENEEAL &K0UP3. A. Agriculture^ forestry, etc.. B. Icdustry, tncluding mining and building trades. C. Commerce and transportation D. Domestic service, (toy labor, etc E . Public service and Mberal professions Total. SFECIFrED IWUUSTKIES. A. Agriculture, forestry, etc.: I. Agriculture, etc II. Forestry and fisheries B. Industry, including mining and building" trades: III. Mining and smelting. IV. Stones and earth V. Metal working VI. Machinery, tools, etc VII. Chemicals VIII. Forestry by-products, etc IX. Textiles X. Paper XI. Leather XII. Wood and cut materials. XIII. Foods and drinks XIV. Clothing, and cleaning XV. Buildmgtrades XVI. Printing and publishing XVII. Art work ana art trades XVIII. Indnstijal employees, not specified C. Commerce and transportation: XIX. Commerce XX. Insurance XXI. Transportation XXII. Hotels and restaurants Total Groups A, B, and C 1.08 1.10 1.06 1.30 .53 1.17 1.68 1.57 1.41 1.05 .94 .95 l.CO 1.49 1.27 1.24 1.02 .£6 1.27 .86 1.42 .00 .21 1.05 .85 .49 1.61 1.24 1.17 10.45 10.35 S.43 9.40 4.68 9.76 10.60 9.19 9.57 11.48 11.07 8.54 10.22 7.20 8.64 7.72 9.84 10.57 9.94 8.95 13.03 8.16 8.37 8.39 0.60 1.97 11.89 11.23 16.84 23.58 20.11 23.59 16.39 22.16 16.67 21.13 16.86 20.11 22.17 19.82 19.44 25.66 19.26 23.94 25.11 23.85 20.33 31.31 24.89 19.42 20.82 10.37 18.33 10.84 21.14 24.45 10.01 22.04 7.77 12.47 9.63 10.29 8.05 11. OS 7.68 9.84 8.54 10.04 12.45 12.58 8.67 10.42 10.71 14.03 14.89 12.93 12.00 13.17 13.05 14.72 12.66 8.94 8.56 5.91 11.91 11.03 11.32 a Not including those out of employment on account of physical disability Csickness, accidents, etc.). CHAPTER V. WOKKMEn's INSTJBAKCE IN GERMANY. 1481 2, 1895, BY DURATION OF UNEHPLOYMENT AND INDUSTRY GROUPS— Concluded. [Source: Statistik des Deutschen Reichs, vol. 111.] PER CENT. Persons oat of wort ("•) each specified period on— June 14. 1895. December 2, 1895. 29 to 90 91 days Not Iday. 2 to 7 8 to 14 15 to 28 29 to 90 91 days Not days. or over. reported. days. days. days. days. or over. reported. 13.74 11.30 38.22 2.44 10.34 28.29 22.21 23.89 4.23 8.60 21.60 13.88 17.02 2.97 14.68 30.58 16.49 22.30 6 63 6.35 27.87 19.85 13.05 3.04 11.10 19.67 12.66 32.46 15.91 5.27 22.21 10.87 22.34 3.28 12.21 23.66 15.78 24.72 8.85 11.50 30.09 19.41 20.85 2.59 7.36 13.61 11.38 36.08 20 44 8.54 22.01 14.11 19.74 2.85 12.75 28.03 17.74 23.99 7.05 7.59 13.42 11.29 38.76 2.42 10.28 28.16 22.35 23.98 4.21 8.60 21.52 11.68 25.07 3.17 12.76 33.62 16.66 20.57 4.96 8..47 18.23 13.66 31.73 2.54 10.26 17.68 10 32 24.22 16 57 18.41 23.64 13.18 20.50 2.74 10.64 25.87 18.66 33.50 4.21 4.38 22.69 14.52 16.16 2.61 10.78 23.54 16.31 26.75 11.87 8.14 26.75 18.26 13.10 2.60 11.59 22.59 14.87 27.61 14.52 6 22 27.78 17.56 15.33 2.94 9.56 21.31 13.83 30.11 16.57 5.68 25.31 18.11 11.91 3.04 17.00 21.06 20.65 23.69 10.12 4.45 21.86 16.35 21.91 2.58 12.66 22.48 1419 23.71 14.60 S.78 25.01 15.38 12.68 3.44 12.07 24.14 14.61 26.51 13.31 5.92 23.61 11.56 13.97 2.22 8.72 26.40 19.07 29.20 8.40 5.99 21.59 14.04 16.16 3.67 12.93 26.03 16.30 23.20 9.47 8.40 24.26 13.85 18>35 3.04 10.06 22.98 15.68 26.89 12.60 8.75 20 72 9.17 15.82 3.23 12.96 28.85 15.33 19.74 9.33 10.56 16.34 15.35 15.92 3.01 17.57 35.63 16.97 19.18 3.13 4.51 30 24 15.24 11.63 2.72 9.60 19.46 14.00 29.40 19.03 5.80 18.45 11.59 2.11 11.94 20.60 14.18 30.20 17.98 3.09 14.44 12.66 37.55 2.64 12.68 23.85 14.20 21.34 12.60 12.69 31 06 23 29 11. 35 3.08 9.34 15.44 10.72 33.29 22.87 5.26 33.60 20 25 8.87 4.41 7.49 11.45 9.25 34.36 29.52 3.52 14 66 18.64 3.65 18.20 30.13 16.02 19.32 6 81 5.87 24.48 13.73 13.84 2.35 e.93 15.78 12.41 44.02 13.78 4.73 21.69 14.63 19.14 2.79 12.90 28.84 18.09 23.73 6.63 7.02 1482 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEB Or LABOE, UNEMPLOYED MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS. Since the year 1903 the data relating to thb number of union mem- bers out of employment, compiled by the imperial statistical office in cooperation with approximately 60 unions, show the following per cent of unemployed union members at the date specified for the years 1903 to 1910: PER CENT OF MEMBEES OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH MONTH, 1903 TO 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] At the end of- 1903. 1904, 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1910. January February . . March April May June July August September. October November . December.. 3.2 n 2.3 n 2.6 2.0 1.8 (») C) 2.4 (a C) 1.6 i" 1.4 (<■) (<■) 1.8 ii .8 .7 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.6 1.7 L6 L3 L3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.7 2.7 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.2 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.7 a Not reported. & Data not available. The preceding table is a summary of the data for all of the unions in the various industries. The figures show that there is a general tendency for the high point of unemployment to occur in the winter months, though the variation is not as great as that shown by the censuses of unemployment for all the industrial population. The fig- ures are also of interest as showing the relative extent of unemploy- ment from year to year; thus, 1905, 1906, and 1907 were apparently years of prosperity, as the proportion of members out of work was lower than in the period preceding or the period following these three years. The individual unions show great variations from the averages contained in the preceding table; thus, the miners' union shows com- paratively few unemployed persons. Other unions which show favor- able conditions include the metal workers, the woodworkers, etc. In the following table the proportion of members out of work on the 2d of April, 1910, is compared with the proportion out of work on March 27, 1909, while the data for January 1, 1910, are also given for sake of comparison : CHAPTER V. WOEKMEn's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1483 PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT SELECTED DATES, 1909 AND 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.) Union of- JoumejTnen barbers Cigar sorters Sculptors Glaziers Music engravers Bakers Senefeld Union Coppersmitlis Hatters Paperhangers and uphol- sterers City and state employees Glass workers Metal workers Woodworkers Per cent of members out ol work in the home city and in re- ceipt of travel ben- efits— April 2, March 1910. 27,1909. 10.7 11.0 9.6 1.3 9.4 16.2 9.0 17.5 7.7 .2 5.3 5.6 4.9 5.9 4.2 7.4 3.9 2.9 2.6 6.7 3.0 5.1 2.5 4.9 1.6 4.5 2.5 4.5 Janu- ary 1, 1910. 13.8 7.1 16.5 6.1 4.2 5.7 6.0 4.3 ■4.9 15.0 (a) 3.9 2.4 4.9 Union ol— Porcelain workers Woodworkers (Hirsch- Duncker Association of) . Factory workers Blacksmiths Saddlers and leather workers Bookbinders Printing trades Woodworkers (Christian Association ol) Gardeners Wood engravers Book printers Sculptors Per cent of members out of work in tlie home city and in re- ceipt of travel ben- efits- April 2, 1910. 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.3 2.5 .5 1.3 1.2 2.1 2.9 1.7 March 27, 1909 4.3 4.0 4.0 3.7 3.7 (a) 1.8 1.6 2.6 1.7 Janu- ary 1, 1910. 3.0 1.8 4.8 3.6 2.8 6.3 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.8 "Not reported. All of the unions in the preceding table had 3 per cent or more of their members out of work on one of the specified dates; they are therefore the unions which during the last year have had the highest rates of unemployment. It is interesting to note that the building trades workers are not conspicuous in regard to this point. A large number of the groups included in the preceding table show a tendency to an improvement in conditions in April, 1910, as compared with March, 1909, though a few of them, namely, the cigar sorters, the music engravers, the hatters, the wood engravers, and the book printers show an increase in the number of unemployed persons. An increase in the percentage of unemployed persons in April, 1910, as compared with January, 1910, is shown by only three unions. The following table shows the proportion of members of trade unions unemployed during the quarter specified, for the years 1903 to 1910: CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT PER 100 MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS, BY QUARTERLY PERIODS, 1903 TO 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Period. First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter. Cases of unemployment per 100 members in— 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. (o) 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.4 8.6 7.0 7.2 6.3 6.4 6.1 5.4 5.7 6.5 6.1 7.1 9.2 9.4 9.6 11.2 12.7 9.5 8.5 8.4 8.7 1484 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONEB OP I/AB0E. The fluctuations shown in the preceding table reflect the changes in industrial conditions from quarter to quarter, and in a measure from year to year. In the preceding table comparison is not entirely- accurate, as all the unions do not report regularly; if only the unions reporting during the first quarter of 1910 are compared with those reporting for the same period of 1909, the proportion of cases of un- employment during the first quarter of 1910 would be 8.9 per cent as compared with 12.8 per cent in 1909. In the first of the following tables data for selected unions are shown for the first quarter of 1910, first quarter of 1909, and fourth quarter of 1909, the table including only the male union members. Data for the same periods are giyeH in the second table for the female members : PER CENT OF MALE MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED IN SELECTED PERIODS, 1909 AND 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Union of— Senlptors Glaziers Jburaeymen barbers Paper hangers, decora- tors, etc Gardeners Bakers Cigar sorters WoodMTorkers Hatters Coppersmiths Senefeld Union Booli printers Blacksmiths Bookbinders Woodworkers (Christian AsSBciation of) Wood engravers First quar- ter, 1910. 51.9 38.2 34.6 22.3 20.3 20.2 19.2 14.1 14.1 13.6 12.9 12.8 12.5 10.4 9.0 Mrst quar- ter, 1909. 61.5 48.8 37.3 38.5 34.9 22.6 9.9 27.4 12.6 15. 8 14.6 13.2 14.4 17.1 Fourth quar- ter, 1909. 54.0 25.3 37.0 30.5 19.6 20.3 23.7 17.7 12.8 11.9 14.1 15.2 15.3 13.4 13.3 13.8 Union of— Factory workers City and state employees (ChrlstiaQ Association of) Saddlers and leather workers Woodworkers {Hirsch- Duncker Association of) Metal workers Glass workers Sculptors (Hlrseh Dunoker Association of) Transportation workers. Shoemakers Brick and pottery work- ers Flour-mill workers Ffrst quar- ter, 1910. 9.0 5.2 8.9 7.6 8.5 6.2 8.7 6.5 5.5 7.6 First quar- ter, 1909. 14.4 13.8 12,4 11.6 11.6 II. 10.9 10.6 9.0 Fourth quar- ter, 1909. 6.7 (o) U.l 7.6 7.9 11.0 7.4 6.3 2.3 7.6 a Not reported. PER CENT OF FEMALE MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED IN SELECTED PERIODS, 1909 AND 1910. [Source Reiehs-Arbeitsblatt, 1910.] Union of— First quar- 19ld. Fh-st quar- ter, ,1909. Fourth 1908. Union of— First quar- ter, 1910. First q.uar- ter, 1909. Fourth 1909. 13.1 11.1 10.1 10.0 8.7 7.8 7.2 6.1 2.4 14.8 4.5 12.1 8.3 6,1 S.l 10.4 25.7 13.9 30.6 6.4 6.2 6,2 17.8 7.6 6.6 10.6 Machinery workers, etc . . Metal workers 2.5 2.8 2,3 1,0 4.0 1.9 6.2 2.5 11.2 8.6 8.1 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.2 (a) 3.1 3.3 Paper hangers, deeora- City and state employees (Christian Association of) City and state employees. Book printers and lith- ographers' helpers C) .3 Shoemakers and leather Shoemakers 4.1 Glass workers 2.4 Saddlers and leather 4.9 Woodworkers (Christian Association of) Metal workers (Christian 15.9 a Not reported. CHAPTER V. WOBKMEn's INSUEANCE IN GERMANY. 1485 In the first qtiarter of the year 1910, 18 unions with 459,135 male members, or 34 per cent of the total number reporting, had more than the average proportion of cases of unemployment. In certain mdustries the proportion of cases of unemployment ranged from one-fourth to over one-half of the membership, though these groups mclude outdoor workers, such as sculptors, glaziers, gardeners, etc. In the second table the same data are shown for the unions of women, only those unions being given in which the average percentage of cases of unemployment was over 5.6 per cent of the membership for the three quarters together. As an illustration of the basis on which these cases of unemploy- ment are computed, the following example of the members of the sculptors' union is given, showing the number of persons having the specified number of cases of unemployment in the first quarter of 1910: Persona. 1 case of unemployment 1,017 2 cases of unemployment 273 3 cases of unemployment ^ . 68 4 cases of unemployment 19 5 cases of unemployment 1 Total, 1,848 cases of unemployment 1, 378 As the first quarter of each year is likely to represent the high point of unemployment, the following table is given to show for 48 unions the number of days of unemployment compared with days of membership, the number of cases of unemployment and the aver- age duration of the cases of unemployment for the first quarter of 1910 as compared with the first quarter of 1909: EXTENT AND FREQUENCY OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND AVERAGE DURATION OF CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS TRADE UNIONS, FOR SELECTED PERI- ODS, 1909 AND 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbcitsblatt, 1910.] Union of- Sculptors Glaziers Cigar sorters Paper hangers, decorators, etc Journeymen l)arbers Senefeld union Bakers Book printers Gardeners Coppersmiths Glass workers Hatters Bookbinders Number of mem- bers of union. 3,563 3,958 3,122 8,770 2,100 17,447 19,043 57, 302 5,187 4,163 14,028 8,768 25, 444 Days of unemploy- ment per 100 days of member- ship. First quarter, 1910. 12.0 9.2 8.5 6.8 6.5 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.3 2.8 2.6 2.4 First quarter. 19.1 17.7 1.2 10.6 10.2 5.2 4.6 3.7 9.3 4.2 3.6 3.4 Cases of unem- ployment per 100 members during lirst quar- ter, 1910. 51.9 38.2 17.7 32.1 34.6 1.3.6 18.6 12.9 22.2 14.1 8.2 11.6 12.8 Average days of duration of a case of unem- ployment. First quarter, 1910. First quarter, 1909. 24 28 11 22 21 28 17 22 21 21 25 26 19 1486 BEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. EXTENT AND FBEQUENCY OP UNEMPLOYMENT, AND AVERAGE DURATION OF CASES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN VARIOUS TRADE UNIONS, FOR SELECTED PERI- ODS, 1909 AND 1910— Concluded. Union of- Number of mem- bers of union. Days of unemploy- ment per 100 days of member- ship. First quarter, 1910. First quarter, 1909. Cases of unem- ployment per 100 members during first quar- ter, 1910. Average days of duration of a case of unem- ployment. First quarter, 1910. First quarter, 1909. Woodworkers (Christian Association of) . . . Factory workers Transportation workers Woodworkers (Hirsch-Duncker Associa- tion of ) Metal workers Sculptors (Hirsch-Duncker Association of) . Woodworkers Blacksmiths Flour-mill workers Porcelain workers Saddlers and leather workers Printers and lithographers' helpers Leather workers Music engravers Gutenberg union Shoemakers Machinery and metal workers Printing trades Women's unions City and state employees (Christi&n Asso- ciation of) Brewery workers City and state employees Metal workers (Christian Association of).. . Wood engravers Factory workers and artisans (Christian Association of) Textile workers (Christian Association of). Shoemakers and leather workez*s Ship carpenters Textile workers (Hirsch-Dimcker Associar tion of) Leather workers (Christian Association of) . Brick and pottery workers Tailors Mine workers Mine workers (Hirsch-Duncker Associa- tion of) 11,419 149,133 100,634 5,581 385,604 289 150,609 16,890 4,621 11,440 10,972 15,707 12, 452 418 2,962 37, 486 38,057 1,452 703 13,752 33,889 33,688 24,829 478 16, 103 31,512 6,110 287 6,949 4,498 1,677 4,616 122,868 3,317 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.0 LO .9 ("1 3.4 4.1 4.1 2.1 2.6 3.4 1.7 3.3 2.9 1.5 1.3 .3 1. 1. 1. (a) 5.5 1.0 (o) 1.6 .3 1.7 .4 .7 3.1 10.4 8.6 8.4 7.4 6.2 18.9 12.8 7.6 4.3 8.8 8.3 6.0 8.6 4.3 6.1 3.6 3.5 3.0 5.1 4.2 2.7 2.5 9.0 2.0 5.7 2.4 1.4 1.8 2.7 5.5 .7 .4 C) 14 17 18 16 18 22 19 10 17 29 13 12 14 9 17 11 19 19 23 12 14 21 22 6 22 7 16 23 15 6 25 12 25 16 •(a) C) C) C) 20 28 22 26 17 20 16 14 21 15 14 18 35 17 13 19 24 17 19 6 21 19 11 15 23 10 28 o Not reported. 6 Less than one-tenth. In the preceding table the unions are arranged according to the number of days of unemployment compared with the days of mem- bership during the first quarter of 1910. The average duration of the period for which benefits were paid by the unions in each case of unemployment is shown for all the unions in the following table for the period 1903 to 1910: CHAPTEB V. — workmen's INSUKANCE IN GEEMANY. 1487 AVERAGE DURATION, IN DAYS, OF OUT-OF-WORK BENEFIT- PAYMENTS, FOR QUAR- TERLY PERIODS, 1903 TO 1910. [Source: Reichs-Arbei,tsblatt, 1910.] Period. Average number of days per ease of unemplosrment for which out- of-work benefits were paid in— 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909.- 1910. First quarter C) 19.6 19.1 17.0 19.2 16.7 16.6 17.5 17.5 16.5 17.2 15.4 16.4 15.9 15.1 14.2 17.0 15.4 16.4 15.7 18.9 18.9 18.7 19.1 21.6 19.1 18.7 17.5 18.2 Second quarter Third quarter Fourth quarter o Not reported. >> Data not available. For the periods given in the table the average period of benefit payments was smallest in the years 1906 and 1907, while the periods previous and after' these two years showed a tendency to much longer averages of benefit payments. The proportion of members out of work in the unions reported at the close of each quarter is shown in the following table, in which the unions have been grouped into classes of industries, these classes being the same as those used in the industrial censuses; the data relate to the period beginning with the third quarter of 1903 and ending with the third quarter of 1909: NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES. [Source: Reichs-Arbeltsblatt, 1903-1909.] Year and quarter. Stones and earths. Machinery and metal working.' Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 16,436 16,124 360 460 2.2 2.9 206, 746 210,848 14, 590 13,687 7.1 6.5 15,919 16, 169 17, 290 17,670 606 439 407 609 3.8 2.7 2.4 3.4 221,437 220,339 234,968 249, 577 16,046 14,605 14,292 15,850 6.8 6.6 6.1 6.4 19,307 19,419 20, 699 22,445 539 460 408 612 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.7 278,311 287,581 291,373 330,799 21,082 17,906 15, 510 16,485 7.6 6.2 5.3 4.7 24,193 26,997 28,230 29,781 607 617 591 700 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.4 377,569 402,476 417,915 429,636 17,380 20,316 14,704 18,378 4.6 5.0 3.5 4.3 31,325 33, 564 o 16, 716 33, 341 836 1,016 "315 1,023 2.7 3.0 1.9 3.1 444,374 450,585 453,085 456, 198 20,304 19,323 21,423 22,488 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.9 33,286 a 16, 970 30,631 30,228 1,770 o966 2,149 3,052 5.3 6.0 7.0 10.1 458, 469 454,212 450,294 448,306 33,930 39,510 41,114 47,267 7.4 8.7 9.1 10.5 29,650 o 12, 492 26, 118 2,958 682 1,918 10 5.5 7.3 448, 679 448, 383. 448,095 61,366 46,013 35,708 11.4 10.0 8.0 1903: Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1904: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter. . Fourth quarter, 1906: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter. . Fourth quarter, 1906: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1907: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter. . Fourth quarter. 1908: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter. 1909: First quarter. .. Second quarter. Thirrl nnart.er.. 1488 EBPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOB. NUMBER AND PER CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES— Continued. Year and quarter. Paper. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number. Per cent. Leather. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number. Per cent. 1903; Third quarter. . . Fourtb quarter.. 1904: First quarter Second quarter.. Tnird quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1905: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1900: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . . Fourth quarter.. 1907: First quarter. . . . Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter. 1908: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter. 1909: First quarter Second quarter. . Third quarter... 1903: Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter., 1904: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter.. 1905: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1906: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter . 1907: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1908: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . Fourth quarter.. 1909: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter. . . 12, 651 13. 672 14,179 14,471 13, 702 16,843 16,212 16,057 16, 823 18, 159 18, 952 20, 956 21,335 20. 673 20,743 21,041 21,443 22,287 22, 305 22,261 21,935 22, 345 22, 679 22,495 22,726 1,692 1,645 1,857 1,826 1,012 2,426 1,962 1,784 2,157 2,395 2,228 2,219 2,298 2,130 2,510 2,205 2,517 2,543 2,734 3,143 3,184 3,227 3,054 3,168 3,102 13.4 12.0 13.1 12.6 7.4 14.4 12.1 11.1 12.8 13.2 11.8 10.6 10.8 10.3 12.1 10.5 11.7 1L4 12.3 14.1 14.5 14.4 16.1 14.0 13.6 Wood and c t materials. 6,940 7,115 7,022 a 100, 443 106, 543 110, 280 124,471 124, 340 132, 596 145,447 153,094 155,465 103,903 160, 467 165, 724 6 156, SCO 157,082 155,069 154,604 153,445 161,438 164, 002 149, 986 151,249 164,851 67 122 166 15,800 11,019 13,055 16,424 15,772 17,869 18,084 22, 620 20,018 21,835 22,639 23,980 !'21,690 24, 511 28, 199 31,890 29,482 28, 091 33,474 39,555 26, 476 26, 428 1.0 1.7 2.4 5.8 10.3 11.8 13.2 12.7 13.5 12.4 14.8 12.9 13.3 13.6 14.5 13.8 15.6 18.2 20.6 19.2 18.9 21.7 26.4 17.5 16.0 10, 434 10,,477 10,812 10, 770 11,239 16,179 23,492 24, 109 27,882 54,753 58, 316 62,462 63,260 65,457 68,310 72,731 73, 658 74,316 74,670 69, 503 71,514 71, 401 71,495 70, 157 73,215 233 300 698. 443 342 3,110 2,834 2,727 3,774 4,408 3,699 4,019 6,382 5,476 5,420 6,368 7,355 8,766 8,114 7,002 9,108 9,041 7,532 6,812 Foods and drinks. 24,491 26, 406 31,502 32,453 34,833 36, 452 60,405 37,038 39, 332 59,950 59, 792 65,907 78,669 51,652 51,706 52,776 54,870 57,090 58,011 58,009 68, 139 58,445 68,570 58, 948 CO, 375 2,542 2,808 3,107 3,918 3,470 3,567 4,740 4,027 3,586 3,807 4,386 6,213 6,291 3,887 4,024 4,968 6,051 3,935 5,145 5,609 6,719 6,143 5,566 5,438 5,871 2.2 2.9 6.5 4,1 3.0 5.7 13.2 11.8 9.8 6.9 7.7 6.8 7.3 8.2 8.0 7.5 8.6 9.9 11.7 11,7 9.8 12.7 12.6 10.7 9,3 10.4 10.6 9.9 12.1 10.0 7.8 10.9 9.1 6.4 7.3 7.9 8.0 7.5 7.8 9.4 9.2 6.9 8.9 ^ 9.7 9.8 8.8 9.5 9.2 9.7 olneludlng reports from the German Woodworkers' Federation e Begmnmg with this quarter no reports were received from the'Coopers' Central Union. CHAPTEK V. WOSKMEN-'S INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1489 NUMBER AND PER CENTOF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIES-Continued. Clothing and cleaning. Year and quarter. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number. Per cent, Building trades. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number. Per cent. 1903: Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1904: First quarter. . . . Second quarter. . Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1905: First quarter Second qnarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter, . 190G: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1907: First quarter Second quarter. . Third quarter... Fourth quarter.. 1908: First quarter Second quarter.. Third quarter... Fourth quarter. . 1909: First quarter. . . . Second quarter. . ' Third quarter. . . 1903: Third quarter.. Fourth quarter. 1904: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter. 1905: First quarter... Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1906: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1907: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1908: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. Fourth quarter, 1909: First quarter. . . Second quarter. Third quarter.. 10,845 11,173 11,204 11,035 11,031 11,066 12,601 13,233 13,732 14,105 15,061 15,487 15,804 10,898 17,707 18,080 17,682 17,412 17,242 16,080 16,827 16, 613 17,344 17,396 14,148 724 944 680 828 803 870 954 1,584 1,317 1,483 1,315 1,698 1,400 1,770 1,449 2,813 2,010 3,133 3,201 4,100 3,045 2,270 1,652 3,068 2,172 Printing. 050 386 9,023 7,665 900 341 442 263 6,472 6,760 9,136 8,127 2S3 514 261 214 6,851 6,935 10,094 8,291 695 691 586 459 7,070 6,711 10,543 7,663 637 737 049 314 7,382 8,546 12,210 10,448 111 912 052 612 9,162 10,053 13,577 12,526 139 846 073 10,988 12,285 14,501 6.7 8.4 6.1 7.5 7.3 7.9 7.6 12.0 9.6 10.5 8.7 11.0 8.9 10.5 8.2 15.6 14.8 18.0 18.6 24.0 18.1 13.7 9.5 . 17.6 15.4 17.3 14.1 11.6 12.0 16.9 13.5 10.7 10.4 14.2 11.3 9.2 8.5 12.8 9.G 9.7 13.7 12.0 10.2 11.3 15.2 14.2 12.3 13.4 15.3 4,659 4,847 4,732 5,220 5,400 5,434 5.598 5,896 4,689 6,227 6.127 6,179 6,302 6,085 4,857 5,725 5,470 5,617 5,524 4„446 4,295 4,259 4,088 4,976 3,988 778 1,312 1,002 1,050 1,043 1,367 986 1,185 1,177 1,631 1,368 418 1,769 1,505 1,186 955 1,330 1,890 1,165 1,078 1,192 1,995 1,138 810 Art trades. 6,965 7,000 7,217 7,665 7,959 7,766 7,860 8,066 8,123 8,130 8,202 8,320 8,648 8,631 8,256 8,079 115,341 5,137 5,060 4,966 4,806 4,703 4,161 3,974 3,911 2,354 2,441 2,030 2,503 2,450 2,798 2,719 2,452 2,637 2,596 2,479 2,650 2,721 2,879 2,736 2,586 a 2, 624 2,467 2,490 2,430 2,645 2,083 2,413 2,125 1,974 a Beeinning with this quarter no reports were received from the Union of Engravers and Allied Industries. 1490 KBPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF LABOR. NUMBER AND PEE CENT OF MEMBERS OF TRADE UNIONS UNEMPLOYED AT THE END OF EACH QUARTER, 1903 TO 1909, BY INDUSTRIEB-Conoluded. Year and quarter. Commerce and transportation. Number of mem- bers at close of quarter. Members unem- ployed. Number, Per cent. 1903: Third quarter . Fourth quarter 1904: First quarter. . Second quarter Third quarter . Fourth' quarter 1905: First quarter . . Second quarter Third quarter . Fourth quarter 1906: First quarter . . Second quarter Third quarter . Fourth quarter 1907: First quarter . . Second quarter Third quarter . Fourth quarter 1908: First quarter . . Second quarter Third quarter . Fourth quarter 1909: First quarter . . Second quarter Third quarter . 38, 012 41,636 47,779 51,246 69, 612 76,280 78,163 82,988 87,760 92, 326 96, 741 103, 744 107,917 126,540 132, 662 136,919 141,448 a 96, 696 98,237 97, 691 96, 890 95,523 97, 611 100,282 103, 023 1,693 1,759 2,231 2,140 2,800 3,097 4,039 3,607 3,998 3,560 4,368 3,774 3,896 4,927 6,471 5,832 6,327 o5,927 6,638 6,076 5,427 6,840 9,547 6,209 6,069 4.5 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.0 4.1 5.2 4.3 4.6 3.9 4.5 3.6 4.9 4.3 4.5 6.1 6.8 6.2 5.6 7.2 9.8 6.2 S.9 a Beginning with this quarter no reports were received from three unions of commercial employees. In the preceding table the highest rates of unemployment are shown by the building trades, the art trades, the clothing and cleaning trades, the industries of wood and cut materials, the paper industry, and the printing industry. In some of the unions the fluctuations are of considerable extent; thus, in the leather industry 5.7 per cent of the members were unemployed at the close of the fourth quarter of 1904; at the close of the first quarter of 1905 the proportion of members unemployed was more than double, having reached 13.2 per cent. CHAPTEK V. — workmen's INSURANCE IN GERMANY. 1491 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Adler, G.: Ueber die Aufgaben des Staates angesichts der Arbeitslosigkeit. Tubin- gen, 1894. Allgemeiner Knappschatts-Verein zu Bochum. Verwaltungsbericht. Bochum, 1893-1909. Amtliche Nachrichten des Reicbs-Versicherungsamts. Berlin, 1885-1910. (Janu- ary issue of. each year contains the statistics of the accident and invalidity insurance.) Anlagen zum Entwurf einer Reichsversicherungsordnung. Gedruckt in der Reichs- druckerei. Berlin, 1909. Bodiker, T.: Die Reichs-Versicherungs-Gesetzgebung. Leipzig, 1898. Bornhak, C: Die deutsche Sozialgesetzgebung. Tubingen, 1900. 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