m ' i lft i j I ' l iin i C I H C I H HA II I :;»,»,»-j pITH ILLUSTR ATIOWD CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY FROM History Fees ,„ Cornell University Library arY202 History of Cincinnati Ohio, 3 1924 032 193 520 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924032193520 1 7 : ; 9 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO, WITH Illustrations and Biographical Sketches. COMPILED BY Henry A. Ford, A.M., and Mrs. Kate B. Ford. L. A. WILLIAMS & CO., PUBLISHERS, 1881. cod turn Id I I 7 ; , . , — I I--J 3 ~ ■' ■' --. wm^s* JOHN CLEVES SYMMES. HISTORY OF Cincinnati, Ohio. CHAPTER I. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CINCINNATI. How blest is he whose doom it is A wanderer to roam, Who even in memory can return To such a lovely home. Oh, were I in the fairest clime That smiles beneath the sky, Here would my spirit long to come — If not to live, to die. As yearns the weary child at night To gain its mother's breast, So, weary with my wanderings, Here would I long to rest. "To the Queen City," by Charles A Jones. Where grand Ohio rolls his silver floods Through verdant fields and darkly waving woods, ^ Beholding oft, in flowery verdure drest, . The green isle swelling from his placid breast ; Here where so late the Indian's lone canoe, Swift o'er the wave, in fearless triumph flew, Behold the stately steam-borne vessel glide, With eager swiftness, o'er the yielding tide ; And where so late its shelter, rude and low, The wigwam reared, beneath the forest bough, Lo ! cities spring before the wondering eyes, And domes of grandeur swell into the skies. [Lines prefixed to Bullock's Sketch of a Journey, 1827.] To the Queen of the West, In her garlands dressed, On the banks of the Beautiful River. H. W. Longfellow. Cincinnati is situated on the north bank of the river Ohio, the part of it first settled being opposite the mouth of the Licking river, upon the site of the original village of Losantiville. Its latitude is thirty-nine degrees six minutes north; longitude eighty-four degrees twenty- seven minutes west. It is three hundred and ninety miles west of Washington city; four hundred and sixty- six miles by the river, or two hundred and fifty miles in a direct line, southwest of Pittsburgh; one hundred and twenty miles southwest of Columbus, and two hundred and fifty-five from Cleveland; and five hundred miles by river, or two hundred and ninety directly, to the mouth of the Ohio at Cairo. (The city is built upon three ter- races, The first, or that next the river, has an average height, above low water in the river, of sixty feet; the sec- ond of one hundred and twelve feet; and the third, or the general level of the hills, rises to commanding heights varying from three hundred and ninety-six feet on Mount Adams to four hundred and sixty feet on Mount Harri- son, west of Mill creek. /The first terrace was found by the early settlers to extend from a gravelly hill or bluff near the present line of Third street, between Broadway and a point west of John street, to an abrupt but not very high bank about one hundred feet south of the hill, which was penetrated here and there by small coves. Between this bank and the river was a low but sloping shore, always flooded in time of high water. All this has been changed, including the disappearance of the bank and bluffs, by the progress of improvement in the older part of the city. The second terrace stretched from the general line of Third street in a gentle rise, as .now, back to the hills. From this the ascent to the third plateau, or the summit of the hills, is in many places exceedingly abrupft and is surmounted in part by graded and macad- amized roads up the ravines between the spurs, and in part by four inclined places — at Mount Adams, at the head of Main street, at a slope on Mount Auburn, near the head of Elm street, and at Price's hill, near the west end of the city, up all of which cars are pulled by powerful steam engines. These hills, with the popular resorts and places of amusement thereon, constitute the chief attrac- tion of the city, and are almost world renowned in their fame. Mr. John R. Chamberlain, writer of the valuable article on Cincinnati in the American Cyclopaedia, says they form "one of the most beautiful natural amphithea- tres on the continent, from whose hilltops may be seen the splendid panorama of the cities below and the wind- ing Ohio. No other large city of the United States af- fords such a variety of position and beauty." They are described as having been exceedingly attractive in their pristine loveliness. Mr. J. P. Foote, in his "Schools of Cincinnati," writing of the hills as they appeared in the early day, says; "At that period they formed a border of such surpassing beauty, around the plain on which Cincinnati stood, as to cause us, who remember them in their beauty, almost to regret the progress of improve- which has taken from us what it can never restore." The names of the principal eminences, from east to west of the city, are Mount Lookout, the Walnut Hills, Mount Adams, Mount Auburn, Clifton Heights, Fairmount, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Mount Harrison, Mount Hope, Price's Hill, and Mount Echo. The average height of the hills above tidewater at Albany is eight hundred and fifty feet, and of the second terrace five hundred and forty feet; it being twenty-five feet below the level of Lake Erie. Low water mark in the river at Cincinnati in four hundred and thirty-two feet above the sea, and one hundred and thirty- three below Lake Erie. The descent from the upper plane of Cincinnati below the hills to low water is there- fore one hundred and eight feet. The major part of the city, for population and busi-" ness, though by far the smallest in territorial extent, lies upon the first and second terraces. They are part of a beautiful and fertile plain, lying in an irregular circle, and extending on both sides of the river, about twelve miles in circumference. It is cut into unequal parts by the course of the river, which here makes several curves, but has a general northeast to southwest direc- tion. On two sides of the northern section of the plain, which is the smaller, the city is built along the narrow spaces between the hills and the river, and to some ex- tent on the hills themselves. On the northeast, for four and a half miles, or to and including Columbia, now a part of the city, this belt is but about five hundred yards wide; on the southwest the width is only three hundred yards to the city limits, a mile and three-quarters beyond the point where the hills, after curving around this part of the plateau, return to the river, about three miles from the point at which they left it on the other side. The city has thus a very extensive water-front — about eleven miles, allowing for the curvatures of the river, and taking in, among the annexations of the last ten years, the old village of Columbia on the one side and the former su- burb of Sedamsville on the other. The average width of the city site is three miles, although up the valley of Mill creek, since the annexation of Cumminsville in 1873, the extreme breadth is five and one-half miles. The total area enclosed by the corporation lines is fifteen thousand two hundred and sixty acres, or very nearly twenty-four square miles — an increase of seventeen square miles since 1870 (when it comprised but four thousand four hundred and eighty acres), by the successive and rapid annexation of suburbs. The older part of the city is intersected by the valley of Deer creek on the east, which is now dry except after heavy rains, and is partly occupied by the great Eggleston avenue sewer; and by the Mill creek valley on the west,' which is broad and fertile, and comparatively level for many miles to the northward. Beyond Mill creek the hills are cut through by the narrower valley of Lick run. The former con- tains a good sized stream, which has been greatly service- able for mills and other purposes, since an early period in the history of the place. The main body of the city, including the business portion and the densest population, borders on the river between the mouth of Deer creek on the east and that of Mill creek on the west, a distance of two and one-half miles. North of East Liberty street and the Hamilton road, the hillsides from Deer creek to Mill creek are terraced with streets, and [in places] covered with dwellings to their summits. Mount Adams, overlooking the southeast corner of the plateau, has streets thickly lined with dwellings on its summit and west and south sides. The remainder of the city, including the narrow valleys along the f. river, above and below the city proper, the village of Cumminsville, next the northern corporation line in Mill creek valley, and the several table-iand villages from Woodburn on the east to Fairmount on the west, is irregularly built. In the northwest part are native forests and cultivated farms. On the western hills are vineyards and gardens. Be- tween Harrison avenue and the Twenty-fifth ward (Cumminsville) are many vegetable gardens. * THE SUBURBS. A number of villages, formerly suburbs, are now in- cluded in the city. The principal of these, beginning on the east, are Columbia, Walnut Hills, Mount Auburn, and Cumminsville. Fairmount is a residence quarter west of Mill Creek valley, and Sedamsville is mainly a manufact- uring district, lying south of the western range of hills, between it and the river, about three and a half miles from Fountain Square. Fulton is a part of the city at the base of the hills on the other side of the plain, be- ginning beyond the Little Miami railway depot and run- ning in a narrow tract northeast to Pendleton village, which lies between it and Columbia. Northeast of Columbia the city includes a part of Tusculum. Due north of it, at the extreme northeast corner of the city, is Mount Lookout, a small but attractive suburb, in part outside the corporation limits, and the seat of the Cincin- nati observatory; about north of the dividing line between Fulton and Pendleton, and on the hills, is the little plat known as O'Bryonville, between which and Walnut Hills is Woodburn, an extensive and well-built area; and west of Walnut Hills, between Mount Auburn and the north corporation line, is Corryville, a residence and business quarter, on the \«est of which is the spacious and beauti- ful Burnet Woods Park, and on the north, just outside the eity, in the southwest part of Avondale, the famous zoological gardens. Camp Washington occupies a lim- ited space between the Miami canal and Mill creek, in the vicinity of the workhouse and the house of refuge. Brighton is not marked as a district quarter upon the latest maps, but is that part of the city reaching from the junction of Freeman street and Central avenue west to Mill Creek, and takes its name from the former existence of the city stockyards there. Barrsville, Forbusville, Peterstown, and Lick Run are hamlets adjoining or not far from Fairmount, on the heights west of Mill Creek; and Weaversburgh is a station on the Westwood Narrow Gauge railroad west of Fairmount, and close to the cor- poration line. These highlands, between Fairmount and the Ohio, are as yet occupied to but a limited extent, from the difficulty with which most parts of them are still reached from the city. "The outer highland belt of the city commands distant views of hills in Kentucky and Ohio, and of the valleys of Mill Creek, the Licking, and the Ohio. It is beautified by elegant residences in the midst of extensive and highly cultivated landscape lawns, whose shrubbery is often the native forest, and is traversed by winding avenues. From the eastern corpo- ration line, through East Walnut Hills and Woodburn to West Walnut Hills, mansions occupy grounds of from three to seventy-five acres. The blue limestone of the hills is used in the construction of the finest buildings; [and .some of them have been erected from material * American Cyclopaedia, article Cincinnati. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. quarried upon the very grounds they occupy.] West Walnut. Hills and Mount Auburn, though in parts quite compactly built, abound in -elegant and costly residences, each having from one to four acres of grounds."* Outside the city, but in immediate proximity to it, are several lovely suburbs. Prominent among these is Clif- ton, between Cumminsville and Avondale, with the Bur- net Woods park cornering upon it at the southeast. It is described as "a most beautiful suburb, and an almost continuous landscape garden."f It has many fine groves and costly residences. The grounds about them occupy areas of ten to eighty acres. Avondale, next east of Clifton, and north of Corryville and Walnut Hills, com- prises about eight hundred acres of territory, and is also superbly built. Its views include the neighboring hills, which, however, shut out the river scenery from the den- izens of this suburb. East and northeast of this are Norwood, Oakley, Madisonville, and other places of suburban residence; and between the last named and Columbia is Linwood, a small place near the Little Mi- ami railroad, six and a half miles from the court house in Cincinnati. College Hill, away to the northwestward, about eight miles from Fountain Square, occupies the highest ground in the county,' on the heights west of Mill Creek. Glendale is another famous suburb in this direc- tion; also Carthage, eight miles out, near which are the Longview and the Colored insane asylums, and the city and county infirmaries. North and northeast of the city are also Bond Hill and Hartwell; Mount Washington and California are eastward, beyond the left bank of the Little Miami; Riverside, a suburb of two and one-half miles length along the river, adjoins Sedamsville on the extreme southwest of the city, and beyond it are Delhi and other suburban villages scattered along the shore. In all direc- tions from the city, but particularly to the north, north- westward, and northeastward, a score of miles, are many other places which may properly be reckoned suburbs of Cincinnati. On the Kentucky side are Covington, west of the Licking river, now a considerable city, the largest in Kentucky except Louisville, with West Cov- ington, Ludlow, and Bromley as suburban places for itself and Cincinnati, along the river to the west, and Latonia Springs, five miles out, on the Lexington pike, as a favorite place of resort and residence. On the other side of the Licking, opposite Cincinnati, is New- port, with the United States barracks and a considerable population; and northeast of it, also on the Ohio river, are the villages of East Newport, Bellevue, and Dayton. Newport is connected with Covington by a suspension bridge across the Licking, and with Cincinnati by the Louisville Short Line railroad bridge, which is also used for street-cars and other vehicles, and for foot passengers. The Cincinnati Southern railway bridge connects Cincin- nati and Ludlow ; but it is used only for the purpose of the railroad. Between these two bridges is the main artery of communication between the two sides of the Ohio in this region — the renowned suspension bridge, a * American Cyclopaedia. •(•King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati. mile from the former and a mile and a half from the latter, and connecting Cincinnati from near the foot of Walnut and Vine streets with Covington. It is not used for any steam railroad, but all the Covington lines of street-cars, with one line of the Newport horse-cars, cross it, with other vehicles and foot passengers in vast num- bers. Three ferries also connect Cincinnati with Cov- ington, Newport, and Ludlow, respectively; and the abundant facilities of access, with other inducements, have led to the residence of large numbers of Cincinnat- ians in the Kentucky suburbs. In the vicinity of the city and suburbs, on both sides of the Ohio, are many beautiful drives. THE OLD CITY. This part of Cincinnati — that on the plain — is laid out quite regularly, somewhat on the Philadelphia plan, and with a number of the Philadelphia street names. The streets are generally from one and a half to two and a half miles long, and fifty to one hundred feet wide. The lat- ter is the common width. "West of Central avenue they run north from the river and east from Mill creek, while east of that avenue their direction from the river is slightly west of north. The streets and avenues are generally paved or macadamized, many of them being adorned with shade trees. The buildings are substantial, and chiefly of brick. A grayish buff freestone, for fronts, is universally used for large business houses and the finest residences in the city proper, though many of the residences on the hills are of wood. The prevailing height of business buildings is five stories, though many are six. Dwellings are generally high and narrow, and seldom have front yards. The chief mercantile quarter covers about three hundred acres, and lies between Fifth street and the river, and Broadway and Smith street. Business is not concentrated as in other cities. Manu- factories are scattered through all parts of the city and its suburbs. Pearl street, which contains nearly all the wholesale boot and shoe and dry goods houses, is noted for its splendid row of lofty, uniform stone fronts, between Vine and Race streets. Fourth street, the fashionable promenade, and the most select retail business street between Broadway and Central avenue, a mile in extent, is noted for its splendid stone-front buildings. Third street, between Main and Vine, contains the banking, brokerage and insurance establishments, and the at- torney's offices; and west of Vine the large clothing houses. Within a quarter of a mile of the custom house and post office are most of the chief theatres, newspaper offices and libraries. In Pike street, in Fourth street from Pike to Broadway, and in Broadway between Third and Fifth streets, are the mansions of the 'East End'; in Fourth street, west of Smith street, in Dayton street, and in Court street, between Freeman and Baymiller streets, those of the 'West End.' The large district north of the Miami canal, which enters the city from the northwest, and extends south to the Ohio river, is known as 'Over the Rhine.' It is densely populated, almost exclusively by Germans; has numerous beer gardens, saloons and concert halls, and is thoroughly German in its characteristics. In this vicinity are all the great brew- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. eries of Cincinnati. " * About twenty-five thousand per- sons occupy this populous district. Some of the beer and wine cellars of the quarter will hold half a million gallons of liquor. It furnishes many famous places of resort, especially for Germans and on Sunday. The superb Music hall and Exposition buildings are situated here, on the block bounded by Elm, Plum, Fourteenth and Grant streets ; also Washington park, opposite Music hall, occupying four and one-third acres, and containing a bronze bust, heroic size, of Colonel Robert L. McCook, one of Cincinnati's dead in the late war. West of Music hall, on the other side of the canal, is the im- mense Cincinnati hospital — eight buildings in one, oc- cupying nearly two squares. #n the old city are, of course, all the leading hotels, among which the Burnet, the Gibson, the Grand and the Emery are conspicuous; also the more costly and elegant church edifices, as St. Peter's (Catholic) cathedral, with its peculiarly graceful spire, its colonnade of Corinthian columns, and its musical chimes, several of the Presbyterian churches, St. Paul's Methodist, St. John's Episcopal church, the Hebrew temples, and many others; the buildings of St. Xavier's, the Wesleyan Female, the Cincinnati, and the several medical colleges; the Mechanics' institute, the Public library and others ; the great Government building going up on Fifth street, near Fountain square; the City build- ing and the County Courthouse; the singular Trollopean Bazaar, on Third, near Broadway;! several fine club houses ; Pike's, Robinson's, and the Grand Opera houses, and the Mclodeon and Mozart halls; and a number of small parks, as the Washington, the Lincoln, the Eighth- street, the City building, and the Water-works parks, all small; Fountain square, with the magnificent Tyler- Davidson fountain, the most notable work of art in the city, forty-five feet high, costing, with .the spacious es- planade on which on which it stands, over two hundred thousand dollars; the Masonic temple, an imposing free- stone-front building in the Byzantine style; the Hughes and Woodward high schools, and most of the other pub- lic school buildings; and many more interesting and ele- gant structures. Most sites of historic interest are in this part of the city, as the site of Fort Washington, on and near the junction of Third street and Broadway, and others. IN THE ANNEXATIONS. Outside the older city, however, is Camp Washington, a place of rendezvous and equipment for troops in the Mexican war; beyond it is Cumminsville, where "Lud- low's Station" was situated during the early years of white settlement here; and at the extreme eastern part of the city is Columbia, where the first settlement in the Miami country was made. Upon the Camp Washington tract are the enormous buildings occupied by the Cincinnati Workhouse and House of Refuge ; upon the hillside at Fairmount, to the southwest, is the former Baptist Theo- logical Seminary, now the "Schutzenplatz,'' a German club-house, commanding a superb view of the Mill Creek, * American Cyclopaedia, f Torn down in February, 1881. Lick Run and Ohio valleys; and adjoining Cumminsville are the Wesleyan and Spring Grove cemeteries, the lat- ter of six hundred acres, the largest and otherwise one of the finest cemeteries of the country, considered by some the most picturesque large cemetery in the world. Cumminsville has also the Catholic orphan asylum. On the hills are the various large buildings and gardens, con- stituting the famous hill-top resorts, one at the head of each inclined plane. Many schools of note are on or near these heights — as the Cincinnati University, the Mount Auburn young ladies' seminary, Mount St. Mary seminary, Mount St. Vincent young ladies' seminary, and Lane theological seminary; charitable institutions — the Cincinnati orphan asylum, German protestant orphan asylum, the Widows' and Old Men's home, and others ; some fine churches; the Zoological gardens, just beyond the city limits; one small park — Hopkins — on Mount Auburn, and the two great parks of the city — Burnet woods, containing one hundred and sixty-seven acres, nearly, with a lake of about three acres, and famous for its grand concerts of summer afternoons — also Eden park, east of the old town, largest of all the city's parks, comprising two hundred and six acres, on which are lo- cated the large reservoirs of the city water works, and a neat stone building called the Casino or Shelter House, from which, as well as from other spots in the park, many charming views may be had. At the further end of Pendleton, on the bank of the river, is a pleasant, finely-improved tract of twelve acres — private property, but used much by picnics and pleasure parties — which was formerly known as East End garden, but is now called Woodland park. THE RIVER makes a great bend and two small ones in front of the city, and thus affords a very extensive river front. Most of this is private property, and is considerably occupied, not only for steamboats, but for coal-boats, barges, log- rafts, and other water-craft. The city owns the landing from near the water-works, east of the Little Miami de- pot, to Mill creek, and leases the larger part to steamboat lines, ferry companies, and other parties. The Public Landing, so-called, which has been such from the earliest period of the city's history, extends from the foot of Broadway to the foot of Main street; and it is here most of the river steamers, some of them very large and ele- gantly appointed, are to be found moored. A wharf master and wharf register collect dues from vessels for the privileges of this landing, and otherwise look after the city's interests on the river. 'The Ohio is liable to great and sudden freshets, particularly in the spring, when it has sometimes risen fifty to fifty-five feet above low- water mark, and formerly did immense mischief. The flood of 1832 marked sixty-two and a half feet, and that of 1848 fifty-seven feet above low-water. These were very destructive, and are memorable in the annals of the city. About twelve hundred acres in the Mill creek val- ley were formerly subject to inundation ; but that tract has been considerably narrowed by "making land" above high-water mark for manufactories, dwellings, and other improvements demanded by the growth of the city. The HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 13 bottom-lands are rendered highly fertile by the annual overflows, and are in great request, so far as they are still available, for market gardening; also, in the lowest spots, for brickmaking. The deposit of fine clay in these places from a single inundation is sometimes four inches deep, is very smoothly laid, and when removed is almost ready, without further preparation, for the mold. The river has been, as will be shown further in this volume, an extremely important factor in the growth of the city. CANALS. The Miami & Erie cana-l was one of the first projects of the kind to be executed in the State. Its history has been detailed in the first division of this book. It enters the city at Cumminsville, on the east side of Mill creek and some distance from it, and proceeds in a winding but generally southeasterly course, with a right angle at the intersection of Canal street, to the basin at the cor- ner of Canal and Sycamore streets. From this point to the river, just east of the Little Miami depot, it has been abandoned, or rather converted into a huge closed sewer called Eggleston avenue sewer, which occupies in part the bed of the former Deer creek, and discharges through a spacious tunnel into the river at the point named. The remainder of the canal, extending to Toledo, is still in use. The excavation and abandonment of the Whitewater canal, the only other canal which Cincinnati has had, have been related in the history of Hamilton county. STEAM RAILROADS. The railway connections of Cincinnati are exceedingly numerous, far-reaching, and important, as has been seen in the chapter on this subject in the previous part of this work. The railways entering this city upon their own or others' tracks, are the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio (formerly the Atlantic & Great Western), the Balti- more & Ohio, the Cincinnati Southern, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, & Indianapolis (popularly known as the "Bee Line"), the Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Day- ton, the Marietta & Cincinnati, the Cincinnati & Muskin- gum Valley, the Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Indianapolis, the Cleveland, Mt. Vernon, & Columbus, the Dayton Short Line, the Louisville Short Line, the Little Miami, or Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, & St. Louis ("Pan Handle"), the Ohio & Mississippi, the Whitewater Valley, the Fort Wayne, Muncie, & Cincinnati, the Cincinnati, Wabash, & Michigan, the Cincinnati, Richmond, & Chicago, the Grand Rapids & Indiana, and the Indianapolis, Cincin- nati, & Lafayette; besides the narrow-gauge roads — the Cincinnati & Eastern, the Cincinnati & Portsmouth, the Cincinnati & Westwood, and the College Hill railways. All of these, except the railways from the south, come in by the narrow strips of land left in the Ohio valley on each side of the old city, or by the Mill Creek valley; and most of them enter three depots— the Plum street, the "C, H., & D.," at the corner of Fifth and Hoadly streets, and the Little Miami, at the corner of Front and Kilgour. The Cincinnati Southern has its own depot, at the corner of McLean avenue and Gest street. All the depots are near "the river, and those in the eastern and western parts of the city proper are connected by a track for limited use in transferring freight. The Ken- tucky Central, which has its northern terminus in Cov- ington, may also be considered as in the Cincinnati system. HORSE RAILROADS. These include four lines to Covington, one of them through Newport; another Newport line; the Elm street and the Vine street lines, connecting with the Clifton line by the inclined plane near the head of Elm street; the Main street line, using another incline at the head of Main street to reach its track to the Zoological gardens; the Baymiller street line, connecting at the foot of Mt. Adams with an incline to the summit, up which cars, horses and passengers are taken as they drive upon its carriage from the street, and at the top connecting with the Eden Park, Walnut Hills and Avondale line; the Eighth street line, connecting with the inclined railway at Price's Hill; the Cumminsville and Spring Grove line, which has recently been extended to Fountain Square, furnishing the longest ride in the city, between five and six miles, for a single fare; the Walnut Hills line up Gil- bert avenue; the Third street line; the Seventh street line; the John street line, and the Riverside and Sedams- ville line. A recent extension on Liberty street gives a new line to Brighton by Fourth and Main streets. The Elm street line, at' its eastern terminus in Pendleton, connects with steam dummy lines for Columbia and Mount Lookout. The direct Newport line makes con- nection with a dummy line for Bellevue and Dayton. All the down-town horse railways start from or near Fountain Square. Most of the lines are consolidated, so that tickets sold by one line are usable upon others. OTHER FACILITIES of transportation are abundant. A number of omni- buses and stage lines run to points in the country from five to thirty miles distant, not reached by the steam or horse railways, and several lines of river steamers ply between Cincinnati and other points on the Ohio, Cum- berland, Mississippi, Arkansas, White and Red rivers. The bridges and ferries also supply great public needs nearer home. The Miami stockyards, on Eggleston avenue, covering three acres, and furnishing accommo- dations for ten thousand animals, facilitate the delivery of cattle, hogs, and sheep to several of the railroads. The United Railroads Stockyard company occupies a larger tract, fifty acres on Spring Grove avenue and Mill creek, near Cumminsville, where the land and improve- ments, affording accommodations for five thousand cat- tle, ten thousand sheep, and twenty-five thousand hogs, have cost over three-quarters of a million of dollars. The completion of the canal at Louisville around the falls of the Ohio, some years ago, now allows the largest Mississippi river steamers to come up to this city. TELEGRAPHS AND TELEPHONES. These are sufficiently numerous for all public and pri- vate needs. The Western Union and the Atlantic & Pacific undertake the far-away communications; the city and suburban telegraph association, the board of trade 14 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. telegraph, the police and fire telegraphs, have important local uses; as also the Bell telephonic exchange, with which the former Edison telephone exchange has been consolidated. MISCELLANEOUS. We have aimed in this opening chapter of the history of Cincinnati to present mainly the things which appear outwardly, to give a bird's-eye view of the city. Other and less apparent matters, as the city government, the police and fire departments, the water and gas works, the manufactures, trade and commerce of the city, its re- ligious, educational, literary and charitable institutions, its newspapers and periodicals, the public libraries, and many other subjects, will be set forth under their appro- priate heads hereafter. CHAPTER II. ANCIENT WORKS UPON THE CITY'S SITE. Lonely and sad it stands; The trace of ruthless hands Is on its sides and summit, and around The dwellings of the white man pile the ground; And, curling in the air, The smoke of twice a thousand hearths is there; Without, all speaks of life, within, Deaf to the city's echoing din, Sleep well the tenants of that silent mound, Their names forgot, their memories uncrowned. Upon its top I tread, And see around me spread Temples and mansions, and the hoary hills, Bleak with the labor that the coffer fills, But mars their bloom the while, And steals from Nature's face its joyous smile; And here and there, below, The stream's meandering flow Breaks on the view; and westward in the sky The gorgeous clouds in crimson masses lie. The hammer's clang rings out Where late the Indian's shout Startled the wild fowl from its sedgy nest, And broke the wild deer's and the panther's rest. The lordly oaks went down Before the ax — the canebiake is a town; The bark canoe no more Glides noiseless from the shore; And sole memorial of a nation's doom, Amid the works of art rises this lonely tomb. It, too, must pass away; Barbaric hands will lay Its holy ruins level with the plain, And rear upon its site some goodly fane. It seemeth to upbraid The white man for the ruin he hath made. And soon the spade and mattock must Invade the sleepers' buried dust, And bare their bones to sacrilegious eyes, And send them forth some joke-collector's prize. — "To the Old Mound," by Charles A. Jones, son of an old Cincin- nati family, who died at Cumminsville in 1851. THE ANCIENT PEOPLE. The settlers of Losantiville, and afterwards the immi- grants to Cincinnati for more than a generation and a half, found the plainest indications that a numerous and intelligent people had been here before them. The red man had left few tokens of his occupancy, and those of but the most insignificant character; but beneath the deep shades of the luxuriant forest, overgrown by trees of centuries' growth, upon both the upper and lower ter- races, it is said, were the unmistakable remains of struct- ures erected there by a strange, mysterious race, whose very name, to say nothing of their history and tribal relations, had long been covered by the dust of oblivion. As Professor Short remarks, in his North Americans of Antiquity : The same sagacity which chose the neighborhood of St. Louis for these works, covered the site of Cincinnati with an extensive system of circumvallations and mounds. Almost the entire space now occupied by the city was utilized by the mysterious Builders, in the construction of embankments and tumuli built upon the most accurate geometrical principles, and evincing keen military foresight. ENCLOSURES AND EMBANKMENTS. Almost every one of the leading classes of Mound Builders' remains was represented in the Cincinnati works. The chief work was probably a sacred enclosure, since it had no ditch, and occupied a position offering no special advantages for defence. It was an earth wall or embankment, encircling the entire blocks now bound- ed by Fourth and Fifth, Race arid Walnut streets, and including some fractions of adjoining blocks. Its figure was not mathematically exact, and was probably not intended to be so. It was a very broad ellipsis, eight hundred feet in diameter from east to west, and about six hundred and sixty from north to south. An opening or gateway ninety feet wide appeared on the east side of the wall, upon or near the line of Fourth street. The height of the work, as found by the pioneers, was scarcely a yard, but the base of the embankment averaged ten- yards in thickness. It was heaped up with loam similar to that found in its immediate vicinity, and was of quite uniform composition throughout, as discovered by subse- quent excavation and removal. Nothing found inside the main work indicated that manual labor had been expended therein, the ground being somewhat irregular and uneven, and evidently left by the Builders pretty nearly in a state of nature. There was no ditch within or without the walls. From each side of the gateway, and exterior but contiguous to the wall, stretched away a broad elevation or parapet, of somewhat indeterminate figure. From that on the line of Fourth street could be traced a bank of only twelve inches height, but with a nine-foot base. It extended southward fifty to seventy- five yards, until within a few yards of the edge of the upper plain, or the "hill," as it was then called, when it turned to the east, and ended in a mound at the present junction of Main and Third streets, about five hundred feet distant from the point of departure. No similar wall from the other side of the gateway was observable • but at a short remove north of it were two other eleva- tions, isolated though near each other, over six feet high, and probably artificial, though of shapeless form. More than four hundred yards east of the work just described, between Broadway and Sycamore streets, was HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i5 a bank of about the same dimensions as to height and thickness, which reached in a slight curve from Sixth nearly to Third. The circle of which it was a segment, whether ideal or embodied in earthwork, was an im- mense one. "It was evidently," says Judge Burnet, in his Notes, from which many of these facts are derived, "a segment of a very large circle, with its centre just south of the other work described." The remainder had been left unfinished, or was leveled after construction. From a point_near the south end of the segment formed a low wall could be traced to the river, and was found to correspond in a remarkable way, in height, extent, and direction, with another embankment, about half a mile distant, in the western part of the village site. Both of these had disappeared by the year 1815. Mr. Robert Clarke, in his pamphlet on the Pre-historic Remains at Cincinnati, printed in 1876, is not inclined to give credence to the story of this extension to the river, "as it would extend the works to the bottom-land, on which Mound Builder's works are seldom anywhere found. It is more probable that this embankment turned westward and joined the other embankment at the mound." Upon the present track of Fifth street, still east of all the works mentioned, and about four hundred feet from the segment, was a circular enclosure of sixty feet diam- eter, bearing evidence of construction by heaping up earth from the ground within. It was, when found, but one foot high, on a twelve to fifteen-foot base. In the north part of the old town, between Elm and Vine streets, and six hundred yards from the great ellip- sis (now between the canal and Fourth streets), were two extensive earth walls, also of convex shape, but not con- stituting an enclosure. They were each seven hundred and sixty feet long, about two feet high, and ran in exact parallels in a general east and west direction, forty-six feet apart, measuring from the middle of the embank- ment, for two-thirds of the way, when they converged slightly to forty feet width, and so continued to the end. At about the point where the convergence began, there was an opening of thirty feet in the southern bank. Many other inequalities of surface, upon sites more or less irregular, were observable in the early day ; but by the time the attention of antiquaries had been much di- rected to them, twenty-five to thirty years after settlement, they had become too obscure and ill-defined to warrant detailed description. Strange to say, the plains on the other side of the river, in Kentucky, did not present, ac- cording to Judge Burnet, the slightest vestige of. ancient earthworks. TUMULI. Upon the upper plain on which the principal part of Cincinnati is located, were found several large mounds or pyramids. The largest of these was due west of the great ellipsis, and five hundred yards distant from it. It was situated just where the alley between Fifth and Long- worth streets intersects the west side of Mound street, to which it gave the name ; and was formed, it is believed from its composition, simply by scooping earth from the surrounding surface and heaping it up smoothly. The composition and structure of the mound were thus de- scribed by Mr. John S. Williams, editor of the American Pioneer, in volume II of that magazine: The earth of the mound is composed of light and dark colored lay- ers, as if it had been raised, at successive periods, by piling earth of different colors on the top. This appearance might have been pro- duced by successive layers of vegetation and freezings, which were allowed to act on each layer before the mound received a second addi- tion to its height. In some parts the layers are completely separated by what appears to have been decayed vegetable matter, such as leaves and grass, as the earth is in complete contact, except a very thin divis- ion by some such substance. In some places through the mound there are vacancies, evidently occasioned by the decay of sticks of wood, leaving a most beautiful, impalpable powder. Throughout the mound there are spots of charcoal, and in some places it is in beds. In one or two places which we observed, the action of fire upon the clay had left marks of considerable intensity. The shape of its base was that of a regular ellipsis, with diameters about in the ratio of two to one, and the longer diameter in a line about seventeen degrees east of north. It is described by one of the early local writers as "a considerable mound of great beauty, about fifty [?] feet high, constructed with great exactness, and standing upon a base unusually small compared with its height." The long diameter of the base was about seventy feet; the shorter thirty-five. Its circumference was four hun- dred and forty feet, and its height was twenty-seven feet so lately as 1815, though about eight feet had been cut from the top of it in 1794 by General Wayne, who posted a sentinel, with a sentry-box, upon it, while his army was encamped in the Mill Creek valley. From its summit, it is said, a view of the entire plain could be commanded; and it is a very interesting f act — wholly u«ique, so far as we know, in the history of the mounds — that this order of General Wayne restored the structure for a time to what was doubtless its ancient character and use in part, as a mound of observation. Some superficial excavations were early made in this mound, resulting in the finding of a few scattered human bones, probably from intrusive burials, a branch of deer's horn, and a piece of earthenware containing muscle shell. Long afterwards (1841) the removal of the mound in the grading of the street and alley, brought to light one of the most interesting memorials of antiquity ever discov- ered, which willl be noticed at some length below. The lines "To the Old Mound," quoted at length at the beginning of this chapter, were addressed to this ancient remain. Three smaller mounds stood in the close neighborhood of this, also containing human remains. Five hundred feet north and somewhat eastward of this work, near the northeast corner of Mound and Seventh streets, was another, a platform mound, probably about nine feet high, circular, and nearly flat on top. In this were found a few fragments of human skeletons and a handful of copper beads that had formerly been strung on a cord of lint. Northeast of this eminence, and several hundred yards distant, on the east of Central avenue, opposite Rich- mond street, near Court, was another circular mound but three feet high, from which were taken unfinished spear- and arrow-heads of chert or flint. But the most remarkable of this class of the Cincin- nati works which did not long survive the advent of the i6 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. white man, was the mound at the intersection of Third and Main streets, near the site of the older as well as the later First Presbyterian churches. It was the mound formerly mentioned as terminating the wall from the great ellipsis, and was one hundred and twenty feet long, sixty feet broad and eight feet high, of an oval figure, with its diameters nearly on lines connecting the oppo- site cardinal points of the compass. It was gradually destroyed at an early day by the necessity of grading Main street to reduce the difficulty of ascent from the lower plain to the higher. The strata of which it was composed, proceeding from without, were: First, a layer of loam or soil like that upon the adjacent natural sur- face. The articles found in the tumulus were a little be- low this stratum. Second, a layer of large pebbles, con- vex, like the outer one, and of uniform thickness. Lastly, gravel, considerably heaped up in the centre, and contain- ing no remains. Many interesting articles were found in the process of excavation and removal — pieces of jasper, rock crystal, granite, porphyry, and other rocks, mostly cylindrical at the extremes and increasing in diameter toward the middle, with an annular groove near one end, and all evincing much skill of the Builders in cutting and polishing the hardest rocks. Numerous other arti- cles, made of cannel coal, argillaceous earth, and bone, including the sculptured head of a bird, supposed to be intended to represent that of an eagle; bits of isinglass or mica, lead ore, and sheet copper, all supposed to be used partly for ornament and partly in religious observ- ances; with beads of bone or shell, the teeth of some carniverous animal, probably the bear, and several large marine shells; also a quantity of human bones, appar- ently belonging to twenty or thirty skeletons, were found in this work. The last mentioned remains were generally surrounded by ashes and charcoal, and sometimes were found enclosed in rude stone cists or coffins. The stra- tum above these seemed to be undisturbed, and had evi- dently been laid after the precious deposits were made. One of the old writers also mentions among the discov- eries in this mound certain other articles, "most proba- bly deposited in it after Europeans began to visit here" — as pieces of hard brown earthenware; the small image of a female holding an infant in her arms and supposed to represent the Virgin Mary, finely wrought in ivory but somewhat mutilated; and a small, complex instrument of iron, greatly corroded, and supposed to be used for weighing light articles." The last two statements are de- cidedly apocryphal, though Judge Burnet apparently gives credence to them and repeats them in his Notes. This ancient work was noticed very early by Colonel Sargent, secretary of the Northwest Territory, in a letter from Cincinnati, dated September 8, 1794, and enclos- ing drawings of relics exhumed from a grove near the mound. His correspondent, Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, of Philadelphia, made them the theme of an elaborate let- ter to Rev. Joseph Priestly, the famous Indian theo- logian, philosopher and scientist; and the correspondence was published, with illustrations, in volumes four and five, of the transactions of one of the learned societies of the Quaker city. A DENUDED MOUND. In 1874 Dr. H. H. Hill discovered a cluster of an- cient graves on the extreme point of Brighton Hill, at the west end of the range of hills north of the old city, which Mr. Clarke thinks were once covered by a mound that has been in the course of the ages washed away by the rainfalls to or near the level of the original surface. Many loose stones, in groups or piles, had been long ob- served at this spot, and had been conjectured to be the remains of an ancient stone work. The human remains were included within a circular spot about forty feet in diameter, and the bones were so greatly decomposed that they soon fell to dust. From some indications in the position of the bones there is reason to believe that Indians were buried here, as well as Mound Builders. Many teeth and tusks of animals, fragments of stag-horn, with various implements made from bone, pieces of mica, stone hammers, gorgets and pipes, spear and arrow-heads, copper and bone awls, and fragments of shells with traces of carving thereon, were aiso found in the burial- place. It was a very interesting find. The mound sup- posed to have stood over the remains and relics is that designated by Mr. Clarke, in a quotation we shall make hereafter, as the "Brighton Hill mound." It was also, probably, one of the series of signal-mounds in the Mill creek valley. "dug-hole." Over half a mile north of the ellipsis, which serves as a convenient point of departure for distances to the other works, was an excavation or "dug-hole," believed to be artificial, but not apparently connected with any other work. It was nearly fifty feet in diamete"r at the top, as measured from the top of the circular bank formed by throwing out the earth, and almost twelve feet in depth; and was by some of the early settlers supposed to be an old, half-filled well. It probably belonged, however, to the age of the Mound Builders, and to the class of ancient remains known as "dug-holes," origin- ally intended as reservoirs for water or store houses of provision. a scholar's view. General W. H. Harrison, in his instructive address be- fore the Historical and Philosophical society of Ohio, in 1837, published in their transactions, and also in pamph- let form, gave the following view of the works, as they appeared in the white man's early day here: When I first saw the upper plain on which that city stands, it was literally covered with low lines of embankments. I had the honor to attend General Wayne two years afterwards, in an excursion to examine them. We were employed the greater part of a day, in August, 1793, in doing so. The number and variety of figures in which these lines were drawn, was almost endless, and, as I have said, almost covered the plain— many so faint, indeed, as scarcely to be followed, and often for a considerable distance entirely obliterated; but, by careful examination, and following the direction, they could again be found. Now, if these lines were ever of the height of the others made by the same people (and they must have been to have answered any valuable purpose), or unless their erection was many years anterior to the others, there must have been some other cause than the attrition of rain (for it is a dead level) to bring them down to their then state. That cause I take to have been continued cultivation; and, as the people who erected them would not themselves destroy works which had cost them so much labor, the solution of the question can only be found in the long occupancy HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 17 and the cultivation of another people, and the probability is that that people were the conquerors of the original possessors. To the ques- tion of the fate of the former, and the cause of no recent vestige of set- tlements being found on the Ohio, I can offer only a conjecture, but one that appears to me to be far from improbable. The general thought the occurrence of tremendous floods, like those of 1793 and 1832, might be sufficient to drive off the Builders, "not only from actual suffering, but from the suggestions of superstition ; an occurrence so unusual being construed into a warning from Heaven to seek a residence upon the smaller streams." THE WORKS IN 1817. Many were still remaining. Judge Burnet, writing at this time, notes them as " numerous here, and consisting of two circular banks, mounds, tumuli, etc." A house then stood at the corner of Mound and Third streets, upon the site of the tumulus there. Several streets were intersecting the remains, and they did not long thereafter maintain their ground against the march of improvement, which in time obliterated the last vestige of the monu- ments of ancient civilization, so far as the surface of the site of Cincinnati exhibited them. THE WORKS IN 1819 AND 1 825. The maps prefixed to the first and second directories of the city, published in 1819 and 1825, however, take notice of the existence and position of the enclosures and mounds upon the site of Cincinnati, though not precisely as they have been described above. One work, the large ellipsis, is delineated as surrounding completely the block between Fourth and Fifth, Race and Vine streets, except a very small part of the northwest corner, about half the next block east, and some parts of the adjacent blocks north and south. Adjoining the north- east part of it, on the north half of the block bounded by Third, Fourth, Vine and Race streets, appears a large mound, with a single embankment running almost due south to the lower part of the block, and thence across the next block eastward to the mound at the northeast corner of Main and Third. The enclosure is represented as an irregular circle, of about six hundred feet diameter. The convex parallel walls between Canal and Twelfth are shown as a long enclosure, extending almost diagon- ally from a point a trifle east of Vine street across the block bounded by that place and the streets before named, and about half-way across the block next on the west Wayne's sentry-post is plainly marked as a large tumu- lus at the southeast corner of Fifth and Mound, and the others mentioned as being in the west and northwest-part of the town are here — the mound upon the upper side of Seventh street, below Smith, near fhe rope-walk then standing; that on Western Row, nearly at the head of Richmond ; one large mound west of Plum, near the old corporation line on Liberty street; and also one in the eastern part of the city, directly on Fifth street, half a block beyond Broadway. The mound on Fourth street stood nearly where Pike's Opera house now is. Thus it appears that the ancient works upon the site of Cincinnati were still so well defined, so late as 1825, as to deserve, if not demand, a place upon the map of the city. THE CINCINNATI TABLET. In November, 1841, the large tumulus near the corner of Fifth and Mound streets was removed, in order to extend Mound street across Fifth and grade an alley. A little above the level of the surrounding surface, near the centre of the mound, were found a large part of a human skull and two bones of about seven inches length, pointed at one end. It was undoubtedly the grave of a Mound Builder, probably a great dignitary of his tribe. Under the fragmentary skull of the buried Builder was a bed of charcoal, ashes and earth, and therein a very re- markable inscribed stone which, after much discussion, including the publication of Mr. Clarke's interesting pamphlet in vindication of its authenticity, has been pro- nounced a genuine relic of the period of the Mound Builders. It is not lettered or inscribed with hieroglyph- ics, but is marked with curious, broad lines, curves and scrolls. Some have thought they could trace in these the outline of a figure, perhaps an idol; but the better con- jecture seems to be that it served for a record of calcula- tions and a scale of measurement. The following de- scription and remarks upon it are extracted from Messrs.' Squier and Davis's "Ancient Monuments of the Missis- sippi Valley": The material is 'fine grained, compact sandstone of a light brown color. It measures five inches in length, three in breadth at the ends,, and two and six-tenths at the middle, and is about half an inch in thick- ness. The sculptured face -varies very slightly from a perfect plane. The figures are cut in low relief (the lines being not more than one- twentieth of an inch in depth), and occupy a rectangular space of four inches and two-tenths long by two and one-tenth wide. The sides of the stone, it will be observed, are slightly concave. Right lines are drawn across the face near the ends, at right angles, and exterior to these are notches, twenty-five at one end and twenty-four at the other. The back of the stone has three deep longitudinal grooves and several depressions, evidently caused by rubbing — probably produced by sharp- ening the instrument used in the sculpture. [Mr. Gest, however, the present owner of the stone, does not regard these as tool marks, but thinks they have some special significance. J Without discussing the singular resemblance which the relic bears to the Egyptian cartouch, it will be sufficient to direct attention to the re- duplication of the figures, those upon one side corresponding with those upon the other, and the two central ones being also alike. It will be ob- served that there are but three scrolls or figures — four of one description and two of the others. Probably no serious discussion of the question whether or not these figures are hieroglyphical, is needed. They more resemble the stalk and flowers of a plant than anything else in nature. What significance, if any, may attach to the peculiar markings or grad- uations at the end it is not undertaken to say. The sum of the products of the longer and shorter lines (twenty-four by seven and twenty-five by eight) is three hundred and sixty-eight, three more than the number of days in the year; from which circumstance the suggestion has been ad- vanced that the tablet had an astronomical origin and constituted some sort of a calendar. We may perhaps find the key to its purposes in a very humble, but not therefore less interesting class of southern remains. Both in Mexico and in the mounds of Mississippi have been found stamps of burnt clay, the faces of which are covered with figures, fanciful or imitative, all in low relief, like the face of a stereotype plate. These were used in im- pressing ornaments upon the clothes or prepared skins of the people possessing them. They exhibit the concavity of the sides to be ob- served in the relic in question — intended, doubtless, for greater conveni- ence in holding and using it — as also a similar reduplication of the ornamental figures, all betraying a common purpose. This explanation is offered hypothetically as being entirely consistent with the gen- eral character of the mound remains, which, taken together, do not warrant us in looking for anything that might not well pertain to a very simple, not to say rude„people. i8 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. AN INTERESTING THEORY. The following discussion from Mr. Clarke's pamphlet may appropriately end this little treatise on the Cincinnati works : It may be of interest here to examine these pre-historic works in the light of Lewis H. Morgan's "pueblo" theory, as set forth in his article in the North American Review for July of this year. The great cen- tral work, an ellipse eight hundred by six hundred and sixty feet, cor- responds with his pueblo or village. Its position gave it a measure of security, being on the upper plain, three hundred and fifty feet from its edge, and could be completely screened from view from the river by a belt or grove of trees. The embankment, three feet high (possibly originally higher), with a base of thirty feet, afforded sufficient founda- tion for their buildings, occupying the circumference of the ellipse, facing inward, presenting a solid timber wall on the outside, with no entrance but by the gateway on the east, which may have been pro- tected by a palisade of round timbers, with proper openings for ingress and egress, and by some structures of the nature of block-houses on the higher embankments attached externally at each side of the entrance. From the lower of these block-houses, it will be remembered, ran the low embankment, one foot high, with nine feet base, southward nearly to the edge of the declivity, and then east to the mound on the corner of Third and Main streets. This may have been occupied by a high timber palisade, or a covered way leading to the mound, which was so situated as to command a full view of the Licking river, which enters the Ohio on the opposite shore, and was doubtless an important ap- proach, which it was necessary should be watched. If I am right in supposing that the embankment, of the same dimensions as the last, noticed east of Sycamore, running from Sixth street to near Third street, turned there and joined the other embankment at the mound, and was built upon in the same manner, we would thus have the whole front so defended that it would have to be forced or flanked by an enemy coming from the.direction of the Licking river. East of this high hill, Mount Adams, overlooking the Ohio, and giv- ing a clear view up the river for miles, would be a natural outpost on ■ which it would not be necessary to erect a mound structure. I have never heard of any remains having been found on this hill. To the west, the hill next the river was so distant, and from its posi- tion did not command an extensive enough view of the river to serve as an outlook; so a position was selected near the edge of the plain, about five hundred yards west of the closed end of the village, and a large mound thirty-five feet high was erected, from which could be had an extensive view of the Kentucky shore and of the Ohio, river to the bend below the mouth of Mill creek. The Brighton Hill mound would give an extensive view of the whole of Mill creek valley, the whole, as be- fore mentioned, being part of an extensive series of signal stations. The minor mounds and other works on the upper plain may have been connected with the supervision and care of their agricultural oper- ations on the rich land between the village and the northern hills. Thus we have a village judiciously located on a fine, fertile plain, and well guarded by the nature of the location and the artificial works erected on a carefully arranged plan. Mr. Morgan's theory will apply to a large number of the Ohio works. The two larger mounds were so situated that we can hardly avoid the conclusion, though it is only a supposition, that one object of their erection was to serve as outlooks for watching the approaches to their village from the Kentucky side of the river by the Licking, and from the west by the Ohio. From the description of the structure of the mounds and the remains found in them, it is quite certain that they were also grave mounds. They may have been originally placed on these commanding points so as to be seen from a distance (just as we place rhonuments in prominent positions), and afterward used as out- looks. Dr. Drake, as quoted above, gives sufficient details of the structure and contents of that at the corner of Third and Main streets to warrant this conclusion as to that mound. ANCIENT VEGETABLE REMAINS. Although not strictly belonging to the general topic of this chapter, mention may here be fitly made of some interesting "finds" that have been made upon the site of Cincinnati, belonging to a period of ancient vegetation of which many evidences are apparent in Hamilton county, as will be seen upon reference to the second chap- ter of this book, upon its geology and topography. In 1802 a well was dug by an ancient settler in the centre of one of the artificial enclosures above described, and two stumps, of twelve and eighteen inches' diameter, respec- tively, were met with at a depth of ninety-three feet, standing as they grew, with roots sound and in place. From the soil that was thrown out in excavating the well mulberry trees grew in large numbers, although none were known to exist on the plain before. About the same time Mr. Daniel Symmes, while digging another well in the eastern part of the town, came upon a large unde- cayed log twenty-four feet below the surface. It is said that similar discoveries have frequently been made in making deep excavations in different parts of the city, showing that the ancient level of the plain was once far below its present elevation. CHAPTER III. THE SITE OF LOSANTIVILLE. The original site of Cincinnati, platted and surveyed under the name of Losantiville, was contracted for before the surveys of the Symmes Purchase were made, and the conveyance to Mathias Denman simply specified that his tract should be located as nearly as possible opposite the mouth of the Licking river. When the surveys were completed, it was found that he owned the entire section eighteen, and the fractional section in seventeen lying be- tween that and the river, in township four and the first fractional range, as surveyed under the orders of the pros- pective patentee, Judge Symmes. The tract covered eight hundred acres, and including the outlots as well as in-lots laid out upon it, comprised the original site of Cin- cinnati. It extended, on a north and south line, from the present Liberty street to the river. The eastern boundary line ran from the intersection of the old Leb- anon road with Liberty street to the Ohio, at a point one hundred feet below Broadway; and the western line ran from the intersection of Liberty street with the Western row (Central avenue) to the river, which is reached just below Smith street landing. This tract, a little less than one and one-fourth square miles, was not quite one twen- ty-second part of the present vast area of Cincinnati. The founders of Losantiville found this site nearly or quite in a state of nature, save the earthworks which in- dicated its occupancy by a people long before departed. Mr. E. D. Mansfield says it was the site of an old Indian town, and other authorities say that two block-houses had been erected hereby the soldiers of an expedition against the Indians, only eight years previous ; but the records of Losantiville are silent concerning the vestiges of the Indian village and the white men's fortifications, if any existed at this time. A dense wood covered the appar- ently virgin tract. The lower belt of ground was occu- pied mainly by beech, buckeye, and sugar trees, loaded with grapevines, and interspersed with a heavy under- growth of spicewood and pawpaws. The same timber HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i9 prevailed upon the second terrace, with poplars and other trees, some of which were very large. Many of the beeches were also large, and a cluster of these, near "Stonemetz's ford," on Mill creek, was still standing sixty years after the settlement, and bore the name of "Loring's woods" — the only relics of the primeval forest here, except some scattered trees. A group of these trees was also called the "Beechen grove" in an early day. At the foot of Sycamore street was an inlet of consid- erable size, which took the name of "Yeatman's cove," from its neighborhood to the tavern and store of Griffin Yeatman, but also called the "Stone landing," because used for the disembarking of the boatloads of stone brought for the building of Fort Washington, at a spot near what is now the corner of Sycamore and Front streets. At the corner of Ludlow street was another inlet, called "Dorsey's cove," and another still higher up, just below the mouth of Deer creek. These little harbors were ex- ceedingly convenient as landing-places for immigrants, and were doubtless used also by the crews of boats con- veying the earlier expeditions against the Indians. In the shore end of Yeatman's cove the first, little, rude mar- ket-house of the village was constructed, to the pillars of which boats were usually tied in seasons of high water. The north shore of the Ohio, and the ground for some way back, as first observed by the whites at this point, are described as somewhat resembling in appearance the site of Philadelphia. Dr. Daniel Drake, writing twenty years after the beginnings, when the physical features of the place had not greatly changed, except by the partial clearing of the woods, in his "Notices concerning Cincin- nati," says: Its site is not equally elevated. A strip of land called the Bottom (most of which is inundated by extraordinary freshes, though the whole is elevated several feet above the ordinary high-water mark), commences at Deer creek, the eastern boundary of the town, and stretches down to the river, gradually becoming wider and lower. It slopes northwardly to the average distance of eight hundred feet, where it is terminated by a bank or glacis, denominated the hill, which is generally of steep ascent, and from thirty to fifty feet in height. In addition to this there is a gentle acclivity for six or seven hundred feet further back, which is succeeded by a slight inclination of surface northwardly, for something more than half a mile, when the hills or real uplands commence. These benches of land extend northwestwardly (the upper one con- stantly widening) nearly two miles, and are lost in the intervale ground of Mill creek. The whole form an area of between two and three square miles — which, however, comprehends but little more than a moiety of the expansion which the valley of the Ohio has at this point. For on the southern side, both above and below the mouth of the Lick- ing river, are extended, elevated bottoms. The hills surrounding this alluvial tract form an imperfectly rhom- boidal figure. They are between three and four hundred feet high; but the angle under which they are seen, from a central situation, is only a few degrees. Those to the southwest and northwest, at such a station, make the greatest and nearly an equal angle ; those to the southeast and southwest also make angles nearly equal. .The Ohio enters at the eastern angle of this figure, and, after bending considerably to the south, passes out at the western. The Licking river entets through the south- ern, and Mill creek through the northern angle. Deer creek, an incon- siderable stream, enters through the northern side. The Ohio, both up and down, affords a limited view, and its valley forms no consider- able inlet to the east and west winds. The valley of the Licking af- fords an entrance to the south wind, that of Mill creek to the north wind, and that of Deer creek (a partial one) to the northeast. The other winds blow over the hills that lie in their respective courses. The Ohio is five hundred and thirty-five yards wide from bank to bank, but at low-water is much narrower. No extensive bars exist, however, near the town. Licking river, which joins the Ohio opposite the town, is about eighty yards wide at its mouth. Mill creek is large enough for mills, and has wide alluvions, which, near its junction with the Ohio, are annually overflown [sic\. Its general course is from northeast to north- west, and it joins the Ohio at a right angle. Ascending from these valleys the aspects and characteristics of the surrounding country are various. . . . No barrens, prairies, or pine lands are to be found near the town. Some notices of the site of Cincinnati in the early day have been inserted in the first chapter of this divi- sion of our work, and need not be repeated here. A glowing paragraph by Mr. J. P. Foote, concerning the hills in their pristine freshness, will be particularly re- membered. The ground on the "bottom" was quite broken and uneven; that on the "hill," or second ter- race, was somewhat smoother. The bank which sepa- rated them was sharp and abrupt;* and it was a serious question with the fathers whether it should be cut through by the streets with a steep or gentle gradient. Happily for the horses and men employed in the im- mense transfer business since that day, the problem was solved in the sensible way that might have been expected of the founders of the Queen City, although the cost- lier. The grade of Main street, for example, was thus in process of time extended along three squares, from Second to Fifth streets (Third street being about one hundred feet north of the original line of the bank), with an angle of ascent of but five to ten degrees. The constant change of level in the streets, in the progress of improvement from year to year, made sad work with the relations of sidewalks and pavements (or the spaces where pavements ought to have been), and left many buildings of the early day far above the streets on which they once immediately fronted. Interesting anecdotes are related of the foresight of some of the early business men, who, at once upon the planning and laying founda- tion of their buildings, went low enough with the latter to meet the future exigencies of improvement. A writer in the first number of Cist's Cincinnati Miscellany, prob- ably Mr. Cist himself, making some notes of "city changes," says: In the early part of the present century, Broadway, opposite John's cabinet warehouse, was the center of a pond, three or four acres in ex- tent, to which the early settlers resorted to shoot plovers. The general level of upper Main street extended as far south as nearly the line of Third street, part of the original surface of the ground being preserved in some of the yards north of Third street to this date (Oc- tober, 1844). It will readily be imagined what an impediment the bluff bank overhanging the lower ground to the south, and repeatedly caving in on it, must have created to the intercourse between the two great divisions of the city — Hill and Bottom. But this statement, if it were to end here, would not give an adequate idea how far the brow of the hill overhung the bottom region ; for it must be observed that, while the hill projected nearly forty feet above the present level where its edge stood, the ground on Main street, opposite Pearl and Lower Market streets, corresponded with the general level of these streets, which must have been between thirteen and fourteen feet below the present grade. The whole ground from the foot of the hill was a swamp, fed partly from a cove which put in from the Ohio near what is now Harkness' foundry, and in high water filled the whole region from the hill to with- in about one hundred and fifty yards of the Ohio in that part of the city from Walnut to Broadway — in early days the dwelling ground, * An interesting remnant of the old bank at the brow of the hill — the only one left, we believe — is still to be seen at the northwest corner of Third and Plum streets. It is now a back yard, heaped up with old iron. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. principally, of the settlers, as it still is the most densely built-on and valuable part of Cincinnati. The writer then relates some interesting facts of Casper Hopple's old tobacco warehouse, on Lower Market street, which was built upon boat-gunnels many years before — material obtained by the breaking up of the primitive river vessels. In his plan of building, Mr. Hopple had the foresight to place the joists of the second story just fourteen feet above the sills of the door to the first, say- ing that that would be the proper range of the floor, when Lower Market should be filled to its proper height; which proved, quite remarkably, to be the case, so that his second story became a first, and the first a cellar of the right depth, as originally planned. This entertaining antiquary also makes mention of Captain Hugh Moore's building, nearly opposite this, on the subsequent site of Bates & Company's hat warehouse, which likewise had boat-gunnels for foundation, with boat-plank for the inside walls, lined with poplar boards, and a clapboard roof. It was, he thinks, perhaps thirty- six feet deep and twenty feet front. Captain Moore se- cured this building for the sale of his merchandise, it being the only one he could secure for the purpose. And now comes in the remarkable part of the narrative, which makes it germane to this chapter: "When he had bargained for the house, which he rent- ed at one hundred dollars per annum, and which, with the lot one hundred feet on Main by two hundred on Pearl street, he was offered in fee simple at three hun- dred and fifty dollars, he brought the flat-boat which was loaded with his store-goods from the Ohio, via Hobson's Choice, not far from Mill creek, up Second or Columbia street, and fastened the boat to a stake near the door, as nearly as can be judged the exact spot where the Museum lamp-post now [1844] stands, at the corner of Main and Pearl streets." Upon the lower slope was a broad swamp, occupying the larger part of the space between Second and Lower Market streets, though a part stretched still further to the south. CHAPTER IV. BEFORE LOSANT1VILLE. AN INDIAN VILLAGE. It is said, upon the authority of the late Hon. E. D. Mansfield, who makes the remark in his Personal Me- mories, that the Indians had anciently a town upon the site of Cincinnati. Its natural advantages for the. pur- poses of savage as well as civilized man, would of them- selves argue that fact, though no other evidence should exist in corroboration of the statement. Whatever that evidence may be, the history of Indian occupancy at this point has faded out as completely as that of the older and more civilized Mound Builder in this garden spot of the Ohio valley. Neither left a record in literature — not even in that of the sculptured monument, if we except the remarkable little object known as the "Cincinnati stone," discovered in 1841 in the large mound near the interse6tion of Fifth and Mound streets; and tradition is equally silent, so far as the details of human life in a re- moter Losantiville or Cincinnati are concerned. There were the earthworks — most of them low and insignificant in appearance, as they rose in slight eminence or wound their way amid the monarchs of the forest — some so di- minutive as to be scarcely distinguishable above the sur- face ; and they were all that told of the presence of man in congregated communities upon this area until Colonel Patterson led his little band to their new homes in the wilderness. Except for those, this was the forest prime- val. Anything more would certainly have been noted and recorded by the shrewd, intelligent men who were the founders of the city. TWO BLOCK-HOUSES. The statement is made, however, by Mr. Isaac Smucker, of Newark, in one of his interesting historical papers published by the secretary of State in the official vohlmes of Ohio Statistics (that for 1877 containing this), that Colonel George Rogers Clark, with an army of about one thousand men, all Kentuckians, "in 1780 crossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Licking, and erected two block-houses on the first day of August, upon the ground now occupied by Cincinnati." Clark lTad organized the expedition during the previous month, to march against the Indian villages on the Little Miami and the Mad rivers, to punish the Shawnees for their marauding in- roads into the Kentucky settlements. After the reputed erection of the block-houses — which must have been very rapidly accomplished — he resumed the march, and on the fifth day thereafter struck the Indian towns at the site of Old Chillicothe, on the Little Miami. The Indians had anticipated Clark's arrival, however, and themselves applied the torch to their village, leaving little mischief for the Kentuckians to do, except to destroy the ripening corn. But at Piqua, a larger town and the birthplace of the renowned Tecumseh, on the Mad river, about five miles west of the present Springfield, the savages made a stand, preparing an ambuscade in the high grass of a prairie adjoining their lodges, and opened an unexpected and deadly fire upon the invaders. The latter speedily rallied and charged the Indians, who, after a desperate fight, fled the field, losing about twenty dead, and the Kentucky volunteers as many. The village and several hundred acres of standing corn were laid waste. Colonel Clark then returned to the mouth of the Licking, and disbanded his force. One member, and but one, we believe, of that band of Indian fighters has left express testimony to the building of the block-houses. Mr. Thomas Vickroy, who was afterwards an assistant in the survey of the site of Pitts- burgh, was out in this expedition. He says: In April, 1780, I went to Kentucky, in company with eleven flat- boats with movers. We landed, on the fourth of May, at the mouth of Beargrass creek, above the falls of Ohio. I took my compass and chain along to make a fortune by surveying, but when we got there the Indians would not let us survey. In the same summer Colonel Byrd HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. came from Detroit with a few British soldiers and some light artillery, with Simon Girty and a great many Indians, and took the forts on the Licking. Immediately afterward General Clark raised an army of about a thousand men, and marched with one party of them against the Indian towns. When we came to the mouth of the Licking we fell in with Colonel Todd and his party. On the first day of August, 1780, we crossed the Ohio river and built the two block-houses wheus Cincinnati now stands. I was at the building of the block-houses. Then, as General Clark had appointed me commissary of the cam- paign, he gave the military stores into my hands and gave me orders to maintain that post for fourteen days. Heleft with me Captain Johnson and about twenty or thirty men, who were sick and lame. Nothing more is said in history, so far as the writer of these pages is aware, of these block-houses. The use of the structures, during Clark's brief campaign to the northward, is sufficiently indicated in Mr. Vickroy's statement. As his force was not regularly recruited and paid by the United States or any other constituted au- # thority, there is not the least probability that a garrison was left in it when his march was done and he recrossed the Ohio. In that case the red men would make short work of the obnoxious buildings as soon as they obtained access to them. Such works were not commonly suf- fered to remain upon lands unoccupied and undefended, as defiant monuments of the hated "Long Knife." Fire would speedily cause them to vanish in air, and the lapse of more than eight years, with floods probably inunda- ting their sites repeatedly, would so cover them with soil and nature's tangled wildwood that the very clearings made for them could not be recognized. We do not learn that there is the faintest clue to the exact locality of these block-houses. But the brief story of them is exceedingly interesting, as that of the first occupancy in houses of the site of Cincinnati by the white man, August 1, 1780. ONE BLOCK-HOUSE. The fact that another block-house stood upon the site of Cincinnati, more than six years before the Ludlow and Patterson party came, seems to be clearly established by similar testimony; not only that of a single person — Mr. John McCaddon, for many years a respected citizen of Newark, in this State, who was present at its building — but also by that of two persons of far greater renown, no less personages than General Simon Kenton and Major James Galloway. General Clark was then making a sec- ond expedition against the Miami towns, to avenge the defeat of the Kentuckians at the battle of the Blue Licks August 15, 1782. That disaster had aroused a fierce de- sire for reprisals upon the Ohio Indians; and, as soon as a force could be collected from the widely scattered settle- ments, it marched in two divisions, under Colonels Lo- gan and Floyd, for the., mouth of the Licking. Clark crossed here with one thousand and fifty men, threw up a block-house rapidly, and marched with such speed one hundred and thirty miles up the Miami country, that the Indians were thoroughly surprised. The principal Shaw- nee town was destroyed November 10th; also the British trading post at Loramie's store, in the present Shelby county — the same locality visited by^hristopher Gist in 1752 — and he destroyed a large quantity of property and some lives, with little loss. It was a very effective expe- dition, especially as relieving Kentucky against formida- able invasion. Fifty years afterwards an address issued by the vener- able pioneers and Indian fighters, Kenton and Galloway, to call their comrades together for the semi-centennial celebration of theis occupation opposite the Licking, con- tained these words : We will no doubt all recollect Captain McCracken. He commanded the company of light horse, and Green Clay was his lieutenant. The captain was slightly wounded in the arm at Piqua town, when within a few feet of one of the subscribers, from which place he was carried on a horse litter for several days ; his wound produced mortification, and he died in going down the hill where the city of Cincinnati now stands. He was buried near the block-ho^se we had erected opposite the mouth of Licking, and the breastworks were thrown over his grave to prevent the savages from scalping him. We have also the separate confirmatory testimony of Major Galloway, who was of the party of 1782, and re- sided long afterwards in Greene county. Ht was well known to many old citizens of Cincinnati. In a letter written to acknowledge the receipt of an invitation to at- tend the fifty-fifth anniversary of the settlement of Cin- cinnati, in 1833, he says: In October, 1782, I accompanied General Clark on an expedition against Pickaway and Loramie's town, and was within a few feet of the lamented William McCracken when he received the wound of which he died on his return, while descending the hill near which Cincinnati now stands, and was buried near a block-house opposite the mouth of Licking. These cumulative testimonies would seem to place the question of a pre-Losantiville block-house here in 1782 be- yond doubt or cavil. But if further testimony was needed, it is supplied by Mr. McCaddon, the old resident of New- ark before mentioned, who was vouched for by the editor of the American Pioneer as "a man of sterling integrity." He wrote a letter to thai: magazine May 16, 1842, in which he gives some account of the second expedition of General Clark against the Miami Indian towns, and says: At the place where Cincinnati now is, it was necessary to build a block-house, for the purpose of leaving some stores and some wounded men we got of McGary's company. I may therefore say that, although I did not cut a tree or lift a log, I helped to build the first house ever built on that ground, for I was at my post in guarding the artificers who did the labor of building. When this was done we penetrated into the interior in search of Indians. Mr. McCaddon's letter has especial value, as showing the immediate purpose of the block-house. It is to be regretted that neither he nor either of the other eye-wit- nesses of its construction gives any hints of its location upon the terraces of Cincinnati, nor any intimation that he saw vestiges of the block-houses of 1780, or even the spots where they stood, which must, within little more than two years after their erection, have been easily rec- ognizable. It is not a pleasant thought, also, that the grave of Captain William McCracken, the brave soldier who died of his wounds while being borne in a rude lit- ter over the height afterward known as Key's Hill, and later Mount Auburn, has remained wholly unmarked and unrecognizable for near a hundred years. Somewhere along the river front of Cincinnati rest his bones ; unless, indeed, they have been disturbed by the excavating and unsparing hand of city improvement, .and thrown out undistinguished from the Indian and Mound Builder re- mains, which command simply the curiosity and specu- lation of the antiquary. The concealment of his re- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. mains, to prevent their desecration by the ruthless toma- hawk or scalping knife, no doubt aided in the consign- ment to oblivion of the place of his sepulture. But it is singular that the "breastworks" noted by General Kenton as having been thrown over his grave were not remarked by the first colonists here nor by the subse- quent inquirers; since they must have been of a charac- ter quite distinct from the remains of the Mound Build- ers. They were probably but slight, and may soon have become obliterated by the action of rain and flood. Captain McCracken, wheff at this point bn his way northward with the command, believed he had a clear presentiment of approaching death in a remarkable dream the night before he left the spot, and desired all his associates who might be living fifty years from that date, in case he should be killed on that expedition, to meet at the same place, and celebrate their brief occupa- tion as a mark of respect to his memory, and mark the wonderful changes which would probably then have oc- curred. It was agreed to by nearly all present; and an attempt was made in 1832, as we have seen, to get -the surviving comrades together for the celebration; but it was the cholera year in Cincinnati and elsewhere in the west, and only a few old men gathered, under circum- stances of depression and sorrow, to honor the memory of the departed soldier. They, however, banqueted at one of the hotels, at the expense of the corporation, and spent a few hours with interest in the interchange of reminiscences and notes of more recent personal expe- rience. ANOTHER BRIEF MILITARY OCCUPATION probably occurred somewhere upon or near the site of Losantiville three years later — a very brief and unim- portant one just here, but more prolonged and of con- siderable consequence elsewhere within the bounds of Hamilton county. As the story forms a very interesting episode in pre-Losantiville annals, it may well be told here, although most of it has little immediate relation to the famous site opposite the mouth of the Licking. In the early fall of 1785, General Richard Butler, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, one of the commissioners of the United States Government (Generals Samuel H. Parsons and George Rogers Clark being the others) appointed to make treaties with the western and northern Indians, left his home, under instructions to proceed to the Mi- amis and negotiate a treaty there. He kept a full diary of his journey, which has been preserved, and is thor- oughly entertaining and valuable in all parts. He left Carlisle in company with "the Hon. Colonel James Monroe, a member of Congress from the State of Vir- ginia, a gentleman very young for a place in that honor- able body, but a man well-read, very sensible, highly im- pressed with the consequence and dignity of the Federal Union, and a determined supporter of it in its fullest lat- itude." The world heard something more of this young "Hon. Colonel" afterwards. He continued with the general's party in the voyage down the Ohio until Lime- stone was reached, where he obtained horses and went to Lexington. They got on prosperously in the pleasant autumn weather, and in due time neared the Miami country. The following extracts are from General But- ler's entries of Friday, October 21st: Sailed at half-past two o'clock; passed the mouth of the little Mi- amis at three o'clock. It is so low there was no water running [!]; above the sand-bank, which is off its mouth, the land is quick, and the little water which issues from it passes through the sand. The bottoms, both above and below, is very flat and low, and I think inundated with small floods. About two miles below is a piece of high ground, which I think will be the site of a town, as will be the case at the mouths of all the principal rivers and creeks of this great country. Below the mouth of this little river about two miles is a very large bank of sand, at which Mr. Zane came in for people to bring in two deers. Pushed on to the mouth of Licking creek, which is a pretty stream; at the mouth, both above and below, is very fine bottoms. The bottom below' the mouth [the site of Covington] seems highest and most fit to build a town on; it is extensive, and whoever owns the bottoms should own the hill also. Passed this at five o'clock; and encamped two miles below on the north side [of course far within the present limits of Cin- cinnati. This was the most distinguished company this locality had so far had the honor to entertain.] There is great plenty of limestone and coal appears on every strand [what could the general have mistaken for coal here?]. Here is a very- fine body of bottom land to a small creek four miles below Licking creek. [This may have been Mill creek; but, if so, the general was far out in his reckoning of distance. . If his measure is to be taken with approximate exactness, the stream was of course Bold Face creek, which enters the river at Sedamsville.] A noteworthy bit of local tradition, relating to the Kentucky side, comes here in Butler's journal: I am informed that a Captain Bird [Colonel Byrd], of the British, came in the year 1780 from Detroit, down the big Miamis, thence up the Ohio to the mouth of Licking creek, thence up= it about fifty miles with their boats. At this place they took their artillery, and cut a road fifty miles into the country, where they attacked several places, and took them; they then carried off the poor, distressed people with their little ones to Detroit in triumph. This was the expedition spoken of by Vickroy, of six hundred Canadians and Indians, with six cannon, in the summer of r78o, against RiiddelFs Station, below the. mouth of Hinkston fork, on the south fork of the Lick- ing. It was mainly remarkable for its approach to the station, cutting its way through the dense woods for twelve days, without the advance being noticed by the garrison. The post was surrendered, on condition that the British should protect the prisoners from the Indians, which they were unable to do, as the savages, at once after possession was given, rushed upon the hapless people, and divided them as captives among themselves. So dis- gusted was Colonel Byrd by their conduct that he refused to move against Martin's Station, unless they would leave all prisoners taken there to him. They agreed to this, and for once kept their word, upon the surrender of the station without resistance. It was intended also to at- tack Bryant's Station and Lexington; but Byrd, who seems to ha\ce been a humane and brave man, decided to end the expedition without their capture. It was the seizure of Riiddel's and Martin's Stations, however, with the carrying of a large number of men, women and chil- dren into Indian captivity, that prompted Clark's first expedition against the Miami towns. To return to General Butler's party. The banks of the Licking were afterwards a favorite resort for the hunt- ers of the party, to hunt buffalo. Further up the Ohio an enormous beast of this kind had been killed. Gen- eral Butler writes that its head weighed one hundred and thirty-five pounds, that in life it must have stood over HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OIHO. 23 six feet high, and that its total weight was at least fifteen hundred pounds. The country between a point six miles below the Lick- ing and the mouth of the Great Miami is thus described; "On»mile from this is a bar of sand in the middle of the river; the channel is on the north shore. Here are the dreadful effects of a tornado on the hill ; on the north side, from the top down, every tree and the surface of the earth has been washed or blown off. On the south shore there is about four acres of land, the timber of which is totally blown down, which I think will be suffi- cient for mills part of the season, as it comes out of a hilly country; it has thrown out a great body of gravel, etc., which forms a kind of Presque Isle, on the south side of the river. . . Two miles below this comes in a small creek, just above which is most excel- lent land on the face of a beautiful hill. The river is beyond description, deer and turkey sporting before and on each side in great abundance — saw above twenty deers before twelve o'clock. Put in to dine about eleven o'clock about twelve miles below Licking creek. "Sailed at half past one o'clock, the wind ahead. Here is some very fine lands covered with pine, ash, and other rich timber. Pushed on to the Great Miami, above the mouth of which I ordered the whole to encamp about five o'clock in the evening. I went out with Ma- jor Finney to examine the ground for a post." The general was instructed by a resolution of Congress to plant a military station at any eligible point between the Miami and Muskingum rivers; and although recom- mended by General Clark, who was at a little fort a few miles below, to select a site beyond the Great Miami, he preferred to remain on the east side, in accordance with his instructions, and chose a spot on the higher ground, afterwards on the farm of the Hon. John Scott Harrison, which was cleared, and the erection of four blockhouses and a quadrangular work begun October 25, 1785. Within three days two block-houses were "in a tolerable state of defense, and a third well forward." The party, and the troops with it, commanded by Major Finney and Lieutenant Doyle, were subsisted mainly on bear's meat, buffalo and other game October 30 one Captain John- ston, a settler from below, proposed to have a road marked from Lexington to the fort, which Generals Clark and Butler warmly seconded. A store-house was presently built for the goods brought to facilitate negotiations with the Indians. Chimneys were built of stones picked up in the neighborhood. November 13th General Parsons, another of the commissioners for Indian affairs, arrived from above, with a boat-load of salt provisions; and there were several other arrivals the same day, of people bound to the falls of the Ohio and other points. The fort here erected was called "Fort Finney," in honor of the gallant major who commanded the garrison. The following description of it, by Judge Hall, though probably colored somewhat, for his Romance of Western History, is no doubt sufficiently near the facts to warrant its quotation here: In the eye of a military engineer the fort would hardly have deserved that name, as it was a temporary structure, intended only to protect its small garrison against a sudden attack by an Indian force. It was composed of a series of log houses opening upon an interior area or quadrangle, with a block house or citadel in the centre, while the outer sides, closely connected, permit a square inclosure or rampart, without apertures, except a single entrance and a few loop-holes from which to discharge fire-arms. The whole presented the appearance of a single edifice, receiving light from the centre and forming barracks for the gar- rison, as well as breastworks against a foe. The forest was cleared away for some hundreds of yards around, leaving an open vista ex- tending to the water's edge, while a few acres enclosed in a rude fence and planted with corn and garden vegetables, for the use of the soldiers, exhibited the first rude attempt at agriculture in that wild and beautiful region. A council-house was put up to accommodate the Indians, who gradually gathered in and about it; and, while awaiting the arrival of others to hold a pow-wow over the proposed treaty, and being supplied with rum and whiskey by the commissioners, they soon became drunken and troublesome, and importunate in their demands. Finally, by the last of January, after a great deal of difficulty, the representatives of various tribes were got together at the fort, in numbers reported by General Butler as forty-seven Delawares, eighty-three Wyandots, and three hundred and eighteen Shawnees, . four hundred and forty-eight in all, counting all ages and sexes. It was a large number to be dependent mainly on the supplies of the Government. No Wabash Indians were present, on account of hostility inspired by the British. The American traders and the Kentucky peo- ple, strange to say, seemed also opposed to a treaty, and did what they could to prevent it. Those Indians who came were in bad temper, and at times haughty and dis- respectful. Out of an incident arising from this spirit Judge Hall, the voluminous and entertaining writer, formerly of Hamilton county, has woven a romantic story, which is thus prettily told in a chapter of his Romance of Western History, entitled, The War Belt: A Legend of North Bend: An apartment in the fort was prepared as a council-room, and at the appointed hour the doors were thrown open. At the head of the table sat Clark, a soldier-like and majestic man, whose complexion, eyes, and hair all indicated a sanguine and mercurial temperament. The brow was high and capacious, the features were prominent and manly, and the expression, which was keen, reflective, and ordinarily cheerful and agreeable, was bow grave almost to sternness. The Indians, being a military people, have a deep respect for martial virtue. To other estimable or shining qualities they turn a careless eye or pay at best but a passing tribute, while they bow in profound venera- tion before a successful warrior. The name of Clark was familiar to them : several brilliant expeditions into their country had spread the terror of his arms throughout their villages and carried the fame of his exploits to every council-fire in the west. Their high appreciation of his character was exemplified in a striking as well as an amusing manner on another occasion, when a council was held with several tribes. The celebrated Delaware chief, Buckinghelas, on entering the council-room, without noticing any other person, walked up to Clark, and as he shook hands cordially with him exclaimed, " It is a happy day when two such men as Colonel Clark and Buckinghelas meet together." Such was the remarkable man who now presided at the council-table. On his right hand sat Colonel Richard Butler, a brave officer of the Revolution, who soon after fell, with the rank of brigadier general, in the disastrous campaign of St. Clair. On the other side was Samuel H. Parsons, a lawyer from New England, who afterwards became a judge in the Northwestei n Territory. At the same table sat the secre- taries, while the interpreters, several officers, and a few soldiers, sat around. An Indian council is one of the most imposing spectacles in savage life. It is one of the few occasions in which the warrior exercises his right of suffrage, his influence and his talents, in a civil capacity ; and 24 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the meeting is conducted with all the gravity and all the ceremonious ostentation with which it is possible to invest it. The matter to he con- sidered, as well as all the details, are well digested beforehand, so that the utmost decorum shall prevail and the decision be unanimous. The chiefs and sages, the leaders and orators, occupy the most conspicuous seats ; behind them are arranged the younger braves, and still further in the rear appear the women and youth, as spectators. All are equally attentive. A dead silence reigns throughout the assemblage. The great pipe, gaudily adorned with paint and feathers, is lighted and passed from mouth to mouth, commencing with the chief highest in rank, and proceeding, by regular gradations, to the inferior order of braves. If two or three nations be represented, the pipe is passed from one party to the other, and salutations are courteously exchanged, be- fore the business of the council is opened by the respective speakers. Whatever jealousy or party spirit may exist in the tribe, it is carefully excluded from this dignified assemblage, whose orderly conduct and close attention to the proper subject before them might be imitated with profit by some of the most enlightened bodies in Christendom. It was an alarming evidence of the temper now prevailing among them and of the brooding storm that filled their minds, that no pro- priety of demeanor marked the entrance of the savages into the coun- cil-room. The usual formalities were forgotten or purposely dispensed with, and an insulting levity substituted in their place. The chiefs and braves stalked in with an appearance of light regard, and seated them- selves promiscuously on the floor, in front of the commissioners. An air of insolence marked all their movements, and showed an intention to dictate terms or to fix a quarrel upon the Americans. A dead silence rested over the group; it was the silence of dread, dis- trust, and watchfulness, not of respect. The eyes of the savage band gloated upon the banquet of blood that seemed already spread out be- fore them ; the pillage of the fort and the bleeding scalps of the Ameri- cans were almost within their grasp; while that gallant little band saw the portentous nature of the crisis and stood ready to sell their lives as dearly as possible. * The commissioners, without noticing the disorderly conduct of the other party or appearing to have discovered their meditated treachery, opened the council in due form. They lighted the peace-pipe, and, after drawing a few whiffs, passed it to the chiefs, who received it. Colonel Clark then rose to explain the purpose for which the treaty was ordered. With an unembarrassed air, with the tone of one accus- tomed to command, and the easy assurance of perfect security and self-possession, he stated that the commissioners had been sent to offer peace to the Shawanoes; that the President had no wish to continue the war; he had no resentment to gratify ; and that, if the red men de- sired peace, they could have it on liberal terms. "If such be the will of the Shawanoes," he concluded, "let some of their wise men speak." A chief arose, drew up his tall person to its full height, and assum- ing a haughty attitude, threw his eye contemptuously over the com- missioners and their small retinue, as if to measure their insignificance, in comparison with his own numerous train, and then, stalking up to the table, threw upon it two belts of wampum of different colors — the war and the peace belt. The chiefs drew themselves up, in the consciousness of having hurled defiance in the teeth of the white men. They had offered an insult to the renowned leader of the Long Knives, to which they knew it would be hard for him to submit, while'they did not suppose he would dare to resent it. The council-pipe was laid aside, and those fierce, wild men gazed intently on Clark. The Americans saw that the crisis had arrived; they could no longer doubt that the Indians understood the advantage they possessed, and were disposed to use it; and a com- mon sense of danger caused each eye to be turned on the leading com- missioner. He sat undisturbed, and apparently careless, until the chief who had thrown the belts on the table had taken his seat; then, with a small cane which he heldin his hand, he reached as if playfully towards the war-belt, entangled the end of the stick in it, drew it towards him, and then, with a twitch of the cane, threw the belt into the midst of the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man in council, of each party, sprang to his feet; the savages with a loud exclamation of astonishment, "Hugh!" the Americans in expectation of a hopeless conflict against overwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon. Clark alone was unawed. The expression of his countenance changed to a ferocious sternness, and his eye flashed; but otherwise he was unmoved. A bitter smile was slightly perceptible upon his com- pressed lips, as he gazed upon that savage band, whose hundred eyes were bent fiercely and in horrid exultation upon him, as they stood like a pack of wolves at bay, thirsting for blood, and ready to rush upon him whenever one bolder than the rest should commence the attack, It was one of those moments of indecision when the slightest weight thrown into either scale will make it preponderate; a moment in which a bold man, conversant with the secret springs of human action, may seize upon the minds of all around him and sway them at his will. Such a man .was the intrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man bold enough to gainsay him — none that could return 4he fierce glance of his eye. Raising his arm, and waving his hand towards the door, he exclaimed; ' Dogs/ you may go I' The Indians hesitated for a moment, and then rushed tumultuously out of the council-room. The decision of Clark on that occasion saved himself and his com- panions from' massacre. The plan of the savages had been artfully laid; he had read it in their features and conduct, as plainly as if it had been written upon a scroll before him. He met it in a manner which was unexpected; the crisis was brought on sooner than was intended; and upon a principle similar to that by which, when a line of battle is broken, the dismayed troops fly before order can be restored, the new and sudden turn given to these proceedings by the energy of Clark con- founded the Indians, and before the broken thread of their scheme of tieachery could be reunited, they were panic-struck. They had come prepared to browbeat, to humble, and then to destroy; they looked for remonstrance and altercation ; for the luxury of drawing the toils gradu- ally around their victims; of beholding their agony and degradation, and of bringing on the final catastrophe by an appointed signal, when the scheme should be ripe. They expected to see, on our part, great caution, a skillful playing-off, and an unwillingness to take offence, which were to be gradually goaded into alarm, irritation and submis- sion. The cool contempt with which their first insult was thrown back in their teeth, surprised them, and they were foiled by the self-posses- sion of one man. They had no Tecumthe among them, no master- spirit to change the plan, so as to adapt it to a new exigency; and those braves who, in many a battle, had shown themselves to be men of true valor, quailed before the moral superiority which assumed the vantage-ground of a position they could not comprehend, and there- fore feared to assail. This is a very neat romance, but unhappily it is not historic truth. Judge Hall doubtless based his account upon the narrative of the event in the old Encyclopaedia Americana, which in turn rests upon the notes of an old officer, who is said to have been present. These, how- ever, simply say that the Indian spokesman, "a tall, raw- boned fellow, with an impudent and villainous look,' 7 presented "a black and white wampum, to signify they were prepared for either event, peace or war. Clark ex- hibited the same unaltered and careless countenance he had shown during the whole scene, his head leaning on his left hand and his elbow resting upon the table. He raised his little cane and pushed the sacred wampum off the table, with very little ceremony.'' Another officer who was in the garrison of Fort Finney at this time, but who may not have been in the council- room on this occasion, gives in his diary a slightly differ- ent narrative. This was Ensign (afterwards Major) Ebe- nezer Denny, whose military journal was published by the Historical society of Pennsylvania in i860. He re- cords, under date of January 27, 1786: Shawnees met in council house. . . The Ohio river they would agree to, nothing short ; and offered a mixed belt, indicating peace or war. None touched the belt— it was laid on the table ; Gen- eral Clark, with his cane, pushed it off and set his foot on it. Indians very sullen. . . Council broke up hastily. Some commotion among the Shawnees. Returned same afternoon and begged another meeting, when their old king, Molunthy, rose and made a short speech, presented a white string, doing away all that their chief warrior had said, prayed that we would have pity on women and children. This account is repeated- in most particulars by the re- port made by Ensign Denny to Colonel Harmar ten days afterwards; though in this he says nothing of Clark's con- nection with the incident. He writes in a long letter under date of February 8th : HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 25 The commissioners did not attempt to touch the string which was given, and without rising determined on an answer. . . Coun- cil was not broke up more than fifteen minutes when a message came for the commissioners. After they had assembled, the chief took a white string and destroyed the whole of his former speech. The exact truth is undoubtedly told in the journal of General Butler, who was really the chief personage in these transactions. It is a simple, straightforward, sol- dierly account, bearing every aspect of truth. According to this, after a rather defiant speech by Kekewepelletry, refusing hostages and other demands of the commission: ers, he closed by throwing upon the table a black string of wampum. The commissioners then held a confer- ence, and Butler stepped forward to reply, which he did at some length, concluding as follows : We plainly tell you that this country belongs to the United States — their blood hath defended it, and will forever protect it. Their propo- sals are liberal and just ; and you, instead of acting as you have done, and instead of persisting in your folly, should be thankful for the for- giveness and the offers of kindness of the United States, instead of the sentiments which this string imparts and the manner in which you have delivered it. (I then took it up and dashed it on the table. ) We therefore leave you to consider of what hath been said, and to determine as you please. No such dramatic scene as the eulogists of General Clark have depicted appears to have occurred. The In- dians were, however, brought to terms only with difficulty, and after much negotiation and many presents; but at length, on the second of February, 1786, a treaty was signed which compelled the Shawnee Indians to acknowl- edge the supremacy of the United States over all the ter- ritory ceded by England at the close of the Revolution, allotted and defined the reservation of the Shawnees, and provided for hostages and the return of white cap- tives. Two whites named Pipe and Fox, and a little boy, were given up, and six young men of the Indians were left as hostages for the punctual fulfillment of the treaty. croghan's visit. The whites, however, as is well known to students of local history, were on the river and casually at this point many years before the military and diplomatic expedi- tions whose story is told. In 1765 Colonel George Croghan came down the Ohio on an errand to Vincennes and Detroit, as commissioner for Sir William Johnson, to visit the French inhabitants at those points, and enlist their sympathies in behalf of the English, in the hope of obviating further Indian wars. He left an interesting journal of his voyage. Set- ting off from Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh) on the fifteenth of May, in that year, with two batteaux and a considerable party of white men and Indians, he in a few days reached the region and made the following entries in his record. 29th. We came to the Little Miame river, having proceeded sixty miles last night. 30th. We passed the great Miame river about thirty miles from the little river of that name, and in the evening arrived at the place where the Elephant's bones are found [Big Bone lick], where we encamped, intending to take a view of the place next morning. This day we came about seventy miles. The country on both sides level, and rich bottoms well watered. In penning the last remark Croghan had doubtless in mind a lively recollection of the broad, beautiful Cincin- nati basin which he had that day passed. He was taken by the Indians nine days after the last entry cited, and carried by them to Vincennes. SETTLEMENTS AND INCIDENTS. Some years after this, it is related that three brothers, James, George and John Medfee, of Botetourt county, Virginia, set their longing eyes upon the Miami country, intending, if they found it as desirable in all important respects as was described to them, to settle the wild but very hopeful tract of which they had heard, opposite the mouth of the Licking — otherwise they would go on to the settlements on the Salt river, in Kentucky, where they had acquaintances from the Old Dominion. About the beginning of June, 1773, they set out for the wilder- ness west. Procuring canoes at the Kanawha, they floated down that stream with considerable velocity by reason of an enormous freshet — twelve feet, as the tradi- tions relate, above the great inundations of 1832 and 1847. It is supposed that it was this flood the height of which was marked, by these visitors or the Indians, upon a tree standing below Fort Washington, and which was pointed out by the latter as indicating the reach of the greatest height of the river they had known, either by personal experience or by tradition. Rushing out from the Kenawha upon the broad bosom of the Ohio, they were borne rapidly down that also. The mighty valley of the Beautiful River was full, almost from bluff to bluff; and when they arrived at the site of the future Losanti- ville and Cincinnati scarcely any tracts were in sight, below the heights, except water lots. Dismayed with the appearance of things, and not having the patience to wait for a more favorable season, they pushed on to their Kentucky friends, and, after a brief visit to their homes in Virginia, settled in the former State and became the heads of prominent Kentucky families. Such was the first abortive attempt at colonizing the Miami coun- try that is on record. In 1780, the father of General William Lytle — who (the general) became afterwards a citizen of Williams- burgh and then of Cincinnati, lived here in very honor- able prominence for many years, and died in this city March 8, 1 831— came down the river with the largest fleet of boats and company of immigrants that had been known to that time. It comprised sixty-three of the primitive craft then navigating the Ohio, conveying a number of men capable of bearing arms said to have been equal to one thousand, besides their women and children. About ten o'clock in the forenoon of the twelfth of April, the occupants of the boats which were leading espied an encampment of Indians on the north side of the stream, opposite the debouchure of the Lick- ing. Intelligence of danger was at once conveyed back to the fleet, and three large boats were directed to land above the camp, in a concerted order. Half the fighting men were to leap ashore the moment the boats should touch; and, stopping only to form in .column, they charged the Indian village. The latter, however, in number variously estimated at one hundred and fifty to five hundred, did not wait for actual contact with their enemies, but incontinently fled, in their haste and disor- 26 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. der abandoning many of their poor valuables. They were pursued to Mill creek and up the valley to a point beyond the present locality of Cumminsville. Several Indians were mounted, and got away easily; the others were suffered to escape. The whites returned to their boats, and moved on to the mouth of Beargrass creek, now Louisville, where their projected settlement was effected. The relation of Mr. John McCaddon, afterwards a res- ident of Newark, in this State, avers that he sailed down the Ohio in May of the same year, and afterwards, at Louisville, joined the expedition of George Rogers Clark against the Shawnees. Below the site of Cincin- nati a detachment of their force, which had chosen to march on the north side of the river, on account, they said, of more abundant game, while the main body kept to the Kentucky shore, became alarmed at the fresh signs of Indians, and took to their boats, intending to cross the river and rejoin their fellows, who had kept abreast of them. They had, however, got but a few yards from the bank when they were -fired upon and thrown into confusion by a party of Indians ; but before they reached the shore they heard the "scalp halloo'' from the top of the hill, and knew that the Indians were in full retreat. It is probable that the wounded men of McGary's company, mentioned by Mr. McCad- don in his letter concerning the block-house, were hurt in this affair, since it was his command that was thus attacked. In 1785, a party which included William West, John Simons, John Seft, a Mr. Carlin, and their families, also John Hurdman, all of Washington county, Pennsylvania, visited this region with a view to settlement. Passing the site of the Queen City to be, they landed at the mouth of the Great Miami, it is thought in April, and explored its valley as far as the subsequent site of Ham- ilton. They made improvements at sundry points where they found bottom lands finer than the rest; but do not appear to have remained permanently in the country. In the fall Hurdman came down the river, and found at its mouth Generals Clark, Butler, and Parsons, with Ma- jor Finney and his soldiers, about to construct the fort and make a treaty with the Indians. Almost the only matter which connects him or this incident closely with the history of Cincinnati is the, fact that he was with the party of Symmes, three years afterwards, when there wandered away to his death John Filson, one of the pro- prietors of Losantiville. In September of 1788 five gentlemen, from a station near Georgetown, Kentucky, came in two canoes to the mouth of Deer creek, up the bank of which they pro- ceeded on foot about one hundred and fifty yards, when they were fired upon by a concealed savage, and one of them, named Baxter, was killed. He was buried at a spot just below the mouth of the creek, where, many years afterwards, a skeleton was found by a party of boys, the skull of which had a bullet rattling inside of it. It is some satisfaction to record that the Indian who shot poor Baxter was pursued by the rest of the party and brought down. "MIAMI." The last mention of the Cincinnati region by a geo- graphical designation, before the incoming of Denman's colony, was doubtless by Judge Symmes, in his letter to Dayton, from Limestone (Maysville), October 12, 1788, referring to the unlucky expedition in which Filson was lost. The judge says: "On the twenty-second ult. I landed at Miami, and explored the country as high as the upper side of the fifth range of townships." The point at which he stepped ashore, and to which he casually and temporarily gave the general name of the region, was undoubtedly the Losantiville site, since here he met the party of Kentuckians, led by Patterson and Filson, who, in accordance with the public notice about to be set out in full in the next chapter, had "blazed" a road through the deep woods between Lexington and this place. They made up the major part of the escort which accompanied Symmes in the exploration that immediately followed into the interior. CHAPTER V. LOSANTIVILLE. By this time the reader who has followed patiently the pages of this volume will have no difficulty in under- standing the considerations that probably determined the settlement of Losantiville. Probably no intelligent trav- eller had ever passed down the Ohio without noting the eligibility of this beautiful and otherwise singularly fa- vored spot as the site of a settlement which might be- come a great city. The Mound Builder and the Indian , had, each in his own time, realized its advantages of residence in clusters of homes; and very early the adven- turous and speculative white man, as we have seen, turned with longing, eager eyes to the fertile tract oppo- site the mouth of the Licking, as the most hopeful spot spot in all the Miami country whereon to plant a colony. Mr. James Parton, in his article on Cincinnati in the Atlantic Monthly for June, i867,8suggests that the loca- tion of the place was determined^ by considerations of safety, as this point was the best in this region for the posting of a garrison. He also calls attention to the facts that this is the only site on the Ohio river where one hundred thousand people could live together with- out being compelled to climb very high and steep hills, and that it is also about midway between the source and the mouth of the river^-that is, near the centre of the great valley of the OhioA Be these things as t\wy may — whether such thoughts entered the minds of the founders of Losantiville or not — it is certain that almost as soon as the proposal for the Miami Purchase had been mooted, long before Judge Symmes or the ostensible proprietors of the village were able to give valid title deeds, the conditional purchase of the tract " upon which the town was laid out had been made, and the site had been surveyed and settled. The HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 27 men whose names, in the first instance, must forever be identified with the initial steps of this enterprise, which has eventuated in such wonderful results as are to be seen in the present city on the shore, were Matthias Denman, Colonel Robert Patterson, John Filson and Israel Ludlow. DENMAN. Of him, the original hero of the Losantiville venture, least of all is known. He was, like Symmes, Dayton and others of the company making the famous purchase between the Miamis, a Jerseyman, residing at Spring- field, Essex county, in that State, to which he returned, and where he remained so late as 1830, at least, after his colony had been firmly planted upon the tract he bought from Symmes. He was in that year visited in his home at Springfield by the father of Mr. Francis W. Miller, author of Cincinnati's Beginnings. That he was a man of some intelligence, enterprise and energy, may be in- ferred from the incidents of his connection with this en- terprise in the then wilderness west; but we do not learn that he attained to any special distinction in his own State, or even where he was born or when he died. PATTERSON. Colonel Robert Patterson, a leading spirit in the pro- jecting and founding of Losantiville, was a native of Pennsylvania, born near Cove mountain, March 15, 1753, of Irish stock, at least on his father's side. At twenty-one years of age he served six months on the frontiers of that State defending it against Indian incur- sions. The same year (1774) he and six other young adventurers, with John McLelland and family, made their way to the Royal spring, near Georgetown, Kentucky, where they lived until April, 1776, when they removed to the subsequent site of Lexington. Patterson, how- ever, a few months afterwards assisted in the defence of McLelland's station, at Royal spring, when attacked by Indians; and was severely wounded by the savages in a night attack upon his party, while on their way to Pitts- burgh shortly after, to procure necessaries, and was under a surgeon's care for a year. In April, 1778, at Pittsburgh, he joined the expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark against the Illinois country, returning to Kentucky in September, and settling at Harrodsburgh. Early the next year, being then an ensign in the Kentucky militia, he proceeded under orders, with twenty-five men, to his former residence north of the Kentucky river, built and garrisoned a fort, and in April laid off the town of Lex- ington. In May he participated in the movement of Colonel Bowman against the Shawnee towns on the Little Miami, and then, probably, for the first time, passed over the wilderness tract that marked the future seat of the Queen City. In August, 1780, he was again here, with the expedition under Colonel Clark against the Indian towns on the Little Miami and Mad rivers; and once more, in the latter part of September, 1782, when Clark marched on his campaign of destruction between the Miamis, to avenge the defeat of the whites at the Lower Blue Licks in August — in which Patterson, now colonel and second in command to Boone, had a very narrow escape from capture. He must thus have come to know well the advantages of the site opposite the mouth of the Licking, years before the arrangement with Denman arid Filson was made. In T786, Colonel Patterson seems to have made his last visit here, in another expedition against the Shawnees, under General Logan (in which he was badly wounded), before he came with the party in Sep- tember, 1788, to "blaze" a road from Lexington to the mouth of the Licking, in preparation for the settlement of Losantiville. As is well known, he never resided per- manently with his colony here; but returned to Lexing- ton after a month's stay. In 1804 he removed from that place to a farm near Dayton, in this State, where he sur- vived until August 5, 1827, dying there and then at the advanced age of seventy-four years. Says the author of Ranck's History of Lexington: In person Colonel Patterson was tall and handsome. He was gifted with a fine mind, but, like Boone, Kenton, and many others of his simple hunter and pioneer companions, was indulgent and negligent in business matters, and, like them, lost most of his extensive landed prop- erty by shrewder rascals. FILSON. John Filson was a Kentucky schoolmaster and sur- veyor (although he says in the preface to his book, "I am not an inhabitant of Kentucky"), of some literary ability, as is evinced by the articles appended to A Topo- graphical Description of the Western Territory of North America, by George Imlay, a captain in the continental army during the Revolution, and afterwards several years in Kentucky as a self-styled "commissioner for laying out lands in the back settlements." His work was published in London in three editions, 1792-7; and the appendix contains the following entitled articles, "by John Filson," one of our Losantiville projectors: 1. The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucky, and an Essay towards the Topography and Natural History of that Impor- tant Country. 2. The Adventures of Colonel Daniel Boone, one of the First Set- tlers, comprehending every Important Occurrence in the Political His- tory of that Province. 3. The Minutes of the Piankashaw Council, held at Port St. Vin- cents, April 15, 1784. 4. An Account of the Indian Nations inhabiting within the limits of the Thirteen United States, their Manners and Customs, and Reflec- tions on their Origin. Filson had already published, in 1784, at Wilmington, Delaware, in an octavo volume of one hundred and eighteen pages, the papers named in the first two titles; and they, with three others, were republished in New York in 1793, as a supplement to an American edition of Imlay's book, and all attributed to Filson. They include a report of the Secretary of State (Jefferson) to the Pres- ident of the United States (Washington), on the quantity and situation of unsold public lands; also Thoughts on Emigration, to which are added Miscellaneous Observa- tions relating to the United States, and a short account of the State of Kentucky — the whole making up a unique and in some respects valuable book. Filson was thus the first to publish a History of Kentucky. His Adventures of Boone appears to have been written at the dictation of Boone himself, Filson supplying merely the phraseology, with perhaps an occasional reflection. The following document, signed by Boone and others, 28 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. is printed as an endorsement and advertisement in Fil- son's work on Kentucky: Advertisement.— We, the subscribers, inhabitants of Kentucky, and well acquainted with the country from its first settlement, at the request of the author of this book have carefully revised it, and recom- mend it to the public as an exceeding good performance, containing as accurate a description of our country as we think can possibly be given, much preferable to any in our knowledge extant; and think it will be of great utility to the public. Witness our hands this twelfth of May, Anno Domini 1784. Daniel Boone, Levi Todd, James Harrod. Part of Filson's preface is as follows : When I visited Kentucky, I found it so far to exceed my expecta- tions, though great, that I concluded it was a pity that the world has not adequate information of it. I conceived that a proper description of it was an object highly interesting to the United States; and, therefore, incredible as it may appear to some, I must declare that this perform- ance is not published from lucrative motives, but solely to inform the world of the happy climate and plentiful soil of this favored region. And I imagine the reader will believe me the more easily when I inform him that I am not an inhabitant of Kentucky, but having been there some time, by my acquaintance in it am sufficiently able to publish the truth, and from principle have cautiously endeavored to avoid every species of falsehood. The consciousness of this encourages me to hope for the public candour, where errors may possibly be found. Filson receives the following notice in Collins' History of Kentucky: The second teacher [in Fayette county] was John Filson, in or before 1784; adventurer, surveyor, fanciful writer of the autobiography of Daniel Boone, and author of the first printed book about Kentucky — first published in 1784 in Wilmington, Delaware; in 1785 translated into French and published in Paris, France; in 1792, 1793, and 1797, thrice republished in London, with additions by Gilbert Imlay, a sur- veyor of Jefferson county, Kentucky, to satisfy the cravings of restless minds in England for information about the newest part of the Old World. [Mr. Collins had apparently not heard of the New York edition.] He was one of the original proprietors, drafted the first plan, and coined the pedagogical name of the projected town of Losantiville, etc. In a subsequent part of this history, Judge Collins says: His fanciful name for the intended town was adopted — Losantiville, which he designed to mean "the village opposite the mouth," Le-os- ante-ville, but which more really signifies, ' ' the mouth opposite the village," — who, or what induced the change from such a pedagogical and nonsensical a name to the euphonious one of Cincinnati is un- known [ ! ] ; but in the name of the millions of people who live in or within reach of it, or visit it or do business with it, we now thank the man and the opportunity. The invention of such a- name was posi- tively cruel in Mr. Filson; we hope it had no connection with his early death. Perhaps that is reason enough why no street in Cincinnati is named after him. Judge Collins seems also not to have heard that Plum street, in this city, is designated as "Filson street" upon Joel Williams' plat of the original town site, to be seen in the books of the recorder's office. Certainly, to the honor of the real founders and pioneers of Losantiville, the people of Cincinnati have not been neglectful in the matter of street names. There is a Ludlow street, a Ludlow avenue, and a Ludlow alley; Patterson has two streets, and Denman two; McMillan has an avenue; Bur- net both street and avenue; while St. Clair, Gano, and many other early names, have not been forgotten in the street nomenclature. It is true, however, that the mem- ory of Filson has not yet thus been permanently honored. According to Collins, when Denman visited Lexing- ton in the summer of 1788, he saw "the double power" of Filson as a surveyor and writer, and enlisted him in the venture with himself and Patterson, on the north side of the Ohio. Mr. George W. Ranck's history of Lexington notes of Filson that he "was an early adventurer with Daniel Boone, and after the discoverer of Kentucky returned to Lexington in October [1784], from the Chillicothe towns, Filson wrote, at his dictation, the only narrative of his life extant from the pioneer's own lips. This narrative was endorsed at the time by James Harrod, Levi Todd, and Boone himself. Filson taught in Lexington for sev- eral years, and did no little to secure the early organiza- tion of Transylvania seminary." Filson, it will be remembered, was killed by the In- dians in the Miami country, before the location was made at Losantiville. The circumstances of his death are nar- rated in chapter V, Part I, of this work. Professor W. H. Venable, one of the latest and best of Cincinnati's songsters, thus, in his June on the Miami and other Poems, sings of our hero : John Filson was a pedagogue — A pioneer was he; I know not what his nation was Nor what his pedigree. Tradition's scanty records tell But little of the man, Save that he to the frontier came In immigration's van. Perhaps with phantoms of reform His busy fancy teemed, Perhaps of new Utopias Hesperian he dreamed. John Filson and companions bold A frontier village planned In forest wild, on sloping hills, By fair Ohio's strand. John Filson from three languages With pedant skill did frame The novel word Losantiville, To be the new town's name. Said Filson: "Comrades, hear my words; Ere three-score years have flown Our town will be a city vast." Loud laughed Bob Patterson. Still John exclaimed, with prophet-tongue, " A city fair and proud, The Queen of Cities in the West." Mat Denman laughed aloud. Deep in the wild and solemn woods, Unknown to white man's track, John Filson went one autumn day, But nevermore came back. He struggled through the solitude The inland to explore, . And with romantic pleasure traced Miami's winding shore. Across his path the startled deer Bounds to its shelter green; He enters every lonely vale And cavernous ravine. Too soon the murky twilight comes, The night-wind 'gins to moan ; Bewildered wanders Filson, lost, Exhausted and alone. By lurking foes his steps are dogged, A yell his ear appalls 1 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 29 A ghastly corpse upon the ground, A murdered man he falls. The Indian, with instinctive hate, In him a herald saw Of coming hosts of pioneers, The friends of light and law ; In him beheld the champion Of industries and arts. The founder of encroaching roads And great commercial marts; The spoiler of the hunting-ground, The plower of the sod, The builder of the Christian school And of the house of God. And so the vengeful tomahawk John Filson's blood did spill, — The spirit of the pedagogue No tomahawk could kill. John Filson had no sepulchre, Except the wildwood dim ; The mournful voices of the air Made requiem for him. The druid trees their waving arms Uplifted o'er his head; The moon a pallid veil of light Upon his visage spread. The rain and sun of many years Have worn his bones away, And what he vaguely prophesied We realize to-day. Losantiville the prophet's word, The poet's hope fulfils— She sits a stately Queen to-day Amid her royal hills! Then come, ye pedagogues, and join To sing a grateful lay For him, the martyr pioneer, Who led for you the way. And may my simple ballad be A monument to save His name from blank oblivion Who never had a grave. LUDLOW. Colonel Israel Ludlow, the successor of John Filson as the holder of a third interest in the site of Cincinnati, was born upon the Little Head farm, near Morristown, New Jersey, in 1765. In his early twenties he came to the valley of the Ohio", to exercise his talents as a practi- cal surveyor, and was here appointed by the geographer of the United States, to survey the Miami Purchase and that of the Ohio company, which he mainly accom- plished by the spring of 1792, in the face of many diffi- . culties and dangers, being generally without any escort of troops, in a country swarming with Indians. Taking the interest of Filson in the Losantiville venture after the death of the latter, he became the surveyor of the town site and the principal agent in disposing of the lots. After the treaty of Greenville he was employed by the Government to run the boundary lines for the Indian country established by treaty, and successfully completed the work, though amid many perils, and sometimes in imminent danger of starvation. He was the only one of the original proprietors who fixed his home at or near Cincinnati, establishing in 1790 Ludlow Station as a cit- adel of defence against the savages upon a spot within the present limits of Cumminsville, the block-house standing at the intersection of Knowlton street with the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. It is claimed by his biographers (see Biographical Encyclopedia of Ohio, etc.,) that he gave the name to Cincinnati, in honor of the society of which his father, Commodore Ludlow, was a member. December 12, 1794, he laid out the town of Hamilton as a proprietor; and in No- vember of the next year, in union with Governor St. Clair, Hon. Jonathan Dayton, and William McMillan, he planted the town of Dayton. November n, 1796, he was married to Charlotte Chambers, of Chambers- burgh, Pennsylvania, a quite extraordinary woman, who is made the subject of a beautiful biography by one of her grandsons. He died at home in January, 1804, after but four days' illness, and was buried in the graveyard adjoin- ing the First Presbyterian church, Cincinnati, in . the front wall of which was afterward fixed a tablet in honor to his memory. He was buried with Masonic honors, and an oration was pronounced upon the occasion by Judge Symmes. THE PRELIMINARIES. Denman, as a Jerseyman and perhaps a member of the East Jersey company, was early cognizant of the proj- ect of Symmes and his associates to secure the Miami Purchase; and in January, 1788, he located, among other tracts, the entire section eighteen and the frac-' tional section seventeen, lying between the former sec- tion and the river, upon which Losantiville was founded in the closing days of the same year. The present boun- daries of the tract are Liberty street on the north, the Ohio river on the south, an east line from the Mount Auburn water works to the river a few feet below Broad- way, and a west line from a point a very little east of the intersection of Central avenue and Liberty street to the river just below the gas works. The agreed price was the same as the company was to pay the Government — five shillings per acre, or sixty-six and two-thirds cents; which for the seven hundred and forty acres of the tract paid for would have amounted to four hundred and ninety-three dollars and thirty-three cents. (This does not include sixty acres which were in dispute — the entire tract, as finally surveyed, containing eight hundred acres — and which Symmes claimed were not paid for.) But the purchase money, it is said, was paid in Continental certificates, then worth only five shil- lings on the pound, but turned into the treasury of the company at par; so that the actual cost of the entry to Denman, under this arrangement, was a little less than one hundred and twenty-five dollars. Some conjectures have been made that the entire eight hundred acres, now comprising by far the most valuable property in the city, did not cost Denman more than fifty dollars. Jonathan Dayton, one of the company, seems to have been fearful of the negotiation with Denman; for, after Symmes had gone out to the Purchase, he urged him by letter not to allow the "Losantiville section" to be covered by any warrant, except one bought from Symmes or from Day- ton as his agent, for six shillings threepence, or seven 30 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. shillings sixpence, to aid in making the second payment on the purchase. As a matter of fact, the section eigh- teen was not covered by one of Symmes' warrants until May, 1790, and the fractional section not until April of the next year; and the old belief was that Denman se- cured both at a very low rate — for a mere song, as we should say now. denman's movements. In the summer of 1788 Mr. Denman found his way westward, and made a personal visit to his purchase op- posite the mouth of the Licking, being thereby confirmed in his previous intentions of founding a station and ferry there, and leading a colony to the spot. On his way back he stopped at Limestone, and is said there to have fallen in with Colonel Patterson, and soon afterwards, at Lexington, with the schoolmaster Filson. Broaching his project to them, he found them eager listeners, and pres- ently agreed to take them into joint partnership with him. In this arrangement Denman appears to have undertaken the chief conduct of the business, while Filson was to do the surveying and staking off of the tract and superintend the sales of lots, and Patterson was to be the main agent in obtaining purchasers and settlers. Denman was un- derstood to be responsible for all matters relating directly to the purchase from the East Jersey company; Filson was already pretty well acquainted with the Miami coun- try; and Patterson was the most influential man in stir- ring up people to the point of removal to the new land of promise. It was thus a very judicious and hopeful ar- rangement. Soon afterwards, probably at Lexington, the following contract was executed between the parties : A covenant and agreement, made and concluded this twenty-fifth day of August, 1788, between Matthias Denman, of Essex county, State of New Jersey, of the one part, and Robert Patterson and John Filson, of Lexington, Fayette county, Kentucky, of the other part, witnesseth : That the aforesaid Matthias Denman, having made entry of a tract of land on the northwest side of the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Licking river, in that district in which Judge Symmes has purchased from Congress, and being seized thereof by right of entry, to contain six hundred and forty acres, and the fractional parts that may pertain, does grant, bargain, and sell the full two-thirds thereof by an equal, undivided right, in partnership, unto the said Robert Patterson and John Filson, their heirs and assigns ; and upon producing indisputable testimony of his, the said Denman's, right and title to the said prem- ises, they, the said Patterson and Filson, shall pay the sum of twenty pounds Virginia money, to the said Denman, or his heirs or assigns, as a full remittance for moneys by him advanced in payment of said lands, every other institution, determination, and regulation respecting the laying-off of a town, and establishing a ferry at and upon the prem- ises, to the result of the united advice and consent of the parties in cov- enant, as aforesaid ; and by these presents the parties bind themselves, for the true performance of these covenants, to each other, in the penal sum of one thousand pounds, specie, hereunto affixing their hands and seals, the day and year above mentioned. Matthias Denman, Signed, sealed, and delivered R. Patterson, in the presence of— John Filson. Henry Owen, , Abr. McConnell. The Virginia pound of those days was equivalent to three dollars and thirty-three cents in Federal specie, so that, since Denman sold two-thirds of his tract for sixty- six dollars and sixty-seven cents, the cash value he ap- parently put upon the whole was but one hundred dollars. "LOSANTIVILLE. The general plan of the town was agreed upon, and Filson was to proceed as quickly as possible to get a. plat made, and all things in readiness for early settlement and sale. It was also agreed to call the new place Losanti- ville. This extraordinary designation was undoubtedly the product of the Kentucky schoolmaster's pedantic genius. An analysis of the word soon discovers its meaning. "L" is sometimes supposed to be simply the contraction of the French le, making the entire name to read "the town opposite the mouth." It is more gener- ally believed, however, to have been intended by Filson as an abbreviation for Licking, leaving the article before. ville in construction to be understood. Os is the Greek word for mouth, anti Latin for opposite, and ville French for town or city. The whole term would thus signify the town opposite the mouth of the Licking. It fur- nishes a remarkable instance, not only of an eccentric, polyglot neologism, but of the power of synthetic lan- guages to express in one word what an analytic language like ours must express in a much longer circumlocution and with somewhat numerous words. It has been doubted whether the village was ever really so called, except in the original plans of Filson, Denman, and Patterson; but there can be no doubt in the mind of one who looks well into the question, that the plan and village had that title continuously from the day they were agreed to, in August, 1788, to the day, January 2 or 4, 1790, when Governor St. Clair changed it to Cincinnati, "so that," as Judge Symmes wrote, " Losantiville will become extinct." There was never a post office or municipality here of that name; but letters were written from here under it; the town seems to have been familiarly so designated in correspondence and conversation ; it has come down in almost unquestioned tradition associated with that title; and, to crown the evidence, it so appears upon some of the earliest maps of Ohio, and one of the plats recorded fifteen years after the settlement, while bearing the name Cincinnati, is also remarked in the explanations as "formerly called Losanterville." The orthographic blunder nqted suggests the spelling adopted by Mr. Julius Dexter in his prefatory historic note to King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati, and which may occasion- ally be seen in print elsewhere — " Losanteville, " for which there are some good arguments to adduce. The name appears originally to have been written with considerable carelessness, since among the papers of Patterson, after his death, was found a copy of the "conditions" present- ly to be recited, though not in his handwriting, in the heading of which the name appears as " Losantiburg. " It was probably the heedless work of some clerk of Pat- terson's. The right name appears in the nomenclature of Cincinnati only in "Losantiville Hall," a place of as- sembly on Front street, many years ago, north of Deer Creek bridge, mentioned in the Cincinnati Almanac for 1 85 o. Nothing else like it appears in all the geographical nomenclature of the world, except in a single instance— the name of the postoffice at Losantville, Randolph county, Indiana, probably named from a pioneer settler or proprietor. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OIHO. 3i THE ROAD TO THE LICKING. After the execution of the agreement, Denman re- turned to Limestone to meet Judge Symmes, leaving an understanding with his partners that they were soon to "blaze'' a road through the wilderness in the direction of their purchase and establish a ferry across the Ohio there, if practicable. The former part of this arrangement ap- pears conspicuously in the following advertisement, in- serted by Patterson and Filson in the Kentucky Gazette, published at Lexington, for the sixth of September, 1788 Notice. — The subscribers, being proprietors of a tract of land op- posite the mouth of the Licking river, on the northwest side of the Ohio, have determined to lay off a town on that excellent situation. The local and natural advantages speak its future prosperity, being equal, if not superior, to any on the bank of the Ohio, between the Miamis. The in-lots to be, each, half an acre, the out-lots four acres, thirty of each to be given to settlers upon payment of one dollar and fifty cents for the survey and deed of each lot. The fifteenth of Sep- tember is appointed for a large company to meet in Lexington and mark a road from there to the mouth of the Licking, provided Judge Symmes arrives, being daily expected. When the town is laid off lots will be given to such as may become residents before the first day of April next. Matthias Denman. Robert Patterson. John Filson. A company was gathered without much difficulty in those restless and adventurous days. It was, probably, not large, but sufficient for the purpose, and did not in- clude Judge Symmes, who was proceeding to "Miami" by way of the river. Without waiting for him, the party found its way to the Ohio — doubtless aided much of the way by old Indian trails and military traces — and must have arrived there in a few days, since it there met Den- man and Judge Symmes, who records that he "landed at Miami" on the twenty-second of September. Fil- son is rather doubtfully said to have spent a day or two here, marking out streets through the dense forest. He, with the rest of the Kentuckians, accompanied Symmes on the exploring expedition up the Miami country, which they penetrated "as high as the upper side of the fifth range of townships,'' as the judge after- wards wrote. The adventures of this party, and the un- happy death of Filson, have been related in our chapter on the Miami Purchase. While Symmes and Patter- son were absent on this excursion," Denman, Ludlow — who happened to be with the party, though not yet.a proprietor — and others, followed the meanderings of the Ohio between the Miamis, and pushed their way about ten miles up one of the Miami rivers. THE VOYAGE FROM LIMESTONE. After the death of Filson and the return of the explor- ing party to the Ohio, Denman and Patterson went with Symmes back to Limestone, where they decided upon just the individual needed to take the place of Filson in the partnership, in the person of the young surveyor, Israel Ludlow; and an arrangement was made in Octo- ber by which he should take Filson's interest in the Lo- santiville enterprise. The latter's plan of the town had perished with him. His brother, who was with the party of Kentuckians when John • Filson was killed, consider- ing that he had yet paid nothing and had established lit- tle valid claim upon the property, informed the surviving partners that the legal representatives of the deceased would demand nothing under the contract of August 2 2d. Ludlow prepared a new plan of the village, differing, it is supposed, in some important respects from Filson's, par- ticularly as to the public square to be donated for church and school purposes, the common or public landing, and the names of streets. It is quite possible that some of these differences appear in the discrepancies observable between the recorded plats of Ludlow and of Joel Wil- liams, which will be presently noted. The drafting of plans, the gathering of a colony, and other preparations for the settlement, employed the time of the proprietors at Limestone and elsewhere for many weeks, and they were further hindered for a time by the same obstacles which delayed Symmes, as recited in our chapter on the Purchase. At length, on the day before Christmas, in the year of grace 1788, the courageous founders of Lo- santiville and Cincinnati packed themselves in the rude flat or keel-boats and barges of the time, took leave of the party still at Limestone that was shortly to settle North Bend (the Columbia adventurers had been gone more than a month), and swept out on the broad bosom of the Ohio, now swelled beyond its usual limits, and covered thickly with floating ice. They were all men, twenty-six in number. The fol- lowing, by the best authorities, is the ROLL OF HONOR. Noah Badgeley, Samuel Blackburn, Thaddeus Bruen, Robert Caldwell, Matthew Campbell, James Carpenter, William Connell, Matthew Fowler, Thomas Gizzel (or Gissel), Francis Hardesty, Captain Henry, Luther Kitch- ell, Henry Lindsey, Israel Ludlow, Elijah Martin, Wil- liam McMillan, Samuel Mooney, Robert Patterson, John Porter, Evan Shelby, Joseph Thornton, Scott Traverse, Isaac Tuttle, John Vance, Sylvester White, Joel Williams. The list given in the Cincinnati Directory of 1819, which is usually repeated as the roll of founders, does not include the names of Ludlow and Patterson, which is ob- viously incorrect; nor of Henry, Matthew Campbell, or Elijah Martin. It includes the name of Ephraim Kibby, who was subsequently of the Columbia colony, and was very likely of this party, as also Daniel Shoemaker, who is not on the list of 1819, but appears, like Kibby among the original proprietors of donation lots. Martin and Campbell were also such proprietors; but not Henry. The names of all the others appear in the list of those who drew donation lots, except those of the proprietors of the town and of Bruen, Caldwell, Connell, Fowler, Hardesty, Shelby, and Tuttle. The fact is, not all who came with the party staid as colonists, while others arrived subsequently to share in the distribution of the donation lots. Tuttle, Henry, and probably others, joined Symmes' voyagers to North Bend in February; Kibby and Shoe- maker, though drawing lots at Losantiville, were with Stites' party at Columbia, and at least Kibby subsequently removed there; one other at least, Mr. Hardesty, went elsewhere, probably on the Kentucky shore, since there were Hardestys in Newport; and others drifted away without making permanent settlement here. 32 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Judge Symmes' account of the voyage of the Losanti- ville argonauts from Limestone was communicated to his fellows of the East Jersey company, in a letter from North Bend, about five months afterwards. It is as follows: On the twenty-fourth of December last, Colonel Patterson of Lexing- ton, who is concerned with Mr. Denman in the section at the mouth of the Licking river, sailed from Limestone in company with Mr. Tuttle, Captain Henry, Mr. Ludlow, and about twelve others, in order to form a station and lay out a town opposite Licking. They suffered much from the inclemency of the weather and floating ice, which filled the Ohio from shore to shore. Perseverance, however, triumphing over difficulty, they landed safe on a most delightful high bank of the Ohio, where they founded the town of Losantiville, which populates consid- erably, but would be much more improved by this time, if Colonel Pat- terson or Mr. Denman had resided in the town. Colonel Patterson tarried about one month at Losantiville, and returned to Lexington. The time of the departure from Limestone is indispu- table; the date of arrival at "Miami" has been much disputed. For many years the twenty-sixth of Decem- ber was celebrated as the anniversary of the landing; and to this day the city directory notes that as the day observed by the Cincinnati Pioneer association, though we are informed that their practice in this particular has changed. It does not seem at all probable that, in the face of difficulties experienced, the voyage from Lime- stone to Yeatman's cove, sixty-five or more miles, was accomplished in two days. An English traveller, noting his arrival here in 1806, records that "travelling is so very good between Limestone and the town, a distance of sixty-eight miles, that I descended in two short days' run, without meeting with any obstacles.'' Bad weather and other hindrances, as floating ice, which Symmes says "filled the Ohio from shore to shore," would undoubtedly delay the trip beyond two days, and very probably until the day now generally accepted as the true date — De- cember 28, 1788. William McMillan, a man of native talents and classical education, of strong memory and clear, judicial brain, testified years afterwards, in a chan- cery case involving the right of property, as between the city and Joel Williams, in the Public Landing, that he landed here with the party on that day. Denman also, in another case, testified that they came "late in Decem- ber," though he could not remember the precise day; while Patterson and Ludlow thought the landing was early in January, which is quite certainly too late. Mr. McMillan's testimony, we think, now commands general acceptance. The tradition is probably correct that the party, occupied in completing the preparations, did not get away from Limestone until somewhat late in the day, and made but nine miles before tying up for the night • that the third day they sighted Columbia, but were una- ble to reach it or stop on account of the ice; that the same cause prevented their landing here upon arrival opposite the spot on the evening of the same day, but that, after remaining in or near the mouth of the Licking through the night of the twenty-seventh, they effected a crossing with their boats the next morning, and trium- phantly entered the little inlet at the foot of Sycamore street, afterwards known as Yeatman's cove. Fastening their frail barks to the roots and shrubs along the bank, they step ashore, collect driftwood and other dry frag- ments, strike the steel and flint, and provide themselves with their first necessity to comfort and cookery — ample fires. Very likely, the fatigues of the voyage over, they soon realize, even long before night, the graphic picture drawn by Dr. Daniel Drake more than sixty-three years afterwards: "Setting their watchmen around, they lay down with their feet to the blazing fires, and fell asleep under the music of the north wind whistling among the frozen limbs of the great sycamores and water maples which overhung them." It was no time for prolonged rest or sleep, however. The depth of winter is not the season for open-air bivou- acs, when shelters are at hand. The readiest expedient for the supply of material for dwellings — one already sug- gested' by the practice of the boatmen of the age in breaking up their vessels and selling their constituent parts when the destination was reached— naturally occur- red to the newly arrived, and their first cabin was con- structed of boat-planks and other breakage from the craft in which they came. This is the statement of Judge Burnet, in the historical preface he wrote in Mr. George Henry Shaffer's Business Directory of 1840, and which Mr. Shaffer, who is still living, assures us is trustworthy in every particular. If so, the picture of the first cabin (represented as a log one, standing below the cove), used in a mayor's message some years ago as an advertisement '■ for a forthcoming History of Cincinnati, must be revised 1 and reconstructed in the light of this fact. The first was built on the present Front street, a little'east of Main, and of course northwest of the cove or place of landing; and others soon put up, two or three in number, were in the immediate vicinity, where the dense, wild forest bor- dered upon the surging waters. THE ORIGINAL TOWN PLAT. While his companions occupied themselves in build- ing, hunting, scouting, and other employments, Ludlow, doubtless assisted by Badgeley, who was one of Symmes' surveyors, and other trusty aids, engaged in the survey of the town, which was substantially completed by the seventh of January, 1789, when the drawing took place for the donation lots. The survey extended from the river to Northern row, now Seventh street, and from Eastern (now Broadway) to Western row (Central ave- nue), with out-lots of tour acres each, or a present square, beyond Northern row to the north limits of the Losanti- ville purchase, at Liberty street. The out-lots numbered eighty-one. The street corners were marked upon the trees. There was and is, as everybody remarks, an interesting association between the two. The Jerseymen and Penn- sylvanians of the party had clearly in mind, in the regu- larity with which the town was laid off and the names they gave its avenues, their favorite Quaker City— Where the streets still re-echo the names of the trees of the forest, As if they fain would appease the Dryads whose haunts they invaded. The survey was not recorded until April 29, 1802, when the law of the Territory required it, under heavy penalties. The entry may be found in Book E — 2, pages 62-63. The following documents, on page 60, introduce and ex- plain it: References to the plan of the Town of Cincinnati, in page No 62 exhibited by Colonel Israel Ludlow (as one of the proprietors), on the /, < <: , /, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 33 fore-noon of the twenty-ninth day of April, 1802, and recorded agree- ably thereto. N. B. — The following certificate is attached to the original: This may certify that I consider myself as having been one of the original proprietors of the Town of Cincinnati, and hereby authorize Israel Ludlow to make or copy a plan according to the original plan or intention of the firm, and cause to be recorded as such, agreeably to the Laws of the Territory in that case made and provided. November 20, 1801. Matthias Denman. Test: P. P. Stewart, D. C. Cooper. The following notes from another Nota Bene may be of interest : The lots in the regular squares of the town contain seventy-two square perches, are twelve poles in length and six poles wide. The out-lots, which are entire, contain each four*acres, are in length from east to west six chains and fifty links. The six long squares between Front and Water streets contain lots ten poles long and six poles wide. All the streets in the town are four poles wide, excepting Seventh street * and the Eastern and Western row, which are but two poles wide. The corners of the streets are north sixteen degrees west, and others crossing at right angles south seventy-four degrees west. — Streets through the out-lots four poles wide. Then, on pages 62-3 of the record, follows the Ludlow plat. The streets thereon are named as now, except East- ern row (Broadway) and Western row (Central avenue). The name of Plum street is spelt " Plumb." None of the alleys or narrower streets now existing within the tract platted were in this survey. The space now occupied by the Public Landing is left blank, except for the well known cove of that day, which is figured as extending to the south line of Front street, a little east of the foot of Syca- more, and a little wider at its junction with the river than it was long. Colonel Patterson, in a deposition made in 1803, in the suit between Williams and the town of Cin- cinnati, said that this ground "in front of Front street was declared at that time a public common for the use of the citizens of the said town, excepting and reserving only, for the benefit of the proprietors, the privilege of establishing a ferry on the bank of the Ohio on said com- mon." All lots in the south half of the squares between Sec- ond and Third streets, and all below them, are laid out lengthwise north and south; all others in an east and west direction. Lots one hundred and fourteen to seventeen, and one hundred and thirty-nine to forty-two, are indi- cated in Ludlow's appended notes, and by a boundary of red ink in the plat, as "given to public uses." They con- stitute the block bounded by Fourth and Fifth, Walnut and Main streets, which' was afterwards divided between the First Presbyterian church, the Cincinnati college, and the county of Hamilton. East of Eastern row, between extensions of Third and Fifth streets, were sixteen in-lots, and immediately north of these was the first range of out-lots, numbered from one to eight. The ranges of out-lots on the northwest, two in number, began also north of Fifth street. Some in- truding hand has marked "canal" upon the north line of the third range of out-lots, above Seventh street, then the ♦This was undoubtedly originally designated as Northern row, narrow, two-rod street forming the north boundary of the town. Another and rival plat, surveyed by whom we know not, was exhibited to the recorder by Joel Williams, on the same day, "at six o'clock p. m.," of "the town of Cin- cinnati (formerly called Losanterville)," by Samuel Free- man and Joel Williams, assignees of Matthias Denman and Robert Patterson. It was also recorded by the ac- commodating register of that official term, immediately after the Ludlow and Denman plat. The general changes in the names of streets, as indicated by letters upon this map, referring to notes prefixed, possess special interest, and exhibit the most pointed difference between the two. The present Water to Seventh streets are thus designated, in order : Water, Front, Columbia [Second], Hill [Third], High [Fourth], Byrd [Fifth], Gano [Sixth], and Northern row. At least one of these names, Columbia, prevailed in the local usage for many years. The intersecting streets, from Eastern row (which retained its name, west- ward, were Sycamore, Main, Cider [Walnut], Jefferson [Vine], Beech [Race], Elm, Filson [Plum], Western row. The space devoted by the original proprietors to a pub- lic landing is shown as filled with in-lots, numbered four hundred and sixty-one to four hundred and sixty-eight. The numbers of other lots and the general features of the survey are the same as in the other plat. The same square, bounded by Main, Cider, High, and Byrd streets, is marked and noted as "reserved for a court house, a jail, a church, and school." There is also some differ- ence observable in the boundary lines of sections. This was made, as the appended affidavit of Williams shows, in the absence from the territory of Denman and Patterson, "the two other original proprietors of said town" — other than Filson, Colonel Ludlow not being recognized in the affidavit — and Williams' consequent be- lief, as he swore, "that they had no intention of recording in person the plat of said town, agreeable to a late act of the said territory, entitled 'an act to provide for the recording of town-plats.'" The affidavit goes on to aver that " this deponent further saith that he possesses, as he believes, sufficient information in the premises to enable him to make a plat of said town of Cincinnati, agreeable to the original plat, design, and intentions of the aforesaid original proprietors of said town, in man- ner and form as the same was originally laid out and de- clared by the proprietors aforesaid; and this deponent further saith that the within is a true and accurate map or plat of the said town of Cincinnati, agreeable to the or- iginal plat, planj" etc. The divergences from Ludlow's survey are thus partly accounted for. Williams' claims, under this plat, made without any reference to Colonel Ludlow, the original surveyor, who was still living and readily accessible within five miles of the Cincinnati of that day, were subsequently made the subject of litigation between himself and the public authorities, in which his plat was invalidated and his case lost. The property in- volved in the determination of this case was that which Williams' plat covers with town lots, but which has been continuously occupied, save a small part on the west side once covered with a building or buildings, as a public HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. landing. This tract Williams had bought in 1800 from Judge Symmes, who made the usual guarantee of his right to sell it, and gave Williams some color for his claim. As to the comparative correctness of the two plats, it is worth notice that Colonel Patterson, in his deposi- tion of 1803, declared that he had examined both plats, and believed "the one recorded by Israel Ludlow to be agreeable to the original plan." Some years before this, in 1794 or 1795, Williams had come into possession by assignment of Denman's remain- ing interest, and claimed as an original proprietor. The remainder of Patterson's third, about the • same time, passed by assignment to Samuel Freeman. The colonel remained here but a short time, and then returned; while Denman, who did not even come with the colony in De- cember, did not remove from New Jersey. Of the four worthies originally associated with the founding of Cin- cinnati, only Colonel Ludlow became identified with the place as a resident; and he lived at his station some miles out. To all.intents, however, he was a Cincinnatian. THE DONATION LOTS. Losantiville was now ready for regular settlement. It remained for the proprietors to fulfil their generous pledges of free in-lots and out-lots to the expectant colonists. The survey having been completed, or suf- ficiently advanced for the purpose, by the seventh of January, the proprietors, represented by Colonel Ludlow, promulgated the following: CONDITIONS on which the donation lots in the town Losantiville are held and settled. The first Thirty town and out lots to so many of the most early ad- venturers shall be given by the proprietors, Messrs. Denman, Patterson, & Ludlow, who for their part do agree to make a deed free and clear of all charges and incumbrances excepting that of surveying and deeding the same, so soon as a deed is procured from Congress by Judge Symmes. The lot-holders for their part do agree to become actual settlers on the premises; plant & attend two crops successively & not less than One Acre shall be cultivated for each crop & that within the term of two years— each person receiving a donation lot or lots shall build an house equal to Twenty feet square, One Storey & half high, with a brick, stone, or clay Chimney, which shall stand in front of their respective in lots and shall be put in tenantable repair within the term of two years from the date hereof. The above requisitions shall be minutely complyed with under pen- alty of forfeiture, unless Indian depredations render it impracticable. Done this seventh day of January Qne thousand seven hundred & Eighty Nine. Israel Ludlow. The lottery for the distribution of the lots was held the same day, under the personal direction of Patterson and Ludlow, with the result indicated below. The original proprietors of some of the most valuable lots in the city are thus shown. The orthography of the original record, now in the possession of the Ohio His- torical and Philosophical society, has been followed, there being no difficulty in recognizing the names: Out- In- Out- In- lots. lots. lots. lots. Joel Williams 3 79 Ephraim Kibby 4 59 John Porter 2 77 John Vance 24 4 David McClure 6 26 Jesse Fulton 23 6 Samuel Mooney 14 33 Henry Bechtel 16 56 Sylvester White 15 2 Isaac , Freeman 20 51 Joseph Thornton 28 3 Samuel Blackburn 29 1 James Carpenter 1 32 Scott Traverse 9 52 Matthew Cammel 8 28 Elijah Martin 26 7 Noah Badgeley 22 31 Archibald Stewart 12 57 Luthar Kitchel 13 58 James McConnel 5 30 James Cammel 21 34 " Davison 19 27 Jesse Stewart 30 54 James Dument n 5 Benjamin Dument 25 53 Jonas Menser 10 29 Isaac Van Meter .. : 18 8 Thomas Gizzel 17 9 Daniel Shoemaker 27 79 Harry Lindsay 7 76 William McMillan 31 James Campbell 154 By this record thirty-one out-lots and thirty in-lots were given away. There are thirty-two names of donees, but Mr. McMilllan drew no in-lot, and in-lot number seventy-nine seems to have been drawn by both Joel Wil- liams and Daniel Shoemaker. The latter, however, ob- tained lot seventy-eight, as appears by the diagram below, so that the record, as originally made, is probably erroneous, and thirty-one lots each, of in-lots and out-lots, were donated, which would just comprise the four dona- tion blocks of in-lots, save only the one lot presently to be noted. The in-lots given embraced the entire blocks be- tween Front and Second, Main and Broadway, Second and Third, Broadway and Sycamore, and the east half of the block bounded by Second and Third, Main and Sycamore, except lot fifty-five, on the northwest corner of Second and Sycamore, which was then reckoned of little value, on account of the position of part of it in the swamp which was for years about the intersection of Sycamore and Second streets. The lots which faced or adjoined the Public Landing were accounted the most valuable. Some of the settlers preferred not to be limited to these blocks in their selections, and declined to receive as donees, preferring to have a free range for purchase, which could then be effected at an exceedingly low rate. The original price of either class of lots is not certainly known, but is supposed to have been two dollars for an in-lot on the "Bottom," and four dollars for one on the "Hill." All evidence goes to show that prices were very cheap. Colonel Ludlow, for example, having one hundred dollars due him on his bill of surveying, chose to take a tract of one hundred and twenty acres seven miles from the village, rather than accept the offer made him instead, of four out-lots and a square through which now .runs Pearl street, and which is worth millions of dollars. Several years afterwards, though prices had much advanced, lots in the principal streets could yet be had for less than one' hundred dollars. About 1805 town property rose rapidly, from the large influx of popu- lation, but advanced more slowly till 1811, when another rapid appreciation set in, continuing until 1815, when some lots on Main street, between Front and Third, com- manded as much as two hundred dollars per front foot, and one hundred dollars from Third to Sixth. Property on lower Broadway, Front, and Market streets, could then be had for eighty dollars to one hundred and twenty dollars per foot; elsewhere in the business quarter, ten dollars to fifty dollars, according to situation and local advantages for trade. Out-lots still adjoining the town, and neighboring tracts of country property, commanded five hundred dollars to one thousand dollars an acre in 1815. Settlement in Losantiville still needed stimulating; and a large number of additional lots were given away by HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 35 the proprietors, mostly in May, 1789, to other newcom- ers. The following list has been preserved of lots given away by the proprietors on the same conditions as the first thirty donation lots: No. of Lot. No. of Lot. Robert Caldwell 83, 84 Robert Benham 17, 62 John Cutter 92 Joshua Findlar 37 Seth Cutter 89 Henry Bechtle, jr 57 James Millan 94 Robert Benham 63 Levi Woodward 33, 34 Joseph Kelly 113 Thaddeus Bruen 32 Isaac Bates 60 Nathaniel Rolstein 30 James Campbell 154 William Rolstein 65 Dr. John Hole 227 Jonathan Fitts 61 Jabith Philips 91 William Cammel 85 John Cummings 106 Abraham Garrison 86 Captain Furguson 13 Francis Kennedy 151 Lutner Kitchel 80 David Logan 263 Mr. Wick Malign Baker 138 John Covert 85 Cobus Lindsicourt 114 Enoch McHendry 67 Richard Benham 90 James Dument 108 William McMillan, esq 27 John Terry, sr., 116 Same (out-lot) 53 Joel Williams 126 Henry Reed 88 J oseph McHendry 79 John Ellis 129 James Cunningham 128 Captain [before Lieut.] Ford. .9, n Samuel Kitchel 209 or 205 Levi Woodard 34 Colonel Robert Patterson 127 We have corrected the orthography of this list in many places, to correspond with known spelling. These lots seem all to have been in-lots, save one of those noted as a grant to Mr. McMillan. The following is a diagram of one of the blocks in the first donation parcel, with memoranda of actual settlers who drew the several lots, January 7, 1789: Lieutenant Mahlon Ford . . . Elijah Martin 82 Samuel Kennedy 112 Joel Williams. Jesse Stewart. 79 54 D. Shoemaker. Benjamin -Dumont. 78 53 H vO O a, 99 ft. >• < tn G Z J 99 m tn « a 5 « < 10 « z < 2 ^ H « LANDING. PURCHASERS. Many other names appear on Ludlow's record as the original purchasers of lots in Losantiville, mostly dur- ing 1789. They have been collected by the industry of Mr. Robert Clarke, in his privately printed pamphlet on Losantiville, and we subjoin the list, striking there- from only the names already given as those of proprie- tors of donation lots: Dr. Adams, George Adams, John Adams, Henry Atchison, Stephen Barns, Daniel Bates, William Beazley, William Bedell, Thomas Black James Blackburn, John Blanchard, Truman Bostwick, Thomas Brown, Brunton & Dougherty, Moses Burd, James Burns, Garret Cavender, John Cheek, Thomas Cochran, Ephraim Coleman, James Colwell, Peyton Cook, Daniel C. Cooper, John Coulson, Joseph Cutter, Mat- thew Danalds, Edward Darling, Jonathan Davis, Elijah Davis, William Devin, William Dillan, William Dorrough, Russel Farnum, Elijah Finley, Benjamin Flinn, Jacob Fowler, Samuel Freeman, Adam Funk, John Gaston, Uriah Gates, James Goald, William Gowen, Archibald Gray, George Greves, John Griffin, Joel Hamblin, Hezekiah Hardesty, Uriah Hardesty, William Harris, James Harway, William Hedger, Heooleson, Robert Hinds, Daniel Hole, Darius Hole, William Hole, Zachariah Hole, Edward Holland, Jerum Holt, Israel Hunt, Nehemiah Hunt, Nicholas Johnson, David Joice, Nicholas Jones, John Kearsey (or Kearney), William Kelley, Rev. James Kemper, Lieuten- ant Kingsbury, Bethuel Kitchell, Daniel Kitchell, John Love, James Lowrey, John Ludlow, James Lyon, Daniel McClure, George McClure, John McClure, Mary McClure, William McClure, William McCoy, James McKnight, Henry McLaughlin, John McLaughlin, James Mar- shall, Isaac Martin, Margaret Martin, Samuel Martin, Luke Mellon, Jonathan Mercer, James Miller, Moses Miller, Jacob Mills, Alexander Moore, Robert Moore, Dr. Morrel, Jesse Mott, Captain John Munn, George Murfey, John Murfey, Mr. Neelson, George Niece, Christopher Noon, Darius C. Orcutt, Andrew Parks, Culbertson Parks, Presley Peck, Thomas Persons, Matthew Pierson, Samuel Pierson, Enos Potter, Cap- tain Pratt, James Pursley, Jacob Reeder, Stephen Reeder, Thomas Rich- ards, John Riddle, Abraham Ritchison, Reuben Rood, Asa Root, Jona- than Ross, John Ross, John Ross, jr., Moses Ross, William Ross, Wil- liam Rusk, Colonel Winthrop Sargent, Levi Sayre, David Scott, James Scott, Obediah Scott, John Seaman, Jonas Seaman, Niles Shaw, Casper Sheets, Ziba Stibbins, Captain Strong, Dennis Sullivan, Jacob Tapping, Henry Taylor, Enos Terry, Robert Terry, John Tharp, Judge George Turner, Benjamin Valentine, Benjamin Van Cleve, John Van Cleve, Jacob Van Doran, -John Van Eton, Cornelius Van Nuys, James Wal- lace, Jacob Warwick, David Welch, Samuel Whiteside, John Wiant, Winters, Amos Wood. All deeds had still to be given by Symmes, as the pro- prietors of the town had yet no valid title from him ; and he himself, for that matter, had not been able to obtain his patent from the Government. annals of losantiville. January was spent mainly in surveying and in laying off in-lots. Improvements were begun on the outlots, and continued as the weather permitted, in order to get them ready for crops in spring, and some were pretty well cleared in the course of the year, especially on the "Bot- tom," between Walnut street and Broadway. A great many trees were cut down this year, but they mostly re- mained on the ground, where some of them were to be seen for years afterwards. Still, the main reliance for food the next fall and winter was upon the settlers at Co- lumbia, who had much of the fertile Turkey bottom under cultivation, without whose aid there would have been pos- itive suffering at Losantiville, and perhaps abandonment of the fort by the garrison. The Indians did not come in and manifest friendship; but did no great amount of harm the first year. About twenty log cabins and one frame dwelling were built during the year, principally on lots adjacent to the Public Landing.* There were but one or two stone chimneys among them all. They were, in general, surrounded by standing timber, stumps, and great butts of timber too difficult to split, and so left to decay or be burned. It is not certainly known when the first family came. As early as the eighth of February Francis Kennedy was on the ground with his wife Rebecca and children to the perfect number of seven; but his may or may not have been the first entire family. It is known that he found * Major Fowler, however, thought there were forty or fifty cabins by the close of 1789. 36 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. three women already here — Miss Dement, daughter of James Dement; Mrs. Constance Zenes, afterwards Mrs. William McMillan; and Mrs. Pesthal, a German woman, with some small children. He said he found but three little cabins when he came, all without floors. On the tenth of April Mr. McHenry came, with two grandsons and as many granddaughters; also Mrs. Ross with a small family. Kennedy's family lived in the boat in which it came, until the ice in the river began to run, when he built a cabin right in the middle of Water street, which was not yet opened. He established the first ferry to the Kentucky shore at this point, Thomas Kennedy attending it upon the other side, and had a great deal to do, especially during the campaigns against the Indians. He was drowned near the close of the Indian wars, while ferrying over cattle for the army, and Joel Williams next obtained the ferry license. Thomas Kennedy, the ferryman beyond the flood, was a Scotchman who came first to Losantiville in the spring, and then removed to the other shore, where Covington now stands, which from him and his vocation long bore the name of "Kennedy's Ferry." In April of this year arrived Thomas Irwin and James Burns, two young men from Pennsylvania, who had come to push their fortunes in the Miami country. They stopped first at Columbia. Mr. McBride, in his Pioneer Biography, sketch of Mr. Irwin's life, thus narrates their further movements and observations : Messrs. Irwin and Burns remained at Columbia during the day, ex- amining the place. Mr. Irwin said there were quite a number of fami- lies residing there at the time, scattered over the bottom lands, and, as he thought, very much exposed. They offered great inducements to the young adventurers to locate themselves at Columbia; and, though they informed them of another sm.ill settlement eight miles further down the river, opposite the mouth of the Licking river, they gave them no encouragement to go there. They remained in their boat during the night, and the next morning left it in the care of the man opposite whose house they had landed, and taking their guns, started down the river-bank in quest of the set- tlement below. The bank was narrow, and there was no road or traces ; the woods were thick, and the way much obstructed by under- brush and vines; — so that the travelling was very tedious. Opposite the mouth of the Licking river, they came to a double shanty occupied by seven men. These men, all but two of them, had been employed with the surveyors in surveying Symmes' Purchase during the preceding winter. Their names were David Logan, Caleb Reeves, Robert [James?] McConnell, Francis Hardesty, Mr. Van Eaton, William Mc- Millan and John Vance. Joel Williams was also there, and had been with the surveyors a part of the time, and was with Israel Ludlow when he surveyed and laid out the town in February [January] previ- ous [1789], marking the lines of the streets and corners of lots on the trees. This shanty had been built by these persons for their accom- modation, immediately after they laid out the town. It was the first improvement made in the place, and these persons were the first set- tlers of Cincinnati. Joel Williams assisted them to build the shanty, and remained with them some time, until, with their assistance, he built a cabin on his own lot near the foot of Main street. He had the plat of the town, was an agent for the proprietors, and encouraged Irwin and Burns to settle themselves at that place. In the evening of the same day they returned to Columbia, remain- ing on board their boat all right. The next day they floated down the river, and landed at the shanty opposite to the mouth of Licking river. This was about the tenth day of April. The next day was spent in examining the place, and, being pleased with the situation, they con- cluded to remain. Mr. Burns located one town-lot and one out-lot. The out-lot contained four acres. Irwin also obtained a town-lot. They cleared one acre of ground, which they planted with corn. . . The double shanty, before mentioned, occupied by Logan, McMillan, and others, was situated about the head of Front street. Irwin and Burns located themselves near to it, and put up a temporary shanty, which they occupied during their stay that summer. The other settlers were scattered principally between Sycamore and Main streets. According to Irwin's recollections, the first hewed log house in the place was put up by Robert Benham about the first of June on a lot below Main, and between Front street and the river. All the settlers of the village helped him at the raising. Mr. Irwin did not settle permanently in Cincinnati. He was an ensign in Harrnar's unfortunate campaign, re- mained at the village the next winter and summer, went out as a wagoner in St. Clair's expedition, and remained in Cincinnati a few years longer, in January, 1793, mar- rying Miss Ann Larimore, and settling finally about four miles east of Middletown, Butler county. He was a major in the War of 181 2, and afterwards represented his county repeatedly in both branches of the State legis- lature, and was a colonel in the militia He lived to the age of eighty-one, dying on his farm October 3, 1847. Another notable arrival of that spring was James Cun- ningham, from Beargrass creek, now Louisville. The latter part of May, however, he pushed out beyond the present site of Reading, where he established Cunningham's Sta- tion or settlement, and was the first white man to settle in Sycamore township. The names of some others, re- corded in the list of purchasers of lots, are undoubtedly those of actual settlers this year. In December came Colonel John Bartle, one of the earliest and best known merchants in the place, who spent the remainder of his days here, dying December 9, 1839, aged ninety-five. By the close of 1789 eleven families and twenty-four\ unmarried men were residents of the village. Among] the men of family were Drs. Morrell and Hoel, Stephen I and Jacob Reeder, Daniel Kitchell, Samuel Dick, Messrs. Garrison, Blackburn, and others. There were also the troops of the garrison, which were numerous after the arrival of General Harmar with his reinforcement. An account of the building of the fort, which occurred this year, and of the fort itself, with its subsequent history, will be given in the next chapter. A TRAGEDY. The tragedy of the year was the drowning of Noah Badgeley, an immigrant from Westfield, New Jersey, who was one of the surveyors employed by Judge Symmes. He had been up the Licking river, in a time of high water, for a supply of bread-corn, had been successful in his mission, and was returning when his canoe was overturned, he drowned, and three other men of Losantiville placed in imminent danger of drowning. They fortunately se- cured a refuge in a tree-top, but in the midst of the rag- ing waters, where they remained for many hours before relief came. o t— t E- pej o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 37 CHAPTER VI. FORT WASHINGTON. A LITTLE ROMANCE. Judge Burnet, in his Notes on the Northwestern Ter- ritory, has put on record an entertaining but probably apocryphal tradition concerning the establishment of Fort Washington at Losantiville, rather than North Bend; upon which, in some small measure, it is rea- sonable to believe, turned the subsequent and widely dif- ferent fortunes of the two villages. Ensign Luce (Gen- eral Harmar spelled this Luse), the officer dispatched, after most urgent and repeated solicitations by Judge Symmes, from the garrison at Louisville to North Bend, for the protection of the settlers, had no definite instruc- tions as to the spot he should fortify. It was expected by the judge that he would build a permanent work at the place he had come to occupy; instead of which he erected but a single, and not very strong, blockhouse, and presently moved on with his force of twelve soldiers to Losantiville, where he joined Major Doughty in the construction of the more elaborate works that were after- wards named Fort Washington. Now, says Judge Bur- net: About that time there was a rumor prevailing in the settlement, said to have been endorsed by the Judge [Symmes] himself, which goes far to unravel the mystery in which the removal of the troops from the Bend was involved. It was said, and believed, that while the officer in command was looking out very leisurely for a suitable site on which to build the block-house, he formed an acquaintance with a beautiful black-eyed female, who called forth his most assiduous and tender attentions. She was the wife of one of the settlers at the Bend. Her husband saw the danger to which he would be exposed if he remained where he was. He therefore resolved at once to remove to Cincinnati, and very promptly executed his resolution. As soon as the gallant commandant discovered that the object of his admiration had changed her residence, he began to think that the Bend was not an advanta- geous situation for a military work, and communicated that opinion to Judge Symmes, who strenuously opposed it. His reasoning, however, was not as persuasive as the sparkling eyes of the fair Dulcinea now at Cincinnati. The result was a determination to visit that place and examine its advantages for a military post; which he communicated to the Judge, with an assurance that if, on examination, it did not prove to be the most eligible, he would return and erect the fort at the Bend. The visit was quickly made, and resulted in a conviction that the Bend could not be compared with Cincinnati as a military position. The troops were accordingly removed, to that place, and the building of a block-house commenced. Whether this structure was on the ground on which Fort Washington was erected by Major Doughty, can not now be decided. That movement, produced by a cause whimsical and apparently trivial in itself, was attended with results of incalculable im- portance. It settled the question whether North Bend or Cincinnati was to be the great commercial town of the Miami country. Thus we see what unexpected results are sometimes produced by circumstances apparently trivial. The incomparable beauty of a Spar- tan dame produced a ten years' war, which terminated in the destruc- tion of Troy; and the irresistible charms of another female transferred the commercial emporium of Ohio from the place where it had been commenced to the place where it now is. If this captivating American Helen had continued at the Bend, the garrison would have been erected there; population, capital, and business would have centred there; and there would have been the Queen City of the West. This is a very pretty story, and its narration gives a beautiful tinge of romance to the local coloring of these annals. But the well-ascertained and authenticated facts are against it. There is no other evidence than this gos- sipy tradition that Ensign Luce built anything at Losanti- ville, prior to the beginnings of Fort Washington, or that he had any voice in the selection of a site for the fort. On the other side, it is perfectly well known that he did build a work of some permanence and strength (though Symmes, in a letter of July 17, 1789, calls it a "little block-house, badly constructed ") at North Bend, and re- mained there for several months, perhaps until after Major Doughty had begun the work at Losantiville ; and that his transfer to that station was determined, not by an affaire de cceur, but by military considerations solely. The check which the progress of North Bend received in 1789 was the result of previous Indian murders and scares, and not merely of the transfer of a handful of troops. The pretty story, as veritable history, must be given up. The genesis of Fort Washington, as we shall presently show, is now perfectly well known ; and Ensign Luce (or Luse) had nothing whatever to do with it. Luce, it may be added, resigned in March of the follow- ing year, and Harmar, in forwarding his resignation to the Secretary of War, seemed particularly anxious that it should be accepted. THE REAL BEGINNINGS. The determination to plant a fort opposite the mouth of the Licking, and the commencement of work upon it, are usually set down for June or July of 1789. We first hear of the project, however, in Major Denny's Military Journal, under a date later than either of these. Writing in his quarters at Fort Harmar, he records : Aug. 9th [1789J. — Captain Strong, with his two subalterns, Lieuten- ant Kingsbury and Ensign Hartshorn/ and a complete company of seventy men, embark for the Miamis. nth. — Captain Ferguson joined us with his recruits. Major Doughty follows Captain Strong for the purpose of choosing ground and laying out a new route intended for the protection of persons who have settled within the limits of Symmes' Purchase. Sept. 4th. — Ferguson with his company ordered to join Strong in erecting a fort near the Miami. Lieutenant Pratt, the quartermaster, ordered to the same place. Major Doughty, the senior officer of the troops thus dispatched to the Miami country, had evidently dis- cretionary powers as to the location of the fort; for a letter from' General Harmar, written from Fort Harmar September 12, 1789, to General Knox, Secretary of War, contains the following: Major Doughty informs me, in his letter dated the twenty-first ulti- mo, that he" arrived at the Little Miami on the sixteenth, and after reconnoitring for three days from thence to the Big Miami, for an eligi- ble situation whereon to erect the works for headquarters, he had at length determined to fix upon a spot opposite Licking river, which he represents as high and healthy, abounding with never-failing springs, etc. , and the most proper position he could find for the purpose. Work, then, was pretty certainly begun upon Fort Washington about the twentieth of September, 1789. The site selected was a little east of Western row, or Broadway, between that and the present Ludlow street, just outside the village limits, as then surveyed. It was upon the hill, but not far removed from the brow of it as the second terrace then existed — right upon the line of Third street, pretty nearly around the location of the Trollopean Bazaar for more than fifty years, and extend- 'ng near sixty feet on each side of the present extension of Third street. The entire reservation, as subsequently made by the Government for the purpose in the patent to 38 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Symmes, was fifteen acres, upon which the fort stood near the west and north sides. The position which it occupied, with reference to present blocks and streets, may be readily seen by reference to the old maps of Cin- cinnati, in the books descriptive of the city in the early day. In February, 1841, Mr. Samuel Abbey, then a resi- dent of New England, but a sergeant in Doughty's com- mand at the time of the erection, revisited the site while on a visit to Cincinnati, and emphatically identified the spot between Broadway and Ludlow streets, where Third street begins to change direction northwardly, as the sta- tion of the flagstaff of the fort. Mr. Abbey had reached the advanced age of seventy-five years, but his faculties were still in vigorous action, and his recollections of persons and places in the early day of Cincinnati seemed undimmed. THE MAIN STRUCTURE of the fort was square in shape, a simple fortification of hewed and squared timbers, about one hundred and eighty feet long on each side, with barracks two stories high, connected at the corners by means of high and strong pickets with bastions, or more properly block- houses. These were doubtless the "four block-houses" spoken of in one of Timothy Flint's books as observable here in the early day; though it is singular that he does not speak of the fort as an entirety. They were also of hewed timbers, and each projected about ten feet in front of the sides of the fort, so as to command com- pletely, by the direct and raking fire of cannon and mus- ketry, every wall and front of the fortification. In the centre of the south side, upon the main front of the fort, was its principal gateway, about twelve feet wide and ten feet high, secured by heavy wooden doors of correspond- ing dimensions. This passage into the fort was through the line of barracks. Upon the north side of the work and somewhat without it, but connected with it by high palisades extending to the block-houses at the northeast and northwest corners, was a small triangular space filled with workshops of artificers attached to the garrison. Harmar's own description of the fort, as it existed when he occupied it as his headquarters, though in an unfinished state [January 14, 1790], is as follows: This will be one of the most solid, substantial wooden fortresses, when finished, of any in the Western Territory. It is built of hewn timber, a perfect square, two stories high, with four block-houses at the angles. The plan is Major Doughty's. On account of its su- perior excellence, I have thought proper to honor it with the name of Fort Washington. The public ought to be benefited by the sale of these buildings whenever we evacuate them, although they will cost them but little. The general was led to make this remark by the fact that much of the material of the fort was made up, con- trary to the usual impression and statement, not of green logs from the woods, but of the already seasoned and sawed or hewed timbers and boat-boards from the fiat or "Kentucky boats" then navigating the Ohio. He says in the same letter: About forty or fifty Kentucky boats have begun and will complete it. Limestone is the grand mart of Kentucky ; whenever boats arrive there they are scarcely of any value to the owners ; they are frequently set adrift in order to make room for the arrival of others. I have con- tracted for the above number for the moderate price of one to two dol- lars each ; thus much for the plank work. All other expenses (wagon- hire, nails, and some glass excepted) are to be charged to the labor of the troops. The lime we have burned ourselves, and the stone is at hand. ARIFICERS' YARD, ETC. An enclosure of some size, separate from the fort and at no great distance from it, toward the river and a little east of Broadway, just in front of the site of the great nine-story steam-mill so well known here in the early day, was called the Artificers' Yard, in which were materials for their work, sheds for working and the pro- tection of articles from the weather, and a pretty good dwelling, the residence of Captain Thorp, head of the quartermaster's department at the fort. Between the fort and the yard, on the Government reservation, near the southeast corner of Second street and Broadway, were several log houses, occupied as barracks by a part of the soldiers. A spacious and smooth esplanade, about eighty feet wide, stretched along the entire front of the fort, and was bordered by a handsome paling on the river side, at the brow of the hill, which then sloped about thirty feet to the lower bottom adjoining the stream. The exterior of the buildings and stockade was whitewashed, and pre- sented from a distance an imposing and really beautiful appearance, notwithstanding the rudeness of the material that mainly entered into it. The officers of the garrison had their gardens upon the fertile grounds east of the enclosure, ornamented with elegant summer-houses and finely cultivated, yielding in the season an abundance of vegetables.* ARMY HEADQUARTERS. One object of the new post between the Miamis was to furnish an eligible headquarters for the army, nearer that part of the Indian country likely to cause the settlers fear and annoyance. As early as September 28, 1789 — probably at once upon receiving Major Doughty's letter of the twenty-first — Harmar wrote to General Butler at Pittsburgh : Your humble servant is a bird of passage. Some time the latter part of next month or beginning of November, I shall move down the river, bag and baggage (leaving Ziegler's and Heart's companies at the post for the protection of our New England brothers), and shall fix my head- quarters opposite Licking river. He was delayed, however, probably by the unfinished condition of the fort; for, November 10th of the same year, we find Major Denny making the following entry in his journal : The general intends removing to headquarters very shortly, to the new fort building by Major Doughty, opposite the mouth of Licking creek. He did not then get away from the Muskingum until the twenty-fourth of December, when he left Fort Har- mar with a small fleet of boats and three hundred men with whom he landed safely at Losantiville on the twenty- eighth, and settled his officers and men as best he could in and about the fort. It is a coincidence of some inter- est that the first colonists here in like manner left their point of embarkation December 24th, just two years pre- * Substantially from Cist's Cincinnati in 1841. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 39 viously, were also four days upon the voyage — though they had only about one-fifth the distance to traverse, being delayed by ice in the river — and similarly landed on the twenty-eighth. Upon the general's arrival, be took command at the fort, relieving Major Doughty, who be- came commandant of the small force left at Fort Har- mar. Fort Washington was now the headquarters of the United States army. MILITARY OCCUPATION. This was the most important and extensive military work in existence at that period in any of the territories of the United States. It made a conspicuous figure in the Indian wars of the closing decade of the last century. Here, in the summer and fall of 1790, the first year after its construction, rendezvoused the three hundred and twenty regular troops and eight hundred and thirty-three Kentucky and Pennsylvania militia of General Harmar's ill-starred command, from which they marched Septem- ber 30th of the same year, to their disastrous defeat near St. Mary's. Upon the retreat, the exultant savages fol- lowed their broken columns until they were almost under the guns of the fort. Hither, too, in the middle of the next May, came the confident St. Clair with his legions, burn- ing for revenge upon the red-skinned and red-handed en- emy, and remained here and at Ludlow's station, recruit- ing and equipping his forces, until the seventeenth of the succeeding September, when it likewise marched away to defeat. Lively times, also, the frontier garrison saw in 1 793 — the "bloody '93" of the French Revolution — while the forces of Mad Anthony Wayne lay at " Hob- son's Choice," in the Mill creek valley, preparing most effectually to reverse the fortunes of war by its trium- phantly successful campaign against the Indians of the Miami and Maumee valleys. Soon after its departure a terrible visitation of small-pox swept off nearly one-third of the garrison remaining, as well as of the citizens of the village. To Fort Washington, also, April 3, 1792, came Major Trueman, of the United States army, as a commissioner from President Washington to negotiate a treaty with the western Indians. He brought instructions from the Sec- retary of War, and reported formally to Colonel Wilkin- son, then commanding at the fort. The colonel detailed Colonel Hardin to proceed with him into the Indian country, for which they left some time in June. During the summer information was received by the comman- dant at Vincennes from a Wea chief that four white men, who were approaching the Indians under a flag of truce, had been fired upon, three of them killed, and the fourth, who was bearing the flag and had on his person the cre- dentials and other papers of the expedition, had been taken a prisoner and barbarously murdered the next day. On the third of July Colonel Vjgo brought the intelli- gence from Vincennes to Cincinnati. The sad news was soon confirmed, and the party identified as that of True- man and Hardin, by prisoners escaping from the Indians and coming in to Fort Washington. Colonel Hardin, before his departure, had told a friend in Cincinnati, Captain James Ferguson, that his presence in the party would prompt the savages to violate the flag and assas- sinate him, whom they had long feared and hated. One of the attendants of the officers was a son of Mr. A. Freeman, one of the pioneers of Cincinnati. His story has further notice in the first division of this history. This incident has been made the groundwork of one of the most interesting sketches in Benjamin Drake's Tales of the Queen City. A STARVATION PERIOD. In the fall of 1789, even before the entire completion of the fort, there was danger that the troops would be forced to abandon it, on account of the scarcity of food. In this exigency Colonel John S. Wallace, a noted hunter and Indian fighter, came forward and made a contract with the military authorities to supply the garrison with wild meat. He was assisted by two hunters named Drennan and Dement, and, about ten miles below Cin- cinnati, on the Kentucky side, they found game in great quantity — buffalo, deer, and bear — which enabled them without special difficulty to fulfil their engagements. At one hunt they secured enough to keep the seventy men then in the garrison supplied with this kind of food for six weeks. The troops were also kept in good heart by a sufficient supply of corn from Columbia, where the crop of the year was abundant, and contributed largely, as is elsewhere noted, to the safety of Losantiville and the fort. Major Jacob Fowler and his brother Matthew ar.e also said to have had a contract to furnish the garrison, as well as the village, with the spoils of the chase, from the establishment of the fort till some time after St. Clair's arrival there. They received twopence per pound for buffalo and bear meat, and two and half for venison — in Pennsylvania currency, seven shillings and sixpence to the dollar. They hunted some in Mill Creek valley, where the game was reputed good, but extended their hunting grounds ten to fifteen miles into Kentucky. The skins of animals killed were sold to a man named Archer, who kept a tannery in or near the town. After a time the authorities got behindhand in their payments, and the hunters would sell only to the citizens and the offi- cers of the garrison. Writing of the currency of the times, it is worth noting that the soldiers at Fort Washington were paid in bills of the old Bank of the United States — a currency locally called "oblongs," especially at the gambling tables, which were much frequented by the officers, as well as the enlisted men and hangers-on of the garrison. A three- dollar bill was at that day sufficient for the monthly pay of a private soldier. CITIZEN AND SOLDIER. The troops at Fort Washington naturally ' were some- what at feud with the citizens of the village, notwithstand- ing their mutual dependence, to some extent, upon each other. Record will elsewhere be made of a serious af- fray in the early years of the settlement, in which a party of soldiers participated. It is very likely that there were some cases of insolence and tyranny in the conduct of the officers and their subordinates toward the civilians, 40 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. and that in various ways there were reprisals from the villagers. In 1790, at all events, Governor St. Clair thought fit to issue a proclamation declaring the existence of martial law for some distance about the fort; which, with other alleged high-handed acts, is thus sharply dealt with in one of the letters of Judge Symmes to his friend and associate Dayton : The governor's proclamations have convulsed these settlements be- yond your conception, sir, not only with regard to the limits of the Purchase, but also with respect to his putting part of the town of Cin- cinnata [sic\ under military government. Nor do the people find their subordination to martial law a very pleasant situation. A few days ago a very decent citizen, by the name of [Knoles] Shaw, from New Eng- land (and one, too, who lived with his family a considerable distance beyond the limits assigned by proclamation round Fort Washington, for the exercise of the law martial), was put in irons, as I was yesterday credibiy informed, his house burned by the military, and he banished the Territory. I hear his charges are that of purchasing some of the soldiers' clothing and advising in some desertions ; but of this he was no otherwise convicted (for he asserts his innocence), than by the sol- dier's accusation after he had deserted and been retaken, which he might do in order to shift the blame in some degree from himself in hopes of more favor. There are, indeed, many other acts of a despotic complexion, such as some of the officers, Captain Armstrong, Captain Kirkwood, Lieutenant Pastures, and Ensign Schuyler, very recently, and Captain Strong, Captain Ford, Captain Ashton, and Ensign Harts- horn, while General Harmar commanded, beating and imprisoning cit- izens at their pleasure. But here, injustice to the officers generally of the levies, I ought to observe that, as yet, I have heard no complaint of any severity or wantonness in them. The violences of which I speak are found among the officers of the regular troops, who, in too many instances, are imperiously haughty, and evidently affect to look down on the officers of the levies. I hear there are several officers with their corps arrived at headquarters, but I have not seen any of them, as I had left Cincinnata a day or two before their arrival, and have not been there since. It really becomes a very unpleasant place to me, for I have always had something in my nature which was shocked at acts of tyranny, and when at that place my eyes and ears are every day sa- luted with more or less of those acts which border hard on it. POST COMMANDERS. The first commandant of Fort Washington was its founder and builder, Major Doughty, who was super- seded, of course, by his superior officer, General Har- mar, upon the arrival of the latter late in December. Harmar named the fort, which had theretofore been with- out special designation, upon the arrival of Governor St. Clair in January, at the same time Hamilton county and Cincinnati were named — Judge Symmes and St. Clair having, respectively, the privilege of naming these. Gen- eral Wilkinson assumed command after Harmar's de- feat, continuing the fort as headquarters of the army. Captain William Henry Harrison, whose earliest military life was identified with the fort, was in command from 1795 until his resignation, three years thereafter. Cap- tain Edward Miller was commandant in May and June, 1799; but how long before and after we have been unable to ascertain. The next year Lieutenant Peter Shiras "held the fort," and he is the last of the post comman- ders of whom we have certain information, though Major Zeigler doubtless came near him as post commandant, either before or after that date. OTHER OFFICERS. One of General Harmar's letters, dated June 9, 1790, furnishes a full roster of the commissioned officers then at the fort. They were: General Harmar, Captain Ferguson, Captain Strong, Captain M'Curdy, Captain Beatty, Lieutenant Armstong, Lieutenant Kerney (Kear- sey?), Lieutenant Ford, Lieutenant Pratt, Lieutenant Denny, Ensign Sedam, Ensign Hartshorn, Ensign Thomp. son, Doctor Allison. Some of these, as Sedam, Allison, and one or two others, will be recognized as well known names in the annals of Cincinnati. ABANDONMENT. In 1803 the United States acquired, by gift and pur- chase, from General James Taylor, a part of the ground upon which Newport barracks were built and now stand. General Charles Scott acted for the Government, took the deed and paid the purchase money. The barracks were ready for the reception of the troops the next year, when Fort Washington was evacuated and its garrison transferred to the opposite shore. The history of Fort Washington is thenceforth quite uneventful, though some noted citizens of Cincinnati, as Dr. William Goforth and his promising young student, Daniel Drake, from time to time occupied rooms or dwellings in it. THE BREAK-UP. In 1808, in pursuance of an order of Congress, the military reservation at Cincinnati was condemned and ordered to be sold with the structures thereon. General Jared Mansfield, then surveyor-general of the Northwest, was directed to supervise the sale. He had the tract of fifteen acres subdivided into lots and sold in early March through the land office at Cincinnati. The old site of the fort, near the Trollopean Bazaar, is now among the most thickly built districts of the city. The demolition and sale of the buildings took place on St. Patrick's Day, March 17, was at public vendue and attended by the entire population of the city and vicinity, who made a gala-day of the event. Little of the material was valuable except for firewood, and much of it was sold for this purpose. Colonel Stephen McFarland, father of the venerable Isaac B. McFarland, who is still residing on Park street and well remembers this day, lived adjacent to the fort, and bought the logs of the cabins between it and Artificers' Yard, which fed his fires for some years. Mr. Joseph Coppin, of Pleasant Ridge, late president of the Cincinnati Pioneer association, was also present at the sale and thus describes a ludicrous inci- dent of it: During the taking down of the fort, two men got into a fight, and upset a barrel of soft soap. Here they were down in soap, and then in the dirt; and when the people thought they had fought enough and were fit for the river, they marched them down to the tune of the "Rogue's March," and in the river they had to go and wash off in presence of the crowd that followed. NOTES AND INCIDENTS. The first well in Cincinnati was dug at the fort in 1 79 1, by an eccentric wanderer calling himself John Robert Shaw, who afterwards published a little book in Kentucky, giving an account of his adventures,, with rude illustrations, probably designed and executed by himself. He was called by the early settlers "the water-witch," from his skill in divining water by the forked rod, and was sent for from long distances to find it. So late as 1802, a book published in Paris, entitled Voyage a la Louisiane, par B D , gives Fort O/J c HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 4i ashington a place by name upon the map prefixed, but no Cincinnati appears, nor either of the Miami rivers. Upon other old maps Fort Washington is sometimes given as a locality in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, which is also set down, but generally in its proper place. In 1789 two soldiers, named John Ayers and Matthew Ratmore, were shot at the southeast corner of the fort, for desertion. These were the first executions in the place. In a description of Cincinnati, as he first saw the vil- lage in February, 1791, the Rev. Oliver M. Spencer in- cludes the following notice of the fort: On the top and about eighty feet distant from the brow of the second bank, facing the river, stood Fort Washington, occupying nearly all the ground between Third and Fourth streets, and between Ludlow street and Broadway. This fort, of nearly a square form, was simply a wooden fortification, whose four sides or walls, each about one hun- dred and eighty feet long, were constructed of hewed logs, erected into barracks two stories high, connected at the corners by high pickets, with bastions or block-houses, also of hewed logs and projecting about ten feet in front of each side of the fort, so that the cannon piaced • within them could be brought to rake its walls. Through the centre of the south side or front of this fort was the principal gateway, a passage through this line of barracks about twelve feet wide and ten feet high, secured by strong wooden doors of the same dimensions. Appended to the fort on its north side, and enclosed with high palisades extend- ing from its northeast and northwest corners to a block-house, was a small triangular space; in which were constructed shops for the accom- modation of the artificers. Extending along the whole front of the fort was a fine esplanade, about eighty feet wide and enclosed with a hand- some paling on the brow of the bank, the descent from which to the lower bottom was sloping, sbout thirty feet. The front and sides of the fort were whitewashed, andat a small distance presented a handsome and imposing appearance. On the eastern side were the officers' gar- dens, finely cultivated, ornnmented with beautiful summer houses, and yielding in their season abundance of vegetables. * Judge Burnet gives the following account of the fort, as he remembered seeing it first in 1795 : In Cincinnati, Fort Washington was the most remarkable object. That rude but highly interesting structure stood between Third and Fourth streets produced, east of Eastern row, now Broadway, which was then a two-pole alley, and was the eastern boundary of the town, as originally laid out. It was composed of a number of strongly built, hewed log cabins, a story and a half high, calculated for soldiers' barracks. Some of them, more conveniently arranged and belter fin- ished, were intended for officers' quarters. They were so placed as to form a hollow square of about an acre of ground, with a strong block- house at each angle. It was built of large logs, cut from the ground on which it stood, which was a tract of fifteen acres, reserved by Con- gress in the law of 1792, for the accommodation of the garrison. The Artificers' Yard was appended to the fort, and stood on the bank of the river, immediately in front. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied as work- shops and quarters for laborers. Within the enclosure there was a large, two-story frame house, familiarly called the 'yellow house,' which was the most commodious and best-finished edifice in Cincinnati. On the north side of Fourth street, immediately behind the fort, Colonel Sargent, secretary of the Territory, had a convenient frame house and a spacious garden, cultivated with care and taste. On the east side of the fort Dr. Allison, the surgeon-general of the army, had a plain frame dwelling in the centre of a large lot, cultivated as a garden and fruitery, and which was called "Peach Grove.". The anniversary of Washington's birthday, February 22, 1791, was celebrated by a ball at the fort, preceded by an exhibition of fireworks, the booming of cannon, discharge of rockets, and other demonstrations of joy and honor. The rule at the fort must have been at times pretty *This is undoubtedly the source from which Mr, Cist drew his de- scription. 6 severe, if one may judge from the closing part of a letter written by General Wilkinson, May 11, 1792, while he was commandant of the fort, to' Captain John Armstrong, commanding at Fort Hamilton. He thus instructs Armstrong : Should any men desert you, the scouts are to take the track, pursue, overtake, and make prisoners of them ; and for every one so appre- hended and brought back, you may engage them twe nty dollars, If the deserter is discovered making for the enemy, it will be well for the scout to shoot him and bring his head to you ; for which allow forty dollars. One head lopped off in this way and set upon a pole on the pajade might do lasting good in the way of deterring others. ViSociety in the infant Cincinnati largely took its tone from the official society in Fort Washington. Here, it must be remembered, were quartered, at various times, four eminent commanders of the American army, under the President — Generals Harmar, St. Clair, Wayne and Wilkinson. In the staffs of these men, and in more immediate command of the troops, were officers of culture and polished manners, some of European education, many of luxurious habits. The living at the officers' mess tables was generous. It is shrewdly sus- pected that St. Clair's defeat was due quite as much to his gastronomic indulgences as to any misconduct of his men or officers; for he was so afflicted with the gout during his campaign that he had to be carried in a litter to the fatal fiekl, and was quite incapable of the most efficient action.]* General Wilkinson, who succeeded him, was a gentlemlm and scholar who delighted in surround- ings of beauty and refinement; and in the schemes for adornment and social pleasure he was ably and cordially seconded by his wife. Here, in the wilds of the west, besides frequent balls and other festivities at the fort, Wilkinson had a superb barge built and decorated as a pleasure-boat, upon which he gave banquets and other entertainments to his officers and friends. Mr. H. M. Brackenridge, author of Recollections of Persons and Places in the West, saw this barge in its heyday, and thus writes of it: The general's lady and several ladies and gentlemen were on board of the boat, which was fitted up in a style of convenience, and even magnificence, scarcely surpassed by-the present steamboats. It was propelled against the stream by twenty-five or thirty men, sometimes with the pole, by the cotdelle, and often by the oar. There was also a band of musicians on board, and the whole had the appearance of a mere party of pleasure. My senses were overpowered — it seemed an Elysium! The splendor of the furniture, the elegance of the dresses, and then the luxuries of the table, to a half-starved creature produced an effect which cannot easily be described. Every repast was a royal banquet, and such delicacies were placed before me as I had never seen, and in sufficient abundance to satiate my insatiable appetite. The general's countenance was continually lighted up with smiles, and he seemed the /acre le bouheur of all around him. It seemed to be his business to make every one happy. And Herr Klauprecht writes, in his German Chronicle of the History of the Ohio Valley: His lady, a charming being, assisted her husband in a truly estim- able manner, by enlivening the entertainments with the sprightliness and grace of her amiable soul. Judge Burnet also writes, in his Notes on the Settle- ment of the Northwestern Territory : During a large portion of the year!" they had to endure the fatigues and privations of the wilderness; and as often as they returned from those laborious excursions, they indulged most freely in the delicacies of high living. Scarcely a day passed without a dinner-party, at which 42 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the best of wine and of other liquors, and the richest viands furnished by the country and by commerce, were served up in great profusion and in fine taste. Genteel strangers who visited the place, were generally invited to their houses and their sumptuous tables. Atone of those sumptuous dinners, given by Angus Mcintosh, the bot- tom of every wine-glass on the table had been broken off, to prevent what was called heel-taps; and during the evening many toasts were given, which the company were required to drink in bumpers. CHAPTER VII. CINCINNATI'S FIRST DECADE. (Tl SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY. (The great local events which opened this year were the visit of -Governor St. Clair, the consequent erection of Hamilton as the second county in the Northwest Territory, and the re-christening of the chief town of the Miamis as its county-seat and the prospective capital of the Territory.! Let it be borne in mind, however, that Hamilton county was not in being, and that Cincinnati was LosantivTTle, so far as public knowledge, at least, was concerned, during the first three days of this year. The testimony is express to the effect that the Gov- ernor arrived at Fort Washington January 2d, sent for Judge Symmes to North Bend the next day, and on the fourth issued his proclamation erecting " this Purchase into a county," as Symmes said, at the same time that he, as the judge put it in another letter, "made Losantiville the county-town by the name of Cincinnata, so that Lo- santiville will become extinct." It is altogether probable that while St. Clair left to Symmes the designation of the county (and the judge, in a letter cited below, seems also to claim the re-christening of Losantiville), he assumed himself the entitling of its seat of justice, the Queen City to-be, . and named it from the famous society of which both himself and Colonel- Hamilton were members — that society which, in the old words, was " instituted by the Officers of the American Army at the Period of its Dissolution, as well to commemorate .the great event which gave Independence to North America, as for the Laudable Purpose of inculcating the Duty of laying down in Peace Arms assumed for public Defence, and of uniting in Acts of brotherly affection and Bonds of Per- petual Friendship the members constituting the same.'' This society received its name, as is well known, from Cincinnatus, the noble Roman agriculturist who, 458 b. c, was called from his plow to become the Dictator of Rome, in a great public emergency. Its honors are still shared by a few citizens of the metropolis whose greatness has helped to give its name renown — gentlemen who have the blood of Revolutionary heroes. Only seven other places in the United States or in the world bear the same title — in Washington county, Arkansas; Pike coun- ty, Illinois; Greene county, Indiana; Appanoose county, Iowa; Ralls county, Missouri; Pawnee county, Nebraska; and Walker county, Texas; — all wholly unimportant places, except for their great name. There is also a Cin- cinnatus in Cortland couny, New York. A paragraph may well enough be given here to Judge Symmes' spelling of the word as Cincinnata. He retained this in the date-line of such of his letters as wsre written from this place, and in other of his writings, for some years, when he adopted the orthography which has always been standard. His letters of 1795 bear the heading "Cincinnati." Long before this he was troubled with doubts as to the word, whose spelling seems to have been the result of his own reasonings and inventions, prompted by his classical knowledge, rather than to rest upon any recognized authority. In a letter of his, dated June 19, 179T, having written the word once in his epistle, he diverges from his topics of business into the following excursus: Having mentioned Cincinnata, I beg, sir, you will inquire of the liter- ati in Jersey whether Cincinnata or Cincinnati be most proper. The design I had in giving that name to the place was in honor of the Order of Cincinnati, and to denote the chief place of their residence; and, so far as my little acquaintance with cases and genders extends, I think the name of a town should terminate in the feminine gender where it is not perfectly neuter. Cincinnati is the title of the order of knighthood and cannot, I think, be the place where the knights of the order dwell! I have frequent combats in this country on this subject, because most men spell the place with ti, when I always do with ta. Please to set me right, if I am wrong. You have your Witherspoons and Smiths, and indeed abound in characters in whose decision I shall acquiesce. Well reasoned, no doubt, from the. standpoint of the linguist and the expert in geographical nomenclature; but the voice of the vast majority, he confesses, was against him, and the usage in favor of Cincinnati soon became too strong for him to resist. ( January 4, 1790, Losantiville was no more, and Cin- cinnati, as a "name to live," began. The wheels of civil government were soon in motion ; the courts of justice began to sit; the little community came readily under the forms of law and order; and the great career of the Queen City, in a humble way, was opened.] The gov- ernor remained at the fort during three days, received the compliments and respects of such of the citizens as chose to call and pay them, completed his schedule of civil and military appointments, and then re-entered his barge and went on his tedious way to Marietta. One day before St. Clair issued his proclamation estab- lishing the county of Hamilton, Benjamin VanCleve be- came a resident of Cincinnati, remaining here until his re- moval to Dayton early in 1796. He was a prominent and valued citizen, and has left important contributions to the memoirs of his times, in the clear and well-written mem- oranda he then made, some of which have been published in the second volume of the American Pioneer. He thus notes the arrival here, wfth other items of interest: We landed at Losantiville, opposite the mouth of Licking river, on the third day of January, 1790. Two small, hewed-log houses had been erected, and several cabins. General Harmar was employed in building Fort Washington, and commanded Strong's, Pratt's, Kearsey's, and Kingsbury's companies of infantry, and Ford's artillery. A few days after this Governor St. Clair appointed officers, civil and military, for the Miami country. His proclamation, erecting the county of Hamil- ton, bears date January 2,* 1790, on the day of his arrival. Mr. Tap- pan [Tapping], who came down with us, and who remained only a short time, and William McMillan, esq., were appointed justices of the peace for this town, of which the governor altered the name from Lo- santiville to Cincinnati. Mr. Van Cleve served in the quartermaster's depart- * It was not issued, however, until the fourth. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 43 ment in St. Clair's unfortunate campaign; but, contrary to the custom of quartermasters' employes, fought bravely in the action, and got away with much difficulty, though unharmed. The next spring he was sent by Colonel Wilkinson, on horseback, as an express to the seat of government at Philadelphia by way of Lexington and "the Crab Orchard," reckoned in his instructions as "the most direct route to Philadelphia," whence he brought dispatches from General Knox, Secretary of War, to General Wayne, then at Pittsburgh. He was at Dayton in November, 1795, when the place was laid off by Colo- nel Ludlow, and drew town lots for himself and several others in a lottery held by the proprietors, engaging to move thither the next spring, which he did, reaching there with several other persons, including two families, in a large pirogue from Cincinnati. He says in his diary: "I raised a good crop of corn this year. In the meantime flour cost me nine dollars a barrel, and corn meal a dol- lar a bushel in Cincinnati, and the transportation to Day- ton was two dollars and a half per hundred weight." In April, 1797, he removed to Little Beaver creek, seven miles from Dayton. In 1801 he was appointed to take returns of all taxable property in Dayton township, which then included a large tract, as elsewhere noted. In the War of 1812-15, he commanded a company of riflemen, and received orders direct from Governor Meigs, May 26, 1812, to march to the frontiers west of the Miamis, and assist the frontier inhabitants in erecting block-houses and otherwise preparing for their defense. He never re- turned to reside in Cincinnati. I On St. Patrick's day of this year, March 17th, by a tra- oitien generally received, the first white child was born here — William Moody, son of a baker from Marietta — in a cabin on the southwest corner of Fourth and Main streets. J He is so considered by Mr. Julius Dexter, secretary of the Historical society, in his introductory note to King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati; and when he was sergeant- at-arms to the city council, he was always mentioned in the city reports and the Directory as "the first white child born in Cincinnati." He died in the early spring of 1879, shortly after passing his eighty-ninth year, and was made the subject of the following remarks in the mayor's message of that year: Within a few days has died, on Barr street, William Moody, who, as extraordinary as it may appear, was generally accredited with being the first white child born in this city. Mr. Moody was born in a log cabin which stood not far from the corner of Fourth and Main streets. Cin- cinnati, or Los-anti-ville, as it was* then called, consisted of a few log cabins mostly located south of Third street, and had a population of less than two hundred people, the soldiers stationed in Fort Washington included; yet this child grew to manhood and lived long enough to see Cincinnati become the Queen City of the West, teeming with an active, energetic, thrifty population of over three hundred thousand people. How hard it is to realize the fact that such wonderful, marvelous changes could take place within the lifetime of a single citizen. Mr. Moody did not wear the honor unchallenged, however. Claims have been put forward in behalf of another, of whom, in a public address, after remarking that the infant village, in its first year, began to be a vil- lage of infants, Dr. Drake said: "The eldest-born, of a broad and brilliant succession, was David Cummins, whose name is appropriately perpetuated in our little neighbor Cumminsville, the site of which was then a sugar-tree wood, with groves of papaw and spice-wood bushes." He was born in a log cabin, in front of the present site of the Burnet house; but at what date we know not. He is probably the same one who is men- tioned in Timothy Flint's Indian Wars of the West as John Cummins, and as the first white born here. It is also claimed in Nelson's Suburban Homes, published in 1873, that the first child born of white parents here was she who became Mrs. Kennedy, aunt of Mrs. Dunn of Madisonville, and daughter of Samuel Kitchell. Judge Carter, too, in his late book on the Old Court House, in a paragraph devoted to Major Daniel Gano, so long clerk of the courts here, avers that "he was, I believe, among the first white children, if not the very first white child, born in the city of Cincinnati." It is not probable the person lives who can definitely decide this knotty ques- tion of precedence. The first marriage ceremonies in Cincinnati were per- formed this year by 'Squire William McMillan. He united two couples in 1790, and several more in 1791. His first marriages were Daniel Shoemaker and Miss Elsy Ross (called Alice Ross in Flint's book), Darius C. Or- cutt and Miss Sally McHenry. The next wedded couple were Peter Cox and Miss Francis McHenry. Mr. Cox was killed soon after by the Indians. The records of the general court of quarter sessions of the peace, to which transactions of such grave importance to the State were then required to be reported, do not exhibit these unions, but do set out the weddings of Benjamin Orcutt and Ruth Reynolds, of Columbia, by Judge McMillan, March. 17, 1790; and of Joseph Kelly, of Cincinnati, and Keziah Blackford, of Columbia, April 22d, by 'Squire John S. Gano; besides two Columbia couples wedded through the agency of the latter. It was a very hopeful beginning for Hymen in the little hamlet. On the Fourth of July, a national salute of thirteen guns was fired from the fort, and there was a special mili- tary parade in honor of the day. In September came Samuel Dick, his wife and two small children, from Washington county, Pennsylvania. He was one of the party that marched to relieve Dun- lap's station the next January, when beleaguered by the Indians. He purchased the lot at the northeast corner of Front and Walnut, and built himself a residence upon it. He also bought other lots and various property, opened a grocery, engaged afterwards in forwarding sup- plies to Fort Hamilton and other forts in the interior, and also kept a tavern in his house. He did not, how- ever, become a permanent resident, but in 1801 removed to Indian Creek, Butler county, where he died August 4, 1846. In October, from Stony Hill, New Jersey, came Eze- kiel Sayre and family — four sons and two daughters — one of whom, Huldah, afterwards became the wife of the esteemed Colonel John S. Wallace, and survived until November 29, 1850, being at the time of her death the oldest continuous resident of Cincinnati. Mr. Sayre ul- timately removed to Reading, in this county. He was the father of Major Pierson Sayre, a soldier of the Revo- 44 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. lution, who removed from Pennsylvania to Butler county in 1809, and presently to Cincinnati, where he suc- ceeded Isaac Anderson in keeping the "Green Tree'' inn. He did not remain long, however, but returned to Butler county, where he became sheriff and filled other offices, living to a great age. He died about April 4, 1852. Benjamin, another son of Ezekiel Sayre, became sheriff of Warren county. The same month Colonel John Riddle came also from New Jersey. He worked at his trade of blacksmith for a few years, and earned enough, mainly by shoeing horses for the garrison at Fort Washington, to buy from Judge Symmes, at sixty-seven cents an acre, a section of land then two miles northwest o*' the village, but now embraced in the city. ne corner of his tract was near the site of the Brighton House. Here he settled in 1793, and lived the remainder of his years in the same house, surviving until June 17, 1847. C About forty families in all were added to the popula- tion this year, and about the same number of dwellings, among which were two frame housesTj There were now in the village two blacksmiths, two carpenters, one shoe- maker, one tailor, and one mason. The progress of the place alarmed the great Miami Purchaser at his un- promising home down the river, and he wrote in a let- ter of November 4, 1790: The advantage is prodigious which this town is gaining over North Bend. Upwards of forty framed and hewed log two-story houses have been and are building since last spring. One builder sets an example for another, and the place already assumes the appearance of a town of some respectability. The inhabitants have doubled within nine months past. This progress, however, was not unalloyed with sor- row and loss. The Indian depredations were fearful, and cost the infant Cincinnati fifteen to twenty lives. Judge Symmes this year laid out an addition of town lots on the fractional section twelve, next east of the en- tire section eighteen, upon which Cincinnati, in part, was originally laid out.^JThe streets through them on this, the east side of Broadway, were but sixty feet wide, some diverging from a north and south line forty-four degrees, and the streets intersecting these running east and west on lines parallel with the general course of the river. The directory of 1819 follows its summary of the simple statistics of this year in the little settlement in the woods, opposite the Licking, with this interesting paragraph : About twenty acres in different parts of the town were planted with corn. The corn, when ripe, was ground in hand-mills. Flour, bacon, and other provisions, were chiefly imported. Some of the inhabitants brought with them a few light articles of household furniture, but many were mostly destitute. Tables were made of planks, and the want of chairs was supplied with blocks; the dishes were wooden bowls and trenchers. The men wore hunting-shirts of linen and linsey-woolsey, and round them a belt, in which were inserted a tomahawk and scalping- knife. Their moccasins, leggings, and pantaloons were made of deer skins. The women wore linsey-woolsey, manufactured by themselves. The greatest friendship and cordiality existed among the inhabitants, and a strong zeal for each other's safety and welfare. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-ONE. The Rev. Oliver M. Spencer, in the little book on his Indian captivity, thus describes the village as he saw it on his first visit, soon after the advent of his father and family at Columbia : About the twenty-second of February, 1791, when I first saw it, it contained not more than forty dwellings, all log cabins, and not exceed- ing two hundred and fifty inhabitants. In the southeastern part of the town, near the site of his present dwelling, stood the cabin of Mr. D. E. Wade, in the midst of the forest trees, and just below, on the first bank, between the mouth of Deer creek and Lawrence street, were scattered among the trees four or five more cabins. Between Eastern row (a narrow street now enlarged into Broadway) and Main street, on Front and Columbia streets, there were about twenty log houses; and on Sycamore and Main, principally on the second bank or hill, as it was called, there were scattered about fifteen cabins more. At the foot of this bank, extending across Broadway and Main streets, were large ponds, on which, as lately as the winter of 1798, I have seen boys skat- ing. All the ground from the foot of the second bank to the river be- tween Lawrence street and Broadway, and appropriated to the fort, was an open space on which, although no trees were left standing, most of their large trunks were still lying. His description of Fort Washington, omitted here, will be found in our chapter on that work. At this time, says another writer, there was but one frame dwelling in Cincinnati, which belonged to Israel Ludlow, and stood at the lower end of Main street. The room in front was occupied as a store. Matthew Winton kept tavern on Front street, nearly opposite to David E. Wade, rather to the west. Ezekiel Sayre was exactly opposite Wade. John Barth kept the first store in Cincinnati. This was on the site of the present Cin- cinnati hotel, and was a hipped-roof frame house. A German named Becket had a dram-shop opposite Plum street, between Front street and the river bank. John S. Wallace resided on Front street, below Race. Joel Wil- liams kept tavern at Latham's corner. The twenty-second of February is celebrated in grand style this year by officers at the fort, in salutes from the cannon, the discharge of rockets and other firearms, and a ball in the evening, which was attended by at least a dozen ladies from the village and Columbia. In November the fort had a noteworthy arrival in the person of one William Henry Harrison, a young medical student from Virginia, who had been studying in Phila- delphia, but had decided to enter the army, and secured a humble appointment as ensign in the Sixteenth United States infantry. He was but a mere stripling, not yet nineteen years of age; and was at first coldly received by his fellow-officers, to whom he was a total stranger, and who had recommended another to the place he had obtained. He won his way in all good time, however. The next year he was promoted to lieutenant, in the spring of 1793 became an aid on the staff of General Wayne, and was made a captain in 1794, after the bat- tle of the Fallen Timbers. He will appear in this history hereafter. f Legal temperance gets its first record in Cincinnati this year. On the fourth of July Joseph Saffin receipted to Squire McMillan, justice of the peace, for sixteen dol- lars, received by his honor, in full of a fine imposed by him upon Reuben Read, of Cincinnati, on the informa- tion of Saffin, who thereby became entitled to it, upon the charge of "selling spirituous liquors contrary to an act of the Terrkory of the United States, Northwest of the river Ohio."\ (jThis was thtfyear of St Clair's disastrous defeat ; and the savages, before and after that affair, committed many HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OIHO. 45 depredations in and about the village. ) Mr. Benjamin Van Cleve, who was a young man here that year, has left the following notes in his memoranda: The Indians had now become so daring as to skulk through the streets at night and through the gardens around Fort Washington, Besides many hairbreadth escapes, we had news daily of persons killed on the Little Miami or on the Great Miami, or between the settlements. One morning a few persons started in a pirogue to go to Columbia, and the Indians killed most of them a little above the mouth of Deer creek, within hearing of the town. David Clayton, one of the killed, was one of our family.* On the twenty-first of May, 1791, the Indians fired on my father, when he was at work on his out-lot in Cincinnati, and took prisoner Jo- seph Cutter, within a few yards of him. The alarm was given by hal- looing from lot to lot until it reached town. I had just arrived from Leach's [Leitch's] station. The men in town were running to the pub- lic ground, and I there met with one who saw the Indians firing on my father. I asked if any would proceed with me, and pushed on with a few young men without halting. We, however, met my father after running a short distance, and got to the ground soon after the Indians had secured Cutter. While we were finding the trail of the Indians on their retreat, perhaps fifty persons had arrived, most of whom joined in the pursuit. But by the time we had gained the top of the river hills we had only eight. Cutter had lost one of his shoes, so that we could frequently distinguish his track in crossing water courses, and we found there was an equal number of Indians. We were stripped, and a young dog belonging to me led us on the trace, and generally kept about a hundred yards ahead. We kept them on the full run until dark, thinking we sometimes discovered the shaking of the bushes. We came back to Cincinnati that night, and they only went two miles fur- ther from where our pursuit ceased. The next day they were pursued again, but not overtaken. On the first day of June my father was killed by them. He was stabbed in five places, and scalped. Two men that were at the out-lot with him when the Indians showed themselves, ran before him towards the town. He passed them at about three hundred yards, the Indians being in pursuit behind ; but another, as it was supposed, had con- cealed himself in the brush of a fallen tree-top between them and the town. As my father was passing it, a naked Indian sprang upon him. My father was seen to throw him ; but at this time the Indian was plunging his knife into his heart. He took a small scalp off and ran. The men behind came up immediately ; but my father was already dead. f There was not much increase in the population of Cincinnati this year — about half of the male adult pop- ulation was out in the army; and many were killed in conflicts with the Indians, while the successive defeats of Harmar and St. Clair had discouraged immigration, and frightened some of the settlers away from "the Miami slaughter-house," a number going over into Kentucky. No new manufactures were started in the place, except a horse-mill for grinding corn/\ It stood below Fourth street, near Main, and the Presbyterians sometimes held their meetings in it, when they could not/neet in the open air, their house not yet being built. (/Prices were high — flour ten dollars per barrel, salt eight, and town property was still very low. Lot thirteen, on the original town-plat, was sold this year to Major Ferguson for eleven dollars. It comprised one hundred feet on Broadway by two hundred on Fourth, at the southwest corner of these streets^ Theapparently slight tenures by which property now of enormous value was held by some of its early posses- sors — tenures becoming strong enough, however, when confirmed by twenty-one years' undisputed possession — are illustrated hy the following exceedingly brief warranty- deed and assignment. It will be observed that the as- signment made by Mr. Cook does not even name the as- *This did not occur until the next year. signee, and that the year of date is not given in the lead- ing instrument. The property thus simply conveyed comprises one hundred feet by two hundred on Sycamore street between Third and Fourth, and is now, of course, exceedingly valuable: Know all men by these presents that I, Jonathan Fitts, do hereby bind myself, my heirs, etc. , to hold and defend to Peyton Cook my right, title, and claim to a town lot in Cincinnati, viz: No. 61. The right of said lot to said Fitts have by these presents vested in said Cook, for value received, this 28th August. Test. John Vance. Jonathan Fitts. (Endorsed) I do hereby assign my right and title to the within said lot for value received, as witness my hand and seal this 25th Jan., 1791. Testas, B. Brown. Peyton Cook. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-TWO. On the twelfth of February occurred the first serious affray which disgraced the town. Lieutenant Thomas Pastern, of the garrison, had a quarrel with Bartle, the storekeeper, whose place was where the old Spencer house now stands, and beat him severely. Bartle prosecuted his assailant; and his attorney, one Blan- chard, was so severe upon the officer and showed him up in such a contemptible character that his ire was excited anew, and he brought a sergeant and thirty soldiers from the fort to whip the lawyer and his defend- ers. An affray of some magnitude was the result. It occurred on Main street, in and about the office of the justice, William McMillan. The soldiers were met by about eighteen citizens and a number of the militia, the squire and Colonel John Riddle being prominent in the melee, and were driven away after a sharp contest. The affair caused great excitement in the village and at the fort. General Wilkinson, then commandant, reduced the sergeant to the ranks, and issued a general order deprecating the unhappy occurrence. The lieutenant was tried at the next quarter-sessions, and fined three dollars. But for his orders to the soldiers to make the attack, they would have been included in the punishment inflicted by Williamson. /This year is rather celebrated for "first things." The First Presbyterian church, or church of any kind here was put up, as will be more fully related hereafter. The first execution under sentence of the courts occurred that of James Mays, for murder, executed by Sheriff John Ludlow. The first school was opened, with thirty pupils. The first ferry between Cincinnati and Newport was opened, by Captain Robert Benham, whose-lk#nse fii2mj]ie-terut©riaijwthe«ties-Ji^^ XTXTPart-t- The first great flood since the settlement began occurred, flooding the entire Bottom to the average depth of five feet, and drowning out many of the inhabi- tants. \ The Fourth of July was celebrated by thirteen rounds from the cannon of the fort in the morning and again at noon; the troops were paraded and had a special drill; there wereadinner and toasts, witrfmore cannon- firing; and at night a brilliant exhibition of fireworks and aJsall. (^Between forty and fifty immigrants arrived in Cincin- nati this year, and several-ignore cabins, with three or four frame houses, were put up.) In this year Mr. James Fer- guson, who had been out in Harmar's campaign as a vol- 4 6 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. unteer/lopened a store on the corner of Third and Syca- more streets, for general merchandizing. Nearly all kinds of goods were then procured from Philadelphia. They were sent for or gone for by the merchant in per- son over the only road to that city which then existed to Cincinnati, by way of Lexington, Danville, and Crab Orchard to Cumberland Gap, thence northwest through Abingdon, Stanton, Winchester, and Baltimore, and were received by wagons to Brownsville and thence by the river to Cincinnati; taking a month or little less for each way, going and returning. Four to five months were usually required for the procurement of stocks from Philadelphia^ James Smith, or "Sheriff Smith," as he was commonly known, came this year from Cumberland county, Penn- sylvania, with James Findlay, and continued the associa- tion with him by forming the well-known pioneer mer- cantile firm of Smith & Findlay, which was maintained until about 1802. Their store was in the old quarter, on Front street, near the foot of Broadway. Mr. Smith was appointed sheriff some years after his arrival, and held the office until the State was formed, when he was elected to it by the people, and held this important post in all about eight years. He was also, for a part of this time, collector of taxes in the county, and of the Fed- eral revenues for the Northwest Territory. He further acted as Governor St. Clair's private secretary, was cap- tain of the first company of light infantry formed in Cin- cinnati, and a paymaster in the War of 1812-15, and was in Fort Meigs during the siege by the British and In- dians. McBride's Pioneer Biography says : "Indeed, he was among the foremost of the early settlers as respects character, influence, and capacity for business, and pos- sessed in a large degree that public confidence most highly prized by gentlemen, the trust reposed in an hon- est man." He removed from Cincinnati in 1805, to a farm near Hamilton, and died there in 1834. He was the father of the Hon. Charles Killgore Smith, who was born here February 15, 1799, and lived a highly distin- guished career in Butler county and Minnesota Territory, of which he was secretary, and for some months acting governor. Mr. Findlay was a native of Pennsylvania, and a man of unusual strength of mind and character. After the land office was established here in i8or, he was ap- pointed receiver, and served for many years, until his resignation. He was made, a few years after the date given, major general commanding the first division of Ohio militia, but served as colonel of one of the Buck- eye regiments in the War of 181 2, and was at Hull's surrender. In 1825 he was elected to Congress and re- mained in the House until 1833. He also held accept- ably a number of minor offices under the State and gen- eral Governments. Mr. Asa Holcomb, a well-known citizen of the early day, was among the arrivals of this year; also, Captain Spencer. .--- SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-THREE. In March came another freshet, inundating the whole plain below the hill. Another disaster fell by and by, in a terrible visitation of the small-pox, after the encamp- ment of Wayne's army at Hobson's Choice and its de- parture for the north. Nearly one-third of the citizens 1 and the soldiers left in the garrison died of the scourge^/ One of the early traders in Cincinnati — who had, how- ever, but a transient residence here — was Matthew Hues- ton, who landed on the seventeenth of April, in this year. He was a Virginia tanner, and had accumulated a small property, which he invested in wares, principally leather goods, for a trading voyage down the Ohio. He left part of them to be sold in Cincinnati, and pushed on to the falls with the rest. Returning here shortly, he sold out what stock he had left, about three hundred dollars, worth, to a ]Mr. McCrea, who cleared out a few days after, carrying all the goods with him, and leaving Mr. Hueston without either goods or the money for them. Hueston took work for a few weeks in the tannery after- ward Jesse Hunt's, and then engaged with Robert and William McClellan, pack-horse masters for Wayne's army, to assist in conducting a brigade of pack-horses to Fort Jefferson. He subsequently served as commissary in the army, resigning in 1795 and for a year pursuing the business of a sutler and general trader. He had stores at Greenville and Cincinnati, the one here being in charge of Mr. John Sayre, with whom he had formed a partnership. The business was very lucrative, one to two hundred per cent, profit being realized on many articles. Mr. Hueston's property soon amounted to twelve or fif- teen thousand dollars, which was swept away, as he alleged, by the misconduct of Sayre, who squandered the means of the firm by intemperance and gambling , and finally sold the remaining stock and ran away, leav- ing Hueston to pay the partnership debts. This he did, so far as he was able, and began the world anew by driv- ing a large herd of cattle through the wilderness to Detroit, at two dollars and fifty cents a head. He got all through safely, and returned to Cincinnati within forty days. Other gains here enabled him to pay the remain- ing debts of Hueston & Sayre, and to buy a two hundred acre tract of land, near Hamilton, upon which he settled and kept a tavern for several years. He died at his later residence on Four Mile creek, Butler county, April 16, 1847. In the same month arrived David McCash, a Scotch- man from Mason county, Kentucky. He bought a settler's right to a log-cabin on Walnut, near Third street, and also an out-lot, paying four dollars for the latter. It was of the usual size, four acres, and covered the ground where Greenwood's foundry and the Bavarian brewery afterwards stood. His oldest sonlWilliam, contrived a rude water-cart of two poles, with a cross-piece in the middle, the upper ends for shafts^, and pegs upon the lower parts to keep the barrel on. \With this apparatus he furnished the first water-supply of the city of Cincinnati. Mr. McCash also made a wheeled cart, which was a curiosity, even in those days, the wheels being of wood, about two and a half feet in diameter and six inches thick. They were fastened to an axle, which revolved in large staples. This was the first of Cincinnati drays. :| On the ninth of November appeared the first news'pa- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 47 per in the city — the Centinel of the Northwest Territory, edited and published by William Maxwell. The next month Mr. Maxwell was made postmaster for the office]) established here December 12th, and opened the office on the west side of Sycamore, near the river bank. February 7th, came the well-known Colonel John Johnston, who was forty years in the service of the Gov- ernment as Indian agent, etc. He survived until the winter of 1 860-1, dying then at the age of eighty-six. Griffin Yeatman came June 20th. He was the father of Thomas H. Yeatman, who was born here July 8, 1805. The first jail was built early this year, on Water street, just west of Main. y<7 Lot seventy-sevenl bne hundred feet on Front by two hundred on Main street, bought in 1789 for two dollars, was tVus year offered by Colonel Gibson for one hundred dollars:^ It was accounted worth two hundred thousand dollars in 1840, and is of course worth much more now. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND Sl*F¥-FOUR. So late as this year, the daring and successful Cincin- nati hunter, John S. Wallace, killed bears and an elk on the Kentucky side. In those days the breasts of wild turkeys were salted, smoked and chipped up for the table like dried beef. On the twenty-second of February the only celebration of the day seems to have been the starting of the first through mail for Pittsburgh, in a canoe. /On the first of August the first line of keel-boats was established between Marietta and Cincinnati. On the twenty-seventh of December the first Masonic lodge here — Nova Caesarea Harmony, No. 2 — was organized. J On the twenty-seventh of May dangerous fires in the woqds were threatening the town, and the citizens had hard work to save their dwell- ings and clearings. In the spring of this year a detachment of Kentucky volunteers, accompanied by about a hundred friendly Indians, encamped on Deer creek, on their route to join Wayne's army. The savages had with them a young woman who had been captured in Western Pennsylvania, and was supposed to have relatives in this place. It proved not to be so; but a man from near Pittsburgh, who happened to be here, knew her, and gave the Indians a barrel of whiskey as a ransom for her. The exchange was effected at a tavern on Broadway, near Bartle's store, and the redskins were soon engaged in a grand drunken frolic. The next day they declared themselves dissatis- fied with the trade, and threatened to take the girl again by force and arms. They were resisted peaceably, but firmly and successfully, by the -friends among whom she had taken refuge, principally Irishmen. A short time afterwards, about fifty Indians came surging down Broad- way, and met the crowd of whites opposite Bartle's store. They were assailed by a shower of loose rocks, followed by an attack with shillelahs, which drove them up the hill. In the thick of this fight was Isaac Anderson, a leading citizen, who had been taken by the Indians in Lowry's de- feat, and had a mortal grudge against the race. Captain Prince sent out a force from the garrison to quell the disturbance; but it was over before the soldiers arrived. Thenceforth the cabins on the east side of Broadway, along the front of which the tide of conflict poured, were known as Battle row, until 1810, when they were pulled down. The girl was restored to her family as soon as possible. At this time a large tract of out-lots, with some in-lots, extending from about Sixth street to the present Court, and from Main street west to the section line, about one hundred acres in all, were enclosed in a Virginia rail fence, with no building whatever upon the entire piece except a small office for Thomas Gowdy, the first lawyer in the place, which was not occupied by him, as being too far out of town. In May one of the lot owners, while burning brush, set fire to the whole clearing, burn- ing the deadened timber and also nearly all the rails of the fence, and threatening closely Gowdy's office. This is reckoned the first fire in Cincinnati. A distinguished addition to local business and society was made this year, in the advent of Francis Menessier, formerly a prominent Parisian jurist and member of the French parliament. He had been banished from France in 1789, in the troubles that preceded the revolution, and joined the Gallipolis colony, whence he came to Cincinnati, where he became a pastry baker and inn- keeper on the southeast corner of Main and Third streets, where the Life and Trust company's building afterwards stood. Hezekiah Flint, one of the original forty-nine who set- tled Marietta, came to Cincinnati April 7, 1794, arifl spent the rest of his life here. He bought a lot one hundred by two hundred feet on Walnut, below Fourth, of James Lyon, for one hundred and fifty dollars. Three years thereafter he sold the same sized lot on the south- east corner of Fourth and Walnut for a stallion worth four hundred dollars. From 1795 to 1800 he cultivated the square between Fourth, Fifth, Walnut and Vine, op- posite the college building, as a cornfield. Daniel Gano and Jonathan Lyon were also among the prominent arrivals of the year. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-FIVE. The town this year contained about five hundred in- habitants, and increased but two hundred and fifty from this time until 1800. It is described at the close of the year as a small village of log cabins, with about fifteen rough, unfinished frame buildings, some of them with stone chimneys. More statistical statements say there were then here ninety-five log cabins and ten frames. A new log jail had been put up at the corner of Walnut and Sixth streets. Not a brick house was yet to be seen here, and it is said that none was put up until 1806, when the St. Clair dwelling, still standing on St. Clair alley, between Seventh and Eighth, was erected with brick brought from Pittsburgh. A frame school-house had been put up, which, with the new Presbyterian church and the new log jail, constituted the public build- ings. The inhabitants were subjected, every summer and fall, to agues and intermittent fevers from the malaria of the swamp still existing at the foot of the upper level, about Main and Sycamore streets. The intersection of 48 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Main and Fifth streets was still a shallow frog-pond, full of alder bushes, and crossed by a rude causeway of logs. It remained for a number of years longer. The officers at the fort, according to Judge Burnet, who came early the next year, were much given to heavy drinking; and he was afterwards able to recall, of all the officers here under Wayne and St. Clair, only Harrison, Ford, Clark, Strong, Shomberg, and a very few others, who were not habitual tipplers. They of course greatly affected the tone of society; and Judge Burnet left on record the statement that, of the lawyers in first practice with him here, nine in number, all ex- cepting his brother died of intemperance. Benjamin Perlee, a Jerseyman, and Jonah Martin were among the immigrants of this year whose names and dates of arrival have been, preserved. In the winter Isaac Anderson came, with his family. He had been here long before, having passed this point with Colonel Laugh- ery's force, in which he was a lieutenant, in T781, on the way to their terrible defeat ten miles below the mouth of the Great Miami, in which every man of the expedi- tion was killed or taken prisoner by the Indians. Ander- son was carried to Canada, but escaped in a remarkable, manner, and reached his home after many wanderings. He is the one who described Cincinnati, as he saw it up- on arrival, as a small village of log cabins, including about fifty rough, unfinished frame houses, with stone chimneys. There was not a brick, he said, in the place. He bought a lot near the northeast corner of Front and Walnut streets, on which there was already a cabin. He afterwards built a large house on the lot, in which he kept a store and tavern, the latter familiarly known to the old settlers as " the Green Tree." He also engaged in brick-making, and in the business of transporting emi- grants and freight into the interior. In i8or, when the public lands west of the Great Miami came into market, he bought a section above the mouth of Indian creek in Butler county, to which he removed about ten years later, and there spent the rest of his life. He lived to an advanced age, dying December 18, 1839, in his eighty- second year. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-SIX. Jacob Burnet came with his brother, George W. Burnet. Another brother, Isaac G. Bui net, came later, and was for many years editor of Liberty Hall — was also mayor of the city. David G. Burnet was still another brother who came early. It is a famous family in the annals of Cincinnati. All were fine scholars, well read in literature, and otherwise liberally educated. George died here after a few years' residence. David emigrated to Texas and rose to distinction, becoming the first president of the Texan Republic. Jacob was then a young man fresh from his professional studies; but soon achieved success at the bar, and early rose to important official stations, becoming finally a senator of the United States and judge of the State supreme court. Soon after his lamented death Mrs. Sigourney, the poetess, wrote of him, in Past Meridian: The sunbeams of usefulness have sometimes lingered to a late period on the heads of those who had taken part in the pioneer hardships of our new settlements. I think of one recently deceased at the age of eighty- five— Judge Burnet — who was numbered among the founders of Ohio, the State which sprang from its cradle with the vigor of a giant. His health had been originally feeble; but the endurance of hardship, and, what is still more remarkable, the access of years, confirmed it. At more than fourscore he moved through the streets with as erect a form, an eye as intensely bright, and colloquial powers as free and fas- cinating as at thirty. When, full of knowledge and benevolence, and with an unimpaired intellect, he passed away, it was felt that not only one of the fathers of a young land had fallen, but that one of the bright and beautiful lights of society had been extinguished. Judge Burnet remarked of the town, when he arrived, that it had made but little progress, either in population or importance, though it contained a larger number of inhabitants than any other American village in the ter- ritory, excepting Marietta; and if the soldiers and others attached to the army were included in the population, it would much exceed that of the older town. He notes his share in the severe sickness of August, 1796, when he lay in a room in Yeatman's tavern, which was at the same time occupied by fifteen or sixteen other persons, all sick. Samuel Stitt, an Irishman from County Down, came in May and settled on the river bank, on the spot afterwards .occupied by Thirkield & Company's and Shoenberger & Company's works. He became purchaser of this lot, sixty by one hundred, with a double frame house there- on, in 1800, for one thousand two hundred dollars. Thirty-three years subsequently he rented the premises on a perpetual lease, for the same sum per year. Before Stitt's purchase it had been bought of Scott Traverse by Colonel Riddle, 1790, for s^xty-six dollars and sixty- seven cents. Mr. Stitt saidfthere was not even a horse- path then on Main street, but a very steep wagon road went up Sycamore, and a cow-path up Broadway. The timber on the town plat had been all cut down. There were no houses between Front and Second streets, except a few one-story frames, as Gibson's store, at the corner of Main and Front, and Ludlow's house on the opposite corner, ■w fai e h — was — rerrted— te — Q~. — &— Bales; — Abov e Re s w'6 plan ' Ci u r g e Guui er kept' a ' la v em . William Ramsey had a store on the corner of the alley below Main, wfaaFe-ferrgtr a T & Taylui wtt fe-roTJg af t er. Isaac Anderson arid Samuel Dick owned and occupied lots west of Front as far as Walnut. William McCann kept a tavern at "Liverpool's corner," and Freeman, the printer, resided between Walnut and Vine. On a pas- ture lot on Deer creek, a little north of Fox's saw-mill, was a large hollow sycamore, which was used as a shel- ter or dwelling by a woman who did washing for the gar- rison. A broken limb, also hollow, served for a chim-- ney. General Wilkinson, commandant at the fort, had a handsome carriage and pair, the only turnout of the kind in the place^ Colonel Taylor, the venerable Newport citizen, still living, says that James Ferguson, who had "been a ser- geant in Wayne's army, was also a merchant here this year. J. W. Browne had a store where Manser's iron estab- lishment was afterwards, and William and Michael Jones had a store across the alley; Duffy had the store next east, and Martin Baum was said to be already here, and "-^:. ■ ■■ ■ /Z&TP^z**- ■^- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 49 in business at Shoenberger & Company's subsequent stand. Major Zeigler had a store adjoining Yeatman's tavern, on the corner of Front and Sycamore. Governor St. Clair this year bought sixty acres in and adjoining the town for fifty dollars an acre, later measured from the canal to Mrs. Mener's line, and from Main to Plum streets. The half of lot seventy-six, on Front, near Main, sold on the thirtieth of September for four dollars. The corner of Main and Fifth, the old drug store corner, was offered for two hundred and fifty dollars. Menessier bought the Trust company lot on Main and Third, one hundred by three hundred, for an old saddle, hardly worth ten dollars. Another lot at the corner of Main and Lower Market, one hundred by two hundred, was offered at two hundred dollars, payable in carpen- ters' work. Salt was six to seven dollars per barrel ; powder one to one dollar and a half per pound ; wheat seventy-five cents to one dollar a bushel; corn thirty- seven and one-half cents; pork fifty to seventy-five cents per hundred, and wild turkeys twelve and one-half to fif- teen cents a pound. Rev. William Burke and Mr. William Saunders were also arrivals of this year. In the fall no less a personage dropped down upon the young Cincinnati than the cele- brated French infidel philosopher, Volney, then on a tour of travel and research in this country, the results of which were embodied in his famous "View." He had made his way through Kentucky on foot, with his wardrobe in an oil-cloth under his arm, crossed the river here, and took lodgings at Yeatman's. He awakened much curiosity, as his fame had preceded him hither, and Governor St. Clair, Judge Burnet, and others, tried to ascertain the object of his visit, but in vain; he was impenetrable. He seems to have made no published record of his visit here, except, perhaps, such undistiriguishable remarks as may have found their way into his "View" in conse- quence. On the twenty-fifth of November, however, arrived a man of different stamp — the Hon. Andrew Ellicott, com- missioner on behalf of the United States for determining the boundary between the Federal domains and those of "his most Catholic Majesty in America," with a large party. One of their boats had been ruined, in the low water then prevailing, by dragging over rocks and shoals; and another was procured here. They staid in Cincin- nati four days. Mr. Ellicott recorded in his journal: Cincinnati was at that time the capital of the Northwestern Territory ; it is situated on a fine high bank, and for the time it has been building it is a very respectable place. The latitude, by a mean of three good observations, is 39° s' 54" north. During our stay we were politely treated by Mr. Winthrop Sargent, Secretary of the Government, and Canlain Harrison, who commanded at Fort Washington. /Another newspaper was started this y tax— Freeman's (journal, by Edmund Freeman ; which was maintained Uintil 1800. J In the early part of March Cincinnati was visited by a young Englishman who afterwards attained much dis- tinction, writing himself at last "F. R. S., President of the Royal Astronomical society." He was Francis Baily, whose life was written by Sir John Herschel, and pub- lished in 1856, with Baily's Jonrnal of a Tour in the Un- settled Parts of North America in 1796 and 1797. We extract the following paragraph : Cincinnati may contain about three or four hundred houses, mostly frame-built. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in some way of bus- iness, of which there is a great deal here transacted, the town being (if you may so call it) the metropolis of the Northwestern Territory. This is the grand depot for the stores which come down for the forts estab- lished on the frontiers, and here is also the seat of government for the Territory, being the residence of the Attorney-General, Judges, etc. , appointed by the President of the United States, for the administration of justice. On the second bank there is a block put up with two rave- lins; and between the fort and the river, and immediately upon the borders of the latter, is the Artificers' Yard, where a number of men are kept con- tinually employed in furnishing the army with mechanical necessaries, such as tubs, kegs, firearms, etc. , etc. On the second bank, not far from the fort, there are the remains of an old fortification, with some mounds not far from it. It is of a circular form, and by walking over it I found the mean diameter to be three hundred and twelve paces, or seven hun- dred and eighty feet, which makes the circumference very near half a mile. There are on the ramparts of it the stumps of some oak trees lately cut down, which measured two feet eight inches diameter, at three feet from the ground. The mounds, which were at but a short distance from it, were of the same construction as those I have de- scribed at Grave creek. The Fourth of July was observed by a dinner at Yeat- man's tavern, and a Federal salute from the guns of the fort. The observance of Independence day was marked by the first of a long series of local casualties occurring in this connection. Mrs. Israel Ludlow, in one of her graceful letters to her father, thus mentions it : Our brilliant Fourth of July celebration was terminated by a sad acci- dent. The party opposed to the governor, glowing with all the heroism of ' ' Seventy-six," mounted a blunderbuss on the bank of the river, and with a few hearts of steel made its shores resound, rivalling in their imagina- tion the ordnance of the garrison ! Delighted with their success, the load was increased in proportion to their enthusiasm ; and when the "Western Territory" was toasted, the gun summoned every power within it, carried its thunder through the Kentucky hills, and burst in pieces ! Major Zeigler, on taking a view of the field reports as follows: Wounded, four men — killed, one gun ! About the same time the Rev. William Kemper offered to sell his place on the Walnut hills, one hundred and fifty-four acres, upon which Lane seminary and many other valuable buildings now stand, for seven dollars per acre. John Mahard came this year. A boy named John McLean, of only twelve years, also landed here, but .pushed his way through the woods on foot, with blanket and provisions on his back, to Warren county, where he made his home the rest of his life, coming finally and for many years to sign himself a justice of the supreme court of the United States. SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-EIGHT. The territorial legislature met in Cincinnati this year for its first session. Winthrop Sargent, secretary of the territory, who had become a well known citizen here, was appointed governor of Mississippi Territory, and Captain William H. Harrison became secretary in his stead. July 4th there was a muster of Captain Smith's and other militia, with Daniel Symmes out as lieutenant col- onel commanding the battalion. John M. Wright, an Irishman from the District of Columbia, arrived and became a trader here. He was a soldier in the War of 181 2-15. Other arrivals of the year were Hugh Moore, Samuel Newell, Ebenezer Pru- 5° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. den, David Kantz, William Legg, and the young lawyer, Nicholas Longworth. The simplicity of trade, and perhaps the occasional scarcity of provisions in the town at this time, are illus- trated by an incident related in McBride's Pioneer Biog- raphy, of a young man from Massachusetts, named Jere- miah Butterfield, who took a voyage in the spring and in a flat-boat down the Ohio, and visited Cincinnati, "which was then but an inconsiderable village, composed mostly of log cabins, with few good brick or frame buildings, containing not more than one thousand inhabitants. It contained one bakery, at which Mr. Butterfield applied for bread to supply the boat's crew; but without success, the baker having but three loaves on hand, and these engaged by other persons." It seems to have been necessary then to engage bread in advance, in order to make sure of it. s SEVENTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETY-NINE. . On the twenty-ninth of May a third newspaper, the j Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, was startedpy James \Carpenter. In it Griffin Yeatman inserted the following unique advertisement: Observe this Notice. I have expended too many expenses attending my pump, and any FAMILY wishing to receive the benefits thereof for the. future may get the same by sending me 25 cents each Monday morning. It is said that this was paralleled June 2, 1801, when two advertisements appeared in the local papers, offering well-water at four dollars per annum to subscribers, pay- able quarterly in advance. Advertisements also appeared in the Spy of hair pow- der and fair-top boots. July 23d, Robert McGennis advertises a runaway apprentice, and offers for his recov- ery a sixpence worth of cucumbers the next December. The times were hard, and dunning advertisements appear in many forms, some of them very comical in their terms, and some regretting that the English language is not strong enough to express the demands of their authors. On the eighteenth of June there are rumors of Indian hostilities, and considerable alarm is excited for some days. On the twenty-fifth of August the governor ad- dresses the legislature of the territory, assembled for its first session. / Business was now done mainly on Main street below f Second, on Front street near the Landrr\g, and on Syca- Imore within a short distance of Front. \ Robert Park, the first hatter in the place, was at theX:orner of Main and Second. In May he advertises hats to exchange for country produce; also that he buys furs, and wants an apprentice on good terms, preferring one from the coun- try. In June the Spy notes the heat on the twentieth as 103° above, which was higher than had been known here since thermometers came in. On the twenty-first the figure was ioo°, an the twenty-second 95", twenty-third 100°, again, twenty-fourth, 101°. It was a genuine "heated term." On the Fourth of July there was a fine celebration. Fort Washington thundered forth the customary salute. The First battalion of the Hamilton county militia paraded at their usual mustering place, and went through their evolu- tions, loading and firing, etc., in a style to elicit the com- pliments of the governor in his subsequent general orders. St. Clair, the garrison and militia officers, and many "re- spectable citizens" dined under a bower prepared for the purpose. Captain Miller's artillery and the martial music of the militia furnished ringing responses to the toasts, which are said to have been in good spirit and taste. Then, says the primitive account, "the gentlemen joined a brilliant assembly of ladies at Yeatman's in town." The Spy for July 23d contained the following note con- cerning a_ well-known citizen of the county: Captain E. Kibby, who sometime since, undertook to cut a road from Fort Vincennes to this place, returned on Monday reduced to a perfect skeleton. He had cut the road seventy miles, when by some means he was separated from his men. After hunting them several days without success, he steered his course this way. He has undergone great hard- ships, and was obliged to subsist on roots, etc. , which he picked up in the woods. Thus far report. The next number contains the obituary of the Rev. Peter Wilson, the first minister who settled in the com- munity. Levi McLean appears before the public from time to time this year in the multiform capacity of jailer, consta- ble, hotel-keeper, butcher, and teacher of vocal music. The only name we are able to record, as that of an arrival for the year, is that of Aaron Lane, from New Jer- sey. He ultimately removed to Springfield township, where he died in 1845. CHAPTER VIII. CINCINNATI TOWNSHIP. Within the decade whose annals have just been passed in review, fell the birth of Cincinnati township, to which was entrusted, for almost twelve years, the government of Cincinnati village, which it of course contained. The township was created, after Columbia, by the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, which then had jurisdiction in these matters, in 1791. To the time of the erection of these townships, the whole county, which contained but a few hundred white inhabitants, was most conveniently governed as one municipality. The boundaries of the new township were as follows: Beginning at a point where the second meridian east of the town (Cincinnati) intersects the Ohio; thence down that stream about eleven miles to the first meridian east of Rapid Run; thence north to the Big Miami; thence up that stream to the south line of the military range; thence south to the place of beginning. It comprised nearly the whole of the present city of Cincinnati, the townships of Mill Creek and Springfield, almost the en- tire tract of Colerain, Green and Delhi, stopping on the north beyond the present dividing line of Hamilton and Butler counties. It was a vast township. In 1803 the boundaries were changed as follows: Commencing at the southeast corner of Miami township, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5i on the Ohio river; thence north to the northwest corner of section seventeen, in fractional range two, township two; thence east nine miles; thence south to the Ohio; thence westward along the Ohio to the place of begin- ning. These lines enclosed more than half of Delhi township; the eastern half of Green, except the three northernmost sections; the whole of Mill creek, except the northern sections ; and the site of Cincinnati to the range line on the east. The voters were now instructed to meet at the court house and vote for five justices of the peace. The cat- tle brand for the township, which the court was required to fix by order, was directed, at the time of the original formation of the township to be the letter B, A having already been assigned to Columbia, and C was assigned to the use of Miami township. The boundaries of the original great township were of course rapidly cut down as the county filled up. Dayton and other townships in the present Butler county, then in Hamilton, were early set off north of it, beyond the northernmost possessions of the Cincinnati municipality. Colerain, Springfield, and South Bend townships were erected by or during 1795; and when Mill Creek was set off, the township, being already bounded, at the period of its formation, by Columbia township on the east, was shut in to the narrow limits of the fractional surveyed township, now bounded by Liberty street on the north; the Ohio river, which Liberty intersects a little above Washington street, near the southeast corner of Eden park, on the east and south ; and on the west by a merid- ian not very clearly defined, but probably the range line two miles west of Mill Creek, and now the western boundary of the city. Most of the time since, it may be said, in general terms, that the limits of the township have been nearly coterminous with those of the city in its several extensions. THE GOVERNMENT of Cincinnati and Cincinnati township, from 1790 to 1792, was, as the oldest records show, under the immedi- ate eye of the court of quarter-sessions and the supreme or territorial court, in one or the other of which sat the Honorables John Cleves Symmes, George Turner, Sam- uel Parsons, James Varnum, Winthrop Sargent, Govern- or St. Clair, and the associate judges and justices of the quarter-sessions, with special appointees from among the local prothonotaries, sheriffs, clerks, and constables. At the sitting of the supreme court in Cincinnati in 1792, the Honorable John Cleves Symmes presided, assisted by Judges William Goforth, William Wells, and William McMillan, and Justices John S. Gano, George Cullum, and Aaron Cadwell. Joseph LeSure acted as clerk pro tempore, Israel Ludlow and Samuel Swan being otherwise engaged. John Ludlow, high sheriff, was assisted by Isaac Martin, deputy; while in the call of court appeared Robert Bunten, coroner, and constables Benjamin Orcutt (the crier), Robert Wheelan, Samuel Martin and Sylvanus Revnolds. This court exercised both original and ap- pellate jurisdiction in all things of law, equity, and fact, and that, too, with more force than formality. When convicted, a prisoner was turned over to Sheriff Brown or Ludlow, who, having no sufficient jail, could seldom keep a prisoner more than twenty-four hours. Witnesses were necessarily excused when "taken by the Indians," or "scalped." Plaintiffs and defendants frequently had their cases laid over "until they got back from the cam- paign;" and the honorable court often vibrated between Isaac Martin's and "the Meeting house," in order to give themselves a chance to lay aside for awhile their official dignity and get ready to appear in their turn in the role of defendants, as very few of the officials escaped from actions of every sort, from top to bottom of the calendar. During the year 1792, and for some years thereafter, Cincinnati was governed by these judicial dignitaries. In . the quarter sessions court Judge William Goforth generally presided, assisted by McMillan and Wells, asso- ciate justices, and by 'Squires Gano, Cullum and Cadwell, justices of the peace for the county. This year Samuel Swan succeeded Israel Ludlow as clerk of the court; John Ludlow became sheriff; Samuel Martin, constable; John Ludlow and David E. Wade, overseers of the poor; Isaac Martin, Jacob Reeder, and Ezekiel Sayre, over- seers of highways; James Miller, Jacob Miller, and John Vance, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages. If to these we add the military authorities, who some- times ordered everybody into line, it will be seen that Cincinnati was sufficiently governed, containing, as the city and township then did, less than five hundred peo- ple. The county commissioners had charge of the pub- lic improvements, attended to the taxes and their collec- tion, watched the tax duplicates, managed collectors, and paid out the funds for wolf scalps, for building jails and court rooms, and their own bills for services. The cog- nomens of those who left their names and deeds on the pages of "the last and only" old worn record are here given as follows : William McMillan, Robert Wheelan, and Robert Benham, 1795-6; Joseph Prince, .,1797-8; David E. Wade, 1799; Ichabod B. Miller, 1800; William Ruffin, 1801-2; John Bailey, 1802-3; William Ludlow, 1803-4, and John R. Gaston, 1804-5. These men served,. three at a time, for a year; some were in office but a year, while others served two or three terms. The commissioners' clerks, under the territorial government, from 1790 to 1803, were Tabor Washburne, 1790 to 1798; John Kean, 1798 to 1799; Reuben Reynolds, 1799 to 1800, and Aaron Goforth, 1800 to 1803. TOWNSHIP CIVIL LIST. The following-named gentlemen were the earliest offi- cers in Cincinnati township: 1 79 1. — Levi Woodward, township clerk; Samuel Mar- tin, constable; John Thompson and James Wallace, overseers of the poor; James Gowdy, overseer of roads; Isaac Martin, Jacob Reeder, and James Cunningham, street commissioners. 1792. — Samuel Martin, constable; John Ludlow and David E. Wade, overseers of the poor; James Miller, Jacob Miller, and John Vance, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages; Isaac Martin, Jacob Reeder, and Ezekiel Sayre, overseers of highways. 52 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1793. — Nathaniel Barnes and Robert Gowdy, consta- bles; Jacob Reeder and Moses Miller, overseers of the poor; Joseph McHenry, Samuel Freeman, and Stephen Reeder, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of dam- ages; Isaac Martin, Usual Bates, and John Schooley, overseers of highways. 1794. — Nathan Barnes, Darius C. Orcutt, and Robert Gowdy, constables; James Brady and David E. Wade, overseers of the poor; James Wallace, Levi Woodward, and James Lyon, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages; Isaac Martin, Jacob White, and William Pow- ell, overseers of highways. 1795- — Nathan Barnes, Ephraim Carpenter, and Ben- jamin Van Hook, constables; James Brady and Samuel Freeman, overseers of the poor ; Samuel Dick and Rich- ard Benham, viewers of enclosures and appraisers of damages; James Brady, Levi Woodward, and Samuel Freeman, overseers of highways. CONSTABLES AT COURT. It may also be of interest to see here the names of all the constables who attended the courts of Hamilton county during the first thirteen years, so far as the rec- ords exhibit their names. Many of them were consta- bles of Cincinnati township, but others were from the county at large, though the court records present no fa- cilities for locating them in their respective townships : 1790 — William Paul, Joseph Gerard, Daniel Griffin, Robert Wheelan; Levi Woodward, crier; 1791 — Isaac Martin, Joseph Jeuet, Gerard; Woodward and John Mor- ris, criers; 1792 — Wheelan, Martin, Morris, Gerard, Syl- vanus Reynolds; Benjamin Orcutt, crier; 1793 — Wheelan, Reynolds, Martin, Nathan Barnes; 1794 — Same, with Samuel Edwards, Robert Gowdy, B. and D. Orcutt, and Samuel Campbell; Barnes, crier: 1795 — Wheelan, B. Or- cutt, Edwards, Campbell, Gowdy, Ephraim Carpenter, B. Vanhook; 1797 — Woodward, Josiah Crossly, Parvin Dunn; Abraham Cary, crier; 1798 — Darius C. Orcutt; Cary, crier; 1799— Crossly; Cary, crier; 1800— Robert Terry, John Wilkinson, Samuel Armstrong, William Sayres, Isaac Mills, Thomas Morris, Enos Potter, David Kelly; John Daily, crier; 1801 — Thomas Larrison, John Robinson, Joseph Case, Terry, Kelly, Orcutt; Cary, crier; 1802 — Armstrong, Kelly, Isaac Dunn, Jacob Allen, Josiah Decker; Cary, crier; 1803 — Samuel and James Armstrong, David J. Poor, Jerome Holt, Jacob R Compton. The following names and dates of public officers in Cincinnati township, belonging to the later times, have also been picked up in the course of our investigations : Justices of the peace, 18 19 — -Ethan Stone, John Mahard; 1824 — Trustees: Benjamin Mason, Benjamin Hopkins, William Mills; clerk, Thomas Tucker; con- stables: David Jackson, jr., Richard Mulford, Zebulon Byington; justices: Elisha Hotchkiss, Beza E. Bliss, James Foster; 1829 — Trustees: Benjamin Hopkins, William Mills, George Lee; clerk, John Gibson; con- stables: James McLean, jr., James Glenn, William B. Sheldon; trustees and visitors of common schools: A M. Spencer, N. G. Guilford, J. Buckley, D. Root, Calvin Fletcher; magistrates: James Foster, Elisha Hotchkiss, Richard Mulford; 1831— Trustees: John Rice, William Mills, Richard Ayres; clerk, John T. Jones; magistrates: James Foster, Richard Mulford, Isaiah Wing, James Glenn, James McLean; constables: Ebenezer Harrison, Josiah Fobes, William B. Sheldon, Ephraim D. Williams, James Saffin, Livius Hazen, J. A. Wiseman; 1834 — Trustees: Richard Ayres, Isaac Pioneer, William Bor- land; clerk, John Jones; justices: Isaac Wing, Richard Mulford, Josiah Fobes, James Glenn, A W. Sweeney; constables: Ebenezer Harrison, Ephraim D. Williams, James Saffin, J. A. Wiseman, Livius Hazen, Thomas Wright, Benjamin Smith; 1836 — Trustees: William Crossman, D. A. King, Josiah Fobes; clerk, Samuel Steer; justices: Richard Mulford, John A. Wiseman, Ebenezer Harrison, William Doty, Livius Hazen, Rancil A. Madison; 1839-40 — Trustees: William Crossman, Josiah Fobes, Thatcher Lewis; clerk, David Churchill; 1841 — Justices: James Glenn, Richard Mulford, William Doty, John A. Wiseman, R. A. Madison, Ebenezer. Har- rison; 1844 — Justices: R. A. Madison, Richard Mulford, Ebenezer Harrison, John A. Wiseman, E. V. Brooks, Samuel Perry, E. Singer; constables: Robert P. Black, P. Davidson, A. Delzell, Even Ewan, Thomas Frazer, Thomas Hurst, Jesse O'Neill, James L. Ruffin, Rode- camp; trustees: John Wood, William Crossman, John Hudson; clerk, David Churchill; 1846 — Trustees: Wil- liam Crossman, John Wood, J. B. Bowlin; clerk, David Churchill; justices: Mark P. Taylor, Samuel Perry, Eri V. Brooks, Ebenezer Harrison, David T. Snellbaker, Erwin Singer, John Young; 1850 — Trustees: William Crossman, James Hudson, Jesse B. Bowman; 185 1 — Trustees: Messrs. Crossman and Hudson, and John Hauck; clerk, John Minshall; justices: John W. Reilly, David T. Snellbaker, F. H. Rowekamp, Jacob Getzen- danner, Elias H. Pugh, Joseph Burgoyne, Wick Roll; 1852 — Same trustees. CHAPTER IX. CINCINNATI'S SECOND DECADE. /" EIGHTEEN HUNDRED. ^ The first census of the town and county was taken this year, and exhibited for Cincinnati (township probably) but seven hundred and fifty inhabitants, an increase of but two hundred and fifty in about five years. This, however, was fifty per cent, of growth, and, relatively con- sidered, was by no means to be despised. ) Many valuable citizens were added teethe community during this opening year of the decade. Dr. William Go- forth, of whom more will be related in our chapter on medicine in Cincinnati, came in the spring, and his pu- pil, to become yet more distinguished, Dr. Daniel Drake, came in December. Stephen Wheeler; Mr. Pierson, from New Jersey, the father of William Pierson, long a resident HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. S3 of Springfield township; Charles Cone, probably; John B. Enness, Edward Dodson, Charles Faran, A. Valentine, John Wood, Caleb Williams, Rev. Dr. Joshua L. Wilson, pastor of the Presbyterian church, and others who added character and possibly capital to the young city, were among the new comers of 1800. Probably this year, but perhaps earlier, according to a note in chapter VIII, came one of the most enterprising, able, and successful of the pioneer Germans — Martin Baum. He engaged in merchandizing, and was for about thirty years in active business here, being connected also with the Miami Exporting company's operations, the old sugar refinery, and many other large enterprises of this day, carrying throughout, notwithstanding reverses as well as successes, the highest reputation for financial ability and personal integrity. He was one of the pro- prietors of the site of Toledo when it was laid out for a town. Late in life he built the elegant mansion on Pike street afterwards occupied by Nicholas Longworth, and now by the millionaire philanthropist, David Sinton. Like many other early business men in the city, he be- came involved in debt to the United States bank, and hon- estly surrendered to it in payment his residence and grounds. He still has a reputation as one of the most honorable and public spirited Cincinnatians of his day. Further notice will be given him in our chapter on the Teutonic element in Cincinnati. In the spring or summer we hear anew from Jeremiah Butterfield, of whom mention is made in our notes on 1798. He came again down the river, this time with his brother and a brother-in-law, young Mr. Campbell, pros- pecting. They staid a little while at Columbia, and then, came to Cincinnati, where they engaged in harvesting for Colonel Riddle, on his section near town. All were bright, strong, faithful young fellows, and obtained work without difficulty. Jeremiah was soon engaged by Colonel Ludlow as chain-carrier, during the survey he was or- dered to make of the boundary line established by the treaty of Greenville, during which the party went three months without seeing a white man's dwelling, and at one time came near starving; going without provisions for five days. When the public lands west of the Great Miami were opened to entry, in April, 1801, he formed a partnership with several Cincinnatians— Knoles Shaw and Albin Shaw, Squire Shaw, their father, Asa Harvey, and Noah Willey— and with them bought a large tract of land in the north part of the present Crosby township, extending " into Butler county. He made his own home on the other side of the line, and died there, full of years and honors, June 27, 1863. Several of his sons con- tinue to reside in this county. On the other hand, Cincinnati was called upon this year to part with one of her favorite sons, who remained away from the town and county for a series of years, en- gaged elsewhere in important public duties. William Henry Harrison was appointed governor of Indiana Ter- ritory, and went to take up his residence at Vincennes, while Mr Charles Wylling Byrd was appointed to the sec- retaryship of the Northwest Territory. William McMil- lan esq was chosen by the territorial legislature delegate to Congress, to fill the unexpired term of General Harri- son, and Paul Fearing, of Marietta, for the succeeding two years. March nth there was a meeting of citizens at Yeat- man's tavern, to consider the merits of an invention said to be " capable of propelling a boat against the stream by the power of steam or elastic vapor." This was, in one sense, a herald of the "New Orleans," which came proudly puffing down the Ohio eleven and a half years later. No mails came for four consecutive weeks in January and February. There is now but one newspaper in the place, and that weekly; so that the failure of mail matter is seriously felt. In March the Rev. James Kemper offers for sale his farm of one hundred and fifty-four acres upon the Wal- nut Hills, on which Lane seminary and many other valu- able buildings are now situated, for seven dollars per acre. He did not sell, however, and lived upon it over thirty-five years thereafter, when it had risen in value to fivp thousand dollars. /On the twenty-seventh of May a tremendous hail-storm visits this region, breaking out all the glass windows in town. ) Independence day was observed this year by the mem- bers of a political" party, the Republicans, who had a din- uer at Major Ziegler's, next door to Yeatman's tavern. The memory of Washington had been duly honored in February by a procession, in which were Captain Miller and his troops from the fort, the Hamilton county mili- tia, Captain James Findlay commanding the dragoon company, the civil authorities, the Masonic order, and citizens at large. An address was pronounced by Gov- ernor St. Clair. About the middle of December a good deal of incen- diarism occurred, and the people were considerably alarmed. Fires broke out in various places about town, but nobody was caught and punished as the author of the mischief. The business notes of the year are uncommonly inter- esting. Imperial or gunpowder tea was three dollars a pound; hyson, two dollars and twenty-five cents; hyson skin, one dollar and fifty cents; bohea, one dollar, and very poor stuff at that; loaf sugar, forty-four cents per pound; . pepper, seventy-five cents;, allspice, fifty cents. Andrew Dunseth begins business in November as the first gunsmith in Cincinnati. August 27th, Messrs. Wil- liam and M. Jones advertise that "they still carry on the bakery business, and as flower is getting cheap, they have enlarged their loaf to four pounds, which is sold at one-eighth of a dollar per loaf, or flour pound per pound, payable every three months." In September, Francis Menessier advertises a coffee-house at the foot of the hill, on Main street, open from two to nine p. m., also, differ- ent kinds of liquors, all kinds of pastry, etc. His sign is "Pegasus, the bad poet, fallen to the ground." He also teaches the French language. The same month John Kidd opened a bakery on the corner of Front and Main. In October William McFarland begins the manufacture of earthenware, the first of the kind in the place. James 54 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. White, the same month, advertises a day and night school, and R. Haughton puts himself in print as a pro- fessor of dancing. There was great demand for money from creditois afflicted with delinquents, and one pathetic appeal for his dues is sent out from the Hamilton county jail by an unlucky physician who is himself immured for debt. ( Real property remained cheap, and Hezekiah Flint bought the lot upon which he lived, on Walnut street below Fourth, for one hundred and fifty dollars. Some of the Main street property below the upper level was injured in value by the overhanging of the brow of the hill, which depreciated the values of the threatened lots until it was removed. People now began to prefer to go to the hill, although it was further from the Land- ing; and settlement up there progressed more rapidly.] Some curious illustrations appear in the newspaper riles of this year of the morals of Cincinnati, or the want of them. A sergeant at the fort advertises that his wife has not only left his bed and board, but has taken up with another fellow. A citizen, with a charming frank- ness, quite uncommon nowadays, boldly announces that he has caught his wife Rachel and a male offender in flagrante delicto. Another cautions the public against a certain woman who calls herself Mary, "and has for a long time passed as my wife, but who is not, as we were never lawfully married," thus plainly Indicating the rela- tions in which they had lived. Still another advertises his wife as having abandoned him for the second time, "without any provocation, in any possible shape what- ever." A clear, graphic, and detailed picture of Cincinnati, as it appeared at the close of this year, is presented in a published address of Dr. Daniel Drake, who entered it on the eighteenth of December, 1800, as a boy of fifteen, coming from Kentucky hither to begin his medical studies. The address was delivered before the Cincin- nati Medical Library association January 9, 1852, in the hall of the Mechanics' institute : (in the first year of this century the cleared "lands at this place did not equal the surface which is now completely built over. North of the canal and west of the Western row there was forest, with here and there a cabin and small clearing, connected with the village by a narrow, winding road. J Curved lines, you know, symbolize the country, straight lines the city. South of where the Commercial [later the Cin- cinnati] Hospital now administers relief annually to three times as many people as then composed the population of the town, there were half-cleared fields, with broad margins of blackberry vines; and I, with other young persons, frequently gathered that delicious fruit, at the risk of being snake-bitten, where the Roman Catholic church now sends tys spire into the lower clouds. Further south the ancient mound near Fifth street, on which Wayne planted his sentinels seven years be- fore, was overshadowed with trees which, together with itself, should have been preserved; but its dust, like that of those who then delighted to play on its beautiful slopes, has mingled with the remains of the unknown race by whom it was erected. The very spot on which we are now assembled, but a few years before the time of which I speak, was part of a wheat-field of sixteen acres owned by Mr. James Fergu- son and fenced in without reference to the paved streets which now cut through it. The stubble of that field is fast decaying in the soil around the foundations of the noble edifice in which we are now assembled. /Seventh street, then called Northern row, was almost the northern limit of population. Sixth street had a few scattering houses; Fifth not many more. Between that and Fourth there was a public square, now built over. In one corner, the northeast, stood the court house, with a small marketplace in front, which nobody attended. In the north- west corner was the jail, in the southwest the village school-house; in the southeast, where a glittering spire tells the stranger that he is approaching our city, stood the humble church of the pioneers, whose bones lie mouldering in the centre of the square, then the village ceme- tery. Walnut; called Cider street, which bounds that square on the west, presented a few cabins or small frames; but Vine street was not yet opened to the river. Fourth street, after passing Vine, branched into roads and paths. Third street, running near the brow of the upper plain, was on as high a level as Fifth street is now. The gravelly slope of that plain stretched from east to west almost to Pearl street. On this slope, between Main and Walnut, a French political exile, whom I shall name hereafter, planted, in the latter part of the last century, a small vineyard. This was the beginning of that cultivation for which the environs of our city have at length become distinguished. I suppose this was the first cultivation of the foreign grape in the valley of the Ohio. Where Congress, Market, and Pearl streets, since opened, send up the smoke of their great iron foundries, or display in magnificent warehouses the products of different and distant lands, there was a belt of low, wet ground which, upon the settlement of the town twelve years before, had been a series of beaver-ponds, filled by the annual over- flows of the river and the rains from the upper plains. Second, then known as Columbia street, presented some scattered cabins, dirty with- in and rude without; but Front street exhibited an aspect of consider- able pretension. It was nearly built up with log and .frame houses, from Walnut street to Eastern row, now called Broadway .J The people of wealth and the men of business, with the Hotel de Ville, kept by Griffin Yeatman, were chiefly on this street, which even had a few patches of sidewalk pavement. In front of the mouth of Sycamore street, near the hotel, there was a small wooden market-house built over a cove, into which pirogues and other craft, when the river was high, y»re poled or paddled, to be tied to the rude columns. V The common then stretched out to where the land and water now meet, when the river is at its mean height. It terminated in a high, steep, crumbling bank, beneath which lay the flat-boats of immigrants or of traders in fiomi whiskey, and apples, from Wheeling, Fort Pitt, or Redstone Old FortJ Their winter fires, burning in iron kettles, sent up lazy columns of smoke, where steamers now darken the air with hurried clouds of steam and soot. One of these vessels has cost more than the village would then have brought at auction. ([From this com- mon the future Covington, in Kentucky, appeared as a cornfield, culti- vated by the Kennedy family, which also kept the ferry. Newport, chiefly owned by two Virginia gentlemen, James Taylor and Richard Southgate, but embracing the Mayos, Fowlers, Berrys, ' Stubbses, and several other respectable families, was a drowsy village set in the side of a deep wood, and the mouth of Licking rivej was overarched with traes, giving it the appearance of a great tunnel^ Lifter Front street, Sycamore and Main were the most important of the town. A number of houses were built upon the former up to Fourth, beyond which it was opened three or four squares. The buildings and business of Main street extended up to Fifth, where, on the northwest corner, there was a brick house, owned by Elmore Williams, the only one in town. Beyond Seventh Main street was a mere road, nearly im- passable in muddy weather, which at the foot of the hills divided into two, called the Hamilton road and the Mad-river road. The former, now a crooked and closely built street, took the course of the Brighton house; the latter made a steep ascent over Mount Auburn, where there was not a single habitation. Broadway, or Eastern row, was then but thirty-three feet wide. The few buildings which it had were on the west side, where it joins Front streejl on the site of the Cincinnati hotel there was a low frame house, with whiskey and a billiard table. It was said that the owner paid seven hundred dollars for the house and lot in nine- fences; that is, in small pieces of "cut money" received for drams. (North of this, towards Second street, there were several small houses inhabited by disorderly persons who had been in the army. The side- walk in front was called Battle row. Between Second and Third streets, near where we now have the eastern end of the market-house, there was a single frame tenement, in which I lived with my preceptor'in 1805. In a pond, directly in front, the frogs gave us regular serenades) Much of the square to which this house belonged was fenced in, and served as a pasture ground for a pony which I kept for country practice. (Between Third and Fourth streets, on the west side of Broadway, there was, in 1800, a cornfield with a rude fencejsince replaced by man- sions of such splendor that a Russian traveller, several years ago, took away drawings of one as a model for the people of St. Petersburgh. Above Fourth street Broadway had but three or four houses, and ter- minated at the edge of a thick wood, before reaching the foot of Mount Auburn. feast of Broadway and north of Fourth street, the entire square had HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 55 been enclosed and a respectable frame house erected by the Hon. Win- throp Sargent, secretary of the Northwest Territory} He had removed to Mississippi Territory, of which he was afterwards Governor; and his house and grounds, the best improved in the village, were occupied by the Hon. Charles Wyling Byrd, his successor in office. Governor Sargent merits a notice amon? the physicians of the town, as he was thefirst who made scientific observations on our climate. {Immediately south of his residence, from Fourth street to the river, east df Broadway, there was a military reserve. That portion of it which laid on the upper plain was covered by Fort Washington, with its bastions, port-holes, stockades, tall flag-staff, evening tattoo, and morn- ing reveille. Here were the quarters of the military members of our profession, and for a time for one of its civil members also; for, after its evacuation in 1803, my preceptor moved into the rooms which had been occupied by the commander of the post. *In front of the fort, where Congress street now runs, there was a duck pond, in which ducks and snipes were often shot: and from this pond to the river, the tract through which East and Front streets now run was overspread with the long, low sheds of the commissaries, quartermasters, and artificers of the armyjj The post office was then and long after kept on the east side of this military common, where Lawrence street leads down to the Newport ferry. Our quiet and gentlemanly postmaster, William Ruffin, per- formed all the duties of the office with his own hands. The great Eastern mail was then brought once a week from Maysville, Kentucky, in a pair of saddle-bags. /East of the fort, on the upper plain, the trunks of large trees were still lying on the ground. A single house had been built by Dr. Alli- son where the Lytle house now stands, and a. field of several acres stretched off to the east and north. On my arrival this was the resi- dence of my preceptor. The dry cornstalks of early winter were still standing near the door. But Dr. Allison had planted jjeach trees, and it was known throughout the village as Peach Grove.JjThe field ex- tended to the bank of Deer creek; thence all was deep wood. Where the munificent expenditures of Nicholas Longworth, esq., have col- lected the beautiful exotics of all climates— on the very spot where the people now go to watch the unfolding of the night-blooming cereus — grew the red-bud, crab-apple, and gigantic tulip tree, or the yellow poplar, with wild birds above and native flowers below. Where the Catawba and Herbemont now swing down their heavy and luscious clusters, the climbing winter vine hung its small, sour branches from the limbs of high trees. fThe adjoining valley of Deer creek, down which, by a series of locks, the canal from Lake Erie mingles its waters with the Ohio, was then a receptacle for drift- wood from the back water of that river, when high. The boys ascended the little estuary in canoes during June floods, and pulled flowers from the lower limbs of the trees or threw clubs at the turtles, as they sunned themselves on the floating logs. In the whole valley there was but a single house, and that was a distillery.' The narrow road which led to it from the garrison— and, I am sorry to add, from the village also— was well traddenj {Mount Adams was then clothed in the grandeur and beauty which belongs to our own primitive forests. The spot occupied by the reser- voir which supplies our city with water, and all the rocky precipices that stretch from it up the river, where buried up in sugar-trees^ On the western slope we collected the sanguinaria Canadensis, geranium, maculatum, gillenia trifoliata, and otter natural medicines, when sup- plies failed to reach us from abroad, rrhe summit on which the ob- servatory now stands was crowned withMofty poplars, oaks, and beech; and the sun in summer could scarcely be seen from the spot where we now look into the valleys of the moon or see distant nebulse resolved into their starry elements. Over the mouth of Deer creek there was a crazy wooden bridge, and where the depot of the railroad which now connects us with the sea has been erected, there was but a small log cabin. From this cabin a narrow rocky, and stumpy road made its way, as best it could, up the river where the railway now stretches. At the distance of two miles there was another cabin-that from which we expelled the witch. Be- yond this all was forest for miles furtherj>when we reached the residence of Tohn Smith. . . The new village of Pendleton now covers that spot. Then came the early, but now extinct, village of Columbia, of which our first physicians were the only medical attendants. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND ONE. On the twentieth of February, Dr. William Goforth, first of the physicians of Cincinnati to do 'so, introduced vaccination as a preventive of small-pox. March 20th, the Republicans met and had a jollifica- tion at Menessier's coffee-house, to celebrate the election of Jefferson to the Presidency. There is a touch of Red Republicanism in the published report of the proceed- ings, that "Citizen John C. Symines" was in the chair. When, however, the Fourth of July observances came to be noticed, it was again Citizen J. C. Symmes as presi- dent, Citizen Dr. William Goforth vice-president of the day; and so on. There were two celebrations of the Fourth this year — one at Yeatman's,* and one at the big spring on the river-bank, just above Deer Creek bridge, where a broad rock served as a table. April 27th, the brig St. Clair, Whipple commander, came down from Marietta, where it had been built, and anchored off the village. It was the first vessel of the kind to appear at this port. In May, upon the expiration of the term for which Mr. McMillan was elected to Congress, and his return, a public dinner was given him by his friends, as a testi- monial of appreciation of his valuable services. On the nineteenth of August, the first public recog- nition, probably, of the omnipotent and lucrative Cincin- nati hog is made in the shape of the following advertise- ment: For Sale. — A quantity of GOOD BACON. Inquire at the office. For a week, beginning the twenty-third of September, the remarkable migration of squirrels from Kentucky across the river at this point was going on. Large num- bers were killed by the settlers — as many as five hundred in one day — between Cincinnati and Columbia. The invasion of these little animals was thought to portend an/uncommonly mild winter. (On the thirtieth of this month there was a meeting of citizens at Yeatman's, to secure an act of incorporation for the village. The same day an announcement ap- peared of horse races and the Cincinnati theatre — both the first amusements of their species here. The Thes- pians gave their performance in Artificers' Yard, below the fort.^) On the nineteenth of December the Territorial legisla- ture gave Cincinnati a sad stroke, by passing a bill on a vote of twelve to eight, for the removal of the seat of government from this place to Chillicothe. The resi- dence of the governor and other officers of the terri- tory had been here since 1790, and had contributed not ' a little to the prosperity and fame of the place. Novem- ber 24th, however, some consolation was afforded by the passage of the act desired for the incorporation of Cin- cinnati. At the same time Chillicothe and Detroit were incorporated by this legislature. During the same month several fires occurred, and measures began to be considered for the procurement of a fire engine^) Some time this year General Findlay was appointed United States Marshal for the district of Ohio, and Wil- liam McMillan district attorney. They were the first incumbents of these offices. * This famous old tavern, which makes so conspicuous a figure in the early annals of Cincinnati, was situated on lot twenty-seven, east side of Sycampre street, corner of Front. 56 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Business this year was not specially noticeable, save the formation of a company of Cincinnati gentlemen for the purchase of a silver mine in some locality not stated, but "situated at a convenient distance from the Ohio." Mining engineering, we fear, then or since, has failed to discover or develop that bonanza of the precious metal. Salt was bringing two dollars a barrel, powder seventy-five cents a pound, lard twelve and one-half cents, tar fifty cents per gallon — "for ready money only." Joseph Mc- Henry, the first flour inspector, was appointed near the close of 1 8c i. Among the immigrants of the year were Robert Wal- lace and John Whetstone. Among the others known to have arrived by this time, and not heretofore noticed, di- rectly or incidentally in these annals, were Robert Park- halter, Ephraim Morrison, William Austin, C. Avery, Thomas Frazer, Levi McLean, Dr. Homes, Thomas Thompson, Michael Brokaw, James and Robert Cald- well, Aaron Cherry, Daniel Globe, Andrew Westfall, Nehemiah Hunt, Thomas Williams, Benjamin Walker, Edmund Freeman (a plasterer), John C. Winans, James Conn, Uriah Gates, Richard Downes, Lawrence Hilde- brand, D. Conner and company, Larkin Payne, Henry Furry, George Fithian, Lewis Kerr, Joseph Blew, Isaac Anderson, Willia'm McCoy, James Wilson, and Andrew Brannon. CINCINNATI IN 1802. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TWO. iThe great event of this year was the erection of Cincin- nati as a village under the act of incorporation of the ter- ritorial legislature. The limits were Mill creek on the west; the township line (now Liberty street) about a mile from the river at the furthest point of the river bank, on the north; the east boundary line of fractional section twelve, on the east; and the river on the south J Tem- porary officers were provided by the act of incorporation ; but the first municipal election was held the first Monday in the month. April 3, Major David Zeigler, formerly commandant of Fort Washington, who had settled as a citizen in Cincinnati, was elected president of the village; Charles Avery, William Ramsey, David E. Wade, John Reily, William Stanley, Samuel Dick, and William Ruffin, trustees; and Jacob Burnet, recorder. Other officers, elected or appointed, were: Joseph Prince, assessor; Abram Cary, collector; James ("Sheriff") Smith, marshal. Ten of these twelve "city fathers" had previously held local offices, under the dozen years of territorial or town- ship rule that had prevailed. Among the candidates for constable was the versatile Levi McLean, who issued an electioneering address "to the free and candid electors of the town of Cincinnati." This was the first and only election of officers in the village under territorial govern- ment, Ohio becoming a State November 19th of this year, upon the adjournment of the Constitutional Con vention at Chillicothe, after its members had signed the Constitution. The first court house for the county -was built this year, near the northwest corner of the public square; and one of the first uses of it was for a meeting of citizens, to gravely determine as to the proposed expenditure of forty- six dollars by the city council, of which twelve were to go for fire-ladders and as much more for fire-hooks. Things changed seventy years later, when millions at a dash were being voted away for a railroad project. The first picture of Cincinnati, so far as known, was made this year, and has since been repeatedly printed.* It marks the dwellings or places of business of Major Ruffin; Charles Vattier, corner of Broadway and Front; James Smith, first door west of Vattier; Major Zeigler, Second street, east of Sycamore; Griffin Yeatman's, north- east corner of Front and Sycamore; Martin Bautn's, just opposite; Colonel Gibson, northeast corner Front and Main; Colonel Ludlow, opposite corner; Joel Williams, north side of Water, near Main; Samuel Burt, a log house, northwest corner Walnut and Front, and two little cabins west of him; and Dr. Allison ("Peach Grove"), on the *A large painting of Cincinnati in 1800 has recently been made by Mr. A. B. Swing, a local artist, from careful studies of the subject, and exhibited in one of the picture stores on Main street. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 57 hill near Fort Washington. The Fort and Artificers' Yard, the Presbyterian church, the Green Tree hotel, on Front street, about midway between Main and Wal- nut, and another hotel on a street corner, are all the pub- lic buildings that are shown in the picture, which obvi- ously does not represent buildings enough for the nine hundred inhabitants, more or less, there must have been he^e at that time. (About the middle of 1802, the first school for young ladies was opened in the place bv a Mrs. Williams, in the house of Mr. Newman, a saddler. \ Some time this year Ethan Stoiie paid Joel Williams two hundred and twenty dollars for lots eighty-nine, ninety and ninety-one, being one hundred and fifty feet on Vine by two hundred on Fourth street. Thirty-seven years thereafter, in 1839, tne larger part of the same property was sold for one hundred and fifty dollars the front foot. A well-known citizen publicly advertises that "the part- nership between the subscriber and his wife, Alice, has been dissolved by mutual consent. Another remark in the notice provokes the retort next week, from his wife, that she "has never yet stood in need of his credit." The commerce of the village begins to look up. From the sixteenth of February to the sixteenth of May, ex- ports of flour amounted to four thousand four hundred and fifty-seven barrels. The known arrivals of 1802 are Ethan Stone, Samuel Perry and William Pierson. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THREE. The annals of this twelve-month are brief, but not wholly devoid of interest. Early in the year incendiary fires occurred, as many as three in rapid succession. The citizens were thoroughly alarmed, and a night-watch was organized and maintained for some time. One man was arrested and imprisoned on suspicion; but nothing was proved against him, and the real incendiary remained undisclosed. {The garrison was removed this year from Fort Washington to Newport Barracks; and to this change, possibly, may be attributed the infrequency of incendiary fires in Cincinnati thereafter. The occasional feuds between soldier and citizeiL may have had some- thing to do with them before that.) (On the sixteenth of June the Miami Exporting Com- pkny'stoank was opened— the first banking institution in town. J Some notable arrivals occurred; as of Christopher and Robert Cary, grandfather and father of the celebrated Cary sisters. They came from New Hampshire, remained in Cincinnati several years and then removed to a farm near Mount Pleasant, now Mount Healthy, on the Ham- ilton road, where their descendants and other relatives are now to be found in some number. On New Year's day came Thomas and Thankful Carter, grandparents of Judge A. G. W. Carter, with their promising family of five boys and three girls. The judge's maternal grand- father, the Rev. Adam Hurdus, founder of the New Church or Swedenborgianism in the west came from England with his family to Cincinnati April 4, 1806. Judge A. H. Dunlevy, in an address to the Cincinnati Pioneer association, April 7, 1875, gives the following picture of the Queen City of this year : EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FOUR. Cincinnati was then a very small place. The hotel where I put up as near the northeast corner of Main and Fifth streets, and was kept by one James Conn, or rather by his wife, who was the most efficient of the family. . From the customers of this hotel, I think it was considered the best then in Cincinnati. But at this time the forest trees stood on the south, east, and north of this hotel property. Directly south, across Fifth street, Tom Dugan, an old bachelor who left a large property in Cincinnati, had a rough-iron store; and there were very few buildings of any size south along Main street, until the corner of Main and Fourth, where, on the north side, James Ferguson had the best store, I think, then in Cincinnati. The only access to the Ohio, where wagons could descend, was at the foot of Main street; and this consisted simply of a wide road cut diagonally down the steep bank of the river. In high water there was no other levee than this road. In low water, however, there was a wide beach ; but this could only be reached by this road. It may be there was a similar approach to the river at the foot of Broadway; but if so, I did not see lit. All north of Fifth street, with the exception of one or two houses, was in woods or inclosed lots, without other improvements. In coming to Cincinnati from Lebanon, miles of the route were in the woods, out of sight of any improvements^ and from Cumminsville, then only a tav- ern, kept by one Cummins ([ohn, I think), there were but two resi- dences on the road until you came near to Conn's hotel. One of these was the residence of Mr. Cary — I think father of General Samuel Cary, of Hamilton county, as well known. In May a very useful and honored resident, William McMillan, one of the first colonists of Losantiville, died, greatly lamented by his fellow-citizens. His life and public services will be further noticed in our chapter on the Bar. of Cincinnati. Mr. Cist wrote of him in Cincin- nati in 1 84 1 : There can be no doubt that Mr. McMillan was the master spirit of the place at that day, and a man who would have been a distinguished member of society anywhere. It is impossible to contemplate his char- acter and career without being deeply impressed with his great superi- ority over every one around him, even of the influential men of the day; and there were men of as high character and abilities in Cincinnati in those days as at present. He was lost to the community at the age of forty-four, just in the meridian of his course, and left vacant an orbit of usefulness and influence in the community in which no one since has been found worthy to move. A town meeting was held this year, to consider the adoption of measures for a general vaccination of the in- habitants of the village. On the fourth of December was issued the first num- ber of Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury, edited and published by the Rev. John W. Browne. A large number of immigrants are registered for this year. Among them, in the fall, was Colonel Stephen McFarland, father of the venerable Isaac B. McFarland, still living in Cincinnati, and Mr. John McFarland and a sister, of Madisonville. General Findlay, who knew him in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, had written for him. His wife and children came the next year. H. M., Jacob, and Andrew H. Ernst came this year with their father, Zachariah Ernst. The family became quite prom- inent here. Jacob was a printer and author, writing books on Masonry, etc., while Andrew wrote treatises on gardening and arboriculture. Ernst station, on the Cincin- nati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, is named from the family. Other arrivals were Peaton S. Symmes, Benja- min Smith, P. A. Sprigman, George P. Torrence (long presiding judge of the court of common pleas), Jonathan 5» HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Pancoast, Robert Richardson, James Perry, Peter M. Nicoll, Adam Moore, William Moody, Benjamin Mason, Casper Hopple, Andrew Johnston, Ephraim Carter, James Crawford, William Crippen, and Henry Craven. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIVE. (The village now had twenty-five merchants and grocers, fifteen joiners and cabinet-makers, twelve bricklayers, eleven inn-keepers, nine attorneys, eight physicians, eight blacksmiths, .seven shoemakers, five saddlers, seven tail- ors, five bakers, three each of tobacconists, silversmiths, and tanners, four hatters, two each of printers, brewers, tinners, and coppersmiths, and one book-binder. Its population was nine hundred and sixty, housed and doin business in one hundred and seventy-two buildings Jesse Hunt, on Second street, near Eastern row; Aaron Goforth, on Walnut, below Fourth; Andrew Lemon, on Water street; and Joel Williams, also on Water street, had the only stone buildings in town; while the six brick buildings were the Miami bank building, on Front, near Main; Elmore Williams', on Main and Fifth streets; Nim- mo's, on Main, near Fourth; Judge Burnet's, Vine, near Fourth, where the Burnet house now is; and two others; to which was presently added the Rev. John W. Browne's Liberty Hall office, at the east end of the lower market house. unfty-three log cabins were still remaining, and there were a little more than twice as many (one hundred and nine) frame buildings) Mr. E. D. Mansfield, long afterwards recalling his Per- sonal Memories of the coming of his father and family here, said: We arrived at Cincinnati, I think, the last part of October, 1805 But what was Cincinnati then? One of the dirtiest little villages you ever saw. Of course I was not driven around to see its splendors; but the principal street or settlement was Front street — and \ that I saw. The chief houses at that time were on Front street, from I Broadway to Sycamore. They were two-story frame houses, painted I white. One was that of General Findlay, receiver of the land office, I . . and subsequently member of Congress for the Cincin- ! nati district. Mr. Josiah Espy, who made a tour this year through Ohio, Kentucky, and the Indian Territory, and published a journal of his travels, came here September 4th, and stayed two days, making the following note of the place: Cincinnati is a remarkably sprightly, thriving town, on the northwest ! bank of the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the river Licking, and [ containing, from appearance, about two hundred dwelling-houses — ' many of these elegant brick buildings. The site of the town embraces both the first and second banks of the river, the second bank being, I \ suppose, about two hundred feet above the level of the water. - — \Jn March a great freshet occurred in the Ohio, over- flowing everything on the lower levels, and sweeping away houses, stock, and other property./ May 8th, General John S. Gano was appointed clerk of the courts for Hamilton county. This is noteworthy simply as the beginning of a very long and useful career for the Ganos in this capacity, lasting far down the century. In the same month, on the fifteenth instant, came Aaron Burr to this village, en route for New Orleans, while his expedition was preparing and he was meditating his ambitious, if not treasonable, projects. He does not seem to have done much mischief here, except to involve in trouble United States Senator John Smith, through the evident friendship of the two and Smth's hospitality to Burr while here. The Republicans of that time (the political ancestors of the present Democracy) held the Fourth of July cele- bration by themselves this year, at a bower in front of the court house. Judge Symmes was president, Matthew Nimmo vice-president, and Thomas Rawlins orator of the day. The light dragoons, Lieutenant Elmore Wil- liams commanding, made a street parade for this section of the Cincinnati patriots. Others went with Captain Smith's company of light infantry to the Beechen grove, in the western part of the town, where there was a din- ner, succeeded by nineteen toasts. Some of the toasts were quite unique. Captain McFarland volunteered one as follows: "A hard-pulling horse, a porcupine saddle, a cobweb pair of breeches, and a long journey, to the enemies of America." The Cincinnati Thespians held their meetings during a part of this year in the loft of a stable in rear of General Hndlay's place, on the site of the old Spencer house. On the eleventh of December an ordinance was passed by the town council for the establishment of a sort of night-watch, without pay. This year came John M. Wozencraft, a Welshman from Baltimore, who remained here for a time, and after- wards died in South Carolina on his way to England. The arrival from the same city of forty to fifty families, with about as many unmarried men, chiefly mechanics, gave to the town, says the directory of 181 9, the first spring of anything like improvement. Joseph Coppin, the aged president of the Cincinnati Pioneer association for this year 1880-1, came to the town of Cincinnati December 16th. He is, doubtless, the oldest man living, who was a resident of the city at that time. Mr. Coppin was born in Norwich, England, April 8, 1791, and was brought, when a boy, to this country by his father, who settled in New York city. Young Coppin walked in the funeral procession organized in that city in December, 1799, to do honor to the memory of Washing- ton, then just deceased. He afterwards marched in the processions that followed to tomb the remains of Alex- ander Hamilton, slain by Burr in 1804, and of Major David Zeigler, a native of Prussia, and commandant of Fort Washington, who died and was buried in Cincinnati in September, 181 1. He was a boy in his fifteenth year when brought to this place, and remembers distinctly the Cincinnati of that day. He worked as a boat-joiner upon the first barges that were built here for the New Or- leans trade, and as a house-carpenter labored upon the famous "Bazaar" built by the Trollopesin 1828-9. The aged pioneer is spending the evening of his days tran- quilly at Pleasant Ridge, in this county. By far the most distinguished arrivals of this year, or of the decade, were those of General Jared Mansfield and his family, which included a son, then a little boy of four years, Edward D. Mansfield, who became one of the most useful men of his time, and died only last year — October 27, 1880, at his "Yamoyden" farm near Morrow, thirty miles from Cincinnati. General Mansfield was of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 59 English stock, and immediately from an old New Hamp- shire family; a graduate of Yale college, and thorough scientist for his day; a teacher in his native State, and at the Friends' academy, in Philadelphia; author of a learned work comprising essays on mathematical topics ; appointed surveyor-general of the United States by Pres- ident Jefferson in 1803, particularly to establish correct meridian lines, which had given previous surveyors much trouble; resident at Marietta 1803-5, an d at or near Cincinnati (at Ludlow's station, and at Bates' place, near the present workhouse, afterwards called Mount Comfort), 1805-12; wrote a series of papers signed "Regulus," op- posing the schemes of Burr; established three principal meridians in Ohio and Indiana; returned to West Point as an instructor 1814-28, and remained at the east until his death. Edward D. Mansfield was also born in New Hamp- shire; was educated here, in New Hampshire, and Cheshire, Connecticut, and at the Military academy, from which he was graduated the fourth of his class, and the youngest graduate in the history of West Point. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the engineer corps, but, at the instance of his mother, resigned to become a lawyer. He first prepared regularly for college, entered the junior class at Princeton, and was graduated with the first honor. After a course at the Litchfield Law school he was admitted to the bar, and returned to Cincinnati the same year, where, or near which city, he thenceforth remained. He practiced law but a short time, however, and gave his time mostly to journalism and other literary pursuits. He was author of the Political Grammar, still published as a text-book for schools; of a work on Amer- can Education; of Personal Memories, a life of Dr. Drake, and many other books and reports, and pamph- lets of addresses, lectures, etc. He was the first and only commissioner of statistics for the State, and filled the place admirably. While a young lawyer here he had for a time as a partner Professor O. M. Mitchel, founder of the Cincinnati observatory. In 1835 he was professor of constitutional law and history in the Cincinnati college, and was then also editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle. He subsequently filled many other stations of usefulness, and continued his intellectual activity almost to the day of his lamented death. The arrival of General Mansfield and family was pleas- antly chronicled nearly forty years afterwards, by Dr. S. P. Hildreth, of Marietta, in a history of an early voyage on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, with historical sketches of the different points along them, etc., etc., contributed to the American Pioneer for March, 1842. Dr. Hildreth says: General Mansfield possessed a high order of talents, especially as a mathematician, with every qualification necessary to conduct the de- partment under his control with honor to himself and advantage to h.s country To a handsome personal appearance was added the most bland and pleasant address, rendering him a very desirable companion. Among the sailing vessels built at Marietta between the years 1801 and 1805, was a beautiful little seventy- ton schooner called the Nonpareil, constructed by Cap- tain Jonathan Devoll, one of the. earliest shipwrights on the Ohio, for himself and sons, and Mr. Richard Greene. In the spring of 1805 she was finished and loaded for a voyage down the Mississippi, and General Mansfield de- termined to take passage upon her with his family — a son, a nephew, and a servant girl — for his new station at Cincinnati, which would be "more central and nearer to the new tracts of government lands ordered to be sur- veyed in Ohio and the adjacent western territory." The vessel left Marietta April 21st. Dr. Hildreth thus records the arrival at Cincinnati, and gives a rapid but vivid picture of the town as it then appeared : The Nonpareil now unmoored and put out into the stream, proposing to stop at Cincinnati to land General Mansfield and family. The dis- tance between the two towns was one hundred and sixty miles. New settlements and improvements were springing up along the bank of the river every few miles; and the busy hum of civilization was heard where silence had reigned for ages, except when broken by the scream of the panther, the howl of the wolf, or the yell of the savage. In this dis- tance there are now no less than twelve towns, some of which are of considerable importance. They reached Cincinnati after a voyage of seventeen days, being protracted to this unusual length by adverse winds, a low stage of water, and the frequent stops of General Mans- field on business relating to his department, especially that of deter- mining the meridian and latitude of certain points on the Ohio river, fit was now the eighth of May; the peach and the apple had shed tVeir blossoms, and the trees of the forest were clad in their summer dress. ^Cincinnati, in 1805, contained a population of nine hundred and fifty souls. The enlivening notes of the fife and drum at reveille were no longer heard, and the loud booming of the morning gun, as it rolled its echoes along the hills and the winding shores of the river, had ceased to awaken the inhabitants from their slumbers. Cincinnati had been from its foundation until within a short period the headquarters of the different armies engaged in the Indian wars; and the continual ar- rival and departure of the troops, the landing of boats and detach- ments of pack-horses with provisions, had given to this little village all the life and activity of a large city. Peace was now restored; and the enlivening hum of commerce was beginning to be heard on the land- ings, while the bustle and hurry of hundreds of immigrants thronged the streets as they took their departure for the rich valleys of the Miami, the intended home of many a weary pilgrim from the Atlantic States. The log houses were beginning to disappear— brick and frame buildings were supplying their places. Large warehouses had arisen near the water for the storing of groceries and merchandise, brought -. up in barges and keel-boats from the far distant city of New Orleans. I EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIX. This was a transition year, or rather the beginning of a transition-period, for the little place. Says Mr. Mansfield , in his biography of Dr. Drake (it will be observed that he_was writing about 1855): (Cincinnati was then emerging out of a village existence into that, not of a city, but of a town, In 1806 it was but a small and dirty county- town. But about that time commenced a career of growth and success which is unequalled in history. Such success, notwithstanding all / natural advances, is always due as much to the mind and energy of its citizens as to all physical causes. If we look to the young men then aasociated with Dr. Drake and to the older citizens whom I have all ready mentioned, it will be found that no young place in America has gathered to itself a greater amount of personal energy and intellectual ability. 1 ) I have named among the pioneers the St. Clairs, Symmeses, Burners, Ganos, Findlays, Goforths and Oliver M. Spencer. In the class of young men, about 1806-7-8, were John McLean, now supreme judge; Thomas S. Jessup, now quartermaster-general; Joseph G. Tot- ten, now general of engineers; Ethan A. Brown, afterwards governor, judge and canal commissioner; George Cutler, now colonel in the army; Mr. Sill, since member of congress from Erie, Pennsylvania; Joseph Crane, afterwards judge; Judge Torrence, Dr. Drake, Nicholas Long- worth, Peyton S. Symmes, David Wade, Samuel Perry, Joseph Pierce, a poet of decided talent; Mr. Armstrong and John F. Mansfield.* The last two died early— the former, a young man of great ability, and the latter of distinguished scientific attainments and high promise. *Mr. Mansfield's foot-note: " I do not pretend to give a list of all the prom- inent young men at that time, but only those of whom I have some knowledge.' 6o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. imparn Such a circle of young men would grace any rising town, and imr. to its mind and character a tone of energy and a spirit of ambition. / During the year this part of the country was visited and partly explored, after a fashion, by an Englishman named Thomas Ashe, who chose to palm himself off during his travels among the western barbarians as a Frenchman named DArville. He pottered around somewhat among the antiquities of the Ohio valley, pro- mulgated the highly probable theory that the earthworks then still remaining in Cincinnati were the ruins of an ancient city, and after his return to the Old World, be- sides publishing a ponderous account of his travels in America, in three volumes, he issued a smaller volume entitled, "Memoirs of Mammoth and various extraordi- nary and stupendous Bones, of Incognita or Nonde- script Animals found in the vicinity of the Ohio, Wabash, Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, Osage and Red rivers, etc. Published for the information of the Ladies and Gentle- men whose taste and love of science tempt them to visit the Liverpool Museum.'' He was helped to this latter publication by the indiscretion of that fine gentleman of the old school, Dr. William Goforth, of Cincinnati, who intrusted the fellow with a large collection, in ten boxes, which the doctor had made, with great trouble and at some expense, from the Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky. Ashe was to take them abroad and exhibit them through Europe and the United Kingdom, and send the owner a specified share of the profits. Instead he coolly sold them to the Liverpool museum for a round sum, after exhibiting them in London, and is said to have made a fortune out of them and his book. He never accounted for a penny to Dr. Goforth, who must have felt the loss seriously, as he was not a man of large means. Mr. Ashe is regarded as very poor authority in scien- tific speculation or statement of fact; yet his narrative is undoubtedly correct in parts, and where he had no object to accomplish in telling a falsehood, it is probable he can be believed. The following is his view of Cincin- nati in 1806: The town consists of about three hundred houses, frame and log, built on two plains, the higher and the lower, each of which commands a fine view of the opposite shore, the mouth of Licking, the town of Newport, and the Ohio waters for a considerable way both up and down. The public buildings consist of a court house, prison, and two places of worship; and two printing-prt'ssei are established, which issue papers once a week. Cincinnati is also the line of communication with the chain of forts extended from Fort Washington to the west- ward, and is the principal town in what is called Symmes' Purchase. The garrison end of the town is now in a state of ruin. A land office for the sale of Congress lands at two dollars per acre is held in the town, and made no less than seventeen thousand contracts the last year with persons both from Europe and all parts of the United States. So very great and extensive is the character of the portion of the State of which this town is the fort and capital, that it absorbs the whole repu- tation of the country, deprives it of its topographical name, and" is distinguished by that of the "Miamis." In Holland, Germany, Ire- land, and the remote parts of America, persons intending to emigrate declare that they will go to the "Miamis." The commerce at present is conducted by about the keepers of thirty stores. . . The merchants make an exorbitant profit. Those of four years' standing, who came with goods obtained at Philadelphia and Baltimore on credit, have paid their debts, and now live at their ease. In general the people of Cincinnati make a favorable impression; they are orderly, decent, sociable, liberal, and unassuming; and were I compelled to live in the western country, I would give their town a decided preference. There are among the citizens several gentlemen of integrity, intelligence, and worth. He names with special commendation Generals Find- lay and Gano, Dr. Goforth, and Messrs. Dugan and Moore. The amusements consist of balls and amateur plays, the former of which going to literary and humane purposes, disposes me to think them both entertaining and good. On the sixth of February, the brig Perseverance, from Marietta for New York, via New Orleans and the Gulf, dropped anchor at Cincinnati. Commerce with domes- tic and foreign ports, from the Ohio Valley over the high seas, is obviously looking up. On the nineteenth of the month rumors are heard that excite considerable alarm concerning the movements of the Indians at Greenville, where the artful Tecumseh has his lodge, and is daily stirring up strife between the red and white men. It is this time, however, a harmless alarm. March 31st, the United States gunboats, built by the order of President Jefferson with some reference, it is supposed, to the stoppage of Burr's expedition, were launched from the shipyards at Columbia. From May 4th to August 22dno rain falls, and a great cry goes up for showers. The whole Miami country is athirst; the river threatens to disclose the lowermost stratum ot its rocky bed. A great eclipse of the sun occurs, in its gloomiest movements making the objects in a room almost invisible. A graphic picture of the effect in Cincinnati of the Burr conspiracy is furnished in the journal of Mrs. Israel Ludlow (Charlotte Chambers), under date of September 28, 1806: A report has been circulating that Aaron Burr, in conjunction with others, is forming schemes inimical to the peace of his country, and that an armament and fleet of boats are now in motion on the Ohio, and that orders have actually arrived from headquarters for our military to intercept and prevent its progress down the river. In consequence of these orders, cannon have been planted on the bank and a sentinel stationed on the watch. The light horse commanded by Captain Fer- guson have gallantly offered their services, and Captain Carpenter's company of infantry are on the alert. Cincinnati has quite the appear- ance of a garrisoned town. A tremendous cannonading was heard yesterday, and all thought Burr and his armament had arrived ; but it was only a salute to a fleet oiflatboats containing military stores for the different stations on the river. Mr. Joseph Coppin, one of the few survivors of the Cin- cinnati of the second decade, in his inaugural address, March 27, 1880, as President of the Pioneer association, gives the following amusing reminiscence : We had plenty of snow,' but no pleasure sleighs; so the old pioneers thought that they must have a ride, and they procured a large canoe or pirogue, with a skiff attached behind and seated for the ladies. To this pirogue-sleigh were hitched ten horses, with ten boy-riders to guide them, the American flag flying, two fiddlers, two flute-players, and Dr. Stall as captain. They did not forget to pass the "old black Betty," filled with good old peach brandy, among the old pioneers, and wine for the lady pioneers— God bless them! And here they went it, merrily singing "Gee-o, Dobbin; Dobbin, gee-o!" When the riding ended, both old and young pioneers wound up the sport with a ball — linsey- woolsey dresses in place of silk on ladies, many buckskin suits on pioneer men, and moccasins on their feet in place of shoes. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVEN. Herr Schultze, a German tourist who found his way to the Ohio Valley this year and afterwards published his HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 61 ncin- Travels on an Inland Voyage, thus remarks upon Ci nati: It contains about three hundred houses, among which are found sev- eral very genteel buildings ; it has a bank, market-house, printing-office, and a number of stores well stocked with every kind of merchandise in demand in this country. The markets are well furnished, both as to abundance and variety. Superfine flower [sic] is selling at three and a half and four dollars by the single barrel, and other articles are pro- portionally cheap. Ordinary manufactures they have likewise in plenty; and the country round, being rich and level, produces all the necessaries of life with but little labour. Fort Washington is situated immediately at the upper end of the town ; and although, from the increased popu- lation of the country, it is at present useless, yet, in the early settlement of this place, it was a post of considerable importance in checking the inecfrsions and ravages of the Indians. (February third the Territorial Legislature passes an act authorizing the imposition of a tax to the amount of six thousand dollars, for the pecuniary foundation of a Cin- cinnati University.) March eleven, me office of General Findlay, the re- ceiver of public moneys at the land office, is robbed of fifty thousand dollars, which creates a prodigious sensa- tion. The perpetrators are found, tried, and sentenced to be publicly whipped, but are pardoned through the clerhency of Governor Looker. f/The third of September brings the first purchase of fire-engines — hand engines, of course — for the village; one to be used on the bottom, the other on the hilu) November third, Judge Burnet, having been peppered with paper bullets from the Rev. John W. Browne, ed- itor, in turn castigates him, but with a more material weapon. Another first-class sensation for the quid- nuncs of the village. Mr. Coppin,/he pioneer before referred to, says that in this year theffirst barres were built in Cincinnati for the New Orleans tradeAby Richardson & Nolan, for whom he worked. Thefy were built for Messrs. Martin Baum, James Riddle, Henry Bechtle, and Captain Sam- uel Perry, and were rigged like schooners, with two masts, and the cabins finished like those of a ship. Another rather notable arrival occurred this year, June first, in the landing, from a flatboat at the foot of Main street, of Evans Price, an enterprising Welshman, his wife and four children, and 'the large amount, for that period, of ten thousand dollars' worth of store goods. He had thenceforth a long and active business career in the city. In November dies the Hon. William Goforth, sr., the first judge named for Hamilton county, and a prominent member of the first State constitutional convention. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHT. Mr F Cuming, a Philadelphian, came down the Ohio in May, and in his Sketches of a Tour to the Western C We n sto y pp S e a d y at Cincinnati, which is delightfully situated just opposite the mouth of the Licking rive, This town occupies more ground ^and eems to contain nearly as many houses as Lexington^ It is on a douWebank, like Steubenville, and the streets are ,n right lines, inter- double oan , are of them of bncki and Te^rea t g ent\ well built, well painted, and have that air of nearness which is so conspicuous in Connecticut and New Jersey, from whid.at.er State this part of the State of Ohio ,s principally settle* Some of the new brick houses are of three stones with flat roofs, and fheTe .s one of four stories now building. Mr. Jacob Burnet, an emi- nent lawyer, has a handsome brick house, beautifully s.tuated, just out- side the west end of the town. Cincinnati, then named Fort Washing- ton, was one of the first military posts occupied by the Americans in the western country, but I observed no remains of the old fort. It is now the capital of Hamilton county, and is the largest town in the State. By this time, according to Mr. Cuming, the remains of the fort must have been thoroughly cleared away. The building and other material had besn sold in March by order of the Government, and had probably by this time all been broken up and carted off. The reservation on which it stood had also been cut up into lots, and sold through the land office. On the twentieth of April, in that one day, two brigs and two "ships" passed Cincinnati, on their way to New Orleans. The vote in Cincinnati this year was two hundred and ninety-eight; in Hamilton county one thousand one hundred and sixteen. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINE. There is much excitement and alarm a part of this year, under the belief, which is general through the Ohio and Indiana country, that Tecumseh and the Prophet, still at Greenville, are about to lead the confederated tribes to another war of devastation and massacre. The movements in the southwest part of the State are re- counted in another chapter on the military record of Hamilton county. The tax levy for this year is but one-half of one per cent. ; for the next year but two-fifths of one per cent., and for 1811 but thirty -five cents on the hundred dollars. In the early afternoon of Sunday, May 28th, a terrible tornado swept through the eastern part of town. Dr. Drake says, in his Picture of Cincinnati, that "it demol- ished a few old buildings, threw down the tops of several chimneys and overturned many fruit and shade trees." Another gale swept the central part of the village, and a third the west end. The last was the most destructive of all, blowing down, wrote Dr. Drake, "a handsome brick edifice designed for tuition, . . in con- sequence of having a cupola disproportioned to its area; and various minor injuries of property were sustained, but the inhabitants escaped unhurt." The tornado made a broad track of devastation through the forest on the hill northeast of town. It was accompanied by copi- ous showers of rain and hail, with much thunder and lightning. The "edifice designed for tuition" was the "Cincinnati University" building; and its destruction extinguished the hopes of the enterprise it represented. Some smaller buildings were razed to the ground, and the roof of Win- throp Sargent's house was blown off "like a piece of paper," as Mr. Mansfield records it. This house, he says, was nearly in the centre of the square north of Fourth street and east of Broadway, with McAllister street on the northwest. He thinks it was the only house then in that part of the city. In the same storm, large oak trees were torn up by the roots, and some were thrown bodily across the roads. Mr. Mansfield's account, however, locates this storm in 181 2 ; but he was probably mistaken for once. William D. Bigham came this year, from Lewiston, 62 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Pennsylvania, with his wife and family, four sons and two daughters. Two other daughters — wives, respectively, of James Patterson and James Reed — had already removed to Hamilton county, and were living near the city. He had made two trips through this country, one in 1795, and the other in 1801, during the latter of which he bought three hundred and fifty acres of land a mile and a half from the town (now, of course, in the city), sev- eral town lots here, and a tract in Butler county. He re- mained but about a year, and then moved to his place near Hamilton, where he died in 1815. Two of his grandsons, William D. and David L., sons of David Big- ham, became residents of Cincinnati; the former died here November 23, 1866. Several of his sons became public officers and otherwise prominent men in Butler county. (t CHAPTER X. CINCINNATI'S THIRD DECADE. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TEN. This was the year of the third United States census — the second for Cincinnati. It gave the place two thou- sand three hundred and twenty inhabitants — an increase of nearly three hundred and ten percent, and the great- est in the history of the city in one decade, excepting the marvelous jump in the sixth decade from forty-six thou- sand three hundred and thirty-eight in 1840 to one hun- dred and fifteen thousand four hundred and thirty-eight in 1850. The white males numbered one thousand two hundred and twenty-seven, white females one thousand and thirteen, negroes eighty.j Children under sixteen years counted one thousand and fifteen; and there were but one hundred and eighty-four over forty-five years. The vote of the town was three hundred and eighty-eight; of the county, two thousand three hundred and twenty. (The first book relating to the place was published this year — a unique fact for a village of but twenty-four hun- dred people and twenty years' growths and one which seemed to foreshadow the future greatness of the town. Drake's Notes concerning Cincinnnati is now a very rare and valuable book^and still reflects honor on the scien- tific and literary attainments, as well as the enterprise of the young physician who prepared it. It is /a thoroughly original work, upon which many Cincinnati books have since, in part, been builtJ To the fourth and fifth chap- ters of that little work we owe the notes upon the village for, this year that follow : , (About two-thirds of the houses were in the Bottom, the rest upon the Hill. No streets were yet paved, and the alleys were still few. There was no permanent com- mon, except the Public Landing. The primitive forest having been thoroughly cleared away, trees had been planted along some of the sidewalks ; but, says the good doctor, "they are not sufficiently numerous.) The absurd clamor against the caterpillar of the Lombardy poplar (T caused many trees of that species to be cut down, and at present the white flowering locust very justly attracts the most attention.'' (The place contained about three hun- dred and sixty dwellings, chiefly brick and frame, and a few of stone. Scarcely any were so constructed as to afford habitations for families below the ground, and not many had even porches. There were two cemeteries — one for the dead of all denominations on the Public square, between Fourth and Fifth streets, "nearly in the center of the Hill population,'' and was, says Dr. Drake, "a convenient receptacle for the town, for strangers, and for the troops in Fort Washington, previous to the erase- ment of that garrison." Its area was something less than half the square. The other cemetery was opened by the Methodists about 1805, in the northeast quarter of the town, and also on the Hill. Eight brickyards were in operation in the western part of the Bottom, on the low- est part of the town site, near the second bank. That quarteflabounded in pools, formed by water drained from almost every part of the village. The butchers' shambles were on the bank of Deer creek, north and northwest of town. The tanneries were in the same region!} ([The American emigration to this time had been chiefly from the States north of Virginia; but representatives were on the ground from every State then in the Union and from most of the countries in the west of Europe, espe- cially from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany. The inhabitants were generally laborious, most of them mechanics, and the rest chiefly merchants, professional men, and teachers. Very few, if any, were so independ ent in means as not to engage in some business. Most of the inhabitants were temperate, but some would get "daily but quietly" drunk, and "no very inconsiderable number had been known to fall victims to the habit." Whiskey was most in request by the tipplers, but beer and cider were the beverages of the more sober. Well water furnished the plain, summer drink; but for domestic pur- poses river water was supplied in barrels, and at least half the inhabitants also drank it during six months of the year. The use of tobacco by the male inhabitants, from the age of ten up, was" almost universal. The aver- age food was similar to that eaten in the middle and eastern States; fresh meats were consumed in large quan- tities.^ Beef, fermented wheat bread, and Indian corn bread were common; but hot bread of any kind was rarer than in the southern States. Rye flour was almost unknown as a breadstuff. Fish was not a leading article of diet, although abundant in the streams. rThe dress of the people by this time did not vary greatly from that worn by the corresponding classes in the middle States^ The ladies, thought the doctor, injured their health by dressing too thin, and both sexes were not sufficiently careful to adjust their clothing to the fre- quent changes of weather. Female health was further endangered by the balls and dancing parties prevalent here then, as elsewhere, though not to great excess. Mineral waters, either natural or artificial, or artificial baths, were not yet known in the place. Bathing in the river was practiced by some, but was less regular and general'than comports with health and cleanliness. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 63 The back part of the bottom, through its entire length, is described by the doctor as "a hot-bed" of animal and vegetable putridity. Some spots, but only of small area, had been artificially raised to make them cultivable. At the east end of a strip of low ground was a kind of broad, shallow canal, which conveyed water from all parts of the town site to. the pits of the brickyards, where "it could not escape, save as gas or malaria. For its escape in this manner the heat of our summer sun, increased by the reflection from the contiguous high bank, is amply sufficient." The principal febrile diseases, notably ty- phus affections, which had scourged the people the year before, especially in December, 1809, were most probably due to this cause. The "drowned lands" in the valley of Mill creek were also mentioned as a fertile source of fever and ague; likewise the tall forest trees that still overshadowed large spaces between the valley and the town, the cemetery in the heart of the population, and the shambles and tanneries when winds blew from the northwest. Sunstroke was then unknown here, and death from the inordinate use of well water, which in those days killed many thirsty ones in Philadelphia, was very rare in Cincinnati. Few diseases could be traced directly to the heats of summer. This year General Lytle, an extensive and enterprising land operator, removed to Cincinnati from Williams- burgh, Clermont county. He was, as is well known, the father of Colonel Robert T. Lytle, who represented the Cincinnati district in Congress 1833-5, and tne grand- father of General William H. Lytle, who was killed in the late war. On the twenty-sixth of October arrived the families of L'Hommedieu, Fosdick, and Rogers, after a tedious journey from Sagg Harbor, on Long Island, having con- sumed sixty-three days in coming from New York city. Hon. Stephen S. L'Hommedieu, then a boy in one of these families, says, in his Pioneer Address of 1874: Cincinnati was then a village, containing about two thousand inhab- itants. The houses were mostly frame or log cabins, located generally on the lower level, below what is now Third street. The principal street was Main, and was pretty well built upon as high as Sixth and Seventh streets, the latter being the northern boundary of the village. It had its Presbyterian meeting-house, a frame building on the square between Fourth and Fifth, Main and Walnut streets; its graveyard, court house, jail, and public whipping-post, all on the same square. Upon the same ground, between the court house and meeting-house, ; bands of friendly Indians would have war-dances, much to the amuse- ment of the villagers; after which the hat would be passed around for , the benefit, it may be, of the pappooses. And here I may mention the fact that the pew and pulpit sounding- [ board of that same old pioneer meeting-house, built in the years 1792-3. j whose pulpit was, in 1810, occupied by that able, fine-looking, hospit- ; able brave old Kentucky preacher, Dr. Joshua L. Wilson, are still in use in a small German Lutheran church, on the river road, within the present corporate limits of the city. : The village also had its stone Methodist meeting-house, built in 1805- 6, situated on East Fifth street, a little west of Eastern row, then the ; eastern boundary of the village, now Broadway. It also had its post office, on the corner of Lawrence and Front streets, and its David Em- bree brewery, on the river bank, below Race street. G EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND ELEVEN. j "his year the residents of this region, and indeed all , ..ough the western country, were much in alarm through 1 fear of the renewal of Indian depredations and hostili- : ities ; which fear, happily, was not realized in any part of the Miami valley^ After the battle of Tippecanoe, in November, the Fourth regiment of United States infan- try, commanded by Colonel Boyd, an uncle of Judge Bellamy Storer, which had marched away from Fort Washington to the campaign, returned flushed with vic- tory, and was received with great acclamation by the people of Cincinnati. The next June, we may mention here, when it moved northward to join the army under General Hull, the military companies of the city met it as it landed after crossing from Newport Barracks, and acted as an escort of honor on the march up Main street. From the northeast to the northwest intersection of this street with Fifth, a triumphal arch had been erected, bearing in large letters the inscription, "To the Heroes of Tippecanoe." Three hundred soldiers, all that re- mained of this gallant regiment from the inroads of dis- ease and the casualties of service, passed under the arch. One soldier marching in disgrace as a prisoner, for deser- tion or cowardice, was compelled to go around the arch, as a further stamp of .ignominy. Upon reaching its first camp north of Cincinnati, about five miles out, the regi- ment was bountifully supplied with provisions from the city, as gifts of its citizens. Upon arriving at Urbana, where Hull's army was then encamped, it was honored with another arch, inscribed: "Tippecanoe — The Eagle — Glory." Lieutenant Colonel Miller, now command- ing the regiment, was the hero of the celebrated reply at the battle of Chippewa, to the question of General Scott; "Can you take that battery?" "I will try, sir" — words which, except the last, were worn upon the buttons of the-regimental uniform. /In August of this year, the first in the long and costly listof Cincinnati breweries was established on the river bank, at the foot of Race street, by Mr. David Embree. On the twenty-seventh of the same month the hearts of the people were made glad, and they were finally relieved from Indian alarms, by the notification of Colonel John- ston that he had made peace with all the savage tribes on the frontier./ Mourning came September 24th when Major Zjegler, the gallant old Prussian sol- dier, and the first of Cincinnati's executive officers, died. He was buried with military honors.* The Farmers' & Mechanics' bank, of Cincinnati, was established this year, at a public meeting held October 12th. Nicholas Long- worth was secretary of the commissioners of the bank. * The descendants of Major Ziegler, and all who revere the memory of the gallant soldier, will be interested in the following extract from the military journal of Major Denny, a fellow officer of the First regi- ment of the army : "22d. [February, 1789.] Married, this evening, Captain David Ziegler, of the First legiment, to Miss Sheffield, only single daughter of Mrs. Sheffield, of Campus Martius, city of Marietta. On this oc- casion I played the captain's aid, and at his request the memorandums made. I exhibited a character not more awkward than strange at the celebration of Captain Ziegler's nuptials, the first of the kind I had been a witness to." This was at Fort Harmar, near Marietta. Captain Ziegler was sta- tioned with his company at Fort Finney, near the mouth of the Great Miami, more than two years before Losantiville was founded. Major Denny elsewhere records a high compliment to Ziegler's soldiership and the bearing of his company— "always first in point of discipline and appearance. " >< 6 4 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. t The first steamboat ever seen in Cincinnati, and the first built on western waters, the New Orleans, arrived on the twenty-seventh of October, naturally exciting great curiosity.) She is noted at the time as actually making thirteen-niiles in two hours, and against the current at that! Liberty Hall of October 30, 181 1, gives a still better account of it. After noticing the departure, on the previous Sabbath, of two large barges rigged as sloops and owned in Cincinnati, for New Orleans, the editor includes this in his "ship news" : Same day. — The STEAMBOAT, lately built at Pittsburgh, passed this town at five o'clock in the afternoon, in fine stile, going at the rate of about ten or twelve miles an hour. Only these three lines — no more — to chronicle the greatest commercial event that ever occurred at Cincin- cinnati! Mr. William Robson, who landed here in June, 1818, and was long at the head of the coppersmith and brass- founding business in Cincinnati, was originally a ship carpenter by trade, and as such worked upon the Cler- mont, Fulton's first steamboat upon the Hudson. His service upon this was so satisfactory that when the New York company determined to build a steamer for the western waters, in 181 1, he was sent to Pittsburgh to su- perintend its construction. Thus closely is Cincinnati related to the introduction of steam navigation in the great west. -■ •■ '■• _ Mr. Charles Joseph Latrobe, of the celebrated family of engineers, in the first volume of his Rambler in North America, (1832-33), has left an exceedingly read- able and intelligent account of this first voyage of the New Orleans, which is worth extracting in full: Circumstances gave me the opportunity of becoming acquainted with the particulars of the very first voyage of a steamer in the west; and their extraordinary character will be my apology to you for filling a page of this sheet with the following brief relation : The complete success attending the experiments in steam naviga- tion made on the Hudson and the adjoining waters previous to the year 1809, turned the attention of the principal projectors to the idea of its application on the western rivers; and in the month of April of that year, Mr. Roosevelt, of New York, pursuant to an agreement with Chancellor Livingston and Mr. Fulton, visited those rivers, with the purpose of forming an opinion whether they admitted of steam navi- gation or not. At this time two boats, the North River and the Cler- mont, were running on the Hudson. Mr. Roosevelt surveyed the riv- ers from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, and, as his report was favorable, it was decided to build a boat at the former town. This was done under his direction, and in the course of i8n the first boat was launched on the waters of the Ohio. It was called the "New Orleans," and intended to ply between Natchez, in the State of Mississippi, and the city whose name it bore. In October it left Pittsburgh for its experimental voy- age. On this occasion no freight or passengers were taken, the object being merely to bring the boat to her station. Mr. Roosevelt, his young wife and family, a Mr. Baker, the engineer, Andrew Jack, the pilot, and six hands, with a few domestics, formed the whole burden. There were no woodyards at that time, and constant delays were una- voidable. When, as related, Mr. Roosevelt had gone down the river to reconnoitre, he had discovered two beds of coal, about one hundred and twenty miles below the rapids at Louisville, and now took tools to work them, intending to load the vessel with the coal and to employ it as fuel, instead of constantly detaining the boat while wood was pro- cured from the banks. Late at night, on the fourth day after quitting Pittsburgh, they ar- rived in safety at Louisville, having been but seventy hours descending upwards of seven hundred miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the fearful rapidity with which it made its passage over the broad reaches of the river, excited a mixture of terror and surprise among many of the settlers on the banks, whom the rumor ]of such an inven- tion had never reached; and it is related that on the unexpected arrival of the boat before Louisville, in the course of a fine, still, moonlight night, the extraordinary sound which filled the air, as the pent-up steam was suffered to escape from the valve on rounding-to, produced a general alarm, and the multitudes in the town rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. I have heard that the general impression among the good Kentuckians was that the comet had fallen into the Ohio ; but this does not rest upon the same foundation as the other facts which I lay before you, and which I may at once say I had directly from the lips of the parties themselves. The small depth of water in the rap- ids prevented the boat from pursuing her voyage immediately, and during the consequent detention of three weeks in the upper part of the Ohio, several trips were successfully made between Louisville and Cin- cinnati. In fine, the waters rose, and in the course of the last week in November the voyage was resumed, the depth of water barely admit- ting their passage. When they arrived about five miles above the Yellow Banks they moored the boat opposite to the first vein of coal, which was on the Indiana side, and had been purchased in the interim of the State gov- ernment. They found a large quantity already quarried to their hand and conveyed to the shore by depredators, who had not found means to carry it off; and with this they commenced loading the boat. While thus engaged, our voyagers were accosted in great alarm by the squat- ters of the neighborhood, who inquired if they had not heard strange noises on the river and in the woods in the course of the preceding day, and perceived the shores shake, insisting that they had repeatedly felt the earth tremble. Hitherto nothing extraordinary had been perceived. The following day they pursued their monotonous voyage in those vast solitudes. The weather was ^observed to be oppressively hot ; the air misty, still, and dull ; and though the sun was visible, like a glowing ball of copper, his rays hardly shed more than a mournful twilight on the surface of .the water. Evening drew nigh, and with it some indications of what w'as passing, around them became evident. And as they sat on deck, "they 'ever and anon heard a rushing sound and violent splash, and saw large. portions of the shore tearing away from the land and falling into -tlie river. " It was," as my informant said, "an awful day ; so still that you could have heard a pin drop on the deck." They spoke little, for every one on board appeared thunderstruck. The comet had disap- peared about this time, which circumstance was noticed with awe by the crew. The second day after their leaving the Yellow Banks, the sun rose over the forest the same ball of fire, and the air was thick, dull, and oppressive as before. The portentous signs of this terrible natural Con- vulsion continued and increased. The pilot, alarmed and confused, affirmed that he was lost, as he found the channel everywhere altered; and where he had hitherto known deep water, there lay numberless trees with their roots upwards. The trees were seen waving and nod- ding on the bank, without a wind; but the adventurers had no choice but to continue their route. Towards evening they found themselves at a loss for a place of shelter. They had usually brought to under the shore, but everywhere they saw the high banks disappearing, over- whelming many a flat-boat and raft, from which the owners had landed and made their escape. A large island in mid-channel, which was selected by the pilot as the better alternative, was sought for in vain, having disappeared entirely. Thus, in doubt and terror, they proceeded hour after hour till dark, when they found a small island, and rounded to, mooring themselves to the foot of it. Here they lay, keeping watch on deck during the long autumnal night, listening to the sound of the waters which roared and gurgled horribly around them, and hearing from time to time the rushing earth slide from the shore, and the com- motion as the falling mass of earth and trees was swallowed up by the river. The mother of the party, a delicate-female, who had just been confined on board as they lay off Louisville, was frequently awakened from her restless slumber by the jar given to the furniture and loose articles in the cabin, as, several times in the course of the night, the shock of the passing earthquake was communicated from the island to the bows of the vessel. It was a long night, but morning dawned and showed them that they were near the mouth of the Ohio. The shores and the channel were now equally unrecognizable; everything seemed changed. About noon that day they reached the small town of New Madrid, on the right bank of the Mississippi. Here they found the in- habitants in the greatest distress and consternation; part of the popu- lation had fled in terror to the higher grounds; others prayed to be taken on board, as the earth was opening in fissures on every side, and their houses hourly falling around them. Proceeding thence, they found the Mississippi, at all times a fearful Znjf-Tjy jLEFrt''- ^y^o&r' nsf/r/.?2s HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 65 stream, now unusually swollen, turbid and full of trees; and, after many days of great danger, though they felt and perceived no more of the earthquakes, they reached their destination at Natchez, at the close of the first week in January, i8iz, to the great astonishment of all, the escape of the boat having been considered an impossibility. At that time you floated for three or four hundred miles on the rivers, without seeing a human habitation. Such was the voyage of the first steamer. (f The shocks of earthquake were felt at Cincinnati al- most as severely as at some points in the Mississippi val- ley. The first shock occurred at 2:24 A. M., on the morning of the sixteenth of December. The motion was a quick oscillation or rocking, continuing six or seven minutes, and accompanied, as some averred, by a rush- ing or rumbling noise. Some mischief was done to brick-walled houses and to chimneys, and many persons were afflicted by it with vertigo or nausea. A brief but graphic picture of the earthquake, as it affected this place, is given by Mr. E. D. Mansfield, in his biography of his brother-in-law, Dr. Drake. Mr. Mansfield, it should be remarked, had himself personal recollections of this event: In the morning of the sixteenth of December, 181.1, the inhabitants of the Miami country, and especially of Cincinnati and its neighbor- hood, were awoke from a sound sleep, at about three o'clock, by a shaking of their houses, and by rumbling noises which sounded like distant thunder. To each one the phenomenon was alike unknown and awful. In the country the animals soon began to shriek, and all Nature seemed to feel the shock of a common evil and the dread of a common danger. The most intelligent persons soon discovered it to be an earthquake; but this discovery by no means allayed the alarm. On the contrary, as earthquakes were never known before in this region, there was nothing to reason upon, and full scope was left for the im- agination. Pictures of the earth opening to devour the inhabitants, of burning lava bursting forth, of yawning gulfs, and to many of a general destruction and a general doom, rose to the visions of the affrighted people, filling them with fears and anxieties. The shock of the sixteenth of December was so violent that it shook down the chimneys of several houses. In the midst of the general alarm there was some amusement; and the buoyant spirits of young and happy people will often extract something pleasant, even from the most fearful circumstances. Mrs. Willis's Columbian inn was a sort of fashionable hotel, where many of the gay people of the town boarded. I remember to have heard a great deal of laughter at the odd and curious appearance and grouping of maids and madams, bachelors and husbands, as they rushed into the street, tumultuous, in midnight drapery. But this cheerfulness did not last long; for the earthquakes continued during the winter, and although they were better understood, they were not the less dreaded. This common fear, and indeed the common necessity 'of being prepared for any event, had a great influ- ence in destroying the artificiality of society and bringing friends and neighbors together. Many families had their valuables carefully packed up, that they might take a rapid flight, in case of the destruction of their houses or of chasms in the earth, which would render their de- parture necessary. As the shocks of an earthquake were generally pre- ceded by signs of their approach, such as rumbling sounds and a pe- culiar atmosphere, families would often sit up late at night, in dread of a night shock, and neighbors and friends would assemble together to make the time pass more pleasantly, especially to the young, by cheer- ful conversation. In this manner social intercourse and friendly feeling were promoted, and, as in other afflictions of Providence, good was still educed from evil. The scientific observations and explanations upon this (in the valley of the Ohio) most extraordinary phenomenon are recorded by Dr. Drake in the Appendix to the Picture of Cincinnati. Most careful notes of the duration and deviation of the shocks were made by Col- onel Mansfield, at Bates's place. A carefully prepared pendulum, hung in the parlor window of his house, never ceased its vibrations from December to the following May; and several shocks occurred during the remainder of the year 1812. The original seat of this shaking of the earth seems to have been near New Madrid, on the Mississippi, a point four hundred miles, in a direct line, from Cincinnati. There the convulsion was terrific. Boats on the S river were thrown into a boiling whirpool, and seemed for a time to be engulfed in an endless vortex. The banks of the river were rent, the earth was opened, and the waters, rushing in, formed lakes for miles, where the land was dry before. Explosions from beneath took place, and fossils buried in the alluvium of ages were forced to the surface. The power of the original cause may be estimated by the fact of such violent effects at Cincinnati, four hundred miles distant, and that the movements, as of a lever, of this central force, were felt almost through- out North America, diminishing in intensity in the inverse ratio of the distance. \ The hardest shock here occurred on the second of February following, throwing down chimneys and doing other mischief. Slight shocks were felt from time to time for nearly two years, the last being observed Decem- ber 12, 1 8 13. They are said to have been much severer in the valley of the Ohio than on the uplands, where, in many places, the convulsion of the earth was scarcely felt. Twenty miles from Cincinnati, and on the ridges of Kentucky, it is recorded there were whole families who slept through the first shock without being awakened. A literary curiosity appeared this year — and seems to have been published for some years before, as this is No. 6 — in the shape of the Cincinnati Almanac, the first calendar published west of the Alleghanies. It was / printed by Rev. John W. Browne, and prepared by "Robert Stubbs, Philom.," an English clergyman, who came to this region in 1800 and took charge of the New- port Academyi He was quite noted locally as a scholar, and used to excite great wonderment in the minds of the people as he paced to and fro before his front door, recit- ing scraps of Greek and Latin. Colonel James Taylor, of Newport, is reputed to be the sole surviving member of his school. This year Mr. John Melish, another Englishman abroad, makes Cincinnati a visit, and records some shrewd observations in manufactures here, which will be found hereafter, in our chapter on that subject. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TWELVE. This was the great historic year which opened the last war with Great Britain. The west was considerably dis- turbed by the movements of the British and Indians and the dread of approaching hostilities, for months before the war formally opened. It was determined by the authori- ties to form an army of Ohio troops on the northwest frontier, and Hamilton, Butler, Warren, and Clermont counties were called upon for one battalion, which was promptly raised, and marched to the rendezvous at Camp Meigs, near Dayton. General Gano was promi- nent in these early movements, as afterwards in the war; and General Findlay, although a major-general in the militia, consented to command a regiment as colonel. The Governor of the State issued the following: A CALL ON THE PATRIOTISM OF CINCINNATI. The situation of our country has compelled the Government to resort to precautionary measures of defence. In obedience to its call, 400 men have abandoned the comforts of domestic life and are here assem- bled in camp, at the distance of some hundred miles from home, pre- pared to protect our frontier from the awful effects of savage and of civilized warfare. But the unprecedented celerity with which they have moved precluded the possibility of properly equipping them. Many, very many of them, are destitute of blankets, and without those indispensable articles it will be impossible for them to move to their point of destination. Citizens of Cincinnati! this appeal is made to you. Let each family furnish one or more blankets, and the requisite 66 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. number will be easily completed. It is not requested as a boon: the moment your blankets are delivered you shall receive the full value in money— they are not to be had at the stores. The season of the year is approaching when each family may, without inconvenience, part with one. Mothers! Sisters! Wives! — Recollect that the men in whose favor this appeal is made, have connections as near and dear as any which can bind you to life. These they have voluntarily abandoned, trusting that the integrity and patriotism of their fellow-citizens will supply every requisite for themselves and their families, and trusting that the same spirit which enabled their fathers to achieve their independence will enable theirsons to defend it. To-morrow arrangements will be made for their reception, and the price paid. R. J. MEIGS, Governor of Ohio. Cincinnati, April 30, 1812. The appeal was promptly and generously responded to, and the brave boys in camp slept warm during the cool nights of spring. Most of the prominent names or events connected with the war, so far as tradition or the records have handed them down, have been recorded in Part L, chap- ter n, of this book. It is to be regretted that more of the interior history of the struggle, and especially the rolls of the regiments recruited, are not now accessible to the/historian. (fclncinnati and Newport presented many stirring scenes duVing the war. A recruiting station was maintained in each place, and the strains of martial music soon became! familiar sounds. Business at first fell off, through the excitement of volunteering and drafting and the equip- ment of the troops; but recovered as the people became accustomed to it and the war created new demands^ Mr. L'Hommedieu says, in his Pioneer Address April J, 1874: Everything wore a military aspect. United States troops from the Newport barracks were marched under arms, on Sunday, to the pio- neer Presbyterian meeting-house, to hear the stirring words of our good and brave Dr. Wilson. Kentucky sent her thousands of volunteers on their march to join the Army of the North (soon to be commanded by General Harrison), to give battle to the British and their savage allies. It was a glorious sight to see these brave men pass up Main street; and what glory they earned in the second war for independence. On the twentieth of June Liberty Hall published the declaration of war, and patriotism was immediately at fever heat. The citizens assembled, passed resolutions of approval, fired cannon, and engaged in other demon- stations. Per contra, intense indignation was manifested when, on the eighth of September, news was received of General Hull's outrageous surrender at Detroit. Lieutenant Hugh Moore conducted the recruiting station here. Many volunteers were already in the field from Hamilton county, marching against the British and Indians at the northward, while a company of home guards was organized among the older men of Cincin- nati and commanded by General William Lytle. The troops and the cause were fitly remembered in the toasts at the celebration of Independence day this year. Among them were these: "The Northwestern Army: Our brethren and fellow-citizens now on the frontier — 'Nor do they sigh ingloriously to return, But breathe revenge, and for the battle burn.' May they have pleasant paths and unclouded spirit." General Harrison was responsible for a toast which would certainly have been withheld, if he could have forecast the near future: "General Hull and his Army — They have passed that scene immortalized by the vic- tory of Wayne; the spirit of that hero will animate them to deeds like his, and teach them the lesson of victory or death." Cincinnati had at least two little notices" abroad this year — the one from Alcedo ; or a Geographical and His- torical Dictionary of America and the West Indies — an English work by G. A. Thompson, Esq.; and the other from the Topographical Description of Ohio, Indiana Territory and Louisiana, "by a late officer of the army," which is accompanied by an engraving of the best-known view of early Cincinnati, that taken by Lieutenant Jervis Cutler, from Newport, in 1810: Cincinnati, a flourishing town in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, and the present seat of government. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of Licking river, two miles and a half southwest of Fort Washington [!] and about eight miles west of Columbia. Both these towns lie between Great and Lit- tle Miami rivers. Cincinnati contains about two hundred houses, and is eighty-two miles north by east of Frankfort; ninety northwest of Lex- ington, and seven hundred and seventy-nine west by south of Philadel- phia. Latitude thirty-eight degrees forty-two minutes north. Longi- tude eighty-four degrees eleven minutes west. Mr. Cutler's Topographical Description is mainly use- ful as introducing another and better notice, from a well known authority of the olden time. The writer says: Returning back to the Ohio, the first town below Columbia is Cin- cinnati, five miles distant. In the Ohio Navigator a concise and correct description is given of this town: '/[Cincinnati is handsomely situated on a first and second bank of the \)hio, opposite Licking river. It is a flourishing town, has a rich, level, and well settled country around it. It contains about four hun- dred dwellings, an elegant court house, jail, three market houses, a land office for the sale of Congress lands, two printing offices, issuing weekly gazettes, thirty mercantile stores, and the various branches of mechanism are carried on with spirit. Industry of every kind being duly encouraged by the citizens, Cincinnati is likely to become a consid, erable manufacturing place^ It is eighty-two miles north by east from Frankfort, and about three hundred and eighty by land south-south- west from Pittsburgh, north latitude thirty-nine degrees, five minutes, fifty-four seconds, according to Mr~Ellicot, and west longitude eighty- five degrees, forty-four minutes. [ It is the principal town in what is called Symmes' Purchase, and isShe seat of justice for what is called Hamilton county, Ohio.) It has a bank issuing notes under the author- ity of the State, called the Miami Exporting company. /The healthi- ness and salubrity of the climate; the levelness and luxuriance of the soil; the purity and excellence of the waters, added to the blessings attendant on the judicious administration of mild and equitable laws; the great security in the land titles; all seem to centre in a favorable point of expectation — that Cincinnati and the country around it must one day become rich and very populous, equal, perhaps, if not superior to any other place of an interior position in the United States.} The site of Fort Washington is near the centre of the town. It was a principal frontier post: it is now laid out in town lots. (^l considerable trade is carried on between Cincinnati and New Orleans) in keel-boats, which return laden with foreign goods. The passage of a boat of forty tons down to New Oileans is computed at. about twenty-five, and its return to Cincinnati at about sixty-five days.)) EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN. The population of the village this year is estimated to have reached four thousand. The death of the Rev. John W. Browne, a prominent editor in the early days of local journalism, occurred this year. Arrived, Thomas Pierce, anon>mous author 1/ of the amusing satires entitled Horace in Cincinnati, 1 and also writer of Hesperia, a prize poem. He was a merchant till 1822, then studied medicine, but resumed merchandising, and died here in 1850. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 67 February 2d, news of Winchester's defeat on the river Raisin, in Michigan, is received. September 9th, four thousand Kentucky volunteers pass through town, on their way to join the northern army. On the twenty-first the glad news comes of Perry's great naval victory at Put-in Bay. James W. Gazlay came to the village this year, and opened a law office on Main street, between Sixth and Seventh — then quite out of the business quarter. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FOURTEEN. This year, February 26, the people of the county and of the State sustained the loss of the hero of the Miami Purchase, Judge John Cleves Symmes. He died in Cincinnati, between which and North Bend he alternated his residence. The following notice was issued to his friends and the general community: The citizens of Cincinnati are invited to attend the funeral of the Hon. John Cleves Symmes, at the dwelling of Gen. Harrison in Front street, to-morrow at 10 o'clock A. M., from whence a procession will be formed to the landing of Mr. Joel Williams, where the body will be embarked for North Bend, selected by the Judge as the place of his interment. Such of his friends as can make it convenient to attend his remains to that place can be accommodated on board the boat which conveys them. Cincinnati, February 26, 1814. Sufficient notice of the life and public services of this remarkable man has been made in chapter V of the first division of this book. We are in addition able to present here a document of great interest, which we are assured has never before been in print : WILL OF JOHN CLEVES SYMMES. The last will and testament of John Cleves Symmes. In the name of God, amen. I, John Cleves Symmes, of North Bend, in the county of Hamilton and State of Ohio, being grievously afflicted with a cancer in my under lip, chin, and throat, which will undoubtedly shortly put an end to my life, while as yet I remain of sound mind and memory, do think it my duty to make and publish this my last will and testament, not so much for the disposition of the small personal property which I shall possess at my Death, as the constitution and laws of the State of Ohio anticipates the necessity of my making will in that respect, my will being the same with the law quo ad goods, chattels, rights, and credits; but the circumstance which renders it necessary that I should make and publish this my last will and testament is to authorize my ex- ecutors hereinafter named, and the survivor of them, to sell and dis- pose of and make title to the purchasers of those few fragments of land which I have never sold, and which as yet has not been torn from me under color of law, as by the laws of the State administrators can- not dispose of the real estate of their intestate without a rule of court authorizing them so to do. Therefore I, the said John Cleves Symmes, do hereby declare and appoint my worthy son-in-law William Henry Harrison, Esquire, and my beloved grandson John Cleves Short, Es- quire, and the survivor of them, my true and lawful executors to this my last will and testament, hereby giving unto them and the survivor of them full power and lawful authority to sell all or any part of my lands and real estate, wherever any part or parcel thereof may be found or discovered within the said State of Ohio, and proceeds or monies arising from such sales equally to divide between them for their reward, in compensation for their trouble and services; first, however, paying thereout for all deficiencies in contents or number of acres that may be found wanting in the several tracts of land which I have heretofore sold and been paid for, but which on a re-survey may have been deeded by me for a greater number of acres than there really is in the tract. On the other hand, many sections, quarter sections, fractions of sections, tracts and parcels of land, by me heretofore deeded for a given number of acres, strict measure, on a re-survey will appear to be larger, and contains a surplusage of land over and above the quantity of land sold or ever paid for. It is therefore my will and desire that my executors and the survivor of them seek after and enquire out these surplus lands by the assistance of the county surveyor, and that my executors dispose of such surplus lands at the same price with which they remunerate those whose deeds from me call for more land than is embraced within the limits or boundaries of my deeds to them, And my further will . and request is, and I do hereby enjoin upon my said executors and the survivor of them, hereby investing in them and the survivors of them all lawful authority and full power for the purpose, to carry [out] all my special contracts with individual persons into full effect and final close, according to the tenor of each respective contract; provided, however, that the other party named in each several contract faithfully fulfill the conditions on their part stipulated to be performed, which conditions will appear on having recourse to their respective contracts. And my will is that my said executors have and possess, and I hereby give unto them, and the survivor of them, all further necessary and usual powers to sue for and collect all or any part of my dues and debts, whether owing to me on bond, on note, or book debt; and also to pay all such debts as I justly owe; but there are some unjust claims against me founded in the deepest conspiracy, fraud and perjuries. (S hope I need make no apology to my children and grandchildren for nothaving so much property to leave to them as might have been ex- pected from the earnings of a long, industrious, frugal, and adventur- ous life, when they recollect the undue methods taken, as well by the Government of the United States as by many individual private char- acters, to make sacrifice of my hardly earned property at the shrine of their avarice. It has been my particular lot to be treated with the blackest, blackest ingratitude, by some who now laugh at my calamity, but who would at this day have been toiling in poverty, had not my en- terprise to this country, my benevolence, or the property which they have plundered from me, have made them rich. How dark and mys- terious are the ways of Heavenj) I shall add nothing further save that it is my particular desire to be buried m the graveyard at North Bend, where the last twenty.five years of my life have been chiefly spent. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand to this, my last will and testament, on the thirty-first day of December, in the year eighteen hundred and thirteen. John Cleves Symmes. [Seal] Subscribed and sealed in presence of James Findlay, Geo. P. Toekence, Joseph Perry. Thos. Sloo, Junr, The election for corporation officers was held this year April 4th, at John Wingate's tavern. Only one hundred and forty-one votes were cast, though the town is to have had a vote of four hundred and eleven in 1814. Samuel W. Davis was chosen president of the select council; Jacob Brown, William Corry, Samuel Stitt, Davis Em- bree, John S. Wallace, William Irwin, and Jacob Wheeler, members of the council; Griffin Yeatman, re- corder; John Mahard, assessor; Jacob Chambers, mar- shal and collector. Brilliant auroras were observed in the sky April 19th and September nth. On the fifth of April Jeremiah Neave & Son opened a commission warehouse on Main street. October 2 2d the first Bible society in the Miami coun- try is started here. In the fall or early winter of 1814, Cincinnati lost the office of surveyor general of public lands in the north- west, by its removal to Chillicothe, under the ap- pointment of ex-Governor Tiffin as surveyor general, and the late incumbent of that office, Josiah Meigs, to Dr. Tiffin's place as commissioner of the general land office. This post had been created by act of Congress April 25, 1812, and Governor Tiffin appointed by Presi- dent Madison as the first commissioner. In the autumn of 1814 he conceived a strong desire to return to the west, and wrote to Mr. Meigs proposing an exchange of offices. He readily consenting, the matter was arranged 1 without difficulty with the President, the Senate con- 68 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. firmed the new nominations, and the ex-governor came home to Chillicothe, removing the surveyor general's of- fice thither, while Mr. Meigs removed his residence tem- porarily to Washington, and assumed charge of the gen- eral land office — a post which he held for some years. The fine old Lytle house, at No. 66 Lawrence street, East End, was erected this year by General Lytle, and has been continuously occupied by the family. It is by far the oldest building of its grade in the city. Mr. Jo- seph Jones, who worked upon it in 1814, then a full- grown man, is still living in Cincinnati. David K. Este, a young lawyer, afterwards an eminent judge, settled in the city. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN. The preparation of another book by Dr. Drake — the Natural and Statistical View, or Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country — was the local literary event of the year. It enables the reader to form a lull and no doubt accurate conception of the now large and rapidly growing town, in nearly all respects. The preface modestly de- scribes the work as "an account of a village in the woods;" but it is a remarkable and valuable account. For the first time to a book on Cincinnati, a map is prefixed; which gives us the opportunity to introduce here Mr. Charles Cist's article, prepared thirty years afterwards and published in his Miscellany, on EARLY MAPS OF CINCINNATI. Streets. — West of the section line separating section twenty-four from the west of the city, there was not a street laid out at the date of 1815. That line followed a due north course from a point at the river Ohio, about half-way between Mill and Smith streets, crossing Fifth street just east of the mound which lately stood there, and Western row about two hundred yards south of the corporation line. Plum ; Race, and Walnut streets extended no farther north than Seventh street, and Sycamore was not opened beyond the present line of the Miami canal. From Walnut street west as far as Western row, not a. street was opened north of Seventh street north of the canal already re- ferred to. It was the same case with respect to Broadway from Fifth street to the corporation line in the same direction. Court street, west of Main, was called St. Clair street, and Ninth street, its whole length at that time, was laid out as Wayne street. Eighth street, east of Main, was called New Market street. Public Buildings.. — Of churches there were only — the Presbyterian church which preceded the present building, on Main street ; the Meth- odist church on Fifth, where the Wesley chapel has since been built ; a Baptist church on Sixth street, west of Walnut, on the site of what is now a German church, corner of Lodge street ; aud the Friends' frame meeting-house on Fifth, below Western row. Of all these the last only remains on its original site, the Presbyterian church having been re- moved to Vine, below Fifth, where it still stands under the name of Burke's church, and the others having been since removed to make way for their successors. The site of the present Cincinnati college, on Walnut street, at that date was occupied by the Lancaster seminary. Young as was the place, it furnished business for three banks. The Bank of Cincinnati was on Main, west side, and north of Fifth street ; the Farmers' and Mechanics' bank on Main, west side, between Front and Second streets ; and the Miami Exporting company on the spot now [1844] occupied by W. G. Breese's store, facing the Public Landing. These, with the court house and jail, which stand now where they then stood, made up the public buildings for 1815. The brewery, corner of Symmes and Pike streets ; another, corner of Race and Water streets, immediately east of Deer creek ; Gulick's sugar refinery on Arch street ; a glass-house at the foot of Smith street ; a steam saw-mill at the mouth of Mill street ; and the great steam mill on the river bank, half-way be- tween Ludlow street and Broadway, constituted in 1815 the entire man- ufactories of the place. Markets. — Besides lower market, which occupied the block from Main to Sycamore, as well as that from Sycamore to Broadway, in the street of that name, and upper market, which stood on Fifth, between Main and Walnut streets, there was ground vacated for markets, which, having been found unsuitable for the purpose, was never occupied for that use. One of these embraces the front of Sycamore street on both sides, from a short distance north of Seventh to the corner of Ninth street. Another is on McFarland street, west of Elm, forming a square of two hundred feet in the centre of the block. A slight examination of these places where the dwellings have been built back from the line of the respective streets, will point out at once the space dedicated for this purpose. The blocks marked upon this map as fully occupied or settled at this time were those between Front, Water, and the river, Main and Plum ; south of East Front, between Broadway and Ludlow; between Second and Front, from Vine to Ludlow, and Lawrence to Pike ; between Second and Third, from Main to Sycamore, and Broadway to Ludlow; between Third and Fourth, Main and Sycamore, one block;' between Fourth and Fifth, from Plum to Sycamore; between Fifth and Sixth, Walnut to Main only; between Sixth and Northern row, and between Northern row and New Market (Eighth street), only Sycamore to Broadway; also eleven small blocks west of Western row, on Longworth, London, Kemble, Rich- mond, and Catherine streets. The blocks adjacent to those described were mostly one-eighth to three- fourths occupied; but there were still some magnificent distances in the heart of the town, the block between Second and Third, Race and Vine, for example, being still wjTOilyun^ccupied. Drake is jiow able to remark: FAjm Newpojt-6r Covington [then just laid out |, the appearance of the town is beantiful ; and at a future period, when the streets shall be graduated from the Hill to the river shore, promises to become magnifi- cent. it Preparations were making, he says, for the paving of Main street, fr u m the tirer to Fourt h, and the next year it would "no doubt be followed by a general improve- ment of the town in this respect.") It had become a question where the drainage from the town should be made to enter the river, and^the doctor thought that probably all gutters west of Broadway would be dis- charged into a common sewer at Second street, "along which in an open channel the water now runs. '*) t It|fwas proposed to throw up a levee along the border of the town plat, six feet high and two hundred yards long) but, says the doctor, "no measures, have yet been taken to ef- fect this important object." (Other improvements, pro- jected] at least, in the fertile and active brain of Dr. Drake,(were a bridge across the Ohio, a steam ferry, a new and permanent bridge across the mouth of Deer creek) the restoration of the wooden bridge across Mill creek, near its confluence with the Ohio,(a great road via Dayton toward the sources of the Miamis, an improved road to Columbia, andjnote it for 1815/a canal, to con- nect the Great Miami with the Maumee, and a canal Irom Hamilton to Cincinnati) a route for which is traced upon his map, and is substantially that, which the Miami canal afterwards followed. No wonder the enterprising writer was now able to register his opinion that "Cincin- nati is to be the future metropolis of the Ohio. ( It is the permanent mart and trading capital of a-tect whose area equals the cultivated part of New ;!. , . ■•f.-fj aAM~ ) REFERENCES. Steam Mill. Brewery, o Ferries. 4 Brewery. 5 Potash Factory . 6 Presbyterian Choroh. 7 Court House. 8 JsiL 9 Methodist Church. 10 Lanoaster Seminary. 11 Sugar Refinery . 12 Bank of Cincinnati. 13 Bank— Miami Exporting Co. 14 Bank— Fanners & Mechanics. 15 Friends' Meeting House. ' 16 Remains of Ancient Works . / IT Presbyterian Bnrytng Ground IB Site of Old Fort Washington'. 19 Glass House. 20 Steam Saw Mill. 21 Baptist Church. 22 W. Market. 23 Market. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 69 \U' V Hampshire, New Jersey, or Maryland; surpasses the State of Connecticut, and doubles the States of Rhode Island and Delaware taken together; with a greater quan- tity of fertile and productive soil than the whole com- bined." The population of the town,) in July of this year,(was carefully estimated at six thousand — an increase of fifty per cent, in two years. The average was nearly ten per- sons to a dwelling. \ And, says the doctor, /no part of its unexampled progress in population and improvement can be ascribed to political aids; . . . but the whole has resulted from such natural and commer- cial advantages as cannot easily be transformed or de- stroyed." J (There were not far from one thousand and seventy houses in the nlace^) exclusive of kitchens, smoke-houses, and stables. (Over twenty were of stone, two hundred and fifty brick, about eight hundred wood. Only six hundred contained families; the rest were public or busi- ness houses.) (The great disproportion of frame houses was due to the demand created by rapid immigration, as they could be so speedily built. The dwellings were gen- erally two stories high, of a neat and simple style, with sloping shingle roofs) and Corinthian or Tuscan cornices. Several had lately Been put up with a third story, "and exhibit, for a new town, some magnificence. A handsome frontispiece or balustrade occasionally affords an evidence of opening taste, but the higher architectural orna- ments, elegant summer-houses, porticos, and colonnades, are entirely wanting." (/Few frame houses were yet even paintedA Three market-houses were already among the public buildings of the town. ffThe largest and highest structure was of course the great steam-mill on the river bank!) The buildings of the Cincinnati Manufacturing company, however, on the bank above Deer creek, were numerous and extensive, the main edifice being one hun- dred and fifty feet by twenty to thirty-seven feet, and two to four stories high. . The Columbian garden and the great mound at the west end are mentioned as favorite resorts for promenaders. On the tenth of January the legislature passed another act of incorporation for the village, essentially modifying that of thirteen years before. The same corporation limits were prescribed, however. The town was divided into four wards, each electing three trustees for a term of three years. When first met, the trustees were to choose a mayor from their own number, and also elect a recorder, clerk and treasurer. The council was empowered to pass j and enforce all ordinances necessary and proper for the \ health, safety, cleanliness, convenience, morals, and good government of the town and its inhabitants. Real estate was not to be taxed beyond one-half of one per cent, in any year, without a vote of the people authorizing it. It was the Mayor's exclusive duty to decide upon all charges for violations of ordinances, subject to appeal to the council or court of common pleas, at the option of the party aggrieved by his decision. He also exercised the principal functions of a justice of the peace, within the town limits. About four weeks after the battle of New Orleans, Jan- uary 8th, the news reached Cincinnati, and created much rejoicing. To quote Mr. L'Hommedieu again : What a glorification our people had ! Some now present will remem- ber the illumination, the grand procession that moved down Main street, with a bull manacled and appropriately decorated. Another month or more brought news of peace, made before the great battle of the eighth was fought ; and then another grand illumin- ation of our village. What a joyous time we boys had ! How we equipped ourselves with paper soldier-caps, with red belts and wooden swords, and marched under command of our brave captain as far as Western row, now Central avenue, where we reached the woods, and, for fear of Indians, returned to our mammas, reporting on the return march to old Major-General Gano, who, after putting us through a drill, gave each boy a fip to purchase gingerbread, baked by a venerable member, formerly president of this association. On the eleventh of December came out the first num- ber of the consolidated journals, Liberty Hall and Cin- cinnati Gazette, published by Looker, Palmer and Rey- nolds. On the twenty-sixth the three banks mentioned in Mr. Cist's notes on the early maps together suspended payment, creating great excitement and no little real dis- tress in the community. Timothy Flint, the noted writer, came with his family during the winter of this year, took a house, and re- mained until spring. He afterwards settled here. In his volume of Recollections, published long afterwards, he records some pleasant reminiscences of the town and its people : (in no part of the old Continent that I have visited are strangers treat- ed with more attention, politeness, and respect than in Cincinnati J and where, indeed, can an Englishman forget that he is not at home, except in the United States J In most other regions he must forego many early habits, prejudices, and propensities, and accommodate himself to others, perhaps diametrically opposite ; he must disguise or conceal his religious or political opinions ; must forget his native language and acquire flu- ency in another before he can make even his wants known or his wishes understood ; but here the same language and fashion as in his own pre- vail in every State ; indeed, it is necessary for him to declare himself. a foreigner, to be known as such, and I have always found this declara- tion a passport to increased attention and kindness ; for every man in this land of freedom enjoys his opinions unmolested. Not having the slightest intention of stopping at any town on my way to New York, I was without any introductions ; but this deficiency by no means pre- vented my receiving the usual benefit of the hospitality of the inhabi- tants, which was such as to induce us at first to remain a few days, and ultimately, probably, to end our lives with. them. ( Sixteen hundred miles from the sea, in half an age, this flourishing and beautiful town has emerged from the woods, and when as old as Petersburgh now is, will probably, in wealth and population, emulate the imperial city. No troops are stationed, no public money lavished here. It is not even the State metropolis. The people build and multiply imperceptibly and in silence. Nothing is forced. This mag- nificent result is only the development of our free and noble institutions upon a fertile soil. The banks of ihe ' Ohio are destined shortly to become almost a continued village. Eleven years have produced an astonishing change in this respect; for at that distance of time by far the greater propor- tion of the course of the Ohio was. through a forest. When you saw the city apparently lifting its head from surrounding woods, you found yourself at a loss to imagine whence so many people could be furnished with supplies. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN. February 16th William Green establishes the first iron foundry here. An order is passed by the council granting the privilege of supplying water to the people to the Cincinnati Woolen Manufacturing company. On the nineteenth somebody reports the population at six thou- sand four hundred and ninety-eight. 70 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. November 25th the first insurance company goes into operation — the "Cincinnati." December 2d chronicles the building of the first brig at the Columbia shipyards. On the sixteenth the ocean- going barge Mission arrives with a cargo of dry goods from Liverpool. The more pious ladies of Cincinnati start this year a female Bible society, auxiliary to the American Bible society. This year comes Mr. David Thomas, writer of Travels through the Western Country, and favors Cincinnatians with this notice: About three o'clock we descended through the hills, along a hollow way, into the valley of the Ohio, and Cincinnati appeared before us. It is a great town. Brick buildings are very numerous, and many of these are elegant ; but compactness constitutes much of the beauty of our cities, and in this it is deficient. Some of the streets may form exceptions to this remark; and we ought to remember that few towns (if any) ever rose from the forest more rapidly; that its date even now is within the memory of the young; and that its mammoth form at no distant period will be filled up and completed. By some it is suspected, however, that its present greatness is premature; but this can only apply to its mercantile concerns; for its manufactories cannot be mate- rially affected by any change in the amount of commerce. Neither need the merchants fear a rival city, unless it rises to the north. Among the most respectable of the manufacturing establishments we notice the brewery of D. & J. Embree. The works, though in a pro- gressive state, are now sufficiently extensive to produce annually five thousand barrels of beer and porter, and the quality is excellent. A treadle-mill is attached to these buildings, similar in construction to' that at Montgomery. It is turned by horses, and grinds one hundred and twenty bushels of malt a day. In the present recess of business, it is employed in the manufacture of mustard. Works for green glass have lately gone into operation ; but some of . the articles produced are very imperfect. We can sympathise with the proprietors of new establishments; for we are aware of the many inconveniences and discouragements that beset them at the commence- ment; but we cannot too strongly inculcate that to attain excellence will be the first object of the patriotic manufacturer; and such virtue could scarcely fail of its reward. A monthly meeting of the society of Friends, comprising about forty families, is established in this year. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTEEN. The growing town had special and distinguished no- tice from the travellers this year. First, in June, came that industrious tourist and observer, Mr. Birkbeck, long of Illinois, from which he wrote a series of enter- taining letters that were collected in a book. From an- other volume, his Travels in America, we copy the fol- lowing extracts: Cincinnati, like most American towns, stands too low; it is built on the banks of the Ohio, and the lower part of it is not out of the reach of spring floods. As if life was not more than meat, and the body than raiment, every consideration of health and enjoyment yields to views of mercantile convenience. Short-sighted and narrow economy! by which the lives of thousands are shortened, and the comfort of all sacrificed to mistaken notions of private interest. Cincinnati is, however, a most thriving place, and, backed as it is already by a great population and a most plentiful country, bids fair to be one of the first cities of the west. We are told, and we cannot doubt the fact, that the chief of what we see is the work of four years. The hundreds of commodious, well-finished brick houses, the spacious and busy markets, the substantial public buildings, the thousands of prosperous, well-dressed, industrious inhabitants, the numerous wagons and drays, the gay carriages and elegant females; the shoals of craft on the river, the busy stir prevailing everywhere — house-building, boat-building, paving and leveling streets; the numbers of country peo- ple constantly coming and going; the spacious taverns, crowded with travellers from a distance. All this is so much more than I could comprehend from a descrip- tion of a new town just risen from the woods, that I despair of con- veying an adequate idea of it to my English friends.. It is enchant- ment, and Liberty is the fair enchantress. June 27, Cincinnati. All is alive here as soon as the day breaks. The stores are opened, the markets thronged, and business is in full career by five o'clock in the morning; and nine o'clock is the common hour for retiring to rest. As yet I have felt nothing oppressive in the heat of this climate. Melting, oppressive, sultry nights, succeeding broiling days, and for- bidding rest, which are said to wear out the frames of the languid in- habitants of the Eastern cities, are unknown here. A cool breeze al- ways renders the night refreshing, and generally moderates the heat of the day. Then came Mr. Burnet— a New England traveller, we believe — who makes many and judicious remarks upon the town : As Cincinnati is the commercial capital of the State of Ohio, a State which twenty-five years ago contained but a few thousand inhabitants, and is now well settled by half a million white inhabitants, I have been somewhat particular in describing its commerce, manufactures, and inhabitants. The general appearance of the city is clean and handsome — indeed, elegant and astonishing, when we reflect that less than forty years ago it was the resort of Indians, and the whole surrounding country a wil- derness, full of wild beasts and savages. The present number of buildings may be between thirteen and four- teen hundred, and the number of the inhabitants'eight thousand, all whites, the laws of Ohio prohibiting free negroes (except in certain cases) from settling in the State. Near five hundred of the houses are built of stone or brick, many of them three-story high, and in a very neat, modern style. The rest of the houses are frame, most of them neatly painted. The public buildings are of brick, and would ornament an European city. The new court-house is a stately edifice, fifty-six by sixty-six feet, and one hundred feet high; the apartments are fire-proof. Presby- terians, Baptists, Friends, and Methodists, have each a meeting-house. Those belonging to the Presbyterians are furnished with taste. The Friends' meeting-house is a temporary wooden building. The Lancas- terian seminary is a capacious structure, calculated to contain one thousand one hundred scholars, male and female. There are three brick market-houses, the largest is upwards of three hundred feet long. I have counted near sixty tilted wagons from the country on a market day, chiefly with produce, which is brought to market by the farmer and sold from the wagons. The police of the city is respectable; they have, however, no lamps or watch, nor do they require any. We boarded in the heart of the town, and our doors were mostly open night or day. Theft is very rare; the lowest characters seem above it. The climate is healthy, if we may judge from the appearance of the inhabitants. At this season (July) the mornings and evenings are delightful ; mid-day hot, but not too hot to do out-door work. The winters are short and pleasant. The manners of most of the inhabitants are social and refined, with- out jealousy of foreigners (which is sometimes the case with the ignor- ant or interested in the eastern and middle states) ; they are pleased to see a respectable European settle amongst them. Many cultivate the fine arts, painting, engraving and music. With few exceptions, we found the English language spoken with purity.- . . . The inhabitants dress much in the English fashion. In summer many of both sexes wear domestic or home manufactured ginghams, and straw hats. Gentlemen, and many tradesmen, wear superfine cloth coats' blue and black are the prevailing colors. The ladies dress elegantly, in muslin, short-waisted gowns, vandyked frill or ruffle round the neck, and an English cottage or French straw hat. When about their house- hold concerns, they wear a large, long, peaked hat, to defend their features from the swarthing influence of the sun and air. The city, in all probability, will soon be the largest in the West; it is rapidly improving in size; sixty new brick and frame houses have been occupied since last fall; and at least as many more are now building, besides several manufacturing shops and factories. There is more taste displayed in building and laying out grounds and gardens than I have yet observed west of the Alleghany mountains. The price of town lots is high, and houses in the principal streets dif- ficult to obtain on hire. The lots in Main, First and Second streets sell for two hundred dollars a foot, measuring on the front line; those pos- sessing less local advantage sell from fifty to ten dollars; out-lots, and The Bazaar. Erected by Mbs. Tbolilofe, 1828-9; Demolished in Mabch, 1881. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 7i land very near the town, sells for five hundred dollars per acre. Taxes are very moderate. . . The price of labor is one dollar per day. Mechanics earn two dollars. Boarding is from two to three, and five dollars per week. Five dollars per week is the price of the best hotel in the city. . . Living is very cheap here; and it is easily to be accounted for, in the cheapness and fertility of the surrounding country, the scarcity of tax-gatherers, and the distance of a market for the supplies.. You can have very decent board, washing, and lodging, by the year for one hundred and fifty dollars. Mr. George Warren, an old-time resident of the city, also contributes to Cincinnati Past and Present the fol- lowing interesting reminiscences of this period: jfl Cincinnati, in the year 1817, was a bright, beautiful, and flourishing Me city. It extended from the river to Sixth street, and from Broad- way to Walnut street, and not much beyond those limits.) The court- house, which stood upon the same ground as the present one, was con- sidered to be in the country, and its location an outrage on the citizens. (The houses were beautifully interspersed with vacant lots, not yet sold, which were covered with grass. The city contained about nine thou- sand inhabitants.) These were then called girls and boys, and men and women, frhe fuel was wood, except in factories. The people generally had clean faces; for the men shaved, and did not allow their counte- nances to be covered with hair and dirt. There was an air of comfort pervading everything J In summer the women dressed as they pleased; but the men usually went to church in summer dresses. .Sometimes they wore linen roundabouts and vests and woollen pants. I The people were enterprising and industrious; a pedestrian could hardly walk a square without encountering a brick wagon or stone wagon, or seeing a new cellar being dug. Industrious mechanics would be met hurrying to and fro, and in their working dress. A brick-la yer would not hide his trowel, nor a carpenter his hatchet, under his coat. Everything gave promise of the city's continued prosperity, but a desire to become suddenly rich had led too many into wild speculations, on borrowed money, from the United States and other banks. They were willing to lend to almost anyone who could get two indorsers.^ This was no diffi- cult matter, for it bad got to be a maxim, "You indorse for me, and I indorse for you." (Some persons not worth a dollar bought lots and built houses on speculation. Others bought wild lands, built steam- boats, etc. Some, who had become rich jn imagination, began to live in,a style ill suited to their real condition.^ (But a day of reckoning was at hand. In 1819 the United States bank began to call in its accounts; others were obliged to do the same; and those speculators, to avoid the sheriff, began to scatter like rats from a submerged flour barrel.) Sheriff Heckewelder complained that his friends had taken a sudden notion to travel, at the very time he most wanted them. Some fled east, some west, some to Kentucky, and some the Lord knows where, (it soon became impossible to get money any- where. Building was entirely stopped. The spring of 1820 was * gloomy time. All business was brought to a sudden stand) No more brick wagons, stone wagons, or new cellars were to be' seen in the streets. The mechanics lately so blithe and cheerful had gone in dif- ferent directions in search of work, at any price, to keep themselves and families from starving. Almost any mechanic could be hired for fifty cents a day, working, as was then the custom, from sunrise to sun- set; few could get employment at that. They were willing to work at anything they could do, and at any price. One of our boss carpenters bought a wood-saw and buck, and went about sawing wood. Our leading brick-layer procured a small patch of ground near the Brighton house, and raised watermelons, which he sold himself, in the market. The only professed sashmaker in the place, the lats John Baker, esq., who died not long ago a millionaire on Walnut Hills, procured u piece of woodland in the country, and chopped the wood, brought it to mar- ket, sitting on his load, and sold it for a dollar and a half a cord. Other good mechanics went chopping wood in the country for thirty- seven and a half cents a cord. One of these was the late A. H. Ernst, esq. The writer would have done- the same, but no chance offered. There was no money, and people even going to market resorted to barter. A cabinet maker, for instance, would want two pounds of but- ter, amounting to twenty-five or thirty cents. Without a penny in his pocket, he would take his basket, go te the market, find a farmer that had some, take two pounds, and give him a table, bedstead, or even a bureau, agreeing to take the rest out iii.truck, as he would call it, when he should want it! This could not be done by carpenters and masons. They would go into the country and build ovens or spring-houses, and repair buildings, taking their pay whenahe work was done. Our mer- chants, being unable or unwilling to bring on fresh supplies of dry goods and groceries, these ran up to enormous prices; coffee was sev- enty-five cents, and common coarse brown sugar thirty-seven and one- half cents a pound. Rye coffee, sweetened with molasses, was found a poor substitute; and we suffered considerably for want of our custom- ary breakfast. Public meetings were held to consider what was to be done. At one of these Mr. Blake, an attorney, had expressed a fear that our wives and children would starve. Mr. Gazlay, the next speaker, also an at- torney, said: " Brother Blake is afraid our families will starve. I have but one child, and don't fear it will starve; Brother Blake has none, and I am sure it won't starve." Country produce of all kinds was never so low before nor since; but the difficulty lay in getting money to pay even these low prices. Flour was three dollars a barrel, corn twelve and one-half cents a bushel, beef six and one-fourth cents a pound, pork in quarters from the wagons three cents a pound, eggs five cents a dozen, and chickens four cents a piece. A prominent and truthful citi- zen now living relates that, being then a young man and living in the country, he brought to the lower market two dozen chickens. After standing there most of the forenoon a man offered him fifty cents a dozen if he would carry them to the Mill Creek bridge. He accepted the offer and actually carried them the whole distance on his back. If any imagine that the people need not have feared starving when provis- ions were so cheap, they are like the Queen of France during the Revo- lution, who said, when the people of Paris were actually starving, that she did not see why there need be such a clamor about bread when ' ' a good-sized loaf may be got at the baker's for five sous." Finally it was found that money of some kind must be had. This induced some individuals to issue tickets, or little due-bills, on their own credit. They were sometimes as low as six and one-fourth cents. Of these bankers John H. Piatt and Mr. Leathers, of Covington, were the chief. This currency had different values, according to people's es- timate of the solvency of the individuals. The corporation had issued tickets before this. In making contracts it had to be agreed what kind of money was to be received; so much in "corporation," or so much in "Piatt," or so much in "Leathers." Sometimes contracts would call for "bankable money." By this was meant the notes of those few banks that had not already broken. If any specie was seen it was gen- erally "cut money," or half-dollars cut into five triangular pieces, each passing for twelve and one-half cents. f Such was the scarcity of money that many who had purchased prop- erty and paid large amounts on it were willing to give up the money already paid to be released from paying the remainder) Real estate had indeed fallen; a prominent citizen now among us had purchased a lot of ground, near our present gas works, for sixteen thousand dollars, paying half down in cash. He offered to give up all the money paid if the owner would release him ; but he would not. Houses and stores, with bills on them offering them "for rent," were everywhere seen, and rents were low. On the thirty-first of May arrived a young lawyer named Bellamy Storer, to cast in his fortunes with those of the rising community. Mr. Joseph Jonas, rather doubtfully reported as the first Israelite in town, is said also to have come this year. He opened a watchmaker's shop on the corner of Third and Main streets, and soon acquired much political influence. He is sometimes re- puted to have been the father of Cincinnati Democracy. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTEEN. The sixth edition of Kilbourne's Ohio Gazetteer, or Topographical Directory, published this year, gives the town this notice: Cincinnati is a large commercial city and the seat of justice for Ham- ilton county. August 18th the number of inhabitants had increased to upwards of nine thousand, and public improvements in proportion. There are about sixty common mercantile stores, several of which do wholesale business, with about ten book, drug, iron, and shoe stores. . The Cincinnati Manufacturing Company has erected for their works an extensive building, one hundred and fifty feet long by thirty-seven broad, and four stories high. A most stupen- dously large building of stone is likewise erected on the bank of the Ohio river for a steam mill. It is nine stories high at the water's edge, and is- eighty-seven feet ldng and sixty-two broad. The engine is one of seventy horse-power, and is designed to drive four pair of stones, be- sides an oil-, fulling-, and several other mills. In another building is 72 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. also a valuable steam saw-mill. Here are, likewise, one woollen and four cotton factories, two glass-making establishments, >■ white lead factory, a sugar refinery, and two extensive breweries. A considerable business is also done, not only in the distilleries, but also in the rectifi- cation of spirits. Here are also four printing offices, from three of which weekly papers are published ; four banking companies, besides a wealthy commercial association for the purpose of importing goods direct from Europe, by way of New Orleans. This was a great year for public benefactions. Seven persons subscribed twenty-seven thousand dollars for the Lancasterian seminary. A site for a poor-house was pur- chased by public authorities, and a hospital planned, as preparatory to the founding of a medical college. A museum society was formed, and contributions were solic- ited, Dr. Drake drawing up a constitution for it so as to make it a school of natural history. The Cincinnati reading-room was opened by Elam P. Langdon and Rev. William Burke. The first Roman Catholic church in' town was founded. The General Pike, said to be the first steamboat built on the western waters for the exclusive conveyance of passengers, was constructed at Cincinnati this year — of one hundred feet keel, twenty-five feet beam, and three and three-tenths feet draft. It was owned by the Cin- cinnati Company, and intended to ply between Louis- ville, Cincinnati, and Maysville. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETEEN. This was an important year in the annals of Cincinnati, marking its transition from a village to a city, an act passed by the State legislature giving it the deserved pro- motion. ) The new city was divided into four wards, by lines aiong Main and Third streets, intersecting at the corner of these. Isaac G. Burnet was the first mayor under the new organization. The population of the city this year, according to the census taken for the directory in July, was nine thousand eight hundred and seventy-three4-males, five thousand four hundred and two; females, four thousand four hun- dred and seventy-one; males of twenty-one years and over, two thousand three hundred and sixty-four ; females, one thousand six hundred and thirty-two; males from twelve to twenty-one, eight hundred and forty; females, eight hundred and twenty- three; males under twelve, one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine; females, one thousand five hundred and forty-five; colored persons, three hundred and sixty-seven — males, two hundred and fifteen; females, one hundred and ninety-five. The directory contains the following remarks upon the charac- ter of the population : \ This mixed assemblage is composed of emigrants from almost every part of Christendom^ The greater part of the population are from the Middle and Northern States. (We have,) however, /many foreigners amongst us; and it is not uncommon to hear three or four different languages spoken in the streets at the same time. A society so com- pounded can have but few of those provincial traits of character which are so visible in older settlements. 1 Having been bred and educated under different habits and modes of thinking.fevery individual is obliged to sacrifice to the general opinion many of his prejudices and local peculiarities, and to adopt a more liberal mode of acting and thinking. Coming also from different countries and various climates, they bring and collect together a stock of knowledgeand experience which cannot exist among those who have all grown up together, i Being adventurers in pursuit of fortune, a spirit of enterprise, and a restless ambition to acquire property, are prevailing characteristics. The citizens of Cin- cinnati are generally temperate, peaceable and industrious, Gaming is ■ a vice almost unknown in the city. Under the influence of a strict police, good order is maintained ; fighting or riot in the streets rare, and is uniformly punished with rigor. Qreat attention is paid to the institutions of religion, and the mass of the more respectable citizens are regular in their attendance on public worship^ In their parties, as- semblies and social meetings, the greatest ease and familiarity prevail, and many traits are to be met with of that politeness and uiiianity of manners which distinguish the polished circles of older cities. The same work gives the following honorable notice and further remarks concerning the material improve- ment of the place: For many years the vast influx of emigrants has furnished opportu- nity for a very profitable investment of funds in building houses. The preference which Mr. John H. Piatt has given to the improvement of Cincinnati, over foreign speculation, is an honorable evidence of his public spirit and local attachment. This gentleman, within five years past, has built twenty-eight brick houses, chiefly three stories irwheight, besides twenty-five frame houses, which are neatly finished. Bit is the opinion of several well informed mecha ni c s that not less thah three hundred buildings were erected in 1818; and, notwithstanding the de- pression of commercial business, probably not- less than two-thirds of that number will be built in 1819. The buildings, however, which are occupied as dwellings, are insufficient to contain the inhabitants with any tolerable convenience. Four, six or eight families have not un- frequently been found inhabiting a house of six or eight roomsS The actual number of dwelling-houses being one thousand and three, the average number in each family, allowing one family to each house, is more than nine persons. The houses, generally, are rather neat and convenient than splendid; most of those that have been built within the last five or six years, have been constructed of brick, and by far the greater portion of them are two or three stories in height. /One pre- vailing trait, displayed in almost all the houses in town, is a want of architectural taste and skill. All the public buildings, except the Cin- cinnati banking house, fully exemplify the above remark. One or two good architects would unquestionably meet here with excellent encour- agement.. The improvements that have been made here in paving streets and sidewalks, filling up stagnant ponds, reducing the upper bank to a proper angle of descent for streets and buildings, etc. , have for several years been commensurate with the mos ( time denied the presence of~AsiaTjc~chakra, but on the" ' tenth of October published an official list of deaths from that cause. In that month died here four hundred and twenty-three persons — over half of all who fell from the scourge duting its prevalence in the city. Forty-one died in one day — the twenty-first of October. The dreadful epidemic continued until late in the year, and was re- newed the next season. Says a paragraph in the Life of Bishop Morris: The city, during the prevalence of this dreadful epidemic, presented a mournful aspect. Thousands of citizens were absent in the country; very many were closely confined by personal affliction or the demands of sick friends; hundreds were numbered among the dead; the transient floating population had entirely disappeared; the country people, in terror, stood aloof ; business was almost wholly suspended; the tramp of hurrying feet was no longer heard on the streets; the din of the city was hushed, and every day appeared as a Sabbath. Instead, however, of the sound of church-going bells and the footsteps of happy throngs hastening to the house of God, were heard the shrieks of terror-stricken victims of the fell disease, the groans of the dying, and the voices of lamentation. For weeks funeral processions might be seen at any hour, from early morning to late at night. All classes of people were stricken down in this fearful visitation. Doctors, ministers, lawyers, merchants and mechanics, the old and the young, the temperate and the intemper- ate, the prudent and the imprudent, were alike victims. Seventy-five members of the Cincinnati station died that year, and fifty of them were marked on the church records as cholera cases. This year, on the fourth day of November, was to oc- cur the semi-centennial celebration of the temporary occupation opposite the mouth of the Licking, by a por- tion of General George Rogers Clark's force, in 1782, as agreed by the officers and men at that time. General Simon Kenton, Major James Galloway, of Xenia, John McCaddon, of Newark, and a few others, were still living, and they caused extensive advertisement of the proposed celebration to be made in the western papers, for several months beforehand. It was intended, on the third or fifth of November (the fourth coming on Sunday this year), among other observances, to lay the corner-stone of a suitable monument at the intersection of several streets on the site of old Fort Washington; but whin the day came, cholera was stalking with awful presence HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 83 through every street and by-way of Cincinnati, and only a handful of the venerable survivors met in the city, sadly exchanged greetings and reminiscences, uttered their laments for the honored dead, and partook of a din- ner at the expense of the city. The following address, pre- pared by General Kenton, to awaken interest in the oc- casion, will still be read with pleasure : ADDRESS TO THE CITIZENS OF THE WESTERN COUNTRY. The old pioneers, citizen-soldiers and those who were engaged with us in the regular service in the conquest of the western country from the British and savages fifty years ago, have all been invited to attend with the survivors of General George Rogers Clark's army of 1782, who purpose the celebration of a western anniversary, according to their promise made on the ground the fourth day of November in that year. Those also who were engaged in like service subsequently, and in the late war, have been invited to attend and join with us in the celebration on the said fourth of November, at old Fort Washington, now Cincinnati. I propose that we meet at Covington, Kentucky, on the third, the fourth being Sabbath, to attend divine service, on Mon- day meet our friends on the ground where the old fort stood, and then take a final adieu, to meet no more until we shall all meet in a world of spirits. Fellow-citizens of the West! This is a meeting well worthy your very serious consideration. The few survivors of that race who are now standing on the verge of the grave, view with anxious concern the wel- fare of their common country, for which they fought against British oppression and savage cruelty to secure to you, our posterity, the bles- sings of liberty, religion, and law. We will meet and we will tell you what we have suffered to secure to you these inestimable privileges. We will meet, and, if you will listen, we will admonish you "face to face," to be as faithful as we have been, to transmit those blessings unim- paired to your posterity; that America may long, and we trust forever, remain a free, sovereign, independent, and happy country. We look to bur fellow-citizens in Kentucky and Ohio, near the place of meeting, to make provision for their old fathers of the West. We look to our patriot captains of our steamboats, and patriotic stage contractors and companies, and our generous innkeepers, to make provision for the going and returning to Cincinnati, from all parts of the West. We know that they will deem it an honor to accommodate the gray-headed veterans of the West, who go to meet their companions for the last time; for this may be the only opportunity they will ever have to serve their old fathers, the pioneers and veterans of the West. Fellow-citizens ! Being one of the first, after Colonel Daniel Boone, who aided in the conquest of Kentucky and the West, I am called upon to address you. My heart melts on such an occasion. I look forward to the contemplated meeting with melancholy pleasure. It has caused tears to flow in copious showers. I wish to see once more, before I die, my few surviving friends. My solemn promise, made fifty years ago, binds me to meet them. I ask not for myself ; but you may find in our assembly some who have never received any pay or pension, who have sustained the cause of their country equal to any other service, who in the decline of life are poor. Then, you prosperous sons of the West, forget not those old and gray-headed veterans on this occasion. Let them return to their families with some little manifestation of your kindness to cheer their hearts. I add my prayer. May kind Heaven grant us a clear sky, fair and pleasant weather, a. safe journey, and a happy meeting, and smile upon us and our families, and bless us and our nation on the approaching occasion. Simon Kenton. Urbana, Ohio, 1832. This city was visited this year by Colonel Thomas Hamilton, author of Cyril Thornton and other popular novels of that day, who made the following notes upon Cincinnati in his anonymous and agreeable work upon The Men and Manners of America : In two days we reached Cincinnati, a town of nearly thirty thousand inhabitants, finely situated on a slope ascending from the river. The streets and buildings are handsome, and certainly far superior to what might be expected in a situation six hundred miles from the sea and standing on ground which, till lately, was considered the extreme limit of civilization. It is, apparently, a place of considerable trade. The quay was covered with articles of traffic; and there are a thousand indi- cations of activity and business which strike the senses of a traveller, but which he would find it difficult to describe. Having nothing better to do, I took a stroll about the town, and its first favorable impression was not diminished by closer inspection. Many of the streets would have been considered handsome in New York or Philadelphia; and, in the private dwellings, considerable attention had been paid to external decoration. The most remarkable object in Cincinnati, however, is a large Graeco- Moresco-Gothic-Chinese-looking building, an architectural compila- tion of prettiness of all sorts, the effect of which is eminently gro- tesque. Our attention was immediately arrested by this extraordinary apparition, which could scarcely have been more out of place had it been tossed on the earth by some volcano in the moon. While we stood there, complimenting the gorgeousness of its effect and specu- lating "what aspect bore the man" to whom the inhabitants of these central regions could have been indebted for so brilliant and fantastic an outrage on all acknowledged principles of taste, a very pretty and pleasant-looking girl came out and invited us to enter. We accord- ingly did so, and found everything in the interior of the building had been finished on a scale quite in harmony with its external magnifi- cence. This was the Trollopean Bazaar, of course, which re- ceived many similar notices from travellers, especially foreigners. ^ EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THREE. C Population of thev-city, twenty-seven thousand six hundred and forty-five.) Votes, three thousand nine hundred and ninety-five; New buildings, three hundred and twenty-one — two hundred brick, one hundred and twenty-one frame. The cholera, as before stated, continued into this year. .Its first re-appearance was about the middle of April. The most destructive month was July, when one hun- dred and seventy-six died. The total mortality from this visitation of the pestilence, from September, 1832, to September, 1833, inclusive, was eig ht hundred and thir- teen. The average deaths per day this year were far less than in 1832, but the disease staid four times as long, or nearly six months. June 26th, the powder-mill owned by David D. Wade exploded, killing six persons. On the eighth of August died Dr. James M. Stough- ton, one of the pioneer physicians. December 26th, that being then supposed to be the right anniversary (the forty-fifth) of the landing of the Losantiville pioneers, the occasion was celebrated by a large party of natives of Ohio — chiefly, of course, young men, with many invited guests. Major Daniel Gano was president of the affair ; William R. Morris, first vice- president; Henry E. Spencer, second vice-president; Moses Symmes, third vice-president. The address was delivered by Joseph Longworth, esq. ; poems were re- cited by Peyton- S. Symmes and Charles D. Drake, afterwards United States Senator from Missouri; and the chaplains were the Revs. J. B. Firiley and William Burke. The committee of arrangements included a number of prominent young Queen Citizens of that day: George Williamson, William R. Morris, L. M. Gwynne, J. M. Foote, Alfred S. Reeder, G. W. Sinks, Joseph Long- worth, Daniel Gano, Henry E. Spencer, M. N. McLean, James C. Hall, George W. Burnet, R. A. Whetstone, and W. M. Corry. The banquet was given in the Commer- cial Exchange, on the river bank, upon the site of the first cabin built in Losantiville. The dinner was pre- pared almost exclusively from native productions, and 84 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. only wine produced in the vicinity was imbibed. This was presented by Nicholas Longworth, in honor of the old pioneers and their descendants. Among the unique viands on the table was a roast composed of two uncom- monly fat raccoons. Responses to toasts were made by James C. Ludlow, son of Colonel Israel Ludlow; by Generals Harrison and Findlay, Majors Gano and Symmes, Judge Goodenow, Nicholas Longworth, and Samuel J. Browne, the latter then the oldest Englishman in the State. A part of General Harrison's address will be found in the military chapter, in the first division of this book Another foreigner of some note, Mr. Godfrey T. Vigne, visited the city in July, and thus recorded his impressions of it in his book on Six Months in America: In appearance it differs from most of the larger towns in the United States, on account of the great improvement that has taken place in the color of the houses, which, instead of being of the usual bright staring red, are frequently of a white gray or a yellowish tint, and dis- play a great deal of taste and just ornament. The public buildings are not large, but very neat and classical; I admired the Second Presby- terian church, which is a very pretty specimen of the Doric. The streets are handsome and the shops have a very fashionable air. The principal trade of Cincinnati is in provisions. Immense quan- tities of corn and grain are sent down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New Orleans. Part of it is consumed by the sugar planters, who are supposed to grow no corn, and part is sent coastwise to Mobile, or ex- ported to Havana and the West Indies generally. Cincinnati has displayed more wisdom than her opposite neighbor in Kentucky. A speculative system of banking was carried on about the same time, and was attended with the same results as those I have be- fore noticed when speaking of that State. Credit was not to be obtained, commerce was at an end, and grass was growing in the streets of Cincinnati. But the judicature, with equal justice and de- termination, immediately enforced by its decisions the resumption of cash payments. Many of the leading families in the place were, of course, ruined, and at present there are not above five or six persons in Cincinnati who have been able to regain their former eminence as men of business. But it was a sacrifice of individuals for the good of the community, and fortune only deserted the speculators in order to at- tend upon the capitalists, who quickly made their appearance from the Eastern States, and have raised the city to its present pitch of prosper- ity. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOUR. Votes this year in the city, four thousand and seven; nag. buildings, three hundred. (The cholera renewed its appearance, but less violently trW in 1833. It prevailed to some extent, however, through all the warm season, to the sad depression of business and social affairs. Everything, in fact, was stagnant It is said that the town had never before ap- peared so dull and apparently lifeless and inert as at the close of this summer. Property was sacrificed at low rates, and business was at times almosr at a standstill. It was the last year of the visitation, however, until 1849, fifteen years afterwards. ) The trustees of the Lane seminary had this year a serious difference of opinion with a number of their anti- slavery students, which resulted in a formidable secession from the school and an appeal to the public. A fuller account will be given in our -historical sketch of that institution. Cincinnati had some visitors of unusual interest this year. One who is still remembered tenderly and affec- tionately by the older residents, who were young men at the time, was Thomas S. Grimke, a prominent member of the bar of Charleston, South Carolina, who came upon invitation to deliver the annual oration before the literary societies of Miami university, Oxford. While in Cincinnati he addressed the college of teachers, a literary society called the Inquisition, and the Temperance soci- ety, always speaking wisely and well, and sometimes ris- ing into rare eloquence. He was here only a single week, yet in that time won universal recognition, love, and reverence, and was overwhelmed with social atten- tions. Remaining in Ohio a few weeks longer, he was overtaken by death while visiting in Madison county, October 12, 1834, at the age of forty-eight years; and with him expired, as many believed, the most brilliant intellectual light in the southern States. Late this year came another American of genius, Charles Fenno Hoffman, author of that musical drinking song so much parodied by the temperance societies — Sparkling and bright in its liquid light, Is the wine our goblets gleam in; With hue as red as the rosy bed The bee delights to dream in — but unhappily during most of the last half-century an in- mate of an insane asylum in Pennsylvania. Some of his delightful paragraphs will be found under other heads in this book. One only is quoted here : The population of the place is about thirty thousand. Among them you may see very few but what look comfortable and contented, though the town does not wear the brisk and busy air observable at Louisville. Transportation is so easy along the great western waters, that you see no lounging poor people about the large town, as when business languishes in one place and it is difficult to find occupation, they are off at once to another, and shift their quarters whither the readiest means of living invite them. What would most strike you in the streets of Cincinnati would be the number of pretty faces and stylish figures one meets in the morning. A walk through Broadway here re- wards one hardly less than to promenade its New York namesake. I have had more than one opportunity of seeing these western beauties by candle-light ; and the evening display brought no disappointment to the morning promise. Nothing can be more agreeable than the society which one meets with in the gay and elegantly furnished drawing- rooms of Cincinnati. The materials being from every State in the Union, there is a total want of caste, a complete absence of settishness (if I may use the word). If there be any characteristic that might jar upon your taste and habits, it is, perhaps, a want of that harmonious blending of light and shade, that repose both of character and manner, which, distinguishing the best circles in our Atlantic cities, so often sinks into insipidity or runs into a ridiculous imitation of the imperti- nent nonchalance which the pseudo-pictures of English "high life" in the novels of the day impose upon our simple republicans as the height of elegance and refinement. About the same time appeared for a few days upon Cincinnati streets a shrewd foreign observer and repre- sentative of the French Government, Michel Chevalier, whose book of travels in the United States included the following pleasant notices: The architectural appearance of Cincinnati is very nearly the same with that of the new quarters of the English towns. The houses are generally of brick, most commonly three stories high, with the windows shining with cleanliness, calculated each for a single family, and regu- larly placed along well paved and spacious streets, sixty-six feet in width. Here and there the prevailing uniformity is interrupted by some more imposing edifice, and there are some houses of hewn stone in very good taste, real palaces in miniature, with neat porticos, inhabited by the aristocratical portion of Mrs. Trollope's hog merchants, and several very pretty mansions surrounded with gardens and terraces. Then there are the common school-houses, where girls and boys together learn reading, writing, cyphering, and geography, under the simultane- ous direction of a master and mistress. In another direction you see a HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 85 small, plain church, without sculpture or painting, without colored glass or Gothic arches, but snug, well carpeted, and well warmed by stoves. In Cincinnati, as everywhere else in the United States, there is a great number of churches. I met with an incident in Cincinnati, which I shall long remember. I had observed at the hotel table a man of about the medium height, stout and muscular, and of about the age of fifty years, yet with the ac- tive step and lively air of youth. I had been struck with his open and cheerful expression, the amenity of his manners, and a certain air of command which appeared through his plain dress. "That is," saidmy friend, "General Harrison, clerk of the Cincinnati court of common pleas." "What! General Harrison of the Tippecanoe and the Thames?" "The same; the ex-general; the conqueror of Tecumseh and Proctor; the avenger of our disasters on the Raisin and at Detroit; the ex-governor of the territory of Indiana, the ex-senator in Congress, the ex-minister of the United States to one of the South American re- publics. He has grown old in the service of his country, he has passed twenty years of his life in those fierce wars with the Indians, in which there was less glory to be won, but more dangers to be encountered, than at Rivoli and Austerlitz. He is now poor, with a numerous family, neglected by the Federal Government, although yet vigorous, because he has the independence to think for himself. As the opposition is in the majority here, his friends have bethought themselves of coming to his relief by removing the clerk of the court of common pleas, who was a. Jackson man, and giving him the place, which is a lucrative one, as a sort of retiring pension. His friends in the east talk of making him President of the United States. Meanwhile we have made him clerk of an inferior court. " After a pause my informant added, "at this wretched table you may see another candidate for the Presidency, who seems to have a better chance than General Harrison; it is Mr. Mc- Lean, now one of the judges of the supreme court of the United States." The town was also visited, in the course of the year, by two clerical gentlemen from abroad, delegates from the British Congregational Union — the Rev. Drs. An- drew Reed and James Matheson, on a tour in behalf of Protestant religion, which they afterwards described in A Narration of the Visit to the American Churches. We extract the following concerning Cincinnati : There is a great spirit of enterprise in this town; and, with an ardent pursuit of business, there is a desire for domestic comfort and a thirst for scientific improvement, not equaled in such circumstances. They have libraries and good reading societies; they have lectures on art and science, which are well attended. They sustain a "scientific quarterly" and a "monthly magazine, " with a circulation of four thousand; and they have newspapers without end. Education is general here; the young people, and even the children, appear to appreciate it. They regard it as the certain and necessary means of advancement. I over- heard two fine children, in the street, remark as follows. The younger one, about nine years old, speaking of her sister, said, with concern, "Do you know, Caroline says she will not go to school any more?" "Silly girl!" replied the elder, about thirteen; " she will live to repent of that !" It must be admitted that this is a very wholesome state of feeling. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIVE. Population, thirty-one thousand. New buildings, three hundred and forty. Bills of mortality, nine hundred and twenty-six, or one in thirty-four, of the population. s The cholera did not return this year, and as soon as it was reasonably certain that the scourge had departed, business and public and social affairs in Cincinnati awak- ened to more vigorous life than ever. Mr. Mansfield says, in the Drake Biography : fh season of extraordinary activity ensued. The mind sprang up elastic from the pressure, and all was accomplished that mind could do. Enterprise, business, growth, the leality of active energy, and the ide- ality of a growing and prosperous future, sprang up, as the conse- quence of an elastic and invigorated public mind. The general trade of the country had been safe and profitable — hence there was little tim- idity to strengthen prudence or restrain extravagance. In the east commenced that series of enormous speculations whose centre was at New York, and which, in some respects, has never been surpassed in this country./ It spread to the west, but prevailed comparatively little at Cincinnati. The speculations here were on a small scale, and it is doubtful whether they did more than give a necessary and healthful excitement to the business community, which had so long been in a dull, quiescent state. X^ertain it is, that Cincinnati now owes half her growth and prosperity toVplans of public works and usefulness then formed and undertaken. J (The public works named by Mr. Mansfield as among the local projects of this year were the great Southern railroad route to Charleston; the Cincinnati & St. Louis railroad, by Lawrenceburgh ; the Little Miami railroad, which was chartered the next March; the Cincinnati, Co- lumbus, & Cleveland railway, also chartered the next year; the Mad River & Lake Erie, and Covington & Lexington railroads; and the Whitewater canal. All these works, though not in all cases under these names, were afterwards built.i April 4th, a grand celebration was held at the First Presbyterian church, of the forty seventh anniversary of the settlement of Ohio, where William M. Corry pro- nounced one of his finest orations. The dinner was at the Commercial Exchange, and was principally from the products of Ohio, with no wine or ardent spirits what- ever. On the eighteenth of the same month, the Young Men's Mercantile library association was founded. Its history will be duly told elsewhere. Forty-four years af- terwards Mr. John W. Ellis, of New York, one of the illustrious forty-five who founded this noble institution, wrote a letter at some length to Mr. Newton, the libra- rian, containing reminiscences of 1835 which will bear transcription here: It must be borne in mind that Cincinnati at that period, in 1835, com- pared with the present Cincinnati, was a very insignificant place in re- spect to wealth, population, business, and everything which constitutes a modern city. The population then was less than forty thousand. Its wholesale business was done entirely by the Ohio river, and by the canal as far north as Dayton; but for the interior trade almost entirely by wagons. For the size of the place, it had a respectable wholesale business, extending in a small way to the upper and lower Mississippi, along the Ohio, from its mouth as far east as what is now West Vir- ginia; but a large proportion of the business with the interior in dry goods, groceries, and the other numerous wants of an interior com- munity was supplied by wagons, which brought in their products and carried out merchandise. There were no railroads whatever at that period in the west. The grocery trade was supplied entirely by steam- boats from New Orleans. Lighter goods were wagoned by the Na- tional road, over the Alleghany mountains, to Wheeling or Pittsburgh, and thence by steamboat down the river. When the water in the upper Ohio was low, these goods were brought from New York by the Hud- son river and Erie canal to Buffalo, thence by lake and Ohio canal to Portsmouth, and thence down the river. All these means of convey- ance will seem now to the active young men 0$ Cincinnati as very prim- itive. Nearly all the retail business of the city was done on Main street, from Third street to Sixth street; the wholesale business almost entirely on the lower end of Main street and on Front street facing the river. Pearl street had just been opened, but extended no further west than Walnut street, and a few wholesale stores had begun on that square. Fourth, Walnut, Vine, and other streets, now filled with an active busi- ness, were then the seat of residences, nearly all built with detached houses, surrounded with shrubbery, and the streets lined with trees. Central avenue, then Western row, and the Miami canal on the north, were the boundaries of population. An article contributed by B. D. (Benjamin Drake?) to the Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, also helps to the understanding of Cincinnati this year. More than ordinary attention was given to the Southern 86 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. railroad project, as was seen in our chapter on railroads. The manufactures of the year were estimated at five millions. With Newport and Corrington, the population was thirty-five thousand. Exports were estimated at six millions or more. There were fifty stages and sixty mails a week; the steamboat arrivals were two thousand two hundred and thirty-seven; the imports included ninety thousand barrels of flour and fifty-five thousand of whiskey. The public improvements in hand were the extension of the Miami canal from Dayton to the Maumee bay, near Toledo, a part to be completed early the next summer; the macadamized turnpike from Chillicothe to Cincinnati; extensions of the Cincinnati, Columbia, and Wooster, and the Cincinnati, Lebanon, and Springfield turnpikes; the Cincinnati and Harrison turnpike, to be finished early in 1836, and extend to Brookville, Indiana; the Whitewater canal, the Little Miami railroad, etc. Many of the houses erected this year would do credit to any city in the Union. A number of warehouses were put up; also St. Paul's church, two banking-houses on Third street, and ten or twelve large, commodious, and for the time elegant school buildings, "contributing in a high degree to the advancement of our beautiful city," says Mr. B. D. A population of one hundred thousand was predicted by 1850 — which prophecy, glowing as it might have seemed, was exceeded by nearly sixteen thou- sand. Real estate is mentioned by B. D. as lower in price, in Cincinnati and its Kentucky suburbs, than in any other city of the Union having population, business, and permanent local advantages of equal magnitude. The Ohio Anti-Slavery society was formed this year, with headquarters in Cincinnati, and began the issue of a weekly paper, of which we shall hear more in 1836. By 1840 the society was employing nine travelling agents and lecturers, and had become a great power in political agitation. December nth, John W. Cowan was hanged in Barr's woods, near the spot where the Atlantic & Great Western railway depot was afterwards situated, for the brutal mur- der of his wife and two children on Smith street. In the summer of this year the city was honored with a visit from the renowned English authoress and thinker, Miss Harriet Martineau. She spent some time here; and in her subsequent book of Retrospect of Western Travel gave to the city the ablest chapter, in the judg- ment of the present writer, that has ever been written upon it. We make room for a few short extracts : » There is ample room on the platform for a city as large as Philadelphia, without encroaching at all on the hillsides. The inhabitants are already consulting as to where the capitol shall stand whenever the nation shall decree the removal of the general government beyond the mountains. If it were not for the noble building at Washington, this removal would probably take place soon, perhaps after the removal of the great south- ern railroad. It seems rather absurd to call senators and representatives to Washington from Missouri and Louisiana, while there is a place on the great rivers which would save them half the journey, and suit almost everybody else just as well, and many much better. The peril to health at Washington in the winter season is great, and the mild and equable temperature of Cincinnati is an important circumstance in the case. From this, the Montgomery road, there is a view of the city and sur- rounding country which defies description. It was of that melting beauty which dims the eyes and fills the heart — that magical combina- tion of all elements— of hill, wood, lawn, river, with a picturesque city steeped in evening sunshine, the impression of which can never be lost nor communicated. We ran up a knoll and stood under a clump of bushes to gaze; and went down, and returned again and again, with the feeling that if we lived upon the spot we could nevermore see it look so beautiful. We soon entered a somewhat different scene, passing the slaughter- houses on Deer creek, the place where more thousands of hogs in a year than I dare to specify, are destined to breathe their last. Deer creek, pretty as its name is, is little more than the channel through which their blood runs away. The division of labor is brought to as much perfection in these slaughter-houses as in the pin manufactories of Birmingham. So I was told. Of course I did not verify the state- ment by attending the process. A volume might presently be filled with descriptions of our drives about the environs of Cincinnati. There are innumerable points of view whence the city, with its masses of buildings and its spires, may be seen shining through the limpid atmosphere, like a cloud-city in the evening sky. There are many spots where it is a relief to lose the river from the view, and to be shut in among the brilliant green hills, which are more than can be numbered. But there is one drive which I almost wonder the inhabitants do not take every summer day, to the Little Miami bottoms. We continued eastward along the bank of the river for seven miles, the whole scenery of which is beautiful; but the unfor- gotten spot was the level about the mouth of the Little Miami river, the richest of plains or level valleys, studded with farmhouses, enlivened with clearings, and kept primitive in appearance by the masses of dark forest which filled up all the unoccupied spaces. Upon this scene we looked down from a great height, a Niphates of the New World. On entering a little pass between two grassy hills, crested with wood, we were desired to alight. I ran up the ascent to the right, and was start- led at finding myself on the top of a preeipice. Far beneath me ran the Little Miami, with a narrow, white, pebble strand, arrow-like trees springing over from the brink of the precipice, and the long evening shadows making the current as black as night, while the green, up to the very lips of the ravine, was of the sunniest, in the last flood of western light. For more reasons than one I should prefer Cincinnati as residence to any other large city of the United States. Of these rea- sons not the least would be that the "Queen of the West" is enthroned in a region of wonderful and inexhaustible beauty. Another English traveller, the Honorable Charles Au- gustus Murray, was also here this year, and made the fol- lowing notice in his Travels in North America : On the last day of spring I arrived at Cincinnati, that precocious daughter of the west, that seems to have sprung, like the fabled goddess of war and wisdom, into existence in the full panoply of manufacturing and commercial armor. I have been in company with ten or twelve of the resident families, and have not seen one single instance of rudeness, vulgarity, or incivil- ity ; while the shortness of the invitations and absence of constraint and display render the society more agreeable, in some respects, than that of more fashionable cities. If the proposition stated is merely this, "that the manners of Cincinnati are not so polished as those of the best circles of London, Paris, or Berlin; that her business, whether culinary or dis- played in carriages, houses, or amusements, are also of a lower caste," I suppose none would be so absurd as to deny it. I hope few would be weak enough gravely to inform the world of so self-evident a truth ; but I will, without fear of contradiction, assert that the history of the world does not produce a parallel to Cincinnati in rapid growth of wealth and population. Of all the cities that have been founded by mighty sover- eigns or na:ions, with an express view to their becoming the capitals of empires, there is not one that, in twenty-seven [forty-seven] years from its foundation, could show such a mass of manufacture, enterprise, population, wealth, and social comfort, as that of which I have given a short and imperfect outline in the last two or three pages, and which owes its magnitude to no adscititious favor or encouragement, but to the judgment with which the situation was chosen, and to the admirable use which its inhabitants have made thereof. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTV-SIX. Population estimated at thirty-eight thousand — proba- bly somewhat too large. Votes four thousand three hun- dred and thirty-five. New buildings, three hundred and sixty-five. Commerce, eight million one hundred thou- sand dollars. The public schools, the mercantile library, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 87 and the leading public charities, had well begun their or- ganic existence. A general committee upon internal im- provements was appointed at a public meeting of citizens, which proved a very useful committee. Upon it were such men as Micajah T. and John S. Williams, E. D. Mansfield, Dr. Daniel Drake, Robert Buchanan, John C. Wright, George Graham, and Alexander McGrew. Mor- tality of the year, nine hundred and twenty-eight, or about one in forty. This, pretty nearly the middle yefur'of Cincinnati's history, was a tolerably eventful one/ On the eleventh of April a mob rose against the colored peo ple, and set fire to a number of their houses in a locality then known as "the swamp,'' just below Western Row, now Central avenue, at the then foot of West Sixth street.) Another and more serious emeute occurred in July, which resulted in the destruction of the Philanthropist newspaper office. This paper had been started by Mr. Birney in 1834 at New Richmond, Clermont county, where it had been repeatedly threatened, but never mobbed ; and was re- moved to Cincinnati, on the encouragement of friends of the anti-slavery cause there, about three months before its destruction. A meeting was held in July, composed largely from the most respectable classes in the city, largely young men, at which resolutions were passed that no abolition paper should be published or distributed in the town. On the fourteenth of that month, the publi- cation of the Philanthropist still continuing, the printing office was violently entered by a mob, and the press and materials, which were the property of Mr A. Pugh, the printer, afterwards of the Chronicle, were defaced, "pied,' and partially destroyed. Even this did not daunt the fearless editor, and the publication went on. On the twenty-third a great meeting of citizens was held at the Lower Market, "to declare whether they will permit the publication or distribution of abolition papers in this city." A committee was appointed, which requested the executive committee of the anti-slavery society to stop the publication. They ' refused; when the committee published the correspondence, adding remarks which deprecated a resort to violence. Nevertheless, on Satur- day night, July 30th, a large party, composed, like the aforesaid meeting, mainly from the more respectable classes in the city and of young men, gathered on the corner of Main and Seventh streets, held a short consul- tation, then marched down to the office, only two squares distant, effected an entrance and again seized the press and materials, but this time carried them out in part, scattered the type in the street, smashed the press, and completely dismantled the office. Part of the press was dragged down Main street and thrown in the river. The mob even went to Pugh's house to find other materials supposed to be there; but found none, and offered no violence. The dwellings of Birney, Donaldson, and other prominent abolitionists were rather noisily visited, but no mischief done to them. It then returned to Main street, proposing to pile the remaining contents of the office in the street ; but was dissuaded, as neighboring buildings might be fired by the blaze. Retiring up Main street, a proposition was made to mob the office of the Gazette, whose editor, Mr. Charles Hammond, had not altogether pleased the malcontents by his course; but better counsels prevailed. An attack was made on the residences of some of the blacks in Church alley; but two guns were fired at the assailants, and they withdrew in disorder. A rally and second charge were made after a time, when the houses were found abandoned by the negroes, were entered and their contents destroyed. Some weeks after, upon the return of E. D. Mansfield from the Knoxville railroad convention, he and Mr. Hammond, Salmon P. Chase, and a few others, deter- mined to hold an afternoon meeting at the coutt house, to consider the outrage. It was crowded; sundry speeches were made; a large committee was appointed to report resolutions; but, after all, nothing was done except to condemn mobs in general terms, regret the recent occur- rence, and commend the plan of the American Coloniza- tion society as "the only method of getting clear of slav- ery." After the death, in September, 1880, of the Hon. W'illiam M. Cony, a tribute was paid to his memory in the Cincinnati Commercial, by ex-Governor Charles An- derson. In it occurred the following paragraph, which we take pleasure in embalming for posterity in the pages of this history: All Cincinnati was aroused in 1836 into a wild ferocity towards the great Abolitionist, James G. Birney, esq. He was a scholar, orator, gentleman, Christian, and philanthropist, if ever these sentiments did centre in any one man. But his paper, published from the corner of Main and Fifth streets, was universally esteemed and denounced as a most pestilent nuisance to the city, the State, and the Nation. And doubtless, in the morbid and reckless state of the public feeling in the southern States, such an issue from Cincinnati did operate injuriously against the business and property of the citizens, which was based mainly upon their southern trade. A public meeting, was therefore held in the court house for the denunciation, warning, and, if necessary, the expulsion of so great a culprit. Every man of influence or property in Cincinnati, save one alone, was directly or indirectly a party to this outrage upon free thought, free speech and a free press. That single man was William M. Corry. He alone, amidst the general obloquy and indignation, bared his biave breast to this popular tempest of the combined plutocracy and mobocracy of the whole city, and ably de- fended Mr. Birney's rights. It was in vain. His office was publicly pillaged. His press was smashed into splinters. His types were sown broadcast from the market place through Main street and into the Ohio river. He was driven into exile to Buffalo. May 30th occurred the first parade of the Cincinnati Gray's; and on the fourteenth of June a volunteer com- pany under Captain James Allen, editor of the Cincinnati Republican, departed to join General Houston's army and aid in the struggle for Texan independence. On the sixth of March the subscription books for the Little Miami railroad were opened; and on the twentieth of February the city, also Newport and Covington, were illuminated in honor of the projected Cincinnati & Charleston rail- road, which was soon temporarily defeated, by the refusal of the Kentucky legislature to grant right of way through the State. On the thirteenth of January began the memorable de- bate between the Rev. Alexander Campbell and Bishop Purcell, which was afterwards published and extensively circulated. February 23d died Peter Williams, of Delhi, the pioneer mail carrier from Cincinnati through the wildernesses. General Jackson visited the city March 1 8th, and was received with great acclamation by admir- 88 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ing throngs. William Barr, a very prominent old resident, died March 21st. On the 24th of that month the city debt amounted to two hundred and forty thousand dol- lars. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVEN. New buildings this year, three hnndred and five, not- withstanding it was a year of great financial disaster, There were five thousand nine hundred and eighty-one house in the city. Mr. E. D. Mansfield wrote long sub- sequently: "Just after the convention of 1837, say up to 1848, the growth of Cincinnati continued with great ra- pidity. Strange as it may seem, the constant depression and want of money did not impede building; on the con- trary, it aided Cincinnati. . . For several years the city grew rapidly." The deaths this year numbered nine hundred and sixty-eight, or about one in thirty-nine. On the third of May the first loan for local improve- ments was voted by the city, to the amount of six hun- dred thousand dollars. January 6th, John Washburn was hanged upon a scaf- fold erected at the junction of the Walnut Hills and Reading roads, for the murder upon the same spot, for money, of an inoffensive old man named Beaver. After- wards, June 3rd, Hoover and Davis were executed for complicity in the same murder; and Byron Cooley, on the twenty-fifth of November, for killing John Rambo. It was a great year for capital punishments. October 28th, a monument to the memory of Wiliiam M. Millan was dedicated by Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge No. 2, upon an eminence on the farm of William M. Corry, esq., then two and a quarter miles from Cin- cinnati, near the Reading turnpike, in a graveyard de- signated by Mr. McMillan before his death. A eulogy was pronounced by Mr. Corry, which was published in pamphlet form, and widely complimented. The monu- ment was afterwards removed to Spring Grove cemetery, where it now stands. It is of grey freestone, in the psuendo-Doric order, and surmounted by a Grecian urn. Some observations made upon Cincinnati this year by a garrulous American traveller, Professor Frederick Hall, M.D., in his Letters from the East and from the West, may fittingly be reproduced here: Perhaps, I might give you a juster idea of the appearance of Cin- cinnati by comparison. You cannot have forgotten how Genoa ap- peared to us, as seen from the point where our steamboat anchored or ' from that where the American ship-of-war, the Potomac, was stationed, farther out in the bay. The view was enrapturing. Our eyes were riveted to it. We had never seen its parallel. Rightly do the Italians, thought we, style Genoa 'La Superba.' Here, we could not help imagining, Vespasian took from Nature the model of his Colosseum which he commenced at Rome. The arena of his, often saturated with human blood, uselessly, wickedly shed, represents this narrow, flat plain, overspread with marble houses and palaces and churches, and all the pomp and bustle of a populous and magnificent town. The sloping galleries of the Roman Colosseum are a miniature rep- resentation of the lofty and ragged Appenines which form the semi- circular back-grounds of the city, and on which are perched many a sumptuous mansion, many a terraced garden, many an humble cottage, and many a moss-clad ruin. Were you here, I would conduct you across the Ohio river in the convenient steam ferry-boat, lead you to a spot half a mile from the water's edge, and there ask you to take a deliberate survey ot Cincin- nati and of the country back of it. You would, I think, at once say that it bears no slight resemblance to the native city of Columbus. The high lands here, though in some degree similar, are less lofty, less rocky, and exhibit fewer human habitations; but they are far richer, their forms vastly more variegated and more beautiful. You do not, it is true, here see anything like the towering light-house of Genoa, or the Cathedral of Lorenzo, or- the ' palazzo ducal;' nor are you to ex- pect it. Consider the difference in the ages of the two cities. The one is an infant at the breast ; the other wears bleached locks. The one is not yet fifty years old; the other is two thousand. But, old as she is, her population does not exceed eighty-five thousand. That of Cincin- nati has already attained to near half of that number; and what will it be two thousand years hence, if it continues to increase, as it has done during the last quarter of a century? Let fancy stretch away into futurity, and view her then. She will see a little world of men — not a New York— not a Glasgow— but a London. Since the year 1812 her population has received an augmentation of more than twenty-six thousand souls. Should she continue to increase in the same ratio for two thousand years to come, what will be her numbers? What hill will not be crowded with houses? What valley will not pe crowded with them? Another author-traveller of 1837 to the Queen City was no less a notable of that day than the great writer of sea-tales, Captain Francis Marryat. In his Diary of the American Journey, subsequently published, he thus notes matters and things here: Arrived at Cincinnati. How rapid has been the advance of the western country! In 1803 deer-skins, at the value of forty cents per pound, were a legal tender; and, if offered instead of money, could not be refused — even by a lawyer. Not fifty years ago the woods which towered where Cincinnati is now built, resounded only to the cry of the wild animals of the forest or the rifle of the Shawnee Indian; now Cincinnati contains a population of forty thousand inhabitants. It is a beautiful, well-built, clean town, reminding you more of Philadelphia than any other city in the Union. Situated on a hill on the banks of the Ohio, if is surrounded by a circular phalanx of other hills; so that, look up and down the streets whichever way you will, your eye reposes upon verdure and forest-trees in the distance. The streets have a row of trees on each side, near the curb-stone, and most of the houses have a small frontage, filled with luxuriant flowering shrubs, of which the althea Frutix is the most abundant. It is, properly speaking, a Yan- kee city, the majority of its inhabitants coming from the east; but they have intermarried and blended with the Kentuckians of the opposite shore — a circumstance which is advantageous to the character of both. There are, however, a large number of Dutch and German settlers here; they say ten thousand. They are not much liked by the Ameri- cans ; but have great influence, as may be conceived when it is stated that, when a motion was brought forward in the municipal court for the city regulations to be printed in German as well as English, it was lost by one vote only. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHT. New buildings, three hundred and thirty-four. Mortal- ity, one thousand three hundred and sixty-five. Votes in the city, four thousand five hundred and seventy-three. April 25th, the most terrible accident recorded in the history of Cincinnati occurred at the Fulton landing, then just above the city, in the explosion of the new and beautiful steamer Moselle. An elaborate and most inter- esting account of this event has been given in the third edition of the Annals of the West, the publisher of that work having been an eye-witness of the event. We trans- cribe the narrative for these pages : The Moselle was regarded as the very paragon of western steamboats; she was perfect in form and construction, elegant and super o in all her equipments, and enjoyed a reputation for speed which admitted of no rivalship. As an evidence that the latter was not undeserved, it need only be mentioned that her last trip from St. Louis to Cincinnati, seven hundred and fifty miles, was performed in two days and sixteen hours— the quickest trip, by several hours, that had ever been made between the two places. On the afternoon of April 25, 1838, between four and five o'clock, the Moselle left the landing at Cincinnati, bound for St. Louis, with an un- usually large number of passengers, supposed to be not less than two hundred and eighty, or, according to some accounts, three hundred. It was a pleasant afternoon, and all on board probably anticipated a de- 7 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 89 lightful voyage. The Moselle proceeded about a mile up the river to take on some German emigrants. At this time it was observed by an experienced engineer on board, that the steam had been raised to an unusual height, and when the boat stopped for the purpose just men- tioned, it was reported that one man who was apprehensive of danger went ashore, after protesting against the injudicious management of the steam apparatus. Yet the passengers generally were regardless of any danger that might exist, crowding the boat for the sake of her beauty and speed, and making safety a secondary consideration. When the object for which the Moselle had landed was nearly accom- plished, and the bow of the boat just turned in preparation to move from the shore, at that instant the explosion took place. The whole of the vessel forward of the wheels was blown to splinters ; every timber {as an eye-witness declares), "appeared to be twisted, as trees some- times are, when struck by lightning." As soon as theaccident occurred, the boat floated down the stream for about one hundred and fifty to two hundred yards, where she sunk, leaving the upper part of the cabin out of the water and the baggage, together with many struggling hu- man beings, floating on the surface of the river. It was remarked that the explosion was unprecedented in the history of steam. Its effect was like that of a mine of gunpowder. All the boilers, four in number, burst simultaneously ; the deck was blown into the air, and the human beings who crowded it were doomed to instant destruction. It was asserted that a man, believed to be a pilot, was carried, together with the pilot-house, to the Kentcky shore, a distance of a- quarter of a mile. A fragment of a boiler was carried by the explo- sion high into the air, and descending perpendicularly about fifty yards from the boat, it crushed through a strong roof and through the second floor of a building, lodging finally on the ground floor. Captain Pernn, master of the Moselle, at the time of the accident was standing on the deck, above the boiler, in conversation with another person. He was thrown to a considerable height on the steep embankment of the river and killed, while his companion was merely prostrated on the deck, and escaped without injury. Another person was blown a great distance into the air, and on descending he fell on a roof with such force that he partially broke through it, and his body lodged there. Some of the passengers who were in the after-part of the boat, and who were uninjured by the explosion, jumped overboard. An eye-witness says that he saw sixty or seventy in the water at one time, of whom comparatively few reached the shore. There were after- ward the mutilated remains of nineteen persons buried in one grave. It happened, unfortunately, that the larger number of the passengers were collected on the upper deck, to which the balmy air and delicious weather seemed to invite them, in order to expose them to more certain destruction. It was understood, too, that the captain of the ill-fated steamer had expressed his determination to outstrip an opposition boat which had just started; the people on shore were cheering the Moselle, in anticipatiou of her success in the race, and the passengers and crew on the upper deck responded to these acclamations, which were soon changed to sounds of mourning and distress. Intelligence of the awful calamity spread rapidly through the city; thousands rushed to the spot, and the most benevolent aid was prompt- ly extended to the sufferers, or rather to those within the reach of human assistance, for the majority had perished. The scene here was so sad and distressing that no language can depict it with fidelity. Here lay twenty or thirty mangled and still bleeding corpses, while many persons were engaged in dragging others of the dead and wounded from the wreck or the water. "But," says an eye-witness, "the survivors presented the most touching objects of distress, as their mental anguish seemed more insupportable than the most intense bod- ily suffering.'' Death had torn asunder the most tender ties; but the rupture had been so sudden and violent that none knew certainly who had been taken or who had been spared. Fathers were distractedly inquiring for children, children for parents, husbands and wives for each other. One man had saved a son, but lost a wife and five children. A father, partially demented by grief, lay with a wounded child on one side, his dead daughter on the other, and his expiring wife at his feet. One gentleman sought his wife and children, who were as eagerly seeking him in the same crowd. They met and were reunited. A female deck .passenger who had been saved seemed inconsolable for the loss of her relatives. Her constant exclamations were, "Oh! my father! my mother! mysisters!" a little boy about five years old, whose head was much bruised, appeared to be regardless of his wounds, and cried continually for a lost father, while another lad, a little older, was weeping for a whole family. One venerable man wept for the loss of his wife and five children. Another was bereft of his whole family, con- sisting of nine persons. A touching display of maternal affection was evinced by a woman, who, on being brought to the shore, clasped her hands and exclaimed, "Thank God, I am safe!" but instantly recollect- ing herself, she ejaculated in a voice of piercing agony, "Where is my child ? " The infant, which had been saved, was brought to her, and she fainted at the sight of it. Many of the passengers who entered the boat at Cincinnati had not registered their names, but the lowest estimated number of persons on board was two hundred and eighty. Of these eighty-one were known to be killed, fifty-five were missing and thirteen badly wounded. On the day after the accident a public meeting was called at Cincinnati, at which the mayor presided, when the facts of this melancholy occur- rence were discussed, and among other resolutions passed was one deprecating the great and increasing carelessness in the navigation of steam vessels and urging this subject upon the consideration of Con- gress. The Moselle was built at Cincinnati, and she reflected great credit on the mechanical genius of that city, as she was truly a superior boat, and under more favorable auspices might have been the pride of the waters for several years. She was new, having been begun the previous December and finished in March, only a month before the time of her destruction. A committee was appointed at the meeting of citizens, to report upon the causes of the disaster. Dr. Locke, Jacob Strader, Charles Fox, T. J. Matthews, and J. Perm, formed the committee. They made a prolonged and careful examination, and published a report in a pamphlet of seventy-six pages. It was mainly from the pen of Dr. Locke, and is a thoroughly scientific exposi- tion of the subject, much of which has permanent in- terest and value. October 20th, a fire occurred on McFarland street, which destroyed two or three small buildings, arid took the life of a little son of Mrs. McComas, aged eight years. The citizens subscribed one thousand two hun- dred and seventy-nine dollars and sixty-six cents the next forenoon for the relief of the sufferers. On the twenty- third there was another fire on Broadway, between Fourth and Fifth, destroying cabinet and turners' shops, and a bedstead factory. The semi-centennial of the settlement of Cincinnati was celebrated in good style this year, Dr. Daniel Drake delivering the oration. The invited guests included many aged Ohio pioneers of 1785-7-9, and other years. The first fair of the Ohio Mechanics' institute was held this year and was a gratifying success. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINE. January 3d, the city buys the entire rights and prop- erty of the Cincinnati Water Works company for three hundred thousand dollars. iary 2 2d, Robert Wright lost an arm by an acci- dent in cannon-firing while giving a salute at the Public. Landing, in honor of Washington's birthday. March 1st, occurred the death of Morgan Neville, a prominent citizen, and formerly receiver at the land office. On the eighteenth a lad named Winship was killed in a menagerie exhibiting here, by an uncaged tiger. June 10th, the first superior court for the city was organized, with David K. Este, judge, and Daniel Gano, clerk. December 9th, died the well-known pioneer merchant, Colonel! John Bartle, aged ninety-five. He came to Losantivillel in December, 1789. General Robert Y. 9° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Lytle, another and yet more eminent resident of Cincin- nati, died at New Orleans on the twenty-first of this month. A vigorous attempt was made this year to suppress the liquor-selling coffee-houses by making their licenses practically prohibitory; but it was evaded by the propri- etors taking out tavern licenses, which cost but twenty- five dollars and gave the, recipients one more day in which to sell liquors. The population of the city in 1849 was about forty-two thousand five hundred; number of new buildings, three hundred and ninety-four — two hundred and eighty brick, one hundred and fourteen frame. Mortality list, one thousand two hundred and eighty-two, or one in thirty- five. I CHAPTER XIII. CINCINNATI'S SIXTH DECADE. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY. The official census this year exhibited a population for Cincinnati of forty-six thousand three hundred and thirty- eight, an increase since 1830 of eighty-five per cent. The new buildings this year numbered four hundred and six — brick two hundred and sixty (in the seven wards re- spectively forty-seven, seventeen, thirty-one, twelve, sev- enty-six, thirty-three, forty-four), frame one hundred and forty-six (in the several wards in order, thirteen, one, fourteen, three, forty-three, eighteen and fifty-four). The vote of the year was six thousand three hundred and forty; the mortality bills one thousand three hundred and twenty-three, of whom ninety-seven were strangers. They being deducted, the deaths of inhabitants were only one thousand one hundred and twenty-nine, or one in thirty-nine of the population. April 3d, deceased Charles Hammond, a leading ed- itor, politician and lawyer of the city, and one of the strongest and most accomplished men the place ever had. Further notice of him will be made in our chap- ters on the bar and on journalism. This was the year of the Harrison campaign, in which, certainly, Cincinnati, Hamilton county, and all Ohio took an exceeding interest. The warm season was full of excitement in the Queen City, and there were great rejoicings when her favorite son was declared the win- ner. The state of the campaign in this region and along the river is amusingly illustrated in the remarks of Mrs. Steele, an intelligent eastern traveller hereaway this year, in her Summer Journey in the West: Sixteen miles below Cincinnati is the residence of General Harrison, the candidate for the Presidency. It is said he lived in a log cabin; but it was a neat country dwelling, which, however, I dimly saw by moon- light. To judge from what we have seen upon the road, General Har- rison will carry all the votes of the west, for every one seems enthusi- astic in his favor. Log cabins were erected in every town, and a small one of wicker-work- stood upon nearly all the steamboats. At the wood-yards along the rivers it was very common to see-a sign bearing the words, " Harrison wood," " Whig wood, " or "Tippecanoe wood," he having gained a battle at a place of that name. The western States, indeed, owe him a debt of gratitude; for he may be said to be the cause, under Providence, of their flourishing condition. He subdued the Indians, laid the land out in sections, -thus opening a door for set- tlers, and, in fact, deserves the name given him of "Father of the West." The city was also visited this year by the much trav- elled Englishman and voluminous writer of his travels, the Rev. J. S. Buckingham, who published in all some nine volumes of American travel. From several extracts relating to Cincinnati, which will appear in different places in this history, we select the following for inser- tion here : The private dwellings of Cincinnati are in general quite as large and commodious as those of the Atlantic cities, with these advantages, that more of them are built of stone, and much fewer of wood, than in the older settlements ; a greater number of them have pretty gardens, rich grass-plats, and ornamental shrubberies and flowers surrounding them, than in any of the eastern cities; and, though there is not the same os- tentatious display in the furniture of the private dwellings here, which is met with at New York especially, every comfort and convenience, mixed with a sufficient degree of elegance, is found in all the residences of the upper and middle classes; and it may be doubted whether there is any city in the Union in which there is a more general diffusion of competency in means and comfort in enjoyments, than in Cincinnati. The stores also are large, well filled, and many of them as elegant in ap- pearance and as well supplied with English and French articles as in the largest cities on the coast, though somewhat dearer, of course. The hotels ate numerous and good, and boarding-houses at all prices abun- dant. The Broadway Hotel, at which we remained, appeared to us one of the cleanest and most comfortable we had seen west of the Alle- ghanies. Mrs. Steele's Diary of a Summer Journey in the West contains the following: Cincinnati, July 19th. As much as we had heard of Cincinnati, we were astounded at its beauty and extent, and at the solidity of its buildings. It well merits the name bestowed upon it here — Queen of the West. We have ex- plored it thoroughly by riding and walking, and pronounce it a wonder- ful city. . . We spent the morning slowly driving up and down each street, along the Miami canal, and in the environs of the city in every direction, and were quite astonished — not because we had never seen larger and finer cities, but that this should have arisen in what was so lately a wilderness. Its date, you know, is only thirty years back [!]. The rows of stores and warehouses ; the extensive and ornamented dwellings; the thirty churches, many of them very hand- some, and other public buildings, excited our surprise. Main street is the principal business mart. While in the centre of this street, we mark it for a mile ascending the slope upon which the town is built, and in front it seems interminable; for, the river being low, we do not observe we are looking across it to the street of the opposite city of Covington, until a steamboat passing, tells us where the city ends. Broadway is another main artery of this city — not, however, devoted to business, but bounded upon each side by rows of handsome dwellings. Third, Fourth, Seventh, Vine, and many other streets, show private houses not surpassed by any city we had visited. They are generally ex- tensive and surrounded by gardens, and almost concealed from view of the passers by groves of shade-trees and ornamental shrubbery; An accidental opening among the trees shows you a glimpse of a piazza or pavilion, where, among groves and gardens, the air may be enjoyed by the children or ladies of the family. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-ONE. The publication of the first of Mr. Charles Cist's valuable series of volumes on Cincinnati occurred this year, and from it a fully sketched picture of the city at this time may be made up. The buildings were now largely brick, espe- cially in the central and business parts. Dwellings and warehouses were not only greater in number, but "greatly superior to those previously erected in value, elegance, and convenience." Its population, numbering about fifty HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 9i thousand people of all ages, included four hundred and thirty-four professional men, two thousand two hundred and twenty-six of the mercantile classes, ten thousand eight hundred and sixty-six mechanics in seventy-seven different trades, and one thousand and twenty-five agents, bar-keepers, hotel-keepers, and the like. The capital invested in commerce was estimated at five million two hundred thousand dollars, and in merchandize, twelve million eight hundred and seventy-seven thou- sand dollars. There w£re twenty-three lumber-yards, with one hundred and thirty-three thousand dollars capi- tal and sales in 1840 amounting to three hundred and forty-two thousand five hundred dollars. There were eight banks, with an aggregate capital of more than six millions. The Miami canal was now in operation to Piqua, and the extension was completed eighty miles be- yond Dayton and was making rapid progress toward De- fiance, at the rapids of the Maumee. For two years it had paid more than the annual interest upon the debt in- curred in its construction, which was considered "the highest evidence of its utility.'' The vast water-power which it had brought to the city was mostly in use. The Whitewater canal was nearly finished. An improvement in the Licking, being made at Kentucky's expense, was expected to bring benefits to Cincinnati. A steam packet was to be immediately put on the river. The Little Mi- ami railroad was completed for about thirty-five miles out, and more was under contract. Turnpike improvements had been steadily extended. The Charleston or South- ern railroad scheme was still held in abeyance by the op- position of Kentucky, and the depression in the moneyed world. The exports on the Miami canal had increased from eight thousand five hundred and seven dollars and sixty-nine cents in 1828 to seventy-four thousand three hundred and twenty dollars and ninety-nine cents in 1840. The city had one German and six English daily papers, with a large number of tri-weeklies, weeklies, and monthlies. There were forty-six churches, including two synagogues, and a large number of benevolent and char- itable societies and institutions, on both public and private foundations. Science and literature, education, music, and other of the higher interests, were all em- bodied in organizations and institutions existing here. The fire and water service of the city had been greatly improved. The city had been made a port of entry. It had now sixty weekly mails, and the revenue of the post office in 1840 had been forty-nine thousand eight hundred and fifteen dollars and thirteen cents. /The city is described by Mr. Cist as still "almost in tne-eastern extreme of a valley about twelve miles in cir- cumference, perhaps the most delightful and extensive on the borders of Ohio." ) With the adjacent parts of Mill creek and Fulton towmShips, and Newport and Coving- ton, the total population of Cincinnati and suburbs was reckoned at sixty thousand. Th e Germans in the city now numbered fourteen thousand one hundred and sixty- three — three thousand six hundred and thirty in the First, one thousand one hundred and thirty-seven in the Sec- ond, one thousand nine hundred and twelve in the Third, nine hundred and ninety-six in the Fourth, four thousand three hundred and twenty in the Fifth, six hundred and ninety-five in the Sixth, and one thousanrLfour hundred and seventy-three in the Seventh ward. (The American population was fifty-four per cent., German twenty-eight, British sixteen, French and Italian one,^pd all others one per per cent, of the entire population/ About six thousand eight hundred children were being educated in the public and private schools. Great improvements were expected — among them not less than five hundred dwellings and warehouses to go up during the year, including a larger proportion of ware- houses than usual. Several blocks and single buildings for stores were going up in March of this year. The number of new structures for the twelve months was afterwards reported at four hundred and sixty-two. The present St. Peter's cathedral, on the corner of Eighth and Plum streets, was about erecting, and was finished in 1844. (7*0 ver the Rhine" was developing rapidly, and a new German Catholic church on Main, beyond the canal, was to be built shortly. About three-fourths of the Germans in those days were said to be Roman Cath- olics. ] Thff'use of coal for fuel was becoming quite general; nine hundred and thirty thousand bushels had been sold the previous year, and a sale of more than two millions was 1 expected for 1841. [Mr. Cist finally " ventured the prediction that within one hundred years Cincinnati would be the greatest city in America, and by the year a. d. 2,000 the greatest city in the world" jn During the^early part of this year General Harrison, the elect of the people, as well as of the Electoral College, by a tremendous majority, made his way to Washington, to assume the duties of Chief Magistrate of the Nation. Judge Joseph Cox, in an address to the Cinciunati Liter- ary club, February 4, 1871, on General William H. Har- rison at North Bend, has thus sketched the farewell : The -scene of his departure was most affecting. Old men who had shared with him the toils of the campaigns among the Indians, their wives and children, his old neighbors, the poor, of whom there were many who had shared his bounty, gathered to witness his departure, cheering for his triumph while their cheeks were wet with tears. The boat on which he was to pass up the river lay at the foot of Broadway, in Cincinnati. The wharves, streets, and every surrounding vessel and house were filled with spectators. Standing on the deck of the steamer, with a clear, ringing voice he recalled to the mind of the people that forty-eight years before he had landed on that spot a poor, unfriended boy in almost an unbroken wilderness to join his fortunes with theirs, and that now, by the voice of a majority of the seventeen millions of people of this free land, he was about to leave them to assume the Chief Magistracy of the greatest Nation of the earth. He assured them that he was devoted to the interests of the people, and although this might be the last time he would look upon them, they would find him in the future true to the old history of the past. Prophetic vision ! Never- more was it given to him to look on the faces of those who this day cheered him on to his high goal. Before visiting Washington, he went to the old homestead on the James river, and there, in the room of his mother (then dead many years), composed his inaugural address as President." Less than six months had gone, when the old hero came back, but in his coffin. Acclamations were ex- changed for sobs and sighs ; tears of joy for tears of deepest grief. Judge Cox then depicts^ the final scenes : The funeral services took place at the White House, after which the 92 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. body, accompanied by a large civic and military procession, was taken to the Congressional burying ground and deposited in the receiving vault, to await the arrangements of his family. The nation was shrouded in mourning, and the ensuing sixteenth of May was set apart as a day of fasting and prayer, upon which, in nearly every town and city, the people met in honor of the illustrious dead. In the meantime preparations had been made to inter the remains on a beautiful hill just west of his home at North Bend, and under the guidance of committees of Congress and of the principal cities of the country, they were, in July, 1841, escorted from Washington. Arriving in Cincinnati, the body lay in state at the house of his son-in-law, Col- onel W. H. H. Taylor, on the north side of Sixth street, just east of Lodge, and was visited by thousands of his old friends and fellow citi- zens. It was then, after suitable religious services, placed on a bier on the sidewalk, and the citizens and military filed past it. The funeral procession, under charge of George Graham, esq., still living, then marched to the river; the corpse was placed on a magnificent catafalque on board a steamer, which, with two others lashed side by side and loaded with mourners, slowly, with solemn dirges and tolling belts, moved to North Bend. Arriving there, a long procession followed the remains to the summit of the mound, where they were deposited in the vault, beneath a low-built structure covered with turf. There have they lain for nearly thirty [now forty] years. No marble rears its head to mark The honored hero's dust; Nor glittering spire, nor cenotaph, Nor monumental bust. But on the spot his manhood loved His aged form's at rest; And he built his own proud monument Within a nation's breast. June 1 6th an ordinance was passed granting to James F. Conover and J. H. Caldwell the right to supply gas to the_city for the period of twenty-five years. In September another anti-negro mob made a terrible disturbance, originating in an affray at the corner of Broadway and Sixth street, between some Irish and a party of negroes, several nights before. There were thenceforth fights every night, in that part of the city, be- tween the whites and the blacks, until early Friday even- ing, when a mob, composed largely of river-men and roughs from Kentucky, gathered at the Fifth street mar- ket-space, now the Esplanade, and marched thence to a negro confectioner's shop on Broadway, next the syna- gogue, where they smashed the front of it, but were presently met and sharply engaged by the negroes with fire-arms. Many were wounded on both sides. The mob was addressed by the mayor and Mr. John H. Piatt, but without avail. About one o'clock that night the mob gained possession of a six-pound cannon from some place near the river, loaded it with boiler punchings and other missiles, took it to the negro quarter, and fired it several times, but without doing much damage. It was stationed on Broadway, and fired down Sixth street. Many of the negroes became considerably alarmed at this demonstration, and incontinently fled to the hills. In about an hour the military, which had been called out by the mayor, appeared on the scene and kept the mob at bay. Through the next day, however, and until three o'clock Sunday morning, the mob held its front and de- fied its opponents. The citizens held a meeting Satur- day morning, and passed facing-both-ways resolutions against mobs and Abolitionists. The city council held a special meeting to consider the situation; and the ne- groes had another meeting in a church, where they ex- pressed their willingness to abide by the laws of 1807 — give bonds as required by that act, or leave the State. About three in the afternoon the mayor, marshal, po- lice, and others went to the theatre of still - threatened conflict, and marched off two to three hundred negroes to jail for safe-keeping. The mob, however, recom- menced its violence early, and at different points. The Philanthropist office was again sacked, and a number of houses inhabited by negroes and the negro church on Sixth street were partially destroyed and rifled of their contents. An attempt was made to fire the book estab- lishment of Truman & Smith, on Main street, which was for some reason obnoxious to the roughs. Before morning, however, the mob, not receiving fresh accessions, stopped its violence, and dispersed through sheer exhaustion. Several men were killed in the progress of the affair, and twenty or thirty wounded, a few of them dangerously. About forty of the mob were arrested. The affair as- sumed importance enough to cause the issue of a procla- mation by the governor. That night the military turned out in force, including a troop of horse and several foot companies, with the firemen acting under authority as police, and eighty citizens who had volunteered to sup- port the officers of the law. In October the Western Methodist Anti-Slavery con- vention assembled at Cincinnati. It actually could not then find a meeting-house of its own denomination open to it, but found a hospitable reception in a Baptist church. Hon. Samuel Lewis was chairman of this meeting. Fif- teen years afterwards the feeling had so changed that one of the largest Methodist churches of the city was used for a great and enthusiastic Republican meeting, assem- bled to promote the election of General Fremont. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-TWO. One of the chief events of this year was the arrival from Pittsburgh of the young but already celebrated English novelist, Charles Dickens, with his wife. They staid but a short time, and then embarked on the steamer Pike, for Louisville, stopping here also for a day on his return. He gave Cincinnati a chapter in his American Notes, and treated it much more fairly than some other places alleged themselves to have been treated. We ex- tract the following: Monday, April 4, 1842. When the morning sun shines again, it gilds the house-tops of a lively city, before whose broad, paved wharf the boat is moored ; with other boats, and flags and moving wheels and hum of men around it ; as though there were not a solitary or silent rood of ground within the compass of a thousand miles around. Cincinnati is a beautiful city ; cheerful, thriving, and animated. I have not often seen a place that commends itself so favorably and pleas, antly to a stranger at the first glance as this does, with its clean houses of red and white, its well-paved roads and footways of bright tile. Nor does it become less prepossessing on a closer acquaintance. The streets are broad and airy, the shops extremely good, the private resi- dences remarkable for their elegance and neatness. There is some- thing of invention and fancy in the varying styles of these latter erections, which, after the dull company of the steamboat, is perfectly delightful, as conveying an assurance that there are such qualities still in existence. The disposition to ornament these pretty villas and ren- der them attractive leads to the culture of trees and flowers, and the laying-out of well kept gardens, the sight of which, to those who walk along the streets, is inexpressibly refreshing and agreeable. I was quite charmed with the appearance of the town and its adjoining sub- urb of Mount Auburn, from which the city, lying in an amphitheatre of hills, forms a picture of remarkable beauty and is seen to great advan- tage. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 93 There happened to be a great temperance convention held here on the day after our arrival ; and as the order of march brought the pro- cession under the windows of the hotel in which we lodged, when they started in the morning, I had a good opportunity of seeing it. It com- prised several thousand men, the members of various "Washington Auxiliary Temperance Societies," and was marshaled by officers on horseback, who cantered briskly up and down the line, with scarves and ribands of bright colors fluttering out behind them gaily. There were bands of music, too, and banners out of number ; and it was a fresh, holiday looking concourse altogether. I was particularly pleased to see the Irishmen, who formed a distinct society among themselves, carrying their national Harp and their por- trait of Father Mathew high above the people's heads. They looked as jolly and good-humored as ever ; and, working the hardest for their living, and doing any kind of sturdy labor that came in their way, were the most independent fellows there, I thought. The banners were very well painted, and flaunted down the street fa- mously. There was the smiting of the rock and the gushing forth of the waters ; and there was a. temperate man with a considerable of a hatchet (as" the standard-bearer would probably have said) aiming a deadly blow at a serpent which was apparently about to spring upon him from the top of a barrel of spirits. But the chief feature of this part of the show was a huge allegorical device, borne among the ship- carpenters, on one side whereof the steamboat Alcohol was represented bursting her boiler and exploding with a great crash, while upon the other the good ship Temperance sailed away with a fair wind; to the heart's content of the captain, crew, and passengers. After going round the town, the procession repaired to a certain ap- pointed place, where, as the printed programme set forth, it would be received by the children of the different free schools, "singing temper- ance songs." I was prevented from getting there in time to hear these little warblers, or to report upon this novel kind of vocal entertainment — novel, at least, to me ; but I found, in a large open space, each soci- ety gathered round its own banners and listening in silent attention to its own orator. The speeches, judging from the little I could hear of them, were certainly adapted to the occasion, as having that degree of relationship to cold water which wet blankets may claim ; but the main thing was the conduct and appearance of the audience throughout the day, and that was admirable and full of promise. Cincinnati is honorably famous for its free schools, of which it has so many that no person's child among its population can, by possibility, want the means of education, which are extended, upon an average, to four thousand pupils annually, I was only present in one of these es- tablishments during the hours of instruction. In the boys' department, which, was full of little urchins (varying in their ages, I should say, from six years old to ten or twelve), the master offered to institute an extem- porary examination of the pupils in algebra — a proposal which, as I was by no means confident of my ability to detect mistakes in that science, I declined with some alarm. In the girls' school reading was proposed, and as I felt tolerably equal to that art, I expressed my will- ingness to hear a class. Books were distributed accordingly, and some half-dozen girls relieved each other in reading paragraphs in English history. But it was a dry compilation, infinitely above their powers; and when they had blundered through three or four dreary passages concerning the Treaty of Amiens and other thrilling topics of the same nature (obviously without comprehending ten words), I expressed my- self quite satisfied. It is very possible that they only mounted to this extreme stave in the ladder of learning for the astonishment of a visitor, and that at other times they keep upon its lower rounds ; but I should have been much better pleased and satisfied if I had heard them exer- cised in simpler lessons, which they understood. As in every other place I visited, the judges here were gentlemen of high character and attainments. I was in one of the courts for a few minutes, and found it like those to which I have already referred. A nuisance cause was trying; there were not many spectators ; and the witness, counsel, and jury formed a sort of family circle, sufficiently jo- cose and snug. The society with which I mingled was intelligent, courteous, and agreeable. The inhabitants of Cincinnati are proud of their city, as one of the most interesting in America, and with reason; for, beautiful and thriving as it is now, and containing, as it does, a population of fifty thousand souls, but two and fifty years have passed away since the ground on which it stands (bought at that time for a few dollars), was a wildwood and its citizens were but a handful of dwellers in scattered log huts upon the river's shore. Another bank mob occurred in the city on the first of November, caused by the suspension of the Bank of Cincinnati and the Miami Exporting company's bank. Some movable property, books, and papers, were reached and destroyed, and a demonstration was also made against two exchange offices; but the City Guard, under command of the astronomer, Captain O. M. Mitchel, were defending the banks, and after they had fired a vol- ley or two on the mob, wounding several, the crowd dis- persed and did no further damage. The number of new buildings erected this year was five hundred and thirty-seven. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-THREE. Mr. Cist notes this year as an era in the political ex- istence of Cincinnati, as having two natives of the county rival candidates for the office of Mayor at the spring election — Messrs. Henry E. Spencer and Henry Morse — which was certainly a very interesting circumstance, but was paralleled in 1845, when the same two were again candidates for the office. February 28th a disastrous fire and explosion occurred in Pugh & Alvord's pork-packing establishment, which killed eight persons and wounded fourteen, among them several prominent citizens. November 2d, the first number of the Cincinnati Com- mercial was issued, by Messrs. Curtiss & Hastings. On the twenty-eighth the Whitewater canal was opened. December 2 2d, S. S. Davies, ex-mayor of the city, de- parted this life. Number of new buildings this year, six hundred and twenty-one. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOUR. This year was comparatively devoid of events, save the inevitable quadrennial excitement of the Presidential election. On the twenty-seventh of April the first ground was bought for Spring Grove cemetery. The eighth of October marked the advent of Millerism, of which an interesting account will be found in our chap- ter on Religion in Cincinnati. The first, and long the only cotton factory in the city, was erected this year by Messrs. Samuel Fosdick, Anthony Harkness, and Jacob Strader. During the summer and fall of this year, Mr. Charles Cist pursued his favorite occupation of enumerating the buildings, of the city, the results of which he published in his Miscellany. He found in the First ward fifteen public buildings (including the post office, a theatre, and the unfinished observatory), and one hundred and twenty dwellings, shops, storehouses, mills, and offices — total seven hundred and thirty-five — five hundred and fifty- one of brick and one hundred and eighty-four frames. Eighty-two had been built in 1844, against twenty-six the previous year. The Second ward showed up twenty-two public buildings and one thousand and thirty-nine dwel- ings, etc., — eight hundred and twenty-five brick and two hundred and fourteen frame. One hundred and two of these had been put up within the year. The Third ward contained but six public edifices, but had one thousand one hundred and sixty-two private buildings — two of stone, four hundred and thirty-four frame, and seven 94 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. hundred and twenty brick. Some of the new structures, one hundred and seventeen in number, are described as of great extent and height. Mr. Cist says : The Third ward is the great hive of Cincinnati industry, especially in the manufacturing line. Planing machines, iron foundries, brewer- ies, saw-mills, rolling-mills, finishing shops, bell and brass foundries, boiler yards, boat building, machine shops, etc., constitute an exten- sive share of its business. The Fourth ward, also embracing a large share of the heavy business of the city, now had four buildings of a public character and one thousand two hundred and seven others — four stone, six hundred and fifty-two brick, and five hundred and fifty-one frames — one hun- dred and seventeen built the same year. Fifth ward — public buildings, thirteen; private, one thousand five hun- dred and fifty-two; brick, eight hundred and twenty-five; frame, seven hundred and twenty-seven ; built this year, one hundred and seventy-six. Sixth — public structures, ten; private, one thousand and fifty-three; built in 1844 (seventy-nine less than in 1843), one hundred and seven- teen; brick, four hundred and ninety-five; frame, five hundred and sixty-eight. Several improvements of a su- perior character are noted. Seventh — twelve public build- ings, one thousand two hundred and ninety-nine private — six hundred and ten brick, seven hundred and one frames; two hundred and nineteen built this year. The great edi- fice going up, as it had been for four years, was the Roman Catholic cathedral, on Plum street. Eighth — seven pub- lic and one thousand one hundred and fifty-seven private structures — four hundred and three brick, seven hundred and sixty-one frame ; built during the year, two hundred and twenty-six. "A great number of fine dwellings of brick'' are noted as among the new improvements. Ninth — fourteen public and one thousand one hundred and ninety-eight private buildings; new ones, eighty-two; brick, four hundred and seventy-eight ; frame, seven hun- dred and thirty-two; stone, two. The total number of buildings in the city was ten thousand seven hundred and seventy-three, an increase of one thousand two hundred and twenty-eight over the previous year. It was also thought that as many as five hundred new buildings had been put up during the year in the district between the corporation line and the base of the hills on the north. Many familiar old buildings disappeared this year — among them Fairchild's corner, on Main and Front, which was a quarter of a century old ; Elsenlock's comer, on Walnut and Front, which was one of the earliest en- closed lots of Losantiville, and the building upon it the favorite resort of the "United Democracy;" also, east of Main, above Fifth, an old white frame building, put up in the days of Fort Washington, and Andrew's Buck's ho- tel, once a fashionable resort. Looking from the corner of Main and Fifth, all buildings of a quarter of a century before, within the view, had disappeared. A classification made of citizens this year, according to their pecuniary ability, developed the fact that there was only one man (Nicholas Longworth) worth over five hundred thousand dollars; six were worth two hundred thousand to four hundred thousand dollars; twenty-six one hundred thousand to two hundred thousand dollars; forty-three fifty thousand*to one hundred thousand dol- lars; fifty-six thirty thousand to fifty thousand dollars; seventy-three twenty to thirty thousand dollars; eighty- two fifteen thousand to twenty thousand dollars; one hundred and eighteen ten thousand to fifteen thousand dollars; four hundred and twenty-three five to ten thqu- sartd dollars; six hundred and forty-five two thousand five hundred to five thousand dollars; eight hundred and twenty-six one thousand five hundred to two thousand five hundred dollars; and thirteen hundred and thirteen under one thousand five hundred dollars. It was esti- mated that the sale of eight squares in the business part of the city would more than pay all the bank debts then due by her business men. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIVE. The population of the city this year had grown to seven- ty^four thousand six hundred and ninety-nine — an in- crease of twenty-eighf thousand three hundred and sev- enteen, or sixty-one per cent., in five years. The increase was to be yet more remarkable during the five years to come.)) The number of new buildings was one thousand two hundred and fifty-two — seven hundred and eighty- nine brick, four hundred and sixty-three frame. The total number of buildings in the city was eleven thousand five hundred and sixty, exclusive of stables and the like. Among the finer structures in the course of erection this year were the Cincinnati college, the Masonic and Odd Fellows' halls, the College of Dental Surgery, two Ro- man Catholic, two Presbyterian, four Methodist, one Welsh, and two Disciple churches. The building of the college, on Walnut street, between Fourth and Fifth, where its successor now stands, had been burned on the nineteenth of January, and a more spacious and elegant structure was now going up. In May of this year Mr. Cist thus notes in his Misce l- lany some interesting facts relating to the trend of the Dusiness interests of the city: r |The increase of business in Cincinnati compels it to radiate from its former centres. Blocks of business stands are forming east, west and north of the existing commercial regions.) Thus some thirty large ware- and store-houses have been or are just about to be erected on Walnut, between Water and Second streets. (Commerce is finding vent down Second, Third and J'ront streets to the west, and up Second and Third streets to the east.1 That fine block known by the name of Hopple's row, and which l»s hardly been a year built, is now occupied with lace and dry-goods stores, drug-shops, carpet ware-houses, etc., in which goods are offered wholesale to as good advantage as in any other part of the city. Among these the dry-good store of Baird & Scrmyler may be especially alluded to as a fine establishment. These E - e the OjCcupants of the lower buildings ; up stairs is a perfect den of ipers in the shape of lawyers and editors. We continue Mr. Cist's interesting notices of local matters : f Our Northwest Territory.— There is nothing in Cincinnati ex- k hibits a growth as vigorous as the northwestern part of our city) popu- larly called Texas. What constituted originally the Seventh ward was, ( only seven years ago, interspersed here and there with dwellings, but consisted principally of brick-yards, cattle-pastures and vegetable gar- dens, for the supply of markets. Such was the unimproved condition of this region, that nearly two hundred and fifty acres, occupied as pasturage, were owned by four or five individuals alone) Two hundred and fifty acres of pasturage in a city, and that city as thriving as Cin- cinnati ! (The whole number of dwellings at that period, within the bounds of that ward, were short of three hundred and fifty, and its whole population could not have reached to twenty-five hundred souls; HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 95 and these the buildings and inhabitants of a section of Cincinnati more than a mile square! Now what a change! Eleven hundred new buildings, most of them of a character for beauty, permanence and value equal to the average of the main body of our city improvements. The streets graded and paved to a great extent, churches and public school-houses going up in its midst, and well-paved sidewalks, adding to the general finish and convenience.) With all these improvements, too, space has been left, at the sides and in the fronts of the buildings, for that free introduction of shrubbery and flowers which render our city so attractive to stran- gers, and so airy and pleasant to ourselves. It is, in short, completely rus in urbe, abounding in spots which combine the comfort of a coun- try villa with the convenience and advantages of a city residence. It may serve to give a striking view of the magnitude and extent of the improvements in this region to state that London street has been graded from Fulton to Mound street west, which extent, some one thousand two hundred feet in length, is now dug down from five to ten feet, to fill up one thousand feet farther west and the entire width — sixty feet — of the street. The stupendous character of the work may be inferred from the volume of earth filled in, which, at the intersection of Baymiller street, measures sixteen feet in depth. Tfie greater part of this is also paved, and progressing as fast in paving as is prudent, the graded ground being covered with stone as fast as it settles to its permanent bed. This must become one of the finest entrances to our city. /The population of this section of Cincinnati is now, doubtless, eleven thousand, the inhabitants having quadruped since 1838. A new and important avenue to trade and marketing has been opened through this part of the city, by extending Freeman street to the Hamilton road. The effect of this will be to direct a large share of the travelling to the city, to the intersection of Fifth and Front streets; and to bring the pork-wagons into direct communication with the pork- houses which must be put up on the line of the Whitewater canal. This avenue will also become a formidable rival to Western Row, as a connection between the adjacent parts of Indiana and Cincinnati^ owing to the scandalous condition into which the upper part of that street has been suffered to dilapidate, which renders it impassable in winter and unpleasant at all times. • Eighth street was now paved to a distance of more than two miles west of Main, and was rapidly coming into use as one of the chief avenues of travel to and from the country. Mr. [Elmore] Williams was originally the owner of all that valuable property at the corner of Main and Front streets, facing one hundred feet on Front and two hundred on Main street, extending from Worth- ington Shillito & Co.'s grocery store to Front, and thence Place Traber & Co.'s store, west to Main street, and became so under these circum- stances: The lot in question was taken up by Henry Lindsey, who after holding it a year or more disposed of it to a young man for a job of work, whose name Mr. Williams has forgot. The second owner, having a desire to revisit his former home in New Jersey, and being unwilling to trust himself through the wilderness without a horse, begged Mr. Williams, with whom' he was acquainted, the latter then residing at the point of the junction of the Licking and the Ohio, to take his lot in payment for a horse, saddle and bridle of his, valued at sixty-five dollars. After much importunity and principally with the view of accommodating a neighbor, Mr. Williams consented, and after holding the property a few days, disposed of it again tor another horse and equipments, by which he supposed he made ten dollars, perhaps. This lot not long afterwards fell into the hands of Colonel Gibson, who offered it for one hundred dollars to Major Bush of Boone county, in 1793. So slight was the advance for years to property in Cincinnati. This lot, probably at this time the most valuable in the city, estimating the rent at six per cent, of its value, is now worth three hundred and thirty-seven thousand and four hundred dollars. Where else in the world is the property which in fifty-four years had risen from four dollars to such a value? The man is still living, and in full possession of his faculties, bodily and mental, who stood by surveying the first cellar-digging in Cincin- nati. This was the cellar of the first brick house put up here, and which was built by the late Elmore Williams, at the corner of Main and Fifth streets. As one-half of the community in that day had never seen a cellar, being emigrants from the farming districts, and the other half were surveying a novelty in Cincinnati, it may readily be conceived there was no scarcity of on-lookers. My informant gives it as his judgment that the west half of the Wade dwelling on Congress street, is the oldest building now standing in Cincinnati, certainly the only one remaining of what were built when he first saw the place. Most of the houses were log cabins, and hardly better, so he phrases it, "than sugar-camps at that." The city, when he landed, had not five hundred inhabitants. He has lived to behold its increase to seventy-five. thou- sand. Where will the next fifty years find it? June i:th, was held a meeting of the southern and western anti-slavery convention in the city, with animated and interesting discussions. An interesting event occurred on the twenty-eighth of September, in the dedication of Spring Grove cemetery. Cincinnati had now the beginnings of a worthy "God's acre." The city was visited in 1845 by the great English geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, who, more than any other man in the history of geology, industriously collected facts and constructed theories for it. He was out much on explorations in this region with Dr. John Locke, who had been on the State geological survey; and visited the Big Bone lick, in company with Robert Buchanan, Mr. Anthony, and other intelligent gentlemen. The following are some of Sir Charles' remarks upon the geology and paleontology of this part of the valley: The Ohio river at Cincinnati, and immediately above and below it, is bounded on its right bank by two terraces, on which the city is built, the streets in the upper and lower part of it standing on different levels. These terraces are composed of sand, gravel, and loam, such as the river, if blocked up by some barrier, might now be supposed to sweep down in its current and deposit in a lake. The upper terrace is bounded by steep hills of ancient fossiliferous rocks. Near the edge of the higher terrace, in digging a gravel-pit, which I saw open at the end of Sixth street, they discovered lately the teeth of the elephas primigenius, the same extinct species which is met with in very analogous situations on the banks of the.Thames, and the same which was found preserved en- tire with its flesh in the ice of Siberia. Above the stratum from which the tooth was obtained I observed about six feet of gravel covered by ten feet of fine yellow loam, and below it were alternations of gravel, loam, and sand, for twenty feet. But I searched in vain for any accom- panying fossil shells. These, however, have been found in a similar situation at Mill creek, near Cincinnati, a place where several teeth of mastodons have been met with. They belong to the genera mclania, lymncea, amnicola, succinea, physa, planorbis, paludina, cyclas, helix and pupa, all of recent species, and nearly all known to inhabit the im- mediate neighborhood. I was also informed that near Wheeling a bed of freshwater shells, one foot thick, of the genus unio, is exposed at the height of one hundred and twenty feet above the main level of the Ohio. The remains of the common American mastodon (M. gigantius) have also been found at several points in the strata in the upper terrace, both above and below Cincinnati. Upon the whole it appears that the strata of loam, clay, and gravel, forming the elevated terraces on both sides of the Ohio and its tributaries, and which we know to have re- mained unaltered from the era of the Indian mounds and earthworks, originated subsequently to the period of the existing mollusca, but when several quadrupeds now extinct inhabited this continent. The lower parts, both of the larger and smaller valleys, appear to have been filled up with a fluviatile deposit, through which the streams have sub- sequently cut broad and deep channels. These phenomena very closely resemble those presented by the loess, or ancient river-silt of the Rhine and its tributaries, and the theory which I formerly suggested to ac- count for the position of the Rhenish loess (also charged with recent land and freshwater shells, and occasionally with the remains of the ex- tinct elephant) may be applicable to the American deposits. I imagined first a gradual movement of depression, like that now in progress on the west coast of Greenland, to lessen the fall of the waters or the height of the land relatively to the ocean. In consequence of the land being thus lowered, the bottoms of the main and lateral val- leys become filled up with fluviatile sediment, containing terrestrial and freshwater shells, in the same manner as deltas are formed where rivers meet the sea, the salt water being excluded, in spite of continued subsidence, by the accumulation of alluvial matter brought down, inces- santly from the land above. Afterwards I suppose an upward move- ment gradually to restore the country to its former level, and, during this upheaval, the rivers remove a large part of the accumulated mud, 9 6 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. sand and gravel. I have already shown that on the coast of Georgia and South Carolina, in the United States, we have positive proofs of modern oscillations of level, similar to those here assumed. The rock forming the hills and table-lands around Cincinnati, called the blue limestone, has been commonly referred to the age of the Trenton limestone of New York, but is considered by Messrs. Conrad and Hall, and I believe with good reason, as comprehending also the Hudson river group. It seems impossible, however, to separate these divisions in Ohio, so that the' district colored blue (No. 15) may be re- garded as agreeing with Nos. 14 and 15 in other parts of my map. Several of the fossils which I collected at Cincinnati, the encrinites and aviculae (of the sub-genus Pterined) in particular, agree with those which I afterward procured near Toronto, on the northern shores of Lake Ontario. After seeing at Cincinnati several fine collections of recent and fossil shells in the cabinets of Messrs. Buchanan, Anthony and Clark, I ex- amined with care the quarries of blue limestone and marl in the sub- urbs. The organic remains here are remarkably well preserved for so ancient a rock, especially those occurring in a compact argillaceous blue limestone, not unlike the lias of Europe. Its deposition ' appears to have gone on very tranquilly, as the lingula has been met with in its natural and erect position, as if enclosed in mud when alive, or still standing on its peduncle. Crnstaceans of the. genus Trinacleus are found spread out in great numbers on layers of the solid marl, as. also another kind of trilobite, called Paradoxides, equally characteristic of the Lower Silurian system of Europe. The large hotelus gigas, three or four inches long, a form represented, in the Lower Silurian of northern Europe, by the asaphi with eight abdominal articulations, deserves also to be mentioned, and a species of graptolite. I obtained also Spirifer- lynx in great abundance, a shell which Messrs. Murchisbn and De Verneuil regard as very characteristic of the Lower Silurian beds of^ Russia and Sweden. Among the mollusca I may also mention Cept , > 9.035 8,836 9.!03 15th . . 11,946 13,712 9,"3 16th . . 10,679 17. 483 9.979 17th . . 4.025 4,880 9,398 18th.. 16,231 9.473 19th.. 8,883 9,182 20th . . 2,35° 9.445 2 ISt . . 5.333 12,086 22d . . 2,362 11,899 23d .. 2.357 12.855 24th . . 1,421 io,353 25th.. 15.953 5,622 Total, 75o 2,320 9,642 24,831 46.338 115.438 161,044 216,239 255,608 CHAPTER XIX. THE GERMAN ELEMENT IN CINCINNATI. The omission of some notice of this, one of the most marked characteristics of the Queen City during large part of its wonderful history, would be unpardonable in a work of this class. Fortunately, the historian is spared the necessity of making the elaborate and painful research and personal inquiry necessary to present even an outline sketch of the inception and growth of the Teutonic ele- ment here, by the well-directed labors of Governor Koer- ner, of Illinois, and his collaborators in the preparation of his valuable work, The German Element in the United States. It is published in the language of the Fatherland, from which the following pages have been neatly translated for these columns by Miss Maria A. Roelker, assistant in the Cincinnati public library. THE PIONEER GERMAN. In Cincinnati, the principal business city of the Ohio valley, the influence of the German element made itself felt quite early. Already," in the first years of the legal existence of the village, two Germans were elected for the chief municipal office — David Ziegler, from Heidelberg, 1802 and 1803; and Martin Baum, from Hagenau, Al- satia, 1807 and 181 2. Zeigler was the first president of the then rather insignificant village. MARTIN BAUM. But it was especially Baum (born at Hagenau, July 15, 1761; died in Cincinnati December 14, 1831), who did so much for the rise of the German element in Cincin- nati and the Ohio valley. Through his great wealth, which he had won through many different business enterprises and used again, he helped a great deal to raise the west. Already, in the year 1803, it was principally Baum who called to life the first bank in the west, the "Miami Exporting company," whose president he remained for many years. Through this company, which carried on at the same time a great transportation business, Baum became one of the most important promoters and im- provers of the navigation of the rivers of the west. He called to life the first sugar refinery, the first,iron foundry, the first woollen factory, the first steam flouring mill, and other industrial establishments of that kind. A great number of persons found work and profit in his different factories; and, since he could not find enough good and skillful workmen in the backwoods, he would enlist in Baltimore and Philadelphia newly arrived immigrants; and in this way led the first current of emigration towards the west. Moreover, the first ornamental garden, as well as the first vineyard, which Baum laid out at Deer creek, at present within the city boundaries, marks him as one of the most assiduous men of the west. Not only did Baum help more than anybody else towards the progress of business life, but his taste for art, science, and literature, attracted the more cultivated men who settled here, where nature had done so much to beautify their colony. The foundation of the Lancas- terian school (181 3), out of which arose the Cincinnati college (181 8), was, besides Judge Burnet's, principally Baum's work. He was also many years an active mem- ber of the board of the college, and its first vice-presi- dent. Baum was also one of the original stimulators and founders of the first public library of the west (February, 1802); of the Western museum (1817); of the literary society (18 18); of the society for the promotion of agri- culture in the west (1819); and of the Apollonian soci- ety (1823). In the year 181 2 he was nominated for Con- .gress, but refused to be a candidate, because he could not 128 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. spare the time he would be compelled to be absent from his extended business. If we consider that he was in those days the wealthiest and most respected citizen of the town; that he was also president of the Cincinnati branch of the bank of the United States; and that he stood in connection with the most important men of the land, it is clear that Baum was to the German element in the first period a power- ful support. His house, the most elegant in the town, was open to all intellectually great men who visited Cin- cinnati, and German literary men were especially wel- come. Julius Ferdinand voi» Salis, cousin of the well known German lyric poet, Count Johann Gaudenz von Salis, lived with him about the year 1817. He had trav- elled through the Orient as a natural philosopher, "and wrote here," says Klauprecht, "in the retirement of this western market town, his experiences and impressions of the cradle of mankind for a German publisher, when in the year 181 9 death took the pen out of his hand." BURKHALTER. At the same time lived also at Baum's country seat in the Deer creek valley, an anchorite, Christian Burkhalter, formerly secretary to Prince Blucher. He was born in Neu-Wied, and, driven by religious fanaticism, emigrated to America in 1 8 1 6. He afterwards joined the Shakers who founded Union village in Warren county, Ohio, in 1820, where the Duke of Weimar met him in 1826. Burkhal- ter left the Shaker community again later, and founded in Cincinnati (1837) the German Whig newspaper, West- licher Merkur, whose conductor and editor he remained till 1841. In that year the name of the paper was changed into Der Deutsche im Westerly and was edited by Burk- halter and Hofle. But, as also here the result was not equal to the expended work, the paper passed in the same year over into the hands of Rudolph von Maltiz, and was named the Ohio Volksfreund. Burkhalter retired now from taking active part in a German newspaper, and be- came a silent partner in the Cincinnati Chronicle, edited by Pugh, Hefley (Hofle), and Hubbell. Already, in the year 1836, Burkhalter had taken part, with the well-known Abolitionist, James G. Birney, in the publication of the Philanthropist, one of the first Abolition papers in the land, which appeared in Lebanon, Warren county, Ohio, after the printing rooms in Cincinnati of Achilles Pugh, editor of the same, were demolished by a mob in the summer of 1836. ALBERT VON STEIN. In the year 1817 Albert von Stein came also to Cincin- nati. He had gained already in the United States quite a name as an able engineer. He was the promoter and builder of the Cincinnati water-works, the first water- works of the country which were worked by pumps. Afterwards Stein was for a while engaged in Philadelphia as draughtsman for Wilson's Illustrated ' Ornithology. Since then he has built the water-works at Richmond and Lynchburgh, Virginia, the Appomatox canal, near Petersburgh, Virginia, and the water-works of New Or- leans, Nashville, and Mobile. Of the last-named works Stein was the owner till his death (1876). He was at the time eighty-four years old. His family has still posses- sion of the works. REV. DR. FRIEDRICH REESE. At this time (1817), and soon after, Catholic and Prot- estant communities formed themselves, not only in Cin- cinnati, but also at other places in Ohio. Dr. Friedrich Reese, a very learned, active, and popular man, after- wards Bishop of Detroit, was the first German Catholic priest in Cincinnati (1825). He was born at Vianen- burgh, near Hildesheim, and had, like Pio Nono, first served in the cavalry, and then studied theology. He died at Hildesheim December 27, 1871, after having been called to Rome and given up his episcopate in 1841. In Cincinnati Reese was the founder of the scien- tific school, the Athenaeum, which passed afterwards into the hands of the Jesuits, and was changed by them into the present St. Xavier college. On a visit to Germany, (1828-29), through Reese's in- fluence the Leopoldinen institution in Vienna was called to life, and is still in existence, for the aid of poor Catho- lic missionaries. Reese wrote a History of the Bishopric of Cincinnati, which was published in 1829 at Vienna, and was otherwise busy in literary pursuits. Joseph Zas- lein, Jakob Gulich, and Ludwig Heinrich Meyer, were the first German Protestant pastors in Cincinnati. GERMAN CHURCHE& It is not our plan to follow the development of the different religious societies; but it can be stated that, particularly in Cincinnati, as well the Catholic as the Protestant churches of the Germans soon flourished; and the first named especially possess considerable real estate. The Catholics published, in 1837, the Wahrheits Freund, the first Catholic periodical of the country, at first super- intended by the present Archbishop of Milwaukee, J. M. Henni, which soon found a wide circulation through the whole west. On the Protestant side appeared for a while Der Protestant, under the superintendence of Georg Walker; and afterwards (1838) Der Christliche Apologete, a Methodist paper, conducted by Wilhelm Nast, which found also in their circles a great number of readers. WILHELM NAST, born July 18, 1807, studied theology, and especially phi- losophy, at the same time with David Strauss, in the cel- ebrated Tubingen institute. He emigrated to the United States in 1828; accepted, at first, a position as tutor in a private family in New York; then became teacher of the German language at the military school at West Point (1831-2); went over to the Methodist church, and be- came professor of the classic languages at different col- leges; organized German Methodism in Ohio; founded the Christliche Apologete, whose permanent editor he re- mained, and later the Sonntagschul Glocke, a juvenile paper, both the principal organs of German Methodism, of which he is the acknowledged father. His original theological works and translations are very numerous. In 1844 he went as missionary of the Methodist church to Germany, and labored there with some good results for this form of Christianity. He visited also the Evan- /' wmtttecm HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 129 gelical Alliance convention at Berlin in 1857, trying to win a field for Methodism there. Dr. Nast is a learned theologian and philolbgjst. He has gained a high position in the religious circles of this country, and has done a great deal for the preservation of the German element, and especially the German language. If he had not founded the German Methodist papers, which gained such wide circulation, the Germans who went over to the Methodist church 'would have become quite alienated from their language and German thinking by other religious papers, to them the most favored and often their only reading. And there is no question, as orthodox as the father of German Methodism may be, his thorough education at a German university, under the direction of a man like F. C. Baur, has given him a scientific and intellectual turn of mind which must have saved him, in comparison with his many American fel- low-workers, from a too extreme tendency. He has pre- served, at least as a spiritual discipline, a great attachment for his Fatherland, and persuaded many of his young friends to visit German universities, although he must have been aware that they would change their narrow re- ligious views for wider and riper ones. He is called everywhere a man of high character, who has gained in every relation of life the esteem of his fellow men. GERMAN JOURNALISM. Cincinnati was especially a good soil for political news- papers. Already,in the year 1 826, appeared there Die Ohio Chronik, a weekly paper ; but it did not live long. In the year 1832 Karl von Bonge, Albert Lange (later a resident of Terre Haute), and Heinrich Brachmann published for election purposes a so-called campaign paper, for the. in- terest of the Whig party. On the seventh of October, 1834, appeared the Weltburger, edited by Hartmann, whose energies were first directed against the Democrats; but it changed in a short time its tendency and name, when it went into the hands of Benjamin Boffinger, who called it Der Deutsche Franklin, and worked for the interest of the Democratic Presidential candidate, Mr. Van Buren. But the Whig party succeeded before the election (1836) . in regaining the Franklin. The Democrats founded now the Volksblatt, directed and edited by Heinrich Rodter, with the help of several of the most esteemed Germans, as Rumelin, Rehfuss, August Renz, and others. HEINRICH RODTER, born March 10, 1805, at Neustadt, on the Hardt, had already in his youth been engaged in his father's paper- factory. Overflowing with animal spirits, his youthful years had been rather stormy. Serving a short time in a Bavarian light cavalry regiment at Augsburg, helped a good deal to make a Philistine out of him. Returning home, he began to study law; bul the political excite- ment which spread after the July revolution, especially along the Rhine provinces, also took hold of him. He became acquainted with the journalists, Dr. Wirth and Siebenpfeiffer, and other leaders of the agitation, as Schiller, Savoye, Geib, and Pistorius. He was especially active at the Hambacker fe"te; and to escape the judicial '7 trial threatening him, he left his well-beloved Pfalz in the summer of 1832, and came to Cincinnati, but went soon after to Columbus, where he became the director of a German Democratic paper. He returned after a short time to Cincinnati, where he directed the newly- founded Democratic paper, the Volksblatt, from the year 1836 to 1840. While many German newspapers, especially in small towns, had been so far only shallow party papers, true imita- tions of similar American presvproducts, Rodter succeed- ed in bringing a higher active tendency into his Volksblatt, and smoothed the way to a better, more worthy develop- ment of the German press in his State. The opposition paper, formerly Der Deutsche Franklin, then called West- lichee Merkur, did not fight with the same weapons, and so gave rise to many bitter attacks in Rodter's paper, though he did not on his side violate decency conspicu- ously. The example of the German press in other States prevented that. The Alte und Neue Welt, and several other papers in 'Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, especially the New Yorker Slaats-Zeitung and the Anzeiger des Western in St. Louis, had appeared already several years before, and won a great number of readers by their pointed, intelligent and well-written articles. GERMAN SOCIETIES. It became a necessity very much felt, to establish a German society, like others already existing in different parts of the country, to ward off ruptures and discords, which had become in our old Fatherland the source of all troubles, and the cause of political weakness and want of freedom of the people. At a meeting held by more than two hundred of the most esteemed German citizens, at the city hall, July 31, 1834, it was resolved that the founding of such a society was a necessity; "that as citizens of the United States we can take that part in the people's government which our duty and right commands, and that through reciprocal aid we may mu- tually assure ourselves of a better future, to assist those in need, and to secure generally those charitable aims which are impossible to the single individual." The principal workers at this meeting were Heinrich Rodter, Johann Meyer, Karl Libeau, Ludwig Rehfuss, Salomon Menken (father of the formerly celebrated actress, Adah Isaaks Menken), Daniel and Karl Wolff, Raymund Wetschger, and others. Karl Rumelin, Dr. Sebastian Huber, J. D. Felsenbeck, Karl and Johann Belser, and many others, joined the meetings for organization on the fourteenth and eighteenth of August. Heinrich Rodter was the first president of the society, which is still in ex- istence, although only as a small mutual aid association of its members. The mania for organizing military com- panies had by this time (1836) also reached Cincinnati from the cities of the east. Through Rodter's influence the German Lafayette Guard was founded, whose first captain he became. RODTER AGAIN. Upon the whole, the endeavor to secure the rights of the German element made itself particularly felt in Cin- 13° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. cinnati. Rodter was also elected a member of the city council, and enjoyed generally at the time a great popu- larity among his fellow-citizens. In the year 1840 he sold the Volksblatt to Stephen Molitor, and removed to Columbus, where he devoted himself again to the fabrica- tion of paper, which he had been taught in youth. But he did not feel happy in Columbus. Returning to Cin- cinnati he studied law again, and in 1 847-8 was elected a member of the legislature of Ohio. The law which se- cures workingmen a lien on houses built by them, as also the law which reduced the naturalization expenses for foreigners, were both proposed by him, and were passed through his exertions. Although he belonged, up to the time of his death, to the Democratic party, he voted for the abolition of all those oppressive laws which existed in most of the free States, as well against the free negroes as the slaves. He gave also his voice for S. P. Chase as senator of the United States, although he was well ac- quainted with his opinions against slavery and every- thing connected with it. For a few years he became the partner of the eminent lawyer J. B. Stallo, but returned to journalism again in 1850, and bought the Ohio Staats Zeitung, which he conducted under the name of Demo- kratisches Tageblatt till the year 1854. In the year 1856 he was elected justice of the peace by a large majority, but died the following year. KARL GUSTAV RUMELIN* comes from an old and worthy family of Wurtemberg, which had given to the country during the last century very able officials. His father devoted himself to com- merce and manufactures, and lived at Heilbronn, where Rumelin was born, March 19, 1814. After attending the scientific schools of his native town till the year 1829, he exchanged the college for his father's counting-room. In a few years he obtained a position as clerk in a busi- ness house at Wimpfen. He had felt for some time a great inclination to emigrate to America. This was in- creased when, in the year 1832, a great emigration from Wurtemberg and Hessen took place, which received an overwhelming impetus through Duden's letters. His father gave him, against his expectation, permission to carry out his plans. Our young traveller arrived in Philadelphia August 27, 1832, after a journey of eighty- seven days. As he did not succeed in finding at once a suitable position, he took hold with good courage of any opportunity of work offered to him, hard though it might be, holding every kind of work honorable. After some time he obtained a position in a store belonging to an Irishman, who had many Irish customers. This gave him an opportunity to make closer acquaintance with this class of people. His attachment to the Democratic party, which he has preserved through his whole life, had taken hold of him already in Philadelphia, where he arrived just at the time of a presidential election. Jackson was for him a hero of the first magnitude. His studies and experience at home had already given him an enthusiasm for free trade and a prejudice against paper money and a bank- *Thisname is now spelt "Reemelin." ing system. Besides, he thought he recognized among the partisans of Clay, or in the Whig party, an inclina- tion towards Puritanism which was naturally repugnant to his genuine German nature. However, taking his youth into consideration, and his short experience on American soil, one may doubt whether his decided party spirit was founded from the very beginning on personal conviction and a critical examination of the pending party questions. He followed perhaps more an unde- fined feeling, as almost all Germans did at the time. The name Democracy had already a certain charm for them. It was natural to compare and identify the wealthy merchants, the great church lights, and the owners of factories, who belonged mostly to the Whig party, with the European aristocracy. The philosophical apprecia- tion of both parties, no doubt, occurred to Rumelin, as with many others, somewhat later. After a year's stay he felt a longing to go further west. After a wretched and dangerous journey (on the boat which brought him from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, the cholera had broken out, claiming many victims), he ar- rived at the last-named town, to be attacked himself by this terrible disease. He then found a situation in a store, and again began to interest himself in politics and public life. He was one of the founders of the German society, which was called to life in 1834, and remained a member for forty years, when he removed his homestead several miles outside of the city. In the year 1836, dur- ing the Presidential campaign, the formerly Democratic German weekly paper, Der Deutsche Franklin, the only German paper, went over into the hands of the other party. Rumelin belonged to those who felt very much annoyed about it. He took part in founding a new Dem- ocratic journal, the Volksblatt, whose manager Rodter became. The means which the Germans had were but small, but their zeal was great. The printing-room was moved to the building where Rumelin was in business, free of rent. He learned himself the secret of the black art, set the types and printed the sheets, and in case of necessity even became paper carrier himself. The regu- lar carrier was a baker, who had to carry around his "bretzels'' at the same time, which, as Rumelin said him- self, went off faster than the papers. He wrote also many articles for the paper, and proposed repeatedly the founding of a German university. Sickness prevented him from taking part in the first Pittsburgh convention. But Rumelin, as well as Rodter and Rehfuss, went stump- speaking during the campaign of 1836, and, as it seemed, with success; for Hamilton county, in which Cincinnati is located, and which had given in 1834 a majority for the Whigs, gave from 1836 to 1840 a majority to the Democrats.* Rodter became the owner of the Volksblatt, which went afterwards into Molitor's hands. It remained Democratic till the year 1856, when the German Democracy of the north went over in great numbers to the Republican party. * Among the men to whom this change is to be especially attributed ought to be mentioned C. Backhaus, Dr. Roelker, who has worked beneficially for the city in every direction, and Bishop Henni, who worked quietly, but,effectively. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. I3 1 In the year 1836 Rumelin became partner of his for- mer employer and did a good business, especially by having always a good assortment of imported German groceries in stock. "A part of his earnings he invested in real estate. He wrote also now for American journals. He speaks of this in his written communications to the present editor as follows : I represented by it the German affairs, for it seemed to me absurd that we Germans should talk about these matters only among ourselves, exciting mutually our zeal. I thought the Americans ought to be won for them too, if our steps were to have lasting results. In the year 1837 he married a Swiss lady, born in Cin- cinnati. She had lived several years in Switzerland, but had been educated in New England. She combined the American and German nature in a pleasant blending, and has been to him a true companion through his life. In the spring of 1843 Rumelin sold his business to re- tire to the country, but undertook first a trip to his old home. After his return he was fleeted from Hamilton county to the house of representatives of Ohio for the years 1844 and 1845, and in 1846 for two years to the Sen- ate. In the house of representatives he brought it about that the message of the governor, as well as the reports of the officials, should be printed in the German language. ■ The minority report in favor of the annexation of Texas, not on account of, but in spite of slavery, excited great attention, and was reprinted in many Democratic papers. His speeches, by which he criticised very sharply the then defective method of taxation, showed a thorough study of political economy. In the years 1846, 1847, 1848 Rumelin studied law in the office of Judge Van Hamm, passed his examination, and was admitted to the bar. He continued the study scientifically, but felt no inclination to make a profession of it. In the year 1849 he niade a second visit to the Fatherland, and wrote travelling correspondence for the New York Evening Post, one of the first papers of the Union, superintended by William Cullen Bryant and John Bigelow. These letters were reprinted by several other papers. They contained many new ideas which were here but partly appreciated. Though Rumelin had the welfare of his newly adopted country very much at heart, he was. not an absolute admirer of all our institu- tions, and was not altogether blind towards our weak- nesses. What he thought he would always speak out candidly. While in Germany he was elected a member of the convention which was to draw up a new constitu- tion for Ohio. He received the news of his election when the pilot brought the latest papers on board the steamer entering the New York harbor, on which he . had returned from Germany, in April, 1850. In this convention (1850-51) Rumelin was one of the most prominent and active members. It is to his especial credit that the article of the constitution which prevents the legislature from making arbitrary divisions in the electoral districts, is due to his exertions. Both parties had made the greatest abuse of this right of "dividing districts, so that very often, by arranging the counties ingeniously into electoral districts, the minority of the people managed to get the majority in the legisla- ture. According to the present constitution of Ohio the division is made every ten years, and is regulated ac- cording to the number of inhabitants by constitutional provision. Rumelin has lived to see several other States adopt the same measures to prevent corruption. He opposed with all his energy the secret ring of the Dem- ocratic party called the "Miami Tribe," which had formed itself for personal purposes, with intention to control the whole party; made many enemies by it in- his own party, and lost his chance as candidate for Congress, but he had the satisfaction of seeing the ring broken through his active co-operation. During the celebrated election campaign between Fremont and Buchanan, he declared himself for Fremont, as many Democrats had done, simply because Fremont belonged himself to the Democratic party. He did not want to join the Repub- lican party. A trip to Germany prevented him from taking personal part in this campaign. This journey was partly occasioned by family matters, partly by business matters, which he had to settle as president of a railroad in Europe, and partly, also, to visit European reform schools and learn about their management, having been appointed commissioner for reform schools in Ohio, by Governor Chase. After having visited these institutions to his satisfaction in England, where he made the ac- quaintance of Earl Derby, grandfather of the present Lord Derby, who was especially interested in the im- provement of these schools, he went with him to France on a similar tour of inspection. The reform schools of Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, and Germany, were also visited by him. Those in France he found to be model institutions, especially the one in Mettray, near Tours. His report, signed by all the members of the commis- sion, was laid before the legislature; a law for the erec- tion of a reform school for juvenile delinquents was made, and Governor Chase appointed Rumelin one of the superintendents, but he resigned the position in 1859. During the years 1854-9 Rumelin was also a member of the permanent State commission of the banks, as also of a special commission to examine frauds of the treasury. A very extensive and interesting report of nearly two thousand pages, mostly written by Rume- lin, was the result of this examination. Although Rumelin had already, for some time before the year i860, cast off party fetters, and had often voted and worked for men of the opposite party, if he thought them more worthy for the office, he could not, during the Presidential campaign of Lincoln, Douglas, Bell and Breckinridge, make up his mind to vote for any one of the first-named. He belonged to those few Germans who felt that they had to give Breckinridge the preference over Lincoln as a statesman; Rumelin was personally acquainted with Breckinridge, and respected him highly. However, he was getting tired of politics. He was of the opinion that nothing but a misunderstanding of the real opinions existing north and south, and the ambition of the leaders on both sides, had caused the war. He retired to country life. He had owned for several years a beauti- ful country place near Cincinnati, and had planted an orchard and a vineyard, having sent for the best sorts of 132 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. trees and slips to Europe. He said this love for farming had been in the family for several generations. He was not a book-farmer only, but took hold of the plough, the spade and the axe with his own hands most heartily. During the years 1865 and 1866 we find him again in Germany, where he took his oldest son to a university. He visited at the same time Italy, Hungary, Servia and Bosnia. His reports concerning these travels appeared in the New York Commercial Bulletin. In i87ito 1872 he was manager of the magazine, the Deutscher Pionier, in Cincinnati, and made in 1872 his sixth journey to Europe, to take two of his sons to a university and his daughters to a young ladies' institute. In Strasburg and Wurzburg he attended, in his fiftieth year, lectures upon his favorite studies, political economy and the science of government. In the year 1876 he was elected by popu- lar vote for two years to the honorary office of a member of the board of control for Hamilton county. That he voted for Tilden in 1876, as many thousands of Germans have done, who otherwise belonged to the Republican party, is easily understood. The Democratic party nom- inated him as their candidate for the important and re- sponsible office of Auditor of State, although Rumelin's opinions about financial questions differed from theirs. But all Democratic candidates were beaten by a consider- able majority during that election (October 15, 1879). At present Rumelin is engaged in writing a book; a critique upon American politics, which will be, no doubt, of great interest. We have spoken already about his many letters of correspondence for newspapers, and his activity in the - State ■ Legislature. He has written also many articles for agricultural journals. A long article of his about the climate of Ohio has been published in the reports of the agricultural bureau of the State. In the year 1859 he published a Vine-dresser's Manual, and in 1868 The Wine-maker's Manual. His most important work up to this time is his Treatise on Politics as a Sci- ence, published by Robert Clarke & Company in Cincin- nati in 1875. EMIL KLAUPRECHT. The first belles-lettres journal in the country appeared during the year 1843, under the management of Emil Klauprecht. Born at Mainz in 1815, he came during the year 1832 to the United States, and went at first to Padu- cah, Kentucky, on the Ohio. In 1837 he chose Cincin- nati for his home, and carried on a lithographic business very successfully, but turned soon to journalism. In 1843 he published the first belles lettres periodical, the Fliegende Blatter, with lithographic illustrations, the first German illustrated paper of the United States. Soon after he became editor of a Whig paper, the Republikaner, which he made for ten years the principal organ of this party in the Western States. He wrote also a number of novels, and an historical work, the Deutsche Chronik in der Geschichte des Ohio Thales (German Chronicle in the History of the Ohio Valley). This work goes back to the beginning of the history of the Territories and States of the west, contains a great deal of interesting material, and must have required a studious research among historical sources, but, as regards a clear, easily surveyed, and chronologically arranged representation, it is not a success. During the years 1856 to 1864 he was engaged on the Cincinnati Volksblatt, and was then ap- pointed consul of the United States for Stuttgart, which position he filled till 1869, when an inscrutable whim of the Grant administration appointed a colored gentleman in his place, a Mr. Sammis, from Pensacola, formerly a barber by profession, who, it was said, could neither read nor write. Since that time Klauprecht devotes himself at Stuttgart to literary work. He writes for the Augs- burger Allgemeine Zeitung, and sends also from time to time articles for the Westlichsn Blatter, the Sunday num- ber of the Cincinnati Volksblatt. Klauprecht is a very talented man, and added in Cincinnati a great deal as well to the public as to social life. By nature he was in- clined to irony and sarcasm, was of a very lively nature, as almost all the children of the golden city Mainz are, and entered journalism at a very unfortunate time, when both parties entertained mutually very hostile feelings. He had chosen the unpopular side, that of the Whigs; and had therefore the wind and the sun against him. As well in the English as the German papers, at this time in Cincinnati a rude tone had taken possession of the press, which seemed to take a delight in personal rancor. Klauprecht knew how to return these attacks with usury, and there is no question that he, spirited as he was, on this field had the better of his opponents. He accus- tomed himself to repay the abuse of others in a similar manner, but when a German editor attacked the honor of his family, he allowed himself to be carried away to revenge his right by a pistol-shot, which wounded his adversary dangerously. Tried before a court, he was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, to the great surprise of the people, as such offences are usually not only ex- cused but often even approved. He was, however, par- doned by the governor, to the general satisfaction, before the time set for his imprisonment. Klauprecht certainly, for more than ten years, exerted a decided influence as an able journalist and a leader of his party, in the city and the State. As consul he filled his office most excel- lently. HEINRICH VON MARTELS. Another editor of the Volksblatt at that time, and after- wards of the Volksfreund, was Heinrich von Martels, whose life was a very eventful one. He was born in 1803, at the Castle Dankern, in the dukedom of Aren- berg-Meppen, attended the college at Osnabruck, entered the cavalry of Hanover as cadet, and was, in 1822, sec- ond lieutenant of the Cuirassiers. As captain of the Sixth infantry regiment he took his leave of absence, and traveled in 1832, accompanied by his father and his brothers, to the United States, following Duden's tempt- ing call, and settled in Missouri, in the neighborhood of Duden's farm. He himself returned, however, again in 1833, as he had left his heart with a lady of high station in Osnabruck; for, as he tells us in his book, published in 1834 at Osnabruck, Der Westliche Theil der Ver- einigten Staaten von Nordamerika, (The Western Part of the United States of North America), this city of the peace of Westphalia had robbed him of his heart's peace. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 133 Fiction and truth are intermingled in this book in the strangest manner ; but one can not take it ill towards the author, as it betrays at any rate a very amiable character. His loyalty for England's great king (the sailor-king, William IV,) is rather extravagant, but, as another king has remarked, "loyalty is, even in exaggeration, beauti- ful." However, the author talks with a similar enthu- siasm about Washington and the free institutions of the country, and his youthful fanaticisms have given place to a healthy republican feeling. A light and graceful style marks this fata morgana. In the year 1839 he took his leave of military service, and devoted himself to philosophical studies; returned to America in 1845, went to Texas, bought a large estate in Colorado, but soon afterwards lost all his wealth, which was considerable, and his land. In the year 1850 he came to Cincinnati, and found for several years em- ployment upon the Volksfreund. He interrupted this lit- erary work for a short time to work on his farm, which he had bought in Clermont county, but returned in i860 to journalism. He has a knowledge of the classical lan- guages, and talks most of the modern ones fluently, which enables him to fulfil his office as interpreter in court with great ability. Literary work, prose as well as poetry, is still his favorite occupation, and brightens the days of his old age. JOSEPH H. PULTE. Another prolific writer in the scientific field is the doctor of medicine, Joseph Hypolit Pulte. He was born at Meschede, Westphalia. After finishing his medical studies, he went in 3834 to the United States, following his brother, who was already a well-known physician in St. Louis. Here he took hold with enthusiasm of hom- oeopathy, which had been but a short time before brought to America by Dr. Constantin Hering. After laboring for several years in the Homoeopathic college in Allen- town, he settled in Cincinnati as a practicing physician about the year 1840. In the year 1850 he published the work, Hansliche Praxis der Homoopathischen Hilkunde, (Domestic Practice of Homoeopathy), which appeared also in London in English and in Havana in Spanish. He followed this by several other medical writings during the following years. He also conducted for several years the American Magazine of Homoeopathy and Hydro- pathy. In 1852 he became professor of clinical practice and obstetrics in the Homoeopathic college at Cleveland, and founded in Cincinnati, from his own means, the Pulte Homoeopathic medical college, which was opened September 27, 1872. Besides his poetical writings we ought also to make mention of his philosophical work, with which he has enriched the literature of the country, under the title Organon in der Weltgeschichte, which was published in Cincinnati in 1846. It is an attempt to bring revealed religion into harmony with philosophy. For an analysis of this work we must refer to a lecture delivered by Mr. H. A. Ratterman, December 26, 1877 (Deutscher Pionier, volume ten, page 317). HEINRICH A. RATTERMANN has been for several years the editor of the Pionier, and fills a high position among the literary men of Cincinnati. He was born October 14, 1832, at Ankum, district of Osnabruck. He emigrated with his family to the United States in 1846, where his father continued in Cincinnati his former trade as a carpenter. Circumstances com- pelled also Heinrich to take hold of hard work very soon, but he made use at once of his leisure moments in study- ing the English language. After the early death of his father (January, 1850), the care of the family fell upon his shoulders; and, although he worked at his business, he continued his studies during his vacant hours. A protracted suspension of work having compelled him to give up his trade, he used his savings to attend a com- mercial college, becoming then book-keeper for one of his relations, a partner in the lumber business; and went into other business connections when this partnership had dissolved. Through his influence and continued efforts the German Mutual Insurance ' Company (fire insurance) was founded in the spring of 1858, and be- came soon after one of the most successful institutions of this kind in the ¥nited States. He has been for more than twenty years the secretary and business manager of it. But the intense activity with which he has devoted himself to this institution has not been able to check his inner impulse for literary work and music. He has writ- ten poetry in the German and the English language, sun- der the pseudonym "Hugo Reimmund," and has worked with especial industry in the field of historical investiga- tions, particularly in the history of civilization. Above all, he has taken it upon himself to vindicate a just esti- mate of the German immigration. He traces up, with a peculiar zeal and genuine enthusiasm, the generations of the German immigrants into the most remote period, and his investigations into this and kindred topics are not only deeply prosecuted, but betray a sharp and critical judgment. There is hardly a book or pamphlet which can give him in any way material for his historical work that is not known to him; and the public archives of Washington and other cities have been well searched by him. Being engaged for a number of years with such historical work, he has superintended, since 1874, the monthly periodical, Deutscher Pionier, which aims to give in an entertaining style a view of the past and present of German life in America in every respect. This journal has already accumulated an immense treasure of material since its first foundation in 1869, which certainly nobody better than Rattermann himself will be able to utilize for a comprehensive work on immigration. He published also an historical sketch of the city of Cincinnati, several novels, and a Geschichte des Grossen Amerikanischen Westens (History of the Great American West), published in two parts, in Cincinnati, 1876 and 1877. He is also very fond of music, and is himself a good musician; he was one of the founders and a member of the Ssenger- bund (1850), the Msennerchor (1857), and the Orpheus (1858). He is a member and one of the trustees of the Historical and Philosophical society of Ohio, a member of the Cincinnati Literary club, a corresponding member of the New York Historical society, and one of the most active founders of the German Literary club of Cincin- nati. He owns a large and valuable library, which facili- 134 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tates his praiseworthy labors. In the interest of the insurance company he has also studied law, especially the branches which relate to insurance. A man of such an active and widely gifted nature could of course not remain[:indifferent towards polities. In former times he belonged to the Democratic party, and worked for it prominently by speech and writing. After the war, at the time when so many were dissatisfied with both of the great parties, he labored for an Independent Reform party, and we find him a delegate of the same at the convention in Cincinnati in 1872, on the same day of the convention of the Liberal Republicans. The Reform party, to which belonged several of the most prominent men, especially of Ohio, adopted an excellent platform, which differed from that of the Liberal Republicans es- sentially but in one point — they did not approve of Gree- ley's nomination as candidate for the Presidency, chiefly because he had been all his life a warm adherent to the tariff, which measure the Reform party had opposed de- cidedly. Rattermann's political activity seemed now, for a time at least,, paralyzed ; but it showed itself again in full force during the political campaign of 1876, when he worked most energetically for Tilden, who, when Gov- ernor of New York, had fought against corruption, and on account of his successful attempts at reform seemed not only to the Democrats, but also to some Republicans, the most desirable candidate for the Presidency. GERMAN IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The result which the Germans had gained by their powerful aid to the Democratic party during the election of 1836, moved them to ask for themselves a service in return from that party. They insisted especially upon having the German language introduced into the public schools as a branch of study. Already, in the year 1836, a German school had been opened under the influence of Lane Seminary, an institution under the control of the Presbyterians. This German school, called the Emi- grants' school, was maintained by the Emigrants' Friend Society. The chief leaders of this institution were Bella- my Storer as president, Johann Meyer as vice-president, and Jakob Gulich as chairman of the executive commit- tee. A German Pole, Johann Joseph Lehmanowsky, acted as general agent for the society, and F. C. F. Salo- mon, from Erfurt, was the principal of the school. Leh- manowsky founded, besides the school in Cincinnati, others in Dayton, Ohio, Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. The teachers of the Cincinnati Emi- grants' school were, besides Salomon, a poetically minded, jolly German by the name of Julius Weyse and Julius Schwarz, of rather eccentric character, who was a son of Professor Schwarz, of Heidelberg. As the Emigrant school, however, soon fell under suspicion of making proselytes to Presbyterianism, and the Catholics had al- ready founded a German school of their own under the care of the Rev. J. M. Henni (now Archbishop), the teachers of which were men like Dr. Roelker and Messrs. Moormann and Dengler (afterward lawyers), all thorough instructors, it was now decided, after many disputes, to insist upon having the German also taught in the public schools, which are maintained 'by general taxation. At first the Board of Education was applied to; but they considered the request inconsistent with their duties, as only the Legislature could furnish the remedy for the Germans. This question was now laid before that body, which passed a law in 1838, by which the trustees of the public schools might introduce the German language as a branch of study into districls where a sufficient number of persons should petition for it, provided there were enough scholars to justify it. With this law they went back to the trustees, who, however, availing themselves of the little word "might," again refused to grant the pe- tition. The pressure was continued, and during the elec- tion of 1839 the candidates for the legislature were made to promise to exert themselves to make the law effective, by substituting the word "shall" for "might," thus chang- ing the permission into a command. The Germans, having evidently the majority at the elections, and taking unanimously this position, the Democrats were induced to consent to the measure, and the law was changed ac- cording to their wishes, March 19, 1840. During the summer of this year, the first German- English public school was established. The principal of this school was Joseph A. Hemann; and Heinrich Pop- pelmann, Georg La Barre and Emilie Frankenstein were the teachers. But the problem of a German-English school was not yet at an end. Encouraged by the elec- tion of 1840, the majority of the Whig party, which al- ways had been opposed to German study in the public schools? thought to cripple it entirely by establishing purely German instead of German-English schools, and, strange to say, with English principals; and the German principal was dismissed. The Germans would not sub- mit to this, and were now holding a number of largely attended meetings, in which they put forth their rights most forcibly, by speeches and resolutions. The first one of these meetings took place July 16, 1841, with Karl Belser in the chair. Edward Muhl delivered an excel- lent speech in favor of preserving the rights" of the Ger- mans in this country, especially in regard to the educa- tion of the children in their own mother-tongue. They did not rest by simply protesting, but elected a standing committee to attend to the interests of the Germans in the schools; and, not receiving the consideration they had expected from the Board of Education, they estab- lished schools of their own, according to their plans, till they obtained their rights from the school board. The principal workers in this matter were August Renz, Stephan Molitor, Heinrich Rodter, Ludwig Rehfuss, Pastor Seib, Emil Klauprecht, Edward Muhl, Nikiaus Hoffer, and others. Final success crowned their efforts, and the German-English system of the public schools in Cincinnati, which now extends to all the classes of the different schools, working more effectively than in any other city of America, is the living fruit of that energetic agitation. To secure the privileges gained at last after so much difficulty, they endeavored to secure a representation in the school board. That was, however, a difficult matter, because in the Fifth ward, in which, at the time, the Ger- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i3S mans were well represented, the Whig party had still the majority. They thought of Dr. Roelker as the best man they could present as their candidate; as he, standing sufficiently in connection with the Americans, might have possibly a chance of being elected. And he was elected in the spring of 1843, as the first German mem- ber of the board of education of Cincinnati, and was re- elected during the two following years. DR. FRIEDRICH ROELKER was born in the city of Osnabruck, in the year 1809. He graduated at the College Karolinum at Osnabruck, and entered after that the seminary at Munster. After having finished his studies, he taught for a short time in Osna- bruck, and emigrated in 1835 to America, where he staid for two years in New York as a teacher. In 1837 he went to Cincinnati, where he became an English teacher, holding this position for two years, when, through Henni's influence, he was appointed principal of the Catholic Dreifaltigkeits-schule (Trinity school). He re- signed this position after one year, to study medicine at the Ohio Medical college, where, at the time, the very able German professors, Dr. S. D. Gross and Dr. Johann Eberle, delivered lectures under the rectorship of the eminent scholar, Dr. Daniel D ra kc Having graduated at this college, he devoted himself to the practice of medicine in Cincinnati. His position as English teacher in the public schools had brought him into association as well with the most prominent men of the city as with the most influential members of the board of education; and when the Germans of the Fifth ward nominated him as a candidate for the school board in 1843, he was elected, alth'ough the Democratic party, to which he belonged, was greatly in the minority in that ward. He was at last appointed chairman of the committee on instruction in German, and succeeded in mollifying the hostile feel- ing which formerly existed in the board against instruction in German, by his moderate and thoughtful, but earnest efforts. The German-English schools, which so far had shown very little life, rallied and flourished soon under his untiring care, so that they showed, even in English, better results than the purely English schools at the next half-yearly examinations in winter. That was a triumph . for the Germans which filled everybody with gladness, and a meeting of German citizens was called to give Roelker publicly their thanks for his activity. The Ger- man school was insured. He possessed in the. highest degree all the qualities necessary for such a position, as was truly said in a communication through the Volksb/atl, by somebody in favor of his re-election in the spring of 1844. His re-election was not difficult; and even in the year 1845, when the German division of the ward was separated, to form a separate ward of its own, and the Whigs of this ward, who numbered by far the majority, put up General Findlay for Roelker's position, while the Democrats telt too weak to dare to renominate Dr. Roelker; he was again re-elected by the citizens, to the great astonishment of all, without having worked for that result personally. But Roelker understood clearly that the preservation of the German language did not depend on school in- struction alone; but that continued effort afterwards would be necessary to ripen the seed planted at the school. For this purpose he proposed the founding of a library company, which was brought about in the autumn of 1844. The success in founding this society, called Deutscher Lese-und-Bildungsverein (German Reading and Educational Society), was due principally to Dr. Roelker, Messrs. Rehfuss, Rodter, Molitor, Dr. Tellkampf (who, however, soon after left Cincinnati), Dr. Emmert, Backhaus, Klauprecht, La Barre (afterwards for many years the librarian of the society), and many others. Roelker was made the first President of the society, which then continued to grow and prosper, until the pressure of the civil war caused its dissolution. The four thousand volumes owned by the library were pre- sented to the Msennerchor singing society, where they still form a free library for its members, though the large public library, now containing over one hundred thou- sand volumes, has made it altogether superfluous, and its usefulness of but little importance. The Reading and Educational society was to be eleva- ted, under Dr. Roelker's and later under Stallo's presi- dency, to a more important use than merely the reading of books could accomplish. Scientific lectures were de- livered by learned men — among others by Stallo and Georg Fein, from Braunschweig, besides Franz Loher, who delivered five lectures, which appeared afterwards in print: Des deutschen Volkes Bedentung in der Weltges- chichte (the Importance of the German People in the History of the World). When Dr. Roelker resigned his position as a member of the school board in 1 846, he was elected to the im- portant position of school examiner, in which office he served till 1849, when he went to Europe. He is still living in Cincinnati. There is hardly another man in the city to whom as much credit for the successful introduction of German instruction in the public schools is due, as to Dr. Roelker. His genuinely scientific education, his practical experi- ence in teaching, and his clear, thoughtful mind, helped him to accomplish successfully what others had com- menced with eagerness, but could not carry through. Roelker's successors in the school board of Cincinnati, before the year 1850, were Messrs. Heinrich Rodter, Stephan Molitor, F. H. Rowekamp, Johann Schiff, and Dr. S. Unzicker. AUGUST RENZ, who, as all reports say, gave the first decisive word in favor of the introduction of German into the public • schools, was a native of Wurtemberg. He was born in 1803, studied law at the university of Tubingen, and practiced it in his native town. He came to Cincinnati in 1836, and established himself as a notary public. His defective pronunciation of the English language, his want of talent as a speaker, and his dread of pleading, kept him, probably, from becoming a barrister. He was, how- ever, very successful as a notary public. He took also an active part in political journalism, and edited, in com- pany with George Walker, the weekly paper Der Deutsch 136 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Amerikaner (1839), and afterwards the second Democratic newspaper of Cincinnati, Die Volksbuhne (1841-45). Renz's active interest in all public movements of the Germans has always been guided by an unselfish prin- ciple. JOSEPH ANTON HEMANN, the first German principal of the German-English schools in Cincinnati, was born in 1816 at Oesede, near Osna- bruck. He attended the college of Osnabruck, and emi- grated to America in 1837. In 1838 he became a teacher in Canton, Ohio, and in 1839 filled the same position at the parochial school of St. Mary's parish, in Cincinnati. After the law was passed which allowed the German lan- guage to be taught in the public schools, he passed his examination at the same time with the well-known Ger- man writer of travels, Friedrich Gerstacker, who was then staying in Cincinnati, and was appointed to the position of principal at the German school, which he filled for a year. When in 1841 the school board tried to suppress the German instruction, and the Germans, as has been said already, founded a temporary shool by voluntary con- tributions, Hemann became principal of that school, but in the following year he resigned the position and re- turned as principal to St. Mary's school. Later, in 1850, he founded the Cincinnati Volksfreund, the still-existing Democratic newspaper, which he conducted till 1863, in in which year he retired from journalism. Hemann has earned especial merit by being one of the workers for the founding of the German historical periodical, the Deutscher Pionier. He lives at present in Canton, Ohio, and conducts the Ohio Volkszeitung published there. GERMAN LIBRARY. The German Catholics founded also in 1845 a German library, which was conducted by the German Catholic school and reading society. It contained also four thou- sand volumes, when it was afterwards incorporated with the Catholic Institute. STEPHAN MOLITOR. We have mentioned occasionally before the gentlemen Molitor and Walker; and both deserve an honorable place in the history of the German press. Stephan Mol- itor was born January 5, 1806, at Cheslitz, Oberfranken. In November, 1823, he went to Wurzburg, and studied philosophy and jurisprudence. His lively and independ- ent student-life did not interfere with his studies, and he received, soon after having finished his studies, a position as reporter in police matters at Munchen. The motives of his emigration are not known. He came to the United States in 1830. In the year 1835 he conducted the New Yorker Staats- zeitung, which had been founded but a short time before. But soon after we meet him in Buffalo, where he con- ducted the Weltburger, till he made in 1837 Cincinnati his second home. He worked there for a while in partner- ship with Heinrich Rodter upon the Volksblatt, and made this paper his own within a year, conducting it with great ability and good success to the year 1863. His legal ed- ucation and experience in government service gave him an important advantage over most of his journalistic rivals, He made himself very soon acquainted with American history and politics, and was able to talk about the recurring questions in national economy and politics with a knowledge which is even now wanting in several otherwise talented editors of popular German-American papers. In the year 1863 he sold his paper, retired from public life to his country place, and died July 25, 1873, in Cincinnati. During the long period from 1837 to 1863, he labored through his journals for the spiritual elevation of his coun- trymen and for everything which he considered best for the people. In his obituary, which appeared in the Pio- nier (fifth volume, page 191), we read: Only this need be said here, that he exercised the greatest influence as well in State as in local matters, that he worked indefatigably for the forming of our German-American public schools, and never shrank from breaking a lance, be it for the public welfare or for individual right. His friend Rumelin is of the opinion that Molitor ex- ercised, by his efficiency as an editor, an important influ- ence upon the general politics of the Union. He also points out his business capacity, which secured him his position; and, although it did not bring him in great riches, it enabled him to keep always his independence as owner of a press. "It was well known," continues Rumelin, "that he loved money-making, but also that he pursued it with moderation and within limits. He never was an office-hunter. His ambition for fame and honor was well known, but also that he kept it within the bounds of a man of the people, as is due to the head of a Re- publican- newspaper. GEORGE WALKER was born in Urach, near Rentlingen, Wurtemberg, about the year 1808. He was one of those men who have missed their vocation. Having received a thoroughly theological education at the Tubingen Stift, he became sufficiently imbued with the ideas of Hegel and Strauss to deviate from orthodoxy. Like many others, he might, had he staid at home, have gradually accustomed him- self to his position, making a sort of compromise with his belief. But the Lutheran Synod of Baltimore had requested the theological faculty of Tubingen to send over some young and able theologians to serve in the theological seminary at Gettysburg, or as pastors. Walker was one of the young men who were sent. Arriving in the year 1833 or l8 34. he found very soon that what was called orthodoxy in Germany was here looked upon al- most as heresy; and as, besides this, he was fond of pre- senting himself in the free-and-easy dress and manners of the German student, it is natural that he failed to give satisfaction. As soon as possible he was therefore sent to Tuscarawas county, Ohio, where some Wurtemberg- ians formed a small congregation. But even there he came in collision with the Lutheran Synod at Columbus; and when he turned his thoughts to politics and became a decided Democrat of the Jackson school, he left his congregation and went to Germantown, near Dayton, in 1838. There he founded, in company with Dr. Christian Espich, the Protestant, and undertook also the printing of the statute laws of Ohio in German. He removed the Protestant soon after to Cincinnati, and became, at '-t -7 ? r*V- v HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i37 the same time, one of the conductors of the Volksblatt, then in the hands of Rodter. The Protestant, however, breathed its last after a short time. He undertook in the same year the superintendence of a newly-founded political paper, the Deutsch-Amerikaner, which also ex- pired soon, after a short and favorable beginning. Walker now sho(3k the dust of Cincinnati off his feet, went to Louisville, and superintended there soon after (1840) a newly-founded paper, Die Volksbuhne, which, however, conld not celebrate its first anniversary, at least not in Louisville; for very soon after we find the same Volks- buhne in Cincinnati, again under Walker's superintend- ence. How long he performed on the "buhne'' (stage) has not been ascertained; but he must have come finally to the conviction that politics was really not his field. He founded therefore a religio-political paper, the Hoch- wachter (1845-49) which answered better to his inclina- tions. Assisted by his friends, he kept this up until his death. He died from cholera in the year 1849. The knowledge and uncommon intellectual gifts pos- sessed by Walker would have enabled him to work more effectively, had it been possible for him to develop him- self further, acquaint himself with the history, politics, and laws of his adopted Fatherland. But he belonged to the large number of immigrating Germans, who, al- though endowed with good talents and comprehensive knowledge, exclude themselves from all but their own countrymen; and the American world does not exist for them at all. Taking part in German enterprises and so- cieties, which have charities for their object or are de- voted to sociability and education, they exercise, to be sure, a useful effect; but to the building up of our Amer- ican nationality, they help but indirectly. LUDWIG REHFUSS took hold of public life with more energy. He was Walker's friend, and also a Suabian child, for he was born at Ebingen, January 26, 1806. Having received a thorough education as chemist, pharmacist, and botanist, at the university of his country, he filled the position of a "provisor" for several of the best apothecaries of the most important cities in his Suabian fatherland. He took, at the same time, a lively interest in the liberal political agitations and movements which arose in Ger- many after the July revolution. In the year 1833 he left Germany, probably because he despaired of political re- form. He settled in Cincinnati and established a drug- store which gained very soon a good reputation. He became one of the active founders of the German society, took part in founding in 1836 the Volksblatt, and became a zealous Democrat. He was one of those who, during the conflict over the German schools, urged his party to declare themselves firmly in favor of main- taining the German schools, under penalty of losing the Gerirfan votes at the next election. Rehfuss also took part in the establishment of the Lafayette guard, in the year 1836, and became their captain. In the year 1843 he was one of the founders of the Lese und Bildung- verein (Reading and Educational society), and added in general through his social talents, as also through his ex- tensive hospitality, which his means permitted, a great deal to the elevation and animation of the social life of Cincinnati. He continued to carry on his vocation with great zeal, and published the results of his investigations and experience in several pamphlets, and wrote also about the cultivation of the vine and botany. He be- came a member of the Association of Natural Sciences of the United States, and during a convention of the most eminent physicists of America, which was held in Cincinnati, his country mansion stood hospitably open to its members. Agassiz and Professor Henry were his guests. The revolution of 1848 could not but fill a man like Rehfuss with enthusiasm. He gave to it his warm- est sympathy, and was especially one of the most active speakers in favor of the subscription started by Gottfried Kinkel, in aid of fresh revolutions in Germany. In politics he maintained always a certain independence. He died July 31, 1855, not yet fifty years old. The Lafayette guard, which was mentioned before, was the cause of the formation of other German town militia companies. Soon after were formed a chasseur company and a turner company, as also companies of Steuben, Kosziusko, and Jackson guards. A few years later several of these companies formed themselves into a battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel August Moor. AUGUST MOOR was born March 28, 18 14, in Leipzig. He became a pupil of the Koniglich-sachsische Forstakademie, which was con- ducted on military principles ; and probably there his mili- tary inclinations were awakened. By some means or other he became involved in the September troubles of 1830, in Leipzig or Dresden, was arrested, and sentenced to an im- prisonment for eight months. The only thing for him to do, after his discharge, seemed to be to try his luck in the free States of America. He landed in Baltimore in No- vember, 1833, found occupation in Philadelphia, became a lieutenant of the Washington Guard of that city, un- der Captain Koseritz, and during the Seminole war in 1836 he enlisted in a volunteer dragoon company, in which he became lieutenant colonel. After the expira- tion of the appointed time of service of that company it was dissolved, and we find Moor in the year 1838 at Cincinnati, where he conducted a bakery successfully for several years. The Mexican war of 1846 exercised nat- urally a great attraction upon him. He became captain of one of the companies of an Ohio volunteer infantry regiment, and distinguished himself in several battles and skirmishes by his prudence and valor, so that he soon advanced to the positions of major, lieutenant col- onel, and colonel of the regiment. A few years after his return he became major general of the First division of Ohio militia, but resigned this position after a few years, as the militia organization was very imperfect; it consist- ed more of staff officers than of soldiers. At the breaking out of the War of Secession Moor was one of the first who enlisted under the flag of the Union. He became colonel of the Twenty-eighth Ohio volunteer regiment (the Second German regiment). Incorporated with Gen- eral Rosecrans' army, he distinguished himself glorious- 18 138 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ly in West Virginia — fought under Hunter in the Valley of the Shenandoah, and was considered one of the best and bravest officers of the army. He led a brigade du- ring the whole of his three years' service, but was not until his discharge appointed Brevet Brigadier General. His open and honest character, his rebellion against all favoritisms, which, unfortunately, were very prevalent in the army during the civil war, his want of submissiveness, and the jealousy which existed in the higher military cir- cles against foreigners, though the President himself was free from such prejudices, caused probably the hinder- ance to his advancement. Soon after the first evidences of his military qualifications he ought have been made brigadier general, and later he ought have been advanced to the position of major general. He was highly appre- ciated by the generals above him, as Rosecrans, Averill, Burnside, and Hunter; and by them his advancement was several times proposed. In the paper Sonst und Jetzt, edited by Armin Tenner, Cincinnati, in 1878, we read of General Moor: Being modest, as all those are who are aware of their inner worth and their true merit, he did not seek the capricious favoritism of the people nor the approbation of the multitude; his name takes in the annals of the Union a well-deserved rank. His earnest military char- acter, which also in private life he can shake off, is often taken for pride and haughtiness; but his numerous friends know how to value him, and to acknowledge the noble kernel hidden by a rough outside shell, and know how to distinguish a dignified manner from vulgar haughtiness. GENERAL AUGUST V. KAUTZ is another distinguished military character; he is at pres- ent brigadier-general of the United States army. He was born at Pforzheim, Baden, in the year 1828, and came with his parents to the United States when yet very young. They settled in Ripley, Brown county, Ohio, where they still lived in 1846, the year of the breaking out of the war with Mexico. Kautz, then eighteen years old, enlisted as private in the First volunteer regiment of Ohio. He fought in the battle of Monterey and in sev- eral skirmishes, and became soon after the war a lieuten- ant in the regular army of the United States. At the outbreak of the war of secession he was captain in the cavalry, but commanded his regiment in those notable days before Richmond in 1862 under McClellan. He proved himself there an exceptionally fine horseman and officer, and was made soon after colonel of the Second Ohio cavalry regiment, and later commanding general of the cavalry of the Twenty-third corps of the army. His bold riding excited general surprise. He became brevet major-general as well in the volunteer as in the regular army. After the close of the war he returned to the reg- ular army as lieutenant-colonel of the Fifteenth infantry regiment. -He is the author of several small military treatises, which have especial reference to the service. GENERAL WEITZEL. With him we may worthily rank General Gottfried Weitzel, who, though he is claimed by the Americans as one of them, was born in Germany, but came to America in his early youth. He was born November 1, 1835, at Winzlen, Rheinpfalz. His parents settled in Cincinnati. In his seventeenth year he was sent as a cadet to West Point, and left this institution in 1855, after having passed an excellent examination, when he was made sec- ond lieutenant of the engineer corps, which position is only given to the best graduates. At the outbreak of the war he was already a captain, and became attached to General Butler's staff when that general besieged New Orleans, and after his -promotion received the 'command of a brigade in the army corps of General Banks, when that general undertook his unfortunate expedition up the Red river. Assigned to the Potomac army, under Gen- eral Grant, he received the command of a division, and distinguished himself, especially in the operations against Petersburgh, the taking of which led to the fall of Rich- mond. He was the first one who, at the head of his command, entered the city of Richmond at the side of President Lincoln. Strange coincidence! The German General Schimmelpfenning was the first who led his brigade into Charleston, and another German general was the first who carried the flag of the Union into the long-besieged, strongest fort of the confederates. Weitzel is at present major in the engineer corps of the United States army, with the brevet rank of a major general. That Weitzel is a German by birth is proved by the fact that he is a member of the German Pioneer society of Cincinnati, to which only German natives are admitted. THE GERMAN IN POLITICS. By our. short description of the press in Cincinnati, one can already draw some conclusion as to the interest with which the Germans have taken hold of politics. But it was not till 1840 that the German vote became of great importance. It had grown immensely since 1836. By far the larger number of Germans here then be- longed, as in most of the older States (especially the western), to the Democmtic party. It was hardly possi- ble for this to be otherwise. Already before the Native movement had lifted its threatening head in 1836, the National Democratic party had secured the adherence of the immigration. The liberal naturalization laws were already due to them, under the presidency of Jefferson. About the year 1820 the Democrats had succeeded in Congress in lowering the price of public land and in hav- ing the lands sold in smaller lots (forty acres) to real set- tlers. About the year 1830, after long and vehement contests, very liberal pre-emption laws were adopted, which enabled the settler to pay for his land with the re- ceipts of a moderate harvest. All these laws were passed after very obstinate contests with the Congressmen from the east, who had principally belonged to the former party of Federalists, and later to the Whig party. Espe- cially Henry Clay, the most important leader of the Whigs, spoke very zealously against allowing the right of pre-emption to those settlers who were not yet citizens; that is, who had not yet lived five years in the United States. It has often been said that the Germans and the im- migrants of other nations had been enticed into the Democratic party simply by the charm of the word "Democracy," and general phrases about liberity .and equality, much in the mouth of Democrats. Grant that HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 139 a great many allowed themselves to be won over by glittering phrases, yet it is certain that the general mass of the Germans and the Irish knew how to appreciate the real advantages of the Democratic measures. They would not have been able to buy large tracts of land from the Government with their usually scant means, but would have fallen into the hands of land speculators. Now they could, without any means, settle down and be- gin to cultivate their land, because they enjoyed as settlers the pre-emption right. Neither could the tariff, intro- duced and favored by the Whig party for the benefit of a few manufacturers in the east, be approved by the new immigrants to the west. The most ardent speeches of the Democratic politi- cians could not have held the Germans for thirty years to their party, if their material interests had not led them the same way. The obnoxious native movement, so profoundly mortifying to man's pride, which showed itself first during the years 1835-37, and then renewed its attacks in 1842-44, by slaughter and incendiarism, and which seemed to be rather favored here and there by the Whig party, while the Democrats opposed it decidedly in all its public demonstrations and promised to guard the rights of the foreigners energetically, was sufficient to drive all the Germans, who were still undecided, by neces- sity into the arms of Democracy. As in other large communities, the Germans of Ohio organized themselves also into a compact party, and in 1843 the association called Deutscher demokratischer Verein of Hamilton county, was founded in Cincinnati. The society issued a manifesto, by which it retained its independence even towards its own party, in declaring that the Germans would abandon the Democratic party as soon as it was seen that the liberal principles avowed by that party were not sincerely held. And if the mania for office and the odious prejudices towards the foreign- ers should also show themselves in the Democracy, the Germans were to take up the fight against such unworthy members of their party. In this programme the associa- tion declares itself for the maintenance of the first prin- ciple of Democracy: "The same rights and entire justice for all men, without distinction of their religious or politi- cal belief;" and Opposes the spirit of the native movement with the utmost severity. The directorship of the association was given to thirty members, and we find among the officers the names of Stephan Molitor, Nikolaus Hofer and Heinrich Rodter. The society was active in many directions. It obtained for the Germans general recognition, assured them a full representation at the party conventions, and protected in the public schools the German instruction, so often threatened. But it was especially efficacious during the Presidential election in 1844, when the Democrats elected their candidate, Mr. Polk. German electoral assemblies were held; political clubs and singing societies were founded; and from this time on, the German vote in Ohio fell very heavily into the scale. The news of the victory won by the Native party in the city of New York, in April, 1844, and of the incen- diary actions of a mob of the Native Americans, who burned Roman Catholic churches in Philadelphia, wae received by the Germans of Cincinnati with deep solici- tude. The executive committee of the German Demo- cratic association called at once a meeting for April 29th, in the hall of Landfried's Napoleon tavern, in which the position of the immigrant citizens of the country was taken into very serious consideration. The speeches which were delivered against the revolting actions of the Natives in the eastern cities displayed a spirit of deter- mination which always goes hand and hand with the side of right. The Germans were recommended to hold together for united action, and were called upon to meet the dark Native movements with boldness. A commit- tee, with George Walker at its head, handed in resolutions which recommended the appointment of a committee, who were to inquire from the different candidates for President, Vice President, governor, and other public offices, if they approved of the principles and measures of the so-called American Republicans (Natives), or if they, under all conditions and in all cases, would oppose them through official and private influence; the appoint- ment of a committee to prepare an address to the Ger- mans of the Union and one to the American people, to be delivered at a public convention, which was to be combined, on the first day of the May following, with a spring festival; and the question of holding a general convention of the Germans of Ohio on the Fourth of July, 1844, was to be laid before this convention for de- cision. Moreover, the quarrels and contentions which prevailed among the German newspapers at the time were taken by this meeting into consideration. The res- olution in reference to them reads: Resolved, That we, the Germans of Cincinnati, have watched for some time with great displeasure the personal quarrels of the German papers of this city, and that we hereby declare positively that we shall in future look upon every editor of a paper, who shall again excite such personal quarrel, as a common enemy of the immigrants; for, to be able to conquer the common enemy, we need more than ever to be united. The chairman of the meeting was Molitor, the editor of the VolksHatt; Dr. C. F. Schmidt, the editor of the Republikaner, and Walker, editor of the Volksbuhne, were secretaries. Other resolutions referred to the taking part of the German military companies in the festival — including in- vitations to such organizations in Louisville and Colum- bus — and to other arrangements for the festival. The details of this May festival, which is described as one of the most imposing public demonstrations ever held in Cincinnati, do not belong within our province. Pastor August Kroll delivered the oration, which is said to have been a masterpiece of eloquence. The com- mittee, to which the composition of the addresses before mentioned had been assigned, delivered their report. It was, however, resolved to postpone the same until the next public meeting May nth, so as not to disturb the festive joy of the day by the sad reminiscences of the cruelties suffered by our countrymen in the east. The address, "To the Germans of the Union," calls attention in the commencement of the political crisis, so dangerous to the country and its freedom, through the 140 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. rise of a party founded on Native principles or national distinction, and upon religious and political fanaticism; represents it to be the duty of every well-meaning citizen of the country to meet these disturbances earnestly, but with dignity; reminds the Germans not to allow their own national feeling, but the preservation of the free institutions of their adopted country, to be their guiding star, so as to win the respect of the well-meaning Ameri- cans, and with that the assurance of success. It asks further of them to join the Democratic party, which al- ready, forty years ago, without expecting at the time any advantages, had carried the repeal of the laws against foreigners, had adhered to those principles faithfully ever since, and had taken the immigrants and their rights al- ways under their protective shield. It points out that there are among the German countrymen also members of the Whig party, and recommends these to consult with their conscience and their patriotism, if party mo- tives ought to be stronger with them than the welfare and claims of the coming generation of Americans. "Let them remain with their party," continues the address, "if they can do so; but we retain the pleasant hope that these our countrymen will very soon acknowledge that the love for their new fatherland is greater than the love for Caesar." If we consider that Molitor was the author of the other address, "To the People of Ohio,'' we need not be astonished that, besides the most convincing thorough- ness with which the address treats the questions from the standpoint of natural and legal rights, it represents also a thorough knowledge of the political history of America, and is controlled by a spirit of thoughtfulness and mod- eration which characterized Molitor in all his actions. The address closes with the words : We shall watch quietly and without passion the direction this move- ment is taking, and, as before, so shall also be in future, the welfare of our adopted Fatherland, and the preservation of its free and glorious institutions, our first and only aim. To give the German element a representation in the legislature, it was resolved in the meeting of the Demo- cratic Association of the twentieth of July, 1844, to pro- pose Karl Rumelin at the next Democratic convention as a candidate for the House of Representatives of Ohio. The convention agreed to the proposition, and Rumelin was elected in the fall by a considerable majority of votes. The Association made also the request, somewhat similar to the demand made before in Pennsylvania, to have all the public documents which are printed by the State for the use of the citizens, also printed in the German lan- guage; which request has ever since been heeded by the authorities of the State. Furthermore, the candidates for the legislature of the State of Ohio and for Congress were questioned as to whether they were in favor of or against the interference of the legislature in the matter of the temperance movements, and if they would, when elected, oppose the aims and intrigues of the Native American party in their political and religious tendencies. HOFER. We have mentioned several times the name of Nikolaus Hofer as one of the most prominent leaders of the Ger- mans of Ohio. He was born at Rulzheim, Rheinpfalz, in the year 1810, and came to Cincinnati in 1832, and carried on gardening principally. He became finally a real estate agent and administrator of General Findlay's extensive lands. He took an active part in all mutual efforts of the Germans, filled the office of a city commis- sioner, and worked earnestly for the founding of German schools. He was the first vice-president of the Demo- cratic Association, repeatedly a delegate in the State and local conventions of that party, and exercised a great in- fluence, as well upon the Germans as upon the Ameri- cans. The genial and zealous Rodter used to say that Nikolaus Hofer was his right hand in all political affairs. He died in January, 1875, ar, d the conjoint press of the city published extensive and honorable obituary notices of him. Mr. H. A. Rattermann says in his sketch of Hofer's life (Deutscher Pioneer, volume six, page four hundred and nineteen) : Among the old pioneers who have been active in our city on the field of German-American efforts at civilization, he stands out prominently like a large oak tree among its surrounding underbrush, by virtue of his clear insight into the social and political situations of life. Although he has not enjoyed the highest school education, he was, on account of his sound judgment in political matters, for a number of years looked upon as a leader of the Germans in the upper part of the city, and to a certain extent in the whole city. If Hofer had enjoyed a fine educa- tion in addition to his natural talents, he would have been one of the most prominent leaders of the American-German population. PASTOR KROLL. When speaking before about the May festival, we men- tioned that Pastor August Kroll delivered the oration. Born at Rohrback, in the Grand Dukedom of Hessen, July 22, 1806, he was destined by his parents for the clerical profession. He attended the gymnasium at Bud- ingen, studied afterwards theology at the university of Giessen, and became then assistant parson in the parish at Eckardtshausen. On the one hand his poorly paid vicarship and on the other the extravagant statements of Duden about the American wonderland, which appeared at that time in print in Germany, induced Kroll to join the Follenius Emigration society in the spring of 1833, with which he emigrated to America in the following year. In company with Dr. Bruhl, who was the physi- cian of the society, Kroll went to Cape Girardeau county, Missouri, where they jointly rented some land and culti- vated it. In the year 1838, however, Kroll obeyed a call as pastor of a German Evangelical church at Louis- ville, which position he exchanged in 1841 for the par- sonage of the Protestant Johannis church, the oldest German parish of Cincinnati. He worked in this parish with great success up to the time of his death, which ac- curred November 25, 1874. Besides fulfilling his cleri- cal duties, Kroll was also, together with the pastor Friedrich Botticher (born at Mackerock, Preussen, in 1800, died at Newport, Kentucky, in 1849), the principal founder of the Protestantische Zeitblatter, a periodical which represented liberal Protestantism in the United States. BOTTICHER, educated at the university of Halle for a theologian, after- wards a teacher in the gymnasium at Nordhausen, and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 141 later a pastor in Habernegen, had come already in 1832 to America. He may be considered here the founder of rational Christianity, which was represented by him, and with him, and after his death especially, by Kroll. Kroll conducted the Protestantische Ztitblatter until his death, with great ability and great zeal. THE TUTOR OF POWERS. In the history of American art the name of Hiram Powers, the sculptor of the Greek slave and of Eve at the fountain, fills one of the most prominent places. But it is hardly known to many that this son of a Connecticut farmer was the apprentice of a watchmaker, and that his artistic career is due to a German sculptor, whose pupil he was. Friedrich Eckstein, born at Berlin about the year 1787, attended the Academy of Arts of his native town, and studied art under Johann Gottfried Schadow, the founder of the academy. He came to Cincinnati in the year 1825 or 1826, and founded during the last named year an Academy of Fine Arts, of which he remained the director until his early death in 1832. He died here of cholera; and with him died also the flourishing academy. But few of his own works are known, besides the busts of Governor Morrow and President William H. Harrison. These are, however, of great artistic value; the first named is at present to be found in the State library at Colum- bus, and the other is in the possession of General Harri- son's descendants. His great reputation has, however, now another representative in his before named pupil, who, without doubt, holds the precedence among Ameri- can sculptors. THE FRANKENSTEINS. About the same time the two brothers, Johann Peter and Gottfried N. Frankenstein, made their appearance as painters, of whom especially the last named made a great reputation. His large landscape painting of Niagara falls has been multiplied by engravers and lithographers, and a bust of the Hon. John McLean, judge of the Uni- ted States supreme court, executed by him in marble, adorns the Federal court-room in Cincinnati. Mr. Rattermann says about him, in a lecture upon Art and Artists in Cincinnati, delivered before the Cin- cinnati Literary club: "His paintings show individuality in their conception, combined with a bright coloring, which later has been surpassed only by his genial pupil Wilhelm Sonntag." In the year 1838 Gottfried Frankenstein succeeded in bringing to life again in Cincinnati the Academy of Fine Arts, and became its first president. It was, however, of but short duration. Another artist, Friedrich Franks, was in 1828 the founder of a gallery of fine arts in Cincinnati, and afterwards the owner of the Western museum. THE ART SCHOOLS. It is worthy of notice that the various endeavors to found academies of art in Cincinnati have always pro- ceeded from Germans; for Franks also was commonly taken for a German. About the efficiency of these artists' schools it need only be said that some of the most prominent American artists have come forth from them ; as Miner K. Kellogg, William H. Powell, the brothers Beard, the American artist and poet, Thomas Buchanan Read, and others. Mr. Rattermann thus speaks of their artistic worth in his lecture: The artists of this first period of art in Cincinnati were principally the pupils of nature, and only reached in their studies the point where greater justice is done to the real than to the ideal. They belonged, therefore, more to the realistic school, if I may express it in that way. Only Eckstein, who was a pupil of the celebrated Schadow, and who has been honored by the title of professor, was an idealist. His pupil Powers, however, in spite of all his efforts at idealism, had a natural tendency to realism, as is observable in all his productions. His aspi- rations after ideal beauty give to his works more the appearance of bare coldness than the warmth of feeling which shines through the higher light. His figures are pure as snow and smooth as ice, but also cold as ice and snow. THE GERMANS AND MUSIC. That music has been introduced by the Germans, and has been especially fostered by them in Cincinnati, as as well as throughout America, is self-evident. Already, in the year 1823, there existed here a musical society, the Apollonische Gesellschaft; and in 1839 another sing- ing society was founded, from which originated in 1844 the Deutsche Liedertafel. Ever since 1846 the three German singing societies, which existed at that time in Cincinnati, have celebrated every year a musical festival, and in 1849 tne nrst great German musical festival of the United States was held in this city. On this occa- sion the first German Saengerbund of North America was founded, whose musical festivals have now gained a world- wide reputation, and have prepared the way for the foundation of the grand Music hall and the Cincinnati College of Music, for a while under the direction of Theodore Thomas. THE GERMAN IN MANUFACTURES. In the year r83i an organ factory was established in Cincinnati by Mathias Schwab, from which have gone forth great numbers of excellent instruments, which pro- claim in all parts of the country the praise of German superiority. This factory, the oldest of its kind in this country, is still in existence, under the management of the experienced workmen, Johann H. Kohnken and Gallus Grimm, both having worked for thirty years under Mr. Schwab's direction. At that time (1836) was also made the first attempt to use machinery extensively in the fabrication of furniture. The invention of Woodworth's planing machine induced Friederich Rammelsberg, a Hanoverian, who was the foreman in Johann Geyer's furniture factory, to make all sorts of experiments in this department. Some years later Robert Mitchell, who had served his apprenticeship under Rammelsberg's guidance, began also some experi- ments, but without gaining any practical results. After inheriting a little property, he associated himself with Rammelsberg in 1846. The practical knowledge of Rammelsberg, thus united to a moderate capital, and not any longer restrained, as formerly, by his over-prudent principal, now began to realize important results. Not only does the gigantic building, which is still in existence under the name of Mitchell and Rammelsberg's furniture factory, employing more than one thousand five hun- 142 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. dred workmen (the largest furniture factory in the world), owe its existence to him, but the general successful rise of the furniture trade in Cincinnati and in the west is due to him. Rammelsberg died in 1863. S. N. PIKE. We now come to a man whose name — at least the name by which he is known — announces him to be either an Englishman or an American. It was known only to a few of his nearest neighbors that Samuel N. Pike, the builder of the beautiful opera houses in Cin- cinnati and in New York, was a German. He was the son of Jewish parents by the name of Hecht, and was bom in the year 1822, at Schwetzingen, near Heidel- berg. He came in the year 1827 to America with his parents, who at first staid in New York, and then set- tled in Stamford, Connecticut. In Stamford young Pike (his father had changed the name; Hetch means Pike in English) received a good school education; went, in 1839, to St. Joseph, Florida, where he opened a store, which he kept for about a year, and then went to Rich- mond, Virginia, where he carried on business as an im- porter of wines. From Richmond he removed to Balti- more, then to St. Louis, and finally, in 1844, to Cincin- nati. At all three of these places he tried to build up a dry-goods business. He married in Cincinnati the youngest daughter of Judge Miller, and then began a liq- uor business, by which he soon gained enormous wealth. When Jenny Lind, the Swedish Nightingale, travelled through America, Pike was one of the most zealous at- tendants at her concerts and admirers "of her divine voice," as he used to express himself, and resolved, if he should ever acquire sufficient wealth, to build for the Muse of Song a temple which should do honor to Cin- cinnati. When in the year 1856 the foundation of this magnificent palace was being erected, but very few antic- ipated the purposes of this colossal building. Inter- rupted by .the crisis in business in the autumn of that year, the building was discontinued till the fall of the next year, and was completed in the winter of 1858-59. On the 22d of February, 1859, the opera house, at that time the largest and most beautiful in America, and one of the largest in the world, was opened with due solem- nity. It was an epoch in the musical and dramatic his- tory of the city ; and when Pike's wealth rapidly increased he began to build in 1866 also a grand dramatic palace in the city of New York, the Grand opera house, which he afterwards sold to James Fisk, jr., for eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. But he had hardly begun with the building of the New York opera house when the magnificent opera house in Cincinnati became, in the spring of 1866, a prey to the flames. The structure was afterwards rebuilt, and is still one of the principal orna- ments of the city. A gigantic speculation in land in the neighborhood of Hoboken, NewYork, brought Mr. Pike an immense profit; so that, at his death in 1875, his for- tune was valued at several millions of dollars. Pike was not an uneducated man. He was a great lover of music, and played himself on several instruments. He was also well versed in literature, and wrote some English poems, which appeared in print anonymously. They show, however, more depth of feeling than tech- nical construction. His slight intercourse with Germans and his imperfect knowledge of the German language contributed, perhaps, to his being taken by almost 'every- body for an American. "In a small company," observes somebody who was more intimately acquainted with Pike, "he confessed one day that he was a German by birth; and he has continued since then to converse often in his mother-tongue with this company." In politics he be- longed to the Democratic party, but could not be persua- ded in 1867 to accept the nomination as candidate for the office of mayor of Cincinnati. GERMAN INSTITUTIONS. In 1841 we find in Cincinnati a German society, for intellectual entertainment, called Harmonie, and several years later the association, Freunde der gesellschaftlichen Reform. A German theater was founded in 1845. FATHERLAND CELEBRATIONS. The zeal with which Germans participated in American politics did not interfere at all with their interest in the events of their old Fatherland. Several of their national memorable days were celebrated, as for instance the birthday of Jean Paul and of Goethe. As in other places, so also in Cincinnati, was founded an institution for the aid of liberty movements in Germany, and large sums of money were sent by the Germans for the relief of the much-oppressed patriots, Wirth, Seidensticker, Jordan, and the children of the martyr Weidig. And at a public meeting of that time, participated in by the Germans of all classes, without regard to their religion or their politics, eight thousand dollars were collected for the benefit of the poor sufferers in Germany.* The first Turner society of Cincinnati was founded in 1848. The revolutionary agitations of Europe, and especially those of Germany in 1848, found naturally the greatest sympathy among the population of Cincin- nati. The friends of liberty were encouraged and helped by them by all possible means. The arrival of Hecker and his friends in the autumn of 1848 was an occasion for a great ovation, in which the American pop- ulation participated with active interest. Hon. J. B. Stallo welcomed the new-comers by an address, which was a masterpiece in form and tenor. More associations were founded for financial aid in the revolutionary agitations, and large sums of money were procured, which soon afterwards, when the change of affairs in Germany had come, were used mostly for the assistance of political fugitives. GERMANS IN OFFICE. It is a matter of course that, through the growing in- fluence which the Germans exercised, their right to the holding of public offices became more readily acknowl- edged. About the year 1840 we find Germans as well in the legislature as in the offices of the city departments; and their number would have been there still greater if the language had not stood in their way, and if the em- * Klauprecht's Deutsche Chronik, p. 179. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i43 igrating Germans, who had to work hard in the begin ning to earn an honest living, had been more ambitious to hold public office. It has taken a longer sojourn in America to arouse also in them this usually fruitless ambition. THE STALLOS. We have had occasion several times before t6 mention the name of Stallo. There is no man of whom Cincin- nati, the State of Ohio, and all the Germans of the United States, should be more proud, than of Johann Bernhard Stallo. His life is not remarkable on ac- count of strange events; he has never inhaled the air of prisons, has not escaped by a bold flight the persecuting powers, like Follen, Lieber, and many other Germans before and after him. His new home gave him a most friendly reception, and he was spared the hard struggles for subsistence which so many, even the best of the new- comers, have to experience at first. He has spent the greater part of his life here, in a happy family circle, but little shaken by the storms to which men of his promi- nent importance are usually exposed. It will not take many lines to describe Stallo's career. When asked how he had been able to acquire his thor- ough knowledge of the classic languages, and especially his knowledge in mathematics, at so early an age, having emigrated to America in his seventeenth year, and hav- ing commenced teaching at once, he answered : "There are no riddles in my life; at least none which cannot be easily solved. All my ancestors, as well on my father's as on my mother's side, were, as far as I can trace back our family genealogy, village schoolmasters. My grand- father, after whom I was named, was my first teacher. He was an honorable old Frisian (Stallo is not an Italian name, but a real Frisian name, meaning forester), and wore up to the time of his death a three-cornered hat, knee-breeches, and buckled shoes. He reserved my ed- ucation to himself, notwithstanding his seventy years, and was made very happy when 'I could read, and solve all sorts of arithmetical problems, before my fouith year." Stallo's own father had a great predilection for mathe- matics, and instructed him in this science; as he also took care that his son should study, not only the ancient lan- guages thoroughly, but also should make the French lan- guage his own, behind his grandfather's back, who hated everything French. In his fifteenth year (Stallo was born the sixteenth of March, 1823, at Sierhausen, near Dam- me, Grand Dukedom of Oldenburg), he was sent to Vechta to attend the teachers' seminary. He had at the same time the advantage of being able to avail himself of the teachings of the professors at the excellent gym- nasium which was there. His knowledge in language and mathematics advanced so rapidly that in a short time he became ripe for the university. His father's means, however, would not allow him to enter a univer- sity. He says himself: "The only choice left to me was either to lengthen the chain of schoolmasters in our family by another link, or go to America. The idea of emigrat- ing was brought near to me through my father's brother, Franz Joseph Stallo, who, about the year 1830, had led the line of emigrants from the Oldenburg country." This uncle had been also one of Stallo's educators, having instructed him especially in physics. He was a very eccentric man, who, although he carried on a suc- cessful business as printer and bookbinder, could not re- sist an inborn inclination for physics and mechanics. He made several useful inventions. To him is attributed the burning of the moorland and the introduction of buck- wheat in his neighboring country, as well as the irrigation of barren tracts and the sowing of them with pine seed, "by which lands, on which not even heath would grow, were transformed into pine forests."* But, as is so often the case with such self-taught men, he lost himself often in the fantastic and unattainable. His business was neg- lected, and, on account of his liberal political and reli- gious opinions, and especially his activity in inciting the oppressed to refuse paying taxes and to emigrate, and his distributing inflammatory writings, he came in conflict with the Government. The agitator was arrested, and for several months imprisoned and his printing establish- ment confiscated; so emigration seemed to be the only thing left for him. Having arrived in Cincinnati in the year 183 1, he worked at first at his former trade. But he continued the agitation in his old home more than ever by numer- ous letters; and really a very great emigration followed in the year 1832 from Damme, Vechta, Hunteburg, Osnabruck, and the surrounding country. Franz Stallo's thought was now upon a German settlement. An asso- ciation was formed, land was chosen in Auglaize county, and the little town which was to be built was to be called (against Stallo's wish) Stallotown. Like Rome, which was in the beginning but a space of land, with a ditch for a boundary, so was also Stallotown at first only recog- nizable by a wooden board, on which stood the word "Stallotown," which was nailed to a large oak tree. Stallo made himself useful in the new settlement as surveyor, and, on the whole, the little colony grew very soon, in spite of the rather unfavorable situation, which was improved afterwards by drainage. In the summer of 1833 they counted as many as a hundred souls. The cholera, however, which was raging during this year in Cincinnati, reached Stallotown, and called proportion- ately for a greater number of victims there than in larger towns. Franz Joseph Stallo was also among the number who fell. The little town, which counts at present about two thousand inhabitants, has exchanged the name of its founder for that of Minster. Johann Bernhard Stallo emigrated to America in the year 1839. Provided with letters of introduction from his father and grandfather to several ministers and teachers in Cincinnati, he found at once a position in a private school. There he compiled his first literary work, a German A-B-C spelling and reading book, which was published without the name of its author. He showed already by this first book his deep insight into a child's faculties of conception and understanding. There had been a great want of just such a book in the lower classes of the schools, so the work became soon very popular, * Deutscher Pionier, volume VII, page 5. 144 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. and has appeared in many stereotype editions. At that time the directors of the newly-founded Catholic St. Xavier's college, in Cincinnati, were in search of teachers; and their attention having been called to Stallo by this very work, and hearing also about his superior knowl- edge, especially in mathematics, they offered him a posi- tion as teacher of the German language at this college. That was, however, only a nominal title, for in fact a class was assigned to him fiom the very first for instruc- tion in the ancient languages and in mathematics; and he advanced with this class for the next three years in the several grades of the course of studies. Together with one of his associate teachers, who devoted himself with great zeal to the studies of physics and chemistry, and assisted by the rich library of the institution, Stallo ex- pended now almost every leisure hour in the study of these sciences. He devoted himself to the study of physics and chemistry for three years, from 1841 to 1843, with all the zeal of learning within him, and with a certain passion; and he has gained from it great satis- faction. In the autumn of 1843 ne received a call as teacher of mathematics, physics, and chemistry at S|. John's college, in the city of New York, which position he filled till the end of the year 1847. The study of the higher mathematics led him to German philosophy, and in 1848 appeared the fruit of his studies, a philosophical work — General Principles of the Philosophy of Nature — published in Boston, by Crosby & Nichols. Although the profession which Stallo chose afterwards may have withdrawn him somewhat from his investiga- tions in the province of philosophic science, he has always remained true to philosophy. A number of his philosophical essays have been published in the most prominent American scientific journals, especially in the Popular Science Monthly. A valuable philosophical library, the like of which is hardly owned by any other private gentleman, gives evidence of the wide field of his investigations. After having returned to Cincinnati, he resolved to devote himself to the study of law. To so ripe a mind as his it was easy to become soon ac- quainted with all the principles of law in their widest meaning, including the laws of government and national economy. Having been admitted to the bar in the year 1849, he distinguished himself soon in his new calling in such a way that in the year 1853 he was appointed by the governor of Ohio as judge of the court of common pleas of Hamilton county, to fill a vacancy. The people elected him the same year for the regular term of that office. As honorable and estimable as the office of judge may be in the United States, it is not, or at least was not, sufficiently remunerative for men who had the prospect of a large practice. Stallo, who had married happily in the meantime, resigned therefore his office as judge in the year 1855, which he had filled to the highest satisfac- tion of the bar and the people, and returned to the prac- tice of law, in which he has labored ever since with, the greatest success. If "posterity winds no wreaths for the mimic," we can say the same as well of those who have won a high repu- tation among their contemporaries on the field of juristic activity. The decisions of the judges of the supreme court are kept alive, to be sure, by the regularly published reports; but the words of the most eloquent lawyer, no matter how important a result they may decide for the moment, are blown away like autumn leaves. It was, however, reserved to Stallo to gain, by an argument made before the supreme court of Ohio, a brilliant reputation. This was in a case which excited not only general atten- tion in his own State, but also in several others. The school board of Cincinnati had resolved to forbid the reading of religious writings, including the Bible, in public schools, as also to repeal the rule for reading every day at the opening of the school a chapter of the Bible, and for singing appropriate religious songs, this being, as was held, contrary to the spirit of a free school, for the children of parents of all religious sects and beliefs. This action of the school board had called forth great indignation among the different Protestant sects ; the re- ligious papers imagined their Zion in danger, and that atheism and Catholicism were on the point of taking possession of our Christian country. A judicial pro- cedure was commenced against the school board to pre- vent the carrying out of this resolve. Stallo, called upon to defend the measures of the board, did this with won- derful eloquence. Sustained by the spirit and the literal meaning of the constitution of Ohio, by leading decisions of judges, but especially by reasons of morality and of justice for all, this argument, lasting several hours, could not but convince all unprejudiced listeners. The greater number of the judges were, however, not convinced. Being probably themselves members of a Protestant church, and trammeled by the whole ecclesiastical in- fluence in Cincinnati, they were not able, with the best of intentions, to remain impartial. In this argument Stallo attacked the claim, made be- fore by some teacher of jurisprudence, and made proba- bly without reflecting upon the consequences, that Chris- tianity is part of the law of the State. He fought against this opinion, as implying that our entire present civili- zation is founded only on Christianity. He claimed a strict separation of the church from the State, as being in unison with our constitution and the spirit of the times. He reminded the court that the fathers of the church had continued to build on the old, celebrated heathen phil- osophers, that the age of the reformation had been also the age of the Humanists and of the revival of the arts and sciences of the classic ages; that our declaration of independence and constitution had their origin during the skeptic, philosophic epoch which preceded the French revolution; that Thomas Jefferson, who was in the eyes of the orthodox an infidel, had conceived the first, and the "pious old heathen^ Franklin had, with others of the same mind, helped to make the latter, and that the fathers of our republic had read the "Rights of Man" of infidel Thomas Paine. "I deny," proclaimed Stallo, "not only that Christi- anity is the law of the State, and that the freedom of our institutions is grounded in Christian civilization; but I deny, also, that our modern European and American civilization can in any just sense be called Christian. By ■w- tt/AKR f'- 7 '-' HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 145 the term civilization we designate the materials and forces of the physical, intellectual and moral culture of a people. Now, in the first place, the intellectual possessions which make up the stock of our culture, and their correspond- ing material possessions, are not only not the gains and emoluments of Christianity, but have been acquired in spite of its resistance and recalcitration. It is not Chris- tianity which has expanded our mental and ph\sical hori- zon to co-extension with spatial infinity, which has re- vealed to us the laws according to which the stellar, planetary and satellitic orbs form or develop themselves in the eihereal expanse, and in obedience to which they rotate and revolve, under the invisible guidance of im- mutable attraction, in their perennial courses; it is not Christianity which has unveiled the mysteries of our planetary history, or armed us with the power by the aid of which we subject the elements to our dominion. Copernicus dedicated his Immortal book to a Pope; but a Pope sealed it to the eyes of all faithful believers, and his inquisitors interposed the walls of a prison between the heavens and Galileo, because he had dared to look into their depths through a telescope, and to open his mind to the truth of the heliocentric theory. Nor was it the Pope or the Catholic church alone who sought to extinguish the dawning light of the new era or to obstiuct the vision of awakening humanity. Luther and Melanc- thon denounced the Copernican system as fiercely as the inquisitors of Rome; and John Kepler, the discoverer of the laws of which Newton's Principia are but the mathe- matical verification, had to turn his back upon a Protestant university — his alma mater — because of his heliocentric belief, and to seek employment as a tutor in a Catholic Austrian college. There is hardly one of the eminent investigators to whose labors we owe the sciences of astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, physiology, etc., who has not been under the ban of the churches and proscribed by the monopolists of salvation. When, in the lapse of ages, a'ter the first centuries of the Chris- tian era, has Chiistianity baptiztd or stood sponsor to any of the new truths which were born into the world to redeem it from a part of its miseries and woes, or when has it welcomed them with a benediction ? Whenever, of late, as of yore, the precursory glimmer of an unwonted light has brightened the skies, the surest and readiest way to discover its source has been to look in the direction in which the Pope and his church have driven their latest anathema, or a Protestant ecclesiastic has sent his loud- est curse. At this very moment Europe is in a roar from the discharge of ecclesiastical artillery at the zoologists and physiologists who seek to refer the evolution of organic beings to the same immutable laws which pre- side over the genesis of all the phenomena of this uni- verse.'' At this point one of the judges, Storer, interrupted the speaker with the words: "Do you allude to the man who thinks that our ances- try runs into the animal creation?" Upon which Judge Stallo answered: "I allude to the followers of Charles Darwin, who has formulated (and, I think,, imperfectly formulated) the doctrine that man, too, was not placed miraculously on the highest round in the ladder of organic progression, but in some way had to scale that ladder, step by step." It is impossible to give a perfect conception of the striking logic, the wealth of philosophical truth and his- torical illustration of this speech, by short extiacts. The fine style is in accordance with the fine tenor of the ad- dress. Stallo and the whole liberally thinking population of the country had the satisfaction of seeing that the Su- preme Court of Ohio, to which an appeal was taken from the Cincinnati court, reversed the decree of the latter. Stallo was for seventeen years one of the examiners of the candidates for the position of teacher in the public schools, and afterward one of the trustees of the Uni- versity of Cincinnati. He has, on the whole, always shown an active interest in the education of the people. That a man like Stallo could not remain indifferent to politics, is self-evident. We mean politics in the higher sense. What here usually is called politics had no at- traction for him. Principles were only taken into con- sideration by him. Persons were only of interest to-him when they agreed with or opposed his views. The party machinery, the oiganization of the party, in which so many public characters seek their especial vocation; the weaving of intrigues, the artificial arrangements of primary meetings and other electoral assemblies, were always to him objects of decided repugnance. But once he has accepted a political honorary office; namely, when he was chosen Elector for the Republican Presidential candi- date, Fremont, in the year 1856. He has never aspired to any political office for himself. Ambition is alien to him. As the tangent only touches the circle in one place, so has politics, so to speak, only touched him from the outside; but in gieat vital questions he has worked inde- tatigably with voice and pen. He joined with great en- thusiasm the Liberal Reform movements in the year 1872, but withdrew when the Liberal Convention nomi- nated Mr. Greeley, whom he did not acknowledge as a representative of his principles, especially on the question of free trade. In the year 1876, however, he approved and advocated the election of Tilden, and labored for it with the most brilliant and efficient activity. Shortly before the election he wrote a number of letters for the Staafszei/ung, of New York, which contain a real treasure of healthy views on political questions. As well by their tenor as by their fine style, they excited general attention, and were reprinted in many journals. Stallo has often been reproached with being too much of an idealist in politics, who did not take the existing situations into consideration, and was therefore unfit for a political leader. Stallo has never aspired to the char- acter of such a leader. He is not a leader, he is rather a teacher for the parties. We have^ enough of the real- istic politicians, who, for any price, seek the power and the booty which proceed from that only. Men who sac- rifice their principles for persons, or profess some princi- ples simply to aid some persons, so-called practical states- men, we need not seek for with a lantern. The more satisfactory is it to meet from time to time some charac- ters who do not appeal to the prejudices, the passions, 19 146 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. and the self-interest of the multitude, but to its reason and its conscience, who urge upon it that the moral prin- ciples of the States do not differ from those of the indi- vidual citizen, who call incessantly to memory the great principles of truth, upon which free States must be founded, who propose to themselves and others a high aim, to the attainment of which we ought at least to as- pire, so as to save public life from sinking down into the slime of vulgarity. .» Stallo, being master of both languages, English as well as German, in the court-room, on the rostrum, and in the school-room, has the same power of conversation in so- cial circles — a rare gift, especially among the Germans. And this man of the exact sciences and the science of government has, at the same time, a very cultivated taste for the fine arts, especially for music, which has always been truly cherished at his home. His attractive exte- rior appearance bespeaks at the first glance the rare rich- ness of his intellectual gifts. Without wishing to please or offend anybody, we dare to say that no German in America, publicly known, com- bines, like Stallo, a comprehensive knowledge with an acute judgment, deep thought with a delicate sense for the arts, incessant diligence with amiable sociality, and ac- curate understanding of the questions of the times with the talent of giving a clear and beautiful expression to his understanding, by writing and speech. But what is the most pleasing feature in this man's appearance, and gives to his actions the true consecration, is that nobody has ever doubted the purity of his motives, that nobody has ever believed that his active interest in the politics of this country had sprung from self-interested motives or from the gratification of his own personal ambition. CHAPTER XX. RELIGION IN CINCINNATI. The total history of the rise and progress of religion in the Queen City, with adequate sketches of the two hundred and ten churches, more or less, now existing within its limits, would occupy at least the entire space of the two volumes devoted to this work. It is the pur- pose of the following chapter merely to detail the' begin- nings of church organization in Cincinnati, supply an outline historical notice to each of the churches which have pioneered several of the leading religious denomi- nations here, and give some facts concerning the present state of religion and the churches, in the city, and a few notes of auxiliary societies, for co-operative work. Among the founders of Losantiville seem to have been a goodly number of God-fearing men — the majority of them Presbyterians, if one may infer from the type of the first religious society planted here. In the plan and survey of the village, provision was made for the dedica- tion of an entire half square, now among the most valu- able properties in the city, to the purposes of religion, education, and burials. It included lots numbered one hundred, one hundred and fifteen, one hundred and thirty-nine, and one hundred and forty, being the south half of the block bounded by Fourth, Fifth, Walnut and Main — the same which has been continuously occupied, in part by the First Presbyterian society, the church of the pioneers, as representing the religious interest, and in part almost continuously by the educational interest, now and for many years embodied in the Cincinnati college. The ground was not long suffered to remain unoccu- pied. As soon as the little band of Presbyterians had been somewhat reinforced and was ready for organization, an informal society was constituted and began to worship upon and near this spot. In the fall of 1790 it was visited by Mr. James Kemper, a partial licentiate of the Presby- tery of Transylvania and a ruling elder of the church at the forks of Dick's river, where he lived, near Danville, Kentucky. Mr. Kemper was a native of Fauquier county, Virginia, born November 23, 1753; married Judith Hathaway when little more than eighteen years old, July 16, 1772; removed to Tennessee as a surveyor in 1783, and was sent for in 1785 by friends in Kentucky, who dispatched a small brigade of pack-horses for him one hundred and eighty miles through the wilderness, that he might come to the dark and bloody ground to prepare for ministerial work. He was therefore, upon his first visit to Cincinnati, although in his thirty-eighth year, not yet a full-fledged preacher, but only allowed to preach on trial, "under the direction of Mr. Rice, while he con- tinues in the study of divinity." He was fully examined and licensed by the Presbytery April 27, 1791, and ap- pointed at once "to supply in the settlements of the Miami at discretion." This was the first appointment of the kind for any place north of the Ohio, and Mr. Kem- per was the first regular preacher of any kind in Cincin- nati. He promptly began service with the embryo Pres- byterian church here, to which he had been cordially invited, and returned in October to his Kentucky home, to bring away his family. At the same time a man named Daniel Doty, of Columbia, and another named French, were engaged to go through the deep woods and bring Mr. Kemper and family from their home near Danville to Cincinnati. His family was large, consisting of eight or nine children, besides the parents. The two men set out and followed the trace along Dry Ridge, in Ken- tucky, for sixty or more miles, reaching Georgetown the second night out. Two men had been killed by the Indians on this bridle-path only the week before, and the wayfarers kept their rifles constantly ready to meet any attack. Mr. Doty seems to have been sadly impressed, when they arrived at Georgetown, with the fiddling and dancing going on in almost every cabin, as though, he said, "they neither feared God nor regarded Indians." Perhaps the character of his mission, to escort the first settled preacher of Christ into the Miami country, had also some influence upon his feelings. They proceeded to Lexington, obtained horses from an army contractor there, went on to Mr. Kemper's residence, transported the family and their goods over the wagon road to Lime- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. H7 stone, where they put family, horses, and all on board a flat-boat and took them down to Cincinnati. The horses were here turned over to the contractor, and the men returned to Columbia. Previous to the settlement of Mr. Kemper, the Rev. John Smith, of Columbia, though a Baptist, had, it is said, occasionally preached to the people here. He was the same reverend gentleman who was afterward senator of the United States, and was virtually forced to resign, under suspicion of complicity in the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. The earlier meetings were held upon the church lot in the open air when the weather permitted, the con- gregation sitting upon the trunks of the fallen forest mon- archs thereon, while the preacher or reader, very likely, used the upright remnant of a tree for his "stump" ora- tory. Sometimes the assemblies were in a rude horse- mill, used for grinding corn, which stood on Vine street, below Third, at the foot of the "hill;" and sometimes in private houses. Then, and for several years, even after the meeting- house was erected, the law of the territory, as well as the law of common prudence, required every man who at- tended the service to go with a loaded fire-arm, that he might be ready to repel savage attack. At least one case is on record — that of Colonel John S. Wallace — of the imposition of a fine of seventy-five cents for failure to obey the law in this regard. It is prettw well known, we believe, that the custom of seating the men at the outer end of pews originated in the necessity of their ready and prompt movement therefrom, with arms in hand, in case of alarm during the fearful Indian period. Mr. Kemper arrived in Cincinnati with his family October 17, 1791. The presbyterial records say at this time that he "is appointed a supply at the Mi- amis until the next stated session." When that oc- curred, April 2, 1792, it was ordered "that Mf. Kemper supply one Sabbath at the North Bend of the Miami, and that he supply the rest of his time at Columbia, Cin- cinnati, and Round Bottom. That Mr. Rice supply at the Miami settlements two Sabbaths.'' Mr. Kemper was as yet only a licentiate, and an ordained minister, like the Rev. David Rice, above mentioned, was necessary to or- ganize a church, ordain ruling elders, or administer the sacraments — hence this appointment. October 2, 1792, a formal call was extended to Mr. Kemper from the united congregations of Cincinnati and Columbia, and accepted. He was ordained at a meeting of piesbytery in Cincinnati on the twenty-third of the same month, and constituted pastor "of Cincinnati and Columbia churches." Here he labored until October 7, 1796, when he resigned. He afterwards served the Duck creek and other Presbyterian churches in the Miami country most of the time until his death, August 20, 1834, in his eighty- first year. The church here was not yet formally organized, when Mr. Kemper was ordained and installed as pastor. He says it was "still unorganized, because they thought the number of male members too small to select a promising session." In a letter to a friend, he writes that he had formed "an unorganized church composed of six males and two females, in Columbia and Cincinnati. The church was one for the two places." A document found long after among the Kemper papers makes probable the date of this informal organization as August 20, 1791: but some authorities say the original arrangements for a church were made October 16, 1790, upon the occasion of a visit from the Rev. David Rice, after Mr. Kemper's first visit. Eight persons, as Mr. Kemper had it, formed the nucleus of the society. They were: Joseph Reeder, Annie Reeder, Jacob Reeder, Samuel Sering, Sarah Ser- ing, David Kitchell, Jonathan Ticknor, Isaac Morris. The little church seems to have been incapable, by its very paucity of numbers, of organizing more thoroughly until September 5, 1793, when, there being as many as nineteen adult male members, it was practicable to select five ruling elders and two deacons, which was accordingly done. The Cincinnati and Columbia societies were vir- tually one until Mr. Kemper's resignation in 1796, when the Columbia wing was itself split into two churches — the Duck Creek (now Pleasant Ridge) and the Round Bot- tom — and is thenceforth heard of no more. When Mr. Kemper's successor, the Rev. Peter Wilson, was settled in 1798, he was pastor of the Cincinnati church alone. In October, 1791, after the arrival and settlement of Mr. Kemper, it was agreed by the organization that an effort should be made to raise seven hundred dollars, with which, and from the timber growing upon the do- nated tract, which had been partially felled upon the lot at the corner of Main and Fourth streets, a sufficient meeting-house could be erected. A subscription was accordingly started January 16, 1792; the paper reading as follows: We, the subscribers, for the purpose of erecting a house of public worship in the village of Cincinnati, to the use of the Presbyterian de- nomination, do severally bind ourselves and executors firmly, and by these presents, the several sums of money and commutations in labor respectively annexed to our names, to be paid to John Ludlow, Jacob Reeder, James Lyon, Moses Miller, John Thorpe, and William M'Mil- lan, or either of them, their heirs or administrators, Trustees appointed for the business of superintending the building aforesaid, payments to be made as follows: One-third part of our several subscriptions to be paid so soon as the timbers requisite for the aforesaid building may be collected on the ground where the said house is to be built. Another third when the said house is framed and raised. And the other third part when the aforesaid house may be under cover and weather-boarded. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names, on the day affixed to our names. The list of subscribers is well worth repetition here, as probably exhibiting the names of nearly every male resi- dent of the place and a number of officers of the garrison. John Ludlow, Benjamin Valentine, Jacob Reeder, Asa Peck, James Lyon, Robert Hurd, Moses Miller, Samuel Dick, John Thorpe, Robert Benham, William M'Millan, Joseph Shaw, John P. Smith, Isaac Felty, David E. Wade, James Wallace, James Brady, Robert Caldwell, Joe] Williams, Jonathan Davies, Levi Woodward, Thomas Ellis, William Woodward, Jeremiah Ludlow, James Demint, Richard Benham, John Cutter, Daniel Shoemaker, John Blanchard, Benjamin Jennings, John Gaston, Jonas Seaman, 148 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Reuben Roe, John Cummins, Elliot & Wi.li.ims, Thomas M'Grath, James Bury, Tnomas Gibson, Henry Taylor, Elias Wallen, Thomas Cochran, James Richards, John Bartle, J. Mercer, H. Wilson, William Miller, James Reynolds, Thomas Brown, Matthew De.isy, James M'Knight, John Darr.igh, Daniel C. Cooper, Francis Kennedy, General James Wilkinson, Dr. Richard Allison, Ensign John Wade, Samuel Kitchell, Samuel Williams, David Logan, David Long, Joseph Spencer, James Blackburn, J. Mentzies, James Kremer, W. M. Mills, Matthew Wii.ton, Samuel Gilman, John Dixon. Joseph Lloyd, Nehemiah Hunt, Cornelius Miller, Abr. Boston, Gabriel Cox, Samuel Pierson, Daniel Bates, Benjamin Fitzgerald, James Kemper, Isaac Bates, John Adams, William Miner, James Miller, Seth Cutter, S. Miller, John Lyon, James M'Kane, Ensign William H. Harrison, Margaret Rusk, Samuel Martin, Moses Jones, J. Gilbreath, Winthrop Sargent, Captain Mahlon Ford, M. M'Donogh, Matthias Burns, Jabez Wilson, James Lowry, Alexander M'Coy, David Hole, James Cunningham, Major Joseph Shaylor, Captain William Peters, H. Marks, Ezekiel Sayre, W. Elwes, Daniel Hole, The limit of subscription for most of these was two or three dollars; nobody gave more than eight dollars. Seven shillings and sixpence was not an uncommon sub- scription. Many who could not give money, or who could contribute something else to equal advantage, pledged useful materials, as planks or nails, and others gave the work of a day or mure to the building. It was put up-— one account says for four hundred dollars — on the corner lot already designated as partly cleared, one hundred feet north of Fourth street and facing Main, and so, of course, not precisely upon the spot now occu- pied by the First Presbyterian chuich. It was an utterly plain and bare frame building, about thirty feet front by forty depth, one story and one room, small square win- dows and battened doors, and no ornament whatever except a little semi-circle in the front gable above the door. It was roofed and weather-boarded with clap- boards, but not lathed and plastered or ceiled for some time. When first occupied, probably in October, there was no floor but the earth and no stats but boards, "whip-sawed" for the purpose, with their ends resting upon logs placed at suitable distances apart. Indeed, one story goes (hat the logs themselves had for a time to serve the purposes of scats, the upper surfaces being hewed to reasonable flatness. One account says that the logs were split and smoothed, and set upon pins thrust into the ground. Another version, derived from Judge Burnet, will be found in the statement of Rev. J. B. Finley, in his Sketches of Western Methodism. He says the original proprietors of the town were Presbyterians, and that "in laying out the town they appropriated the south half of the- square bounded by Main and Walnut, Fourth and Fifth streets, for the use of said society." He says further : In the autumn of 17QO the Rev. James Kemper [David Rice] organ- ized a Presbyterian society, and the congregations met regularly every Sabbath on this square, under the shade of the trees with which it was covered, to listen to the word of God, After a few years on this spot the society erected a stout frame building, forty feet by thirty in d.men- sions. It was inclosed with clapboards, but neither lathed, p astered, nor ceiled. The floor was made of boat-plank, Lid loosely on sleepers. The seats were constructed of the same material, supported by blocks of wood. They were, of course, witiKiut backs; and here our fore- father pioneers worshipped, with their trusty rifles between their knees. On one side of the hou^e a breastwoik of unplaned cherry boards was constructed, which, was styled the pulpit, behind which the preacher stood on a piece of boat-plank, supported by two blocks of wood. The courts for the county begin to be held in this building while it was still unfinished, as early as October, 1792, in which month James Mays was tried therein for the murder of Matt Sullivan and sentenced 10 be hanged. In this house, undoubtedly, also occurred the installation of Rev. Mr. Kemper as pastor on the twenty-third of the same month. At the same time the Presbytery of Transyl- vania held its annual meeting in Cincinnati, and very likely in this edifice — the first ecclesiastical body that ever met in the place. June n, 1794, the country having been quieted from further fear of Indian outbreaks by Wayne's victory, and an era of prosperity beginning to set in, it was resolved by the trustees to raise another su^ciiption, "to finish the meeting house, to pde the door-yard and fence in the burying-ground." The list made in pursuance of this resolve is still among the archives of the society; and, as it exhibits some additional names of early Cin- cinnatians and gives the amounts generally subscribed, it also seems to demand reproduction in these pages:' Moses Miller $8 00 Stephen Reeder $6 00 Jacob Reeder 8 00 William Reddeck 1 bo James Lyon 5 00 Thomas Denny 2 50 James Kemper 8 00 Robert Mitchell 2 00 John Lyon 200 William Harris 400 Ezra Fitz Freeman 2 00 Christopher Dickson 4 00 David E. Wade 10 00 Matthias Person 1 00 John Brown 10 00 Frederick Coons 1 00 Nathaniel Stokes 2 00 J. Gibson 1 00 Elliott & Williams 8 00 Robert M'Cray 2 00 Thomas Irwin 1 00 A. Hunt & Co ■. . . 20 00 Joseph Brice 3 00 Samuel |ames 5 00 C. Avery 1 00 J arnes Ward 1 00 Jacob Lowe 1 00 James Garrison 1 00 Edward Kelly 1 00 Duncan Steward 1 00 John Galbiaith 1 00 Thomas Underlevy 1 00 Andrew Paul 1 00 Alexander Darlington 1 00 M. Winton 3 00 Martin Baum 1 00 John Adams 3 00 Enos Terry 2 00 Robert M'Clure 300 A.J.Caldwell 100 William Maxwell 300 Mrs. Willcocks 100 Robertson & Mackay 3 00 Peter Kemper 2 00 O. Ormsby 200 * Thomas Goudy 4 00 John Riddle 4 co G. Yeatman 2 00 Job Gard 3 co Ezekiel Sayre 3 00 Samuel Robinson 3 00 Nathan Moody 3 00 Luther Kitchell 5 co Samuel Kitchell 4 00 Stt.phel Oldrid 1 00 Samuel Foster 2 00 William Irvin 1 00 M'E.wee & Duffy 3 00 Nehemiah Hunt r 00 Isaac Felty 3 00 John Dixon 3 co Cornelius Van Nuvs 3 00 James F.runton 2 00 William Woodward. .'. 2 00 Whli.im Miller 2 00 Moses |ones 2 00 D. C. Orcutt 2 00 Elijah Craig 5 00 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 149 Nathan Barnes $1 00 Timothy Scanan .$1 00 Evan James 1 00 Adam Galliger 1 00 Joel Williams 3 00 Alexander Lewis z 00 Ziba Stebbins 3 00 Benjamin Davis 1 00 John McCay 1 00 John True. 1 00 John Miller 1 00 Ferd. Brokaw 1 00 William Darragh 100 Isiael Ludlow 1000 Michael Fox 1 00 T. Hole 8 00 James Ferguson 5 00 William Cummins 3 00 Miss Henderson " 00 Robert Kepe 3 00 Thomas Kebby 2 00 Thomas Kennedy 6 00 P.itrick Dickey 2 00 Joseph Kennedy 3 00 Samuel Creigh 10 co S.imuel Kennedy 3 00 William Irwin i 00 Samuel Dick 3 00 Azarias Thorn 1 00 John Hamilton 3 00 James Gillespie 1 00 Russell Farmer 2 00 John Welsh 1 00 Abel Sprague ' oo Samuel Freeman 1 00 Kennedy Morton 1 00 Moses Bradley 1 00 James Campbell 1 00 George Gillespie 1 co Francis Kennedy 1 00 Caleb M ulford 1 00 Levi Sayres 2 00 John Miller 1 00 William M. Bothero 1 00 Ham. Flaugher 1 00 Abraham Parker 2 00 David Logan 1 00 George Dougherty t 00 Joseph M' Knight 2 00 William Bedell 4 00 Noadial Albord 7s. 6d. James Bedell 4 00 J. Strickland 7s. 6d. Philip Cook 1 00 James McKee 7s. 6d. Leonard Teeple.- .' 2 00 Benjamin Jenning 7s. 6d. John M'Kane 3 co James Brady 7s. fid. Reuben Kemper 2 00 Starking Stafford 1 00 William M'Lain 1 00 Thomas Williams 1 00 James M'Lain 1 00 Enos Potter 3 00 Elijah Davis 1 00 Thomas Cochran 4 00 Jonathan Davis 2 00 A. Andrew 1 00 Daniel Hole 1 00 Thomas Gibson 8 00 Richard Hoells 2 00 Love Marcelof 3 00 Daniel Ferrel 2 00 William M'Millan 8 00 John Mercer 1 00 Thomas Fream 2 00 David Bay 2 00 Samuel Williams 3 00 David Reeder 3 00 James Lowry 200 Jedediah Tingle 200 John M'Kane 1 00 Jabesh Phillips 2 00 Matthias Ross 4 00 Isiac Bates 3 00 Daniel M'Carry 1 00 Simeon Nott ; 1 00 Allyn Baker : . 5 00 Samuel Pierson 1 00 John DeHass 1 00 Total $430 00 The improvements were accordingly made, and the entire four lots of the church, school, and graveyard dona- tion, some say, were enclosed with a post and rail fence. February 18, 1795, further progress was made in the arrangements for public worship, by a meeting of the so- ciety to consider the distribution of seats or pews among the members, in accordance with a proposed plan. Two additional trustees were chosen in the persons of David E. Wade and William Bedell. It is said that entire com- pletion of the house was not reached until 1799, about seven years after it was begun, with so much difficulty were means raised and public improvements effected in those days. Changes of pastors were about as frequent in the earli- est years of this church as in some religious societies nowadays. There was a tolerably rapid succession in the First Presbyterian pulpit, of pastors or stated supplies. Mr. Kemper remained pastor of the church, as before stated, until October 7, 1796. Rev. Peter Wilson, after an interval, served the church over two years, from about the middle of 1797, until his death July 29, 1799. Then came the Rev. Matthew G. Wallace, brother of Captain Robert Wallace, of Covington, and of Mmes. Burnet, Baum, and Green, of Cincinnati, who was installed pas- tor October 7, 1800, after preaching to the church six or seven months. October was a notable month to the pas- torate in this society. Pie served, as pastor and supply, until Aprii, 1804, from which time the church had no settled pastor for three years, chiefly on account of diffi- culties produced by the "New Light" doctrines. Among the preachers of this period here, Rev. John Davies is remembered. At last, in the early summer of 1808, came the Rev. Joshua L. Wilson to the waiting people, and staid a long time. In 1807 the church was regularly incorporated by the State legislature, under the title of the First Presbyterian society. Ten years before this, December 28, 1797, it is said that Judge Symmes conveyed the dedicated lots regularly to the trustees, Messrs. McMillan, Ludlow, Lyon, Wade, Reeder, Miller, and Thorpe. The next year the numb-T of communicants was eighty, which was doubled by July, 181 5. The preachers of those early days gave full considera- tion for their meagre salaries, at least in the particular of length of sermon. Mr. L'Hommedieu, recalling the reminiscences of 1810, says in his pioneer address of 1874: "Our preachers, in some cases, gave us sermons from one and a half to two hours long, and sometimes took an intermission of fifteen minutes and went on with their discourse." During the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Wilson, in 1812, a movement was started for a better and more commodious house of worship. It was agreed to raise another sub- scription: 1. To erect an edifice for public worship in Cincin- nati. 2. That each, by self or proxy, should have an op- portunity to purchase a pew therein at public auction, crediting his subscription and twenty per cent, of amount paid in cash, but none of the money to be refunded. 3. The pews to be subject to an annual tax for sup- poit of a minister in the congregation. 4. Pay to be in cash, material, produce, manufact- ures, merchandise, or labor, as may be accepted by the treasurer, under the direction of the trustees or the build- ing committee, one-fourth in sixty days after public notice in the Cincinnati newspapers, one-fourth in six months, one-fourth in twelve months, one-fourth in eighteen months, and complete the whole in one year and eight months after the first public notice. This subscription list should also be perpetuated, as indicating, not only the great change which twenty years had brought in the personnel of the community, but the much greater ability to subscribe liberally. It is accord- ingly copied here: Jacob Burnet $500 00 J. Carpenter $100 00 Martin Baum 500 00 C. Park 200 00 Wm. Lytle, in land. . . . 1,000 00 Jos. Ruffner 300 00 Dan'l Symmes 400 00 Hezekiah Flint 100 00 David E. Wade 400 00 James Conn 100 00 Jesse Hunt 40000 Joseph Warner 75 00 Jacob Wheeler 200 00 Leonard Taylor 75 00 Lucy Ze.igler 40000 John P. Spinning 7500 James Ferguson 40000 Rob't Merrie 75 00 Joel Williams, in land. . . 400 00 Peter M'Nicol 75 00 iS° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. N. Longworth (on condi- tion that a sum above $12,000 be raised), cash, $200 $ 2 5° °o Sam'l Stitt 200 00 Francis Can* 200 00 Casper Hopple 200 00 Griffin Yeatman 200 00 Sam'l Lowry 200 00 W. Barr 2co 00 John Kidd 200 00 David Kilgour 200 00 Wm. Irwin 200 00 Jacob Williams 200 00 Wm. Woodward 300 00 Nathan'l Reeder 200 00 Jesse Reeder 20000 Wm. Betts 200 00 Elmore Williams 300 00 John S. Wallace 200 00 Pat Dickey 200 00 Sam'l Perry 200 00 A. Dunseth 200 00 John M'Intire 100 00 Sam '1 Newell 100 00 Elias J. Dayton 100 00 Wm. Ramsay roo 00 Joseph Prince 150 00 John S. Gano 100 00 Wm. Ruffin 100 00 John H. Piatt 100 00 J. Watson, painting work 50 00 Thomas Boal 100 00 Joseph M'Murray 100 00 James Dover 3000 Isaac Anderson, % cash, % material or work 100 00 Jeremiah Reeder $ 75 00 A. Moore, painting and glazing 10000 John Mahard. 50 00 John Cranmer 50 00 Zacheus Biggs 100 00 Davis Embree 75 00 Geo St. Clair, painting and glazing 75 00 John Gibson, jr. 50 00 Robert Caldwell 150 00 Dan'l Mayo, Newport... 50 00 Joseph Jenkinson 100 00 John Andrews 50 00 Geo. P. Torrence 100 00 0. M. Spencer 100 00 Sam'l Ramsay 100 00 John Riddle 250 00 Ichabod Spinning 100 00 A. Hamilton 50 00 Isaac Bates 100 00 Clark Bates 100 00 Ez. Hutchinson 100 00 Wm. Stanley 300 00 Wm. Corry 100 00 Chas. L'Hommedieu. . . . ico 00 James Riddle 250 00 John B. Enniss 50 00 Dan'l Drake 75 00 Robert Allison 75 00 Francis West 50 00 1. N. Gluer 25 00 Jonah Martin 50 00 Arthur Ferguson 30 00 Nath. Edson, lime 50 00 Josiah Hally 5000 Andrew Mack 50 00 David Wade $ 50 00 Benj. Coop 30 00 Solomon Sisco 25 00 Arthur St. Clair, jr 125 00 W. Noble 150 00 Sam'l W. Davies 50 00 Alex. Johnston 30 00 W. C. Anderson 50 00 Wm. H. Hopkins 25 00 Jos. B. Robinson 100 00 Jeremiah Hunt 100 00 Oliver Ormsby 100 00 Sam'l Kidd 50 00 John Brown .... 25 00 Thomas Ashburn $100 00 H. Bechtle 100 00 John Jones 50 00 Jacob Baymiller 200 00 Thomas Graham 300 00 Andrew Hopple 5000 Sam'l Yonarsr carp, w'rk 100 00 Wm. Casey 50 00 Charles Marsh 25 00 Jabez C. Ferris 5000 John Armstrong 200 00 Henry Hafer 50 00 Stephen Butler 25 00 John Heighway 2500 Rob't Archibald 75 00 Thos. Sloo, jr 3000 Total $16,74500 This eventuated in the building of the celebrated ■'two-horned " church, so familiar a landmark here in the early day, and sometimes mentioned in the narratives of distinguished travellers. It was situated just in rear of the old building, which continued to be occupied while the construction of the new edifice went on. It was of brick, but plain, with two square towers, crowned with cupolas, flanking the front, which gave it the well-known title. It is reputed to have cost $16,000, and not to have been entirely finished until about 1815. The Cin- cinnati Directory of 1819 thus describes it: The church belonging to the First Presbyterinn Society stands upon the public square fronting on Main street, and has two cupolas, one at each corner of the front. It is a very spacious bricl. building, 85 by 68 feet. Its height from the ground to the eaves is 40, and to the top of the cupolas 80 feet. In the rear of the building is an octagonal pro- jection for a vestry. The inside is divided into 112 pews, and five broad aisles. THE CHURCH OF THE PIONEERS (FIRST PRESBYTERIAN). The lower part of the turrets were used for staircases, which were entered without passing into the house. The design, although a great improvement on the old build- ing, was not considered in very good taste. Dr. Drake, giving a description of it in 1815, while saying the edifice was "very spacious," also said that "the aspect of the building is low and heavy " The pulpit and platform were built into the projection in the rear 'of the church, and the minister, before he was called to take part in the services, sat on the rear of this platform, behind a purple curtain. When the old frame had outlived its usefulness to the Presbyterians, it was purchased by the Rev. William Burke, for use by an independent or Radical Methodist church, and removed to the west side of Vine street, about half way between Fourth and Fifth streets, where the east end of the Emery Arcade now is. Here it stood, commonly known as Burke's Church, until the spring of 1847, when it was broken up, and the timbers, most of which were still perfectly sound, and other material, used for framing five cottages at and near the northwest cor- ner of Clark and Cutter streets, in the part of the city then called "Texas." Three of these cottages are now standing, or were at a very recent date. One sill was retained by Mr. Burke and cut up into memorial canes for himself and his pioneer friends. The Rev. Joshua Lacy Wilson, D. D., under whose ministrations the new structure was built and the church interests otherwise greatly forwarded, was a native of Bedford county, Virginia, born September 22, 1774. He was taken with his father's family to Kentucky in 1781, where in due time he undertook a course in theological HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 151 study and was ordained to the ministry by the Presbytery of Transylvania. His first pastorate was over the Bards- town and Big Spring Presbyterian churches in 1804, when he was thirty years old. In June, 1808, he took charge of the First Presbyterian church in Cincinnati and remained pastor thereof during the long term of almost thirty-eight years, or untilhis death March 14, 1846, in the seventy-second year of his age and the forty-second of his ministry. His remains rest in Spring Grove Ceme- tery, and his memory is an abiding part of the annals of religion in Cincinnati. The Hon. E. D. Mansfield, in one of his publications, bears the following testimony to the character of Dr. Wilson : The city he found a village of one thousand inhabitants, and left it, at his death, with one hundred thousand. In this period Dr. Wilson maintained throughout the same uniform character and the same in- flexible firmness in principle. He was a man of ardent tempera- ment, with great energy and decision of character. The principles he once adopted he held with indomitable courage and unyielding tenac- ity. He was not only a Presbyterian, but one of the strictest sect. It is not strange, therefore, that he contended with earnestness for what he thought the faith once delivered to the saints, and that in this he sometimes appeared as much of the soldier as the saint. In conse- quence of these characteristics, many persons supposed him a harsh or bigoted man. But this was a mistake, unless to be in earnest is harsh- ness, and to maintain one's principles bigotry. On the contrary, Dr. Wilson was kind, charitable, and in those things he thought right, liberal. Among these was the great cause of popular education. Of this he was a most zealous advocate, but demanded that education should be founded on religion, and the Bible should be a primary element in all public education. In 1827 the church was considerably remodeled and improved. The next year was characterized by a very great and notable revival, which had the honor of a day of commemoration service a half century later, when about fifty persons converted under its influences were still living, and about half of these were present. In the sermon preached on that occasion by the Rev. Dr. S. R. Wilson, of Louisville, son of the pastor of 1808-46, who was a boy of ten years at the time of the revival, and was one of its converts, he presented the following interesting reminiscences : Let us represent to our minds some of the more striking features of the city at that time and of this place, where occurred that mighty work of the Spirit and Word of God. You must dismiss from your mind all the magnificence of to-day ; reduce its population, and im- agining this beautiful plateau covered to a large extent with trees, dotted with houses and garden-plats, while the environment of hills is covered with woods that form a beautiful background. The streets were shaded, and the heat which we now feel from building and pave- ment was not felt then. Take away this building and the surrounding buildings, and place there (to the right) a large space surrounded by tombs and tombstones, among which children played till the bell called them into the church. The church building accommodated one thou- sand two hundred persons on the lower floor ; five hundred or six hun- dred more could be given room in the broad and long aisle, while the gallery had sittings for one thousand two hundred or one thousand five hundred. The pulpit was almost as high as the choir, and back of it was a vestry-room for prayer-meetings and Sunday school. During the winter of 1827-8 more than ordinary 'relig- ious interest was manifest in the church assemblies, and at a meeting of the Cincinnati Presbytery early in April it was unanimously resolved : jrjrst — That the members of this Presbytery will spend a portion of time in special prayer between sunset and dark, every evening. Second — That those who have not already engaged their people in this agreement will use their best endeavors to do so. Third — That twilight prayer shall have for its objects revivals of re- ligion in our own hearts, in our families and churches through all this country, and throughout the whole world, that the kingdoms of this world may become the kingdoms of our Lord and of his Christ. Soon afterwards the assistance of two Tennessee cler- gymen — the Rev. Messrs. James Gallaher and Frederick A. Ross, who were doing successful evangelistic work in Kentucky — was obtained, and they came about the mid- dle of June. Both were effective preachers; but one of them, as in the later days of Moody and Sankey, Whittle and Bliss, and other pairs of lay-preachers, had a power- ful auxiliary in a splendid voice for singing. What fol- lowed is best told in the words of Mr. Ross, in a letter which he wrote from Huntsville, Alabama, for the com- memoration service, when he was in his eighty-second year : From Wednesday, when we began, until Monday, there was, seem- ingly to us, not the slightest impression made, and, being totally dis- couraged, we told Dr. Wilson Monday morning, after breakfast, we had made up our minds to go back to Kentucky the next day, if the meeting that night should be so thinly attended and so without life as the previous ones had been. Dr. Wilson then suggested that the " anxious seat " had never been tried in Ohio, and that he. had been afraid of it. But he was now persuaded, from the prudent way we had used it, to see what effect it would have that night. Accordingly, after the sermon, he, I well remember, placed a chair in front of the pulpit, stood on it, and simply said in substance that he had told us that he had made up his mind to try the measure. Gallaher then gave one of his rousing appeals, Twenty came. The spirit was in Cincin- nati. He had heard the Macedonian cry and had come over the river. The next morning there was an inquirers' meeting at nine o'clock, in Dr. Wilson's house, when it was determined that at the night service we would defer the appeal to the impenitent, and request Christians of the church to come, who felt they had backslidden or were cold in duty. Of course when the call was made the very best members were soon on the bench — Mr. Wilson the first one. The effect, as expected, was great and delightful. That huge building showed that night the interest already felt. We had to go Wednesday to Maysville, Kentucky, but engaged to , lecture on the Tuesday following. We did so, and the Wednesday thereafter we began our work in Cincinnati in the moral certainty that the city was moved. That Wednesday was the Fourth of July. But God had ordered, and every soldier and all the patriotic gunpowder rejoicings went boldly out of town, and it was calmer than any other day, hardly a shop open, and every one free to hear the gospel under conditions most favorable. Suffice, the meeting, preaching, and inquiries went on with great power. The church was filled, floors and galleries, and a little court, leading from a side door into the street, was frequently so jammed 'twas hard to get in or out. On the next Sabbath one hundred and fifty were admitted to the First church, and, I think, about the same number the next Sabbath in the Second church. I can not recall, for I write entirely from memory, how many weeks we were in Cincinnati and the neighborhood, spending one series of meetings in Dayton. But 'tis my impression, when we finally took our leave, five hundred, or thereabouts, had made profession in Cincinnati alone. On Sunday, July 27th, fifteen persons had been re- ceived into the First church by letter, eighty upon the knowledge had of them as occasional communicants in the church, and three hundred and thirty-three on pro- fession of their faith — nearly or quite all as a result of this revival. The congregations had frequently num- bered three thousand, which was then one-seventh of the entire population of the city. The church had now over six hundred communicants. The church building now occupied by this society on Fourth street, a few doors west of Main, near but not upon the site of its other churches, was built in 1853, at *S 2 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. a cost of sixty thousand dollars. Its most remarkable fea- ture is a loity spire, two hundred and eighty-five feet high — ten feet higher than that of Trinity church, New York — surmounted by a huge gilt hand, pointing heavenward. During 1880 the audience-room of this house was thoroughly repaired and refitted. The records of the Second Presbyterian church, of Cincinnati, begin January 29, 1816, although its organi- zation was not completed until the next year. It was at first mainly a colony from the First church, and included in the society, then or subsequently, some of the most solid men in the city, as Judge Jacob Burnet, Martin Baum, John H. Groesbeck, Timothy S. Goodman, John T. Drake, Jonathan Bates, Nathaniel Wright, Henry Starr, and the like. Of the first eleven members, how- ever, only four were men. The society worshipped in various places about the city, at private houses and school- rooms, for about two years. In 181 7-18 a small frame house was put up for the church near the northeast corner of Walnut and Fifth streeK Modest and inexpensive as was this building, its erection was not accomplished with- out trouble and anxiety. Once the work stopped for want of lumber, of which there was none in the city. At a prayer-meeting soon after, the Loid's hilp to forward the work was earnestly asked, and the next morning the eyes of the brethren were gladdened with the sight of a raft of lumber in the river, from which an ample supply was obtained very cheaply. The purchase of a lot of window-sash at half-piice, which the contractor for the new court-house had upon his hands, also aided to get the house up rapidly and at small cost. The society was formally incorporated on the nth of Februaiy, 1829, and laid the corner-stone of anew church on the following 13th of May. A lot had been bought on the south side of Fourth street, between Vine and Race, from the Bank of the United States, for five thousand dollars, and the building itself cost thirty thousand dollars, which was raised with much difficulty. Indeed, much of it was not raised for years after the building was erected and occupied. Only one out of four installments for the ground had been paid when the last fell due, May 1, 183 1. The bank obtained judgment in ejectment, but allowed the church to remain; and in January, 1838, a deed was given by the society and note and mortgage given for the balance due, then amounting to four thousand three hundred and sixty-seven dollars. The building, however, went up with reasonable speed, was dedicated May 20, 1830, and occupied for forty-two years, or until April 28, 1872, when, with fitting memo- rial services, it was abandoned for the fine edifice now used, on the southwest corner of Eighth and Elm streets. Among the earliest preachers to this church were the Revs. Samuel Robinson, William Arthur, and John Thomson, father of Rev. Dr. W. M. Thomson, the dis- tinguished S)rian missionary and writer upon the Floly Land. The application of the church to the presbytery for a minister to supply them, included the offer of a salary of five hundred and fifty dollars a year. Rev. David Root was the first settled pastor. He was called September 4, 1819, but did not take up his work here for more than a year, remaining then continuously until the spring of 1830. He was paid, nominally, one thousand dollars per year, but is not believed to have realized more than two-thirds of that amount, at a coin valuation. Dr. Lyman Beecher, president of Lane Semi- nary, was the next pastor, and underwent his trial for heresy, upon the prosecution of the Rev. Dr. Wilson, in his own church building. During his pastorate of nearly eleven years, five hundred and fort)' ptrsons were "admit- ted to the church, two hundred and forty of them on profession of faiih. Beecher was then in the prime of his splendid powers — "original and somewhat peculiar," says Mr. Wright in his Memorial Address, from v\hich we abridge this narrathe, "both in manner and thought. In preaching, his most striking passages seemed the inspira- tion of the moment — when he raised his spectacles to his forehead and his sparkling eyes to the audience, and something came forth which struck us like electricity. He was deeply reverential at heart, though sometimes his strong, abrupt language seemed almost to belie it; as on one occasion I remember he said in' prayer, 'O Lord, keep us from despising our rulers, and keep them from acting so that we can't help it.' " . Later pastors were: The Revs. John P. Cleveland, August 2, 1843, to December, 1845; Samuel W. Fisher, April, 1847, to July, 1848,'when he resigned to take the presidency of Hamilton College; M. L. P. Thompson, March, 1859, to May, 1865; James L. Robertson, May, 1867, to November, 1870; and Thomas H. Skinner, D. D., the present incumbent of the pastorate, who was called July 12, 1871, and entered upon his duties with the church in the ensuing November. The additions to the church, from its beginnings until April 1, 1872, were one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, including eight hundred and forty-seven on profession. Its benevolent contributions, for ten years ending April 1, 1857, reached the large sum of seventy thousand six hundred dollars, and for ten subsequent years . seventy thousand and ninety dollars. In addition over nine thousand dollars a year was raised, during part of this time, for the regular expenses of the church. The George street Presbyterian church, afterwards the Seventh street, was colonized from this church in the spring of 1843. The church on Poplar street, near Freeman, is the outgrowth of a mission school, established, with several others, by the Voung Men's Home Missionary society, which originated in the Second church in 1 848. Mr. William H. Neff was its first president. Its labors were then directed to the suppoit of a missionary in Iowa; but when his work became self-supporting the society devoted its energies to the founding of mission schools in the city and other useful labors. The Ladies' City Missionary society is of this church. The Young Men's Bible society also originated with it; and the Young Men's Christian Union, as well as other religious and charitable enterprises in the city, has been greatly aided by its members. The Sunday-school of the church has been a strong arm from the beginning. It numbered about three hundred when its first report was i4d*yUHf€^> 4k HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. iS3 made to the Sunday-school Union fifty-three years ago (1827). A second Sabbath- school, for afternoon ses- sions, was organized in February, 1870. A German mis- sion-school was established at the corner of Thirteenth and Walnut streets in 1846, and numbered among its early superintendents Messrs. E. S. Padgett and Peter R. Neff, and Dr. W. H. Mussey. Other mission-school enterprises have been successfully undertaken from time to time, independent of those under the auspices of the Young Men's Home Missionary society. The Third Presbyterian church was an offshoot from the First in the early part of 1829. The meeting of the session of the First, to grant letters to such as wished to join the new organization, was held January 2 2d, of that year. Two elders and about forty others from that church formed the colony which started the Third, which erected a building on Second street. \ The First Presbyterian Church on Walnut Hills was founded in 1819. The Rev. Peter H. Kemper, a rela- tive of James Kemper, the pioneer preacher in Cincin- nati, was the first pastor, and for many years the pasto- rate was held by members of the Kemper family. The Lane Seminary Presbyterian church, organized in 1831, was united with this January 6, 1879, by a committee of Presbytery consisting of the Rev. Drs. J. G. Monfort and Z. M. Humphrey, and the late Elder A. H. Hinkle. The corner stone of the new edifice for this church was laid September 13, 1880, on the northeast coiner of Gilbert avenue and Locust street. The membership of the church is about three hundred. Rev. George H. Fuller- ton is the present pastor. In June, 1845, the general assembly of the Presby- terian church met in Cincinnati for its second meeting in the west. About two hundred ministers and delegates were present, "generally fine looking men," said Mr. Cist in his Miscellany, "with much less of the rigorous Scotch and Scotch-Irish cast of features than might be expected from the great element of their descent. METHODISM.* As we have seen above, Presbyterianism was first of all denominational religions on the ground in Cincinnati. For about thirteen years thereafter no Methodist church was organized in the village. But in 1798 one of the vigorous, rugged pioneer preachers, the Rev. John Kob- ler, presiding elder of a district in Kentucky, embracing the Lexington, Danville, and Cumberland circuits, and who had been sent by Bishop Asbury as a missionary to the Northwest Territory, came riding out of the wilder- ness, no one knew whence, to scout the field for Method- ism on the site of Cincinnati. In a communication long afterwards to the Western Historical society, he wrote: I rode down the Miami river thirty-six miles to explore this region- of country. I found settlements very sparse indeed, only now and then a solitary family. About four o'clock in the afternoon I came to an old garrison called Fort Washington, situated on the bank of the big river, * Our principal authority for that part of this section dealing with the beginnings of Methodism in Cincinnati, and its growth for fift years, is Finley's Sketches of Western Methodism. which bore very much the appearance of a declining, time-stricken, God-forsaken place. Here are a few log buildings extra of the fortress, and a few families residing together, with a small printing office just put in operation, and a small store opened by a gentleman named Snodgrass. This, I was told, was the great place of rendezvous of olden time for the federal troops when going to war with the Indians. Here, alas, General St. Clair made his last encampment with his troops before he met his lamentable defeat; here I wished very much to preach, but could find no opening or reception of any kind whatever. I left the old garrison to pursue my enterprise, with a full intention to visit it again, and make another effort with them on my next round; but this I did not do for the following reasons, namely : When I had gone a second round on my appointment, and further explored the set- tlemenls and circumstances of the country, there were some places where the opening prospects appeared much more promising than what I had seen in Fort Washington; and I was eager to take every advantage of time and things, by collecting what first was already ap- parent, by forming societies and building up those already formed; so that in-a few rounds I had nearly .lost sight of old Fort Washington, and finally concluded that it would be most proper for me, under the existing circumstances, at least for the present, to omit it altogether. Judge McLean, in his biographical sketch of the Rev. Philip Gatch, furnishes the following reminiscence of this pioneer preacher: I frequently heard him, and shall never forget his appearance and manner. My curiosity to hear him was excited by the account given of him by the son of Captain Davis, who was a few years older than I was. His time was almost wholly taken up, as represented by young Davis, in reading and praying; that, although he was kind in his manner and sociable, yet a smile was seldom seen on his face, but he was often seen to weep. I heard him often, and was always impressed much with his discourse, and especially with his prayers. He was tall and well-pro- portioned; his hair was black, and he wore it long, extending over the cape of his coat. His dress was neat, with a straight-breasted coat, and in every respect as became a Methodist preacher of that day. He had a most impressive countenance. It showed no ordinary intellectual development, united with sweetness of disposition, unconquerable firm- ness, and uncommon devotion. His preaching never failed to attract the deep attention of every hearer. . . His manner was very deliberate at the commencement of a discourse; but as he pro- gressed he became more animated and his words more powerful. He awakened in himself and in his Christian audience a sublimated feeling in the contemplation of Heaven, and in those who had a foreboding of future ill unspeakable horrors. On these topics he was eloquent. In- deed, his mind was well stored with information, and in every point of view he was a most useful and excellent preacher. His aims were more at the heart than the head. The Methodist preachers of that day be- lieved if the heart were made right, it would influence the life and con- duct of the individual. The next year (1799) — traditions, not official minutes, say — came Lewis Hunt to ride the Miami circuit, which, with Scioto circuit, embraced the entire southern and western parts of the present State of Ohio. He broke down in the summer of that year, and Rev. H. Smith was sent to take his place; but, meeting him on Mad river, Smith found him so far recovered as to go on with his work, and left him for the Scioto, to form a circuit there. Hunt and another of the pioneer Methodists in this region, Rev. Elisha Bowman, are known to have preached at the fort occasionally, notwithstanding Kob- ler's ill-success in getting even a temporary lodgment there; also Rev. William Burke, who, as presiding elder of the Ohio district, preached in the court house here in 1805, and over a year before that, soon after the Meth- odist society was formed in the village, preached in the dwelling of Mr. Newcome, one of the early Methodists, on Sycamore street. He was still living in Cincinnati in 1854. It is well known, at all events, that a Methodist class was formed at Fort Washington at an early day, even be- *54 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. fore the eighteenth century went out; but by whom has not yet been discovered, although the inquiry has been actively pushed in various directions. Methodism in Cincinnati, however, is considered properly to date from the visit to the village, about 1803, of John Collins, a young and active farmer, residing far in the wilderness on the East fork of the Little Miami. He had been licensed in New Jersey, his old home, as a local preacher, and exercised his gifts as such frequently after his arrival in the' Miami country, making his own settlement partic- ularly a stronghold of Methodism. Visiting Cincinnati to buy salt, he found that Mr. Carter, in whose store he had called, was a Methodist; and, after a joyful greeting, it was arranged that young Collins should hold a preach- ing service before he departed. The upper room of Mr. Carter's house, on Front street between Walnut and Vine, was provided with benches, and as wide notice as possi- ble given of the appointment; but when the evening came, only twelve were present, most of whom were Methodists. To this handful Collins preached, it is be- lieved, the first Methodist sermon ever spoken in Cincin- nati, outside the stockade of the fort. A small class formed "as the planting of a handful of corn on the tops of the mountains, the increasing and ever multiply- ing products of which were to shake with the fruitage of Lebanon.'' He also organized the first classes in Colum- bia and Dayton, was admitted to the itinerancy in 1807, was appointed at once to the Miami circuit, then em- bracing nearly all the region afterwards included in the Cincinnati conference, and labored with great power, es- pecially in the camp meetings, for more than a quarter of century in southwestern Ohio. It was at one of his re- vivals that John McLean, afterward one of the justices of the Federal supreme court, and his brother, Colonel Mc- Lean, were converted. Two years before he closed his effective labors he was regularly stationed in Cincinnati, his colleague then being the Rev. J. B. Finley. The writer of A Sketch of the Life of Rev. John Col- lins makes the following interesting reflections upon the scene attending the preaching of the first Methodist ser- mon in Cincinnati : Will the reader linger a moment on that remarkable congregation of twelve — not remarkable- for their positions in society, but as the first as- semblage of Methodists, to hear a sermon by a Methodist preacher, in a town which, in a few years, was to become noted for Methodism? In the small apartment, lighted with one or two flickering candles, sat the twelve. The preacher performed his duty most faithfully and affec- tionately. Many tears were shed. Some wept under a conviction of their sins, others from a joyful hope of the future. The speaker had a word for each hearer, and it took effect. There were no dry eyes nor unfeeling hearts in the congregation. How small and how feeble was this beginning; and yet who can limit the consequences which follow- ed it? Mr. Carter took his text for this sermon from Mark xvi, 15, 16: "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is babtised shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned." Mr. Carter was the only one of those present who was able to entertain the preacher during his stay in the village. In 1804 the Rev. John Sale, who had been travelling the Scioto circuit, was assigned to the Miami circuit, with Rev. J. Oglesby. The Ohio district, the first in the State, had been organized the previous year; Rev. Wil- liam Burke, presiding elder. Sale soon visited Cincin- nati, and preached to a congregation numbering thirty or forty, in a house on Main street, between Front and Second. Mr. Finley, in his Sketches, thus continues the narrative : After preaching, a proposition was made to organize a society in the usual way, and according to the discipline of the church. Accordingly, a chapter was read from the Bible; then followed singing, prayer, and the reading of the General Rules of the society. All then who felt de- sirous of becoming members of the society, and were willing to abide by the General Rules as they had been read, came forward and gave in their names. The number who presented themselves on that occasion was only eight, consisting of the following, namely: Mr. and Mrs. Carter, their son and daughter [the latter afterwards Mrs. Dennison, mother of Governor Dennison, and long a resident of Cincinnati], Mr. and Mrs. Gibson, and Mr. and Mrs. St. Clair. Mr. Gibson was ap- pointed the reader. A regular church being organized, arrangements were made to have preaching regularly every two weeks by the circuit preachers. The so- ciety received an accession in the ensuing spring by the arrival in town of two Methodist families, namely, those of Messrs. Nelson and Hall, and their families. . Meetings were held in the little old log school-house below the hill, and not far from the old fort. The location of this school-house was such as to accommodate the villagers; and as its site was somewhere not far from the intersection of Lawrence and Congress streets, it is presumed that this portion of the town was the most thickly inhabited. Sometimes the rowdies would stone the house; and on one occasion Ezekiel Hall, a zealous Methodist, and one who was always present to lead the singing, was taken by the rowdies after meeting, and carried to his home on Main street, where, after giving him three hearty cheers for his zeal and fortitude, they left him. The rioters were followed by two very strong young men, who were mem- bers of the church, and had determined at all hazards to protect their feeble brother. The young men were Benjamin Stewart, now [1854] living near Carthage, in this county, and Robert Richardson, now living on Broadway, in this city." After serving through his first appointment on the Miami circuit, and several years in the Kentucky and Ohio districts, Mr. Sale was sent to the Miami district upon its creation in 1808, again in 1815, and finally in 1819, end- ing a useful life near Troy, Ohio, while on the Piqua cir- cuit, January 15, 1827. He was a worthy man to be among the founders of Methodism in the Queen City. The next year (1805) the Rev. John Meek was ap- pointed to this circuit, in place of Mr. Sale, who was re- turned to the Lexington circuit in Kentucky. The first love-feast the Methodists here enjoyed was at a quarterly meeting this year, held in the court house, under the direction of the Rev. William Burke, presiding elder. Soon afterwards, in the same year, a large lot for a church edifice and a cemetery, after the custom of those times, was purchased on Fifth street, between Syca- more and Broadway, the present site of Wesley chapeL The erection of a stone church was promptly begun upon the lot; and it was finished and dedicated in 1806. Mr. Finley says : From this point the society increased rapidly, and it was not long till the native eloquence of the backwoods preachers and the zeal of the membership attracted large congregations, and the church was too small to hold the crowds that collected there to hear the word of life. The building, however, was too small, only being about twenty feet wide and forty long. To accommodate the increasing masses, who crowded to the ' ' Old Stone, " the rear end was taken out and twenty feet of brick added to it. Notwithstanding this enlargement, still there was not a sufficient room, and it was resolved to make arrange- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i5S ments for other enlargements. It was concluded to take out the sides of the brick part, and extend the building out each way twenty feet, this giving the church the form of a cross. After some time this last improvement was made, and though the congregations still continued gradually to increase with the ever-increasing population, yet it was many years before any movement was contemplated to meet these wants. At length, however, it was resolved to tear down and build on the site of the "Old Stone" a mammoth church, which would not only be the parent Methodist church in Cincinnati, but which would be suf- ficiently large for all occasions. Colonies had already gone out from the old parent church, and had located preaching places in several parts of the city. One of these was located on the northeast corner of Plum and Fourth streets. Here the brethren erected a plain, substantial brick church, which in progress of time was called the "Old Brick," to distinguish it from the "Old Stone;" and it was also designated by a certain class as "Brimstone Corner." . Another charge was formed in the northern por- tion of the city, which was called Asbury, and also one in Fulton, de- nominated McKendree Chapel. The time had at length come for the erection of a large central church ; and, the arrangements being made, the "Old Stone," with its brick ap- pendages, was torn down, and from its ruins arose a mighty structure, denominated Wesley Chapel. It was dedicated in 1831 ; at that time the largest church in the place, and at the present time [1854] capable of holding a larger congregation than any building in the city. On ac- count of its capacity, as well as its location in the heart of the city, it is selected on all great occasions. The address of the Hon. John Quincy Adams, on the occasion of laying the corner-stone of the Astro- nomical Observatory, was delivered here. Here the various large be- nevolent societies hold their anniversaries. It was here, to listening thousands, the eloquent Bascom delivered his lectures on the evidences of Christianity ; and it was in this old cradle of Methodism the log- ical and earnest Rice delivered his course on the subject of Roman- ism. The "Old Brick," of which we have already spoken, was built in 1822 ; but after several years, during which it became a place of hal- lowed memories, on accQunt of the numerous conversions which had been witnessed at its altars, it was necessary to enlarge the borders of our Western Zion in this place, and hence preparations we're made to erect a new church. In the meantime, however, a colony had gone out from Fourth street, and had built a fine church edifice on Ninth street. Instead of tearing down and rebuilding, it was determined to purchase a lot on Western Row, between Fourth and Fifth streets. Here the congregation built a very neat and commodious church, which was de- nominated Morris Chapel, in honor of our beloved Western Bishop. But Methodist enterprise did not stop here. Asbury Chapel, in the northern part of the city, was consumed by fire ; but the zealous brotherhood erected near its ruins a new and handsome edifice. Colo- nies from Morris Chapel and Ninth street went out, having among their number some of the most zealous and efficient of their member- ship, and founded Christie Chapel and Salem, York Street and Park Street Chapels, all having now energetic and active memberships. And last, not least, in" that direction, from these, in their turn, was formed Clinton Street Chapel, a young but vigorous branch of Methodism. In the meantime Bethel Chapel was founded by a colony from old Wesley and McKendree ; and the trustees are now [1854] engaged in erecting a new and beautiful church on Ellen street. Nor do we stop here ; col- onies from the different charges have founded societies and erected churches on Walnut Hills, in the Mears neighborhood, and Mt. Auburn. In addition to these was the Union Chapel society, composed originally of a few members of various charges, who wished their families to sit together, instead of sepa- rating the sexes in the old way, as the discipline pre- scribed; and so founded the first pewed Methodist church in the city, buying for the purpose the Grace church edi- fice, on Seventh street, till then owned by the Episco- palians. On account of their new departure, this society was long disowned by the annual conference, and was compelled to employ local preachers and set up a pro- visional government. At length the case was submitted to the general conference, which struck out of the disci- pline the old regulation — "Let the men and women sit apart, without exception, in all our churches;" and then Union Chapel was gladly admitted to full Methodist fel- lowship. In 1854 it had the largest Sabbath-school in the city, and pledged itself to support a missionary to Rome, as soon as Papal toleration would permit it. About this time Dr. Finley notes the Methodist Epis- copal Church South as having in Cincinnati a large and flourishing congregation; and the Protestant Methodist church, on Sixth street, as "a large, intelligent and en- terprising society, supporting one or two mission churches in the city." In 1836 the Cincinnati Methodists undertook a mis- sion to the numerous and increasing German population of the city, under the direction of Dr. William Nast, who had been a student and Professor of Greek and Oriental literature at Tubingen, in association with the celebrated skeptical biographer of Christ, Dr. Strauss. In this coun- try he became a professor at Kenyon college ; but, being converted to Methodism, he came to Cincinnati to labor, in the face of many difficulties and much persecution, among his fellow-countrymen. He became editor of the Christliche Apologete, a German religious journal of large circulation, and otherwise engaged laboriously in the formation of a German Methodist literature. Within twenty years the influence of the mission had spread far and wide. Says Mr. Finley, writing in 1854: "It went back to the east; and the large cities and towns, as far as Boston, had missionaries sent to them, and societies were organized all over the land, from Maine to Louisiana. From this mere handful of corn what a mighty harvest has already been gathered! In Cincinnati there are four churches, some quite large; and in almost every large town where there are Germans, churches have been erected. No mission was ever established since the days of Pentecost that has been attended with greater suc- cess." He considered this, down to that time, as "the. crowning glory of Methodism in the city, if not in the en- tire west." Another Methodist enterprise, taking its start in 1840, was the establishment of the Wesleyan Female college. The story of this will be narrated elsewhere. The following-named Methodist preachers were among the itinerants of the early day on the Cincinnati circuit : 181 1. — Rev. William Young. One of his charges was at North Bend, and while riding from Cincinnati to his appointment there one extremely cold day in December, he took a cold which resulted in consumption and ter- minated his very promising life at the age of twenty-five. 1812. — Revs. William Burke and John Strange. The former says in his Autobiography : At the conference held at Chillicothe in the fall of 1811, I was ap- pointed to Cincinnati station, it being the first station in the State of Ohio. I organized the station, and many of the rules and regulations that I established are still [1854] in use. We had but one church in the city, and it went under the name of the Stone church. I preached three times every Sunday, and on Wednesday night; and while sta- tioned in that house my voice failed me. The Methodists being too poor to buy a stove to warm the house in winter, and on Sunday morn- ing it being generally crowded, their breath would condense on the walls, and the water would run down and across the floor. The next conference I did not attend, but was appointed supernumerary on the Cincinnati circuit. . . I was the first married preacher in the west who travelled after marrying. Elder Burke preached for nearly sixty years, and his is !56 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. a great and venerable name in the annals of western Methodism. Mr. Strange was also an able and useful laborer, but was called away when he had attained scarcely half the years of his former colleague in Cincin- nati. 1816-17. — Rev. Alexander Cummins. Rev. Russel Bigelow, who had labored with Mr. Cummins on the Miami circuit, bears testimony to "his zeal, piety, and usefulness, . . his devotion, his fervor, his diligence, his watchfulness, his anxiety, his pathetic ser- mons, his fervent prayers." He afterwards became a presiding elder in Kentucky, and died at his home in Cincinnati September 27, 1823, aged only thirty-six years. A remarkable incident occurred during the session of the western conference in Cincinnati, in 1813. It is thus related by Mr. Finley: There being no church on Sabbath large enough to hold the congre- gation, or rather the vast crowds which attended upon the ministrations of the occasion, we adjourned to the Lower Market space, on Lower Market street, between Sycamore and Broadway. The services com- menced at eleven o'clock. The Rev. Learner Blackman preached from the third petition of the Lord's prayer, "Thy kingdom come." He was followed by brother Parker [presiding elder of a district embracing the whole of the present States of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, and a preacher of great eloquence and power] with a sermon on the fourth petition of the same prayer, "Thy will be done." After he had con- cluded, brother James Ward gave an exhortation, after the manner of olden time. Then followed brother John Collins [he who preached the pioneer sermon of 1803], who, from the same butcher's block whereon the preachers had stood, commenced, with a soft and silvery voice, to sell the shambles, as only John Collins could, in the market. These he made emblematic of a full salvation, without money and without price. It was not long till the vast assembly were in tears at the melting, mov- ing strains of the eloquent preacher. On invitation a large number came forward and kneeled down for an interest in the prayers of God's people. We joined with them and other ministers who were present heartily in the work; and before the meeting closed in the market-house many souls were happily converted to God. The tragic fate of one of the participants in this memorable scene, the Rev. Learner Blackman, is also a part of the history of Cincinnati. In the fall of 18 15, having been re-appointed to the Cumberland district, in Kentucky, and returning thither with his young wife, to whom he had been but a short time married, from a visit to his brother-in-law, Rev. John Collins, he took the ferry boat at Cincinnati, to cross to Covington. It is described as "a crazy craft, with sails and paddles;" and while crossing, the hoisting of the sails by the ferryman so frightened the horses attached to Mr. Blackman's vehicle that, despite all his efforts, they plunged overboard, drag- ging him with them. He was a good swimmer and a strong, man; but must have become entangled in the harness or under the carriage, or perhaps was struck and stunned in the mad rush of the affrighted animals; for he sank at once to rise no more. He was a young preacher of uncommon energy and ability, and his loss was deeply mourned by the denomination. About 1822 Rev. John Flavel Wright was stationed in Cincinnati, with Rev. Leroy Swormstedt as his colleague. Upon his return to this station in 1827 occurred the mem- orable secession from the church which resulted in the organization of the Methodist Protestant church. There was much excitement in the city, and many influential families left their old societies and united with the new. "Yet," says the memoir of Dr. Wright, read at the annual conference of 1880, "so wisely and prudently did Mr. Wright administer the affairs of Methodism in Cincinna- ti, that, notwithstanding the large secession, he was able, at the close of his two years' pastorate, to report an in- crease of about two hundred members." He was elect- ed agent of the Book Concern in Cincinnati in 1832, and filled the place ably for twelve years, when he re- sumed preaching in Wesley chapel, in the city. In the first year of the Rebellion he served as chaplain of the First Kentucky regiment, and was afterwards chaplain to the military hospitals in Cincinnati. September 13, 1879, in his eighty-third year, he went to his reward. The Miami circuit first appears in the minutes of the annual conference for 1800; but no preacher's name ap- pears in connection with it, nor had the district (which is not named, like all the districts of this year, and previous to this time) any presiding elder in the minutes. The next year the Scioto and Miami circuit, of the Kentucky district, had the Rev. Henry Smith for its rider. Then, 1862, came Benjamin Young and Elisha W. Bowman to the Scioto and Miami circuit of the Kentucky district, Western conference (conferences were not before named in the lists of appointments). The last named of these preachers is mentioned alone for the Miami circuit in 1803; but John Sale and Joseph Oglesby were together thereon the next year. John Meek and Abraham Amos are colleagues on the "Miami and Mad River circuit" in 1805.. In 1806 the one circuit becomes two; Elder Benjamin Lakin and Joshua Riggin are sent to Miami, and John Sale becomes presiding elder of the Ohio dis- trict; the elder has John Collins for colleague the next year; and in 1808 Samuel Parker and Hector Sandford ride the still large circuit. The succeeding year sees the division of the Ohio district into the Miami and Mus- kingum districts, with John Sale and James Quinn as presiding elders. " Cincinnati " is now the name of the circuit, and thenceforth it appears regularly upon the minutes. Elder William Houston and John Sinclair are the first itinerants upon it; Elder Solomon Langdon and Moses Crume the next, in 1810; and 181 1 returns. Benjamin Lakin, with William Young as colleague; 1812 furnishes Elder William Burke*and John Strange; 1813 brought Elder Burke to Cincinnati alone, while Elder Samuel Heliums takes a new circuit, called the "Little Miami;" 18 14, Elder William Lambdin to Cincinnati, Elder Burke and Ebenezer David to the Little Miami ; 1815, Elders Joseph Oglesby and John Waterman to Cincinnati and Miami combined; 18 16, William Dixon to the former, and Elder Alexander Cummins and Rus- sel Bigelow to the latter; in 1817 Brother Cummins goes to Cincinnati, and Elder Abbot Goddard and William P. Finley go to Miami; 1818 finds Mr. Cummins still in Cincinnati, the first preacher appointed for a second con- secutive year, and Benjamin Lawrence at Miami; 18 19, Elder Quinn comes from the Scioto district, where he has long labored, to Cincinnati, and Miami has Samuel West and Henry Mathews; and in 1820 the former gets El- ders Quinn and Truman Bishop, and the latter Elder HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. iS7 William Dixon and Robert Delap. The Apostolic suc- cession thenceforth to the Queen City is as follows: 1 82 1-2. — Elder John Collins, preacher of the first Methodist sermon in Cincinnati. His labors here during the two years were greatly blest. The next year he was at Chillicothe, in 1824 was returned to the Cincinnati district, and in 1834 was again on the Cincinnati station, soon after which he was superannuated, and died August 22, 1845. He is buried at the Bethel meeting house, near his old home. 1823. — Elders Leroy Swormstedt and John F. Wright. 1824. — Elders Russell Bigelow and Truman Bishop. 1825-6. — Elders William H. Ra- per and John P. Durbin. 1827. — Elders Truman Bish- op and George Hatch. 1828. — Elders John F. Wright and John A. Baughman. 1829.— Elder John F. Wight and Wesley Browning. 1830. — Messrs. Wesley Brown- ing, James B. Finley, and William B. Christie. 1831. — Messrs. James B.. Finley, Nathan Emery, Edmund W. Sehon, and Samuel A. Latta. 1832. — Messrs. Nathan Emery, Edmund W. Sehon, Thomas A. Morris, and Wil- liam B. Christie. 1833. — Messrs. Thomas A. Morris, G. W. Walker, and D. Whitcomb. 1834. — Messrs. John Collins, J. B. Finley, J. M. Trimble, Joseph M. Mat- thews, and T. F. Sargent, superannuated. 1835. — Wesley chapel, Messrs. Zachanah Connel, L. L. Ham- line; Fourth street chapel, Messrs. J. M. Trimble, E. Thompson; Fulton and Columbia, Mr. R. Cheney. 1836. — Wesley chapel and African church, Messrs. W. B. Christie, L. L. Hamline; Wesley charge, Messrs. A. Eddy and T. A. G. Phillips; Fulton charge, Mr. G. Moody; German missionary, Mr. W. Nast. (Mr. Nast was appointed to this post, or as editor of the Christian Apologist, thereafter). 1837. — Wesley and African, Messrs. William H. Raper and Granville Moody; West- ern, Messrs. E. W. Sehon and Cyrus Brooks; Fulton, Mr. William I. Ellsworth. 1838. — Eastern charge, Messrs. William H. Raper and Edward D. Roe; Western, Messrs. E. W. Sehon and David Warnock; Fulton, Mr. Cyrus Brooks. 1839. — Eastern, Messrs. John Ferree and Jo- seph A. Waterman; Western, Messrs. William H. Raper and Micah G. Perkizer; Fulton, Mr. Maxwell P. Gaddis. 1840. — Eastern, Messrs. E. W. Sehon and Maxwell P. Gaddis (superannuated); Western, Messrs. William H. Raper and John Miley; Asbury, Mr. John W. White; Fulton, Mr. Andrew Carroll; German missionary, Mr. Peter Schmucker. 1841. — Eastern, Messrs. E. W. Se- hon, Isaac Ebbert, and Maxwell P. Gaddis (superannu- ated); Western, Messrs. William Herrand James L. Gro- ver; Asbury, Mr. White; Fulton, Edward D. Roe. 1842. — Wesley chapel, Mr. James L. Grover; Fourth street, Mr. William Herr; Ninth street, Mr. George C. Crum; Asbury, Mr. William H. Lawder; New street, Mr. Jonathan F. Conrey; Fulton, Mr. Micah G. Perk- iser; German missionary, Mr. Adam Miller. 1843. — Wesley, Mr. James L. Grover; Fourth street, Mr. Wil- liam Young; Ninth street, Mr. George C. Crum; Asbury, Mr. William H. Lawder; New street, Mr. Oliver P. Wil- liams; Fulton, Mr. Wesley Rowe; German missionary, Mr. Adam Miller. 1844. — Wesley and New street, Mr. George W. Walker; Fourth street, Mr. William Young; Ninth street, Mr. Randolph S. Foster; Asbury, Mr. Da- vid Reed; Fulton, Mr. Granville Moody; German, Mr. William Ahrens. 1845. — Wesley, Mr. John F. Wright; Morris chapel, Mr. George W. Walker; Ninth street, Mr. William P. Strickland; Asbury, Mr. Asbury Lowry; Fulton, Mr. Granville Moody; German, Mr. William Ahrens; city missionary, Mr. George W. Maley. 1846. — Wesley, Messrs. Joseph M. Trim- ble and S. A. Latta (superannuated); Bethel chapel, Mr. John W. White; Morris, Mr. George W. Walker; Ninth street, Mr. William P. Strickland; Ebenezer, Mr. Joseph A. Bruner; Asbury, Mr. Asbury Lowry; Fulton, Mr. William H. Fyffe; city missionary, Mr. George W. Maley; German, Mr. E. Riemenshneider. The progress of Methodism has now been sufficiently illustrated by the increase in the number of appoint- ments. The yearly lists shortly become long and cum- bersome; and we must close with that for 1846. The hardships which the earlier preachers of Method- ism suffered here through poverty and sickness, even so lately as the middle years of Cincinnati history, are plainly printed in passages of biography like the follow- ing, which we cite from the Life of Bishop Morris, who was stationed here, it will be remembered, in 1832-3: Mr. Morris sent his household goods by wagon to Cincinnati, while he with his family took Athens in their route, to visit his son, then a student in the Ohio university. On their arrival finally at the Queen City, they were doomed to meet an unexpected defeat of their previ- ously determined mode of living. Having no suitable outfit for house- keeping in the city, Mr. Morris had written from Columbus to one of the stewards in Cincinnati to engage a suitable boarding-place for him- self and family. To this reasonable request no attention was paid ; and at the first official meeting the stewards signified that it was their wish to have the parsonage occupied by the preacher in charge. He at once moved into the old house thus designated, on Broadway, near Fifth street, and furnished it as comfortably as his means would allow.. All this could have been borne cheerfully, if his allowance had been adequate to meet his expenses ; but, in addition to the house, which was poor and uncomfortable, his salary was four hundred and fifty dol- lars, all told. The last fifty was added, he was informed, in view of the fact that he would be expected to entertain "comers and goers" — visiting brethren, lay and clerical. Having but a limited supply of beds for the "comers and goers," Mr. Morris found it necessary to buy a cot, which he carried home on his own shoulders. The first attempt to use it broke it down. He carried it back for repairs, and, when mended, bore it along Fifth street as before, for the third time. It was hard work, but saved the drayage. His wife's health was very poor, and that of his daughter scarcely bet- ter ; but to hire help without the means to pay for it was a thing not to be thought of; and so, as the next best thing, he secured a washing machine, which, together with his saw and axe, furnished him an abun- dance of healthy exercise. His daughter had just strength to prepare the clothes, change the water, and rinse them when clean, while he was both able and willing — under the circumstances — to turn the machine, by far the hardest part of the job. Meantime, however, the water works were destroyed by fire, and "washing" became a more serious as well as more expensive business, involving an outlay of twenty-five cents a barrel for water, hauled from the river, for laundry purposes. As for the ordinary daily supply for drinking and cooking purposes, Mr. Morris carried that in buckets from Spencer's well, a square and a half distant from the parsonage, From time to time, however, the poverty stricken and hard worked ministers had glorious compensations in the visible results of their work. The following paragraphs are also from Bishop Morris' Life : The most remarkable demonstration of the Spirit took place in Wes- ley chapel, at "a watch-night service on New Year's eve, when hundreds were prostrate at the same time, pleading for mercy, the joyful shouts 158 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. of new-born souls mingling with the earnest cries of the penitent. The house was crowded above and below, and in every part of it the cry arose, "What must I do to be saved ?" Not less than fifty were con- verted, that evening, and fifty-six united with the church on probation. Forty-seven were added to the Fourth street church the next night, and seventeen at McKendree. From that time the revival was regarded as general in all the congregations, and continued with very little abate- ment for months. During this great work of grace the official business of the church was not neglected. The class-meetings were held regu- larly, and proved to be the most powerful auxiliary to the more public services; society meetings were held often, to which none but members and penitents were admitted. Much care was taken to instruct peni- tents and watch over those who had been admitted on trial as seekers of salvation; and, as a result of this judicious administration, they were nearly all converted, and became living and useful members. Early in the spring the pastors held a series of meetings in the several charges, beginning on Friday and closing with a love-feast on Monday night. At these meetings they concentrated all the Methodistic forces in the city day and night, except Sabbath, and the result in every in- stance was glorious. At the close of such an effort in Fulton, the very foundations of wickedness seemed broken up. Wives who had long prayed for their husbands, and mothers who had wept in secret for their prodigal sons and worldly-minded daughters, saw them fall down at the foot of the cross to plead for mercy, and heard them rejoice sub- sequently in their glorious deliverance from the bondage of sin. The reformation of morals in that part of the city was very striking, and the church grew and multiplied. Upon the whole, this was a memorable year in the history of Method- ism in Cincinnati. While hundreds were made sorrowful by the loss of dear friends, more still were permitted to rejoice over the salvation of relatives and neighbors. The whole number of applicants for member- ship on probation was thirteen hundred ; but as some of these were transient persons, driven out of the city by want of employment, and others were swept off by the wasting epidemic, the number enrolled by the preachers, who were very careful not to admit improper persons, was but one thousand. The state of Methodism in Cincinnati, as exhibited by statistics at the annual conference of 1880, is highly prosperous. The Methodist Episcopal churches of the city then were Wesley, Trinity, Asbury, St. Paul, St. John, Christie, Finley, York-street, Pearl-street, M'Kendree, McLean, Fairmount, Mount Auburn, Walnut Hills, Cumminsville, Pendleton, and Columbia — seventeen in all. These reported three thousand six hundred and thirty-seven full members and one hundred and fifty-two probationers; one hundred and thirty-nine children and sixty-four adults baptized during the conference year; twenty- six local preachers; church property valued at four hundred and seventy-two thousand five hundred dol- lars; four parsonages, with a probable value of thirty- nine thousand dollars; and about four thousand dollars expended for building and repairs during the year. One church (St. Paul's) reported a church edifice valued at two hundred thousand dollars, and a parsonage worth twenty thousand dollars; a membership of five hundred, and seventeen probationers; paid minister two thousand and sixty-nine dollars. The east Cincinnati district, which includes a number of country churches, reported forty- five Sunday-schools, with seven hundred and eleven offi- cers and teachers, five thousand four hundred and forty scholars, and an average attendance of three thousand six hundred and thirty-one. West Cincinnati district: forty-nine Sunday-schools; six hundred and eighty-nine officers and teachers; five thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven pupils, average attendance, four thousand three hundred and ninety-eight. The Methodist book concern and the Wesleyan Female college will receive due notice in other chapters. SWEDENBORGIANISM. The next church in Cincinnati, after the organization of the Methodists in 1804, was probably the New Jeru- salem society, founded in 181 1 by the Rev. Adam Hurdus, the father of Swedenborgianism in the north- west. In 1 819 the society had between forty and fifty members, and was about to build a church edifice of forty by twenty-six feet. The denomination has since fairly grown and prospered, and now has a congregation of more than four hundred, worshipping in a fine build- ing on the southwest corner of Fourth and John streets. It maintains a good library of the works of Swedenborg and other denominational writers, which is freely open to the public. THE FRIENDS had one of the earliest meeting-houses in the city — a plain wooden structure originally built for other purposes, shown upon the old maps a little west of Western row, between Fourth and Fifth streets, upon a small lot bought with the building by the "Meeting." These people were very few here before 1812, when several families came in from the interior of the Miami country, from Virginia, Nantucket, Massachusetts, and other points. The large immigration of 1804-5, from the States south of Virginia, had brought many Friends into this region, and on the thirteenth of September, 1808, the "Miami Monthly Meeting" had been formed at Waynesville, and under its oversight a number of "indulged meetings" in care of committees had been established, of which the meeting at Cincinnati was probably one. In 1813, a "prepara- tion meeting for discourse" was opened here, by order of the Waynesville. body; and the next year the Cincinnati society was itself made a regular monthly meeting. About thirty-two families were in the meeting in 1815, and four years thereafter about forty families and one hundred and eighty individuals. There are now two societies of Friends in the city — the Orthodox congrega- tion, meeting at the corner of Eighth and Mound, and the Hicksite congregation, on Fifth, between Central avenue and John street. THE BAPTISTS. The first Baptist church of Cincinnati was formed in 1 8 13, by eleven members. They worshipped at first in a log house on Front street, but soon in a spacious brick building, still (1880) standing on the northeast corner of Sixth street and Lodge alley, and used as a stable. In 1816 a division occurred in the church, resulting in sep- aration, each party claiming to be the ''First Baptist church." A council convened in March to settle the differences, and adjudged the majority party to be the church, as against the minority, consisting of the pastor and six laymen. These contin tied an organization known as the "Enon Baptist church," but had no associational relations, and soon dissolved. The "Original and Regu- lar First Baptist church," as it was officially known, also disbanded in 1831, the few .remaining members going into the Sixth (now Ninth) street church. Meanwhile, January n, 1821, a colony of twenty-nine members was sent off to form the "Enon Baptist church of Cincin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. iS9 nati," the other church of this name having ceased to exist. The new society was incorporated September 27, 1821, and again February 7, 1832. March 5, 1838, seven years after the dissolution of the original First, the name of this church was legally changed to the "First Baptist church of Cincinnati," by which it has since been known. September 5, i82i,alotwas purchased of N.Longworth on the west side of Walnut, between Third and Fourth streets, upon which a brick church, with sittings for seven hundred, was dedicated March 16, 1822. A business block, known as the "Church Building," now stands upon the site. July 25, 1831, Mr. Longworth sold the society a lot in the rear of this, where another house of worship was opened the next year. The rear part of Van Ant- werp, Bragg & Company's great publishing house stands upon this lot. October 10, 1841, another church edifice was dedicated on the southeast corner of Seventh and Elm streets, which was sold in 1844, through the pres- sure of indebtedness to the Fifth Presbyterian church, a small meeting house and lot at the corner of Ninth and Elm being received in part payment. This building, the "Bethel church," had been erected in 1829 by some Bap- tists who seceded from the Enon church four years be- fore, to follow the Rev. John Boyd, who had been excluded. It disbanded in about two years after occu- pying this house. The First church worshipped in it for a time, and then met in the Medical college on the north- west corner of Court and Plum streets, while their pres- ent building on Court street and Wesley avenue was erecting. The corner stone of this was laid April 19, 1847; the lecture room was occupied July 25; and about August 1, 1848, the church was dedicated. It has since been improved by the addition of a clock, in 1850; a baptistry, in 1852; a pipe organ, 1866; enlargement of vestry and addition of sexton's house, 1870; more rooms for sexton and Sabbath-school, 1875; and a total renova- tion, with the addition of reflector lights, in 1877. No- vember 11, 187 1, a dwelling adjoining the church was bought for a parsonage, for ten thousand dollars. Sep- tember 1, 1826, about three acres were bought for a cem- etery, and used for many years. In 1848 it was offered to the Cincinnati orphan asylum, almost as a gift; but was declined. It was finally, May 1, 1867, mostly leased to the Hamilton County Building association, with the privilege of purchase. Some notable revivals have occurred in the First church — among them one in 1828, under the preaching of Rev. Jeremiah Vardeman, of Kentucky, which added one hundred and sixty-nine members by baptism, so en- larging the society that a colony of one hundred and eighteen was sent off to form the Sycamore street church. This afterwards accepted the doctrines of Alexander Campbell, and became what is now the "Central Chris- tian Church," on Ninth street. In 1835, forty-five col- ored members were dismissed to form the "African Union Baptist Church." In December, 1846, another colony formed the Walnut street Baptist church. In 1869, a union of the Second and First churches was ef- fected, the name of the latter being retained. Three Baptist societies of the city had their origin entirely in this, and parts of several others. In 1849 its Sabbath- school numbered four hundred and thirty-four, and was considered the largest and most prosperous in the denom- ination west of the Alleghanies. The- following is the succession of pastors for sixty years: Samuel Eastman, November, 182 1, to July 2, 1822; James Boyd, September, 1823, to March 24, 1825; James Challen, October 1, 1825, to October 1, 1827; James A. Ranaldson, November 30, 1827, to April 8, 1828; George Patterson, D. D., October 28, 1828, to his death, December 23, 1831; J. B. Cook, 1834-7; William A. Brisbane, 1838-41; T. R. Cressey, 1843-4; D. Shep- ardson, April 4, 1845, t0 August 18, 1855; Nathaniel Colver, March 22, 1856, to December 10, i860; E. G. Taylor, March 22, .1861, to January 11, 1864; N. Judson Clark, December 22, 1864, to July 2, 1865; Andrew C. Hubbard, November 20, 1865, to October 30, 1868; S. A. Collins, August 23, 1869, to March 4, 1872; Rev. S. K. Leavitt, December 1, 1872, to this writing. The total number received into the First church, to September, 1879, was two thousand three hundred and seventy-eight — by baptism, one thousand one hundred and sixty; by letter, one thousand one hundred and thirty-two; by experience, eighty-six. THE PIONEER GERMAN CHURCH. A German Christian (or German Lutheran and Re- formed) church was started in 1814, under the Rev. Jo- seph Zesline, who remained in charge of it until his death in 18 18. The Rev. L. H. Myer was in charge of it in 1826, when it was occupying a neat brick church on the north side of Third street, between Broadway and Ludlow, not far from where the Trollopean Bazaar was afterwards built. Mr. E. D. Mansfield, in his recollec- tions of the churches of 1825 in Cincinnati, speaks of this as a "small but earnest congregation." WESLEYAN METHODIST. This was incorporated in 1817. It was the Rev. William Burke's church, occupying for many years the old pioneer Presbyterian building, on Vine street, between Fourth and Fifth. EPISCOPACY. The first Protestant Episcopal church in Cincinnati was Christ church, so-called, probably, from the church of that name in Hartford, Connecticut, to which had ministered the Rev. Philander Chase (afterwards Bishop Chase) through whose instrumentality the church in Cin- cinnati organized. It was formed at the house of Dr. Daniel Drake, on East Third street (still in existence and occupied by Mr. F. Schultze), May 18, 181 7. Among the original members of the parish (twenty-two in all, though it is said there were but three communicants) were General Harrison, Griffin -Yeatman, Arthur St. Clair, jr., Jacob Baymiller, and other leading citizens of that day. The little congregation met at first in a large room of a cotton factory on Lodge alley, between Fifth and Sixth streets; then in the old First Presbyterian church; then, on and after March 23, 1818, in the Bap- tist building on West Sixth street, which was afterwards i6o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. bought by the church. The Rev. Samuel Johnston was called as rector about this time, when not far from fifty families were regularly attending the services. A burial ground and site for church were bought in 1818, for three thousand five hundred dollars. February 19, 1819, steps were taken to purchase the first organ, which served until the new church was built in 1835, when another was bought at an expense of one thousand seven hun- dred dollars. Twelve communicants were added this year, which, with eight previously had, made a total of twenty. The first Episcopal visitation was that of Bishop Chase this year, in October, when he spent two Sundays with this church. The first sale of pews in the Sixth street church occurred April 4, 1820. Fifty out of fifty- five were sold, for the total sum of eight hundred and ninety-one dollars. The female benevolent society at- tachea to the church was organized January 24, 1820. May 17, i82r, the church was regularly incorporated, under the legal title of the "Episcopal Society of Christ Church, Cincinnati." In 1828 Rev. Mr. Johnston re- signed, after a pastorate of ten years and three months, but under circumstances which prompted him to lead off a formidable secession from the society, to form the new parish of St. Paul's, of which he became rector, reporting fifty-five communicants the first year, while Christ church reported but thirty-two. The Rev. B. P. Aydelott was called to the latter from Grace church, Philadelphia, and previous to his arrival the congregation was served for a time by a Methodist clergyman, the Rev. Dr. Bishop, to whom a very cordial vote of thanks, as also pecuniary compensation, was tendered by the vestry. Mr. Aydelott "began his service in early May, 1828. Building improve- ments were made at a cost of two thousand six hundred and twenty-seven dollars and eighty cents, and a salaried organist, Mr. During, was obtained, for the sum of one dollar per Sabbath. November 8, 1833, the lot now oc- cupied by the church on the north side of Fourth street, between Sycamore and Broadway, one hundred feet 'front by one hundred and thirty feet deep, was bought for nine thousand dollars. The building committee sub- mitted a plan of the famous old Stepney church, in Lon- don, as that of a proposed edifice on this site, and it was adopted. While the church was building the society worshipped in the Mechanics' Institute hall. Dr. Ayde- lott resigned from increasing infirmities, January 2, 1835, and the Rev. J. T. Brook, of Georgetown, District of Columbia, succeeded him in the fall of the same year. In June, 1835, the diocesan convention met in the new church, which was completed at a cost of fifty-five thou- sand dollars. Rev. Thomas Howell, and then Rev. Al- fred Blake, were employed as assistants to the rector. Mr. Brook's rectorship extended over sixteen years — the longest the church has had — and until August 15, 1847, when he accepted a. professorship in the theological seminary at Gambier. Bishop Mcllvaine served as rec- tor pro tempore about two years, and Rev. Mr. Blake for two years more, when the Rev. Dudley A. Tyng was called and remained a little over a year. Then, in 1854, came the Rev. C. M. Butler, D. D., of Washington city, who was rector five years, and was followed for three years by the Rev. Kingston Goddard, D. D., and he for four years by Rev. John McCarty, an ex-chaplain in the army. The rectors since have been Rev. W. A. Snively, 1867-70; Rev. T. S. Yocum, 1870-6; and the present incumbent of the rectorship, the Rev. I. Newton Stan- ger. In i860 the Episcopal burying-ground was sold to the city for thirty-five thousand dollars, and now forms a part of Washington park, opposite the music hall. Dur- ing the sixty-one years of the existence of this church 1817-78, its aggregate contributions, for purely mis- sionary and chatitable purposes, were not less than two hundred thousand dollars. Nine persons have gone into the ministry from the congregation. The benevolent society, within the last twenty-five years, has collected and expended nearly twenty-five thousand dollars, and probably sixty thousand dollars from its beginning in 1820. In 1878 a neat and clear Short History of Christ church was published by the rector, Rev. Mr. Stanger, from which the foregoing account has been abridged. ROMAN CATHOLICISM. The organization of. churches of the Catholic faith in Cincinnati dates from 18 18. The first society had about one hundred members in 1819. A frame church had been built for it in the Northern Liberties; but no priest was yet settled over it. In 1823 Dr. Fenwick was appointed Bishop of Cincinnati, and dedicated a few months afterwards a frame church erected on Sycamore street, above Sixth, where so many Catholic buildings, for worship and education, have since been erected. In 1826 a brick building was added, and a theological seminary and college were in contemplation. There were now a bishop and four priests in the city. Several nuns of the order of " Poor Clares " had lately arrived from Europe and opened a school with sixty pupils. Arrangements were also in progress to open a boarding school. The brick church, the old St. Peter's Cathedral, was a neat example of Gothic architecture, planned by one of the early architects here, Mr. Michael Scott. It was one hundred and ten by fifty feet upon the ground, but only thirty from the basement to the cornice. On each side were four handsome windows, fifteen feet high. It had eighty-eight pews on the first floor, with a large gal- lery or orchestra. The principal decoration of the church was a large painting by Verschoot, representing the investiture of a religieuse; but there were a number of other valuable paintings on the walls. The interior was handsomely furnished, and was a spacious and ele- gant room, seating about eight hundred persons. The Athenaeum, now St. Xavier College, was estab- lished in 1 83 1. The original building for it still stands on Sycamore street, between Sixth and Seventh ; but is now considerably overshadowed by the" splendid church and college edifices near it. The present St. Peter's Cathedral, on the southwest corner of Eighth and Plum streets, is considered to be the most elegant and interesting church edifice in the city. It was commenced in 1839, and consecrated five years afterwards. Mr. Cist's next volume thus speaks of it : Not a drop of ardent spirits was consumed in the erection of the M-4y^ . HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 161 Cathedral, and notwithstanding the unmanageable shape and size of the materials, not an accident occurred in the whole progress of the work. Every man employed about it was paid off every Saturday night ; and, as the principal part of the labor was performed at a sea- son of the year when working hands are not usually employed to their advantage, much of the work was executed when labor and materials were worth far lets than at present. The Dayton marble alone, at current prices, would nearly treble its original cost. The heavy dis- bursements have proved a seasonable and sensible benefit to the labor- ing class. The entire cost of the building is one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. . It is in size two hundred by ninety-one feet, with a remarkably graceful and symmetrical spire two hundred and twenty-one feet high, springing from a colonnade of eighteen freestone columns, thirty-three feet in height and three and a half in diameter. The tower and spire alone cost twenty-five thousand dollars. The altar is of Car- rara marble, with two sculptured angels on each side, from the chisel of Hiram Powers. A fine organ, with forty-four stops and twenty-seven hundred pipes, occu- pies the east end. Among the numerous fine paintings, some of them by celebrated artists, which adorn it, may be seen Murillo's " St. Peter Liberated by an Angel," taken by the French from the Spaniards during the Peninsular war, and presented to Bishop Fenwick by Cardinal Fesch, uncle of the first Napoleon. St. Peter's contains the only chime of bells in the city — a set of eleven, which, with the great clock attached, was presented to the church in 1850 by Mr. Reuben R. Springer, the benefactor of the Music Hall. One of the most useful of Cincinnati Catholics to the denomination, it may be here remarked, has been this venerable philanthropist, Mr. Springer, a member of St. Peter's. While the cathedral for his church was building, he gave ten thousand dollars toward it, and then five thousand dollars to finish the tower and spire, five thou- sand dollars for the clock and chimes, four thousand eight hundred dollars for the heating apparatus, two thou- sand two hundred dollars for four stained glass windows, one thousand five hundred dollars for the grand central altar, which he had made in Italy; and seven hundred dollars toward the Episcopal residence, which cost five thousand dollars. Mr. Springer thus gave nearly thirty thousand dollars. To the Refuge of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, on Bank street, he gave five thousand dollars toward the front building, and himself put up the interior building at a cost of nine thousand dollars. He afterwards gave one thousand dollars to replace a roof blown off, and for the Girl's Protectory on Baum street, managed by the same order, he. gave five thousand dol- lars. He also gave the Sisters of Charity, for the Good Samaritan hospital, five thousand dollars; and large sums to the Seminary at Mount St. Mary's, the Orphan Asy- lum at Cumminsville, and other institutions, besides yearly benefactions to a very large amount. In 1832 Bishop Fenwick died of cholera, and was suc- ceeded by Bishop (Archbishop since 1850) Purcell, who ^has now served his church in the Valley of the Ohio for more than half a century. He was born at Mallern, in the south of Ireland, in 1800, and came to America at the age of eighteen, entering a Methodist college at first, but completing his preliminary education at the Seminary of St. Mary's, near Emmettsburgh, Maryland. He then studied for two years at St. Sulpice, near Paris, and there received sacred orders. In 1827 he returned to America, and until 1832 was Professor of Moral Philosophy and officiating priest in the Mount St. Mary's Theological Seminary near (now in) Cincinnati. It would require a large volume to record in detail the remarkable developments of Catholicism in this city. It now claims here a Catholic population of one hundred thousand, with about forty churches and a dozen or more chapels, besides convents, colleges, academies and other schools, hospitals, and other institutions, some of which will be noticed in future. About 185 1 the Archiepiscopal See of Cincinnati was created, with Archbishop Purcell as its head, and suffra- gans at Detroit, Cleveland, Louisville, Vincennes, Fort Wayne, the Sault Ste. Marie and Covington. The creation of the new See was justly regarded as an import- ant event in western Catholicism. The Confraternities of the church in Cincinnati, accord- ing to Sadlier's directory, are: St. Peter's Cathedral — The Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary; the Confraternity of the Sacred Heart of. Jesus; the Con- fraternity of the Scapular and Rosary; the St. Peter's, St. Patrick's and St. Joseph's Benevolent societies; the Brotherhood of St. Michael; the Young Ladies' Sodality, the Married Ladies' Sodality, the Young Men's Sodality, and the Boys' Sodality; the Conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, of the Immaculate Conception, and the Mary and Martha society; the Guild of the Blessed Virgin; St. James Total Abstinence society; Sodality of the Sacred Heart; the Children of Mary. St. Xavier's — the confraternities of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and of the Immaculate Conception; the sodalities of the Holy Maternity, the Holy Family, the Blessed Virgin, of St. Aloysius', the Living Rosary, and the Scapular, and the societies of the Holy Infancy and of the Apostleship of Prayer. St. Philomena's — De Agonia societies, St. Charles Borromeo, Helena, Christi, Sacred Heart, Laurentina, Philomena, Sodality B. V. M. St. John's — the Archcon- fraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary; the confra- ternity of the Scapular; Young Ladies' Sodality; St. John's, St. Elizabeth's, St. Louis's, and St. Rose's societies. St. Augustine's — St. Mary's, St. Aloysius's, and St. Augustine's societies; the confraternity of Bona Mors; the Sodality of the Children of Mary. St. Fran- cis's — the confraternity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus; the confraternity of Our Lady of Mount Carmel; the Young Men's Sodality; St. Francis's, St. Clara's, St. An- thony's, and Immaculate Conception societies. St. Mary's — the Archconfraternity of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, and the confraternity of the Rosary. St. An- thony's — St. Anthony's, St. Vincent's, St. Mary's, and St. Clara's societies. St. Joseph's — St. Joseph's, St. Aloys- ius's, St. Mary's and St. Clara's societies. St. Edward's — St. Edward's, St. Vincent de Paul's, and Bona Mors so- cieties; the Sodality of the Immaculate Conception. St. Paul's — Young Ladies' "Sodality; the confraternity of the Bona Mors; [the] confraternity of the Scapular; St. Paul'S^St. Paula's, St. Raphael's, St. Mary's, and St. 162 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Vincent de Paul societies. Holy Trinity — the confrater- nity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus; Pius's, St. Boniface's, St. Mary's, and St. Catharine's societies. St. Patrick's — Sodalities for men, for young ladies and for boys; St. Vincent's, Rosary, and Sanctuary societies. All Saints' — Sodality of the Immaculate Conception, society of the Living Rosary, confraternity of the Sacred Heart, All Hallows' School society. Holy Angels' — the confrater- nity of the Scapular; the Altar society. St. Francis of Sales' — the confraternity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus; St. Francis's, and St. Mary's Altar societies. St. Bona- ventura's, Fairmount — the confraternities of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary. St. Aloysius's, Cummins- ville — the Sodalities of the Immaculate Conception and of the Most Blessed Sacrament; St. Patrick's R. C. Benevolent society; St. Vincent de Paul society. St. Michael's, Storrs — the confraternity of the Blessed Sacra- ment. St. Ann's (colored) — the confraternity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus; the B. Clavers School society. When the report was made to Sadlier's directory for 1880, of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, including the counties of Ohio south of the northern line of Mercer, Allen* and Hardin, west of the eastern line of Marion, Union, and Madison, and the Scioto river to the Ohio, there were within that jurisdiction one hundred and ninety-five churches, two churches building, eighteen chapels, sixty stations, one hundred and sixty-eight priests, one hundred and twenty students in theological seminaries, seven male and eight female religious com- munities, two theological seminaries, three colleges, twelve literary institutes for girls, three orphan asylums, one protectory for boys (Delhi), two hospitals, ten char- itable institutions, one hundred and forty parochial schools, and a Catholic population of two hundred thou- sand. JUDAISM. The first Jew is said to have landed in Cincinnati in March, 181 7. The people of his faith increased with the years, however, and in 1835, w ' tn s o me aid from others in the community, they were able to build a synagogue. In 1840 they formed three per cent, of the population; and in 1850 there were three thousand three hundred and forty-six Israelites in the city. A Jewish congregation was in existence here as far back as 1822. Four years thereafter its membership was noted as steadily increasing. A frame building west of Main, between Third and Fourth streets, was then used as a synagogue. In 1830 the Congregation of the Children of Israel, Reformed, was organized. They now occupy a building, erected in a modified Gothic style, finished at a cost of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and dedicated, August 27, 1869 — the Mound street Temple, on the corner of Eighth and Mound streets. The membership of this synagogue includes over two hundred families. The congregation of Benai-Jeshurun, or the Children of Jeshurun, Reformed, dates from 1844. It is the strong- est and wealthiest Jewish society in this city. It occu- pies one of the most elegant, unique, and costly houses of worship in the city — the Hebrew temple at the corner of Eighth and Plum streets, a synagogue of a pure Moorish order of architecture, and beautifully up- holstered and decorated. It was built during the late war at a cost of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars, exclusive of the grounds, and was dedicated in 1866. In 1874 elegant fresco work was added to the value of nine thousand dollars. It has sittings for fifteen hundred and forty people, and its membership reaches two hundred and forty families. The celebrated rabbi, Isaac M. Wise, is in charge of this congregation, and is also president of the Hebrew Union college. The congregation of Sherith Israel was formed in 1856, and has now a membership of nearly one hundred families, worshiping on Lodge street, between Sixth and Seventh streets. The congregation of Brotherly Love is wholly Ger- man. It uses a brick synagogue on the corner of John and Melancthon streets, dedicated by Rabbi Wise in 1867. Other Jewish congregations are the K. K. Adath Israel, corner of Walnut and Seventh; and the Orthodox Polish, Eighth street and Central avenue, which profes- ses a peculiar ancient creed. The Jewish institutions in Cincinnati also include the Hebrew Union college, of which account will be given hereafter; the Hebrew General Relief association, which disburses nearly ten thousand dollars a year in weekly pensions to the poor, particularly to widows and persons disabled from active employments, and including desti- tute Jews, who may be temporarily here. The Jews have also maintained a hospital since 1847. It was at first on Betts street and Central avenue, but in 1863 oc- cupied the building now used, on the corner of Third and Baum streets. About thirty persons can be accom- modated in the two wards — one for male and one for female patients — besides a number in rooms provided for pay patients. It is solely for the benefit of Jews. THE PULPIT IN 1825. About the year 1825, the churches of the city were the First Presbyterian, the First Baptist, the Enon Baptist, Christ and St. Paul's Episcopal churches, the Methodist Episcopal, the Wesleyan Methodist, the German Luther- an and Reformed, the Roman Catholic, the Jewish con- gregation, and an African church occupying a frame building east of Broadway and north of Sixth street. The Universalists were about to organize, and would build the next year. The Reformed Presbyterians also organized in 1826, and were to put up a church the next summer. Rev. C. B. McKee was their first pastor. Notwithstanding the churches of that day were so few, as compared with the present number, there were some notable and strong men in the pulpit. Mr. E. D. Mans- field, in his Personal Memories, after giving Dr. Joshua L. Wilson a warm eulogy, in terms similar to those we have quoted from another book of his, speaks of Bishop Fenwick as an ecclesiastic who "was much respected in his own church — a native of Maryland and member of the order of St. Dominic." Father Burke was then post- master, but occasionally preached in his church on Vine HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 163 street. He was a Southern man, retaining many of the old Southern political and social prejudices. "He was," says Mr. Mansfield, "always chewing tobacco, and, being postmaster, "was always a Democrat. He was a strict Methodist and an amiable man." Dr. John P. Durbin, of the Methodist Episcopal church, he says, "was one of the very few whom I thought orators. He was not strik- ing in either imagery or argument, and yet he carried his audience involuntarily along with him by the fervor of his thought and the grace of his manner. He would begin with a very low voice and gradually ascend and warm with his subject." The Rev. Dr. B. P. Aydelott was then the rector of Christ church, and afterwards presi- dent of Woodward college, and an author and philan- thropist of repute, "in all situations adorning, by his life and worth, the profession to which he belongs." Dr. Ay- delott is probably the only representative of the Cincin- nati pulpit of that day who survived till 1880, he dying in Cincinnati, where he had lived and done good works for nearly sixty years, only last year. Rev. Samuel Johnston, of St. Paul's, was a man "highly esteemed by the congregation, and whose name has since been held in grateful remembrance." Mr. Mansfield adds that "the city had more churches in proportion to its popula- tion than it has now; but I don't think the standard of religion was any higher." BY EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THREE the churches of the city had greatly multiplied. There were six Presbyterian churches — one Reformed Presby- terian and one Scotch Presbyterian church — two Episco- pal churches, four Methodist Episcopal, one Independent Methodist (Father Burke's), one Methodist Associate, three Baptist, one Catholic, and one each of German Lutheran Reformed, Swedenborgian, Welsh Methodist, Calvinistic, United Brethren, Unitarian, African, and Restorationist Christian, and one Jewish synagogue. The benevolent societies of the churches, or connected with the religious movements of the day, had become numerous here by the close of 1833. The following are enumerated in the directory of that year: The Female Bible society of the Methodist Episcopal church; the Female Benevolent society of the Methodist Episcopal church; the Miami District Sunday-school Union of the Methodist Episcopal church; the Female Missionary and Tract society of the Methodist Episcopal church; the Female Society of Industry and of Foreign Missions of the Enon Baptist church; the Education society, and the Sunday-school society of the First Presbyterian church; the Female Association for Foreign Missions, the Home Missionary society, the Sunday-school society, and the Female Tract society, of the Second Presbyterian church; the Baptist Young Men's Education society; the Female Burman Education society of the Sixth street Baptist church; the Cincinnati Bible society and the French Bible Society; the Cincinnati Branch Tract society; the Female Tract society, and the Female Missionary society, of the Third Presbyterian church; the Female Mission- ary society, and the Missionary society of the First Pres- byterian church; the Cincinnati Sunday-school Union; the Wesleyan Sunday-school society; the Methodist edu- cation society; the Female Indian Mission society of the Second Presbyterian church ; Christ church Female Be- nevolent and Missionary societies; the Female Benevo- lent society of the Methodist church ; the Female Tract society of the Third Presbyterian society; and the Young Men's Temperance society. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOUR the Cincinnati churches were visited by the Rev. Drs. Reed and Mathieson, two eastern clergymen who travel- led together over a large part of the then settled parts of the country, and afterwards embodied the results of their inquiries in a book entitled A Visit to the American Churches. From this the following paragraph, by one of the authors, is extracted: Before I quit this place, let me throw a few particulars together. You may have concluded, from what I have said, that religion is in a low state here. In. one sense it is; but when you consider the rapid increase of the people and the character of that increase, it is a remarkably ad- vanced state. The population has grown at about one thousand per year, and this great influx has been nearly all of a worldly and un- promising nature. Yet there are twenty-one places of worship, and they are of good size and well attended. RELIGION HERE IN 1 838. An interesting paragraph, highly complimentary to Cincinnati, appears in the Travels in North America of Mr. Buckingham, an Englishman, in 1838. After insti- tuting a comparison between several cities of England, Scotland, and the United States, greatly to the advantage of the last, in the respect of population, churches, min- isters, and communicants, he sets off Cincinnati, with its thirty thousand inhabitants, twenty-four churches, twenty- two ministers, and eight thousand five hundred and fifty- five communicants, against Nottingham, England, with fifty thousand, twenty-three, twenty-tl.ree, and four thou- sand eight hundred and sixty-four of these, respectively; and adds: The contest between each of these cities, taken in pairs, is most strik- ing; but in none is it more striking than in the last two, in which it is seen that Cincinnati, a city not yet fifty years old, and the site of which was a dense forest in the memory of many of its inhabitants, has now, with little more than half the population of Nottingham, as many min- isters and churches, and nearly twice the number of communicants, that are possessed by this opulent and long-established manufacturing town of England. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY, in the course of his extensive travels in this country, Mr. Buckingham personally visited Cincinnati, and left on record the following remarks concerning the state of religion here : Of the religious sects and their respective numbers at present in Cin- cinnati, the following is the nearest approximation to an actual census that I could obtain: Roman Catholics 12,000 Presbyterians 6,000 Methodists 5,000 Baptists ■ 4,000 Episcopalians 2,000 Unitarians 1,000 Universalists 500 Dunkards 100 The Catholics are not only the most numerous, but said to be the nlost active, most zealous, and most rapidly increasing; their unity giving them great advantages in this respect. The Presbyterians are divided into Old School and New School; the Methodists into Ortho- dox and Radical; the Baptists into Calvinists and Free-will Baptists; the Episcopalians into High Church and Low Church; but the preacher who draws the largest crowds is a Mr. Maffit, a sort of pulpit actor as 164 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. well as orator, and who, though a Methodist, is a beau in his dress and a great revivalist with young ladies. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FORTY-ONE there were in Cincinnati two Roman Catholic churches, two Protestant Episcopal, seven Methodist Episcopal, three "Old School General Assembly" Presbyterian, four New School Presbyterian, three New Jerusalem, two Friends, three Baptist, and one each of Disciple, Meth- odist Protestant, Independent Methodist, Reformed, Associate Reformed Protestant, Unitarian, Congrega- tional, Universalist, Restorationist, United German, United German Protestant, German Lutheran, United Brethren in Christ, Welsh Calvinistic Methodist, and Welsh Congregational churches, besides the Bethel chapel and two synagogues. Among the religious organ- izations were also the Foreign Missionary society of the Valley of the Mississippi, the Western Education society, the Home Missionary society, the Young Men's Bible society, the Catholic society for the diffusion of religious knowledge, and the Cincinnati Bethel society. Among the preachers of the city were able and strong men like Bishop Purcell, Lyman Beecher, Thornton A. Mills, Jonathan Blanchard, William H. Channing, James Chal- len, and others of note. UNITARIANISM. The First Congregational church had its origin some- time in 1829, in a meeting held in the city council cham- ber to consider the establishment of a Unitarian society in Cincinnati. A charter was obtained at the next ses- sion of the legislature, and bears date January 21, 1830. The corporators named therein are Elisha Brigham, Jesse Smith, Nathan Guiliord, George Carlisle, and William Greene.. Others who took an active interest were Mica- jah T Williams, Charles Stetson, Timothy Flint, John C. Vaughan, James H. Perkins, William Goodman, and other leading citizens. The Rev. Charles Briggs, repre- senting the American Unitarian association, preached to the new society during a part of 1830, in the Universalist and Swedenborgian churches and elsewhere. May 23d of that year, a church building was dedicated to its use on the southwest corner of Race and Fourth streets; sermon by Rev. Bernard Whitman, of Waltham, Massa- chusetts, poem by the Rev. John Pierpont, and hymn for the occasion by Mr. Timothy Flint. In September the first regular pastor was received — the Rev. E. B. Hall, since of Providence, Rhode Island. May 20, 1832, Rev. Ephraim Peabody became his successor. Besides his pulpit labors, he engaged in the publication of the Western Messenger, a monthly magazine, to which Mr. Perkins and others of his congregation made valu- able contributions. Ill health compelled his resignation, and among the somewhat transient supplies that followed were the Rev. Aaron Bancroft, father of the historian Bancroft; C. A Bartol, Samuel Osgood, and James Freeman Clarke — all since greatly distinguished in litera- ture and the church; Christopher P. Ctanch, the poet- painter; and William Silsbee. In August, 1837, Rev. B. Huntoon became pastor, but resigned the next year. The Rev. Henry W. Bellows, of New York, then filled the pulpit for six weeks, others following him until the winter of 1838-9, when the eminent W. H. Channing preached with so much acceptance that a call was ex- tended to him in March, and May 10, 1839, his installa- tion took place. He resigned in January, 1844, after a brilliant pastorate; and James H. Perkins, a lay-member, occupied the pulpit for a time. The Rev. C. J. Fenner was pastor from June to November, 1846, and Mr. Per- kins became regular pastor, remaining until his death, in December, 1849. I' 1 l8 5° Rev - A. A. Livermore became pastor, and two years afterward the western Unitarian conference was organized in this city. The Rev. Moncure D. Conway came from Washington city to the pastorate in 1856, under whose ministry a portion of the members withdrew, to form a second Unitarian society, under the name of the Church of the Redeemer. This secured a building on the southwest corner of Mound and Sixth streets, and was ministered to by a number of famous divines — as H. W. Bellows, A. P. Peabody, Thomas Hill, Dr. William G. Eliot, and others, and by the Hon. Horace Mann. Rev. A. D. Mayo was its pastor from 1863 to 1872, and was succeeded by the Rev. Charles Noyes. Mr. Conway resigned in November, 1862. Rev. C. G. Ames occupied the pulpit during the most of the next year. February, 1864, the church building and site were sold, and the society met for a time in the Library Hall, on Vine street. Revs. Sidney H. Morse, David A. Was- son, Edward C. Towne, and H. W. Brown from time to time ministered here. September 19, 1865, authority for the purchase of the lot on the northeast corner of Eighth and Plum streets was given. Rev. Thomas Vickers, after- wards librarian of the public library and now rector of the university of Cincinnati, began his pastoral work with the church January 6, 1867. For some years services were -held in Hopkins Hall, corner of Elm and Fourth streets; but on the sixth of November, 1870, the new building on Plum and Eighth was dedicated with a ser- mon by Rev. Robert Collyer, of Chicago, and dedicatory prayer .by Rabbi Dr. Max Lilienthal, of the Hebrew con- gregation of the children of Israel, reformed. Mr. Vick- ers preached his farewell sermon April 5, 1874, to accept his appointment in the public library, and was succeeded January 19, 1876, by the present pastor, Rev. Charles W. Wendte, from Chicago here. Meanwhile, December 29, 1875, the two Unitarian societies had been reunited under the original name of the First Congregational church of Cincinnati, and was meeting in the Mound street temple. 1'he Plum street church was refitted in 1879, and on Easter Sunday of that year was re-dedi- cated and has since been continuously occupied. Janu- uary 21, 1880, a celebration was had of the fiftieth anni- versary of the founding of the church. An historical sketch was prepared for it by Mr. John D. Caldwell, sec- retary of the Cincinnati Pioneer association and a mem- ber of the society, from which the foregoing account has been abridged. Unitarianism has a powerful auxiliary in the Unity club, "a society for stlf-culture, social entertainment, and help- fulness," which meets in the church parlors on alternate HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 165 Wednesday evenings, and conducts every winter a series of Sunday-afternoon lectures in Pike's opera house. For this some of the best American and foreign speakers have been secured by a nominal admission fee, and the surplus devoted to benevolent objects. The Ladies' Aid associ- ation, of which Mrs. Henry C. Whitman is president, and the Missionary society, which has Judge Manning F. Force for president and the Hon. Alphonso Taft and Mr. George Thurston for vice-presidents, are also useful arms of the work of this church. CONGREGATIONALISM. The first society of orthodox Congregationalists which is still in existence, is the Lawrence street church, which is also sometimes designated as the Welsh Con- gregational church. It was founded in 1840, and has its meeting house on the west side of Lawrence street, at the East End, between Third and Fourth. The Vine street Congregational church and society were, in their origin, the direct outgrowth of the anti-slavery agitation of half a century ago. Their manual to this day bears the brief but emphatic statement: "The cause which originated this church movement was pulpit defense of 'American slavery,' drawn from the Bible, and denunciation of those who agitated the subject of emancipation." The move- ment thus referred to was the application of several mem- bers of the First Presbyterian church of this city, April 5, 1831, to the Cincinnati Presbytery, then in session, to be organized as the Sixth Presbyterian church of Cincin- nati. The request was promptly granted, and the organ- ization effected in the meeting house of the First church, four days thereafter. The original members were Amos and Mary Blanchard, A. F. and Louisa Robinson, Rev. Franklin T. and Catharine Vail, Rev. Ralph and Sophia Cushman, Chancy P. and Lydia Barnes, William S. Mer- rell, Daniel Chute, Thomas L. Paine, Betsey H. Wash- burn, Lewis Bridgman, Harriet Treat, William Holyoke, Horace L. Bainum, Daniel K. Leavitt, Osmond Cogs- well. The pronounced anti-slavery position of the new church brought into its work, if not into membership, a considerable number of the students of Lane seminary, who were about this time developing- an aggressive sort of Abolitionism. A few years afterward, in 1838, it was flatly Resolved, That no candidate applying for admission to the fellow- ship of this church will be received by the session, who either holds slaves or openly avows his belief that the holding or using men as prop- erty is agreeable to God. When the church subsequently went into Congrega- tionalism, this resolve was unanimously re-affirmed. Long before the vote, the society had taken equally positive action upon temperance. The following resolu- tion is said to represent the very first act of the new church : Resolved, That all persons admitted to this church adopt the princi- ple of entire abstinence from the use of ardent spirits, except for medi- cine. Wing's school-house, where the Gazette building now stands, was the first meeting place. Worship was subse- quently attended in the Bazaar, the college building, the Universalist church on Walnut, Burke's church (the old First Presbyterian) on Vine, and the Mechanics' insti- tute. At last, February 18, 1836, the church property owned by the Baptists on Sixth street was bought for eight thousand dollars, and here services were held for more than twelve years, when they were transferred, Oc- tober 22, 1848, to the lecture room of the fine edifice built and still occupied by the society, on Vine street, near Ninth. The Rev. Asa Mahan, well known as a writer upon logic and other topics, and since president of Adrian col- lege, Michigan, was the first pastor, August 25, 1831, to May 1, 1835.' His successors have been: H. Norton, June 1, 1835, to October 24, 1837; Artimus Billiard, about four months from December 1, 1837; Jonathan Blanchard, March, 1838, to November 9, 1845; C. B. Boynton, September, 1846, to March 27, 1856, Novem- ber 18, i860, to March 1, 1865, and October, 1873, l P February 11, 1877; Starr H. Nichols, June, 1865, to January 1, 1867; H. D. Moore, April 17, 1867, to May, 1873; and C. H. Daniels, December 20, 1877, to this writing. November 10, 1846, a unanimous vote was had to change to Congregationalism, and reorganize as the Sixth street Congregational church of Cincinnati. A change of name was soon afterwards made to the Vine street Con- gregational church, under an act of the legislature. Un- der its auspices mainly were organized the Western Free Missionary society, now merged into the American Mis- sionary association, and the Reform Book and Tract so- ciety, now flourishing as the Western Tract society. About fifteen hundred persons have been received into its membership since the beginning, a number of whom have entered the Chistian ministry. Revivals have oc-„ curred in 1834, 1838, 1840, 1842, 1853, 1858, 1863, 1870, and 1877, the first and third of which brought each seventy-two into the church. Its discipline has been practical and thorough, and many have been cut off from its communion for transgressions scarcely noticed in some other churches. In the words of its manual, "an un- trammeled pulpit, and the application of the gospel to every known sin, have been and still are fixed principles of action' in the life of this church." And we cannot better close this review than in the words of one of its former pastors, in his historical discourse of January 7, 1877: After so many years cf varied experiences, here stands Vine street church to-day— not weaker, not stronger — not despised, but respected for her firm defense of the right ; stronger than ever, incumbered with no debt, and ready, if baptized with the Holy Ghost, for still nobler work. The George street Presbyterian church, which was col- onized by thirty seven members from the Second Presby- terian church in 1843, became the First Orthodox Con- gregational in 1847. It subsequently took {he title of the Seventh street Congregational church, and has kept the right to the name since by remaining upon that street, where its house of worship is, on the north side, between Plum street and Central avenue. The corner-stone of this building was laid July 16, 18,45, wltn principal ser- vices by the Rev. Dr. Lyman Beecher. The basement i66 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. was occupied the same year; but the whole was not ready for dedication until May 10, 1849, when the appropriate ceremonies took place. The Columbia and Storrs churches, with the Presby- . terian and other old churches in Columbia and Cum- minsville, will be noticed in chapters which treat of the suburbs or townships. LUTHERAN. The pioneer church of this faith has already been no- ticed very briefly. The Germans who first came to Cin- cinnati were mostly Lutherans and Presbyterians; and in 1814 they united in forming a German Lutheran society, whose first pastor was the Rev. Joseph Zesline, from Philadelphia. By the next year, although they had no place of assembly of their own, they met regularly for preaching in German and English every Sunday. By this time some benefit was derived to the early churches from sales of land in the twenty-ninth section in every township of the Miami Purchase, which was granted by the General Government for the support of religion therein. The law of the State made it the duty of the trustees of the school sections to sell the ministerial sec- tions in leases of ninety-nine years, renewable forever, and divide the annual rents among the regular Christian churches, in amounts proportioned to their numbers of members, respectively. In this way, and by the aid of their fellow-Christians of other denominations, whose habit it was in those days to lend aid liberally in build- ing for each other, the German Lutherans presently got means together for a church. The German Evangelical church, of the Lutheran faith, now has its house of worship on Race, between Fifteenth and Liberty streets. The German Protestant society (St. John's), also Lutheran, meets at the corner of Elm and Twelfth streets. There is one more Luth- eran church in the city, the well-known English Evangel- ical, on Elm street, between Ninth and Court.* The Lutherans are sometimes called "the children of the Augsburg confession." The confession is justly styled the mother-symbol of the Reformation. The late Dr. D'Aubigne, historian of the Reformation, charac- terizes it as "a production which will remain one of the masterpieces of the human mind enlightened by the spirit of God." The Lutheran is an old orthodox church, the child of the Reformation. It is by far the largest of all the Protestant churches, from forty to fifty million souls being now under her spiritual care. In the United States it numbers seven hundred and fifty thou- sand members, holding about the third place in this country with the other families of Protestantism. It has here between three and four thousand ministers, some of whom are among the most famous divines in the coun- try, as the Rev. Professor C. P. Krauth, D. D., LL D., of Philadelphia, Provost of the University of Pennsyl- vania ; Rev. John G. Morris, D. D., LL. D., of Balti- more; Rev. Professor J. A. Brown, D. D., LL. D., of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Rev. Mosheim Rhodes, D. D., of St. Louis, Missouri; and many others. * The matter that follows under this head is contributed in substance by the Rev. J. M. Straeffer, of Cottage Hill, Columbia. Thirty-nine years ago (in 1841) the first successful ef- fort was made towards founding the first English Evan- gelican Lutheran church in Cincinnati. Fifty-six years ago, a well-known Lutheran clergyman, the Rev. Jacob Crigler, of Somerset County, Pennsylvania, where he was then pastor of six congregations, passed through Cincin- nati on his way to Florence, Kentucky. He enquired whether there was an English Lutheran church in Cin- cinnati, and was answered that there was not. In 1834 he removed from Pennsylvania to the neighborhood of Florence. He was still concerned about the formation of a church in Cincinnati. The writer of this account, some years before the founding of this church, wrote several letters touching this matter, to the editor of the Lutheran Observer, which was published in Baltimore. An extract from one of those letters is: "Could there not be an English Lutheran church established in this large city? Ought there not to be one here? Will not the brethren in the east do something in this matter? If other denominations, without materials for a church, are succeeding in planting their standard among us, why cannot Lutherans do the same, when materials are al- ready prepared to their hands?" The founding of an English church of this creed was too long neglected, and if it had not been neglected there might now have been here more than one. The Rev. Jacob Crigler was president of the Mission- ary Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the west, which met in Indianapolis October 5, 1841. This syrtbd united with the , Evangelical Lutheran synod of Ohio to support for one year the pious Rev. Abraham Reck, of Indianapolis, as the English Lutheran mission- ary for Cincinnati. Accordingly Mr. Reck came to Cin- cinnati December 8, 1841, and the next Sabbath morn- ing preached his first sermon here, in the upper room of the engine-house situated on the corner of Vine and Canal streets. In the afternoon the late Rev. John Krack preached. He came to the Lutherans from the United Brethren church, and remained with them till his death. The organization of the first English Lutheran church was afterwards effected in the old college building on Walnut street, on Sabbath, February 20, 1842, by the Rev. Mr. Reck, assisted by the late venerable Rev. Jacob Crigler, who preached an encouraging sermon on that occasion. Michael Straeffer, J. M. Straeffer, Hon. Henry Kessler, Samuel Startzman, (the first superintendent of the Sab- bath-school), Thomas Heckwelder, Isaac Greenwald, David Hawley, J. E. Jungeman, (musician), Mark Dorney, Adam Epply, Thomas Walter, William Walter, John Lilley, John Everding, John Meyers, George Meyers, Andrew Erkenbrecker, (superintendent of the Sabbath- school for awhile), Frederick Rammelsberg, Charles Woellner, and Henry Stuckenberg, with their wives, were some of the first members; and also the widows McLean, Whegroff, Seiters, and Lowrie. Mr. Reck remained pastor until November 30, 1845. A learned living di- vine said that he "was one of the holiest men I ever met." This faithful servant of God died at Lancaster, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 167 Ohio, May 18, 1869, at the age of seventy-eight years, four mopths, and sixteen days. Quite a number of prominent citizens became church members; such as John Everhard, (a good singer, and for»some time super- intendent of the Sabbath-school), Jacob Guelich, Herman Schultz, Henry Schaeffer, Thomas Bowers, George Fisher, Monroe Lowrie, Charles Whemer, Edward Lau- ton, Mr. Reem, Mr. Man, and Alonzo Adams, (who was for a long time chorister and superintendent of the Sab- bath-school). A number of the early members are now sleeping in the dust of the earth. This church receives the Holy Bible as the word of the living God, from first to last, from Genesis to Reve- lation, with its prophecies, histories, commandments, names, places, miracles, mysteries, invitations, threaten- ings, exhortations, and promises. The second pastor was the Rev. Dr. William H. Har- rison. He assumed his pastoral labors April 18, 1846. This was his first and only charge, which he held twenty and a half years. He was stricken down in the meridian of his days by cholera, November 3, 1866, at the age of nearly forty-eight years. He was untiring in his calling. The third pastor was the genial and impressive Rev. Dr. Joel Swartz, one of the professors in Wittenberg col- lege, Ohio. He remained about one year and a half. The fourth pastor was the Rev. Dr. John B. Helwig, now the efficient president of Wittemberg college. He remained about four years and a half. The fifth pastor was the Rev. Rufus W. Hufford. He remained about a year and a half. The sixth pastor was the meek and pleasant Rev. Ephraim Miller. He took charge of this church March 1, 1875, and remained until October 1, 1878, a period of three years and seven months. The seventh and present incumbent is Rev. H. W. McKnight, who is sometimes in his sermons flowery and descriptive. This church belongs to the Miami Synod of the Lu- theran church, a district synod which is connected with general synod of the Lutheran church in the United States. There are several Sabbath-schools connected with the church, which are in a prosperous condition. The spiritual state of the church is good. The present church edifice is situated on Elm, near Ninth street. It is brick, with the front of Ohio freestone. It was built in the year 185 1, and set apart to the worship of Almighty God in 1854. Its people hold to the Paulinian doctrine, which was rescued from oblivion and revived by the Lutheran Reformation, which is justification by faith alone. Articulus stantis vel cadentis ecdesiae. THE DISCIPLES. In 1826 the Rev. Alexander ' Campbell, then in the prime of his spiritual energy and intellectual power, vis- ited Cincinnati and preached his new doctrines at a series of meetings with telling effect. As one result of his ar- guments and eloquence, nearly the entire body of the Sycamore Street Baptist church, a new and flourishing congregation, was swept into the movement headed by Mr. Campbell, and became a Disciple society, still under the charge of its pastor, Elder James Challen, who after- wards became through a long life, here and in Philadel- phia, a shining light in the church of his adoption. The Central Christian church, the first of the faith formed, left Sycamore street and built on Walnut and Eighth in 1847, and in 1869 a superb building, costing one hun- dred and forty-two thousand dollars, on Ninth street, be- tween Central avenue and Plum, which they now occupy. THE EARLY PREACHERS. The Rev. Timothy Flint, who spent a winter in Cin- cinnati nearly seventy years ago, and afterwards returned and settled here, left this testimony in his interesting book of Recollections: Some of the ministers whom I heard preach here were men of con- siderable talent and readiness. They were uniformly in the habit of extemporaneous- preaching, a custom which, in my judgment, gives a certain degree of effect even to ordinary matter. Their manner had evidently been formed to the character of the people, and indicated their prevailing taste, and had taken its coloring from the preponderance of the Methodists and the more sensitive character of the people of the South. They did not much affect discussion, but ran at once into the declamatory. Sometimes these flights were elevated, but much oftener not well sustained. For the speaking the whole was, for the most part, moulded in one form. They commenced the paragraph in a moderate tone, gradually elevating the voice with each period, and closing it with the greatest exertion and the highest pitch of the voice. They then af- fected, or it seemed like affectation, to let the voice down to the origi- nal modulation, in order to run it up to the same pitch again. And again : What development the lapse of ten years may have given to the em- bryo projects of humane institutions, which were now in discussion, I am not informed to say. But the town has a character for seriousness, good order, public spirit and Christian kindness, corresponding to its improvement in other respects. Mrs. Steele, author of A Summer Journey in the West, in 1840, pays Cincinnati the following compliment in one of her letters : July 20th. — I am happy to inform you the state of religion and mor- als in this place are such as would please every lover of Jesus and of good order. One fact speaks for itself, there are here thirty churches. There are also twelve public schools, and between two and three thou- sand scholars, who are there educated. What a blessed thing is it to see a city, instead of lavishing its surplus wealth upon theatres and places of dissipation, erecting schools, and such respectable, nay, ele- gant houses of public worship as we see in Cincinnati. The conse- quences are seen in the circumstances and behavior of the people. Here is no haunt of vice, no Faubourg St, Antoine, no Five Points; the people keep the Sabbath, and are respectable and happy. "MILLERISM." In 1843-4 this delusion was propagated with great in- dustry and zeal in Cincinnati by the Rev. Messrs. Hines, Jacobs, and others. They began and carried on relig- ious services for a time in the building of the Cincinnati college, and finally, as their congregations and means in- creased, they built a rough but convenient "tabernacle" near Mill creek, a broad building of eighty feet square, capable of seating two thousand hearers. They estab- lished a newspaper organ called The Midnight Cry, and succeeded in convincing a large number of persons in the city and vicinity that the end of all things was at hand. The close of 1843, tne twenty-third of March, 1844, and midnight of the twenty-second of October, of the same year, were successively announced as the peri- ods of the final winding-up of sublunary affairs. The rest may be told in the pleasant words of Mr. Charles i68 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Cist, who relates the story in the number of his Cincin- nati Miscellany for November, 1844: All these periods were referred to in succession in The Midnight Cry, and so firmly was the faith of the Millerites fixed on the last calculation that the number published for October 22d was solemnly announced to be the last communication through that channel to the believers. In this progress of things, both in the press and tabernacle, as might have been expected, deeper exercises of mind among the Millerites was the result, and within a few days of the twenty-second all the brethren had divested themselves of their earthly cares, eating, drinking, and sleep- ing only excepted. Chests of tools which cost forty dollars were gold for three. A gold watch worth one hundred dollars was sacrificed for one-fifth the value. Two brothers of the name of Hanselmann, who owned a steamboat in company with Captain Collins, abandoned to him their entire interest in it, alleging they had nothing farther to do with earthly treasures. John Smith, an estimable man, once a distin- guished member of the Baptist church and a man of considerable property here, left it all to take care of itself. A distinguished leader in this movement shut up his shop and placed a card on the door, "Gone to meet the Lord" — which in a few hours were irreverently re- placed by some of the neighbors with "Gone up." One of the believers, the clerk of one of our courts, made up his bus- iness papers to the twenty-second, and left later business to those who were willing to attend to it. Another, a clerk in one of the city banks, resigned his position in order to devote his entire attention to the sec- ond advent preparations; and others settled up their worldly business, paying their debts so far as was in their power, and asking forgiveness of their unpaid creditors, when they were unable to discharge the ac- count. Others, again, spent weeks in visiting relations and friends for the last time, as they supposed. In short, after all these things, all ranks and classes of the believers assembled at the tabernacle on the nights of the twenty-second and twenty-third successively, to be ready for the great evunt. In the meantime considerable ill-feeling had been engendered among the relatives of those who had become infatuated with these doctrines, as they saw their wives or sisters or daughters led off by such delusions, to the neglect of family duties, even to the preparing of ordinary meals or attending to the common and everyday business of life. The spirit of lynching was about to make its appearance. Crowds upon crowds, increasing every evening, as the allotted day approached, aided to fill the house or surround the doors of their building. A large share were ready to commence mischief as soon as a fair opportunity should present itself. On last Sabbath the first indications of popular dis- pleasure broke out. Every species of annoyance was offered to the Millerites at the doors of the tabernacle, and even within its walls, on that and Monday evening — much of it 'highly discreditable to the ac- tors. At the close of an exhortation or address, or even a prayer by the members, the same tokens of "approbation, by clapping of hands and stamping of feet, as are exhibited at a theatre or a public lecture, were given here, interspersed with groans of "Oh Polk!" "Oh Clay!" shouts of "Hurrah for Clay!" "Hurrah for Polk!" "Hurrah for Bir- ney!" and loud calls of "move him," "you can't come it," varied oc- casionally with distinct rounds of applause. A pigeon was let into the tabernacle also, on Monday evening, to the general annoyance. On Tuesday the crowds in and outside the building, still increasing, and not less than twenty-five hundred persons being within the walls, and nearly two thousand in the street adjacent, a general disturbance was expected. But the mayor and police had been called on, and were upon the ground and distributed through the crowd. The clear moon- light rendered it difficult to commit any excess irresponsibly; and above all, Father Reese, venerable for his age, erudition, and skill in theology, and his magnificent beard, occupied the great mass outside the doors, as a safety-valve to let off the superfluous excitement. At nine o'clock the. Millerites adjourned — as it proved sine die — going home to watch at their respective dwellings for the expected advent. They held no tabernacle meeting on Wednesday evening, to the disappointment of the crowd, which assembled as usual, and to which, by way of solace, Reese again held forth. At nine o'clock the out-door assembly dis- persed, also without day. Wednesday evening having dissipated the last hopes and confounded all the calculations of the Adventists, they have since, to a great extent, resumed that position in the community which they previously held. The carpenter has again seized his jack- plane, the mason his trowel, and the painter his brush. Eshelby has tied on anew the leather apron, and Brother Jones again laid hold of the cui rying-knife. The clerk in the bank, whose post was kept in abeyance until he should recover from his delusion, is again at his desk, and John the Baptist, by which well-known sobriquet one of the prin- cipal leaders is designated, has gone back to his houses and his farms, content to wait, as other Christians are waiting, for the day and hour to come, as the chart has pointed it out. A GREAT DEBATE on theological questions was opened February 24, 1845, in this tabernacle, between the Rev. Dr. N. L. Rice, of the Central Presbyterian church, and Rev. E. M. Pin- gree, of the Universalist faith, which was continued through eight days. The house was thronged to over- flowing, and large numbers climbed to the roof in immi- nent danger of bringing it down and themselves with it. Judge Coffin and Messrs. William Green and Henry Starr, three prominent citizens of Cincinnati, were the moderators, and all passed off quietly and in order. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTY-NINE. The Roman Catholics had twenty four .churches and chapels in 1859, the Episcopalians seven churches, Old School Presbyterians nine, New School just as many, Reformed Presbyterians four, Baptists three, Disciples four, Methodists twenty-one, Orthodox and Welsh Con- gregationalists three, United Brethren in Christ three, Lutheran eight, German Reformed three, Friends and Universalists two each. The Hebrews had six syna- gogues, and two congregations without synagogues. There were one hundred and six Sabbath-schools (not counting Roman Catholic or Jewish), with one thousand nine hundred and eighteen teachers and thirteen thou- sand eight hundred and ninety pupils, and forty thou- sand nine hundred and twenty volumes in their libraries. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SIXTY-NINE. Mr. James Parton, writing his article on Cincinnati for the Atlantic Monthly, reckons the number of Jews in the city at twelve thousand, with specially cultivated and liberal rabbis in charge of the congregations. The other churches were flourishing, but often changed their pas- tors. "In .all Cincinnati," he writes, "there are but three Protestant clergymen who have been there more than three years." The religious statistics of this year show a total of one hundred and nineteen churches in the city — eleven Baptist, twenty-three Catholic, sixteen Methodist, seven Episcopal, six each of Old and New School Presbyteri- ans, five Jewish, four each of German Evangelical Union, Congregationalists, and Disciples, and three each of German Reformed, German Methodist, Methodist Protestant, Lutheran, United Presbyterians, Reformed Presbyterians, United Brethren, and Unitarian, two of Friends, and one each of the Christian, Independent Methodist, Methodist Calvinistic, Colored Methodist, New Jerusalem or Swedenborgian, Universalist, and Union Bethel churches. EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY. At a meeting of the Presbyterian clergy of the city held on Monday, November 29, 1880, the report of a committee on religion in Cincinnati was presented, which affords the latest bulletin on the subject to the time these pagesv j3v^^m^w^ HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i»5 Kemper and Peter H. Kemper devoted eight acres of land on Walnut Hills, at the earnest request of their father, for the support of the Walnut Hills academy, that year established by Rev. James Kemper, sr., on the man- ual labor principle. In this school, in addition to the or- dinary branches of education, the Latin and Greek lan- guages were taught, till, at the close of the year 1825, the failing health of Mr. Kemper compelled him to sus- pend it. Yet this school had a connection with what followed, for, when subsequently Walnut Hills was nom- inated as the site for the seminary the general assembly was proposing to establish in the west, it could be said in favor of the location: "On one of the sites we would propose there is a well-finished academy, with a good frame dwelling-house by it." — [Letter of Rev. James Kemper, sr., to Dr. Ely.] In the summer of 1828 occurred what led to the first decisive steps towards the foundation of this seminary. Mr. E. Lane and brother, merchants of New Orleans, Baptists, moved with a desire to bring the means of edu- cation within the reach of "pious but indigent young men," offered assistance thereto to their Baptist brethren in Cincinnati. The Baptists declined the offer. It was then proposed that it should be a joint affair — the Bap- tists and Presbyterians uniting. This partnership the Presbyterians declined to go into. The offer was then made to the Presbyterians alone, and by them enter- tained, and the first meeting was convened in the First Presbyterian church, September 27, 1828, to deliberate on the subject. To this meeting a paper was presented exhibiting a plan of the institution and containing the proposition of the Messrs. Lane. It was resolved to act upon it, and committees were appointed to wait on the Messrs. Lane, draft a constitution, and prepare a circular for appeal to the public. So the first decisive blow was struck. September 27, 1828. The first offer of land for a site was made by Mr. Samuel Caldwell, of Carthage, (October 28, 1828). He offered to give twenty-five to thirty acres near that village. Mr. Elnathan Kemper (November 15, 1828) offered to sell to the board one hundred acres on Walnut Hills for seven thousand five hundred dollars. December 15, 1828, Mr. William Cary offered a farm on the pike be- tween College Hill and Mount Pleasant, a part of which he would donate and a part sell, for one thousand six hundred and fifty dollars. But, pending these offers, Mr. Kemper, on January 1, 1829, proposed to donate sixty acres from the north end of his farm, and sell forty more at four thousand dollars. Here comes to view in our history one of the names ever to be held in grateful remembrance, ever to be honored. In the graceful cus- tom of the east, we should rise up and pronounce him "blessed'' at every mention. Mr. Elnathan Kemper never held any official relation to the board or the semi- nary. But he will stand perpetually in a relation most honorable and dear — honorable to his generous heart; honorable to his far-sightedness ; honorable to the pur- pose which governed his life, in the glory of his Master. In dividing his estate, and laying one portion at the feet of that Master, he gave, what some might say would now be a princely fortune to his descendants, were it in their possession, but what has written his name among the benefactors of the church. Several of the Kempei s par- ticipated in the gift. The offer of Mr. Kemper the board gladly accepted, and thus the site was fixed here, where the value of the land has contributed to place the institution on a solid financial basis. At either of the other locations pro- posed, the land would still have only a value for farming purposes, in addition to the disadvantage of distance from the city. It was no exaggeration, then, when the corresponding secretary, Dr. Warren, wrote to Mr. Lane, after the selection of this site: "The seminary will be delightfully located for health and pleasantness." The act of the legislature incorporating the institution was passed February n, 1829. Remembering how new and unsupplied was everything here fifty years ago, it is not to be wondered at that our fathers should grasp at the supply of everything at once; so an institution was planned which should be prepara- tory, collegiate, and theological, all in one. Such a re- port was presented January 5, 1829; and the board entered upon the adoption of it by beginning at the bot- tom, and nominating a tutor for the preparatory depart- ment. By action of the board, July 6, 1829, the theo- logical course was extendi d to three years. The pre- paratory department was opened November 15, 1829; and a faithful effort was made to get the whole extensive machine into operation, but it was too heavy, too ex- pensive. As early as March 22, 1833, an earnest dis- cussion was had on the motion to reduce the institution to a theological seminary, with a limited literary depart- ment for pious young men. This discussion continued at intervals for a year, till, at the annual meeting, October 30, 1834, the following was adopted: Whereas, It appears to this board, after the experience they have had, and the best counsel they can obtain on the subject, that a pre- paratory of literary department in the seminary is not favorable to its best interests ; therefore, Resolved, That from the present time the preparatory department be discontinued. Thenceforward, therefore, the theological department, which had gone into operation with the inauguration of Drs. Beecher and Biggs, December 26, 1832, had exclu- sive possession. The first financial act of the board was to order the treasurer to borrow fifty dollars. Their credit appears to have been able to endure the strain. Agents were ap- pointed east, west, and south, to raise funds to organize the new institution,. and commence the erection of build- ings. Little success was met with except in this vicinity, where some fifteen thousand dollars appear to have been subscribed. The collection of this appears subsequently to have been attended with considerable difficulty, owing to causes which need not here be described. A part of the local subscription was never realized. Efforts were made in the east, also, to secure endowments of profes- sorships. Mr. Arthur Tappan, of New York, agreed to give twenty thousand dollars to endow the professorship of didactic theology, provided Dr. Beerher could be ob- tained, The professorship of church history and church »4 1 86 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. polity was begun and well advanced in Philadelphia ; while Mr. John Tappan, of Boston, subscribed ten thous- and dollars; Daniel Waldo and sisters, of Worcester, Massachusetts, four thousand more toward the professor- ship of sacred rhetoric. These generous offers opened a door of hope, and the board felt authorized to go for- ward in the complete manning of the institution. It must be that what was known as the "Kemper school-house" was used at first for the preparatory de- partment, or "Walnut Hills school," as it was designated; yet this nowhere appears in the minutes. The first building erected was the boarding-house, the contract for which was made April 12, 1830, with W. H. Pierce, for three thousand five hundred dollars. This building was so damaged by fire, April 18, 1868, that it was replaced by the present boarding-hall during the following summer. The next structure undertaken was the dormitory, which was begun in 1832. The money for this building appears to have been raised in Cincinnati — a meeting having been held for that purpose in the vestry-room of the Second Presbyterian church, about New Year's, at which a subscription was started, and subsequently in- creased to near twelve thousand dollars. The chapel began to receive attention in the fall of 1834. For a good part of a year they labored on the design and the location. The architectural outcome of so much labor seems hardly adequate. Finally this minute appears: "A new plan for a chapel was sub- mitted which would place the end toward the street, and having six brick pillars in front, which was considered; and, on motion, it was resolved the plan be adopted, pro- vided the expense of the chapel shall not exceed eleven thousand dollars; and J. C. Tunis was requested to call on Mr. Walters, the master builder, and obtain an esti- mate of the cost of the building on the above plan." May 25, 1835. From various records it would appear that the chapel was finished during the year 1836. After inquiries and correspondence, the appointment of professor was tendered to Rev. George C. Beckwith, then of Lowell, Massachusetts, April 13, 1829. He ac- cepted August 26, 1829, and appears to have arrived on the ground about the first of November, for on the sec- ond day he is present at a meeting of the board; he is then charged with all the theological instruction, and is directed to make out a course of study for the institution. It is not known that Professor Beckwith ever gave any instruction in the seminary. Temporary teachers were provided for the preparatory school. February 24, 1830, he was appointed agent to solicit funds in the east; and, proceeding thither, he labored there without success, and September 20, 1830, resigned. October 22, 1830, Dr. Beecher was appointed Presi- dent and Professor of Didactic Theology, and corres- pondence was opened with him. January 17, i83r, Dr. Biggs, then of Frankford, Pennsylvania, was appointed Professor of Christian History, on condition his profes- sorship be completed in Philadelphia, January 23, 1832, Dr. Beecher's appointment was re- newed, and Dr. Biggs' acceptance was received. August 9, 1832, Dr. Beecher's acceptance was re- ceived, and at the same date Dr. Stowe was appointed Professor of Biblical Exegesis. December 26, 1832, Drs. Beecher and Biggs were in- augurated, and the work of theological instruction fairly commenced. Some things characteristic of the early times we may profitably bring to mind. What would we think now, for example, of the following proposition to board stu- dents: "We will board not less than ten, nor more than twenty-five, orderly, well-behaved boys or young men, from the tenth instant to the first of May next, in the fol- lowing ways: Their table must be plain, consisting of a change in bread, vegetables, meats and soups. Their principal lodging-room must be in the third story, and is forty feet long by thirteen wide, is well plastered, and is commonly called the garret, lighted by four small win- dows. We will furnish one large room with a fireplace, which must be common to all our boarders, and at the same time our dining-room, which room the students must warm at their own expense. This grade of fare we will furnish for one dollar and twelve and a half cents per week (neither candles or bedding here)." November 2, 1829. December 23, 1829: "Resolved, that the students in the Lane Seminary be required to labor three hours daily until further directed." But, then, they were impartial in their requirements, for October 1, 1832, it was "re- solved, that every teacher in the Lane Seminary be re- quired to labor as regularly as possible, and, when prac- ticable, daily;" and a committee of four, with Rev. James Gallaher as chairman, was appointed to confer with the teachers on this subject. It does not appear what measures were taken for the health of the trustees. March 4, 1833. Some students petition for the com- fort of coffee in the boarding-house, but it was resolved "that it is inexpedient at this time to make any change in the fare." November 30, 1832. "Resolved, that the smoking of segars will, in no case, be allowed in any building of the Seminary," and I nowhere find any repeal of this. Nor of this: "June 25, 1834. Resolved, that it is inexpe- dient for students, during their continuance in this insti- tution, to form connections by marriage, and that form- ing such connection is a sufficient ground for dismission from the Seminary.'' It would be hard, I think, to prove that such rules are so antiquated as to have lost all their "sweet reasonable- ness." If any have found it difficult to understand why the trustees should have laid out a cemetery on their land, it may be a relief to hear the last of many reasons given by a committee appointed to draw up a report on the sub- ject. Among other reasons this appears: "Inasmuch as those who are studying for the ministry need time and opportunity for meditation and self-examination, a ceme- tery in proximity to the institution will afford a favorable retirement for that purpose." The Life of Thomas Morris, formerly Senator of the United States from Ohio, contains the following inter- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 187 esting note of an old-time episode at the Seminary, which was briefly noticed in our annals of the Fifth Decade : The Trustees of Lane Seminary, in 1834, prohibited the formation of an anti-slavery society, and declared that all discussion on the subject was improper. This action, so contrary to the genius of Christianity and of free institutions, compelled the students to leave the institution and go where free discussion was tolerated. The institution itself was threatened with an attack from a mob, if there was not a suppression of the Anti-Slavery Society. The venerable president of the institu- tion, Dr. Lyman Beecher, whose family have, by their genius and writ- ings, given to the anti-slavery sentiment of the nation and the world an extraordinary extension and power, said to the students: "Boys, you are right in your views, but most impracticable in your measures. Mining and quiet strategy are ordinarily better as well as safer methods of taking a city, than to do it by storm. It is not always wise to take a bull by the horns. You are right ; but in your way you can't succeed. If you should succeed, I will be with you, and swing my hat and shout huzza !" Leading literary magazines and newspapers of Cincinnati combined to disband this Anti-Slavery Society of Lane Seminary, de- claring it "discreditable to the institution, and calculated to inflict a deep wound on the great interests of education ; and the indignation of the public will put it down. '' The following extract from the historical note prefixed to the catalogue of 1879-80, brings the history rapidly but sufficiently down to the present time: Among those who have served the Seminary since its organization, the name of D. Howe Allen, D. D., is especially conspicuous. He was Professor of Sacred Rhetoric from 1840 to 1851; and from that date till 1867, when he resigned, the Professor in Systematic Theology. Like Dr. Beecher, he continned to be Professor Emeritus till his death, which occurred in 1870. George E. Day, D. D., now of Yale Theological Seminary, was Professor of Biblical Literature from 1851 to 1866. Henry A. Nelson, D. D., now of Geneva, New York, was Professor of Theology from 1867 to 1874; and Thomas E. Thomas, D. D., Profes- sor of New Testament Literature from 1871 to his death in 1875. Jona- than B. Condit, D. D., and Elisha Ballantine, D. D., have served the Seminary for shorter periods. Henry Smith, D. D., LL. D., who died on the fourteenth of January, 1879, was Professor of Sacred Rhetoric from 1855 to 1861. In 1865 he returned to the same department of in- struction, and remained in the discharge of his duties, with the addi- tion of Pastoral Theology, till his decease. He also gave instruction for some years in Church History, and, during the illness of Dr. Allen, in the Department of Theology. The whole number of alumni is about seven hundred, of whom five hundred are still living. The large majority of the brethren have been or are still engaged in the missionary work of the Presbyterian church, in the region between the Alleghanies and the outlying territories of the west. They are distributed in seventeen States and territories. More than thirty have gone into the foreign field. Many of them have sig- nalized themselves as capable and effective preachers, and as earnest and practical laborers in every department of ministerial service. In the two States of Ohio and Indiana more than one-fifth of the actual working force of our church are graduates of Lane. In this year (1879-80) the faculty of the seminary numbered five professors, and the students numbered thirty-four — thirteen juniors, thirteen of the middle class, six seniors, and two resident ministers — representing thirteen States. The Smith Library hall -was erected in 1863, and named from its principal benefactor, Mr. Preserved Smith, of Dayton, who also contributed half the expense (ten thousand dollars) of a beautiful Seminary hall for chapel, gymnasium, etc., dedicated December 18, 1879. THE CINCINNATI THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY was an organization started by the Old School Presby- terians, to whom the theology of Lane seminary was not acceptable, in May, 1850. The professors were pastors of churches in the city — the Rev. James Hoge, D. D., in the chair of church polity and ecclesiastical history, and Rev. N. L. Rice, D. D., in that of didactic or polemic theology. Teachers of Greek and Hebrew, and of ori- ental and Biblical literature, were also in the original plan. It was remarked as a novel feature that the school had no building, dormitories or lecture-rooms, except the church lecture-rooms of the pastors, where they met their students. There were but twelve of these during the first session — that of 1850-1 — and it soon be- came evident that the patronage of the school was not such as would justify its permanent maintenance. It was consequently short-lived. mount st. mary's theological seminary is a Roman Catholic institution, occupying a command- ing site on Price's Hill, west of the Mill Creek valley, on the highest ground in the immediate neighborhood of Cincinnati. It was founded about 1852, and has had a very eminent career as a preparatory school for the Catholic priesthood. Its library is a superb collection of more than fifteen thousand volumes, including one hun- dred editions of the Bible and many rarities in the shape of old Bibles, manuscripts, and other literary and ecclesi- astical curiosities. West of this institution and near the city limits, on the Warsaw turnpike, is the Young Ladies' Academy of St. Vincent de Paul, a Catholic school for girls, upon a spa- cious tract, formerly the residence of Mr. Alderson, a brother-in-law of Mary Howitt, the celebrated English authoress. The dwelling there was formerly called tha " Cedars,'' and from it were written, many years ago, the charming letters embodied by the sister abroad in a lit- tle volume entitled "Our Cousins in Ohio," from which we give extracts elsewhere. It was bought by the Sisters of Charity March 10, 1851, and made the mother-house of the order. Twenty more acres adjoining the "Cedars" tract were purchased in 1853, and in 1858 a new building was put up for the use of the order and the school. THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE is under the presidency of the renowned Rabbi Wise, of the congregation of Benai-Jeshurun. It was established in 1875, by the union of American-Hebrew congrega- tions, and has been maintained prosperously for several years. The departments are preparatory and collegiate, of four years each. The bourse of study includes Jewish history, literature, and theology, Semitic philology, and special preparation for professorships in the last named branch and for the Israelite pulpits. Pupils in the colle- giate course, if they enter for the degree of rabbi, must attend the undergraduate course at the university of Cin- cinnati. The attendance in the year 1878-9 was twenty- three regular students and twelve extra hearers. THE MEDICAL AND LAW SCHOOLS have a history of their own in this city, and shall receive due notice in our chapter on the Bar and on Medicine in Cincinnati. BUSINESS EDUCATION.* To the west belongs the credit of originating the Amer- * This section, for the most part, has been kindly contributed by Mr. Richard Nelson, president of Nelson's Business college, at the south- east corner of Fourth and Vine streets, and author of the well-known Cincinnati book on Suburban Homes. i88 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ican business college, and the pioneer in the enterprise was the venerable R. M. Bartlett, of Cincinnati. A citi- zen of the east, Mr. Bartlett first attempted to establish a school in Philadelphia, and afterward at Pittsburgh; but those cities were not ripe for the experiment, and in 1838 he removed to Cincinnati and opened an institution under the name of Bartlett's commercial college. Contrary to his expectations, Mr. Bartlett's school was looked upon with disfavor by the professional merchants of that time and their book-keepers; but there was a class of traders for whom it was specially adapted — the rising traders, who were generally men of limited means and education. These attended the college during the evenings, and soon were joined by clerks and broken tradesmen, the latter attending day and evening, to fit themselves for positions of responsibility in the houses of their more fortunate brethren. The system of teaching adopted by Mr. Bartlett was well fitted to meet the wants of his patrons. They all had more or less experience in business, knew something of clerking, and more of selling goods. They wanted only a knowledge of book-keeping, and that by double entry. At that time text-books on book-keeping were not nu- merous or well suited for the use of the school room. The principal were Bennett's and Jackson's; the latter an English work. These were written with little regard to a progressive course of study, and contained few exer- cises for teaching the theory and art of journalizing, post- ing, and closing books. Discarding their use, Mr. Bartlett introduced numerous diminutive sets of books, each complete in itself, so that the student, in every set, had to go through all the operations of opening, journal- izing, posting, and balancing books. These exercises gave him plenty of employment, and familiarized him with the various rules. In the course of time the college attracted to its rooms young mechanics and farmers, who pursued their studies during the day, and soon made the day sessions more important than those of the evening. Additional branches were added to the curriculum. Penmanship, taught by a professional teacher, was an important branch, and busi- ness arithmetic was another. .Lectures were also deliv- ered on mercantile law by prominent members of the bar. Mr. Bartlett's success was attended with the usual re- sult — competition. Mr. John Gundry, a professional penman, opened what he termed a Mercantile college, and associated with him one or two others, until he met a Mr. Bacon, a pupil of Mr. Bartlett. Mr. Bartlett com- plained that his former pupil, Bacon, was making use of his manuscript sets of book-keeping, and gave the part- ners some trouble. Messrs. Gundry and Bacon soon separated, each opening a college, called respectively Gundry's Mercantile College and B.icon's Mercantile College, the former on the northwest corner of Fifth and Walnut, and the latter on the corresponding corner of Walnut and Sixth streets. These proving successful, still more colleges of the kind were called into existence, till at one time there were six or seven. The new colleges added little, if anything, to the effi- ciency of the course of study. On the contrary, the character of the instruction degenerated, till the colleges lost the respect and confidence of the public, and espe- cially of business men. Boys and young men were gradu- ated as book-keepers, when many of them could not make out a bill from dictation or draw a receipt for a given purpose. The day for obtaining the patronage of the business community had passed, and no change was made in the curriculum to adapt it to the wants of the young mechanics and farmers who then made up their patrons. In 1856 another teacher, Mr. Richard Nelson, ap- peared in the community, whose attention was directed to the defects of the popular system of instruction, and he at once proceeded to remedy them. For this purpose he organized the school as a business community, and thus placed every student under the necessity, not only of making out bills, but of giving and receiving all the vouchers necessary for the safe transaction of business. It was thus that the actual business method of teaching had its origin, and Nelson's Business College, of Cincin- nati, has the credit of originating it. The following is a description of the course of study: At certain hours of the day, the students, assembled in the College hall, are an organized business community. The hall has suitable fur- niture for carrying on banking, insurance and transportation business, besides desks for the business of each student and firm. Students are instructed how to buy, sell, and collect, in accordance with law and usage. A bank of issue supplies them with currency. They keep bank accounts, issue notes of hand, checks, etc., and conduct a correspond ence, buy and sell and exchange ; — in short, act as any community ot merchants, bankers, etc., which they really are. Their merchandise is represented by printed cards, their business forms are printed neatly and in mercantile style. Immediately on entering, the beginner has advanced to him a sum of money and is commissioned to buy for his principal. He is shown how to enter the check and how to make his deposit ; learns the condition of the market, buys to the best of his knowledge and skill, delivers his goods and invoices, and, when his funds run low, renders a statement and draws upon his principal for more money. When he has made enough in this way, and his books have been kept satisfactorily, he is allowed to do business on his own account. He then buys from first hands ; and, being unrestricted as to persons, sells to whom he pleases and on the best terms he can make. He is thus led to depend upon his own resources, and compelled to consult his best judgment in all his business affairs. If he has maturing obligations, he must hold himself prepared to honpr them, as neglect would impair his credit, and that would retard his progress in study, because without capital he could not do business on his own account, Doing business, as each student is, with every other student, there is a continual check on his records. Besides this, at short intervals, the books, papers, etc., are examined by the President, who points out errors, if any, and suggests improvements. Having an efficient secretary and treasurer to manage the concerns of the office, the president is enabled to give his personal attention to every student. Besides this, he is the head of the miniature city and has business relations with every student of every grade. A corps of clerks assist him in this capacity. He is also a legal adviser, and is consulted as such on frequent occasions; and every set of books written by students has to pass a rigid examination, and the writers a further examination, so that principles will not be overlooked in the interest attached to doing business. This personal supervision, it will be conceded, adds materially to the efficiency of the college. In its absence actual business is only a sham. Doing business as merchants, clerks, tellers, etc., students become perfectly familiar with the use of vouchers, and acquire great dexterity in drawing them. Besides this, drill exercises are daily given in business calculations HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 189 from simple addition up to foreign exchange, in which the students of each section engage in vigorous competition. Nelson's mercantile arithmetic was pub ished to aid the teachers in giving instruction in the most concise methods of footing long columns, extending, com- puting interest, commission, etc. Owing to the hurried manner in which children are forced through the first rules of arithmetic and the limited knowledge of the majority of teachers regarding the wants of business, we seldom find a student of any literary school or college who is either rapid or accurate in figures. Instead of drilling children in expeditious methods, teachers occupy their time in working out by mental processes problems that will never be called into use in after life and are of comparatively little value for culture. Another defect in teaching arithmetic is that of confining the atten- tion of learners to questions based upon tables of weights and meas- ures that were never used in this country. For instance, children are taught to calculate the cost of goods as bought and sold by the ell English, Flemish, and French, and groceries by the ton, hundred, quar- ter, pound, ounce, and dram as a single weight ! Still another defect is in practicing crude methods of solution. Instead of teaching children to use the fewest number of figures com- bined with the least mental effort, teachers pride themselves on the variety of ways by which the required result can be obtained; and the most operose methods are the most likely to be adopted because they happen to be governed by elaborate rules. In most arithmetics the method of computing interest and discount is taught by many different rules, not one of which is used by expert clerks. That there is a great wrong being practiced on the rising generation in regard to the study of arithmetic, every business man must know. How to rectify it, may soon be a popular question. As taught in this institution, arithmetic is one of the most interesting branches of study. Rules are discarded, principles demonstrated and applied, and vigorous drill exercises con- ducted daily. The curriculum is further made up of mercantile law, correspondence, lectures on business habits, business morals or ethics, success in business, etc., and other kin- dred topics, and, generally, the young people are trained rather than taught. They learn by study and observation and the demonstration of principles, rather than by rule, and are thus prepared to take their places beside experi- enced clerks and book-keepers. This new departure (if we may still call it new), at- tracted the attention of many of the leading educators of the country, not a few of whom availed themselves of the advantages the college afforded for learning business. At one time no less than six of Cincinnati's most promi- nent teachers were attending the institution, and the college register shows the name of a professor of mathe- matics from Andover. At first the new system was ridiculed, then seriously proscribed, then copied, or, we should say, counterfeited, and to-day "The Actual Business Method" of teaching is advertised as the leading feature of every school that makes any pretensions as a business educator. Mr. Nelson retired from the profession in 1872, having little competition when he left. In 1877 he resumed, to find active rivalry, and numerous colleges competing for the patronage of the city and the surrounding country. But the number .of colleges is now again re- duced to two. Mr. Bartlett, having resumed, to test the practicability of what he considers an improved method of teaching, has re-opened Bartlett's Commercial Col- lege; and Mr. Fabor, a graduate of Nelson's college, has opened the Queen City Commercial College. In claiming for Cincinnati the credit of originating the American business college, we may remark that Mr. Jona- than Jones, the pioneer commercial teacher of St. Louis, is a graduate of Bartlett's college, and Mr. Packard, who owns the most prominent business college in New York city, made his first appearance in the commercial world as teacher of penmanship in Bartlett's college. A similar remark may be made of Mr. W. A. Miller, his chief teacher, who, after teaching for Mr. Bartlett, was in i860 associated with Mr. Nelson. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to enumerate all the various schools that have from time to time made their appearance in Cincinnati. The first, as we have shown, was Bartlett's, which continued under his man- agement till about 1862, when Mr. J. M. Watters took its management and control for about six years. Then there were Head's, Gundry's, Bacon's, Smith's, the Ohio Commercial College, the Catholic Institute, Bryant, Stratton & De Han's, Granger's, Herold's, the Cincinnati Business College, the National Business College, and others of less note. In the early winter of 1 880-1 a business college for women was opened under Mr. Nelson's presidency, and in immediate charge of Miss Ella Nelson, his daughter, in the Glenn building. The methods pursued are pre- cisely those practiced in the older college, the students being organized as a business community, and also taught practical arithmetic and phonography. The new school opened under very hopeful auspices. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.* The public school system of Cincinnati is now in the fifty-third year of its existence; but as the city, on the twelfth day of February, 1829, was then, comparatively speaking, in its cradle, it is difficult to give more than a rapid retrospect of the early history of the public educa- tion of the masses of the children. First, in order of time, John Kidd, in 1818, devised one thousand dollars per annum, charged upon the ground-rents of his estate* to be expended for the educa- tion of the poor children and youth of Cincinnati. This devise was unfortunately frustrated by the title to his es- tate, which proved defective; but in 1824 Thomas Hughes, an Englishman, who had long made his home here, left a tract of land yielding a perpetual ground-rent of two thousand dollars, "to be appropriated and applied to the maintenance and support of a school or schools in the city of Cincinnati, for the education of destitute children whose parents and guardians were unable to pay for their schooling," -and Mr. Woodward's bequest fol- lowed some years afterward. These were the founda- tions of our High schools. The law of 1825 simply provided for State educa- tion. It was soon evident that the action of the legislature would be, if not inoperative, at least incapable of pro- ducing the desired fruits. The plan of the law was in itself defective, and the tax it authorized insufficient for the purpose. The schools were, moreover, opposed not only by the heavy_ tax-payers and the proprietors of private academies, but also neglected by the people for whose benefit they were set on foot, upon the ground that ♦Abridged, chiefly, from J. Haughton's sketch in the Annual School Reports. 190 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. they were "charity" or "poor schools. These advantages soon became so obvious that, in February, 1829, the friends of education, taking advantage of amendments to be made in the city charter, secured the passage of a statute giving an independent organization to the schools of Cincinnati and empowering the city council to levy special taxes for building school-houses and supporting schools. The terms of this act required the city council to divide the city into ten districts, in each of which within ten years they were to purchase a lot and erect a substantial building of brick or stone, to be two stories high, and containing two school rooms, all of the same size and dimensions. For the cost they were author- ized to levy a tax of one mill on the dollar, and another mill for the expenses of the teachers. The board of education was composed of one mem- ber from each ward, elected annually by the people. Their duties were to appoint teachers and superintend their work, to select a board of examiners, examine and report every three months, and file the necessary certifi- cates. Unfortunately their means were stinted, and close economy prevented the expansion and complete useful- ness of that system conferred by the act of 1829. Even so late as 183 1, some of the schools were in the base- ments of houses, amid stagnant water, and subject to the inconveniences of a disregard of all the most vital principles of hygiene. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that during the early years of the system, the people, in great measure, refused to avail themselves of the opportunities it offered. Even then, too, in that very civic inauguration of the march of education, another grievous evil arose. The keen compilers of educational manuals perceived their chance, and a war of spelling books and dictionaries and geographies arose. The result was the resignation of the trustees, and the consequent injury of the schools. At length in 1833 a resolution was adopted to bring the real advantages of public education more vividly be- fore the eyes of the public. In pursuance of this, an- nual examinations of the pupils were set on foot. Teach- ers from other States, public men, members of the press, and friends and relatives of those whose progress was to be tested, were invited. The city caught and acted upon the spirit of the affair, and the memorable procession of boys and girls in 1833, through the streets of the city at the close of the examinations, marks an epoch in the history of our schools. It was also at about this time that another great impetus was given to the good cause by the first annual meeting held by the Western College of Teachers in Cincinnati; and with the view of permit- ting the city teachers to reap every possible benefit from the association, the whole general school work was. sus- pended during their sittings. But time was passing, and but little progress had been made in the erection of the ten substantial school-houses provided for by the act of 18291 In 1833, however, a model school-house was finally built upon Race street, near Fourth. It was of brick and stone, in accordance with the law, and within two years afterwards its leading features had been copied in the remaining nine districts. This "model school-house" is still standing, just opposite the west end of the Emery Arcade, though partially con- cealed by a low row of business structures in front of it. The total cost of the lots and buildings was ninety-six thousand, one hundred and fifty-nine dollars and forty- four cents, most of which was raised by five per cent, city bonds. All were of neat proportions and substan- tial construction, having two rooms in each story, divided by passages, with a separate entrance for boys and girls. The rooms were thirty-six in number, each thirty-six by thirty-eight feet in dimensions, and every house had separate play-grounds for boys and girls. These were our earliest schools built under the law, the fundamental principles of which still animate our system; and, insuf- ficient as they may now appear to be, they were a boon extraordinarily great to the rising generation. No uniformity of grading or classification had yet been reached, but. by 1836 two thousand, four hundred pupils were assembled in daily attendance, under the superin- tendence of forty-three teachers. The large majority were males, and the salaries varied from five hundred dollars for principals to three hundred dollars for assist- ants. The female principals then received only two hun- dred and fifty dollars, and the assistants two hundred dollars a year. In 1836 the city teachers formed a faculty association, and met twice a month to prepare plans for the improve- ment of the schools, and a short time afterwards quar- terly conferences were regularly held between the trustees and the teachers. During the same year the trustees of the Woodward high school offered to receive for the same year, for gratuitous instruction, ten boys from the common schools, to be selected by the school board. These vigorous steps resulted in the improvement of the school board in 1837, which thenceforth was to con- sist of two members instead of one from each ward; and by the united efforts of managers and teachers, and the decided improvement manifest in the pupils, the schools rapidly grew in numbers and popularity. In 1839 the board adopted the plan of providing schools for orphan asylums; and in 1840 an important step was taken in providing for instruction in the German language. The necessary powers were given by an act of the legislature on the nineteenth of March, 1840, es- tablishing in certain district schools a German depart- ment, where children were taught the German language, simultaneously pursuing the ordinary studies in English. The department was divided into two grades, the jun- ior comprising all who were in the primary grades in English, and placed under the joint care of an English and German teacher, while in the senior grade were classed all pupils who had attained to the higher grades in English. These attended once or twice a day in the German teacher's room, for the rest of the school hours remaining under the supervision of the English masters. In 1842 night schools, authorized by the same law which had provided for the German schools, were opened and sustained during the winter months until 1857, when, in consequence of the paucity and irregularity of the scholars, they were suspended, and their success has not HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 191 been strongly pronounced until, comparatively speaking, a very recent date. It was also about 1840 that special professors of penmanship were first added to the general staff, and their influence for good in bringing about prac- tical success in subsequent commercial and professional life has been so clearly demonstrated that, with a few in- termissions, owing to enforced economy, they have since been maintained upon the roll of teachers. In 1842 a delicate question which, in one respect or another, has since that period been debated with the greatest and most unnecessary acrimony, first threatened the harmony of our public schools. It was stated by the president of the board that the Catholic bishop of the diocese objected to the text-books in use in the schools, and also to the books in circulation in the public libraries, upon the ground that they contained matter repugnant to the faith of Catholics, and also that the children were positively required to read the Protestant Bible. The board promptly directed that, in the event of any objec- tion by parent or guardian, the children should not be required to read the King James version of the Bible or permitted to borrow books from the libraries, and teachers were prohibited, in general terms, from dwelling in a hortatory form upon any notes or comments, or in any way insisting upon anything approaching even to a sectarian explanation of the text. In October, 1845, another stride in advance was made. Mr. Symmes, of the school board, proposed the estab- lishment of a central school for the instruction of the more advanced pupils of both sexes. On the eleventh of February, 1846, the school board was authorized by the legislature to provide for such other grades of schools, in addition to those already on foot, as might seem necessary and expedient, and also to contract with any persons or institutions "in relation to any funds for school purposes that might be at their disposal." This directly referred to a contract with the trustees of the Hughes fund, which as yet was without any connection with the public schools. A contract, to which brief reference only can be made, was subsequently concluded for the establishment of a Female academy, free for the admission of girls upon terms and with instruction similar to those already af- forded to boys of the Woodward High school; but it was defeated by an injunction issued from the court of com- mon pleas, sued out by members of the council. The interposition, at first sight so ill-judged, turned out most fortunate. In 1847 the school board established the central school, and on the eighth of November of the same year it was opened with one hundred and three pupils, selected by examination from all the schools. It continued in successful operation until 185 1, when it was merged into the present constitution of the High schools. This arrangement, by a fortunate union of the funds given by Woodward and Hughes with the system of com- mon schools, resulted in our present High schools, ac- complishing all the benefactors could have hoped, and preserving inviolate the trusts created under their wills. These High schools were thenceforward to be controlled by a union board of thirteen members — five Woodward trustees, two Hughes trustees, and six delegates from the school board. In 1849 an act of the legislature authorized the estab- lishment of separate schools for colored people; but, ow- ing to legal obstacles, they soon passed under the control of the school board. The success of the school system as a whole had been already fully proved, and in 1850 there was a total attendance of five thousand three hun- dred and sixty-two scholars, with one hundred and thirty-eight teachers, meeting and working in fourteen school-houses. By an act dated the twenty-third of March, 1850, the election of a general superintendent by popular vote was authorized, but in 1853 it was wisely modified by providing for a choice by the school board. In Novem- ber, 1854, a very important change was introduced into the organization of the schools, by the creation of the in- termediate schools. The motive was primarily one of economy. The schools had been uniformly classified into six grades, each pursuing strictly one course of study and text-books; and, it being a rule that each teacher should have an average attendance of forty-five pupils, it had been observed that in the two highest grades necessarily requiring teachers of the most experience and the highest qualifications, the daily attendance did not exceed thirty-five and in many schools thirty pupils to the teacher. It was therefore de- cided to concentrate the two upper grades of all the dis- trict schools into four schools, to be called intermediate; and in this way it was expected that the same pupils might be instructed by a much smaller number of teach- ers, and thus a great improvement be gained in the man- agement of the over-crowded grades of the primary schools. The plan was gradually carried into effect, but not without opposition, and the result rapidly proved the wisdom of the scheme. In 1857, a difficulty began to be felt in supplying the demand for experienced teachers, then numbering a corps of three hundred, and to remedy this defect a normal school was founded for the training of teachers, upon a scientific plan, in accordance with the advanced require- ments of the age. A separate sketch of this will be given. From 1857 till the present time, the great work of prog- ress and improvement has gone on. There were lapses and delays, caused by the war and other causes; but, overcoming all and rising superior to all obstacles, the genius of the American desire for progress and enlight- enment has won its way with a step sometimes tempora- rily checked, but ever resolute in its aim and march. In 1869 the same question which, under a partially different aspect, seemed so dangerous in 1842, again cropped But. An active movement was set on foot to exclude the Bible from the schools. The contest was strenuous and vigorous. The case, after many public meetings, held for and against the object at stake, came up before the courts, and eventually, in appeal, the doc- trine was laid down that the board had cognizance of the admission of all books and subjects of study, the Bible included, and the exclusion was consequently maintained. 192 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. It is useless to recapitulate the arguments or to analyze the decision. They have been printed in a separate vol- ume as a report of what is known as one of the causes cel- ebres of the West. On the first of May, 1873, an act was passed by the State legislature, entitled, "An Act for the reorganization and maintenance of common schools,'' in which, with a few trifling amendments upon points of detail and read in connection with the city charter, will be found all the present provisions regulating our schools. Section 50, which may now be called the magna charta of Ohio free public education, enacts that "each board of education shall establish a sufficient number of schools to provide for the free education of youth of school age within the district, at such places as will be most convenient for the attendance of the largest number of such youth, and also may establish one or more schools of higher grade than the primary schools, whenever they deem the estab- lishment of such school or schools proper or necessary for the convenience or progress in studies of the pupils attending the same, or for the conduct and welfare of the educational interest of such districts; and the board shall continue each and every school established by them, for not less than twenty-four nor more than forty four weeks, in each school year; provided that each township board of education shall establish at least one primary school in each sub-district of their township." The sec- tion contains many other provisos, but these essential elements, recognizing the right of the public tax-payers to demand adequate provisions for the due training of their children, are the elements underlying the whole frame of our modern system. The colored schools, under the same act, were placed under the control of the board of education, and in 1875 were reorganized by the superintendent. When it was decided to represent the Cincinnati schools at the Centennial exhibition, the school board appropri- ated one thousand six hundred and twenty dollars, and the union board of high schools one hundred dollars for the purpose — one hundred and twenty dollars of the joint fund to pay for histories of the schools, and the remainder for the preparation of an exhibit. Ninety vol- umns of examination manuscripts, from the various grades, were prepared, beautifully bound in full Russia, and ex- hibited to thousands of admiring citizens before they were shipped to Philadelphia. All the schools and grades, in- cluding the normal, were represented; and some parts of the display, as the volume of specimens of teachers' penmanship and that containing work from the colored schools, were unlike anything else in that department of the exhibition. The result was a triumphant success. The universal expression, on the part of visitors inspect- ing it, was one of enthusiastic admiration. Many com- plimentary notices were given in the school and other journals; and the drawing was mentioned with special commendation. Among the foreign visitors whose attention was attract ed by the Cincinnati exhibit was M. Rauber, director of public education for the French Republic, who wrote for fuller information. When the exposition of 1878 in Paris was preparing, Superintendent Philbrick of Boston, who had charge of the educational displays from this country, requested that the entire Centennial collection from the Cincinnati schools might be included. The board instead decided to prepare new work, and voted a grant of two thousand dollars for it. Eighty-four vol- umes were prepared as before, under the regulations of General Eaton, Federal superintendent of education. Only about three weeks were given the schools for their part of the preparation ; but a superb and most attrac- tive exhibit was made. Mr. Philbrick afterwards stated at a meeting of the National Educational association ; "No other exhibition of scholars' work equal to that of Cincinnati was ever made in the known world." Gold- medal and silver-medal diplomas — the two highest of the five grades of honor allotted to this section — were awarded by the International jury to the schools of this city, and Superintendent Peaslee, among other honors, re- ceived in consequence a diploma of membership from the Royal industrial museum at Turin. The last annual report of the Superintendent, bearing date August 31, 1880, represents the total number of dis- trict schools for white children in the city as twenty-eight; for colored, six; intermediate, white, four; colored, two; high-schools for whites, two, and one colored high school. There were also intermediate departments in sixteen dis- trict schools. Number of school buildings in use, fifty- four; school-rooms in use, five hundred and sixty-two; not in use, seventeen. The different female teachers employed numbered five hundred and thirty-three; males, one hundred and twenty-eight; total, six hundred and sixty-one; averages on duty, respectively, five hundred and five, one hundred and twenty-three, six hundred and twenty-eight. Pupils enrolled : In the district schools — white, twenty-eight thousand three hundred and eighty; colored, one thousand one hundred and two; total, twen- ty-nine thousand four hundred and twenty-eight. Inter- mediate — white, two thousand six hundred and ninety; colored, one hundred and twenty-nine; total, two thou- sand eight hundred and nineteen. High — white, one thousand one hundred and sixteen; colored, sixty-four; total, one thousand two hundred and twenty-five. Nor- mal school, eighty. School for deaf-mutes, forty-eight. Night schools, two thousand and ninety. Grand total, thirty-five thousand seven hundred and fifty. Different pupils enrolled, exclusive of night schools, thirty-two thousand one hundred and ten. The average age of white pupils in the district schools was nine years; of colored, ten and five-tenths years. In the intermediate schools, thirteen and two-tenths, and fifteen and three- tenths. High schools, fifteen and eight-tenths years and seventeen and three-tenths. The average number of pupils belonging to the schools was twenty-five thou- sand eight hundred and forty-two white and nine hun- dred and ninety-five colored; total, twenty-six thou- sand eight hundred and thirty-seven. Average daily at- tendance, twenty-five thousand and ninety-five white, nine hundred and fifty-four colored; twenty-six thousand and forty-nine in all. Percentages of attendance on en- rollment—district schools, seventy-six and seven-tenths; HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 193 intermediate, eighty and two-tenths; high, eighty-five and four-tenths ; normal, ninety-five; deaf-mute, eighty- three and three-tenths: total, seventy-seven and four- tenths. Average enrollment to each teacher: District schools, sixty-three and seven-tenths; intermediate, fifty- four and two-tenths; high, fifty-nine and two-tenths. Av- erage belonging to each, fifty and four-tenths, forty-four and eight-tenths, fifty-one and seven-tenths. Average in daily attendance, forty-eight and nine-tenths, forty-three and five-tenths, and fifty and five-tenths. In the district and intermediate schools, fifty is the maximum of daily attendance allowed by the board of education. The in- crease during the year, in enrollment of pupils, was one thousand and eighty-six; in the number belonging, nine hundred and forty-four; in daily attendance, nine hun- dred and sixty-five, against corresponding numbers for the previous year of two hundred and ninety-two, thirty- seven, and fifty-one. The amount paid for tuition during the year 1879-80 was five hundred and two thousand three hundred and sixty-seven dollars and twenty-four cents, exclusive of music, nine thousand nine hundred and seventy-nine dollars and ninety-nine cents; penmanship, five thousand nine hundred and eighty-four dollars and fifty-one cents; and drawing, three thousand six hundred and seventy- eight dollars and eighty-seven cents; — making a grand total of five hundred and twenty-two thousand and thirty dollars and sixty-one cents. The average cost of the special teachers, per pupil, of those actually belonging to the schools, was thirty-seven cents for music, twenty-two cents for drawing, and thirteen and eight-tenths penman- ship. Average tuitionary cost, on the average number be- longing, excluding special teachers — district schools, six- teen dollars and sixty-two cents per pupil; intermediate, twenty-nine dollars and eighty cents; high, thirty-seven dollars and eighty-one cents; all the schools, eighteen dol- lars and twenty-nine cents. This is ninety-four cents less than the average tuitionary cost of the previous year, which reduced that of the year 1877-8 by forty-five cents. It may here be remarked that the board gen- erously fixes the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils in the district schools at only sixteen dollars per year, and in the intermediate but twenty dollars, which is less in each case than the actual cost, and in the latter case nine dollars and eighty cents less. Seven night-schools— five for white and two for colored pupils — W ere maintained during five months of the year. Twenty-eight male and twenty female teachers were em- ployed, with an average number of pupils enrolled to each teacher of fifty-one; average attendance, twenty- two. Average ages — white pupils, fifteen and one-half years; colored, twenty-four years. Thirty-six pupils grad- uated from the high school in this department. The grand total of persons of school age in the city, as ascertained September, 1879, was eighty-seven thousand six hundred and eighteen. In the public schools there were different pupils, thirty-two thousand one hundred and ten; in church schools, fourteen thousand one hun- dred and ninety^five ; private schools, one thousand six hundred and forty; night schools, two thousand four hundred and sixty-seven; in charitable and reformatory institutions (estimated), six hundred; — making a total of fifty-one thousand and twelve, or nearly sixty per cent, of the entire number of persons of school age, of whom many are apprentices or otherwise engaged in business, or are married, and some are under private tutors. Others are in business colleges or higher institutions of learning. Superintendent Peaslee's figures leave but fifteen thou- sand eight hundred and fifty seven, out of sixty-two thou- sand one hundred and fifty-one children between the ages of six and fourteen, who do not attend any school. An annual institute is held for the benefit of the teach- ers, during the week next preceding the opening of the public schools; and the First German Assistants', and other pedagogic associations hold monthly meetings during the year, in the interests of their respective lines of work. In his report for 1879-80, the Superintendent mentions with approbation the instruction of the year in object- lessons and in gems of literature. His system in the latter branch had had time to be tested, and to take firm hold upon the regards of both teachers and pupils. We make the following extract, in partial illustration of the method : One hour per week is the time now devoted to this subject in the district and intermediate schools. A part of this time is usually taken from that assigned to morning exercises and a part from Friday after- noon. However, that is left — judiciously, I think — to the discretion of the teacher. I have recommended eight lines as a fair amount for each week's work. At this rate the pupils, in passing through the district and intermediate schools, would commit two thousand five hundred and sixty lines, and in passing through the district, intermediate, and high schools, three thousand eight hundred and forty lines ; which is equivalent in amount to one hundred and twenty-eight pages of Mc- Guffey's Third Reader. It is not enough that the selections be simply memorized ; each one of them should be made the subject of a lesson, to be given by the teacher. The teacher should not only see that the pupils thoroughly understand the meaning of each word and sentence, that they give the substance of each passage in their own language, and make the proper application of the same before requiring them to commit it to memory ; but she should also endeavor, by appropriate talks, to impress upon the minds of her pupils the ideas intended to be conveyed, and to enthuse them, if possible, with the spirit of the extract. . . . After the selection has been mem- orized thoroughly, the attention of the teacher should be given to the elocution — to the beautiful delivery of the same. This can be done well by concert drill. The concert should be supplemented by indi- vidual recitation. Good results were also reported upon the celebrations of authorial birthdays (Whittier's, Longfellow's, and in the Woodward High School Emerson's) in the schools during the year. The progressive methods adopted in certain of the ordinary branches, as history, and instruc- tion in general information, also show to excellent advantage in the lucid pages of Superintendent Peaslee. This summary of his last report, albeit too brief, and nec- essarily making important omissions, is a fitting close to the history of elementary public education in the Queen City. THE HIGH SCHOOLS. The "Central High School," opened July 27, 1847, in the basement of the German Lutheran church on Walnut street, was the first public high school in the city. The names of the committee of the Board of Education, on whose report the school was founded, have 194 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. been preserved,- and should ever be held in honor. They were Bellamy Storer, Dr. John A. Warder, Charles S. Bryant, William Goodwin, and D. R. Cady. H. H. Barney, afterwards State Commissioner of Common Schools, was its first principal. Its course of study in- cluded reading, etymology, penmanship, ancient and modern history and languages, belles-lettres, botany, chemistry, natural philosophy, anatomy and physiology, moral and political science, book-keeping, vocal music, composition, and declamation — a very excellent curric- ulum for that day. Fifty-eight girls and thirty-nine boys, ninety-seven pupils in all, attended at the opening; but the school rapidly grew in numbers, and four years after its organization it was broken into two others, the famous Woodward and Hughes High Schools. The following sketch of the history of these institutions, pre- pared by Colonel D. F. DeWolf, at present State School Commissioner, for the Centennial volume on Education in Ohio, is quite sufficient for the purposes of this book: William Woodward was an upright farmer, of frugal habits and sim- ple tastes, a good, true, and humane Christian man. Long before his death he found himself possessed of wealth by the approach of the corporate limits of Cincinnati to a farm which he owned, and to which he had moved from Connecticut when Cincinnati was a hamlet. He and his friend Samuel Lewis had consulted together regarding the edu- cation of youth and its relation to human happiness, and especially to the welfare of his country. He had no hesitation in determining that it was his duty to render actual assistance, then much needed, in fur- nishing educational facilities for youth who could not procure them for themselves. He transferred to trustees that part of his farm lying nearest to the city as an endowment for the establishment and mainte- nance of schools — providing in his deed of trust that orphans and the children of widows should have the preference of admission tothe school. Mr. Lewis being the chief manager of the trust, the revenues were well husbanded, and a successful school was kept up for some time. The State .common-school system was afterwards inaugurated, and rendered this, as a lower-grade school, superfluous. On the advice of Mr. Lewis, the conditions of the trust were so modified,by Mr. Woodward as to allow of the establishment of the "Woodward College or High School." On the union of the high schools and the common schools, the original Woodward High School building was taken down, and the present beautiful building were erected, which is a monument to his memory and creditable to the taste and judgment of the board of education. Mr. Woodward lived to witness the full success of his scheme and to enjoy the heartfelt gratitude and ever-increasing esteem of his fellow- citizens and countrymen. The farm of Thomas Hughes, an Englishman by birth and a practi- cal shoemaker until his death, joined that of Mr. Woodward. The lat- ter had little difficulty in directing the mind of Mr. Hughes into his own channel of thought. As a result he bequeathed his land to Wil- liam Woodward, William Greene, Nathan Guilford, Elisha Hotchkiss, and Jacob Williams, in trust. The land was leased on a perpetual ground-rent, and the accumulation of a fund awaited, sufficient to erect a building for a school to be supported by the future revenues. Losses and delays were occasioned by failures and consequent lawsuits on the part of parties to whom the interest in these leases had been sold. Matters were finally adjusted, and the city was put in possession of the annual revenues. In 1852 these two funds were united and merged in the city school fund — the Hughes fund amounting to twelve thousand or thirteen thou- sand dollars. The Hughes High School building was erected at a cost of twenty-three thousand dollars. The reports now [1876] show the annual receipts from the two funds to be from eleven thousand to twelve thousand dollars. These funds greatly facilitated the supply of early educational ad- vantages to the youth of Cincinnati, and now afford the means for se- curing special conveniences or special instruction without buideningthe taxpayers. Hon. H. H. Barney became principal of the Hughes High School, and Dr. Joseph Ray principal of the Woodward High School, in 1852. Under these eminent teachers the schools at once as- sumed a position of great dignity among the educational institutions of the country. They did much to attract the attention of educated and influential citizens of the State to the subject of high-school education. It was now no longer doubtful that the public high schools, supported by appropriations of the public funds sufficient to secure the services of the most accomplished educators of the land, must possess facilities for imparting thorough culture unknown to any other schools, and under such relations to the family and other social privileges as are congenial to every intelligent parent. The warm and hearty support of these schools, with the active co-o.peration of such men of culture as William Goodman, Dr. James La Roy, Rev. James H. Perkins, Hon. Samuel Lewis, Nathan Guilford, William Greene, the Hon. Bellamy Storer, E. D. Mansfield, E. S. Brooks, and others of the highest social position, did much to overcome the prejudices of more common minds, and to place the public schools of .the State on the highest plane of respecta- bility. The best families patronized the schools. They were visited from all parts of the State. The cities that had not secured public high schools feltan additional impulse to act in this direction, and "the people's schools" were regarded as in all respects the most desirable in- stitutions to foster. All that had been claimed for them in the earlier discussions of their merits was realized. The principals of the Hughes High School have been H. H. Barney, Cyrus Knowlton, J. L. Thornton, and E. W. Coy. The principals of the Woodward High School have been Dr. Joseph Ray, D. Shepardson, M. Woolson and George W. Harper. THE CITY NORMAL SCHOOL. The following sketch of the history of this institution was also written for the Centennial volume, in an admi- rable chapter on the Normal Schools of the State, by Miss Delia A. Lathrop, now wife of Professor Williams, of the Ohio Wesleyan university, but then and for a number of years the accomplished and successful prin- cipal of the school : The City Normal school of Cincinnati was organized September, 1868. It originated in a felt need of better teachers in the lower grades of the city schools. As vacancies in teachers' positions occurred in the higher grades, promotions were made from the lower, the time of the children being considered more valuable with advancing years. The vacancies constantly made in the lower grades by these promotions were filled with inexperienced girls, and so these grades came to serve the purpose of training-schools for teachers for the upper grades. For several years the superintendent of schools, and some of the most progressive members of the board of education, had felt that some measures must be adopted to prevent the great waste of time and labor in primary schools, through inexperience and lack of professional knowledge. Accordingly, in the summer of 1868, the board voted to open a school for the training of candidates for teachers' positions in the primary grades of the Cincinnati schools. Notable among the men whose influence gave impulse and character to the movement, were John Hancock, superintendent of schools, H. L. Wehmer, and J. B. Powell, esq., members of the board of education. The action of the board was unanimous in favor of its establishment. The school was located in the Eighth district school-house, where it is still in operation. At its opening, two ordinary school-rooms were set apart for its use — one for normal school instruction, and one for practice with children. The second year three rooms were occupied, and now seven school-rooms are devoted to the Normal school work — two for normal instruction and five for practice in teaching. The expenses of the school are paid from the common-school fund of the city. TuitioH is tree to all candidates who state it is their intention to enter the Cincinnati public schools as teachers ; to others it is sixty dollars per annum. Pupils, to be admitted to the school, must be graduates of the Cin- cinnati high schools, or of some school of similar standing, or hold a teacher's certificate from the Cincinnati board of examiners of teachers, or have passed an equivalent examination before the normal school committee. The subjects upon which an examination is instituted for a teacher's certificate are mental and practical arithmetic, English grammar, geography, United States history and general history, read- ing, spelling, natural philosophy, anatomy and physiology, music, drawing, and penmanship. No certificate is issued to an applicant whose average of correct answers in grammar, geography, or written arithmetic is less than seventy per cent., or whose average on the whole number of marks is less than seventy per cent. This is the lowest standard of admission to the Normal school. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. i95 There is but one course of study pursued at option in German or English , for German or English positions respectively. The peculiari- ties of this course are : First, it is planned with reference to a definite purpose — the management and instruction of the lower grades of the Cincinnati public schools ; second, it is broad in that it aims to discuss principles of education and deduce methods from them, instead of teaching them empirically ; third, it is entirely professional. It consists of methods of teaching all the subjects pursued in the lower grades of the Cincinnati public schools, together with the history of education, school-management, mental philosophy, and the philosophy of educa- tion. Special attention is given to penmanship, music, and drawing. This study is supplemented by practice, each pupil spending about ten weeks — the time varying somewhat with the size of the classes — in the management and instruction cf one of the ordinary lower-grade city schools. This time is spent consecutively, and is designed to familiarize the pupil-teacher with the everyday routine of school work in all its phases, as far as this can be done in the time allowed. Critic- teachers have constant oversight of the work of the pupil-teachers, and make daily criticisms and corrections. The pupil-teachers are marked weekly in a register, open to all, upon the following items : Punctu- ality, promptness, personal bearing, neatness (in person and work), correct use of language, improvement of time, ability to control, ability to instruct, ability to criticise, and ability to profit by criticism. A diploma from the school secures to its holder the preference over an inexperienced teacher in appointment to a position, there being a rule of the board of education that no such person shall be employed while a graduate of the Normal school awaits appointment. It also secures one hundred dollars per annum additional salary until the maxi- mum salary is reached. If the graduate teach seven years — the time required to arrive at the maximum salary — she will have received five hundred and fifty dollars more for services than if she had received the position without a normal school diploma. The first principal of the school was Miss Sara Dugane, called to this position from the city training school of Boston. She resigned at the expiration of the first year, and was succeeded by the present incum- bent, (1876), Miss Delia A. Lathrop, then principal of the city normal school of Worcester, Massachusetts. The number of pupils in the school for the year 1874-5 was seventy- eight — sixty English and eighteen German. The number enrolled in the practice school was three hundred and fifty-five. There were forty-one graduates of the normal school — thirty-five English and six German. Since the organization of the school there have been two hundred and forty graduates. Professor John Mickleborough is now the principal of the Normal school. CITY SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS. Although the Queen City had graded schools more than fifty years ago (1829), she had no local superintend- ent until 1850, three years after the public schools of Columbus, and two years after those of Sandusky and Massillon, had superintendents. Under a special law passed by the Assembly, March 23d of that year, the Hon. Nathan Guilford, formerly a Senator in that body from Cincinnati, was elected City School Superintendent by popular vote — a plan then or since permitted nowhere else in the State. He was re-elected and served in all two years, upon the munificent salary of five hundred dollars a year. In his last annual report he made a vig- orous appeal for the education and Americanization of foreign immigrants to this country, and a protest against the memoriter plan of recitations, then lately adopted in the Central High School. Upon the expiration of Mr. Guilford's term the popular suffrage chose to the office Dr. Merrell, who held it but a short time, however, re- signing before the close of his year. The general act of 1853, providing for City and Town Superintendents of Schools, abolished the feature of elec- tion by the people, and vested the power of appointment in the City Board of Education. The first to be chosen under the new arrangement, and the first real superin- tendent of public schools for Cincinnati, as the office is now almost universally accounted, was Professor Andrew J. Rickoff, who was already well and favorably known in southern Ohio as an able and energetic educator. He had removed with his family from Portsmouth, at the mouth of the Scioto, to become a teacher in the public schools of Cincinnati. He served one year as assistant in the sixth district school, and on the retirement of the princi- pal, Mr. Rufus Hubbard, who had been appointed to take charge of the new house of refuge, he was appointed as his successor. Here he remained about two years and a half, when he resigned his position to go into other busi- ness, as he supposed, permanently. In April, 1854, he received the appointment of city superintendent from the board of education. The first attention of the new super- intendent was directed to the existing organization and classification of the schools, which had been the result of accident rather than design. In a report made to the board of education in June, he recommended the estab- lishment of the present intermediate school system. Nat- urally the proposition met with determined opposition, both in and out of the board of education. It was adopted, however, in October, just before the completion of the new school house, on Baymiller street, and when that school was opened the next month, the Baymiller school became the first intermediate school of the city and still retains the title. The whole theory of the new organization may be explained by saying that this school, instead of gathering up all grades of pupils from the im- mediate neighborhood, received only the two higher classes of the three large schools there, and we believe is still known as the eighth, eleventh and twelfth district schools. This new school became a competitor to the feeble higher grades of the ten or twelve remaining district schools. Its classification was more thorough, better methods of instruction were made possible, teachers were inspired with greater zest for the work, and the old or- ganization had to go down before it. It was not long before arrangements had been completed for extending the system to all parts of the city. In the year following the first detailed course of study, prescribing exact conditions of promotion from grade to grade, was recommended to the board of education and adopted with great unanimity. In the same year the principal of each large school was made in fact, as he had formerly been in name, a local superintendent, and thus an assistant to the general superintendent. This plan has since become almost universal in the schools of all the larger cities. In the discussion of a proposition to make a like change in the office and duty of the mas- ters of the Boston schools, the plan was called the Cin- cinnati plan. It is probable that the plan originated there. The methods pursued in every grade and department ofjnstruction received, the closest attention, as they cer- tainly needed to. Young women, fresh from the high school, were generally employed as teachers; without having given so much as an hour's attention, to the work that lay before them. They had to be not only instructed 196 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. in the method of doing, but they had to be shown what was to be done. Meetings of teachers, of one grade or another, at first voluntary, but, when the movement had gathered force, authoritatively called, were held almost every Saturday. Here object lessons, methods of teach- ing, reading, writing, arithmetic, modes of government, etc., etc., were fully discussed. The result was a revival which was felt for many years after. Before the time of the municipal elections in the spring of 1859, Superintendent Rickoff publicly announced his intention to decline a reappointment to the superinten- dency, and in the following September he opened a school of his own, which was maintained with gratifying success for nine years and until he left the city to take up his residence in Cleveland. Mr. Rickoff was elected to the office of school exam- iner in 1855. This he continued to hold some years after he ceased to be superintendent. In 1864 he was elected from the first ward for the board of education, and the year following that he was elected as president of the board on the retirement of the Hon. Rufus King, who had held the presidency for nearly fifteen years. Before the end of his term he removed to Mt. Harrison, and became ineligible for a second term. For one year Mr. Rickoff's relation to the public schools of Cincin- nati was entirely severed, but in the summer of 1867, during his absence from the city, he was again elected to the superintendency of the school. This appointment he felt obliged to decline, but at a better salary accepted a similar position in Cleveland a few weeks afterward. His present term of office and fifteenth year of service in Cleveland will expire in September, 1882. Superintendent Hancock, one of Mr. Rickoff's succes- sors, says of the administration of the pioneer superin- tendent: He, by his display of organizing and general executive power, at once placed himself in the front rank of educators. Under his admin- istration was introduced that thorough grading of schools which has been productive of such excellent results, and has been followed more or less closely by all the cities and towns of the State. He was also the first to make a general use of written examinations for ascer- taining the comparative value of the work done in the several schools of an educational system. At an early period of Mr. Rickoff's administration in Cincinnati, the principals of schools were relieved of the charge of a room of pupils, and were put at supervisory work, under such a rule that they were required, in all except some of the smaller schools, to give their whole time to it. Mr. Rickoff was succeeded for a single year by Mr. Isaac J. Allen, and he by Professor Lyman Harding, who had been long and favorably known in the work of academic education in the city. He was superintend- ent from 1 86 1 to 1867. His successor was John Han- cock, Ph. D., one of the very foremost men in educational work in the country. Dr. Hancock was superintendent of the Cincinnati schools for seven years. He is a reformer in education, with conservative tendencies, no novel schemes and methods of education shaking his regard for solid attainments as the essential thing in any system of education. Here he promoted the establishment of the city normal school, and placed the special teaching of penmanship and drawing on an enduring and system- atic basis. The course in object lessons, as now incor- porated in the course of study, was adopted during his term; and, in the higher ranges of study, a constant pressure was kept up in the direction of "the humani- ties." It was a notable era for the city schools. Dr. Han- cock has since been superintendent of. the schools of Dayton, Ohio, a member of the State board of examiners, and president of the National educational association for one year. No voice from Ohio is heard with more respect and honor throughout the country, in the discussion of educational topics, than his. John B. Peaslee, the present incumbent of the super- intendency, is a native of Plaistow, New Hampshire, born September 3, 1842. His father was a graduate of Dartmouth college, a member of some distinction in the State legislature, and also prominent in the convention which formed the State constitution. His mother, whose maiden name was Harriet A. Willits, was of a famous Quaker family, and a graduate of the New York City public schools. On both sides he is thus of cultured an- cestry, and to his home training, mainly, he owes a very thorough preparation for the higher education. This he took in the academy at Gilmanton and the college at Dartmouth, graduating from the latter in 1863. Upon the recommendation of President Lord, of that institu- tion, he was appointed, the same year, to the principal- ship of the grammar school at Columbus, in this State, in which he served so ably as to secure promotion the next year as first assistant of the third district school in Cincinnati, from which, three years afterwards, he was advanced to the post of principal of the fifth district school. Serving two years in this capacity, he was then passed to the principalship of the second intermediate school; and finally, in 1874, being then but in his thirty- second year, he succeeded Mr. Hancock as city superin- tendent of public schools, to which post he has since been regularly re-elected. Already, while only a first assistant, Mr. Peaslee had begun the introduction of the neat and accurate slate work, which, as fully developed under his superintend- ency, has done much to make the Cincinnati schools famous, and as carried over to the preparation of books of examination papers, attracted very marked attention at the expositions of the world's industry, where they were shown. Some other features of his reformatory work have been already exhibited in these pages — as the memorizing and recitation of gems of literature, a new method in elementary arithmetic, and the commemora- tion of the birthdays of celebrated authors, of which he is unmistakably the originator. The first and last, par- ticularly the last, have been widely copied, and Superin- tendent Peaslee is often called upon to explain his methods to bodies of educators, near and remote. He is now in the prime of his powers, and doing daily a sur- prising amount of work. With all his busy activities he found time to study law, and was admitted to the Hamilton county bar in 1865. For some years he was president of the State board of examiners. In the summer of 1880 he received the honorary degree of doctor of philosophy from one of the Ohio universities. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 197 THE PRESIDENTS of the board of education since its regular organization have been: Peyton S. Symmes, 1833-8; Elam P. Lang- don, 1839-41; Edward D. Mansfield (acting), 1842; James H. Perkins, 1843; Joseph R av > 1843-6; William Hooper, 1847-8; Bellamy Storer, 1848-52; Rufus King; 1853-65; Andrew J. RickofF, 1865-6; Samuel S. Fisher, 1866-8; Francis Ferry, 1868-9 and 1870-1; Henry L. Wehmer, 1869-70; Jabez M. Waters, 187 1-2 ; L. W. Goss, 1872-5; W. J. O'Neil, 1875-7 ; Alexander C. Sands, 1877- 8; William H. Mussey, 1878-80; J. W. Underhill, 1880. STATISTICS. The following comparative statement exhibits, in part, the remarkable growth of the public school interests in the city, and the increase of expense from year to year during the middle period of the history of Cin- cinnati: In 1826, there were collected for school pur- poses, $1,578.69; in 1827, $1,846.15; 1828, $1,869.35; 1830, $11,263.11 (almost exactly asmuch as for all other purposes in the city that year); 1831, $12,661.29; l8 3 2 > $16,127.46; 1833, $16,466.93; 1834, $16,401.80; 1835, $19,166.38; 1836, $21,137.73; 1837, $21,137.73; 1838, $26,917,73; 1839, $19,686.77; 1840, $18,497.20; 1841, $15,107.13; 1842, $20,965.15; 1843, $20,965.15; l8 44, $20,835.84, 1845, $20,602.62. The following table shows the number of teachers em- ployed, and the amount annually paid for their services, from the opening of the common schools in Cincinnati in 1829, to the close of the year ending June, 1878: AVERAGE AVERAGE NUMBEER OF PAID TEACHERS. TEACHERS. For the year ending June, 1830 22 $5, 196 51 1831 23 7.93 6 57 1832 28 7,911 13 1833 29 6,408 26 1834 30 8,371 09 1835 43 8,64843 1836 44 11,43048 1837 47 IS.846 37 1838 " S3 J 5.846 37 1839 64 19,901 10 1840 63 19,60435 1841 59 18,594 82 1842 70 18,555 12 1843 76 20,091 70 •1844 78 20,979 62 1845 86 23,92782 1846 95 25,020 50 1847 97 26,499 5° 1848 127 35.378 35 1849 137 38,46296 1850 148 46,83423 1851 157 S0.856 5i 1852 160 57.356 94 1853 193 64,025 96 1854 222 86,151 78 1855 225 96,945 78 1856 222 98,821 75 1857 240 103,707 44 1858 252 133.284 54 1859 282 i39.5oi 04 i860 317 147.437 45 1861 341 156,231 54 1862 348 146.703 5° 1863 35s 159.566 16 1864 373 186,271 06 1865 373 ' 216,165 3° AVERAGE AVERAGE NUMBER OF PAID TEACHERS. TEACHERS. 1866 384 240,798 26 1867 396 290,027 42 1868 418 3ir,435 96 1869 439 336,53622 1870 450 368,312 33 1871 507 418,229 81 1872 510 419,713 18 1873 513 420,225 36 1874 510 437.891 26 l8 75 545 470,844 35 1876 579 476,053 56 1877 587 509.307 7i 1878 604 523.735 67 THE CATHOLIC SCHOOLS. The educational institutions in the city, in charge of the Roman Catholic church, aside from the parochial schools, are the theological seminary at Mount St. Mary's of the west; St. Xavier's college; the Passionist Monas- tery on Mount Adams ; the Catholic Gymnasium of St. Francis Assisium, conducted by the Franciscan Fathers; St. Joseph's academy, on Eighth street, near Central ' avenue ; the Young Ladies' Literary institute, in charge of the Sisters of Notre Dame, on Sixth street; Mount St. Vincent's academy, for young ladies, at Cedar Grove, in the extreme western part of the city; and the St. Mary's academy of the Sisters of Notre Dame, on Court and Mound streets. They have also the academy of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart, located at Clifton, near the city. The parochial schools include that attached to St. Peter's, with fourteen divisions and about fourteen hun- dred pupils; St. Francis Xaviers, twenty-two divisions, two thousand two hundred pupils; St. Paul's, ten divis- ions, one thousand one hundred pupils; St. Mary's, ten divisions, one thousand three hundred pupils; St. John's, nine divisions, one thousand pupils; St. Augustine's, nine divisions, one thousand two hundred pupils; St. Francis', eight divisions, one thousand pupils; St. Jo- seph's, eight divisions, eight hundred and twenty pupils; St. Anthony's, six divisions, nine hundred pupils; St. Edward's, three divisions, two hundred pupils; All Saints', three divisions, three hundred pupils; St. Ann's (colored), two divisions, one hundred pupils; St. Patrick's, nine hundred pupils; Holy Trinity, eight hundred pupils; St. Philomena's, seven hundred pupils; Holy Angels', one hundred and thirty-four pupils; St. Rosa's, two hundred pupils; Immaculate Conception, two hundred pupils. It will thus be seen that the Catholic parochial schools are a very important element in Cincinnati education. There are also two other Catholic schools, which are not pa- rochial. OTHER SCHOOLS. In February, 1881, Colonel Carson, chief of police, caused a list of the private schools of the city to be pre- pared, at the request of the census bureau, which gave the following results, believed to be approximately accu- rate: Medical schools, four; business colleges, three; art schools, eight; music schools, twelve; kindergartens, thirteen. 198 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLS. Roman Catholic parochial schools, thirty-six; other Catholic schools, two; other denominational schools, fourteen; miscellaneous schools, fourteen. PROFESSIONAL CULTURE. The means of preparation for their work, now freely supplied to the teachers of Cincinnati and candidates for teaching therein, by the city institute, the Normal school, and the chair of pedagogy in the university, have been presented. Other means of professional training may fitly be mentioned here. They have not been want- in Cincinnati for nearly sixty years. The second associa- tion of teachers for professional improvement that was formed in the United States is believed to have been organized in this city in 1822. It had but fourteen mem- bers, and more than half of these going out of the city or the profession in a short time, the society soon became extinct. One of the most notable organizations of the kind that ever existed anywhere took its rise here seven years afterwards, at the instance of a score of teachers, who in 1829 formed "The Western Academic Institute and Board of Education." It was organized "to promote mutual improvement, harmony, and energy amongst teachers, co-operation in parents, ambition and applica- tion amongst scholars, and, finally, to adopt and bring into universal operation the most approved and efficient modes of education." Elijah Slack was president; Caleb Kemper, first vice-president; John Easterbrook, second vice-president; C. B. McKee, recording secretary; M. C. Williams, corresponding secretary; Alexander Kinmont, treasurer; Stephen W. Wheeler, librarian; and the coun- sellors were Albert Picket, Nathaniel Holley, Josiah Fin- ley, D. Davenport, Timothy Hammond, John Hilton, Moses Graves. The society was certainly very well made up, and would have honored any stage of Cincinnati's history, if these were, as one may well suppose, the rep- resentative men of the organization. It held the first annual meeting with some eclat the next year, and the next (1831) grew into the institution by which its found- ers and promoters became widely known and honored, "The Western Literary Institute and College of Profes- sional Teachers." The objects of this were "to promote the cause of education, to foster a spirit of intellectual cul- ture and professional skill among its members, which will fit them for enlarged usefulness to themselves and their fellow-men, and to establish the name and character of a liberal profession. " Its scope of operations, like its name and membership, was a wide one. Its prospectus, in part, was as follows: It is contemplated by the college to form district associations or school institutes throughout the country, and to have delivered in them courses of lectures by persons appointed for the purpose, embracing subjects of a literary and practical nature, with appropriate illustrations of the most successful modes of teaching, and to lay before school com- mittees, parents, and teachers, all the important information that can be collected from any source. The Centennial volume on Education in Ohio, in its chapter upon Teachers' Institutes, thus gives some re- sults : It did not succeed in establishing "a school institute" in any county except Hamilton, in which an association was formed that met quarter- ly or oftener for many years, but, by its discussions and the publication of the addresses delivered at its annual meetings, it created a wide- spread sentiment in favor of liberal culture, and aroused public atten- tion to the necessity of universal education in a republic. It was not a teachers' institute, as that term is now applied, but, as it showed the benefits and advantages that might be derived from combined action, and awakened an interest in professional education among teachers in various sections of the State, a history of teachers' institutes would be incomplete without a statement of the character and aim of the organi- zation and an allusion to the earnest eftorts of those belonging to it to create and maintain an esprit de corps among the members of the pro- fession in the west. In the same volume the Hon. E. E. White's chapter on Teachers' Associations contains the following: The society held annual meetings until 1845. The sessions opened on Monday and continued through the week, and the largest churches in the city were required to accommodate the audiences. It was at- tended by the leading teachers and friends of education in the Missis- sippi valley, but it was chiefly directed by Albert Picket, Alexander Kinmont, Milo G. Williams, W. H. McGuffey, Samuel Lewis, Dr. Joseph Ray, Nathan Guilford, Professor Calvin E. Stowe, and other Ohio members. The College of Teachers contributed largely to the advancement of education in Ohio and the west generally. In the fourteen years of its existence over three hundred addresses and reports were made before it, discussing education in all its phases and grades. The seven volumes of "Transactions" published contain an amount of educa- tional experience and information not found in the same compass in any other early publications. It also instituted measures and agencies for the improvement of schools. As early as 1833 it recommended the organization of teachers' associations, and it early contributed to the development of what is now known as the Teachers' institute. It advocated the grading of schools and the importance of a supervision, especially urging the cre- ation of the office of State superintendent of public instruction. In 1835 it secured the passage of a resolution by the general assembly of Ohio, appropriating five hundred dollars to enable Professor Calvin E. Stowe, of Lane seminary, Cincinnati, who was about to visit Europe, to make an examination of the elementary school systems of Prussia and other European nations. Professor Stowe submitted the results of his observations and enquiries in an able report, which exerted a wide and beneficial result on American schools. At the annual meeting in 1835, a resolution was adopted recom- mending that meetings of teachers and other friends of education be held at the seat of government of the several States during the sittings of the legislatures. This action resulted in the holding of conventions in Ohio, as shown hereafter, and in other States, and important legisla- tion was secured. The College of Teachers suspended in 1845, but the cause is not known to the writer. The meetings of the Academic institute were monthly, and were generally well attended. Two notable addresses were delivered before the institute and board at its anni- versary meeting in June, 1831, which were published, with other transactions upon this occasion, in a neat pamphlet. They were by Mr. McKee, who appealed for the co-operation of parents and other citizens in the education of the young; and by the Rev. R. H. Bishop, D.D., president of the Miami university, who proclaimed the advantages of the common schools and called for their grading and the employment of competent teachers. This meeting was the spring whence the College of Teachers took its rise. Mr. Williams moved a resolution for correspondence with prominent western and southern teachers concerning a proposed call for a convention of educators and the friends of education, at some point which might be settled upon by a majority of the corres- pondents. It was adopted, and Mr. Williams, being also corresponding secretary of the institute, wrote to the persons contemplated by his resolution. There was cor- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 199 dial approval on the part of those addressed, and the general voice designated Cincinnati as the place of meet- ing. The convention was called for a four-days' session, beginning October 2, 1832. On that day, on motion of Mr. John L. Talbot, a committee — Messrs. M. Butler and H. Bascom, of Kentucky, M. A. H. Niles and M. M. Bingham, of Indiana, and Albert Picket and Milo G. Williams, of Cincinnati — was appointed to consider the expediency of forming a Western society of teachers, and if it was thought expedient to report a constitution as its organic act. The committee made a favorable report the next day, with the draft of a constitution appended, which was adopted, after some unimportant amendments. This instrument made a declaration of objects similar to those previously indicated, but in somewhat different language, viz. : "To promote, by all laudable means, the diffusion of knowledge in regard to education, and especially by aiming at the elevation of instructors who shall have adopted instruction as their regular profession." Officers were elected as follows: Thomas J. Matthews, president; Milo G. Williams, corresponding secretary; David L. Talbot, recording secretary; Timothy Hammond, treas- urer. The subsequent history of the college has been already outlined. The Hon. E. D. Mansfield, the first and only commis- sioner of statistics in this State, in his third annual re- port, that for 1859, shows in a very interesting way the connection of this institution with one of the most im- portant steps in school legislation ever taken by our gen- eral assembly. He had just mentioned the law of 1825, by which the county commissioners were directed to levy halt a mill on the dollar for the use of common schools; and goes on to say : The next most important act of legislation (that of March, 1838) was due mainly to a popular impulse arising from the discussions of the col- lege of teachers. An institution called the "Academic institute" held regular meetings in Cincinnati for the discussion of educational ques- tions. The leaders in this movement were Albert Picket and Alex- ander Kinmont, both teachers. In consequence of the interest taken in this subject, they called a general convention of the friends of edu- cation in the Mississippi valley, in June, 1831. From this arose the " Western College of Teachers, " which continued for fourteen years, till 1845, carrying on the most fresh and animated discussions on all the controverted and interesting points of education, till it finally accom- plished, in the excitement of popular feeling and the liberal acts of leg- islation, all the ends for which it was instituted. Among the first ob- jects of interest were the inefficiency of the school system, and the ig- norance of teachers. These points were debated until the principles necessary to action and improvement were determined. Looking to an efficient school law, the college of teachers passed a resolution that it would greatly advance the interests of education in the west, for teach- ers and friends of education to hold periodical conventions at the seats of government in the different States during the session of the general assembly. In pursuance of this resolution a convention of teachers and friends of education was held at Columbus, assembling on the thir- teenth of January, 1836. Of this convention Governor Lucas was president, Dr. Hoge vice president, and Milo G. Williams secretary. Prior to this time, in the then administration of Governor Vance, Pro- fessor Calvin E. Stowe had been appointed an agent of the State to visit Prussia and obtain information on the Prussian system of instruc- tion. He had now just returned, and was a member of the conven- tion. The Prussian schools were discussed, lectures delivered, and de- bates held. The subject of common schools was referred to a commit- tee, and, on the fifteenth of January, the committee reported by E. D. Mansfield, pointing out the defects of the school law and recommend- ing amendments, chiefly in relation to the appointment of a superin- tendent of common schools, the requisition of higher qualifications on the part of teachers, the greater responsibility and additional duties of the examiners, and the establishment of school libraries and the collec- tion of school statistics by means of reports. This report was adopted in the form of a memorial to the legislature, and all its recommenda- tions have since been embodied in the school laws, although the office of superintendent and the establishment of school libraries have met with a vigorous opposition. Mr. Mansfield says elsewhere of the college that it "was an institution of great utility and wide influence. A large array of distinguished persons took part in its proceedings, and I doubt whether in one asso- ciation and in an equal space of time there was ever con- centrated in this country a larger measure of talent, of information, and of zeal. Among those who either spoke or wrote for it were Albert Picket, the president and for half a century an able teacher, Dr. Drake, the Hon. Thomas Smith Grimke, the Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, Alexander Kinmont, James H. Perkins, Professor Stowe, Dr. Beecher, Dr. Alexander Campbell, Archbishop Pur- cell, President McGuffey, Dr. Aydelott, Mrs. Lydia H. Sigourney, and Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz. With these were numerous professors, teachers, and citizens, zealous for the cause of education, most of whom contributed more or less to the transactions of the college. . . It was a means of great intellectual development, and I am well convinced, for that purpose, the best Cincinnati has ever had. In its meetings I have heard such discussions as I have neither heard nor read of elsewhere." The public school teachers of the city, besides their annual institute, for which the board of education liber- ally provides, had for a number of years a principals' asso- ciation and a lady teachers' society, both meeting at stated intervals. They were united in the summer of 1880, under the title of the Pedagogical Association, the first regular meeting of which was held at the Hughes high school building in January of the next year. SAMUEL LEWIS.* It is fitting that this name should fill a leading place among the early educators of Ohio. Among the first in point of time, he also ranked among the first in the eloquence, the persistency, and the rare disinterested- ness with which he advocated the right of the poor and ignorant to a common school education. "* He was born in Massachusetts March 17, -1799. In 1813 the entire family, of which Samuel was one of nine children, began their journey westward. For father and sons that meant a journey on foot as far as Pittsburgh, whence, a flat-boat being purchased, they floated down to Cincinnati. At fifteen he is working on a farm for seven dollars a month, and giving his entire wages to his father. Having learned a trade afterward, he pays his father fifty dollars a year for his time. At twenty he re- solved to study law. In 1824 he was licensed as a local preacher in the Methodist church. In 1837 he became State superintendent of schools. In his crusade against ignorance, he rivaled a medieval knight. The first year he traveled more than fifteen thousand miles, chiefly on horseback, quickening school officers, teachers, and par- ents. In his first report he seems to have been gifted * These biographies have been extracted, with some abridgement, from the centennial volume on Education in Ohio. 200 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. with prescience. It gave shape and consistency to the school law passed by the general assembly, and many of his suggestions have stood well the test of time, and are, to-day, in active operation. In 1839 he resigned his place because of failing health. The temperance and anti-slavery causes both received a large ' share of his time in the latter years of his life. His death occurred in 1854. NATHAN GUILFORD. In the winter of 182 1-2, the Ohio house of represent- atives of the general assembly appointed a committee on schools and school lands. In their report the appoint- ment of seven commissioners was recommended, who should devise and report upon a common school system. The report having been accepted, Governor Trimble ap- pointed seven men, one of whom was Nathan Guilford. Mr. Guilford declined to co-operate with the other 'com- missioners, however, claiming that their proposed plans were inadequate for the needs of the State. He pub- lished a letter on free education, in which he urged a general county ad valorem tax, but the assembly was: not wise enough to risk advanced school legislation. An ap- peal to the people resulted in the election of wiser men, among whom was Nathan Guilford as senator from Cin- cinnati. Having been made chairman of a joint com- mittee on school legislation, he made an able report, ac- companied by a bill which required a tax of one-half mill on the dollar for school purposes; which bill passed both houses without amendment. In 1850 Mr. Guilford was elected superintendent of the Cincinnati public schools. CALVIN E. STOWE. Professor Stowe was born at Natick, Massachusetts, in 1802. Like many New England boys, his early life had a record of many and continued struggles to satisfy an overpowering thirst for knowledge. He finally graduated at Bowdoin college, Maine, in 1824. Succeeding this, he finished a theological course at Andover, and after- ward filled the chair of professor of languages at Dart- mouth. In 1833 he became professor of Biblical litera- ture in Lane theological seminary; and here his connection with Cincinnati begins. In common with Samuel Lewis, Dr. McGuffey, and other public-spirited citizens, he set him- self to work to advance the cause of the common schools. In 1836, while on a visit to Europe on business connected with the seminary, he received an official appointment by the legislature to examine into the system and manage- ment of European schools, particularly those of Prussia. On his return he submitted his noted report on element- ary education in Europe. A copy was sent to every school district in the State, and it was republished and circulated by the legislatures of other States. In this re- port he urged freedom from routine and from slavish sub- servience to text books. At the State educational con- vention of 1838 he delivered an able address upon the training or normal schools. He was a valued member of the Western college of teachers. In 1850 he returned to Andover, Massachusets, where the greater part of his life has since been passed. DR. WILLIAM H. M GUFFEY. Dr. McGuffey, the well known author of the Eclectic series of readers, was born in 1800, in Trumbull county, Ohio. By most severe and unrelenting toil he succeeded in graduating from Washington college, Pennsylvania, in 1825. Soon after he became professor of ancient lan- guages in Miami university, and remained until 1836, when he was called to the presidency of Cincinnati col- lege. Three years after this time he accepted a similar position in the Ohio university. In 1845 he removed to the university of Virginia, where he remained till his death, which occurred in 1873. During his life he was always active in the cause of popular education, render- ing efficient aid in teachers' conventions, both by his presence arfd pen. Dr. Joseph Ray. — The name of Dr. Ray is held in grateful remembrance by many for his mathematical works, which made simple and attractive what had been only a terror to the young beginner. He was born in Ohio. county, Virginia, in November, 1807. From early youth he showed a great fondness for study. Supporting himself by teaching at intervals, he passed some months at Washington college, Pennsylvania, but left without taking a degree. Devoting his attention finally to medi- cine, he became a graduate of the Ohio Medical College at, Cincinnati; but in October of the same year began teaching and continued through life. He was first pro- fessor and then president of the Woodward college, af- terward Woodward high school, which position he held till the time of his death in April, 1856. He was promi- nently identified with the leading teachers of the State, and became president of the State Association in 1852. Rufus King was born in 181 7. His father, Edward King, coming to Ohio at an early day, became a leading lawyer at Chillicothe, and then at Cincinnati. His grand- father's name, also Rufus King, is found among those of eminent statesmen and earnest patriots of the revolution- ary times. The subject of our sketch graduated at Har- vard university, and has for many years been a leading lawyer in Cincinnati. For fifteen years Mr. King was a member of the board of education of this city, and for twelve was its president. He gave material aid in the re- organization of the public schools, and also in the forma- tion of a great central .school library. He was for some time president of the board of trustees of the Cincinnati university, which has under its care the McMicken fund, the school of art and design, and the Cincinnati observa- tory. Albert Picket began in New York City, early in 181 1, a periodical called the Juvenile Monitor, or Educational Magazine. It is thought to have been the first periodical of the kind published in the United States. Through the exertions of Mr. Picket and Alexander Kinmont, there was organized in Cincinnati, in the year 1829, the western academic institute and board of edu- cation, before spoken of, from which originated the famous western literary institute and college of professional teachers. Before the latter, in 1834, he delivered the opening address. He afterwards delivered addresses on such subjects as Education, Parents, Teachers, and -■'■<■' -.._•■: HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Schools, Formation of Character in Individuals, Reforms in Education, Qualifications of Teachers, and the Want of Education. He was at one time president of the Cin- cinnati Female seminary; afterward he became a resident of Delaware, Ohio. The following is found in The Ohio School Journal of September, 1848, edited in Columbus, Ohio, by Dr. Lord: Albert Picket, sen., for many years principal of the Manhattan school in this city [New York], one of the most efficient and enterprising teachers of our country, is still at Delaware, in Ohio. This gentleman, now in his seventy-ninth year, taught half a century, and was always twenty years in advance of the profession. He is still quickening and comforting those who labor for the cause of education. — [Teachers' Advocate, New York]. We rejoice to meet, from the scene of his former toils, this just trib- ute to a veteran teacher. It has been our privilege, in addition to oc- casional correspondence, to enjoy the privilege of seveial cheering in- terviews with Father Picket, as he is affectionately and reverently styled here in Ohio, and, last autumn, to labor with him for a week in the instruction of a class of some hundred teachers. Let others wear laurels and receive the plaudits of mankind, but give me the retrospect of the famous teacher. John L. Talbot was born October 20, 1800, near Winchester, Frederic county, Virginia. With, his parents he emigrated to the Redstone settlement, in Washington county, Pennsylvania, in 1806, from which place he re- moved to Mount Pleasant, Jefferson county, Ohio, in 1 8 16. Three years after he descended the Ohio river on a raft and took up his permanent abode in Cincinnati. During his residence in Pennsylvania he usually attended school one quarter each year, studying mainly spelling and arithmetic. In Cincinnati he attended a night-school while serving an apprenticeship to the carpenter's and joiner's trade. H£re he studied arithmetic, trigonometry, surveying, and navigation. Subsequently he became an assistant teacher in the school which was taught by Cor- nelius King. In 1822, having made his school furniture, he opened a school of his own, which was largely at- tended, and not a few of his pupils in subsequent years rilled honorable and important public positions. In 1823 he aided in forming a society for the elevation of teach- ing as a profession, and in 1828 in founding the Ohio Mechanics' institute. About the same time he took ac- tive part in the establishment of the Academy of Fine Arts and the Academy of Natural Sciences. In all these organizations Mr. Talbot was an active member, and, much of the time, an officer. From 1829 to 1845 he was a member of the Academic institute and its suc- cessor, the College of Professional Teachers. Mr. Tal- bot was the author of an arithmetic, with the title, The Western Practical Arithmetic. He long since retired fom the teacher's life. Milo G. Williams was born in Cincinnati April 10, 1804. His career as a teacher began in 1820, and ended in 1870. His early education was limited to the merest elements of learning. His first efforts at teaching were made in the village school where he had been a pupil. At this early period he began to think earnestly on the prac- tical education of the people at large. Here, too, he be- came conscious of his own deficiencies. In his nine- teenth year Mr. Williams began a private school in Cin- cinnati, which grew to be such a success that he finally graded his classes, organized four departments, and pro- 26 cured assistant teachers. The study of constitutional law was successfully introduced into his school. In 1833 he accepted the position of general supervisor of a man- ual-labor institution at Dayton. At the end of the sec- ond year it was deemed expedient to close this school, and Mr. Williams became principal of the Springfield High school. About 1840 he was made principal of a school in Cincinnati, opened by the friends of the New Jerusalem church (Swedenborgian). Subsequent to this time he was successively professor in the Cincinnati col- lege, principal of the Dayton academy, and president of the faculty of Urbana college, filling at the same time the chair of science. In 1829 Mr. Williams aided in organiz- ing the Academic institute, which became, mainly through his effort, the College of Professional Teachers. For ten years he was corresponding secretary, and took an active part in its proceedings. He was prominent also at the educational conventions held at Columbus, begin- ning in 1836, up to 1852, when his duties at the Urbana university made regular attendance impracticable. He is still a resident of Urbana. STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. It seems not to be forgotten that Cincinnati furnished the State with two of its earliest and ablest chief superin- tendents of education. Mr. Samuel Lewis, of the city bar and also a local preacher in the Methodist Episcopal church, a speaker of no ordinary force, had evinced a very active interest in popular education, several times addressed the Western College of Teachers, and was mainly instrumental in securing from Mr. Woodward the large pecuniary foundation of Woodward college, now part of the consolidated fund supporting the Woodward and Hughes high schools. Such was the confidence re- posed in him as a practical educator that although not a teacher or even a "liberally educated man," his education in the schools having ceased when he was ten years old, he was elected by the legislature as the first superintendent of common schools in Ohio, when that office was created in 1837. He began with a salary of five hundred dollars per annum, which was presently increased to one thou- sand two hundred dollars, but at this rate no more than paid his official expenses. Hon. John Hancock, in his lucid and instructive chapter on school supervision, in the Centennial volume we so often cite, gives this testi- mony to Mr. Lewis' service : His work was severe enough. Almost all his journeying was done on horseback, most of it on bad roads and through a sparsely settled country. After averaging twenty-six miles per day of travel, he spent, as he tells us in one of his letters, three or four hours a day in conversa- tion on school matters, and frequently spoke, in addition to all this, at night. Much of his work, too, was done with the drawback of im- paired health. Everywhere, as he says, men agreed with him, ap- plauded his speeches, but did nothing. The first year of his superintendency he traveled more than one thousand five hundred miles, and visited three hundred schools and forty country seats. Much time and zeal were also devoted to the organization of associations of teachers. In reading over his reports, one is surprised at the breadth and com- prehensiveness of the views entertained by this pioneer in western edu- cation. Nothing seemed to escape his attention ; and almost all the plans for the improvement of common schools since advocated were distinctly enunciated by him. Mr. Lewis' sympathies were always with the poor, and he heartily en- listed in the scheme of establishing a system of schools which should HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. give these children a fair chance in life with the children of the rich. He was utterly opposed to the idea of having one kind of education for those favored by fortune and another kind for those who earn their bread by the sweat of the brow. He labored not only to make the schools entirely free, but to make them good enough for all ; "for," said he, "a school not good enough for the rich will never excite much interest with the poor. They will receive its benefits, if at all, with jeal- ousy, and the effect will be to build still higher the wall that separates the sympathies of different classes of society.'' Like Horace Mann, Mr. Lewis placed high amqng the functions of the common school the duty'of instructing youth in sound principles of Christian morality. He seemed, too, to have little faith in the final success of the schools, unless teaching was made a profession. He advocated such an education for women ' ' as would be adapted to their sphere in life, and be likely to elevate their views, refine their tastes, and cultivate that delicacy of sentiment and propriety of con- duct which the good of the country, no. less than their own happiness, requires." He recommended the appointment of county superintend- ents to look after school property, to visit all the districts, examine teachers, and settle controversies. He recognized also the value of libraries as instrumentalities for educating the people, and recom- mended the establishment of a free library in every township, the State giving a certain amount on condition that the township should raise an equal sum. He pointed out, too, the advantages of union graded schools for towns and cities, years before anything of the kind had been attempted in the State outside of Cincinnati; and township high schools were one of his favorite measures for promoting educational progress. His eye seemed to cover the whole field. He was not satisfied to restrict his attention to the organization of a school system and the furnishing of the necessary means for carrying it into operation. Meth- ods of instruction did not escape his animadversion. He condemned most forcibly that exclusive reliance on the memory, to the neglect of the cultivation of the reasoning powers, then almost universal with teachers in all classes of schools. Finally, Mr. Lewis still further exhibited the breadth and compre- hension of his educational views by his advocacy of a State university and a State normal school. Mr. Lewis left the office with high honor. By his investigations of the management of school lands he had saved enough money to the State to pay his salary many times over — indeed, his friends claimed that sixty thousand dollars had been thus secured. The number of schools during his three years of service had risen from four thousand three hundred and thirty-six to seven thousand two hundred and ninety- five; the number of scholars from one hundred and fifty thousand four hundred and two to two hundred and fifty-four thousand six hundred and twelve; the amount paid for tuition from three hundred and seven- teen thousand seven hundred and thirty dollars to seven hundred and one thousand and ninety-one dollars; and the cost of school-houses from sixty-one thousand eight hundred and ninety to two hundred and six thousand four hundred and forty-five. When the office held fourteen to sixteen years before by Mr. Lewis was revived by the legislature, under the present title of State school commissioner, and made elective by the people, Professor H. H. Barney, first principal of the old Central High school in Cincinnati, was placed in nomination and elected the ensuing fall, and served until 1856. Says Mr. Hancock: Mr. Barney was largely occupied during his administration in execu- tive work and in explaining for the benefit of school officers the mean- ing of the new law and the best methods of executing it, giving special consideration to those features of the law which differed from those of preceding acts. Of these district school libraries were the most import- ant and gave most care. The distribution of good books over the whole State is an object of importance as an educational agency second only to the schools themselves. That district school libraries did much good cannot be questioned; but had the law provided for- township libraries instead, as recommended by Samuel Lewis, there can be but little doubt that the results would have been far more satisfactory, and the permanency of the law have been secured. No adequate provision was made under the law for taking care of the books, and the few that came to the rural sub-districts one year were scattered and gone by the time the next year's supply came to hand. This arose from the diffi- culty of finding a suitable place in each sub-district for a library and a qualified person to take charge of it. In addition to this many of the books were never called for at the office of the county auditors, and others remained unused in the hands of the township clerks. The fate of this feature of the law, with all these defects and difficulties hanging about it, notwithstanding its excellent design, was pre-ordained. Mr. Barney decided, at an early period in his administration, that the books for cities might be collected into one library, instead of being scattered among the several districts. Boards acting on this wise decision then formed collections of books, that have been the foundation for those notable institutions in cities called public libraries, and which are doing so much for the culture of the people. Not long after Mr. Barney had entered upon the duties of his office, decided hostility began to exhibit itself in the legislature against many of the most valuable features of the new law, the commissionership among them. He was indefatigable in his efforts to prevent the pas- sage of any amendment that would embarrass the. successful working of the act. In these efforts, with the aid of educators and the petitions of the people from all parts of the State that the law should be left un- touched, he was completely successful. By the time Mr. Barney had fairly established himself in his new position, he had so far secured the confidence of educators in his ability and prudence that the agent of the State Teachers' association was withdrawn from the field, as being no longer necessary to the interests of the schools. CHAPTER XXII. PUBLIC CHARITIE . The institutions supported by the city first claim at- tention under this head. THE CITY INFIRMARY. This institution was built in 185 1-2, and was opened for the reception of inmates in 1852. Before that the paupers of the city were provided for, under the law of January 22, 1821, at the old Commercial hospital, and by a costly system of out-door relief. In the financial year 1849-50, the cost of provisions, medicine and medical attendance furnished the poor was $10,197.60, and of firewood $11,124,75, making a total of $21,- 322.35. In 185 1-2, while the new plan under directors had not yet come into operation, the sev- eral sums, corresponding to the above, were $10,- 486.12, $11,115.40 and $21,601.52. Under the new system, introduced the next year, and directed to the same objects and the same class of persons, they were respectively but $3,920.58, $2,815.34, and $6,735.95. The original board of directors, in their first annual re- port, make an equally economical showing, in a com- parison between the old and new systems of in-door relief. For the two years designated, the expenses of the hospital, including provisions, medicines ($1,483.13 for wines and liquors under this head), dry goods, fuel, groceries, and oil, but excluding cost of pest house, orphan asylum, interments, salaries, and other wages, were severally, $24,411.31, and $20,432.70. For the next year the cost of the city infirmary, including, also, sums paid to the Commercial hospital, and expenses of con- veyance to infirmary, furnishing it with stoves, iron bed- steads, bell, etc., (these items alone amounting to $4,- 785.66), was but $13,271.71. Thus auspiciously, in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 203 point of economical management, at least, did the first board of directors open their work under the new ar- rangements. The old system had secured, by taxation and duties imposed upon auctioneers, the following amounts for a series of years, for use in relieving the poor of Cincin- nati : In 1844-5, $29>9 6 5- 2 7; l8 4S- 6 . $3°> 6o 9- 8 °; 1846-7, $33,422.60; 1847^8, $39,174.02; 1848-9, $61,- 998.14; 1849-50, $61,074.09; 1850-1, $65,570. In the year 1852-3, when the new plans were in full operation, the entire expenses of in-door and out-door relief, at both the hospital and the infirmary, excluding cost of permanent improvements, were but $25,892.57. For a number of years the Cincinnati orphan asylum, mentioned in the above statistics, had received, annually, a liberal grant from the poor fund of the city, although the charter of that institution was silent concerning such subsidies, from and after the year 1840. The tenor of the charter, as explained by the 'infirmary directors, was "that said institution should maintain itself, like similar institutions, by private enterprise and benevolence." In 1849-50 the orphan asylum drew $2,214.21 from the poor fund of the city, and $1,498.64 from the auction duties, the next year $3,80^44, and $^832.03 from these sources, respectively. The claim of the asylum to a share of the funds continued to be set up after the in- firmary directors came into office, but was not allowed by those authorities, for the reason given above — the ab- sence of legal authority in the asylum to make the de- mand. The infirmary board of directors came in under an act of the general assembly, dated March 23, 1850, entitled "An Act to authorize the City of Cincinnati to erect a Poor-house, and for other purposes." Their duties were further prescribed by the law of March n, 1853, "to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated vil- lages," which abolished in such corporations the offices of township trustees and township clerk. January 14, 1857, the city council passed an ordinance "to regulate the management of the City Infirmary, Commercial Hos- pital, Pest-house, City Burying-ground, and the granting of out-door relief to the poor." It prescribed that the directors of the infirmary should be elected in conformity with the legislative acts before mentioned; that they should give bonds, in the sum of five thousand dollars each, for the faithful performance of their duties; that they should have charge of the charities specified in the title of the ordinance; and made sundry other provisions in regard to their duties — among them that they should appoint the officers of these institutions and others deem- ed necessary, subject to the approval of the city council. April 15, 1864, a similar ordinance, but restricting the authority of the directors to the management of the city infirmary, city burying-ground, and the granting of out- door relief to the poor, was passed by the council. Un- der such enactment by-laws and regulations were adopted by the board for the government of the institutions under their charge and the grant of out-door relief. In the regulations of 1852-3, each ward of the city was made a district for providing victuals for the poor, and one grocer from whom provisions were to be purchased for that purpose was contracted with in each ward. He was to be paid the usual prices charged to his regular cash customers. For medicinal purposes the city was divided into six districts, each comprising two or more physicians appointed therein for visitation of the sick poor, one of whom must be a German. Each was to re- ceive twenty-five cents for every necessary professional visit. Two or more apothecaries in each district were also to be contracted with, prescriptions to be paid for at two-thirds the usual rates. Two medical districts consti- tuted one directorial district, to be under the especial care of one of the infirmary directors, who were three in number. Each of these districts should have an under- taker, for the burial of the pauper dead; and the prices of the undertakers were to be uniform in all the districts. The regulations of 1857, under the ordinance of that year, were identically the same, as regards this scheme of organization. Those of 1864 divided the city into seven districts, each with one overseer of the poor, who must devote all his time to the duties of his office, and was not allowed to prosecute any other business; one district physician — if practicable, a man who could, speak both English and German, and he must speak both if a major- ity of the population in his district speak the German language; also as many apothecaries as were willing to comply with the rates regulating the furnishing of medi- cine for the out-door poor. From the seven districts were formed three directorial districts, in each of which, if possible, one undertaker for the burial of the dead poor was to be secured. In these regulations provision was made for a soup-house, to "be kept in operation as long as economy and circumstances warrant it." A soup- house was opened by the board in 1861, by virtue of a resolution of the council May 29th of the same year, and supplied within eight months three thousand and forty- nine- families with wholesome food, to the amiount of six hundred and thirty-one thousand eight hundred and thirty-three rations, at an expense of about one and a half cents per ration, or ten thousand seven hundred and eighteen dollars and eighty-one cents for the whole. The number of overseers' districts ultimately became twelve, with the growth of the city; but in 1880 it was reduced to six, the first district comprising the First, Sec- ond, Third, and Fourth wards, and being in charge of Mr. H. H. Goesling as overseer; the Second, being the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eleventh wards, in charge of Frank Rhein; Third— the Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Thir- teenth, and Eighteenth wards — J. F. Leuchtenburg, over- seer; Fourth — the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth wards — F. W. Ferris, overseer; Fifth — the Fourteenth and Twentieth to Twenty-third wards, inclu- sive — William C. Hill, overseer ; Sixth — Twelfth, Twenty- fourth, and Twenty-fifth wards — Charles Nordeck, over- seer. But one undertaker— John B. Habig, No. 183 West Sixth street — has been provided for some years for the whole city. Having thus, in a rapid way, brought down the history of out-door relief to the present day, we return to a 204 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. sketch of the infirmary proper. This institution is located near Hartwell, a village on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, & Dayton and the Dayton Short Line Railroads, about eight miles from Fountain Square, in the city. It is re- moved by only little over a mile from the county infir- mary, near Carthage. The city infirmary farm com- prises a quarter-section of land, in the form of a paral- lelogram, west of the Carthage turnpike, and fronting on the Springfield pike, half a mile from Mill creek. In former days it wasthe property of Major Daniel Gano. The labor upon the farm is performed by the inmates of the infirmary, and it is made to produce a large part of the supplies needed by the institution for the table. The latest report we have seen of the storekeeper of the infir- mary, that of 1879, exhibits the produce of the farm for that year as amounting in value to seven thousand two hundred and thirty-eight dollars and sixty-seven cents, and of the garden to three thousand eight hundred and forty-one dollars and eighty-eight cents — a total of eleven thousand and eighty dollars and fifty-five cents. In ad dition, a large number of articles, as brooms, mops, etc., were made by the inmates, and six thousand six hundred and twenty-seven articles of clothing, being almost all that is required by the institution. The farm stock comprised eighty-four animals, with a full equipment of farm tools and necessaries for the dairy. In 1869, the County Agricultural society awarded premiums to the in- firmary farm for one bull and for the best farm team. The building constructed in 1851 is thus described in the annual report of the superintendent of the infirmary, for the year ending March 1, 1856: The house is constructed of gray limestone. It is situated seven miles north of Cincinnati, upon a slight eminence, near the Carthage and Hamilton turnpike, and when viewed from this point presents a very beautiful and substantial architectural appearance. The centre and ends of the building are four stories high, while the main or con- necting part is but three. The whole presents a front of three hundred and four and one-third feet in length, with a depth of forty-seven feet. It has a wing extending back from the centre a distance of one hundred and thirty-three feet. This part is only two stories high, and is thirty- two feet in width. The entire building is divided into one hundred and fifty-five rooms, which are used for the following purposes, viz. : The centre for the officers' apartments, offices, apothecary shop, store-rooms, etc. ; the first story of north and south wings are the male and female sick wards; the second and third stories of the same are the dormitories for the male and female inmates not under medical treatment; the fourth story of the end building is occupied as a basket shop and for store-rooms for the finished baskets; the first story of the rear building is used for the male and female dining-rooms, kitchen, and wash-house; the second story for school-room and chapel, children's dormitories, nursery, ironing and drying rooms. A hall, nine feet in width, runs through the entire length of the front building, in all the stories, dividing the rooms, which are well lighted and ventilated. In connection with the main building we have an ice-house built with brick, thirty feet square and fifteen feet deep, which is well adapted to the uses for which it was erected. Over the ice-house we have a fine, large room for storing and keeping our fresh meats in summer. The water supply was at first derived from two wells, about fifty^ barrels per day, and six cisterns, holding to- gether about six thousand gallons. This supply soon proved insufficient, and has been increased and made permanent by the construction of water works,, including, in 1867, a reservoir on the hillside, capable of containing two thousand gallons, and of supplying water to the high- est part of the building. Gas works were added in 1859, and minor improvements have been made from time to time pretty nearly as needed, including a nursery for the children, built in 1867-8. Certain important depart- ments of the household service remained deficient, how- ever; and in 1880 Mayor Jacob remarked of the infirmary in his message: "It is the only public building under the control of the city not provided with the latest im- provements for heating and washing.'' This defect has since been partially removed by the introduction of wash- ing machines. In 1855, the religious opportunities of the infirmary were increased by a donation from the Young Men's Bi- ble society of Cincinnati, of fifty English Testaments and twenty-five English and twelve German Bibles. An infirmary school was started early after the opening of the institution, and was regularly maintained until No- vember, 1877. For a time it was under the charge of the "board of trustees and visitors of the common schools of Cincinnati," but was generally controlled by the board of directors. In 1858 an arrangement was made with the authorities of the Catholic orphan asylum at Cumminsville, to take under their charge the eighteen children in the in- firmary from Catholic families, with the promise that they would thereafter take and support all that were of that faith. When the infirmary was turned over to the directors, in 1852, and opened for the reception of inmates, it had accommodations for only about fifty paupers. These were speedily increased by the supply of iron bedsteads and of bedding sufficient for two hundred and seventy- five persons, and it was calculated that seven hundred inmates could be provided for in the institution. At times, however, .of late years, over two hundred more than that number have been crowded within its walls, as many as five or six being compelled to occupy one room in numerous cases; and an addition to the main building was repeatedly and loudly called for by the directors. In their report of 1872 they pressed it with especial force upon the attention of the city authorities; and a grant was made of the credit of the city, and in bonded in- debtedness, to the amount of fifty thousand dollars, which enabled the directors, within a year or two thereafter, to add two wings to the main building, make an alteration of the upper story, repair the roof of the old farm build- ing, which had been in use for many years for colored paupers, and make other needed improvements, together costing about twenty-six thousand dollars. The institu- tion has now abundant accommodations for all present demands. Under a legislative act of May 17, 1878, passed during one of the spasms of " re-organization " that so often af- flict the general assembly, the control of the infirmary was turned over to the police commissioners of the city to whom, after a protest on behalf of the directors, the books and papers of the institution were delivered. The commissioners appointed Mr. John E. McGranahan gen- eral superintendent of the department, and made a thorough change in the official corps of the infirmary. Their reign was short-lived, and March 15, 1880, the HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 205 board of directors was returned to authority, under an- other act of assembly. While the commissioners were in power, however, the infirmary was cleared of debt, with which it had been hampered for a number of years (one year the debt amounted to sixty thousand dollars), and a surplus was accumulated for future use. The poor authorities of the city and county have always been much embarrassed by the influx of non- resident paupers, natural to a large commercial city and favorably situated county. Especially were unfortunate girls, about to experience the shame and pains of illegiti- mate child-birth, liable to be inflicted upon the public charities of this region, some of them being sent long distances for the purpose, even from Missouri and New York. From New York city numbers of indigent immi- grants were, it is alleged, regularly forwarded to Cincin- nati. In some cases, where betrayed ones were sent to the city with the early prospect of illicit offspring, the responsible parties, being within the State, were prose- cuted by the directors with success, made to pay dama- ges to the city and provide security for the maintenance of their ill-begotten children. In the official year of 1851-2, the total number of non-resident poor relieved at the Commercial Hospital was one thousand nine hun- dred and seventy-nine — nearly seven times as many as the resident paupers relieved, who numbered but two hundred and ninety-five. Under the new administra- tion, in 1852 and subsequently, the directors considera- bly reduced abuses, and the number of non-residents and unknown persons who received indoor relief during the year 1852-3 was but two hundred and eighty-seven, against four hundred and sixty-five residents; while out- door relief was extended to four hundred and seventy- one non-residents and two thousand and forty-six resi- dent paupers. The city council had no power, under the charter, to levy taxes for the benefit of poor not belonging to the city; but nevertheless allowed the directors to grant such relief in cases of severe sickness. March 14, 1853, the county commissioners were em- powered by the legislature to levy a sufficient tax for the relief of this class of beneficiaries, leaving the city coun- cil still no care of non-resident paupers. The following are the numbers received into the in- firmary from year to year since its opening: 1852-3, 581; 1853-4, 465; i8S4-S. 660; 1855-6, 595; .1856-7, 360; 1857-8, 285; 1858-9, 380; 1859-60, 444; 1860-1, 464; 1861-2, 228; 1862-3, 159; 1863-4, 210; 1864-5, 282; 1865-6, 370; 1866-7, 297; 1867-8, 323; 1868-9, 290; 1869-70, 257; 1870-1, 245; 1871-2,228; 1872 (ten months), 179; 1873,330; 1874,459; 1875, 311; 1876, 362; 1877, 245; 1878, 373; 1879, 429. At the close of the last named year there were five hundred and eighty-seven remaining in the institution. The total number of names upon the register for the year was one thousand and thirty-five; discharged during the year, three hundred and forty-seven; died, one hundred and one; daily average for the year, five hundred and seventy-six. At the close of 1879, one inmate was re- maining for each of the years 1852, 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, i860, 1861, as the several dates of their admis- sion into the infirmary. Out-door relief had been extended during the year to the amount of fifteen thou- sand eight hundred and eighty-eight dollars and eighty- nine cents — provision account, six thousand and seven dollars and eighty-two cents; fuel, eight thousand two hundred and fifty-five dollars and thirty-two cents; wages, four hundred and fifty dollars; transportation, twenty-seven dollars and fifty cents; coffins and inter- ments, one thousand one hundred and forty-eight dollars and twenty cents. Relief had been extended to nearly a thousand more applicants than in any previous year. The institution was out of debt and had a balance to its credit sufficient to meet its running expenses for 1880. The directors of the city infirmary, from its establish- ment to 1880, have been, at various times, Charles Ross, Gottfried Koehler, Henry Roedter (the first board), Adam Hornung, Jacob Gossin, William Crossman, Arthur Hill, George A. Peter, Joseph Draper, Jacob B. Wyman, George Lindemann, James Ayres, L. L. Arm- strong, M. B. Masson, M. Straub, Henry Weist, Ira Wood, John Martin, W. H. Watters, Charles Zielinski, Henry Zopfi, Jacob Ernst (died in office), John Kirch- ner, Robert Buchanan, George H. Schoonmaker, M. Lichtendahl, George F. Feid, William Ohmann; police commissioners, 1878 — C. Kinsinger, J. P. Carbery, Dan- iel Weber, W. W. Sutton, John Dorsch; 1879, S. S. Davis, H. C. Young, Ephraim Morgan, A. R. Von Mar- tels, John Dorsch; 1880, Arthur Hill, George F. Feid, William Ohmann. Clerks of the Board — William Swift Gossin, Adam S. Hornung, jr., Thomas Winter, Abijah Watson, James F. Irwin (died in office), A. H. Andress, R. M. Court- ney, O. T. Shepard, Charles H. Moorman. The following named gentlemen have been superin- tendents of the infirmary. It is difficult to fix, in all cases, exactly the year in which each entered upon service, but these dates are believed to be approximately correct, as gathered from the annual reports. Each of the incumbents served until his immediate successor was appointed: 1852, Dr. Nathan B. Marsh; 1855, James McCord; 1856, John Young; 1857, Colonel A M. Robinson; i860, Stephen S. Ayres; 1862, Colonel A. M. Robinson; 1865, S. P. Coleman; 1867, Abijah Watson; 1870, Arthur Hill; 1874, Captain Robinson Whitney; 1877, John P. Decker; 1879, S. W. Bell and Arthur Hill; 1880, John P. Decker. The periods of the matrons correspond to those of the superintendents: Mrs. Mary Young, Mrs. Mary Robin- son, Mrs. Elizabeth Ayres, Mrs. Angelina Coleman, Mrs. Phebe S. Watson, Mrs. Matilda Hill, Mrs. Nancy Whit- ney, Mrs. Elizabeth Decker, Mrs. S. W. Bell. Physicians — Professor James Graham, H. C. Lassing, D. S. Young, T. L. Neal, N. S. Armstrong, A. P. Essel- born, W. H. Bunker, G. W. Highlands, F. L. Emmert. Teachers — Misses Hannah P. Eaton, Ellen F. Ken- dall, Mollie E. Cox, Sally F. Wyman, Mollie Hoyt, Clara B. Carnes, and Sallie Clarke; Mr. F. W. Hess; Misses Louisa Emery, Katie Whitney, Anna G. Curtis, Mollie Burnett. While the last named lady was teaching, about the 206 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. middle of November, 1877, all the children of the in- firmary were transferred to the Children's Home, in Cin- cinnati, and the school was closed. The school-room has since been used for holding religious services. Store-keepers — Charles H. Giller, Albert Denerlich, John C. Hill, Alexander Jacoby, Isaac B. Stevens, F. A. Herbolsheimer, Charles 0. Spiegel, William Spiegel, Le- Maire Knotzer. THE COMMERCIAL HOSPITAL. This was the creation, on paper, of an act of the legis- lature, bearing date January 22, 1821, and entitled "An act establishing a commercial hospital and lunatic asy- lum for the State of Ohio," its scope then being as stated in the title. Governor Brown, in his annual message, had recom- mended to the legislature the chartering of such an insti- tution in Cincinnati. Dr. Daniel Drake suggested to the trustees of the township, who were to be in charge of the hospital, the advisability of uniting the State and local funds, and establishing an infirmary for the poor and likewise for the deceased boatmen of Ohio and of such other western States as might similarly afford Ohio boat- men relief. His plan was adopted, and the doctor was made the bearer of an accordant petition to the legisla- ture, in pursuance of which and of the governor's recom- mendation the charter was obtained. Upon Dr. Drake's sole petition, it is said, the proviso for a lunatic depart- ment was added. Besides the ten thousand dollars granted, one-half the auction dues collected in the city were appropriated to the use of the asylum. The finan- cial provisions of the act at once effected a signal reduc- tion in the amount of city taxation for the benefit of the poor. Very soon after the act of incorporation was obtained, a suitable tract for the site of the hospital was purchased, in the then outskirts of the city, now in its very heart — a tract of four acres, being that upon which the great Cin- cinnati hospital, in part, now stands. Some delay was experienced in putting a building upon it; but in 1823 a brick edifice was erected, of fifty-three feet front by forty- two feet depth, and three stories in height, with a tenanta- ble basement. Ten thousand dollars had been appro- priated by the general assembly toward its erection; which, although received in depreciated bank notes, yielding in specie but thirty-five hundred dollars, was a material and welcome aid to the building fund. In all but seven thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven dol- lars were expended at the time upon the buildings and ward furniture and the improvement of the grounds — about one-hundredth part of the total cost of the mag- nificent institution established upon its site forty-five years later. Besides the regular wards, the upper story, originally designed for the residence of the superintendent, was re- modeled for a lecture-room, with seats for nearly one hundred students. This was lighted by front windows and rough dormer windows set in a rather pointed roof. An additional building was erected upon the grounds in 1827, forty-four feet long, twenty-eight feet wide, and two stories high. It was designed rather as a place of confinement than a hospital for the cure of the insane. The lower story was for male lunatics, the upper for females. Each was partitioned into eleven rooms or cells. An addition was made to the main hospital building a few years afterwards, with a capacity for one hundred and fifty patients. The basement was turned into a poor- house, and was also to some extent an orphan asylum. Still another building was connected with the hospital ; and, being used for contagious diseases, and especially small-pox, it was situated some distance from it, in an isolated spot six or seven long squares west of the hos- pital, in the northwest corner of the then "potter's field," now the beautiful Lincoln park. This was destroyed after a time, and the patients afflicted with infectious dis- eases were treated in a building nearer the hospital, which presently became too small for the purpose, and, after a debate among the hospital authorities, whether patients of this class might not be safely admitted to the main building, the decision was against the proposal, and the late Dr. Wright was made a committee to select a site for another pest-house. His mission became known to the community, and was not received with signal favor in localities eligible for such location. After one excur- sion to the hills to examine sites, he received the follow- ing note: "Dr. Wright: — If you are again seen prowling about our hillsides, you may prepare to have a ball sent through your skull. " The hospital was relieved of its poor-house feature when the county infirmary was established, and by and by the founding of an orphan asylum in the city, mainly by the efforts of a few benevolent ladies, relieved it also of the few destitute orphans it contained. From the beginning, the Commercial hospital and the Medical College of Ohio were substantially identical. The officers of the one were the officers of the other, and the -same "building was occupied for both purposes. One important departure taken by the law of 1861, for the establishment of the Cincinnati hospital, was the statutory separation of the two institutions. Instead of appointing physicians to the hospital altogether from the staff of the medical college, they are selected at large by the trustees of the institution, without special reference to their connection with the college. On the twentieth of June, 1855, the board of direct- ors effected an arrangement with the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, by which sick and dis- abled boatmen could be cared for in the hospital, at the rate of five dollars per week, for board and medical attendance. This arrangement yielded a small revenue the first year; but afterwards the receipts from this source were quite large, one year (1860-61) amounting to eight thousand, five hundred and twenty-two dollars and two cents. About the same time an arrangement was entered into with the faculty of the Ohio medical college, whereby the directors were allowed to dispose of "hospital tick- ets," or permits for clinical practice, to students of other medical schools, on equal terms with those enjoyed by the students of that college. A fund of some size was HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 207 obtained from this source, also, and turned into the city treasury, for the benefit of the infirmary department. March 11, 1861, another law of the legislature pro- vided that the public infirmary established in the hos- pital by the law of 182 1 should be thereafter called simply "the Commercial Hospital of Cincinnati," to re- main upon the hospital lot before occupied, and to be "used for the reception and care of such sick persons as may by law be entitled to admission therein for treatment as patients." The control of the hospital was transferred from the board of infirmary directors to a board of seven trustees, of which, however, the infirmary directors, to- gether with the mayor of the city, were ex-officio mem- bers. The faculty of the Medical College of Ohio were to attend patients in the hospital without compensation, except in the privilege to introduce their pupils into the hospital, to witness the medical and surgical treatment of patients. THE CINCINNATI HOSPITAL. In 1 86 1, soon after the appointment of a new board of trustees; some preparations were made for the erection of a fine new building, to displace the old Commercial hospital, which had become somewhat dilapidated and unsafe, and was no longer adequate to the wants of the great city. Plans had been prepared a year or two be- fore by the most noted firm of architects in the city, and steps had been taken to secure the necessary funds; but the outbreak of the war at once destroyed the hope of consummating the scheme at that time. The old build- ing had long been condemned as unfit for its purposes; but there seemed no choice but to use it while it re- mained upright; so the most urgent repairs were made upon it, and its occupation continued a few years longer. In this year (1861) gas was introduced into the hospital. By 1864 many cases of sick and destitute persons had to be turned away. March 1st of that year, the hospital was permanently divorced from the city infirmary. The next year, in accordance with a unanimous vote of the city council, supported by the trustees and medical staff of the hospital and other influential citizens, the legisla- ture passed an act authorizing the creation of a munici- pal debt for a new hospital, if the people should approve it by vote. In March, 1865, a branch 'hospital for female patients was opened on Elm street, above Twelfth, and was soon crowded. About this time the pest-house was removed from the tract now Lincoln park, to Roh's hill, west of the Bellevue house. On the twelfth of December, 1866, the necessary funds having been voted by the people, the hospital com- missioners notified the trustees of the Commercial hos- pital to vacate that lot and buildings, preparatory to the construction of new edifices. Temporary quarters were secured at the corner of Third and Plum streets, and the demolition of the old structures and erection of the new proceeded rapidly. In 1868, a popular vote authorized the raising of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the hospital, by the issue 0/ bonds. April 3d of that year, the name of the institution was changed by an act of the legislature to Cincinnati hospital. It was occupied in January, 1869. The fame of this great public charity, as one of the finest institutions of the kind in the world, warrants our use here of the entire description of the hospital, as published annually in its reports : This institution completely fulfills all the conditions of a general hos- pital to a large city. It is emphatically a city hospital, accessible to all on accommodating terms. Strangers or other persons of means, over- taken by illness, and wishing to avail themselves of the best appoint- ments for proper care, can here find refuge without the sacrifice of any of their liberties. They can not only obtain appropriate private rooms and trained nurses, but they can choose their own medical attendants without being restricted to the medical staff of the hospital. This, to many persons, is an estimable privilege ; for, however well chosen the staff of a hospital may be, and distinguished as the visiting physicians and surgeons of most of our hospitals usually are, for superior skill, notwithstanding, many persons so much prefer choosing for themselves as to make the denial of this privilege an inseparable objection to hospital patronage. The Cincinnati hospital occupies the square bounded by Twelfth street, Central avenue, Ann and Plum streets, being four hundred and forty-eight feet front from north to south, and three hundred and forty from east to west. The structure consists of eight distinct buildings, placed en echelon, and connected by corridors, surrounding an extensive centre yard or court. The central portion and main entrance are situated on Twelfth street, midway between Central avenue and Plum street, and are termed the Administrative Department. This contains offices, superintendent's and officers' apartments, kitchen, and dining-rooms. There are six pavilions three stories in height. Three of the pavil- ions are on the eastern or Plum street side, and three on the western or Central avenue side. Each pavilion contains three wards, one on each floor, of which those in the central pavilions contain thirty-six beds , each, and the rest twenty-four each, allowing eighteen hundred feet of ' space in the wards to each bed. The pavilions contain also thirty-six private rooms. At one end of the wards are situated the nurses' rooms, diet kitchen, dining-rooms for convalescents, closets for bedding and clothing, dumb waiters, and elevators for patients. At the other end are located the bath-rooms, water-closets, and reading-rooms. In the basement of the pavilions are store-rooms, baggage-rooms, heating-chambers, etc., and a passage-way around the entire establishment. In the central building on Ann street is situated the Amphitheatre, with a capacity for five hundred students, pathological museum, mortu- ary, etc., conveniently arranged in proximity to each other, and isolated from all other departments of the house. In the same building is the accident ward, convenient of access, and completely equipped for cases of accident or emergency, at all hours of the day and night. South of this building and at the north end of the court, is the Do- mestic Department, containing the main kitchen, laundry, domestics' dormitories, dining-room, etc. Connected with the Domestic Depart- ment are the engine- and boiler-rooms, gas-works, and storage for fuel. The establishment is heated throughout by steam. Heat for. the wards is supplied from coils of steam-pipe, placed in chambers in ihe basement. From these chambers pure air warmed to the proper tem- perature passes into the wards, while the halls and other rooms of the institution are heated by direct radiation from the steam-coils placed therein. In the wards are also open fire-grates for ventilation and heat- ing when required. Portions of the buildings are ventilated by a downward draught into a large airduct under the pavilions, which terminates in a large chim- ney of the engine-room. The remaining portions are ventilated through ventilating chambers in the towers and attics. The walls of the entire building are composed of brick, with free- stone finishing around the angles, etc. The upper stories are finished in French style, with Mansard roof of slate of variegated colors. The administrative department is surmounted by a dome and spire that reaches one hundred and ten feet from the pavement, and each ofthe outer ends of the pavilion is surmounted by turrets that serve as orna- ments as well as promoters of ventilation. The wards of the hospital are divided into surgical, medical, obstetri- cal, opthalmological, and venereal ; and in attendance upom them are four surgeons, six physicians, two obstetricians, two opthalmologists, and two pathologists. One half of this number are on duty at the same time, and alternate every four months. Clinical lectures are delivered in the amphitheatre two hours each working day, commencing in October and ending with February. All 208 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. medical students are entitled to admission to the clinical lectures by the payment of a fee of five dollars. The fund thus created is applied to the purchase of books, instruments, and the enlargement of the cabinet. In aid of the staff, seven undergraduates are selected, after a compet- itive examination, whose designations are " resident physicians. '' En- tering upon duty, they are distributed to different wards, where they remain two months ; they then exchange places, so that each one, dur- ing the year, has an opportunity of witnessing the practice of the en- tire hospital. They accompany the staff in their daily visits to the sick, receive their orders, keep a record of the cases and their treat- ment, report all violations of medical discipline, and have a general supervision over their respective wards. For the accommodation of persons visiting Cincinnati in search of medical or surgical aid, and those who may not receive necessary atten- tion in hotels and boarding houses, a pay department has been estab- lished, consisting of thirty rooms, all comfortably and neatly furnished. Regular nurses are engaged by the hospital to attend the sick in this department, but each patient is at liberty to employ any physician he or she may choose. Every part of the hospital is in direct telegraphic communication with the superintendent's apartment in the central building. In a moment the messages are sent to and fro, thus saving the annoyance and delay of foot messengers. The hospital is connected by telephone with the police stations throughout the city, and with the branch hospital, more than five miles distant. A message is received from one of the stations: "Send your ambulance." And speedily the ambulance is sent. An-; other is transmitted through the wire: "How is the small pox patient, Smith?" And in a moment the answer comes back: "Better" — "worse" — "ready to leave" — "dead." The hospital is managed by a board of trustees, seven in number. Two are appointed by the superior court, two by the common pleas ' court, and one by the governor of the State. The mayor of Cincinnati, and a director of the city infirmary, eldest in office, are ex officio mem- bers of the board. The hospital is supported by a tax, annually levied by the city coun- cil upon the whole taxable property of the city — not exceeding forty- eight hundredths of a mill. The cost of the buildings, including the purchase of some additional ground, was about three-quarters of a million. The gas made in the institution costs only one dollar per thousand, less than half the usual charge of the city gas and coke company. The hospital also com- pounds its own drugs, thus effecting a saving of about fifty per cent. In 1879 a new hospital for contagious diseases, or "pest house," a branch of the Cincinnati hospital, was built upon an isolated tract in the Lick Run valley, near the potters' field, and the older branch building on Roh's hill was abandoned and sold. The new buildings are on the pavilion plan, arranged and fitted up according to the best ideas of hospital equipment, and will accommodate about one hundred patients. The grounds they occupy are elevated and broad and command fine views. Much of the time no patient occupies them. During 1879 tne number of patients admitted to the hospital was four thousand one hundred and twenty, against three thousand four hundred and thirty-seven the year before. Of those admitted two hundred and seventy- six died, and three thousand seven hundred were dis- charged during the year. During the year 1880 three thousand six hundred and nineteen patients were admitted, of whom three thousand five hundred and eighty-two were discharged, three hun- dred and thirty-two died, and three hundred and fifty-one were remaining at the close of the year. The total num- ber of patients treated was four thousand two hundred and sixty-five; daily average of patients, three hundred and seventy and one-half; average time in hospital, thirty- three days; private patients, three hundred and eight. None were in the branch or small-pox hospital. The ex- penditures of the year were seventy-six thousand one hundred and seventy-three dollars and thirty cents. Re- ceipts — from the city treasury, eighty thousand three hundred and eighty-two dollars and thirty-five cents; pay patients, six thousand eight hundred and seventy dollars and sixty-seven cents; sale of refuse matter, sixty-one dollars and ninety-five cents; total, eighty-seven thousand three hundred and fifteen dollars and ninety-seven cents. The average cost of maintenance of each patient per day was forty-seven and thirty-seven hundredths cents. The gas used (one million eight hundred and seventy-six thou- sand three hundred and forty-eight feet) was made in the institution at a cost, exclusive of labor, of thirty-six and one-half cents per thousand. The following named gentlemen have served the hos- pital as trustees since its organization : By appointment of the superior court — David Judkins, M. D., 1861 to date; F. J. Mayer, 1861-70 and 1871 to date; John Ballance, 1870-71. By the court of common pleas — J. J. Quinn, M. D., 1861-9; w - B. Dayis, M. D., 1869-72; Abner L. Frazier, 1872-4; A. L. Dandridge, M. D., 1874—; Hon. Alexan- der Long, 1 86 1-2; B. F. Brannan, 1862-73; Colonel L. A. Harris, 1873 — . By the governor — N. W. Thomas, 1861-4; M. D. Pot- ter, 1864-5; J onn Carlisle, 1865-75; M. B. Hagans, 1875-80; B. F. Brannan, 1880 — . The superintendent of the hospital is H. M. Jones; matron, Mrs. Agnes Rose; clerk, T. E. H. McLean. ST. MARY'S HOSPITAL. This extensive institution is in charge of the Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis, a Catholic order; but its benefi- cence is not confined to the poor and suffering of its own faith, and it is especially useful in caring for those who are non-residents, and who are debarred thereby from admission to other charitable institutions. Six sisters of this order came to America in September, 1838, upon the invitation of Archbishop Purcell, and fixed upon Cin- cinnati as their field. At first they occupied as a hospital the Boys' Orphan asylum on Fourth street, which was in charge of a German Catholic society, and very soon had forty patients on their hands. In March, 1859, they pur- chased the ground on the corner of Betts and Linn streets, upon which their institution was founded. The corner-stone was laid May 10th, of the same year, and it was ready for occupation by Christmas next ensuing, when it was consecrated by the archbishop. It is a spa- cious building, ninety by sixty feet, and four stories high, divided into two parts by a large chapel. In the second story rooms were provided during the first year for patients afflicted with contagious diseases; but their occupation in this way was not afterwards allowed by the authorities. After a few years the accommodations were enlarged, and about five hundred charity patients can now be received,, besides a number of pay patients. From time to time, by fairs, lotteries, subscriptions, etc., the hospital has re- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO 209 ceived liberal donations, by which it lias been enabled to extend its grounds and buildings. In the fall of 1875 a new building was consecrated by Archbishop Purcell. It is built in admirable form for its purposes, and heated throughout by steam. The chapel, upon the lower floor, is in the Gothic style, and has sittings for three hundred persons. It is now one of the largest and best-ordered institutions of the kind in the country, and represents a cost of ninety thousand dollars. During 1879 it had one thousand one hundred and forty-nine patients under treatment, of whom eight hundred and sixty-six were dis- charged and one hundred and fourteen died. The Cath- olic patients numbered nine hundred and nineteen; non-Catholics, two hundred and thirty. Germans, four hundred and eighty-seven; Americans, three hundred and fifty; Irish, two hundred and fifty; other nationali- ties, sixty-two. The two Charles S. Muscrofts, senior and junior, are surgeons to the hospital; J. H. Buckner, oculist and aurist; George C. .Werner, gynaecologist; William H. Weming and J. C. McMechan, physicians. THE JEWISH HOSPITAL has been noticed in our chapter on religion. It can hardly be called a public charity, though an admirable and most beneficent institution for the suffering of the Hebrew faith. DISPENSARIES. An out-door dispensary was established by the Cincin- nati hospital October 1, 1871; and in ten months its physicians treated four thousand and eighty-four cases, without expense to the patients or to the city. The Ohio Medical College dispensary is justly reck- oned one of the great charities of the city. The faculty of the college devote a portion of their time to it every day of the year, in the gratuitous treatment of applicants and the free dispensing of medicines. From six to eight thousand persons are treated every year. The Miami Medical College dispensary does a work of similar magnitude and beneficence. An hour every morning is given to eye and ear diseases, and an hour in the afternoon to all other ailments. The Homoeopathic Free dispensary, corner of Seventh and Mound streets, has three departments— the medical, that of surgery and diseases of women, and the eye and ear. The lady physicians of the same practice have a free dispensary for the treatment of female and children's diseases open daily at 306 Linn street. It was organized May 14, 1879, with a membership of thirty-five, and the dispensary was opened four weeks thereafter. The mem- bership now numbers about one hundred and fifty. Dur- ing the first year eight hundred and sixty-five patients were treated and three thousand six hundred and seventy- two prescriptions given. The Ohio College of Dental Surgery, on College street, near the public library, affords in its clinical lectures and practice ample opportunities^for the free treatment of dental diseases and effects. THE UNION BETHEL. This institution was organized, so far at least as its . mission work is concerned, in January, 1839, and had their headquarters in old "Commercial Row," near the river bank. It was started under the patronage of the Western Seamen's Friend society. The Boatmen's Bethel society was formed soon afterwards, and the school of the Bethel was removed to East Front street, near Pike, to a building known as the old Museum; but returned to the former place in about three years. A meeting of citizens was held in February, 1865, to consider the expediency of organizing an independent Bethel society for the city; which was done, and an act of incorporation secured, with the full accord of the Seaman's Friend society, which readily surrendered all its rights in the institution. A Bethel church was organized in the fore part of 1867; and in May of the same year the Newsboy's home was transferred from its place on Longworth street, near Cen- tral avenue, to the Bethel building, and placed in charge of the Bethel society with certain specified conditions. Under its management a most excellent work has been done for the newsboys and bootblacks of the city. They receive meals at the lowest possible prices, say ten cents a meal, and are charged nothing for lodgings; while they have the privileges of the bath roon and such instruction and opportunities for reading and moral culture as the institution affords. In February, 1871, the "Old Museum" building went up in smoke and flame. A committee solicited sub- scriptions for a new building; a great fair realized forty thousand and thirty-five dollars for the same purpose; and in March, 1874, a splendid new building was occu- pied by the Bethel at Nos. 30 to 36 Public Landing, east of Sycamore street. The main building cost thirty-five thousand dollars, and the whole property one hundred and thirty-four thousand dollars. Mr. David Sinton, 'the well known philanthropic millionaire, has proved a great benefactor to the Bethel, giving it one hundred thousand dollars as an endowment fund in 1874, when it was labor- ing under great pecuniary embarrassment, and other gifts, amounting to more than one hundred and thirteen thou- sand dollars. Another fair netted for it a profit of more than thirty thousand dollars. The institution is mainly supported by contributions and subscriptions. The following extracts from its constitution indicate the purpose and some features of the organization : The object shall be to provide for the spiritual and temporal welfare of river-men and their fam'lies, and all others who may be unreached by regular church organizations ; to gather in and furnish religious in- structions and material aid to the poor and neglected children of Cin- cinnati and vicinity ; and to make such provisions as may be deemed best for their social elevation ; also to provide homes and employment for the destitute. Any person paying into the treasury of the corporation the sum of ten dollars, shall be a member for one year, and of fifty dollars a mem- ber for life. The various arms of the work of the Union Bethel are the river mission among boatmen and others; systematic visitation of families; the Bethel church and Sabbath school; the relief department; a sewing school ; the young men's home, including free reading-room and cheap din- ing hall and lodging rooms; and the newsboys' home. The Sabbath-school is the largest in the world, except, perhaps, that at Stockport, England. The average dur- ing six months of 1879-80 was three thousand one hun- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. dred and fifty-four, and on one Sabbath, December 21, 1879, the attendance was four thousand two hundred and eighty. The expenditures during the year ending March 31, 1880, were eight thousand nine hundred and forty- two dollars and seventy-nine cents. Seven thousand dollars were derived from the avails of the Sinton fund, and eight hundred and twenty-two dollars and fourteen cents were received in the dining room. There had been given free during the year to deserving applicants, two thousand seven hundred and eighty-five meals, three thousand seven hundred and fifty-six lodgings, six thou- sand eight hundred and ten loaves of bread, thirty-five pounds of sugar, twelve of coffee, and eight of tea, and a very large number of articles had been distributed through the relief department proper. An average of ten home- less boys per day had been cared for during the year. The Bethel church edifice, in rear of the main building, was built in r869, at a cost of thirty-five thousand dollars. A regular church organization, but undenominational, is maintained here, and with great success. It has a member- ship of more than six hundred. The ladies' Bethel aid society has maintained its work in conjunction with the Union Bethel for twenty-one years, and its managers con- duct much of the general relief work, which provides meals and beds for the worthy poor, and confers many other benefactions. The Rev. Thomas Lee has been superintendent of the Bethel for nearly thirteen years; and to his efficiency and executive ability are due much of its success and signal beneficence. He has been identified with the Bethel work in Cincinnati for sixteen years. THE WIDOW'S HOME. A few public-spirited citizens of Cincinnati, during the severe winter of 1850-1, had their sympathies strongly drawn out by the forlorn condition of old, infirm, and in- digent women in the city, and their claims upon the charities of the public. Two years before this, a similar feeling had resulted in the formation of an association, and a subscription of one thousand five hundred dollars for a lot upon which to place an asylum for this class of the poor; but now a philanthropic banker, Mr. Wesley Smead, taking vigorous hold of the project, and making it his business for a month, secured contributions to the amount of sixteen thousand dollars, which assured the erection of "The Widows' Home and Asylum for Aged and Indigent Females." A sufficient lot on Mount Au- burn, worth four thousand dollars or more, in the square now bounded by Bellevue, Stetson, Highland, and Market streets, was presented by Messrs. Burnet, McLain, Shillito, and Reader, and a building one hundred and thirty by fifty feet, three stories high in the main building and two stories in each wing, with a neat Grecian front, was soon in progress, and was occupied in 185 1. Mr. Smead himself gave six thousand dollars, which, with the one thousand five hundred dollars previously raised, were invested at annual interest of ten per cent, as an endow- ment fund for the institution. Four hundred annual subscribers, at three dollars each, yielded a further reve- nue of one thousand two hundred dollars; and an act of incorporation, obtained in 1851 from the State legisla- ture, required the trustees of Cincinnati township to pay annually five hundred dollars into the treasury of the home. Under present regulations, widows of good char- acter, over sixty years of age, and indigent, are admitted for life upon the payment of one hundred dollars. Some of the inmates have given all their possessions to the home. There were in 1879 forty-six inmates,- one of them ninety-seven years old; and a number had been there twenty-five years. The home is controlled and managed by a board of ladies as trustees, with some gen- tlemen as counsellors. Its property, before the removal to Walnut Hills, was valued at seventy-five thousand dollars. In 1879 an arrangement was made with the trustees of the Old Men's Home, also on Mount Auburn, by which a single new building was erected on Walnut Hills, McMillan street, near Park avenue, for joint use by both institutions — one wing being occupied by the Widow's Home, and the other by the Old Men's Home. The corner-stone of the building — two hundred and thirty- seven by one hundred and eighty-one feet, three stories high, and to cost about eighty thousand dollars — was laid July 2, 1879, and the building was completed and occupied in the fall of the next year. old men's home. The pecuniary foundation of this was a bequest of ten thousand dollars, left by Mr. A. Taylor, of New Jersey, to found an asylum for aged and indigent men in Cin- cinnati, conditioned upon the raising of fifty thousand dollars more for the same purpose. Mr. Edward Sargent generously took upon himself almost the entire work of raising this fund, in which he finally succeeded, through the subscriptions of business men of the city ; an organi- zation was effected, suitable grounds or Mount Auburn procured, and a building erected, which was occupied until the union with the Widows' Home was effected, and both institutions were removed to Walnut Hills. The Little Sisters of the Poor, a Catholic order, who have their novitiate on the Montgomery road, also devote themselves, in large part, to the care of destitute old peo- ple, and meet the wants of about two hundred on an average. By the will of the late Mr. John T. Crawford, the avails of all his property are to be devoted to the found- ing of a home for the aged and indigent colored people of Cincinnati, upon a tract of eighteen and a half acres near College Hill, which he directed to be reserved for the purpose. children's home. In i860 Mr. Murray Shipley took the first steps to- ward the founding of this institution. It was first located in a basement room on Mill street, below Third, where the Penn Mission Sabbath-school was held. All the room would hold, about seventy, were here accommodated af- ter a fashion — the children of the rudest and roughest classes of the community, and many of them waifs from other places. In November, 1863, the home was re- moved to a building on Third street, near Park. In HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 211 December of the next year an act of incorporation was obtained; a superintendent and matron were regularly em- ployed; and funds were ultimately obtained for the fine building and spacious grounds now used on West Ninth street, which cost one hundred and forty thousand dol- lars. In January, 1868, a branch was established on East Sixth street. In the spring of the year before a farm of seventy-five acres was purchased on College Hill, for the uses of the institution, and entitled, "The Children's Home School Farm." The home was formerly in the care of the Young Men's Christian Association; but has now its own governing board. It is supported by volun- tary contributions and subscriptions, and issues a neat little monthly paper, called The Children's Home Record. Nearly four thousand neglected and homeless children have been received into it, of whom five to six hundred have been placed in Christian family homes in the country. About one hundred are usually in the home at one time. A fair held for its benefit April 15-19, 1876, netted, the handsome sum of twenty-seven thousand dol- lars. Within a few months a handsome benefaction has been made to the home by Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas Pat- terson, of Cincinnati, in the shape of a country-seat at Remington, on the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, worth twenty-five thousand dollars, and a life-insurance policy of five thousand dollars from Mr. Patterson. HOME OF THE FRIENDLESS. This was incorporated in i860, under the cumbrous title of the Protestant Home for the Friendless and Female Guardian society, which was afterwards much simplified. Its object is the reclamation of fallen women and the temporary care of abandoned infants, and a board of Christian women, representing various sects in the city, control its interests. A building was erected for it on Court street, South Side, between Central avenue and John street, where about five hundred women, young girls committed by the police court and too old to go to the House of Refuge, and infants, are cared for during the year. The corner-stone of this edifice was laid in September, 1868, and it was occupied in April of the next year. It has four stories and a capacity for one hundred and fifty inmates. ORPHAN~ASYLUMS. The city had three orphan asylums by 1841 — St. Peter's, on Thirteenth and Plum streets, with fifty-one inmates, controlled by the Sisters of Charity; St. Aloysius' Orphan House, north of Sixth street, opposite John, managed by the St. Aloysius society; and the Cin- cinnati Orphan Asylum, on Elm street, north of Thir- teenth. The last named had its origin about 1830, in a fund placed in the hands of the Female Bible society, for the benefit of the poor. A meeting of ladies was held, at which it was resolved to apply a small residue of the sum for the relief of orphans. The asylum was chartered in 1833, a house and lot were given, and the institution opened. It was speedily crowded to overflow- ing by the orphaned of the cholera years, 1832-3, and a removal was made to larger accommodations on Elm street, where the asylum remained for thirty years. The building here erected was four stories high, sixty-four by fifty-four on the ground, and was very well adapted in its internal arrangements for its purposes. It cost about eighteen thousand dollars, an'd accommodated sixty chil- dren, though sixty-seven were inmates in 1841. This property was sold for one hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars, and in 1861 the present building was erected. It is situated on the corner of Sycamore and* Summit streets, Mount Auburn, in a healthful and beautiful location — a spacious three-story edifice, with basement and towers, commanding a superb view of the western districts of the city, the Ohio river, and the high- lands. It is supported by private beneficence, and ac- commodates a general average of two hundred children at one time. The German Protestant Orphan asylum is also on Mount Auburn, on Highland avenue, opposite the former Widows' home. It was projected by a German Protestant association during the cholera year of 1849, which left many orphans upon the hands of the charitable. A charter was obtained in December of that year, and funds were raised to erect a large three-story brick build- ing, with basement, and grounds of seven acres about it. A large addition was made in 1868, at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, and the institution can now receive two hundred orphans. A large dining-hall, separate from the main building, is used every May and October for a festival of the Germans, which is sometimes attended by twenty thousand people. Each of the visitors making a contribution, the sums realized are very handsome, in one instance reaching ten thousand dollars. The asy- lum authorities co-operate with the Ladies' Protestant Orphan association, which provides clothing for the chil- dren. These are placed, as opportunities offer, in good families, where they are expected to remain until of age, when the boys receive two hundred dollars apiece, and the girls each one hundred dollars, for a start in the world. The asylum is managed by a board of trustees representing the German Protestant denominations of the city. The average of inmates is about one hundred Branches have been established in Covington and New- port. The Roman Catholics have two orphan asylums, one a very large affair, at Cumminsville, accommodating about four hundred children, in care of the St. Peter's, St. Joseph's, and St. Xavier's Orphan associations, and under the immediate charge of twenty Sisters of Charity. Another of these beneficent institutions is situated on the Reading road. The colored orphan asylum was incorporated in 1845. For twenty years it occupied an old building on Ninth street, between Elm and Plum, where sixty or seventy children were crowded in, but were placed in families as rapidly as possible. About 1865 the society in charge bought four acres in an eligible situation in Avondale, north of the city, and there founded the present asylum. It differs from most other orphan asylums in receiving children who cannot be retained at home by their parents; but for the care of these a small compensation 212 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. is required. Thirty to forty inmates is the usual average. THE RELIEF UNION. This is one of the oldest and worthiest of the great charities of the city. Its object is systematic and general organization of the charitable for the relief of the poor, in grants of provisions, clothing, and occasionally money. It was established in 1848, and has had a highly honor- ■ able and useful career, though now its glory is dimmed somewhat by the recent organization of the Associated Charities, with similar intents. The annual report at the meeting of November 13, 1880, made the following ex- hibit of the work of the year: Groceries furnished by the managers of respective wards, $2,763.37; shoes, $1,153.72; dry goods, $865.83; fuel, $166.06; cash, necessitous Cases, $224.41; rent, necessitous cases, $161.23; transportation and removals. $96; funeral expenses, $65.82; bread, $107.34; meals and lodgings, transient persons, $75. 45; medicines, $24.25; school-books, $22; assistance in redeeming working tools and wearing apparel, $27. Amount of relief as per cash payment of bills, $5,752.48. Voluntary contributions, mainly from business men of the city, keep the treasury supplied. Two managers of the union in each ward are the chief almoners of the society. THE ASSOCIATED CHARITIES. This is a charitable guild of late formation; and, as it has some original features, and is mentioned by the sec- retary of the State board of charities, in his annual report, "as a practical method of solving the difficulties of our present system of out-door relief, and of other not less important questions involved in the dispensation of charity, whether public or private,'' it seems well worth while to present here its terse and pointed consti- tution in full: ARTICLE I— TITLE. The title of this society shall be "The Associated Charities of Cin- cinnati-" ARTICLE II— OBJECTS. Its object shall be the improvement of the condition of the poor. It will aim: 1. To secure the proper relief of all deserving cases of destitution. 2. To protect the community from imposture and fraudulent beg- ging- 3. To prevent indiscriminate and duplicate giving. 4. To make employment the basis of relief, when practicable. 5. "To reduce vagrancy and pauperism, and ascertain their true causes. ARTICLE III — METHODS. The objects of this society shall be attained as follows: 1. By bringing into harmonious co-operation with each other and with the municipal charities the various benevolent societies, churches, and individuals in the city. 2. By providing that the case of every applicant for relief shall be thoroughly investigated. 3. By placing the results of such investigation at the disposal of the overseers of the poor, of charitable societies and agencies, and of private persons of benevolence. 4. By obtaining help for every deserving applicant, as far as possi- ble, from the public authorities, from the proper charitable societies, or from benevolent individuals, or, failing in this, by furnishing relief from its own funds. 5. By exerting all its influence for the prevention of begging, the diminution of pauperism, and the encouragement of habits of thrift and self-dependence, and better and more sanitary modes of living among the poor. 6. By insisting on the complete severance of charitable relief from all questions of religion, politics or nationality. ARTICLE IV— ORGANIZATION. i. The society shall consist of the members of the twelve district associations hereinafter provided for, and such other persons as shall have contributed not less than five dollars to the funds of the society in the current fiscal year. *. The officers of this society shall be as follows: The mayor of the city shall be ex officio president; the presidents of its district asso- ciations shall be ex officio vice-presidents, and the general secretary and treasurer, chosen by its central board, shall be the corresponding offi- cers of the society. 3. Stated meetings of the society shall be held annually, on the third Tuesday in November, and special meetings may be held at the call of its central board. The twelve district associations provided for cover the whole city in their scope. Committees are appointed on district organization, visitation, employment, means of promoting provident habits, medical charities, care of the defective classes, hygienic and sanitary measures and the dwellings of the poor, penal and reform institutions and their methods, legislation and the legislative protection of the poor, vagabondage and its causes, etc. It has gone into operation under very hopeful auspices. At the annual meeting of the Relief Union, above noticed, the Rev. Charles VV. Wendte, president of the new associa- tion, in answer to a call, said among other things: "It is an ideal plan, but is in active operation in many eastern cities. We have districts organized in this city, and are about to organize three more. The expense has been small — only eight hundred dollars — and this includes money spent in preparing for the work, in buying books, etc., and in paying office rent. We pay the superintend- ent of one district one dollar a day, and his office rent is but nine dollars per month. In another district we pay the superintendent but three dollars and fifty cents per week; office rent perhaps eight dollars per month. We have seventy-five directors all engaged in this work, and their wives and daughters assist them. Our mem- bers now aggregate about six hundred. Our plan is go- ing all over the country like wildfire, because it com- mends itself to the good sense of the charitable." THE FLOWER MISSIONS. One of these is an organization of ladies of the city and suburbs who send flowers weekly to the Young Men's Christian Association building, corner of Sixth and Elm streets, where they are arranged by a committee of the society, and distributed to the patients in the hos- pitals, and to other sick poor. Although thoroughly modest and quiet in its workings, it is accounted one of the most delightful and useful of the local charities. The Episcopal ladies' flower mission undertakes simi- lar duties in the distribution of fruit and flowers to the sick of the hospitals. It meets every Saturday morning, in the warm season, at St. John's church, corner of Sev- enth and Plum streets, to engage in this beneficent work. HISTORICAL NOTES. In 18 1 2 it was the habit of a few ladies of the First Presbyterian church to meet regularly for prayer and re- ligious conversation. Two years thereafter they regu- larly associated themselves for other and kindred objects, and adopted a constitution, giving their organization the name of the Cincinnati female society for charitable pur- poses. It consisted of fifty members — quite as many, in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 213 proportion to the population of the village, as its sister societies nowadays comprise. Ample funds were raised through a system of annual subscriptions, contributions, and charitable sermons preached quarterly. In the year 1814-15 moneys were spared for a mission enterprise in Louisiana, the theological seminary at Princeton, and for Bible distribution. Careful attention was also paid to the relief of indigent women in the village. Mrs. S. M. Wilson was first president; Mrs. J. Wheeler, secretary; ■ Miss Yeatman, treasurer. In the First Baptist church there was a very early so- ciety of both sexes for the support of foreign mission- aries, chiefly in India. October n, 1814, the Cincinnati Miami Bible society was formed by members of all the religious sects in town, to distribute the Scriptures among the poor of the Miami country, particularly on the fron- tiers. It began its operations early in 1815. The Rev. O. M. Spencer was its first president. In 1814 the Cincinnati Benevolent society was con- stituted, to aid newly arrived and needy persons, who, under the law, might not be entitled to public relief. The erection of a charity workhouse was a part of its plan. When the village was divided into wards, two managers were appointed in each, to disburse the funds of the society. It was well supported, for a time at least, by voluntary contributions. In 1816 a few ladies and gentlemen organized the Dor- cas society. John H. Piatt subscribed two hundred dol- lars to it annually, and others contributed freely. It met with some opposition, but had the general support of the community. In March, 1818, the board of managers appointed a committee of ladies to hold regular services in the county jail. Mrs. Colonel Ludllow, then Mrs. Riske, records in her journal that "the prisoners, from quarreling, rioting, and gambling, became orderly, read- ing the Scriptures, and frequently expressing their sense of our kindness. " Mrs. H. Kinney was the first direct- ress of the society; Mrs. S. R. Strong, secretary; Mrs. Zeigler, treasurer. The same year the Female Auxiliary Bible society (auxiliary to the Miami Bible society), was founded. The next year the Female association for the benefit of the Africans, before noticed, was organized; also the Cincinnati Union Sunday-school society. The Navi- gators' Bible and Tract society dates from 18 18. In 1819 an association was formed by leading citizens of the place, in which a very lively interest was mani- fested—the Humane society, for the resuscitation of drowned persons. It subsisted for a number of years, and had three hundred members in 1826. It owned a good set of apparatus, including three boats, with four sets of drags for each; a movable bed, and stove for heating it; a pair of bellows with nozzles of different sizes; and various other contrivances. These were kept at three separate houses convenient to the river-bank, and always ready on occasions of need. Galvanism was sometimes applied in efforts to restore the apparently drowned. General William Lytle was the first president of the society. Judge Jacob Burnet, Dr. Daniel Drake, and Rev. William Burke, vice presidents; and Benjamin Drake, secretary; Peyton S. Symmes, treasurer. These were the representative men of the society, which was composed of the very best elements in the place. In 1826 a local Colonization society was formed, aux- iliary to the American Colonization society; but its funds were to be specially applied to promote the emi- gration to Africa of free blacks from Cincinnati who expressed a willingness to go. About one hundred members formed the society. In 1827 Dr. Drake opened an eye infirmary as a public charity, to which over one hundred citizens became annual subscribers. An applicant for relief was obliged to go to a visitor and give evidence of poverty; if approved, Dr. Drake gave the case gratuitous treatment. Rev. Joshua L. Wilson was president of the infirmary; Davis B. Lawler, secretary; William W. Walker, treas- urer: Rev. William Burke, Martin Baum, Peyton S. Symmes, and John P. Foote, visitors. The institution was maintained with much usefulness until a multiplicity of other duties compelled Dr. Drake to abandon it. Nearly half a century ago, by the close of the year 1833, the benevolence of the city had blossomed out in quite numerous organizations. Among these were the Erin Benevolent society, for the relief of distressed Irishmen, of which John McCormick was president, Robert Buchanan vice president, John Beggs treasurer; the Scots' Benevolent society — Peter McNicol president, Arthur Harvie vice president, Thomas McGechin treas- urer, and John Douglas secretary; the Franklin Benevo- lent society; the House of Employment for female poor — Mrs. Dr. Lyman Beecher first directress, Mrs. Finley second directress; the Miami and the Cincinnati Colonization societies; the Caledonian society, Lafay- ette Benefit society, St. George's society, and the various philanthropic enterprises connected with the churches of the city or the great religious movements of the day, which are properly noticed in another chapter. In 1840, the House of Employment for the female poor was still maintained, and was on the west side of Vine street, between Second and Third. The charity intelligence office was also on Vine street, between Third and Baker. By this time the Cincinnati Total Abstinence society, which founded the Western Tem- perance Journal, was in existence; also the Anti-Slavery society, and the Typographical association. CHAPTER XXIII. BENEVOLENT AND OTHER SOCIETIES. Under this head will be noticed some representative organizations for charitable and other purposes, which can hardly be called public in their character, since their benefits are open to but limited classes of the community. Many which have special objects, as scientific, musical, and the like, will be noticed in subsequent chapters. 214 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. THE AMERICAN PROTESTANT ASSOCIATION. This a secret society, with objects mainly political, and directed against the principles and policy of the Ro- man Catholic church, so far at least as they trench upon affairs of state. There are said to be fifteen to twenty lodges and encampments in Cincinnati, with a member- ship of about three thousand. THE B'NAI B'RITH is a beneficiary order, composed, as the name indicates, altogether of believers in the Hebrew faith. It is a pow- erful organization, extending through many States, and is the founder and benefactor of the splendid Jewish or- phan asylum in Cleveland, upon which large sums have been expended. It provides benefits to the sick to the amount of four dollars a week, with an endowment in- surance of one thousand dollars, payable to heirs after death. These features are obligatory; but an additional one, providing two thousand dollars life insurance, is not. In case of a death, an assessment is made of seventy- five cents upon each member ; and regular dues are also payable, but not exceeding twenty-five dollars a year. THE HEBREW GENERAL RELIEF ASSOCIATION is another organization of Israelites, whose average an- nual donations during the decade 1867-77 were ten thousand, raised altogether from private contributions. The directors meet every Sunday morning on the corner of Central avenue and Fifth street, to apportion grants to the poor, especially to indigent widows and disabled workmen, and the transient poor from other places. The operations of the society are so efficient that it is a very rare sight to see^a Jew begging upon the streets of Cin- cinnati. The association also looks to the support of the Jewish hospital. The Young Men's Hebrew Association is a kind of club, occupying handsome rooms on the corner of Eighth street and Central avenue, where it has a library and reading-room. It gives occasional literary and musical entertainments, and aids in securing employment for its rhembers. ^ THE NATIONALITIES, as well as religion, are represented in somewhat numer- ous societies, most of which present social as well as beneficiary features. Among them are the Caledonian society, incorporated February 6, 1832, composed of a limited number of leading Scotchmen in the city; the Ancient Order of Hibernians, which has several divisions in the city, and also a county organization, the first of the kind in the country; the Friendly Sons of St. Pat- rick, of somewhat similar character; the Bohemian Be- nevolent Association, which has one hundred and fifty to two hundred members; and numerous German societies, among which is conspicuous the Turnverein, a society to promote athletic exercises, formed in 1848, and now hav- ing over five hundred members. This body owns the fine Turner hall, 513-9 Walnut street, built in 1859, and costing thirty-five thousand dollars, in which is the Ger- man or Stadt theatre. The Cincinnati Hibernian Society was incorporated in 1828, to provide for the relief of cases of distress from sickness and disease, and for the relief of widows of those deceased members who may be left in indigent circum- stances. George Lee was president ; Peter Britt, vice- president ; John Tuttle, treasurer; Philip Skinner, secre- tary. THE SECRET BENEVOLENT ORDERS, of course, muster very strong in Cincinnati. Masonry got in very early, the Nova Caesarea Harmony Lodge, No. 2, being formed December 27, 1794. A charter was obtained for it August 8, 1791, from the grand lodge of New Jersey ; but, owing mainly to the absence of Dr. Burnet, who procured the charter, its organization was delayed till the time first named. Dr. William Burnet, Master;. John S. Ludlow, S. W.; Dr. Calvin Morrell, J. W., were the officers named in the charter. The first officers-elect were Edward Day, M.; Dr. Morrell, S. W.; General John S. Gano, J. W. This society still flourishes in great strength and prosperity. In 1804 it received lot one hundred and thirty-five, upon the old town site, by will from a prominent member, Judge William McMillan. It was esteemed of little value, and was allowed to be sold for taxes; but was afterwards redeemed, and is now the site of the splendid Masonic temple, on the north- east corner of Third and Walnut streets, erected at a cost of two hundred thousand dollars. Two Masonic halls previously stood there; one erected in 18 18, the other in 1846. A monument in honor of Mr. McMillan's memory has been erected by this lodge. He is ac- counted to have been the foremost benefactor of Ma- sonry in the west. In 1879 the members of the order in this city, according to Mr. King's admirable pocket- book of Cincinnati, from which we derive invaluable aid in the preparation of these chapters, were estimated at three thousand. There were then sixteen lodges of Master Masons, including three colored lodges, and a number of chapters, councils, commanderies, etc. Lafa- yette Lodge No. 81, was instituted May 16, 1825, in view of General Lafayette's visit to Cincinnati that year, dur- ing which he was made an honorary member and person- ally signed its by-laws May 19. The first lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the State (Ohio Lodge No. 1) was instituted in Cincinnati December 23, 1830, under a charter from the grand lodge of the United States. The order spread rapidly, and had 1,420 members in the State by 1841. There were then four lodges in this city, and the grand lodge (incorporated by the legislature February 4, 1839) met here regularly on the first Saturdays of September, December, March, and June. The semi-centennial of the foundation of this lodge was duly and handsomely celebrated December 23, 1880, in the lodge hall, within a square of the room where the lodge of 1830 was formed. On this occasion one of the original members was present, and the following interest- ing account of the genesis of the lodge was given by Mr. A. B. Champion: Fifty years ago, in the month of June, of the year 1830, after weary travel from New Orleans, Jacob W. Holt, a. member of Washington lodge, Philadelphia, landed in this city. By accident he selected as a boarding place a respectable house on Vine street, near the river, kept by a gentleman named Hiram Fraser. In course of conversation be- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 215 tween the two, Mr. Fraser one day spoke of a letter he had received from his brother in Philadelphia, advising him to become an Odd Fel- low if a lodge of that order existed in Cincinnati. None did exist, but Mr. Holt informed him he was a member of the same in good standing, and upon inquiry no doubt enough members could be found in the city to institute a lodge. Energetic search was made by both the gentlemen, and resulted in finding but two others — James W. Brice and_Nathaniel Estling. A meet- ing of the three members was held at Mr. Fraser' s, and they determined to prosecute with vigor a search for other members. Accordingly written notices were posted by Messrs. Estling and Holt at the post office, a porter-house corner Third and Walnut streets, and several other points in the town, asking all members in good standing then in the place to assemble in a room over that saloon at a certain time therein named. On the evening appointed a number of brothers assembled, of whom the names are known of Nathaniel Estling, C. Haskin, J. Brice, J. W. Holt, Thomas S. Bedford, and J. Gill. After considerable discussion it was deemed advisable to establish a lodge of Odd Fellows in this city, and after many names therefor sug- gested and rejected, that of Ohio was chosen, and, it being the first in the State, .was No. 1. The before-named brothers immediately made out and signed the necessary petition and papers, and the same were at once forwarded to the Grand lodge of the United States, then always convening at Baltimore. September 25th of the same year a special session of the Grand lodge convened in that city for the express pur- pose of eonsidering the petition for establishing a lodge to be named "Ohio, No. 1." This petition showed that five of the six petitioners were members of lodges in Pennsylvania, and the grand secretary was directed to obtain their standing from the Grand lodge of that State, and, should this report be favorable, to appoint District Deputy Grand Master James Paul, of Mechanics' lodge, No. 9, Pittsburgh, as repre- sentative of Pennsylvania in the Grand lodge of the United States. November 2, 1830, Samuel Pryor, grand secretary of Pennsylvania, wrote to John Boyd, who was proxy representative from that State, to the United States Grand lodge, saying: "October 31, 1830, the Grand lodge of the United States was again convened for the special purpose of again considering the petition from Cincinnati for the estab- lishing of a lodge. A favorable report of the petitioners was made from the Grand lodge of Pennsylvania, and after full consideration a charter was granted." The credentials of Deputy Grand Master Paul, of Pittsburgh, to the Grand lodge, being found to be correct, Grand Sir Wildey announced his appointment to institute Ohio lodge, No. x, at Cincinnati, and he was authorized to draw upon the petitioners for the lodge to reimburse him for his expenses. The Grand lodge, find- ing it more blessed to give than to receive, had conferred upon Brother Paul a post and work of honor without his knowledge, and it was only after lengthy consideration he concluded to accept; for a journey from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati was the work of several days, the expenses would not be light, 'and the brethren there were poor. A messenger conveyed the necessary papers and charter from the Grand lodge to Brother Paul at Wheeling, and from thence he journeyed "down the river, Sown the Ohio," to Cincinnati, where he was kindly received by the expectant brothers. After much anxious inquiry and solicitations, and many emphatic refusals, (for the order as well as the brothers were both almost unknown), a room for meeting purposes was rented in the second story of the old Johnson row, on Fifth street, be- tween Walnut and Vine — recently supplanted by the beautiful Johnston building— the necessary paraphernalia and furniture of the plainest de- scription and scantiest quantity were purchased. The organizers of the project in all these months of waiting had not been idle, and they had found a number of other Odd Fellows in the city, who were anxious to unite with the new lodge. Accordingly, on the night of December 23, 1830, within a block of this room, the brethren assembled to meet Brother Paul, and then and there was in- stituted Ohio lodge, No. 1. The story goes that when the cards of the brothers present were de- manded at the meeting, the respected chairman of the meeting solemnly presented his, which, upon examination, turned out to be the Declaration of Independence. This document, splendid as it is, hardly answered the purpose, and the lodge kindly waited until a trip could be made to his home by Brother Thomas and the needed card pro- cured. The Knights of Pythias have fifteen lodges and one uniformed division in the city, and a membership of fif- teen hundred. Cincinnati leads the great cities of the west in the local strength of this order. The Ancient Order of Good Fellows, established in Cincinnati about 1859, has also about fifteen lodges, with a membership of eleven to twelve hundred, mostly Ger- mans. The sick benefit of this order is five dollars a week. The Sons of Temperance had recently five divisions, and the Order of Good Templars six lodges in the city. The Templars of Honor are also represented. There are a number of open temperance societies, chief among which is the Woman's Christian Temperance union, which has public meetings every Sunday afternoon, at its hall on Sixth street. The Ancient Order of United Workmen has about twenty-five lodges in Cincinnati. It is a mutual benefit and life insurance association. The Workingmen's Be- nevolent association, like this, includes members of all trades, and was organized here in 1857. The Independent Order of Foresters is an organiza- tion of similar character; but its benefits are not confined to workingmen. It had seven courts (or lodges) here in 1879. The Druids meet in "Groves," of which at least six have been founded in the city. It is also a mutual ben- efit secret order. The United and Improved Orders of Red Men, and many other societies of the kind, are also amply repre- sented here. Most of them are beneficiary organizations. MORAL REFORM SOCIETIES. The principal of these, besides the temperance socie- ties, is the Ohio State Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Animals, which was organized in Cincinnati May, 1873, and has since had headquarters here. It was re-organized in 1875, under the new State law to prevent cruelty to animals and children. Over two thousand cases of cruelty have been investigated by it, and more than four thousand dollars collected in fines. In the year 1880 six hundred and sixty-three cases of cruelty to animals were investigated, and nearly as many arrests were made. In the matter of cruelty to children, two hundred and forty complaints were received, all of which were investigated; forty-two cases were prosecuted, and thirty convictions secured; one hundred and sixty- six children were placed in the Home or other institu- tions, and forty-five were returned to their parents. Receipts of the year, one thousand four hundred and thirty dollars and ninety-seven cents; expenditures, one thousand three hundred and twenty-nine dollars and twenty-eight cents. No salaries are paid, except to the officer who does the police work of the society. Dr. A. T. Keckeler is its president. The society publishes a monthly paper called the Humane Appeal. The Western Society for the Suppression of Vice has also an office in Cincinnati. Its object, says Mr. King, is "the enforcement of all laws for the suppression of the trade in and circulation of obscene printed matter and pictures and articles of indecent and immoral use." THE OHIO HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. This is wholly a Cincinnati society, and its collections represent much history and little philosophy, notwith- standing its comprehensive geographical and other des- 2l6 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ignation. A Cincinnati Historical society was organized in 1844, with Rev. James H. Perkins as president, and E. D. Mansfield and many other leading citizens as members. Five years after, it was consolidated with the first named organization, which was formed at Columbus in 1831, incorporated February 11, of the same year, and met annually with good results for eighteen years. It was before this society at Columbus that General Har- rison delivered his famous address on the Aborigines in the Valley of the Ohio, which was published in several forms. In 1849 it was removed to Cincinnati, where it flourished for several years, made valuable collections of books and relics, and published some volumes of Trans- actions. It fell into neglect, however, for several years, and much of its property became dispersed and lost. • In May, 1868, steps were taken towards its revival; and it was re-organized in December of that year. The remains of its collection were removed from the Public library to the Literary club rooms in the Apollo building, at the northwest corner of Vine and Fifth streets; but the. cost of removal and other expenses brought the society, which then had less than fifty members, about two hundred and fifty dollars in debt. This was cleared presently, however; and in two or three years it had one thousand dollars invested in bank stock. In 187 1 another removal was made — this time to the fourth story of the College building on Walnut street, where it has since remained. March 31, 1871, the library and other collections were there opened to the public, to which their use has been free- tendered for all legitimate purposes. Its materials have been found invaluable in the preparation of this History, several hundred books, pamphlets, etc., having been con- sulted in the compilation of these pages. It has a library of about seven thousand volumes, and thirty thousand pamphlets, besides an interesting museum of historical curiosities. Its early presidents were : Benjamin Tappan, 1831-6; Ebenezer Lane, 1836-8; Jacob Burnet, 1838- 40; John C. Wright, 1841-4. General M. F. Force has been president since the re-organization; Julius Dexter, first librarian, and now secretary; Miss Elizabeth H. Appleton has been librarian since 1874. Among the pub- lications of the society, besides its early volumes of Trans- actions, are Dr. S. P. Hildreth's two books on Pioneer History and Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio; also Judge Burnet's large volume of Notes on the Early Settlement of the North- western Territory. Some years ago Mr. George T. Wil- liamson presented to it Lord Kingsborough's massive and costly work on Mexican Antiquities; and when the New England society was disbanded its literary collection went to the shelves of the Historical society. After it ceased to publish volumes of Transactions, its proceed- ings were published for several years in the Cincinnatus, a monthly periodical issued at College Hill, and which was selected as the organ of the society. THE CINCINNATI PIONEER ASSOCIATION. This society was organized on the twenty-third day of November, 1856, at the Dennison house, by a consider- able number of representatives of the old families of the city and county — "men and women,'' as they have been described in an address by one of them, "of worth and service in building up business and manufactures." Its object was "to promote a social feeling favorable to the early emigrants," and to perpetuate the memories of the past. Persons who were in this State prior to Indepen- dence day, 181 2, were" entitled to become members sim- ply on the payment of one dollar. This provision was subsequently modified so as to admit those who were in Ohio before July 4, 1815, on payment of two dollars. The society, for many years, observed annually, in a so- cial way, and with fitting sentiments and speeches, the ; twenty-eighth day of December, as the birthday of the city; I the seventh of April, the birthday of the State; and the Fourth of July, as the birthday of the Federal union. • Some other pleasant reminiscences were given by Mr. John D. Caldwell, secretary of the association, at its cel- bration, in 1874, of the eighty-sixth anniversary of the ! settlement of the Northwest territory: ; We had an excursion to Columbus, at the dedication of the new 1 State-house, to Cleveland by facilities furnished by the railroads, and a formal reception and entertainment by the Forest City municipal au- thorities. Through the courtesies of Messrs. Sherwood and Pierce, the association was conveyed on the magnificent steamer United States, and were most hospitably feted at Louisville, Kentucky, by its citizens and council. We were, by the courtesy of our public-spirited ci izen, Hon. George H. Pendleton, in control of the Kentucky Central railroad, conveyed to Lexington, Kentucky, where true Southern hospitality was extended to us. We were royally provided for in a railroad excursion to Marietta, the pilgrim home of the buckeye pioneers, and there we renewed our earnest devotion to the memory of the brave and good of auld lang syne days, who made Washington county a brilliant example as the pioneer county of the territory and State. Courtesies were ex- tended to the association in a visit to the State fair, at Springfield; and the trip we made to the Soldiers' home, near Dayton, will long be remembered as the reunion of the Montgomery, Butler, and Hamilton county pioneers. On our lists of the living or dead are names of the worthiest in war or peace — Territorial, State, and National — who have been identified with the Miami valley. We buried the daughter of John Cleves Symmes, the patentee of the whole Miami purchase, and wife of General William Henry Harrison, whose name as defender of the homes of the West is dearer to us than even his national fame as President of the United States. We still have on our rolls the name of Hon. John Scott Har- rison, son of these sainted worthies. The name of the father of General Grant is inscribed on the roll of our deceased members. Our list included those of the family of Ben- jamin Stites, also of General John Stites Gano, who were pioneer set- tlers and proprietors of Columbia ; and of the Pattersons and Israel Ludlow, proprietors of the town-site of Cincinnati. We had enrolled with us the names of Governor Tod, Governor Thomas Corwin, Gov- ernor Brownlow, of Tennessee, and some of the families of Governors Tiffin, Trimble, Looker, Brown and Dennison. Governors Hayes and Noyes have been hearty cc-operators with us in several meetings, and only imperative public business prevented Gov- ernor William Allen from being with us to-day. The early newspapers have all been represented ; the first paper in the Northwest Territory, the Centinel, by the son of William Maxwell ; by Joseph Carpenter, of the Spy and Freeman's Journal ; Samuel J. Browne, of the old Liberty Hall, also of the Emporium; William J. Ferris, S. S. L'Hommedien, Sacket Reynolds, William B. Stratton, E. D. Mansfield, and William D. Gallagher, of the Cincinnati Gazette; and S. S. Smith, of the Independent Press. Of the five hundred and forty members enrolled, one-third have passed away ; three hundred and sixty survive, many of them aged and feeble. The kindest remembrances and cordial sympathies are extended to those unable to be present. Six of the presidents of this association are numbered with the one hundred and eighty members dead, namely : William Perry, Nicholas Longworth, Colonel John Johnston (a pioneer Indian factor and agent, one of the noble in fidelity of public men), Stephen Wheeler, Samuel J. Browne, and Daniel Gano. -&Iy?2m_ABi&iC ftie At L~£^fy/< d occupying a beautiful freestone club-house opposite the Grand hotel, on Fourth street and Central avenue, built at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars. TRADES UNIONS. These began to be formed at a very early day. No doubt there were such guilds before 18 19, when we find the Master Carpenters and Joiners' society, with Richard L. Coleman president, Isaac Poinier vice-president, John Tuttle secretary, John Wood treasurer, Edward Dodson and William Crossman trustees, and Peter Britt, John Tuttle, John Stout, and R. L. Coleman, measurers of work. Also the Mutual Relief society of Journeymen Hatters; James Smith president, William Nikerson secre- ' tary.* Also the Society of Master Taylors (sk), organized 1818; William Lynes, sen., president; James Comly vice- president, Thomas- Tueder secretary, Israel Byers treasurer. Also the Union Benevolent society of Journeymen Tay- lors; James Masten president, Nehemiah Russel vice- president, William Atkin secretary. And the Journey- men Cabinet-makers' society; John Fuller president, James McLean vice-president, George G. Rosette treasurer. The strength of these societies at a very early day may be inferred from the fact that, at the Fourth of July cel- ebration of 1 82 1, no less than thirty-one associations of mechanics, besides the college societies, were in the pro- cession. There was also a procession of mechanics' guilds in Cincinnati the year before, but we are not told of their number. Fourteen years afterwards, in the pro- cession of 1834, there were forty-five of these societies. The Franklin Typographical society in Cincinnati was formed in 1829. The Brotherhood of Locomotive En- gineers, which has a numerous branch in Cincinnati, was organized in 1855. The Expressman's Aid society, a co- operative life insurance association, dates its existence from March, 1874. The Butchers' Melting association, which is commercial in its character, buys the surplusage of fat from the butchers' stalls, and renders it into lard and tallow, and also buys and utilizes the bones and scraps. There is also a Pilots' association, with an office at the northwest corner of Sycamore and the Public land- ing, where contracts for river-service are made and infor- mation exchanged concerning the channels in the western rivers and other matters of professional interest. It has also offices in St. Louis and New Orleans. The Trades' assembly is the central organization of a small part, about fifteen, of the many trades unions of the city. It holds semi-monthly meetings, composed of three delegates from each of the union's in its member- ship. The other trades unions of the city, or a considerable number of them, make up the Combined Trades Unions, a compact and powerful organization. The societies comprising it are the stove manufacturers', the machin- ists' and blacksmiths', the moulders' (Nos. 3 and 4 of Cincinnati and 4 of Covington), the printers', painters', carpenters', shoemakers', furniture workers', cigar mak- ers', cigar workers', tinsmiths', bristle counters', hair spinners', butchers', bricklayers', pastry-cooks', masons', plasterers', brewers', tailors', and N. A. M. C. and P. C. unions, and perhaps others. The officers of the com- bined unions are : W. B. Wilson, president; Mr. Clemmer, vice presi- dent; W. B. Root, recording secretary; Joseph N. Glenn, corresponding secretary; James Roach, treasurer; Ed- ward Phelan, sergeant-at-arms. A monster ball was given by the unions on the night of the thirteenth of December, 1880, for which six of the largest halls in the city were occupied, and which we believed to have been attended by not less than ten thou- sand people. May 1, 1880, a movement was started for a company or society to organize a co-operative store on the Roch- dale plan, and two hundred and fifty subscribers to its capital stock were obtained. BUILDING ASSOCIATIONS. These constitute a remarkable feature of real estate operations in and about Cincinnati; and some hundreds of them must exist in various parts of Hamilton county — mostly, of course, in Cincinnati. Seventeen in this city filed their certificates of incorporation in 1871; fourteen the next year; thirty-six in 1875 ; and the num- ber has rapidly increased since. The names of many of them savor strongly of nationalities ; as the Irish build- ing association, the Bismarck, etc. Some of these so- cieties furnish their subscribers with a home at once, on which weekly payments are to be made till all is paid; others supply the means, at a small premium, by which members may purchase a home ; and still others consti- tute savings banks, in which weekly deposits are made and draw interest, and the whole is repaid, with interest and earnings of the capital, at a time stipulated when the association is formed. It is affirmed that many neat homes in the environs of the city have been built by the aid of these organizations. CHAPTER XXIV. SCIENCE. In no city in this country is a more hearty and healthy interest taken in scientific matters than in Cincinnati. The peculiarities of the rock formations in this part of the Valley of the Ohio, and their richness in fossils, have greatly stimulated the practical study of geology and palaeontology; and specialists of high attainments in other branches have not been wanting, as well as many care- ful general students in science, in both its facts and prin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 223 ciples. It is said that in no other city in the land are there so many private collections in mineralogy and con- chology as here; and the collections made by the Society of Natural History, the university, and other schools of learning, although not yet long in making, are already very respectable, and bid fair to reach great extent and excellence in the fullness of time. The good-will of the community toward scientific enterprises has been mani- fest in many ways; but in none more, probably, than in the founding of the Cincinnati observatory, and in the bequest more recently made by Mr. Charles Bodman, of fifty thousand dollars to the Society of Natural History. The beginnings of scientific observation and study in the Miami country and of popular sympathy with them were very early, dating back at least to the decade from 1800 to 1810 — that is, from the time when young Daniel Drake came to the village, a boy of fifteen, to study medicine with Dr. Goforth, to the year when Dr. Daniel Drake published his first book, Notices concern- ing Cincinnati, in which many results of his youthful enthusiasm for and ability in the study of science appeared. Even before his day, Colonel Winthrop Sar- gent, secretary of the territory, had made observations in meteorology and archaeology, some of which have proved permanently useful. THE MUSEUM. In the opening of the Western museum, in 1820, Dr. Drake took a cordial interest, and delivered an address upon the occasion, in which he gave utterance to the hope of scientific benefits to be derived from its existence : The plan of our establishment embraces nearly the whole of those parts of the great circle of knowledge which require material objects, either natural or artificial, for their illustration. It has, of course, a variety of subdivisions, and in its execution will call for very different architects, as its consummation will afford instruction and delight to persons of very opposite tastes. Already, indeed, in possession of many specimens in zoology, mineralogy, antiquities, and the fine and useful arts, we venture to indulge the hope that even at this time we can afford something to interest the naturalist, the antiquary and the mechanician. To establish in this new region a scientific cabinet, on a plan so varied and extensive, may be considered by some as premature and impracticable. It is not difficult to show, however, that this objection is rather specious than solid. For an obvious reason, it is a new coun- try in which such a multifarious assemblage is most proper. Ancient communities, only, exhibit a perfect separation of kindred trades and occupations, and a divorcement of the extraneous branches of science from the learned professions, to which in young societies we find them closely united. Old communities, therefore, are the only ones which can successfully establish cabinets and museums for particular classes of objects, and destined for the benefit and amusement of partic- ular orders of men. Let no one, then, charge our society with te- merity for aiming at a general collection, nor regard as an evidence of vain glory and undisciplined ambition what, in reality, is both the effect and indication of our recent settlement in a new region. THE ACADEMY. The Western Academy of Natural Sciences was organ- ganized in Cincinnati in April, 1835, and incorporated in 1838. Within a very few years, by 1841, it had col- lected two hundred specimens in mineralogy and fossils, three hundred shells and two hundred plants. About fifty persons, mainly leading citizens, were members, and the young society had also many correspondents. Mr. Robert Buchanan was president, and made important ad- ditions to a catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns found in the vicinity of Cincinnati, which was prepared by Joseph Clarke and published by the society. For some years the society held out the hope of a prosperous career. Its earlier meetings were in the college building, but it soon went to the Trollopean Bazaar, where con- venient rooms were furnished it by the Mechanics' insti- tute, then occupying the building, free of expense. One of the fire companies, No. 4, upon its disbandment, gave its furniture to the academy, and offered it also the per- petual and free use of its hall; but the city council held that the company had exceeded its powers in making this offer, and the hall was not occupied. In 1855 we find the academy back in the college building. During these years of wandering its collections and library increased but slowly; yet some valuable private cabinets were formed, and the general influence of the organization upon the community was stimulating. Mr. Anthony published a monograph during its existence upon the Melesina, which contained the description of many new species. The academy had the high honor of a warm compliment from Professor Agassiz, at the close of the session of the American association for the advancement of science, in Cincinnati; but it was nevertheless on the wane, and its life by and by went out altogether. PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. The society for the promotion of useful knowledge was originally the educational society of Hamilton county, in- tended to be auxiliary to the Western Literary Institute and College of Teachers. The plan was subsequently changed, and in March, 1840, a constitution was adopted giving the name to the new society, and electing a corps of officers. At this meeting an eloquent address was de- livered by Dr. Lyman Beecher, and a general discussion of the plans and purposes of the society also lent interest to the occasion. It was not purely a scientific society; but as natural, political, and mental science were promi- nent in its organization and transactions, a notice of it finds fitting place here. The sections contemplated in its scheme were organized as follows : Practical teaching ; exact and mixed sciences; natural science; the practical arts; the fine arts; medicine; law; political economy and political science; moral and intellectual philosophy; his- tory; language; commerce and agriculture; polite litera- ture; statistics. Every member was expected to attach himself to as many of these sections as he could attend. Each section operated in its own way and under its own officers, and reported its transactions to the general so- ciety, to which it was expected to supply lecturers in its own department. These gave their services without fee, and their lectures were freely open to all who chose to attend. The comprehensive plan of the society also looked to a public library, a scientific museum, an art gallery, and the publication of useful works. An en- couraging report was made at the close of its first year; but the society was complex and cumbersome in its organization, and lacked pecuniary endowment; so it soon went to join the innumerable caravan. Its first officers were : John P. Foote, president; Elam P. Lang- don, vice-president; Milo G. Williams, recording secre- 224 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tary; E. D. Mansfield, corresponding secretary; James H. Perkins, treasurer; N. Holley, librarian. THE OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. Dr. John M. Craig, a citizen of Cincinnati, at the close of a course of lectures on natural and experimental phi- losophy delivered by him in 1828, suggested to the class the desirability and propriety of a permanent organiza- tion for the mental and social improvement of the me- chanics of the city. A number of influential residents seconded his suggestion, and a meeting was held Octo- ber 25th of that year, convened under a public notice issued by W. Disney, Luman Watson, John P. Foote, and Professor John Locke, at which it was formally re- solved "that it is expedient for a Mechanics' institute to be formed in this city; that the gentlemen making the call, with the addition of Mr. J. Bonsall, should be a committee to report a plan for the institute; and that Dr. Craig should be requested to address the next meeting, November 20, 1828, on the general subject of mechan- ics' institutes." He did so; the constitution reported by the committee was adopted, with some amendments; and the Ohio mechanics' institute, of Cincinnati, was ushered into being. A charter was obtained February 9, 1829, which was renewed and amended with the grant of enlarged powers, by the legislature of 1846-7. The founders of the institute are named in these instruments as John D. Craig, John P. Foote, Thomas Riley, Luman Watson, William C. Anderson, David T Disney, George Graham, jr., Calvin Fletcher, Clement Dare, William Disney, William Greene, Tunis Brewer, J effrey Seymour, Israel Schooley, and Elisha Bingham, "with their asso- ciates." Their institution was characterized as "for ad- vancing the best interests of the mechanics; manufactur- ers, and artisans, by the more general diffusion of useful knowledge in those important classes of the community." The institute began operations at once after complet- ing organization. Classes were formed for instruction in chemistry under Dr. Cleveland, geometry by Professor Locke, and arithmetic by Mr. John L. Talbot. They were well attended, and gave excellent satisfaction. Mr. Talbot taught .in his own school-room, without charge, and the lectures on chemistry were delivered in College hall, and partly in the old city council chamber, on Fourth street, between Walnut and Main. The institute was encouraged to purchase the Enon Baptist church property, on Walnut, between Third and Fourth streets, at four thousand dollars, in easy payments. The ground floor was partitioned off to afford a library room, reading- room, and class-room. In 1831 the valuable mathematical and philosophical apparatus of Dr. Craig was bought from him by Mr. Jephtha D. Garrard, and presented to the institute. Dur- ing the winter of 1833-4 an effort was made, but with- out success, to unite the interests of the Cincinnati col- lege and the institute. The latter had been unable to meet its payments upon the building purchased, which had only been kept for use by the appointment of four members as trustees, who made the first payment from their own funds and took a title-deed in their own names. An effort to raise a stock subscription of sixteen thou- sand dollars, in shares of twenty-five dollars each, also failed; and the institute got deeper into debt every year. So great was its pecuniary embarrassment and discour- agement in that year of financial disaster, 1837, that a proposal to dissolve the organization was seriously enter- tained. In November, 1835, its building was necessarily aban- doned to the trustees, and the hall and some front rooms of the college building were hired at a rent of one hun- dred dollars per annum. Dr. Craig took charge as actu- ary, librarian, and general factotum of the institute. This temporary home had also to be abandoned after one year's occupancy, when a building was rented on the 1 south side of Fifth street, first door east of Vine. The ■ lectures before the institute were still delivered in college hall. In February, 1839, the Trollopean Bazaar, on Third street, was purchased of Messrs. Blachly & Long- , worth for ten thousand dollars, of which about two thou- sand five hundred dollars were paid in cash and the rest secured by mortgage. The amount of the first payment ■ was raised by a citizens' ball at the National theatre; but : no more could be paid, and in May, 1843, the building i on Walnut street, opposite the college, afterwards occu- : pied by U. P. James' bookstore, was leased at three hundred and fifty dollars per year, while the Bazaar, still ' nominally" in' the possession of the institute, was rented to Dr. Curtiss for five hundred dollars. The removal was much to the advantage of the society, owing to the ! then remote situation of the Bazaar building from the ! business and social centres and possibly a limited attrac- ! tion at what was then known as "Trollope's Folly." Re- | maining on Walnut street about two years and a half, the J peripatetic institute, in November, 1845, i0 °k U P its 1 quarters in the old post office building on Third street, between Walnut and Vine. At the same time a lot on the west side of Walnut, between Third and Fourth, was taken on perpetual lease from the trustees of Lane Semi- nary, at four hundred dollars a year, conditioned that a five thousand dollar building should be erected thereon within eighteen months. After costing the institute near five hundred dollars, the lot was re-conveyed to the sem- inary, and, about November, 1848, the society moved further up Walnut street, to a location between Fifth and Sixth. Meanwhile, in February, 1847, the Blachly & Longworth mortgage had been foreclosed, and the Bazaar ' forever lost to the institute, after costing it about four thousand five hundred dollars. A subscription was soon afterwards set on foot for erecting a building for the in- stitute. The amounts pledged for a building on Walnut street presently reached three thousand five hundred dollars, and those for one somewhere else amounted to five thousand dollars. The trustees — Messrs. Miles Greenwood, Charles Sellers, and Daniel F. Meader, who had been appointed September 7, 1847, to raise funds, buy a lot, and erect a building-^but principally Mr. Greenwood, raised the subscriptions by their personal exertions to near eighteen thousand dollars. The lot on the corner of Sixth and Vine streets, now occupied by the institute, was bought for fifteen thousand dollars, on HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 225 whatever time might be asked by the trustees, the amount bearing interest at seven per cent., and secured by mortgage. It looked now as though the much-wan- dering institute would get at last a permanent home. The history of the efforts of the members of the insti- tute for intellectual improvement during its first quarter- century includes an unsuccessful attempt made in the winter of 1833-4 to organize a course of lectures on the History of Letters, by Professor C. E. Stowe, of Lane Seminary; two lectures per week by Dr. Craig during most of 1835, one course of which was delivered to ladies; and lectures from time to time by Dr. John Locke. No regular course was delivered for several years, owing to the limited interest taken in them and the pecuniary embarrassments of the institute, and the want of a proper hall; but in the winter of 1844-5 a profitable course was pronounced in the college hall by Mr. U. T. Howe and Mr. C. P. Cranch. Various other lectures was delivered, and sundry classes formed; but it would be tedious to follow their history in detail. Early in 1838 arrangements were actively made for the first exhibition of manufactured articles, under the auspices of the institute. In February a grand mechan- ics' and citizens' ball was given at the National Theatre in aid of the enterprise, which netted for it about two thousand four hundred dollars. The fair was held May 30 and 31, and June 1, 1838, in the Bazaar building, and proved a worthy pioneer in the long line of Cincin- nati industrial expositions. About four hundred articles were shown, the products of western artizans, crowding all available space in the building. A pleasing incident of the occasion is thus related by one of the older writers : The hall of the institute [the Trollopean Bazaarj occupies the site on which Fort Washington was built in 1789, to defend the first settlers of this country against the Indians. General Solomon Van Rensselaer, who had been stationed at that fort in 1792, being in this city on a visit to his former commander and early friend, General Harrison, was, with him, invited to attend the exhibition of the fair. The directors were desirous to improve the opportunity which this exhibition afforded of displaying the proofs of the rapid progress of the arts in the west to those whose youthful energies were devoted to the rescue of these fer- tile region* from the dominion of those savage barbarians whose occu- pation of them was incompatible with any improvement in the social condition of their inhabitants or of the introduction of the arts which benefit or the sciences which enlighten mankind. They were aware that the best reward the patriot soldier can receive is that of witnessing the blessings which his labors, privations and sufferings have contrib- uted, through the blessings of Providence, to procure for his country. General Van Rensselaer expressed the highest gratification in being enabled, after an absence of so large 1 a portion of his life from the scenes- of the toils and dangers of his early years, to witness the marks of rapid progress of civilization and refinement in the country which he remembered as the hunting-ground of the savage. It was a pleasing circumstance, in the decline of life, «o be recognized as one of the early benefactors of this fair and fertile land. An address was delivered during the fair by Mr. J. C. Vaughan, a prominent editor of the city, and Mr. E. D. Mansfield closed it with remarks on "the mechanic arts as an essential element in the continual happiness and progressive elevation of the human mind." Exhibitions of art and industry were held annually thereafter by the institute, with occasional interruptions,* the first twelve of them yielding considerable revenue to the society for those days, the yearly profits therefrom being six hun- dred, to twenty-five hundred dollars. The exhibition in 1843, after the lease of the Bazaar to Dr. Curtiss, was held in College hall, where music was furnished gratuitously by the Amateur Musical society. March 8, 1847, following the grant of the amended charter by the legislature, the institute adopted a new constitution, substantially the same as now governs the society, and published it with the new charter. The cornerstone of the building now occupied by the institute was laid on Independence day, 1848, with fit- ting ceremony, under the direction of Nova Cssarea Harmony Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons. A heavy debt was soon incurred. The subscriptions of the citizens were quickly exhausted; cholera was prevalent, and more could not be had, and the trustees were com- pelled to assume debts and borrow money on their per- sonal credit, or let the work stand still. They perse- vered, however, and finished the building within a reasonable time. By the opening of 1854 the debt of the institute amounted to forty-nine thoosand three hun- dred and ninety-one dollars. Two of the principal cred- itors, members and trustees of the institute, Miles Greenwood and Marston Allen, offered to cancel the debts due them — twelve thousand four hundred and seventy-six dollars and seventy-three cents to the former, and five thousand three hundred and forty-nine dollars and fifty-five cents to the latter — if about thirty thousand dollars were raised to pay the debts against them as trus- tees. An attempt was made to secure the sum. within the specified period, by an appeal to the mechanics of Cincinnati; but it met with little response, and, but for an extension of time by Greenwood and Allen, their munificent gifts must have been lost. A more general effort was now made, reaching the mercantile, profes- sional, and other classes of the community, from whom a subscription of twenty-six thousand two hundred and fifty-eight dollars was soon obtained. But a financial crisis came upon the city, one of the worst in its history, and many of the subscriptions proved uncollectable. Still more time was given by Greenwood and Allen, and from the subscription sixteen thousand four hundred and ninety dollars and eighty-six cents were realized, mak- ing the total reduction of the debt thirty-four thousand three hundred and seventeen dollars and fourteen cents. About this time Dr. J. M. Locke delivered a course of twenty-four lectures on chemistry and natural philosophy to the institute and public, and Barnum gave a lecture on "Humbug." A society of the younger members was formed, called the "Philomathean," for intellectual cul- ture; but it was short lived. The thirteenth exhibition of the institute was given May 9-25, 1854, and netted a profit of one thousand and forty-eight dollars and sixty-six cents. It was the first one held in the new institute building. The four- teenth, May 9 to June 2, 1855, netted five hundred and fifty dollars and thirty-one cents. The committee in charge reported that, in the number of exhibitors and articles displayed, as well as in their novelty and value, this exhibition was superior to any previous one held by the institute, and the premiums awarded are not only greater in number, but also mostly of the higher grades. 226 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. During the year 1855-6, Dr. Locke delivered another elaborate course of lectures on chemistry and physics; Dr. W. W. Dawson, eight lectures on geology, and Pro- fessor John Locke a short course on "Animated Nature." The lectures were not a financial success. The next year a highly favorable arrangement was made with the board of education of the city, by which the Mechanics' institute and Public School libraries were consolidated in the building of the institute, a part of which was leased to the board for ten thousand dollars. The institute was also thus relieved from the cost of care and issue of its own library, and of gas, fuel, etc., for library and reading-rooms. The debt on the building and lot was completely cleared, and only some minor and easily managed indebtedness remained. The trustees accordingly surrendered their trust, and made a clear deed of the property to the institute. December 16, 1856, due acknowledgments were made and honors ren- dered to Messrs. Greenwood and Allen, by electing them as a board of emeritus trustees and advisory directors for life. The next March Mr. John P. Foote was added to this board, in token of his long service as president and his usefulness otherwise to the institute. During 1856 the plan of a mechanical museum for permanent exhibition was under the advisement of the directory; but not much interest was manifested by others in the project, and it had to be dropped. The school^of design, however, was organized in the fall of that year, and has since been prosperously maintained, the total enrollment to the year 1879, inclusive, being four thousand four hundred and twenty-five. The lecture arrangements for the season included the novelty of two brief lectures on different topics the same evening — twenty-six lectures on chemistry by Professor E. H. Foote, and the same number on anatomy and physiology by Professor W. W. Dawson, on Thursday and Friday evenings, with thirteen lectures on physics, and as many on geology, by the same gentlemen, on Wednesday evenings. The new feature failed to draw, however, and again the courses proved a financial failure. The Young Men's Polytechnic association of the Ohio Mechanics' institute was organized about this time, and continued with much success during the winter of 1856- 57; but did not survive beyond the second season. The fifteenth exhibition of the institute was held Sep- tember 10 to October 8, 1857. An additional building — the frame work of gas-pipe and the roof of sheet-iron, attracting much attention from visitors — was erected for it ; and the large expense (eight thousand dollars) thus incurred resulted in a net loss of three hundred dollars. It was thought, however, to have been the most success- ful and important of any exhibition ever held in the west. Lectures were delivered during the next winter by Professors Zachos, Vaughn, Ward, Warriner, and Allen, Dr. Samuel Silsbee, and Messrs. W. M. Davis and J. R. Hamilton. The attendance upon them was still small. In 1858, the outstanding indebtedness, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-seven dollars and sixty-two cents, was paid — the institute thus, in little more than four years, accomplishing the superb feat of clearing over fifty thousand dollars debt. The sixteenth exhibition, held September 6th to October 2d of this year, yielded a profit of one thousand six hundred and eighty-eight dol- lars. The seventeenth, occupying the entire month of September, 1859, lost the institute nearly two hundred dollars, though receipts were over five thousand dollars. It was held in Pike's Opera house. During this year im- portant improvements and repairs were effected upon the building, and a large increase made in the periodicals provided for the reading-room. The opening lectures of the courses proposed for the winter were so poorly at- tended that the rest of the programme was given up al- together. A special effort was made for the eighteenth exhibition, which proved to be the last under the auspices of the in- stitute, and it netted a profit of three hundred dollars. The large building erected for the Catholic institute was used, as well as the building of the Mechanics' institute. Fifteen hundred dollars were given in awards. The win- ter lectures were again omitted. Then came the war. No exhibition, no lectures, noth- ing new, could now be undertaken. Rents in the build- ing were reduced, and the revenues of the institute be- came very small. Attendance upon the school of design decreased so much (to less than one-third of the former number), that at one time its temporary suspen- sion was seriously contemplated. "The main duty of the board,'' says the Historical Sketch, "was to keep the institution free from debt, and work quietly along the different branches of the same.'' The school of design was continued, and.in 1862 moved from Greenwood hall into the fourth story of the institute building, which had been vacated by the Eagle lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. This change gave the board the large hall to rent for exhibitions, concerts, etc. In 1863-4 the attend- ance upon the school increased to one hundred and fifty and the institute treasury gained a balance of more than one thousand seven hundred dollars, after paying over eight hundred dollars for improvements in Greenwood hall. The balance in March, 1865, had increased to three thousand and forty-nine dollars and fourteen cents, and there were no debts. After the war the association pros- pered, financially, and by March, 1 866, had four thousand dollars invested in United States bonds. Repairs and alterations were made the year before to the amount of two thousand three hundred and forty-five dollars and eigh- teen cents, and improvements costing one thousand six hundred dollars the next year. In 1866-7 trie school of design had two hundred an'd eighty members; the treas- ury balance increased to seven thousand dollars, and lec- tures were delivered by Rev. Drs. A. D. Mayo and I. W. Wiley, and Professor Daniel Vaughan. About seven hundred dollars were now spent annually for reading matter, mostly technical and scientific. Classes in nat- ural philosophy and chemistry were organized the next winter, with lectures upon the respective topics by Wil- liam M. Davis and J. F. Wisnewski, but neither class in- structions nor lectures were well attended. The large hall was entirely remodeled, and fine portraits of them- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 227 selves given for it to the institute by Messrs. Charles F. Wilstach, Miles Greenwood, and Marston Allen. It was the most prosperous year known in the history of the school of design, the attendance reaching two hundred and eighty-eight. The next year found nine thousand dollars in the treasury. There were no lectures, but the school of design was still highly successful. In April, 1868, a circular was issued by the institute and sent far and wide, proposing a "grand exhibition of arts and manufactures" in the Queen City Skating Rink, in September of that year ; but of five hundred persons and firms to whom it was sent, only twenty-six returned responses, and the project was therefore abandoned. August 12, 1868, Mr. Marston Allen, an emeritus director of the association, died in the eightieth year of his age. He was much mourned by the members of the institute and citizens in generally. In 1869-70 important changes were made in the store- rooms on the first floor of the institute building, where- by the rents were increased six hundred and fifty dollars a year. The balance in the treasury March, 1870, was twelve thousand one hundred and thirty-five dollars and twenty-four cents. A resolution was adopted October 5, 1869, for the holding of a grand industrial exhibition during the fall of the next year — a movement which, with the co-operation of the chamber of commerce and board of trade, resulted in the magnificent series of ex- positions held that year and since, whose history is de- tailed elsewhere. The public library removed to its own building during the year 1869-70, and, after consider- able negotiation and calculation, the institute paid to the board of directors the amount of the lease money agreed upon July 31, 1856, ten thousand dollars, less one thou- sand five hundred dollars for books of its library lost or damaged, for the cancellation of the lease. In 187 1-2 a new roof was placed upon the institute building, and other improvements made — all together costing the so- ciety two thousand seven hundred dollars. Further changes were made 1873-4 in the Vine street stores of the building, to the value of one thousand and fifty dol- lars, and repairs were made to the main hall the next year, involving an expenditure of more than three thou- sand dollars. A class in natural philosophy was organ- ized the next year, but not with much success. At the exposition of 1875 the institute offered large special premiums of its own for the best cut off stationary steam engine, and for the best stationary steam engine, slide valve, not less than twenty-five nor more than sev- enty-five horse-power. In 1876 another temporary in- vestment was made by the institute of two thousand dollars in Federal securities. The next year, partly as a means of escape from the halls in case of fire, being warned by the then recent terrible calamity at Brooklyn, the stairways and entrances to the halls from the differ- ent floors were thoroughly remodeled, and several new ante and wash-rooms were provided, with a costly steam apparatus for heating. About ten thousand dollars were expended on these improvements. When the great Music hall was projected the institute gave one thousand dollars towards its erection, and afterwards five hundred toward the construction of the wings, or Exposition build- ings proper. In the fall of 1878 the directors of the institute organ- ized a new " department of industrial improvements," for the purpose of examining into the merits of alleged new improvements in the industrial arts, and conferring awards upon such as, after thorough investigation, are found worthy; this action, the prospectus of the depart- ment says, "being taken in furtherance of the original objects of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, viz.; 'To pro- mote improvements in manufactures and the mechanic arts." November 20, 1878, occurred the semi-centennial an- niversary of the foundation of the institute. It was in contemplation to have a formal observance of this day, with fitting ceremonies ; but it was finally determined in- stead to issue an historical sketch of the society, as had been done at the quarter-centennial, twenty-five years be- fore. It contains about one hundred pages, and repre- sents very creditable work, in the points of industry and literary skill. We have found it invaluable in the prepar- ation of this synopsis. The School of Design was very successful during the year 1878-9, its enrollment mounting to two hundred and twenty. A system of awards for attendance and other merits was introduced, in the shape of medals and certificates of progress, and worked well. An agree- able incident of the year was the complimentary entertain- ment, consisting of instrumental and vocal music, recita- tions, sketches, etc., tendered to the school and its friends on the evening of January n, 1879, in Grenwood hall — an affair which passed off very happily. During 1879-80 the enrollment was two hundred and thirty-five, and ten teachers were in charge. The system of awards was continued wi}h success, and gold badges of chaste and appropriate design were added to the med- als and certificates. The announcements for the twenty- fifth annual session of the school, which began October 22, 1880, set forth three departments — mechanical, for machinists, metal workers, pattern makers, founders, blacksmiths, etc.; architectural, for carpenters, masons, wood workers, builders, etc.; and artistic, for free-hand drawing, perspective, crayon, etc., for painters, plasterers, carvers,- gilders, cabinet-makers, etc. — besides special classes in original designing, for advanced pupils in draw- ing and for instruction in designing as applied to manu- facturers; modeling in clay, as applied in the several branches of industrial art; and drawing from life. Mr. John B. Heich has been principal for a number of years of this very useful arm of the institute's work. Still another interesting feature was added to the in- stitute in early December, 1880, by the organization of a department of science and arts, to which admission may be had for the small sum of three dollars. Several pro- fessors of the university and other prominent scholars in the city signified at once their intention of joining it. During 1879-80 there were kept on file in the read- ing room one foreign and fourteen domestic dailies and twenty-six weekly papers, and sixteen monthly periodi- cals, mostly technical. "The board of directors espe- 228 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. cially request," says their announcement, "a general use of the reading room," yet, to prevent growing abuses, it was resolved this year to welcome none to its benefits ex- cept those possessing cards of admission, which can be obtained by any well disposed person simply upon appli- cation to a director, and are good for six months, re- newable thereafter, on continued good behavior of the recipient. The financial condition of the institute, after all its vi- cissitudes and pecuniary dangers, is sound and safe. During the fiscal year 1879-80 there were received, on account of rents alone, seven thousand nine hundred and eighty-five dollars, from memberships six hundred and eighty-nine dollars, and small amounts from other sources. The "Day will trust fund," a sum in the hands of the treasurer for the benefit of the institute, amounted to three thousand one hundred and forty-eight dollars and fifty-four cents, from which substantial benefits were real- ized. A satisfactory balance was in the treasury at the close of the year; the institute was practically far out of debt; and its future was radiant with promise. It has had a notable past, and it will have a yet more noteworthy future. The leading officers of the institute, since its organiza- tion, have been as follows : Presidents — 1828 to 1847, J onn P. Foote; 1847 to 1854, Miles Greenwood; 1854 to 187 1, Charles F. Wil- stach; 1871 to 1881, Thomas Gilpin. It is thus seen that, during the fifty-two years of the society's existence, it has had but four presidents, with an average term of thirteen years each. Vice-Presidents — Calvin Fletcher, 1828-39; George C. Miller, 1840-41; G. Muscroft, 1841-2; W. S. Merrill, 1843-4: Jacob Ernst, 1844-5; Joseph G. Rust, 1846-7; Benjamin Bruce, 1847-51; R. C. Phillips, 1851-2; Charles F. Wilstach, 1852-3; George Graham, 1853-4; William Huddart, 1854-6; George D. Winchell, 1856-8; H. H. Smith, 1858-9; E. M. Shield, 1859-60; H. E. Nottingham, 1860-1 ; Isaac Greenwald, 1861-2; Andrew Erkenbrecher, 1862-3: Eli C. Baldwin, 1863-6; Isaac Greenwald, 1866-9; P- P- Lane, 1869-71; John F. Wiltsee, 1871-2; James Dale, 1872-81. Secretary — D. T. Disney, 1828-9 an d 1830-1; John L. Talhot, 1829-30, 1831-2, 1837-8, and 1841-2; JohnLaugh- lin, 1832-4; Clement Dare, 1834-5; Joseph Gest, 1835-6; B. Fisher, 1836-7; L. T. Wells, 1838-9; Robert Lawson, 1840-1; 1841-2, Charles W. Thorp (to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Mr. Talbot); Thomas G. Shaeffer, 1842-4, and 1845-7; J. W. Applegate, 1844-5. Recording secretaries— J. L. Whetstone, 1847-9; Hen- ry M. Ritter {vice Whetstone, resigned); H. W. Stephen- son, 1849-5:, and 1854-5; J. W. Thomas, 185 1-2; W. G. Neilson {vice Thomas, resigned); George W. Kendall, 1852-3; James A. Semple, 1854-5 {vice Stephenson re- signed); C. D. Meader, 1855-6; Caleb C. Whitson, 1856- 61; W. W. Innes, 1861-2; Hugh McCollum, 1862-72; E. A. Townley, 1872-3; H. W. Stephenson, 1873-9; 1879-81, W. B. Bruce. Corresponding secretary— John B. Foote, 1847-8; John G. Anthony, 1848-50; John L. Whetstone, 1850-1, 1852- ' 3, and 1854; W. B. Chapman, 185 1-2; George W. Kendall, 1853-4; A. L. Burke, 1854-8 (1854-5 vice Whet- stone, resigned); John F. Wiltsee, 1858-9; B. R. Alley, 1859-60; W. W. Innes, 1860-1; W. P. Swain, 1861-2; George T. Jones, 1862-3; A. Erkenbrecher, 1IJ63-6; Thomas Gilpin, 1866-71; Frank Millward, 1871-8; P. P. Lane, 1878-9 (to fill vacancy caused by death of Mr. Millward); Harvey Jones, 1879-81. Treasurer — Clement Dare, 1828-9, and 1830-4; Lu- man Watson, 1829-30; George Graham, 1834-6; Joseph Gest, 1836-7; G. C. Miller, 1837-9; J- L - Talbot, 1840-1; James Pearce, 1841-2, 1843-5, an< l 1846-8; John W. Ap- plegate, 1845-6; H. W. Stephenson, 1848-9, 1858-9, and 187 1-2; J. A. James, 1849-50; L. T. Wells, 1850-2; Benjamin Bruce, 1852-4; W. B. Chapman, 1854-8; John T. Wiltsee, 1859-71; Hugh McCollum, 1872-81. Clerk of the board of directors — John B. Heich, 1856-81. The record of officers-elect for 1839-40 is lost; also thafof 1842-3, except as to president and secretary. THE CINCINNATI OBSERVATORY. Thisrenowned institution, one of the crowning glories of Cincinnati, owes its origin, in the first instance, to the en- terprise and energy of just one man — a young lawyer and teacher named Ormsby M. Mitchel. While serving as professor of mathematics, natural philosophy a.nd astrono- my in the Cincinnati college, he found his instructions seri- ously hampered by the lack of a sufficient equipment of apparatus; and his plans for its procurement gradually grew in his teeming brain until they included the mag- nificent project of an astronomical observatory, with one of the finest telescopes in America and other instruments and apparatus to correspond. He began in the spring of 1842, by an effort to excite the interest of the local pub- lic in astronomy by a series of lectures upon the subject, and faced an audience of sixteen at his opening— a strange contrast to the audience of two thousand which crowded one of the largest audience-rooms in the city upon the repetitition of his last lecture. Broaching his pro ject in due time, in three weeks he had secured the for- mation of the Cincinnati Astronomical society and a sub- scription of seven thousand five hundred dollars, in three hundred shares of twenty-five dollars each, for an obser- vatory. Mitchel sailed frora New York June 16th, of the same year, for Europe, carrying in his heart the hope of a great equatorially-mounted, achromatic, refracting telescope. Not half a dozen glasses fit for such an in- strument then existed; but he found an unfinished one, of twelve inches, in the cabinet of Mertz, successor of the celebrated Frauenhofer, at Munich, which he had tested and very thoroughly approved. Notwithstanding scarcely three-fourths of the requisite amount had been subscribed, he had the nerve to close a contract for the mounting of this at a cost of ten thousand dollars, and in a hundred days from the date of starting was at home again, having meanwhile taken time to visit and inspect carefully sev- eral of the great observatories abroad, undertake some special studies there, and make some important acquain- tances among foreign astronomers. He reported his sue- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 229 cess to an immense gathering of the members of the as- sociation and other friends of the enterprise; and the pe- cuniary prospects of the scheme decidedly looked up thenceforth. Mr. Nicholas Longworth gave the society permission to select any four acres out of twenty-five of his property on Mount»Auburn, to be held for the uses of the observatory. The next succeeding events can best be told in the eloquent words of Professor Mitchel himself, as he tells the ' story in one of his brilliant lec- tures : On the ninth of November, 1843, the corner-stone of the observatory was laid by John Quincy Adams, in the presence of a vast multitude, with appropriate ceremonies, and followed by the delivery of an address replete with beauty and eloquence. The season was too far advanced to permit anything to be done toward the erection of the building dur- ing the fall; and, indeed, it was notithe intention of the board of di- rectors to proceed with the building, until every dollar required in the payment for the great telescope should have been remitted to Europe. At the time of laying the corner-stone, but three thousand dollars, out of nine thousand five hundred, had been paid. This was the amount re- quired in the contract, to be paid on signing, and the remaining sum became due on finishing the instrument. The contract having been made, conditionally, in July, 1842, it was believed the great refractor would be shipped for 'the United States in June, 1844, and to meet our engagements the sum of six thousand five hundred dollars must be raised. This amount was subscribed, but^ in consequence of commercial difficulties, all efforts hitherto made to collect it had been unavailing; and in February, 1844, the board of control solicited the director of the obseivatory [Mitchel] to become the general agent of the society and to collect all old subscriptions, and obtain such new ones as might be necessary to make up the requisite sum. The accounts in the hands of the previous collector were accordingly turned over to me, and a systematic effort was made to close them up. A regular journal was kept of each day's work, noting the number of hours employed, the persons visited, those actually found, the sums collected, the promises to pay, the positive repudiations, the due-bills taken, payable in cash and trade, and the day on which I was requested to call again. These intervals extended from a week or ten days to four months. The hour was in general fixed, and when the day rolled round and the hour arrived, the agent of the society presented himself and referred to the memoranda. In many cases another and another time was appointed, until, in some instances, almost as many calls were made as there were dollars due. By systematic perseverance, at the end of some forty days, the sum of three thousand dollars was paid over to the treasurer, as the amount collected from old subscribers. Nearly two thousand dollars of due-bills had been taken, payable in carpenter work, paint- ing, dry goods, boots and shoes, hats and caps, plastering, bricklaying, blacksmith work, paints and oils, groceries, pork-bairels, flour, bacon, and lard, hardware, iron, nails, etc. ; in short, in every variety of trade, materials, and workmanship. The due-bills, in cash, brought about five hundred dollars in the course of the next thirty days, and a fur- ther sum of three thousand dollars was required for the last remittance to Europe. It was determined to raise this amount, in large sums, from wealthy and liberal citizens who had already become members of our society. The list first made out, and the sums placed opposite the names of each person, is now in my possession. On paper the exact amount was made up in the simplest and most expeditious manner; eight names had the sum of two hundred dollars opposite them, ten names were marked one hundred dollars each, and the remaining ones fifty dollars each. Such was the singular accuracy in the calculation that, when the theory was reduced to practice, it failed in but one solitary instance, One person, upon whom we had relied for two hundred dollars, de- clined absolutely, and his place was filled by another. I called on one of the eight individuals marked at two hundred dol- lars, and, after a few moments' conversation, he told me that, in case one hundred dollars would be of any service to me, he would gladly sub- scribe that amount. I showed him my list, and finding his name among those reckoned at two hundred dollars, he remarked that he would not mar so beautiful a scheme for the sum of one hundred dollars, and accordingly entered his name in its appropriate place. At a meeting held in May, of the board of control, the treasurer reported that the entire amount was now in the treasury, with the exception of one hundred and fifty dollars. The board adjourned to meet on the same day of the following week, when the deficiency was reduced by the agent to twenty-five dollars, and on the same day an order was passed to remit the entire amount to Barings & Brothers, London, to be paid to the manufacturer, on the order of Dr. J. Lamont, of Munich, to be given on the packing of the instrument. The last twenty-five dollars was obtained, and placed in the treasurer's hands, immediately on the adjournment ot the board. Thus was completed, as it was supposed, by far the most difficult part of the enterprise. All the cash means of the society had now been exhausted, about eleven thousand dollars had been raised, and to extend the effort yet farther, under the circumstances, seemed to be quite impossible. Up to this time nothing had been done toward the building, and after paying for the instrument not one dollar remained in cash to commence the erection of a building which must cost, at the lowest estimate, five or six thousand dollars. Some two or three thousand dollars had been subscribed, payable in work and materials. Owing to a slight change in the plan of the building, the foundation walls, already laid in the fall of 1844, were taken up and relaid. Finding it quite impossible to induce any master- workman to take the contract for the building, with the many contin- gencies by which our affairs were surrounded,' I determined to hire workmen by the day and superintend the erection of the building per- sonally. In attempting to contract for the delivery of brick on the summit of Mount Adams, such an enormous price was demanded for the hauling, in consequence of the steepness of the hill, that all idea of a brick building was at once abandoned, and it was determined to build of limestone, an abundant supply of which could be had on the grounds of the society by quarrying. Having matured my plans, securing the occasional assistance of a carpenter, about the beginning of June, 1844, I hired two masons, one of whom was to receive an extra sum for hiring the hands, keeping their time, and acting as the master- workman. One tender to these workmen constituted the entire force with which I commenced the erection of a building which, if prosecuted in the same humble manner, would have required about twenty years for its completion. ^And yet our title-bond required that the building should be finished in the following June, or a forfeiture of the title by which we hold the present beautiful site must follow. My master- mason seemed quite confounded when told that he must commence work with such a force. In the outset difficulties were thick and obsti- nate. Exorbitant charges were made for delivering lime. I at once commenced the building of a lime-kiln, and in a few days had the sat- isfaction of seeing it well-filled and on fire ; true, it caved in once or twice, with other little accidents ; but a full supply of lime was obtained, and at a cheap rate. Sand was the next item, for which the most extravagant charges were made. I found this so ruinous that an effort was made, and finally I obtained permission to open a sand-pit, which had long been closed for fear of caving down a house on the side of the hill above, by further excavation. An absolute refusal was at first given ; but syste- matic perseverance again succeeded, and. the pit was re-opened. The distance was comparatively short ; but the price of mere hauling was so great that I was forced to purchase horses, and in not a. few instances fill the carts with my own hands and drive them to the top of the hill, thus demonstrating practically how many loads could be made in a day. Another difficulty yet remained— no water could be found nearer than at the foot of the hill, half a mile distant; and to haul all the water so great a distance would have cost a large sum. I selected one of the deepest ravines on the hill-top, and throwing a dam across while it was actually raining, I had the pleasure of seeing it fill rapidly from the hillsides ; and in this way an abundant supply was obtained for the mixing of mortar, at a very moderate expense of hauling. Thus prepared, the building was commenced, with two masons and one tender during the first week. At the close of the week I had raised sufficient funds to pay off my hands, and directed the foreman to employ, for the following week, two additional masons and a tender. To supply this force with materials several hands were employed in the quarry, in the lime-kiln, and in the sand-pit, all of whom were hired by the day, to be paid half cash and the residue in trade. During all this time, I may remark, I was discharging my duties as professor of mathematics and philosophy in the'Cmcinnati college, and teaching five hours in the daj. Before eight o'clock in the morning I had visited all my workmen in the building, in the lime-kiln, sand-pit, and stone-quarry ; at that time my duties in the college commenced! and closed at one. By two o'clock p. m. I was again with my work- men, or engaged in raising the means of paying them on Saturday 230 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. night. The third week the number of hands was again doubled ; the fourth week produced a like increase, until finally not less than fifty day laborers were actually engaged in the erection of the Cincinnati observ- atory. Each Saturday night exhausted all my funds ; but 1 commenced the next week in the full confidence that industry and perseverance would work out the legitimate results. To raise the cash means re- quired was the greatest difficulty. I have frequently made four or five trades to turn my due-bills, payable in trade, into cash. I have not unfrequently gone to individuals and sold them their own due-bills, payable in merchandise, for cash, by making a discount. The pork merchants paid me cash for my due-bills, payable in barrels and lard- kegs ; and in this way I managed to raise sufficient cash means to prosecute the work vigorously during the months of July and August, and in September I had the satisfaction to see the building up and covered, without having incurred one dollar of debt. At one period, I presume, one hundred hands were employed at the same time in the prosecution of the work, more than fifty hands on the hill, and as many in the city in the various workshops, paying their subscriptions by work for different parts of the building. The doors were in the hands of one carpenter, the window-frames in those of another ; a third was em- ployed on the sash ; a painter took them from the joiner and in turn delivered them to a glazier, while a carpenter paid up his stock by hanging them, with weights purchased by stock and with cords ob- tained in the same way. Many locks were furnished by our townsmen in payment of their subscriptions. Lumber, sawing, flooring, roofing, painting, mantels, steps, hearths, hardware, lathing, doors, windows, glass, and painting, were in like manner obtained. At the beginning of each week my master carpenter generally gave me a bill of lumber and materials wanted during the week. In case they had not been already subscribed, the stock-book was resorted to, and there was no relaxing of effort until the necessary articles were obtained. If a tier of joists was wanted, the saw-mills were visited, and in some instances the joists for the same floor came from two or three different mills. On covering the building, the great crowd of hands employed as masons, tenders, lime-bumers, quarrymen, sand and water-men, were paid off and discharged ; and it now seemed that the heavy pressure was passed, and that one might again breathe free, after the responsi- bility of such heavy weekly payments were removed. In February, 1845, the telescope came, and the next month was placed in position. The Observatory soon afterwards went into full operation, with Professor Mitchel installed as director, and residing in the building with his family. The structure had been completed in time — by June, 1845 — to save the grant of Mr. Longworth, which was conditioned upon its completion within two years from the date of the gift. Mitchel devised two very ingenious and delicate instruments for recording observations in right ascension and difference in de- clination, and added them to the working apparatus of the Observatory. He received and instructed students, and continued to make astronomical observations with much success. At times, however, his finances were ex- tremely limited; and he had to eke out a subsistence by engineering on the route of the Ohio & Mississippi rail- road and by lecturing, in which he finally obtained much renown, and left brilliant memorials in two published volumes. After his departure for the military service, to which he gave his life, the Observatory languished; but after the war its grand opportunity came, in the estab- lishment of the Cincinnati university. For the uses of this institution the Astronomical society tendered the entire property of the Observatory; and it was made a department of the University. By this time, however, the growth of the manufacturing and other interests of the city had wrapped the summit of Mount Adams fre- quently in clouds of smoke and fog; and there were other reasons for removal to a more retired locality, with more quiet surroundings and a clearer air. When the situation of the Observatory upon Mount Adams had become unsuitable for its purposes, the heirs of Mr. Longworth united with the Astronomical society in agreeing to transfer the grounds originally given to it by Mr. Longworth to the city, upon the specific trust that it should be sold or leased, and the proceeds applied upon the endownment of the University school of Draw- ing and Design, and further conditioned that the city should sustain a new observatory, to be also connected with the University. For the establishment of that the Astronomical society presented to the city the equatorial and other instruments collected for the older institution, with all its apparatus and astronomical records and books. The Mount Adams property was leased to the Passionist Fathers, who now use it for a monastery and school, at a ground-rent of three thousand dollars per year, with the privilege of purchase at discretion. Mr. John Kilgour gave a site of four acres, at Mount Look- out, near Oakley, just beyond the northeast corner of the city, for the new observatory, and also ten thousand dol- lars for building it and supplying a further equipment. Mr. Julius Dexter added a gift of one thousand dollars in 1874. The corner-stone of the new building — the same as that laid by the assistance of John Quincy Adams thirty-five years before, with many of the same articles enclosed — was laid with due ceremony in the spring of 1873; and the edifice went rapidly up, without any of the embarrassments which clustered about the in- domitable founder of 1843-5. I* was occupied the next year, with Professor Ormond Stone as director, and has since been in successful and useful operation, in the training of students for professorships and astronomical inquiry, and in making observations and discoveries. Among much other good work, the star-measurements of Professor Mitchel, which were still in manuscript, have been reduced and made ready for the printer. A short summer term is held at the observatory, for the benefit of teachers and others who desire to take special studies. Mr. Henry T. Eddy is now professor of astronomy, and Mr. Stone remains director. THE CINCINNATI SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY. We adopt in full, for this important society, with some additions, the historical sketch published in the first num- ber of its Journal, April, 1878: The Cincinnati Society of Natural History was organ- ized, and a constitution adopted, on the nineteenth day of January, 1870, at No. 6 West Fourth street, in the city of Cincinnati. The following persons were enrolled as original members: Dr. F. P. Anderson, Ludlow Apjones, Robert Brown, jr., Dr. R. M. Byrnes, J. B. Chickering, Robert Clarke, Lucius Curtis, V. T. Chambers, Julius Dexter, Charles Dury, C. B. Dyer, John M. Edwards, Dr. H. H. Hill, R. E. Hawley, Dr. W. H. Mussey, R. C. McCracken, Dr. C. A. Miller, S. A. Miller, Dr. William Owens, Henry Probasco, J. Ralston Skinner, Dr. John A. Warder, Dr. E. S. Wayne, Dr. E. Williams, and Horatio Wood. The society was regularly incorporated on the twentieth day of June, 1870, as shown by church record book, No. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 231 2, page 633, of the records of Hamilton county, Ohio. On the second day of February, 1870, the society met and proceeded to elect permanent officers, Mr. John M. Edwards having presided at the preliminary meetings. Dr. John A. Warder was elected president, which office he continued to fill, by re-election, to the satisfaction of the members, until April 6, 1875. Dr. W. H. Mussey was elected first vice-president, and was continued in the office until April 6, 1865. Mr. Ludlow Apjones was elected corresponding and recording secretary, and served as such until the regular election held April 4, 187T. Mr. Robert Brown, jr., was elected treasurer; Dr. F. P. An- derson, custodian; Dr. Edward S. Wayne, curator of mineralogy; and Mr. Horatio Wood, curator of botany. The membership of the society increased very rapidly, and during the summer arrangements were perfected for renting room No. 41 College Building, on Walnut street,. above Fourth street, at one hundred dollars per year. The society held its first meeting in College Building on the evening of October 4, 1870. At this meeting Mr. Robert Brown, jr., resigned the office of treasurer, and Mr. Horatio Wood was elected to fill the vacancy; Professor John M. Edwards was elected custodian in place of Dr. F. P. Anderson ; and Mr. Charles Dury was elected taxidermist. The society held meetings regularly every month, and at the meeting held March 8, 187 1, had the pleasure of knowing that the trustees of the Cin- cinnati college had remitted the rent, and consented to the occupation of room No. 41 College Building free of charge, save such as would be incurred for light and fuel, until such time as the trustees might find it necessary to use the room for other purposes. At the annual meeting, held on the evening of April 4, 187 1, the treasurer reported that the total receipts of the society to that date amounted to one hundred and sixty dollars, and that there had been expended one hundred and sixty-five dollars and seventeen cents, leaving a bal- ance due the treasurer of five dollars and seventeen cents. The library was reported as containing thirty-five volumes. Previous to this meeting there had been pro- cured for the society five upright cases, all of which the custodian reported were well filled by the specimens of natural history which had been donated by members of the society. At this meeting the officers were elected for the year, with the following changed : Mr. Ludlow Apjones was elected second vice-president; Mr. L. S. Cotton was elected corresponding secretary, and contin- ued to be re-elected annually, and served until April 6, 1875; Rev. R. E. Hawley as recording secretary, in which position he served for two years. Mr. Horatio Wood was elected treasurer, and was continued in the office until he declined to serve longer, April 4, 1875. Dr. H. H. Hill accepted the position of librarian, and was re-elected April 2, 1872, and April 1, 1873. Profes- sor John M. Edwards was elected custodian, and was continued in the position for two years. Dr. R. M. Byrnes was elected curator of mineralogy, which position he has held to the present time. The fine collection and careful arrangement of the minerals in the posses- sion of the society bear witness to the intelligent and faithful work of this officer. Mr. Samuel A. Miller was elected curator of palaeontology, and was subsequently re-elected and continued in the curatorship until April 7, 1874. Dr. H. H. Hill, curator of conchology, who was re-elected the following year; Mr. Lucius Curtis, curator of entomology, who was continued in office until April 1, 1873; Dr. William Owens, of botany; and Mr. Charles Dury, taxidermist, who was twice re-elected, and contin- ued in office until the position was abolished in April, 1874, and the curatorship of ornithology instituted. The donations of specimens in the various depart ments of natural science being numerous at every meet- ing, it was found necessary to provide additional cases for preserving the collections. At the meeting held June 6, 187 1, five new upright cases, uniform with those pre- viously in the possession of the society, were procured. At the meeting held September 5, 187 1, the society received from the Western Academy of Natural Science three hundretl and fifty-one dollars in money, two hun- dred and sixty-five volumes of books, and the remnant of its collection, being all of its property and effects of every kind then remaining. The money was invested, and has remained at interest since that time. Mr. S. A. Miller read a paper on the "Silurian Island of Cincin- nati," which was published the next day in the Cincinnati Enquirer. At the meeting held on the second day of January, 1872, the society received from Mr. Robert Buchanan one hundred and eleven volumes from his library, and three upright cases with drawers, containing fossils, shells, and minerals. This donation was a valuable acquisition to the society, and was brought about through the gen- erosity of Mr. Probasco and nine other gentlemen, who presented Mr. Buchanan with one thousand dollars, as a partial compensation for his parting with his collection. The society elected Mr. Robert Buchanan an honorary member at the meeting held the following month. The society assembled for the February meeting in rooms forty-six and forty-eight, College building, which had been kindly placed at its disposal by the trustees of the Cincinnati college, and which the society continued to occupy until it was able to purchase a building and removed to 108 Broadway. On the fifth day of March, 1872, at a regular meeting, Messrs. Robert .Clarke, U. P. James, George Graham, D. E. Bolles, John L. Talbot, S. T. Carley, and Robert Buchanan, surviving members of the Western Academy of science, were duly elected to life-membership in this society, in pursuance of the arrangement made at the time of receiving the donation from the Western acade- my. Mr. S. A. Miller read a paper on the "Geological History of this Locality, from the Tertiary Period to the present time," — which was published in the Cincinnati Enquirer of the succeeding day, and was continued at a subsequent meeting of the society and published in the same paper on the seventeenth day of June following. At the annual meeting held April 2, 1872, the report of the treasurer showed the receipts to have been, from dues of members for the preceding year three hundred and eighty-five dollars, and from the Western Academy 232 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. of Natural Science three hundred and fifty-one dollars and forty-five cents. Mr. Samuel A. Miller was elected second vice-president, which position he continued to hold until the April meeting in 1875; and Miss M. J. Pyle was elected curator of botany. At the meeting held June 4, 1872, Dr. Charles A. Miller was elected curator of conchology, in place of Dr. H. H. Hill, who resigned; and Mr. G. A. Wetherby was elected curator of entomology, instead of Mr. Lucius Curtis, who had also resigned. The society exhibited a large collection of specimens at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition, held during the months of September and October of this and the follow- ing year. At both expositions the display made by this society attracted much notice, and the section devoted to its use was generally well attended by visitors. At a meeting held November, 1872, Professor W. H. Mussey presented to the society a large number of skele- tons, of domesticated and wild vertebrate animals. He had previously shown his generosity to the society by contributing books, minerals, and other valuable speci- mens, and has continued to be one of its most steadfast and liberal benefactors down to the present time. At the annual meeting, held April 1, 1873, it appeared from the treasurer's report that there were one hundred and seventeen members of the society, that the dues col- lected for the year amounted to four hundred and ten dollars and thirty-six cents, that the expenses had been three hundred and twenty-four dollars and ninety-three cents, and that there remained in the treasury the sum of one hundred and twenty-two dollars and twelve cents, not including the funds received from the Western Acad- emy of Science. At this meeting Mr. John M. Edwards was elected recording secretary; Mr. R. B. Moore custo- dian, which position he continued to fill until elected president, April 3, 1877; Dr. Charles A. Miller, curator of conchology, who was re-elected the following year; Mr. V. T. Chambers, curator of entomology; Mr. John Hussey, curator of botany; Dr. D. S. Young, curator of ichthyology, a position he has held ever since; Professor W. H. Mussey, curator of comparative anatomy, who was re-elected the following year, At this meeting a resolu- tion was adopted providing for a committee to take charge of a building fund, having for its basis the promise of a contribution of one hundred dollars annually for five years from Mr. Julius Dexter, and of twenty-five dollars per year for a like period frem Professor A. J. Howe and Mr. Ludlow Apjones, and of the sum of ten dollars for a like period from Mr. A. E. Tripp and Mr. Horatio Wood. At the meeting held May 6th, of this year, Mr. Charles H. Browning presented to the society a magnificent col- lection of marine shells and corals, collected by his father, Lieutenant R. L. Browning, United States navy. At the meeting held August 5", 1873, Mr. S. A. Miller read a criticism on that part of the first volume of the Ohio Geological Survey relating to the Cincinnati Group of rocks and its fossil contents, which was published in the Cincinnati Enquirer on the seventh day of the month. The annual meeting in 1874 was held April 7th, when it appeared, from the report of Mr. R, B. Moore, the custodian, that the society had in its collection forty-five hundred specimens of minerals, two thousand palasonto- logical specimens, five thousand shells, six thousand bo- tanical specimens, four hundred entomological specimens, two thousand archagological specimens, and one hun- dred each of anatomical, ichthyological, and ornitholog- ical specimens, making a grand total of twenty thousand two hundred specimens. He also reported that the library contained about one thousand volumes. The treasurer's report showed that the society had received during the year: Members' dues, five hundred and fifty- three dollars and ninety-five cents; interest, twenty-one dollars and eight cents; while it had expended four hun- dred and fifty-six dollars and thirty-four cents, leaving in the treasury the sum of two hundred and forty dollars and eighty-one cents. The report further showed that there had been collected of the subscription to the building fund, three hundred and fifteen dollars, and interest accrued on the same, eleven dollars and forty-seven cents ; making the total building fund three hundred and twenty-six dollars and forty-seven cents. At this meeting, Mr. William Colvin was elected recording secretary; Mr. John M. Edwards librarian, who was re-elected the following year; Mr. John W. Hall, jr., curator of palaeontology, in which position he was continued until April 3, 1877; Mr. A. G. Wetherby curator of entomology; Dr. H. H. Hill curator of archaeology, and has been continued in the position ever since; and Mr. Charles Dury curator of ornithology, who continues to fill the curatorship. No election for curator of botany having been made at the annual meeting, Mr. Paul Mohr, jr., was elected to the position May 5th, and was re-elected the succeed- ing year. Mr. Charles Bodman was elected a member of the so- ciety at the meeting held September 1, 1874. The society received a letter at the meeting held De- cember, 1874, from a lady eighty years of age, containing a present of two hundred dollars, and signed "A Friend of Science." It was ascertained, however, that the gen- erous donor was Mrs. Abbie Warren, residing at No. 299 George street, in Cincinnati. At the meeting held April 6, 1875, it appeared from the treasurer's report that the receipts from members' dues were five hundred and fifty-eight dollars and thirty cents; from Mrs. Abbie Warren, donation two hundred dollars; and interest on invested funds, twenty-six dollars and eight cents; which, added to the balance in the treasury from the previous year, amounted to one thousand and twenty-five dollars and nineteen cents. The expenditures for the year amonnted to five hundred and thirty-one dollars and forty-six cents, leaving a balance of four hun- dred and ninety-three dollars and seventy-three cents; of this latter sum four hundred dollars had been placed at interest. In. addition to this the sum of three hundred and fifty-one dollars and forty-five cents, which was received from the Western academy, was safely invested, and further that the building fund had during the year been increased by collection of subscriptions and accrued interest to the sum of four hundred and ninety-nine dol- lars and eighty-five cents; making a total of all funds to £Z^2££ ££ HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 233 the credit of the society, one thousand three hundred and forty-five dollars and three cents. At this meeting Mr. S. A. Miller was elected president; Mr. Horatio Wood was elected second vice-president; Mr. L. M. Hosea corresponding secretary, to which office he was re-elected the next year; Dr. J. F. Judge recording sec- retary, in which office he has been continued to this time; Dr. J. H. Hunt treasurer; Professor A. J. Howe curator of comparative anatomy, since which time he has been annually re-elected to the position. At the meeting held May 4, 1875, the president, Mr. S. A. Miller, read a "Review of the Glacial Theory, as presented in the Ohio Geological" Survey," which was published in the July number of the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science. Professor A. G. Wetherby read a paper entitled a "Description of Lepidopterous Larvae, with their habits and affinities," at the meeting held October 5, 1875, which was published in the Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science for the same month. Professor A. G. Weth- erby read, at a meeting held December 7, 1875, a paper on the "Variations in form as exhibited by Strepoma- tidse, with descriptions of new species," which was pub- lished in the month of January following, under the title of Proceedings of the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory. It is the only publication the society has ever is- sued. At various times attempts have been made by members to have the society definitely adopt the policy of a regular publication of its transactions, but without success until the last, which has resulted in the present undertaking of publishing a journal of the society quar- terly, which is designed to embrace the proceedings of \he society and such original papers of value as may be prepared for the society by its members or others. The next annual meeeting was held April 4, 1876. The treasurer's report showed that the receipts for the year had been, from members' dues, three hundred and forty-seven dollars and fifty-four cents; from interest, forty-five dollars and eight cents; the expenditures amounted to four hundred and fifteen dollars and ninety- five cents, leaving a cash balance of one hundred and two dollars and forty cents. The building fund was re- ported as five hundred and fifty-five dollars and sixty- three cents. At this meeting Professor W. H. Mussey was elected president; Mr. John M. Edwards, first vice- president; Mr. George W. Harper, second vice-president, who was in the second year re-ele?ted; Mr. S. E. Wright, treasurer, and continues in office to this time; Mr. J. C." Shroyer, librarian, who was re-elected the following April; Mr. J. W. Shorten, curator of entomology; and Mr. Davis L. James, curator of botany. Professor A. G. Wetherby read a paper at the meeting held June 6th, on the "Tulotoma," which was subsequently ' published in the Quarterly Journal of Conchology, Leeds, England. At the meeting held October 3d, Professor Ormond Stone was elected curator of mathematics and astronomy, and Professor R.. B. Warder curator of chemistry and physics, each being re-elected at the annual meeting the following year. At the meeting held March 6, 1877, Dr. August J. Woodward was elected curator of herpetology, and re- elected at the annual meeting next month. At the meeting held on April 3, 1877, the treasurer's report showed the financial condition to be as follows : Cash in the treasury April 4, 1876 $102 40 Received from membership dues 654 00 For life membership 50 00 For interest to credit of general fund 42 25 $848 65 Expenditures during the year 350 02 Balance in the treasury 498 63 BUILDING FUND, APRIL 3, 1877. Balance in fund April 4, 1876 $555 63 1 Received subscriptions 200 00 Received interest 46 37 Total building fund $802 00 TOTAL FUNDS Bearing interest or held in cash, April 3, 1877. General fund .'...$ 644 13 Endowment fund 551 45 Life membership fund 50 op Building fund 802 00 $2,047 58 At this meeting Mr. R. B. Moore was elected presi- dent; Mr. V. T. Chambers, first vice-president; Mr. J. W. Hall, jr., corresponding secretary; Dr. J. H. Hunt, custodian; Mr. O. E. Ulrich, curator of palaeontology. Dr. A. J. Howe read a paper on the "Life of John Hunter," which was subsequently published in pamphlet. Mr. S. S. Bassler was elected curator of meteorology and Mr. V. T. Chambers curator of microscopy, at the meeting held June 5, 1877. Professor A. J. Howe read . "A Biographical Sketch of Baron Cuvier," at the meet- ing held August 7, which was afterwards published in pamphlet; and on the second of October he read another paper on "American Archaeology," which was also pub- lished in pamphlet. Mr. Charles Bodman, who was elected a member Sep- tember 1, 1874, died on the tenth day of May, 1875, leaving a will containing a bequest to this society of fifty thousand dollars, which sum should have been paid to the society at once ; but the payment was delayed until the sixteenth day of July, 1877, depriving the society of about two years' interest. There were no conditions or limitations attached to the bequest, and consequently, when the money was received, it was absolutely at the disposal of the society. The society had previously ap- pointed a board of trustees, one of whom is the treasurer, to receive the money and make such investments as the society should direct. The trustees, previous to entering upon the discharge of their duties, gave satisfactory bonds for the faithful performance of the trust. About eleven thousand five hundred dollars was invested in the pur- chase and repairing of the property on the corner of Broadway and Arch streets, in the month of October following. The collection and other property of -the so- ciety was at once transferred from the rooms 46 and 48 College building to the new premises. The society held its first meeting in its own building 234 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. on November 6, 1877. At this meeting the following resolution was unanimously adopted : Resolved, That the members of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History tender the trustees of the Cincinnati college our heartfelt thanks for their generosity and kindness in furnishing this society a room in their building, free of charge, since the organization of this institution. The balance of the bequest from Mr. Charles Bodman has been properly invested in bonds and mortgages, and the society now finds itself at home, in its own building, in affluent circumstances, and prepared to commence in earnest work for the advancement of science and the dif- fusion of knowledge. At the meeting held January 1, 1878, the Mechanics' Institute sent to the Cincinnati Society of Natural His- tory a written proposition to donate the collection of minerals in its possession, known as the McClue Collec- tion; which offer was accepted, and the collection was transferred to the Society's building. Professor Claypole read a description of a new fossil, Glyptodendron Eaton- ense, which will appear in the American Journal of Science and Arts for April. At the meeting held on February 5, 1878, the society authorized the publishing committee to publish a journal quarterly, to contain the proceedings and transactions of the society. This atrangement, if permanently main- tained, will be of great importance to the society and to students of natural science everywhere. In view of the fact that the proceedings of this society, as heretofore made public through the newspapers, have contained only meagre notices of the many donations and kindnesses of persons not members of the society, and that several members have borne a large share of the labor necessary in arranging, classifying, and taking care of the. collection in the rooms of the society, and in mak- ing the necessary arrangements for its display in the Cin. cinnati exposition without any compensation, an honora-, ble mention of their names at this time will not be; regarded as out of place. It will, however, be impracti-i cable to attempt to enumerate all of them here, but in a brief way to express the obligations of the society to those whose names have appeared in the foregoing pages. The society is also under many obligations to Major A. S. Burt, of the U. S. army ; Mr. John Robinson, Mr. Julius Dexter, Dr. E. S. Wayne, Hon. J. S. Gordon, Hon. T. A. Corcoran, the Cincinnati Zoological society, and the Smithsonian institution, for valuable contributions to its collections and library. Dr. H. H. Hill, Dr. R. M. Byrnes, Professor A. J. Howe, Mr. R. B. Moore, and Dr. D. S. Young, among others, are also deserving of especial thanks for the many services rendered the society. The Cincinnati Society of Natural History is a chari- table institution, devoting all its energies to the advance- ment of science and education. The rooms are kept open to the public, so that all the advantages of the mu- seum may be enjoyed as well by those who are not mem- bers as by those who contribute annually the sum of five dollars towards its maintenance. In no event can any one . profit,, by membership, beyond the nominal privilege of! voting for the officers and participating in the work of the society. On the second of March, 1880, a "revision of the con- i stitution and by-laws was reported and adopted by the society. It has generously undertaken half the expense of the antiquarian researches made in Anderson and Columbia townships by the Madisonville Literary and Scientific society, and in return receives a proportionate share of the relics found by that society, which now form an important and very interesting feature of the Cincinnati collection. The papers of Dr. Metz and Mr. Charles F. Lowe, of the Madisonville association, on their archaeological investigations, have appeared in the journal of the Cincinnati society, with an admirable chart of the mounds and other works examined. The following named gentlemen have been presidents of the society since its organization: Dr. John A. Warder, 1870-5; Samuel A. Miller, esq., 1875-6; Dr. W. H. Mussey, 1876-7; R. B. Moore, 1877-8; V. T. Cham- bers, 1878-9; Dr. R. M. Byrnes, 1879 — . THE ENGLISH SPARROW IN CINCINNATI. Making a somewhat abrupt descent from great things to small, we desire to insert here, finding no fitter place for it in the entire book, the entertaining history of the English sparrow in the Queen city, as related by a well- known Cincinnati naturalist, Dr. A. Zipperlein, in a com- munication to the Feathered World, a weekly paper pub- lished in Berlin, from which the following is translated: The first English sparrows were brought to New York in the latter half of i860. As they began to multiply and to check the ravages of the caterpillars on the shade trees in the streets and parks, other cities also began to express a wish for them.. In Cincinnati it was especially the German citizens and German press that took the matter up. The • English press in the city followed in favor of the sparrows, till at length the city council passed a resolution to buy two hundred pairs of the birds and distribute them throughout the public parks. So great was the demand for them, however, that only eighty pairs could be procured, and these cost eight dollars the pair. They were so distributed by the council that thirty-five pairs went to Lincoln park, thirty to Washing- ton park, and fifteen pairs to the small Hopkins park. The city coun- cil naturally expected they would stay there. They were let loose on the appointed day, and rejoiced in their new-found freedom; but the trees and ornamental shrubs were a strange region' to them, a luxury they did not understand, and in spite of the richly decked table offered them, the colonists that had been bought with money longed for the stables, abandoned swallows' nests, and dungheaps of their dear Ger- many, and one fine day these immigrants, that were to pay for their passage to America by their work, disappeared. They accepted the hospitality of the Americans only three days, and then, on that prin- ciple according to which every immigrant should shape his conduct, not to depend on others, but only on himself, and stand on his own feet, they deserted their festive boards and the charming parks, and wended their flight to Mill creek — a creek flowing through the western part of the city, whose banks are inhabited by German gardeners and dairymen, where German sounds saluted their ears, and straw peeped seductively out under stable roofs, which reminded them of their lost homes in Germany. The speech had a familiar tone to them ; they saw German gardens, stables, and the old manure heaps, and the posses- sors of all these treasures, who had seen no German bird in thirty years, perhaps, rejoiced at the arrival of their feathered guests. Among the gardeners who mostly raise only vegetables, the sparrows could do no harm; neither could they among the milk people; and so it happened that the vanguard of the coming army of German birds was welcome everywhere. Their well-known prolific tendencies were not- lost in the hew climate. A year afterward single pairs came into the city here and there to look about them. The report must have been favorable, for soon they began to colonize themselves in the city, build- ing their artless nests under the ornamental cornices of the roofs or in holes in the walls. Bird-houses upon long poles, or upon trees in many streets, also invited them to remain. But the sparrows did not stop at colonizing the city, after they had become Americanized. They spread through the whole region round about, going as far as the starch fac- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 23S tory of Mr. A. Erkenbrecher, five miles from the city. They rightly guessed that they would be well received there, for Mr. Erkenbrecher is not only the man who proposed the introduction of German singing birds here, but he is also the father of our zoological garden. He did not deceive the confidence of the sparrows, for he immediately caused bricks to be left .out here and there in a great factory chimney he was building, so that the sparrows might have nesting-places. Since the chimney is always warm, these petted sparrows breed here year in and year out. There was no want of food, but Mr. Erkenbrecher was at length obliged to put up wire trellises over the factory windows be- cause these fellow-countrymen that had been received in such a friendly manner, were soon no longer satisfied to pick their living in the streets, but helped themselves to the best that was laid up in store. Since then they have increased by the thousand, they are in every street in the city, where there is always a rich feast. They have not lost their impu- dence in the strange country; on the contrary, they appear to have adopted the American tramp, called a ' ' loafer, " as their model, and if possible are even more impudent than they were in their former home. It is true, there are here in the city no cherries or grapes to steal, and so they will always find advocates, because since their arrival there has been no destructive visitation of caterpillars. Nevertheless our prole- tarian has in some degree lost credit, at least among Americans who live in their country houses in the neighborhood of the city. These beg to be excused from suffering the German bummer to build his nest in the richly decorated cornices of their villas and soil them all over. Then, too, this same sparrow, that could live abundantly off the crumbs from the rich man's table, steals the carefully cultivated cherries and grapes. Open war has not yet been declared against him, it is true, and the sparrow will never be exterminated from the cities, where he does no harm, but the owners of the villas will probably make a bit- ter fight against him, especially when they find out that young sparrows broiled for breakfast are by no means to be despised. CHAPTER XXV. ART. The history of the development of the patronage and practice of the fine arts in Cincinnati possesses special interest. The seeds of a splendid bloom and fruitage be- ginning to appear to-day were planted even before the forest of barbarism was cleared. The field of its story has already been traversed by that intelligent inquirer, Mr. H. A. Rattermann, editor of the German Pioneer, from whose admirable essay on the subject' much of the following is condensed : The singular beauty of this region, especially at an earlier day, when the hillsides and valleys were still clothed in their primeval garb of forest and thicket, con- tributed in no small degree to bring budding artists to Cincinnati. They found here, not only the promise of a culture which would create a demand for their works, but of means that would enable art-lovers to gratify their tastes. Hence the unusual number of workers in fine art here, at a period in the city's history so early that their presence and labors would hardly have been expect- ed. Mr. Cist was able to write in his book of 1857: "Cincinnati has been for many years extensively and favorably known as the birthplace, if not the home, of a, school of artists who may be found in various parts of Europe, to say nothing of those in great numbers whose talents have found exercise in the various great cities of our own republic." The first painter in Cincinnati was George Jacob Beck, either a German or of German stock, who came here in a company of.scouts with Wayne's army in 1792, and was in the campaign to the Maumee and the battle of the Fallen Timbers. He then settled here, and remained until 1800. It is thought that the gay decoration of General Wilkin- son's famous barge may have been the work of this artist. While in Cincinnati Mr. Beck married a daughter of M. Menessier, a refugee from France in 1789 and a man of prominence in his native land, who had settled first with the French colony at Gallipolis, and afterwards here. Beck's specialty was landscape painting, in which he at- tained some eminence, placing upon canvass many of the most beautiful scenes in this part of the Ohio Valley. He was also a poet, doing original work, as well as transla- tions from Greek and Latin authors. In 1800 he re- moved to Lexington, then a more promising place than Cincinnati, and died there in 181 2. Mrs. Beck returned ■here and opened a drawing-school for ladies at the corner of Walnut and Third streets, which she maintained for at least fifteen years. Specimens of the work of this gift- ed pair are still extant, especially in Lexington. During Beck's residence here, the place was visited, and perhaps inhabited for a short time, by the first artist in the Western country, Mr. William West, who emigrat- ed to Lexington in 1788. - He was a well cultivated man, son of the rector of St. Paul's church in Baltimore; but did not use his gifts to much advantage, and painted few pictures. John Neagle (or Neagli), a Boston boy of Swiss par- entage, who studied in Philadelphia under the celebrat- ed painter Sully, painted in Cincinnati in the early part of this century; but removed to Lexington, and thence re- turned to Philadelphia in 1820. He is best known as the painter of the popular genre picture, Pal Lyon, the Black- smith, which has been extensively reproduced in engrav- ing and lithography. Neagle returned to Lexington in 1844, long enough to paint a portrait of Henry Clay, up- on a commission given him by the Whigs of Philadelphia. A. H. Corwine, another early portrait painter here, came from Kentucky in 181 7. His work was_so well done that a number of leading citizens paid liberally for it in advance, and sent him to Philadelphia to study un- der Sully. There he improved rapidly, and painted some excellent portraits upon his return. He afterwards went to England, and never saw Cincinnati again, as upon coming back he went to Philadelphia, and died there. Among the few art-workers of 1825 here was Mr. F. V. Peticolas, a miniature, painter, who presently saw great- er profit or pleasure in more material pursuits, and aban- doned the easel for the plow, establishing himself on a farm in Clermont county. Another early miniature painter was J. O. Gorman, who removed to Frankfort, Kentucky, after a limited stay here. Later Cincinnati enjoyed the artistic labors of another of Sully's pupils, Mr. Joseph Henry Busch. He was a native of Kentucky, born in Frankfort in 1794, of Ger- man parentage. It is known that in 1826 Mr. Busch was at work in a studio in the Academy of Fine Arts, then kept by Professor Eckstein on Main street, between Third and Fourth. Mr. Eckstein was the founder of the academy that year. He was from Berlin, Germany, the 236 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. son of a Prussian painter of distinction, who flourished in the time of Frederick the Great. He brought with him many busts and other art-works, which added greatly to the attractions of his rooms. His enterprise is thus fav- orably noticed in Drake and Mansfield's Cincinnati in 1826: Mr. F. Eckstein, an intelligent and highly ingenious artist of this city, is about to commence the formation of an academy of fine arts, on a plan well calculated to ensure success. His skill in sculpture and taking plaister casts, his taste in painting, and his enterprising in- dustry, will, even with a moderate amount of patronage, ensure the permanence and respectability of the institution. Mr. Eckstein has already a number of busts and other specimens of art, which will be arranged as the nucleus of his establishment, so soon as suitable apart- ments can be procured. A part of the plan embraces the delivery of lectures in the institution, illustrative of the departments' of the arts which properly belong to an academy of this kind. Mrs. Trollope, in her book on the Domestic Manners of the Americans, gives an amusing and undoubtedly prejudiced account of this academy and its fate. She says: Perhaps the clearest proof of the little feeling for art that existed at that time in Cincinnati, may be drawn from the result of an experi- ment originated by a German, who taught drawing there. He con- ceived the project of forming a chartered academy of fine arts; and he succeeded in the beginning to his utmost wish, or rather "they fooled him to the top of his bent." Three thousand dollars were subscribed — that is to say, names were written against different sums to that amount, a house was chosen, and finally application was made to the Government and the charter obtained, rehearsing formally the names of the subscribing members, the professors, and the officers. So far did the steam of their zeal impel them, but at this point it was let off; the affair stood still, and I never heard the academy of fine arts men- tioned afterwards. As already stated in effect, Eckstein's own work was mainly in sculpture. He made portrait-busts of a num- ber of Cincinnatians. One of his pupils became the most famous of American sculptors — Hiram Powers. He was a Vermont boy, brought here while still very young by his father, and serving variously in his earlier activity as an attendant in Langdon's reading-room on Third street, as clerk and errand boy in a grocery store, and finally as apprentice to Luman Watson, a clockmaker. He forever neglected his work, and remained but a short time in a place. Every hour which he could get from his legitimate employments was spent in Eckstein's apart- ments, watching with eager eyes the artistic processes which transformed dull clay and plaster into forms of al- most living beauty. The sculptor was pleased with the evidences of the boy's genius, and gave him instructions which soon developed it in the hopeful promise which has since manifested a master to the world. He aided young Powers to get a place as employee in Letton's Museum, where he obtained favor by his fidelity and ar- tistic talent, and for seven years was in charge of the wax-works, himself making a number of the figures, while continuing to practice under Eckstein upon clay and marble. In 1835, now in adult manhood, he went to Washington and sculptured a number of portrait-busts of celebrities there. His growing fame soon prompted the wealthiest citizen and patron of art in Cincinnati, Mr. Nicholas Longworth, who had been among the sub- jects of Powers' graver, to furnish means to send the artist abroad for study and practice. Powers settled in Florence, where he afterwards resided and made himself and his great works known everywhere. Several of his busts and best-known works, originals or copies, are owned in this city — among the most beautiful of them the two angels in marble on the altar of St. Peter's Ca- thedral. The genesis of these works is told in the fol- lowing story : Over twenty-five years ago Archbishop Purcell wrote to Mr. Powers, asking what he would charge for a pair of angels "of the usual size." Powers replied that angels were in all sizes, little and big, and that he was unable to determine what the archbishop meant by "the usual size." To which the ever-ready ecclesiastic replied : " Take the two prettiest girls of Florence and put wings to them." The sculptor did so, or something like it, and produced the two beautiful figures which are now among the chief adornments of St. Peter's, and which certainly suggest the Italian style of female loveliness in their features, whatever Mr. Pow- ers' models or ideals may have been. The following commendation of the young sculptor, written before he had yet accomplished a single work in marble, will be read with interest. It was probably from the pen of Judge Hall, editor of the Western Monthly Magazine, in which it appeared April, 1835 ; Mr. Powers would appear, from the facts which we have stated, and a variety of others of similar import which might be added, to possess a rare combination of intellectual and physical endowments — a fecundity of creative power, a quickness of invention and contrivance, a mathematical accuracy of judgment in reference to mechanical com- binations, a peculiar facility in subjecting matter to the influence of his mind and a readiness in acquiring the skillful use of tools. He com- bines, in short, the genius of the inventor with the skill of the practical artisan, and can conceive and execute with equal felicity. We are glad that this ingenious gentleman has turned his attention to a branch of art which is both lucrative and honorable, and in which he stands undoubtedly without a rival. His present occupation is that of making busts in plaster by a process of his own invention. He is a musician by nature, and we have heard that he can imitate sounds with the same ease and success with which he moulds the most obdurate metallic substances or the rudest clay into graceful shapes. But we have not room to repeat all that can be done by the admirable genius of this distinguished artist. If any friend will suggest anything he cannot do, we will notice it in our next. Another famous pupil of Eckstein was Jubal Klefin- ger, better known by his anglicized name of Shubael Clevenger. He made his humble beginnings in 1836, in a stone cutter's shop, in partnership with George Bassett, on the southeast corner of Race and Seventh streets. Here he engaged in putting ornaments on tombstones, when his talent was favorably noticed by Mr. E. S. Thomas, editor of the Evening Post, who, at Clevenger's suggestion, sat to him for a bust, which was chiseled di- rectly from freestone, without the intervention of a model. The effort was highly successful, and brought him at once into the public regards as a sculptor. He studied and worked with Eckstein a few years, and then went to Italy. He continued to give brilliant promise, but, un- happily for the world of art, he died while upon the ocean, on his way home in 1844. Dr. Frederick Hall, an observant traveler from the east, who was here in 1837, published the following notes upon Clevenger and Powers: This city is becoming famous as a nursery of the fine arts, or rather of artists. A gentleman took me this morning to a small shop, where we HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 237 saw three full-length statues, nearly completed, carved out of hard sandstone, representing three individuals with whom my conductor was well acquainted. "They are," said he, " perfect likenesses. " The workmanship appeared to me to be of an high order — not equal to the Apollo de Belvidere, the Venus de Medicis, but not at all inferior to that displayed by the untaught Scottish sculptor Thorn, in his universally admired statues of "Tarn O'Shanter," " Souter Johnny," and the "Landlord and Landlady" — a work which will render the name of their author as immortal as history. This artist, like Thorn, has had no instruction, I am told, in the use of the chisel. His own native, unbor- rowed talent and taste led him to employ it. A few years spent in the studios of Rome or Florence would, I think, make him one of the first sculptors of our age. His name is Clevenger. We did not see him as I hoped to do. He was absent. Mr. Powers, the gentleman who attracted so much attention last winter at Washington by his skill in moulding likenesses, is from this town, though a native of Vermont. He is, you know, shortly to em- bark for Italy to perfect himself in his profession. I promised to write him a letter of introduction to our worthy friend, Mr. Cicognani, late American consul at Rome. This promise I have this day fulfilled, and left the letter, as he requested, with Mr. Dorfeuille, the proprietor of the Western museum. Mr. Dorfeuille invited me to examine the vast assemblage of curiosities, which his own individual enterprise and per- severance had enabled him to form. Besides the thousand and one arti- cles which are common to all museums, I was pleased to find an exten- sive collection of Indian and other curiosities, which have been ob- tained in the western States, many of which are full of interest for the antiquary. I observed, too, a number of wax figures, of surpassing beauty, formed by the hand of the sculptor, Mr. Powers, who was em- ployed during two or three years at this establishment. Before Powers and Clevenger, however — even before Eckstein — the sculptor's art had been cultivated in Cin- cinnati, in a way unknown, we suspect, in the great art centres of the world. The rapid increase and very pros- perous character of the business of steamboat building created a large demand for figure-heads and other sculp- tured, carved, and gilded ornaments. These were done here in tasteful style, and sometimes almost with touches of genius, by Messrs. Sims and Shepherd, whose work is mentioned with due commendation in Drake and Mans- field's Cincinnati in 1826. The last of these was a Penn- sylvania German who came to the place under the name of Schafer (afterwards anglicized into Shepherd) in 1814, and began business as a wood-carver, the pioneer of what has since become a great and notable thing in the Queen City. In 1822 he executed the wooden statue of Mi- nerva, which old citizens will remember as standing for many years upon a column before the Western museum, on the southwest corner of Main and Pearl streets. The head of the statue is now in possession of the Historical and Philosophical society. For a number of years Shep- herd was associated with Mr. Sims, and their work, on steamboats and elsewhere, was much admired. About 18 1 9 Messrs. Sims and Shepherd found a rival in William Jones, whose published card announced him as "carver and gilder," at No. 6 West Front street; but ten years afterwards both establishments had disappeared, and the business was solely in the hands of Hiram Frazer, who had in his employ a skilled German workman named John Nicholas Adam. One of the early painters here, about 1823, was Joseph Kyle. He left few of his works in Cincinnati, however, and spent most of his artistic life in New York city, where he died a few years ago. He painted portraits and genre, pieces. The rendezvous of local artists in the early day was principally the City hotel, kept by David Kautz, on the corner of Sycamore and Lower Market streets. For about five years, however — from 1819 to 1824 — they oc- cupied as a sort of club room for evening reunions a large apartment in the second story of a boarding-house kept at No. 75 Sycamore street by Mrs. Sophia Amelung. The following-named gentlemen are known to have been frequenters of this place: Mr. Nathan W. Wheeler, por- trait painter at No. 78 Broadway, corner of Lower Mar- ket street; Edwin B. Smith, historical and portrait paint- er, afterwards of New Orleans; A. W. Corwine and Jo- seph Mason, portrait painters, the latter afterwards of New Orleans; and Joseph Dorfeuille, director of the Museum, but more famous as an archaeologist and ca- terer for the public entertainment than as an artist or patron of art. He was a Suabian by his nativity, and his name was properly Dorfel, which became Dorfeuille to conform to the then popular taste, which, perhaps in con- sequence of Lafayette's visit, ran to names and things French rather than German. He traveled widely in Egypt, Syria and the Holy Land, collecting in his wan- derings many curiosities, which he brought to this coun- try for exhibition, uniting with them a display of Western amphibia and of foreign and domestic birds. Letton's Museum was already in existence when he came to Cin- cinnati in 1823; and he was induced to combine his col- lection with it and take the management of the whole exhibition. Occasional visitors to the Sycamore street club-room were the distinguished ornithologist, Jean Jacques Audu- bon, who made Cincinnati his base of operations for a time; and Dr. Robert Best, the first director of the mu- seum. The gathering-place of the artists was removed in 1824 to the quarters of the dancing-master of Cincin- nati in that day, Herr Philibertus Ratel, on Third street, between Main and Walnut. The Cincinnati Directory of 1829 makes the following additions to the heretofore short catalogue of local art- ists: Portrait painters — Aaron Day; Alonzo Douglass, on Sixth streets, near Main; and Christopher Harding. Thomas Dawson, miniature painter, 22 Main street. Sam- uel Dickinson, decorative painter; Samuel M. Lee, land- scape painter, Third street, between Main and Walnut; and Michael Lant, historical painter. Messrs. Day, Dickinson, and Lant had their studios at Kautz's City hotel, which was still much resorted to by the gentlemen of the brush and palette. A notable event about this time (1828) was the open- ing of the gallery of fine arts, by Frederick Franks. This was situated on the southwest corner of Main and Fifth streets, above the drug store of Allen & Sonntag. Franks had studied at Dresden and Munich, and was a meritori- ous artist. He belonged, however, to the school, if school it be, of the Dutch artist known by the soubriquet of "Hell-Breughel;" and, like him, delighted in repre- senting imps and devils, goblins, witches, robbers and the like. He had a picture .of his own in his gallery, deline- ating the infernal regions; and some time after opening it made the famous chamber of horrors whose preparation is generally and wrongly attributed to Hiram Powers. 2 3 8 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. In this, by machinery and movable figures, demons, spir- its, snakes, grotesque and frightful objects, and electrified iron batteries or railing heightening the effect by giving a shock to the visitor when touched, the infernal regions were represented with a horrible vividness and fascina- tion that drew large numbers to visit the unique show. After the death of Mr. Dorfeuille, this inferno went with Mr. Franks to the museum of which he took charge, and was there long and successfully exhibited. It is made the subject of further notice in our chapter on amuse- ments. A number of young artists, some of whom have since become famous, received their training, in part, in Mr. Franks' gallery. Among these were Miner K. Kellogg, and the brothers James H. and William H. Beard, Daniel Steele, John Tucker, William H. Powell, and the poet painter Thomas Buchanan Read, were also of that period. Kellogg was the son of a successful Cincinnati merchant, and was enabled early to establish himself in Florence, where he remained, painting chiefly genre pictures. In this country he painted portraits of Presidents Van Buren, Polk, and Jackson, Chief Justice Taney, Generals Scott and Worth, and many other dignitaries. At Constanti- nople, some time before his death, he executed a full length portrait of Reschid Pasha, the Grand Vizier, which so gratified the eminent Turk that he presented the artist, in addition to a good price for his picture, a superb gold cup, studded with diamonds. The Beards profited, by the instruction of Franken- stein as well as the opportunities of the art gallery. They became portrait-painters of note, but likewise com- posed genre pieces of much beauty and excellence. William H. Beard has become very celebrated, especially as an animal painter; and many of his pieces are well known in Cincinnati. Over thirty-five years ago Miss Harriet Martineau thus wrote of one of the brothers, probably him, in her Retrospect of Western Travel : We next went to the painting-room of a young artist, Mr. Beard, whose works pleased me more than that of any other American artist. When I heard his story and saw what he had already achieved, I could not doubt that, if he lived, he would run a noble career. The chief doubt was about his health, the doubt which hangs over the destiny of almost every individual of eminent promise in America. Two years before I saw him Beard had been painting portraits at a dollar a head in the interior of Ohio ; and it was only a year since he suddenly and accidentally struck into the line in which he will probably show himself the Flamingo of the New World. It was just a year since he had be- gun to paint children. He had then never been out of his native State. He was born in the interior, where he began to paint without having ever seen a picture, except the daubs of itinerant artists. He married at nineteen, and came to Cincinnati, with wife, child, an empty purse, a head full of admiration of himself, and a heart full of confidence in this admiration being shared by all the inhabitants of this city. He had nothing to show, however, which could sanction his high claims, for his portraits were very bad. When he was in extreme poverty, he and his family were living, or rather starving in one room, at whose open window he put up some of his pictures to attract the notice of passen- gers. A wealthy merchant, Mr. G., and a gentleman with him, stopped and made their remarks to each other, Mr. G. observing, 'The fellow has talent, after all.' Beard was sitting behind his pictures, heard the remark, and knew the voice. He was enraged. Mr. G. visited him, with a desire to encourage and assist him ; but the angry artist long resisted all attempts to pacify him. At his first attempt to paint a child, soon after, all his genius shone forth, to the astonish- ment of every one but himself. He has proved to be one of the privi- leged order who grow gentle, if not modest, under appreciation ; he forgave Mr. G., and painted several pictures for him. A few wealthy citizens were desirous of sending him to Italy to study. His reply to every mention of the subject is, that he means to go to Italy, but that he shall work his own way there. In order to see how he liked the world, he paid a visit to Boston while I was there, intending to stay some time. From a carriage window I saw him in the street, stalking along like a chief among inferiors, his broad white collar laid over his coat, his throat bare, and his hair parted in the middle of his forehead, and waving down the sides of his face. People turned to look after him. He stayed only a fortnight, and went back to Ohio expressing great contempt for cities. This was the last I heard of him. J. R. Johnston was also one of Franks' pupils, and shared his master's taste for the grotesque and horrible. Two of his best historical pieces, "Starved Rock," rep- resenting the scene of a terrible legend of the Upper Illinois river, near Ottawa, and "The Mouth of Bad Axe River, " are still owned in the city. In 1833 the celebrated historical painter, W. H. Powell, began his career in Cincinnati, which was subse- quently pursued with great distinction in Washington city, Paris, and other places at home and abroad. In this city he painted portraits, fancy and historical pieces; but gradually developed a specialty for the last, which chiefly won him renown as the first painter in that de- partment in America. His first historical piece was "Salvator Rosa among the Brigands." Another, repre- senting " Columbus before the Council at Salamanca, " was exhibited at Washington in 1847, an d with sucn suc- cess as to secure Mr. Powell a commission from Con- gress, against more than sixty competitors, by a unani- mous vote of the senate and over six to one in the lower branch, to paint an historical picture in the sole panel of the rotunda of the capital then remaining vacant. He chose the subject, "De Soto discovering the Mississippi;'' his conception of which may be studied at leisure by visitors to the capitol. Other pieces of the kind of Mr. Powell's production are the "Burial of De Soto," and the "Signing of the Constitution by the Pil- grims on board the Mayflower." His "Battle of Lake Erie," in the rotunda of the capitol at Columbus, is much admired. Some notable portraits of his are also extant, as one of Lamartine, painted for the Maryland Historical society, and two of John Quincy Adams, one of which was presented to the Cincinnati observatory, in recognition of the services rendered by "the old man eloquent" in founding that institution. Read has attained unto fame rather as a poet than an artist, and his later life, which has been spent mostly in Rome, has not fulfilled the promise of his youth in giving life and beauty to canvas. Still, his work is very pleas- antly remembered, and such of it as remains in Cincin- nati is still shown with much interest. Among the toilers in art here during the decade 1830-40, may be mentioned Thomas Tuttle, a portrait painter and one of West's pupils, who commenced his career in 1830; Sidney S. Lyon, here in 1836, but afterwards of Louisville, a portrait and landscape painter; E. Hall Martin, marine painter, who went in 185 1 to California, leaving many of his first pieces here; Augus- tus Rostaing, 1835, carver of cameo likenesses and ideal heads upon shell, who returned to France, his native land, and resided in Paris; Frederick Berbrecht, a Prus- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO 239 sian landscape and historical painter, and producer of the altar pieces burned with the Trinity Catholic church in 1852; George Henry Shaffer; Thomas Campbell, 1840, miniature painter; W. P. Brannan, landscape and genre painter; A. Baldwin, marine scenes principally; T Witheridge, afterwards of Dusseldorf, where he painted "The Poachers," which was much reproduced in litho- graphy; John Cranch, of New York subsequently, painter; and John Airy, an English sculptor, who made the Gano monument, now in Spring G rove cemetery. Airy is said to have possessed a fair ameunt of genius and a rich fancy, coupled with genuine devotion to art; but he suffered from the weakness of appetite, which took him prematurely out of the world. Other early Cincinnati sculptors were Christopher C. Brackett, a name, as associated with Boston, of very con- siderable renown; H. K. Brown, who went to Brooklyn and achieved eminence; John L. Whetstone, after- wards a well-known civil engineer; and Nathan F. Baker, sculptor of "Egeria" and of the "Cincinnatus" which may still be discerned through the grime and soot on the front of the Baker building on Fourth street, between Main and Walnut. Though he long since abandoned the chisel, he is still an enthusiastic lover and patron of fine art. Eastman Johnson, one of the most successful and dis- tinguished of American artists, had his studio for a time in Cincinnati, in the Bacon building, at the corner of Walnut and Sixth streets. He had more of the sensitive high-art feeling than most of his professional brethren; and, although his circumstances then presented a striking contrast to the wealth and ease of his later years, so much so that at times he could not pay his board-bills, he de- clined to lower his customary rates for a portrait — seventy- five dollars, which was rather high for that time. Mr. Ratterman relates the following anecdote by way of excep- tion: "A widow came one day to Johnson, asking him to paint the portrait of her only son, a lad of four years. She had lost her husband without retaining his picture; and, as the boy had the features of his father, she could not bear to think that- she might also lose the boy with- out his portrait, and thus be deprived of all recollection of her deceased husband. But she had only forty dol- lars. It was all she possessed, and the art of photograph- ing was not yet invented. Not even was there a daguer- reotypist in those days in Cincinnati. So she offered to Johnson these last forty dollars, if he would paint the picture of her boy. Mr. Johnson, however, refused to take less than seventy-five dollars for painting it, and the widow left in despair. A week or so later, however, he was unable to pay his board and lodging, and was turned out on the street by his landlady. He obtained a new boarding-house, upon Mr. Wiswell going security for him. Two weeks later Johnson asked Wiswell if he knew the lady who wanted the portrait of her boy painted. He had reconsidered his determination, and would paint the portrait for the forty dollars. The widow was found, the portrait of the child painted; and a beautiful picture it was, indeed. The picture was exhibited in Wiswell's, and was admired by every one seeing it, which brought to Johnson more work than he could make." While here, Mr. Johnson painted portraits of Edmund Dexter, George Selves, and many other prominent citi- zens. He afterwards gave his energies mainly to genre painting, in which, as well as other departments of the art, he has achieved great distinction. The transition period of art in Cincinnati, from the earlier to the later time, is considered to be that of the Frankenstein family — four brothers and one sister — all of them eccentric personages, and two of them, John P. and Godfrey N. Frankenstein, artists of no little merit. The latter was a landscape painter of note in his day, copying directly from nature, and exhibiting marked originality in his treatment of themes. He painted many portraits ; among them those of Abbott Lawrence, Charles Francis Adams, George Ticknor, and other famous Bostonians. He was the tutor in art of the more distinguished William Sonntag, son of a German chemist who was junior mem- ber of the firm of Allen & Sonntag, dealers in drugs and medicines. Mr. Ratterman says : When Sonntag began to paint his pictures, they were so novel in their conception and rich in coloring, though less delicate i.n their exe- cution, that they at once became the rage. Everybody wanted to have a. " Sonntag, " and Sonntag was not disinclined to please everybody; so he painted away, and every two or three days brought forth from his fruitful easel a new landscape, and into his pocket a new treasure of fifty, seventy-five, or a hundred dollars — and all sides appeared for awhile satisfied. Soon, however, it was ascertained that Sonntag's pictures were not at all scarce, but as plenty as blackberries; and the parties that had measured the value of a picture according to the com- parative scarcity of them, not in the point of real merit, became dissat- isfied, and the So'nntag rage subsided. But after this mania for his pictures had passed, Sonn- tag became so poor that he lived for a time upon the charity of his friends, who finally made a collection to purchase the railroad ticket with which he went away. In New York afterwards he became very popular, and amassed wealth by his busy labors. Godfrey Frankenstein was a sculptor as well as painter, and made the portrait bust of Judge McLean, which still stands in the United States district court-room in Cincin- nati. The other brothers, Francis and George, also tried their hand in painting, but did not attain the celebrity of John and Godfrey. Tradition says that their early ten- tative efforts were expended in 1828, upon a series of painted tablets for Jacob Reiss' pleasure-garden. Miss Frankenstein was also something of an artist, but is bet- ter remembered as the first teacher of the German de- partment in the Cincinnati public schools. The Frank- enstein family went finally to Springfield, Ohio, where they now reside. A second Cincinnati academy of fine arts was founded October 18, 1838, by a number of young men, "in order that by their union they might obtain greater facilities for improvement in the various branches of the fine arts." Godfrey Frankenstein was its first president, and John L. Whetstone, the sculptor, first secretary. The next year they opened an art exhibition, the first of the kind ever made in the west, at the Mechanics' institute. It com- prised about one hundred and fifty works, by both foreign and native artists; and though it realized nothing byway 240 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. of pecuniary profit, it served an admirable purpose in stimulating the aesthetic and artistic sentiment here, and preparing the way for better things in the future. It is held by local authorities on art history that its golden age in this city was the decade 1840-50. Mr. Ratterman relates : During this period art evinced more life, more vitality, more self-reli- ance, in Cincinnati than at any other period. After 1850 it sank lower and lower. Not that the city then ceased to produce artists of genius. On the contrary, it raised in modern days more than ever, and compar- atively more and greater ones than any other American municipality, not excepting the "Hub of the universe." It is no bombastic puffery if we make this assertion. Our city was generally the starting point o f American artists. We gave them birth and nourishment in thir infancy; and when our artists were grown to manhood, then the east would come to woo and wed them, and boast of them as their own. The Academy of fine arts, brief as was its existence, did much to inaugurate this era. It was short-lived ; and another effort was made in behalf of art culture, by the establishment of a department of the fine arts in the new Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowl- edge. Provision was made for it in the courses of lectures delivered before that body and the public; and the dis- quisitions upon various topics of art by James H. Beard, E. P. and John Cranch, and others, are remembered as foreshadowing a brilliant future for aesthetic growth in the Queen City. This society too, however, was doomed to extinction, and the materialistic view taken of art by the average Cincinnatian of that day is probably well set forth by Mr. John P. Foote, in a remark in his book on the Schools of Cincinnati. Says Mr. Foote: After the extinction of two academies and one section of fine arts, most of those who had been active in efforts for their encouragement and promotion thought best to let art stand upon its own feet and be governed by the laws of trade or of taste — and flourish or fade accord- ing to those laws. In 1846 the establishment of the American art union in New York city led to the founding of the Western art union in Cincinnati. Its headquarters were at the cor- ner of Fourth and Sycamore streets. Mr. Stetson was president of the union, and Messrs. E. S. Haines, Mar- chant, Baldwin the artist, and others, lent their energies to keep it in life for a fev/ years; but it had not the elements of permanence, and expired soon after its New York prototype. While it lasted, however, it exerted a health- ful and hopeful influence, and scattered many excellent works of art through the city and more or less over the west and south. Following this was a scheme for a national portrait gallery, toward which a purchase was made of Rembrandt Peak's well-known collection of portraits of heroes of the revolution, then forming part of Peak's museum in Phil- adelphia. Many other appropriate pictures were bought, and placed in a gallery, which was opened for public ex- hibition. This enterprise, contrary to . expectation, was shorter lived than the art societies. The paintings strangely but surely disappeared, and the Cincinnati national portrait gallery soon passed into history. Still later, in 1855, organized effort in behalf of art took the form of a ladies' gallery of the fine arts, which was projected by Mrs. Peter. Its plan was to secure for exhibition copies of famous works by the old masters — copies made by artists whose reputation would alone be a sufficient guarantee of their authenticity. The ener- getic projector of the scheme made two voyages to Europe in its interest; but she did not meet with suffi- cient co-operation and encouragement otherwise to war- rant the consummation of the undertaking. No special associated endeavors have since been made here to aid fine art. A very excellent school of design has been maintained in connection with the Mechanics' institute, and receives due notice in our history of that institution. A school of art .and design, with instructors in the sev- eral branches -of sculpture, carving, drawing and per- spective, decorative design and water-color painting, also exists as a department of the Cincinnati university, with rooms in the College building, on Walnut street. It was founded in 1868, and has already done a good work, as is shown by the facts set forth in our outline history of the university. Recurring to the golden age, it may be mentioned that Mr. Charles Souk, the oldest artist in the city by contin- uous residence and work, set up his easel here during that period, in 1841, at No. 83 West Seventh street. The full-length portrait of Josiah Lawrence, in the Mer- chants' exchange, and many other well-known portraits, are among his works. Miss Clara Souk, his daughter, was also a meritorious artist, painting flower and fruit pieces, as well as portraitts. Mrs. Lily Martin Spencer, who achieved considerable though perhaps but temporary fame, was a favorite in this city for some years. She furnished a number of the best paintings distributed by the Art union, as well as some popular subjects for engraving. Her specialty was Shake- spearian delineation, and her King Lear, Ophelia, Romeo and Juliet, and others, added materially to her fame. The latter part of her career was in New York city. J. Insco Williams dated here from 1842. His histori- cal pieces were very favorably received, and his elaborate Panorama of the Bible, which was burned in 1851 or 1852, was publicly exhibited with some success. Other well-remembered artists of or about this decade were B. M. McConkey, 1844, afterwards a student of the Dusseldorf school; William Walcutt, 1844, subsequently of New York, painter of "The Battle of Monmouth;" Herrmann M. Groenland, also of 1844 and still a resi- dent of the city, a singer as well as artist, who receives due notice in our history of music in Cincinnati; J. C. Wolf, painter of allegorical and historical pictures, whose "Joseph and Potiphar's Wife" was long among the adorn- ments of the St. Charles exchange; J. O. Eaton, 1846, since of &ew York city, and one of the most famous por- trait painters in the land; A. H. Hammill, 1847, and continuously here since, except for a short time at Waynes- vilk, Ohio, painter of animals and birds; and Gerhard Mueller and Henry Koempel, historical painters. Mueller had been a student at Munich, and came here in 1839 or 1840, occupying a studio in an old frame building where the Debolt exchange was subsequently built. Some of his works are to be seen in St. Mary's, St. Joseph's and other Catholic churches of this city. William, his son, who changed his name to Miller, was a meritorious paint- er of miniatures. Mr. Koempel began his labors in 1848, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 241 and won -but small renown. An attempted adaptation of Guido's St. Michael, by Koempel, is in existence as the altar-piece of St. Michael's church, in the Twenty-first "ward. About 1840 came another Catholic artist, a Suabian, in the person of Michael Muckle the sculptor. He had a specialty of saints and crucifixions, and made so many of the latter as to obtain among the Germans the sobri- quet of "Herrgott-schmitzes," or the crucifix carver. C. E. Gidland, another of Cincinnati's veteran artists, also dates from this decade, and keeps his studio still at No. 8 East Fourth street. Mr. Ratterman says: "He is of a very eccentric nature; yet his pictures are full of vivacity and, though sometimes roughly sketched, of striking color effect." Another veteran of the golden age, but in a different walk of art, was Mr. T. D. Jones, the sculptor, who is be- lieved to have made more portrait busts than any other artist in the country. Among his subjects were Clay, Cass, Corwin, Chase, and other notabilities whose names do not begin with C. He modeled the fine figure in bronze of the Soldier on Guard, which adorns the sol- diers' lot in Spring Grove cemetery. Mr. Cist also names, as portrait and landscape painters in Cincinnati before 1851, Messrs. C. R. Edwards, Jacob Cox (afterwards of Indianapolis), D. B. Walcutt, the brothers C. J. and Jesse Hulse, C. S. Spinning, George W. Philipps, P. McCreight, Ralph Butts, A. P. Bonte, George W. White, Jacob H. Sloop, and Miss S. Gengem- bre; none of whom attained distinguished honors. The only colored artist of note Cincinnati has pro- duced is R. S. Duncanson, who opened his studio here in 1843. He was presently taken up by the Anti-slavery league, which saw in him a valuable piece of testimony against the assertion that the colored people are devoid of genius, and was aided by the society to go to Europe, where he resided for a time in Edinburgh. His talent was versatile, enabling him to turn out at will portraits, land- scapes, fruit, flower, or genre pieces, or even histori- cal pictures. He painted the portraits of Charles Sumner, James G. Birney, and other anti-slavery agitators. In the higher walk of the art his principal pieces are: "The Trial of Shakspere," "Shylock and Jessica," "The Ruins of Carthage," "The Western Hunter's Encamp- ment," etc. The painters of the later and present days in Cincin- nati are mostly portrait painters. Among them have been, or are: John Aubrey, Dwight Benton, Anthony Biester, A. Gianini, E. D. Grafton (a painter in water-colors), Her- man Goldsticke (removed to Quincy, Illinois), R. H. Hammond, J. A. Knapp, T. C. Lindsay, Israel Quick, Mary W. Richardson, Alexander Roeschke, Charles Rossi, Louis Schwebel, Raphael Strauss, Will P. Noble, Ru- dolph Tschudi, Michael Lendouski, T. C. Webber, Henry Mosler, Frank Duveneck, and others. The first named of these, Aubery, has done something in historical as well as portrait painting. His "Gloria in Excelsis Deo," "Prometheus," "Charon," and "Eve's Daughters," are warmly praised. He was the painter of the altar-piece in the Church of the Holy Trinity, in this city, burned a number of years ago. Mr. A. has been a painter in Cincinnati for nearly a generation, and his works are almost countless. Mr. Webber has also painted in the historical field — as "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Rescue," the latter of'which has been numerously reproduced in chromo-lithograph. A number of Mosler's miscellaneous pieces have been similarly copied and widely scattered — his "Lost Cause," "Found," "Asking a Blessing," etc. His "Preparing for Sunday" is considered one of his best pieces. Mr. Benton lias likewise some pictures outside the line of portrait-paint- ing, as, "Evening," "Morning," and "The Wood-Path." Duveneck is the most widely celebrated of Cincinnati artists. He is a native of Covington, of an old German family there, born in 1848. While still a boy he exhib- ited signs of talent, and at thirteen became the pupil of Schmidt, in Covington, with whom he remained for six years, during which he traveled much over the United States and the Canadas, painting saints and angels in the Catholic churches. Among his figures was a Madonna, which had such marked and original characteristics that it attracted great attention to his work, and materially aided him in procuring the means for study in Europe. At nineteen he reached Munich, where the new school of Dietz was just rising into prominence. Duveneck joined himself to it, in full sympathy with its vigorous color and realistic tendencies; and soon won a place among his seniors by his delicate and able treatment of study- heads. He here made a strong portrait of a classmate, since Professor Loefftz, which is owned by Mr. Herrman Goepper, in this city. His later "Circassian" is consid- ered among the masterpieces in the Boston, Museum, and, either by accident or intention, appears first on the cata- logue. It is related of this that it could not secure a purchaser in Cincinnati at any price, but that a friend of Duveneck's finally took it at fifty dollars, carried it to an art exhibition in Boston, and easily sold'it there for eight hundred dollars ! The graceful genii which beautify the ceiling of the Grand Opera House are also the work of Duveneck's facile brush. He spent ten years in this city, but was comparatively unappreciated, and reaped small pecuniary reward from his labors; he then returned to Europe. One of his pupils, also a graduate of the School of Design, Mr. Alfred T. Brannan, remains. A praised picture of his — "A Garden Scene in Portugal" — is the property of Mr. A. Gunnison, of Glendale. Henry F. Farny employs his talents principally and profitably in designing the pictures for school books, a department of art which he has almost revolutionized. He has made several visits to the Indian tribes to study their dress and manners, for the purposes of his work. His picture of "The Fugitives" has a history somewhat similar to that of Duveneck's "Circassian," in that it found no purchaser here at anything like its value, but was finally sold at the nominal price of forty dollars, taken to New York and sold for five times as much. Of late Mr. Farny's work in the beautiful and striking illustration of Professor W. H. Venable's well-known poem, "The Teacher's Dream," published as a holiday gift book for 1880, has attracted much attention. 31 242 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. William Lamprecht, an historical painter of considera- ble celebrity, resided for some time in Cincinnati, but did not meet the encouragement he seemed to deserve. Among his best known pieces are "Fen wick, the Apostle of Ohio," a portrait of the first bishop of Cincinnati, with an effective landscape and fitting surroundings; "Mar- quette Discovering the Mississippi," and "The Crowning of St. Mary's," which is in St. Mary's church, in this city. He worked for a time here in company with Lang, who made a specialty of architectonic painting, and left speci- mens of his art in St. Ludwig's church. He too went away, returning to his Fatherland. Others who attempted to make an artist home in Cin- cinnati, but finally settled elsewhere, include Philip Wal- ter, a miniature painter and also a talented musician, conductor of the Cincinnati Ssengerfest of 1870, now of Baltimore; Kemper, of Philadelphia; and young Den- nis, of Antwerp, in Belgium. Professor Thomas S. Noble, painter of the "Hidden Nemesis" and "Forgiven," is principal of the School of Design, a department of the university of Cincinnati. Among the home artists, amateur and professional, whose works have figured of recent years at the exposi- tions and in the windows of art stores, are Mrs. H. James, with fruits, flowers, and birds; Mary Spencer, flowers; Mary E. Snowden, portraits ; Colonel George Ward Nich- ols, president of the College of Music; Mr. Landon Long- worth; Claude R. Hirst, devotional pictures; Gustave and Joseph Malchus; George Sharpless and J. R. Tait, landscapes; Joseph Turanjou and W. W. Woodward, pu- pils of Gerome; J. H. Twachtman, landscapes; and Hi- ram Wright, game and fruit pieces. The sculptors of Cincinnati, besides those already men- tioned, have not been numerous, but talented in propor- tion to their rarity. Charles Bullitt was a French artist, who set up his studio at the corner of Fourth and Elm streets, chiefly for the sculpture of portrait-busts and me- dallions. He went to New Orleans a little before the war of the Rebellion broke out. About the same time Signor G. Fazzia, an Italian, was here modeling portraits and statuary in clay and plaster. M. Ezekiel was a young sculptor for a time in this city, who chiseled, among other work, the Hebrew monu- ment in Washington city, said to be the largest piece of marble statuary in the country. He has been in Rome for a number of years. August Mundhenk,'ayoung artist, exhibited his "Auld Lang Syne" with credit at the Centennial Exposition. Himself and partner, Herr Konrad Hoffman, both found- ers of theMunich 'Art School, introduced ^the zinc-cast statuary into the city, of which the copy of Kiss's Ama- zon and the griffins in front of the building of the Ama- zon Insurance company, on Vine street, are fair speci- mens. Frederick and Henry Schroeder, brothers, are sculptors in wood, working mainly upon altars and pulpit orna- ments_for the churches. Herman Allard, a pupil of Achterman at Minster, labors'jn'the same work of art. His more famous pieces are: "The Death of St. Joseph," "Germania, the Protectress of Art and Science," and a life-size statue of an Indian in his war-dress. He was also the sculptor of the statue of St. Paul, heroic size, ex- hibited at the Exposition of 1873. Mr. Joseph Libbel, a student and comrade with Allard, produced "Always my Luck," which took a premium at one of the exhibitions of the School of Design; also "Asleep," "Caught," and other pieces of statuary. Signor Louis T. Rebisso, teacher of sculpture at the University School of Design, and modeler of the eques- trian statue of General McPherson at Washington city; Charles L. Fettweis, jr., a native of Cincinnati, afterwards a student at Rome, and sculptor of "The Castaway," or "Wrecked," "The Italian Shepherd Boy," "Germania," the colossal statue adorning the building of the German Mutual Insurance company on the corner of Twelfth and Walnut streets, and the bust of General R. L. McCook in Washington Park; Francis X. Dengler — "the poet among our artists," says Mr. Ratterman, "where the others are but simple prose-writers" — sculptor of "Imelda and Azzo," "Blind," and "Damroschen," which, the last- named, won a gold medal at the Art Academy of Munich, while the first was pronounced by Lamprecht the greatest work of American art — now professor at the Boston Art Museum; with Mrs. Wilson, of Walnut Hills, modeler of a large piece of statuary cut in marble at Rome for Lane Seminary, are other honored names in the later roll of Cincinnati sculptors. THE ART FOUNDRY. Within a few months a notable impetus has been given to this department by the establishment of the Cincin- nati Art Foundry, at No. 21 Hunt street. The partners in this enterprise are all o'f foreign birth — Louis T. Re- bisso, of the Art School; August Mundhenk; and Con- rad Walther, who was of the famous royal foundry at Munich, and came with the Tyler-Davidson fountain to this city to aid in setting it up, afterwards returning to settle here. They are undertaking ^rt-works in marble or any kind of metal; as fountains, monuments, reliefs, statues, groups, etc. Among the works already executed or in process of excution are the heroic statue of Gen- eral McPherson, designed by Rebisso, and the Odd Fel- lows' monument, in Spring Grove Cemetery, executed at a cost of twenty thousand dollars. The studio and shops of these gentlemen are now among the most interesting features of fine art in the Queen City. ARCHITECTURE. This is now distinctly recognized as one of the fine arts; and, notwithstanding the plainness of many of the earlier buildings yet standing, there are enough of the higher order to illustrate the development of this branch of art in the Queen City. It was long after Losantiville, however, before the primitive log cabin or the rude frame building formed of boat-boards or the product of the early saw-mills gave way to more ornamental and taste- ful structures. Until about 1800 the log cabin was still the type of the Cincinnati building; then the plain frame house became common; and finally, with the general ad- vent of brick and stone, a better era of architecture set HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 243 in. In the enumeration of the buildings of the town, made 1815, less than two per cent, of them were found to be of stone and but about twenty-three per cent, of brick. The number of brick and stone buildings had increased by 181 9, the year the city government was instituted, to four hundred and thirty-two, or about two- ninths of the whole number; and in 1826 to nine hun- dred and fifty-four, or three-eighths of all. The Germans inclined specially to the brick house, from the accus- tomed weight and solidity of their buildings in the Father- land. In many cases, it is said, the buildings of Cincin- nati's first half-century were erected not only without the aid of an architect, but without building-plans or designs of any kind in a formal draft; and when they were first introduced, they were rudely drawn by the builder upon a smooth board or a shingle, and not elaborately, as now, on draughting paper. Even the pioneer public buildings, as the First Presbyterian church, erected in 1792, were put up without plans and specifications. The second church built by the same society about 181 3, was still very plain, but of brick, had two spires of the utmost simplicity, and was otherwise almost wholly devoid of ornament. It is not until 1824, in the Directory of that year, that mention is made of an architect by profession — Mr. Michael Scott, an Irishman by birth, and until that year, or thereabouts, a house carpenter. In the spring of 1825 he designed the plans of the old St. Peter's cathedral on Sycamore street, on the site now occupied by St. Xavier's church. A picture of this may be seen in Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio and in the sin- gle volume of the Monthly Chronicle, published by the late E. D. Mansfield, in 1839. No successor or rival to Scott appeared until 1834, by which time the pioneer architect was dead. Then came Seneca Palmer, from Albany, who was the architect of the original Lane seminary buildings, of which the chapel, with its Doric front and colonnade of pillars, is the most marked remain. He also designed the building for the Western Baptist Theological seminary in Covington, and it is believed also the Lafayette bank building on Third street. Some of his best plans are undoubtedly to be attribu- ted to a superior German architect, Mr. John Jolasse, who was in his employ. They were kept to reasonable plain- ness, however, by the comparative poverty of house-own- ers at that time, as well as the incipiency of taste for ornamentation in architecture. Sometimes, in the effort at display, a comical mixture of styles occurred, as Doric or Ionic mouldings upon a Gothic window, or a Tuscan column surmounted b'y a Corinthian capital. It is said the old Trust company's building, at the corner of Third street, had a colonnade of Doric pillars with Ionic capi- tals. The most hideous example, however, long remained in the well-known "Trollope's Folly," or Bazaar building, on Third street, west of Broadway. It was erected in 1829-30, and presented a most absurd commixture of Ori- ental and Occidental styles, of which endless fun was made by the English tourists who since visited it, as well as by the citizens of the community it afflicted. Its archi- tect is said to have been the painter Hervieu, a French- man who came with Mrs. Trollope, and was the designer of the caricatures upon American manners in her book, as well as decorator of her building and painter of a large picture of Lafayette's Landing at Cincinnati. Francis Ignatz Erd, designer of the plans for St. Mary's Catholic Church, on Thirteenth street, was another of the early architects ; also Henry Walter, who is mentioned first in the directory of 1842, but who was long before that designer, in the Greco-Doric style, of the old Second Presbyterian Church on Fourth street, where now the splendid warehouse of the Mitchell & Rammelsberg Furniture Company stands, and of St. Peter's Cathedral, on the corner of Ninth and Plum streets, which has been so much admired for more than forty years, notwithstand- ing its incongruities of architecture ; also of the House of Refuge, in the Norman-Gothic style, a truly splendid edifice. Mr. Walter died shortly after its commence- ment, and the work was then entrusted to his partner, Mr. Joseph W. Thwaites, and his son, William Walter. The latter, afterwards in association with James K. Wil- son, has long been a prominent architect here. The burning of the old Shires' Garden Theatre, on the corner of Third and Vine streets, in 1847, and the projecting of the Burnet House by a company of local capitalists, brought to the city Mr. Isaiah Rogers, one of the most famous architects in the west until his lamented death. He was designer of the noble structure named, which was a marvel of hotel architecture in those days, and is still unsurpassed by its kind in the city. The Lunatic Asylum at Longview, likewise designed by Rogers, embodies the same ideas as the Burnet House, but on a larger scale. After the coming of Rogers and the impetus given by increasing taste and prosperity to beautiful architecture, the gentlemen of the profession rapidly multiplied. In iS^ are noted, as architects here, Messrs. B. L. W, Kelley, Robert A. Love, James O. Sawyer, George W. Stevenson, and James K. Wilson ; in 1850, Joseph J. Husband; 1851, John Bast; r8s3, J. R. Hamilton, J. B. Earnshaw, Joseph Gottle, Otto G. Leopold, James McClure, Robert Haines, William H. Bayless, Hudson B. Curtiss, William Tinsley & Son, E. C. Schultz, and Stephen Reddick ; Charles B. Boyle, Adrian Hagemann, and William S. Rosecrans (since known to the world as the Union general and now Congressman), in 1855 ; James W. McLaughlin, Edwin A. Anderson, Carl Victor Bechmann, and Samuel Hannaford, in 1858; Anthony & Louis Piket, father and son, and Georg Willmer, 1859 ; Charles P. Dwyer, John Mierenfield, and Francis W. Moore, in 1863; and so on down in rapidly increas- ing numbers. The principal buildings designed by these are the Hughes High School, Norman-Gothic, by Earn- shaw; the Woodward High School, English-Gothic, by Hamilton; St. Peter's German Protestant Church, by Louis Piket ; the magnificent St. Xavier's Church, Ger- man-Gothic, and the St. Xavier College, by Anthony Piket; and some others, including the present First Presbyterian Church, the Mechanics' Institute and Medi- cal College buildings, the Court House, etc. The heavier Grecian and Roman styles of architecture have long been out of fashion in Cincinnati, and have 244 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. been superseded by the more picturesque orders. The elegant post office building, on the corner of Vine and Fourth, is about the last example of the old styles that was erected here. The later Byzantine style is well rep- resented in the Masonic temple, St. Francis' (Catholic) church, and the depot of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad. All of these were designed by James W. McLaughlin. Other fine specimens ars the St. Geor- gius church, on Calhoun street, and the Catholic Insti- tute building, now the Grand Opera House. The Italian or Renaissance style appears in the great Government building on Fifth street, designed by the Government architect, Mr. A. B. Mullett; the Johnston building, by McLaughlin; the Cincinnati hospital, by A. C. Nash; the German Mutual Insurance company's building, by John Bast; the old Music Hall, by Sigmund Kutznitzki; Robinson's and Pike's opera houses, the Grand hotel, the Gibson house, the Public library, the hilltop resorts known as Bellevue and the Highland house, the Arcade, the Carlisle, Mitchell, Sinton, Halbert, Simon & Thurnauer blocks, and many others of more or less recent construc- tion. Several of these combine sculptural with archi- tectural art in their external effects. It is said that the first piece of statuary applied to a building front in the city is that on the Baker building, Fourth street, between Main and Walnut — a life-sized statue of Cincinnatus, by Nathan F Baker. The Moresque style of architecture is superbly repre- sented here by the two Jewish temples — the synagogue of the Children of Israel and that of the Benai Jeshurun. Mr. Samuel Hannaford designed several buildings, among the more notable structures of Cincinnati's later day, which it is difficult to classify, except as of his design. Such are the city workhouse, the present Music Hall, and the Longworth and Bell buildings on Central avenue. THE SCHOOL OF ART AND DESIGN. The history of this institution, a department of the Cincinnati university and the first to be founded, has al- ready been outlined in our chapter on education. It now comprises not only the School of Art and Design proper, opened January 4, 1869, but also the Wood-carving school, started under Benn Pitman in 1873, and the de- partment of sculpture, organized by Professor Rebisso in 1875. The former was the first school ever established for the instruction of women in artistic wood-carving. Some of the admirable work done by its young-lady students may be seen upon the carved screen in front of the great organ in Music hall. This work was a labor of love for those engaged upon it, and is justly reckoned very elegant and tasteful. An exhibition of the work of the school made at the Centennial fair in Philadelphia, in the Women's pavilion, excited much attention, and won the award of three medals. It success has led di- rectly to the establishment of similar schools in St. Louis, Wheeling, Rochester, Portsmouth, Ohio, and Sheffield, England. The Hon. Samuel F. Hunt, president of the board of directors of the university, in his address at the annual commencement in June, 1880, thus testified to the influence of the Art school: The influence of the school in Cincinnati during the eleven years of its existence has been of a marked character. It has elevated the standard of taste in the appreciation of all beautiful things. In fact, all the industries of this city in which artistic decoration is employed to enhance the value of the manufactured article are indebted to this school, not merely for the general improvement in taste, but for • the education of many of the skilled artisans who produce the work. The object of the instruction is not, as many suppose, for the sake of an accomplish- ment, nor, indeed, for the development of the fine arts alone. It is de- signed to give thorough technical training in the principles as well as in the art of drawing, so that the information may subsequently be applied in all operative forms, whether of machinery, engi- neering, architecture, manufactures, or the arts. It is proposed to expand the inventive faculty of applying new forms to material. Rich and poor are alike received and alike trained free of charge, and the crowning usefulness of the school consists in the fact that a correct taste and a high artistic skill are inspired in those who carry it directly into the workshops of Cincinnati. Many have gone to all parts of the country from this school, who are now filling positions as teachers, ar- tisans or artists. Those who have gone abroad to complete their art education have taken honorable rank at once in the foreign schools. At the last exhibition of the Fine Art academy at Munich three of the former students were, at the end of the first year, awarded medals and one received honorable mention. In Paris another was admitted to the class of Gerome in the Ecole des Beaux Arts — a tribute to the thor- oughness of previous training. The group of Mr. Charles Nieham was placed in a niche of the gallery set apart for the most successful worker in the school. Cincinnati is a great manufacturing centre, and there are many skilled workmen in her shops. The great need is to apply that assthetic'taste and that educated hand and ear and eye, as far as may be necessary, to industrial pursuits. There is great need to destroy the idea that any antagonism exists between art and industry. It will be found that the greater part of our manufactures owe their merit, their attraction and their profitable sale to the degree of taste which they exhibit in the art of design. This will not only be seen in the manufacture of bronze and the more valuable metals, but in tapestry and silks and satins and multiplied in calico prints. A prominent manufacturer of the city adds the opinion that the establishment of this department of the university has already revolutionized the style of the higher grades of goods, and that Cincinnati is rapidly taking the lead of all cities in the world for first-class parlor furniture. Sixteen ladies from the school of wood-carving were employed by Mr. William Hooper, who was building an elegant resi- dence on the hills, to decorate the entire wainscot panel- ing of a large hall, which was done, it is said, "with such excellent taste and feeling that it has called forth the most hearty commendation from the proprietor as well as from others who, from study and observation, are capable of forming an intelligent opinion." The very shop-win- dows of the city, now among the finest in the world, show in a conspicuous way the influence of the art school. A thorough, graded course of instruction has been intro- duced, culminating in a university diploma at the end of successful study. Instead of prizes at the annual ex- hibition, the quality of work exhibited is hereafter to de- termine the grade of diploma awarded. Among the art-works possessed by the school are casts from some of the most famous antiques, as the Laocoon, the Venus of Milo, Diana and the Stag, etc., of heroic size; the Wrestlers, the Discobolus, the Venus de Medici, and others, life size; Cincinnatus, the Faun with a Flute, the Moses of Michael Angelo, the Dying Gladiator, and many more, of reduced size; with still smaller casts, busts, fragments, etc., and many large and small paint- ings, crayon and pastel drawings, autotypes from draw- ings of old masters, engravings and lithographs, and a HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 245 valuable library of books on art. The collection in- cludes the gift of paintings and statuary made to the "McMicken university'' in June, 1864, by the Ladies' Academy of Art, the institution organized by Mrs. Sarah Peter and others some time before 1855, but not now in existence. This donation really started the movement which led to the formation of the art school. fry's carving-school is a private institution under the management of the vet- eran artist in wood, Professor Henry S. Fry, and his son William H. FryJ and a granddaughter. These instructors and artists did much of the beautiful work on the great organ in Music hall, and also the adornment in carved work of Mr. Henry Probasco's residence in Clifton and the dwellings of Judge Longworth and Colonel George Ward Nichols, on the Grandin road. Their school is over Wis well's art store, at No. 70 Fourth street. ART MUSEUM ASSOCIATIONS. The Women's Art Museum Association of Cincinnati grew out of a resolution adopted at the final meeting, January 18, 1877, of the Women's Centerinial Executive Committee of Cincinnati, as follows: Resolved, That it is the wish of this committee that they re-organize as an association to advance women's work, more especially in the field of industrial art. Also, Resolved, That Mrs. A. F. Perry be requested, at a suitable time, to call a meeting for deliberation, and lay before it a definite plan of work. In pursuance of these resolutions, a meeting of ladies was held January 27, 1877, at which the paper requested was presented by Mrs. Perry. It argued ably, with am- ple and forcible illustrations, for the establishment of a ladies association here, which should look to the found- ing of an art museum. A joint meeting of ladies and gentlemen was held March 12th, at the house of Mrs. A. S. Winslow, which resulted in the appointment of a com- mittee to prepare a scheme for the organization and estab- lishment of an art museum and training schools in this city. The committee reported at a subsequent meeting at the same place, recommending "that the ladies who have been for some time discussing the feasibility of such an undertaking should perfect an organization, in aid of the movement; and, in order to inspire confidence in those who may wish to contribute to the support of the enterprise, they recommend further that the following named gentlemen: A. T. Goshorn, Joseph Longworth, L. B. Harrison, A. D. Bullock, A. S. Winslow, Julius Dexter, George Ward Nichols, William H. Davis, O. J. Wilson, be invited to act as a committee to draft a form of subscription and to take such steps as, in their judg- ment, will best promote the establishment of an art museum, until such time as the subscribers to a fund for this object shall effect a permanent organization." At a meeting of ladies alone, held Saturday, April 28, 1877, to complete an organization whose object should be to interest the women of Cincinnati in aid of the es- tablishment of an art museum fn the city, it was resolved to give it the form of an association, which should reach by its membership every neighborhood, circle, and inter- est of the city and its suburbs. At this meeting a con- stitution was adopted and officers elected for the follow- ing year. The constitution defined the objects of the association to be "the cultivation and application of the principles of art to industrial pursuits, and the establish- ment of an art- museum in the city of Cincinnati." The officers elect were: President, Mrs. Aaron F. Perry; vice-presidents, Mrs. John Davis, Mrs. A. D. Bullock, Mrs. John Shillito, Mrs. A. S. Winslow, Mrs. George Carlisle, Mrs. William Dodd; treasurer, Mrs. H. C. Whitman; secretaries, Miss Elizabeth H. Appleton, Miss Laura Vallette. Mrs. Perry is still president, Miss Appleton recording secretary, and Mrs. Whitman treasurer of the association. The organization did much good work in the stimula- tion of fine art in the community, the holding of a loan exhibition in 1879, the preparation of many art works by its own members and their exhibition at the annual industrial expositions in the city, and by putting ideas and plans in the air which undoubtedly hastened the oncoming of the more immediately promising move- ment we are now about to record. On the eighth of September, 1880, at the opening of the annual industrial exposition, a letter was read from Mr. Charles W. West, a retired and wealthy merchant of Cincinnati, offering the munificent gift of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the establishment of an art museum in the city, conditioned upon the subscription of an additional and similar amount by others for the same purpose. The gift was hailed with immense acclama- tion near and far, and the work of raising the remainder was entered upon promptly. In a very few weeks, even before the exposition had closed, by the action of a few public-spirited gentlemen and the beneficence of a num- ber somewhat larger, the entire sum was raised, with sev- eral thousands to spare. The subscribers were then formed into a joint-stock company, which has held a number of meetings, principally with reference to a site for the museum. This matter was the subject of warm debate in the newspapers and community, as well as among those more closely interested; and many sites apparently eligible were suggested. As this work goes through the press, a site has not yet been definitely determined. A suitable building will of course go up rapidly upon it, when chosen, and art-collections cluster within its walls at once upon its completion. ART-CLUBS. The only societies of this character known to the gen- eral public in Cincinnati are the Pottery and Etching clubs. The former is a ladies' society, organized in April, 1879, by a number of ambitious amateurs, for the decora- tion in underglaze painting of pottery made from the Ohio valley clays. It meets twice a week in the rooms of the Women's Art Museum association, in Music-hall. Its president, Miss M. Louise McLaughlin, is author of "China Painting: A Practical Manual for the Use of Amateurs, in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain," which has been published in several editions, and of one or two other related books. She and others of the club have made very beautiful exhibits at the Industrial expositions. The Etching club is a society of gentlemen, under the 246 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. original presidency of Mr. Daniel S. Young, founded in March, 1879, ar >d meeting fortnightly at the studio of the artist Farny, in Pike's Opera-house building, where the members have the use of a press for taking impressions of their etchings. CHAPTER XXVI. MUSIC. THE FIRST SOCIETIES. The divine arts of harmonious and melodious vocali- zation and instrumentation had, like those of the fine arts which appeal to the eye, an early beginning in the Queen City. Readers who have pushed their way through the annals of Cincinnati's first decade, will remember that very early in those years a Mr. McLean joined to several other vocations, as of butcher and public officer, that of a singing-master. From time to time during all the years of Cincinnati village and town, advertisements similar to those of country . singing- schools appear in the local papers. For example, in a local paper for September, 1801, Mr. McLean advertises a singing-school to be maintained by subscription at one dollar a member for thirteen nights, or two dollars per quarter — "subscribers to find their own wood and candles. " At last, in the very year when Cincinnati town became Cincinnati city, we begin to have definite information of the formation of musical societies — as the Episcopal Singing society, organized in 1819, with Luman Watson, the clockmaker who was afterwards Hiram Powers' mas- ter, for president; F. A. Blake, vice president; Ed B. Cooke, secretary; and James M. Mason, treasurer. The younger Arthur St. Clair offered a lot and Mr. Jacob Bay- miller a building as a permanent home for this society. It nevertheless met in Christ Episcopal church, other- wise the old Baptist meeting-house on Sixth street, which had been leased by the Christ church organization. The same year, and only four years after the Handel and Haydn society was organized in Boston, the Haydn society was organized here, composed of sing- ers of the different choirs and other musical organ- izations of the infant city. Its first concert was given May 25, 1819, in the Baptist-Episcopal church men- tioned, for the benefit of a fund to purchase an organ for the church. The novelty of such an entertainment in Cincinnati is distinctly hinted in an announcement of it in the Spy newspaper, which said : Public concerts of this description, although rather a novelty here, are quite common in the eastern cities, and if well performed never fail to afford great pleasure to the audience, The same paper was enthusiastic in its praise after the affair, saying it gave "very general satisfaction," and adding : In addition to the excellent selection, the execution would have reflected credit on our eastern cities, and the melody in several instances was divine. This exhibition must have been highly grati- fying to those who begin to feel proud of our city. It is the strongest evidence we can adduce of our advancement in those embellishments which refine and harmonize society and give a zest to life. We hope that another opportunity will shortly occur for a further display of the talents of the Haydn society. For their endeavors to create a correct musical taste among us they deserve our thanks; but when to their efforts is added the disposition to aid the views of public charities or the services of the church, their claims to the most respectful attention and applause rise to an obligation on the community. The Haydns gave their second concert in the fall of 1 81 9, with a programme partly composed of classical music. Tickets were one dollar each— s-"one half of the proceeds to be appropriated to the several Sunday schools in the city, the other half to be applied for the purchase of music to remain the permanent property of the Cin- cinnati Haydn society." The committee of arrange- ments for this concert consisted of Edwin Mathews and Charles Fox, the latter of whom, in union with Benjamin Ely, advertised a singing-school to open at the Second Presbyterian church December 17th following, "at early candlelight." It is certain that, long before 181 9, there was a lively interest in musical affairs here, for a prominent Cincin- natian, the well-known author Timothy Flint, had had printed in 181 6 at the Liberty Hall office a new music book called The Columbian Harmonist, for which there must have been some local demand, or he would not have ventured it upon the market. A year or more before this, in Liberty Hall of April 8, 18 15, proposals were advertised for the publication by subscription of "a new and valuable collection of music, entitled 'The Western Harmonist,' by John McCormick,"' in which is this statement: "The author, having been many years in the contemplation of this work, flatters himself that he will be able to furnish the different societies with the most useful tunes and anthems. " From this it appears that there were also musical societies already in exist- ence, from whom the author expected co-operation and material aid. A brass band is known to have been for- mally organized under a more general name as early as 1814, by inference from the following notice in Liberty hall of October nth, of that year: CINCINNATI HARMONICAL SOCIETY. At a meeting held at Mr. Burt's tavern on Saturday evening last, it was unanimously resolved that the society shall meet at the established hour at the same place on Saturday evening of each succeeding week ; and that on next Saturday evening a proposed amendment of the by- laws will be finally discussed, of which previous notice shall be given to the society in general. The members are therefoie requested to be punctual in attending on Mr. Burt's on the fifteenth instant, at seven o'clock, r. m. A general attendance of the honorary members is particularly re- quired. By order, Thomas Danby, Secretary. Cincinnati, October 10. The annual concert and ball of this society or band was given December sixteenth ensuing, "at the large brick house on Front street, lately occupied by General Harrison." The repertoire of the band was quite exten- sive, and its selections, as played after the toasts at the banquet on the Fourth of July, 1819, are well worth naming again, as hints of Cincinnati band-music two generations ago. They were: Life let us Cherish, Will HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 247 you Come to the Bower, Hail Columbia, The White Cockade, Victory of Orleans, Italian Waltz, Echo, Mon- roe's March, America, Commerce and Freedom, Liberty or Death, Masonic Dead March, Liberty's March, Hull's Victory, Friendship, Lafayette's March, March in Blue Beard, Adams and Liberty, Star-spangled Banner, Sweet Harmony, Massachusetts March, Haydn's Fancy, Miss Ware's March, Pleyel's Hymn, Lawrence's Dirge, Away with Melancholy, Rural Felicity, Harmonical Society's March. It is believed that this society flourished to some date this side of 1820. The style of musical instruction in those days was somewhat unique. Such an advertisement as the follow- ing, which appeared in a local journal of December 18, 1815, would be regarded nowadays as decidedly queer, and perhaps as indicating small performance for so large promise: MUSICAL ACADEMY at Mrs. Hopkins', opposite Columbia Inn, Main street, Cincinnati. For teaching in a scientific and comprehensive manner, n scholar thir- teen tunes at least, in eighteen lessons, or no compensation will be re- quired, on any of the following instruments, viz : Clarinet, Flagotto or bassoon, Trumpet, Serpent, French horn, Flagolet, Bugle horn, Sacbut, Oboe, Hurdygurdy or beggar's lyre, Grand oboe or voice umane, Violin, Trombone, Violincello, Fife, Bass drum, German flute, Octave flute, Cymbals, etc., etc., etc. Military bands taught accurately and expeditiously, on a correct scale, on any of the above instruments, with appropriate music, by James H. Hoffman, P. A writer in the Daily Gazette of May 15, 1880— a number giving many historical facts concerning music in Cincinnati — to whose industry we are indebted for these citations, finds also notes of two other early concerts. On Saturday, May 29, 1819, "the Caledonian youths from Glasgow" gave a select concert on the Scotch harp at the. Cincinnati hotel, and on July 18, 1821, three sing- ing societies united in giving a concert of sacred music under the direction of Charles Fox, at which "Comfort Ye My People," and the Hallelujah Chorus from Han- del's Messiah were sung for the first time in Cincinnati. NOT THE FIRST CONCERT. It is very singular that Miss Martineau, who was here in 1835, should have received the impression from some Cincinnati friend, or otherwise, that the concert given during her visit was the first ever offered to the local public, when, doubtless, several scores had preceded it. Yet she so mentions it in her notes of the affair, as pub- lished in her Retrospect of Western Travel : Before eight o'clock in the evening the Cincinnati public was pouring into Mrs. Trollope's Bazaar, to the first concert ever offered to them. This Bazaar is the great deformity of the city. Happily, it is not very conspicuous, being squatted down among houses nearly as lofty as the summit of its dome. From my windows at the boarding-house, how- ever, it was only too distinctly visible. It is built of brick, and has Gothic windows, Grecian pillars, and a Turkish dome; and it was orig- inally ornamented with Egyptian devices, which have, however, disap- peared under the brush of the whitewasher. The concert was held in a large, plain room, where a quiet, well-man- nered audience was collected. There was something extremely interest- ing in the spectacle of the first public introduction of music into this rising city. One of the best performers was an elderly man, clothed from head to foot in gray homespun. He was absorbed in his enjoy- ment, so intent on his violin that one might watch the changes of his pleased countenance the whole performance through, without fear of disconcerting him. There was a young girl in a plain, white frock, with a splendid voice, a good ear, and a love of warbling which carried her through very well indeed, though her own taste had obviously been her only teacher. If I remember right, there were about five-and-twenty instrumental performers and six or seven vocalists, besides a long row for the closing chorus. It was a most promising begining. The thought came across me how far we were from the musical regions of the old world, and how lately this place had been a canebrake, echoing with the bellow and growl of wild beast; and here was the spirit of Mozart swaying and inspiring a silent crowd, as if they were assembled in the chapel at Salzburg ! These were, we believe, all local performers. THE CHRONOLOGICAL STORY. In a more consecutive way Mr. H. A. Ratterman, in an elaborate essay read before the' Literary club Novem- ber 9, 1879, has outlined the history of early music in Cincinnati. We subjoin some notes from the pages that embody the results of his industrious and well-directed labors ; General Wilkinson, who was commandant at Fort Washington after the departure of General Anthony Wayne, kept a band at the fort, whieh seems to have been rather highly accomplished for the time. They were, indeed, German and French musicians, who, says Klau- precht, in his German Chronicle in the History of the Ohio Valley, after speaking of Wilkinson's superb barge and the pleasure-parties thereon, "accompanied them with the harmonies of Gluck and Haydn, and the reports of the champagne bottles transported the guests from the wilds of the Northwestern territory into the Lucullian feasts of the European aristocracy." But the time came when the gay general removed his headquarters to New Orleans and when Fort Washington passed into history. The artistic band also then disappeared, except from the pleasant memories of the pioneers and the old soldiers formerly at the fort. One of the earliest musicians in Losantiville was Mr. Thomas Kennedy, a Scotchman who came in the spring of 1789, and afterwards removed to the Kentucky shore, long giving to what has since become Covington the name of Kennedy's ferry. This bonnie Scot, like the renowned Arkansas traveller, has found a place in litera- ture by the skillful use of his violin. A fellow-country- man of his, Mr. John Melish, was here in September, 181 1, and of course visited Mr. Kennedy. In one of his volumes of travel he accordingly makes record : Before we had finished our breakfast, Mr. Kennedy drew a fiddle from a box, and struck up the tune of "Rothemurchie's Rant." Heplayedin the true Highland style, and I could not stop to finish my breakfast, but started up and danced Shantrews. Tbe old man was delighted, and favored us with a great many Scottish airs. When he laid down the fiddle I took it up and commenced in my turn, playing some new strathspeys that he had not heard before ; but he knew the spirit of them full well, and he also gave us Shantrews, "louping near bawk hight," albeit he was well stricken in years. He next played a number of airs, all Scottish, on a whistle. Herr Klauprecht, in his " Chronik," says that a mu- sical organization called the St. Cecilia society was in existence here as early as 18 16; but very little else is now known of it. The notices gleaned from the newspapers of the decade 18 10-19 probably furnish all that is now certainly known of the musical societies of that time. A number of them appear in the first few paragraphs of this chapter. Somewhat earlier than 181 6, probably, an amateur band practiced at the residence of Frederick Amelung, 248 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. on Sycamore street, opposite the later site of the Na- tional theatre, where the artists subsequently rendez- voused. He was himself a musician, and also received notice in the literature of travel, Mr. F. Cuming, in his Sketches of a Tour to the Western Country, made in 1808, having noticed him in connection with a visit to Pittsburgh, where Amelung then lived. Among the members of this early musical society are said to have been Martin Baum, already a prominent merchant in town; Mons. Menessier, the eminent jurist and parlia- mentarian in Paris, but here the humble pastry cook on Main and Third streets; Albert Von Stein, a famous builder of waterworks, including the first waterworks of Cincinnati; Dr. Carl G. Ritter, a confectioner on Lower Market street; and Augustus Zemmer, another on Main street; Philibert Ratel, professional musician and the first dancing master in the place; George Charters, piano- maker; and Edward H. Stall, a druggist on Front street. It is shrewdly conjectured that the name of this musical club was the Apollonian society, since that was the name of the similar organization which met at Amelung's house in Pittsburgh, and is the name found in the Cincinnati Directory of 1825, as that of a musical organization here. This hypothesis, however, requires us to suppose a re- vival of an older society of the same title; for, says the authority of 1825, this "was organized about a year since," having "for its object the cultivation of vocal and instrumental music.'' The Directory goes on to say: "It is now in a flourishing state, and consists of forty active and honorary members, and is supported by a monthly tax on its members. The officers are a moder- ator, a standing committee of three, a treasurer, and a secretary. Singular to say, no musical leader or con- ductor is named. Old settlers suggest that he was very likely Mr. William Tellovv, who came to Cincinnati from Germany in 1817, and afterwards settled at Dayton and traveled with his family as a concert troupe, dying finally at New Orleans about 1835, of yellow fever. The Apol- lonians of this date were wont to meet in the saloon of George Juppenlatz, a baker at No. 26 Main street, and then at the Apollonian garden kept in the Deer Creek valley by Kothe & Ott, later by Ruter & Ott, a pioneer of the famous German beer gardens of Cincinnati. In connection with this occurs the first notice of any- thing like public music in the city, in one of Klauprecht's pages. He says: "On festival occasions there was no want of a German orchestra at this resort of pleasure to play to the dancing of its visitors.'' Sebastian Rentz played the clarionet, "Speckheinrich" (nickname of Henry Schmidt) the violin; and Jacob Schnetz, the brother of Mr. Longworth's gardener, the piccolo. Mon- sieur Ratel, who is named above as a professional musi- cian, is deemed worthy, with a musical associate of his, of the following notice from the Gazette writer before cited: He came from Philadelphia in July, 1877, and, besides the clarionet, flute, bassoon, flageolet, violin, and piano, he taught "country dances, cotillons, allemandes, waltzes, hornpipes, the mienuet de la cour with the gavote, the celebrated Gavote of Vestris, the much admired shawl dance, ballet and opera-dancing, with a variety of garland dances, such as constitute exhibitions. He was a solo player on the clarionet and French flageolet, and played pieces on both these instru- ments at a concert given by Mr. Garner, at Mack's Cincinnati hotel, on March 16, 1820, at which he also led the "orchestie." In his an- nouncements he flatters himself that by his experience and methods he "can in four or six months, give his scholars a competent knowledge of music and its various tunes to perform alone or in harmony correctly." The Mr. Garner, whom he assisted on this last occasion, was an actor and singer from the east, evidently an Englishman, who played an en- gagement at the theater some time before, while on a visit from New York and Boston to New Orleans. During his engagement he pro- duced two of the light English operas then in vogne — viz: "The Devil's bridge, " and "Lionel and Clarissa.'' The former is a work that Braham was a favorite in. He had composed the music for his part. "Lionel and Clarissa" is the composition of Charles Dibdin (1745-1814). No concert seems to have been announced by the Apollonian ; and the musical beauties of this society were apparently born to blush unseen and waste their sweetness upon themselves alone. No vocal mnsic is heard of, even in connection with the reception of Lafay- ette in 1825, when the best of everything the city had to show was brought to the front. There was fine instru- mental music in the parade, however, and at the ball, for which musicians had been expressly imported from the east, and over which the veteran Joseph Tosso (who is still living) swayed the impressive baton. Tosso, the sole surviving musical pioneer of those days, is a native of Mexico, trained as a musician in Italy and France, com- ing to America to try his fortune as a violinist, and to Cincinnati upon a concert-tour, or for the purpose of leading the orchestra during Lafayette's visit and remain- ing here permanently as a teacher and practitioner of music. He was professor of music in the Cincinnati Female academy on Walnut street, between Third and Fourth, in 1829, and six years thereafter was leader of the orchestra in the Musical Fund society, established April 29, 1835, on the plan of similar societies already existing in Philadelphia and New York. The society had for its object "the cultivation of musical taste, by the encouragement and improvement of professional and amateur talent, and the establishment of a musical academy, by means of which pupils may be instructed in the theory and practice of music." It was also proposed to establish a relief fund for distressed musicians, and the families of musicians who died in poverty. The new society had originally a strong social and pecuniary backing, if we may judge from the names embodied in the following flattering notice, which appeared in the New York Family Minstrel in July 15, 1835: MUSICAL FUND SOCIETY IN CINCINNATI. We hear very favorable accounts of this institution, which is said to be fostered both by wealth and influence. Its present officers are : President — Morgan Neville. Vice-presidents— John P. Foote, Peyton S. Symmes. Treasurer — Samuel E. Foote. Secretary — Linden Ryder. Librarian— John Winter. T. D. Carneal, Herman Cope, Nicholas Longworth, William Price, M. Robert Buchanan, David T. Disney, Alexander Flash, William Greene, D., MANAGERS. T. Vairin, S. Wiggins, W. G. W. Gano, S. S. Smith, William Yerke, J. S. Armstrong, David Benson, John W. Ryan, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 249 George Graham, jr., William R. Foster, James Hall, I. F. B. Wood, E. Haynes, Joseph R. Fry, C. S. Ramsay, M. D., J. F. P. Moline. Physicians— Alban G. Smith, M. D. ; V. C. Marshall, M. D. Counselors — Robert T. Lytle, Bellamy Storer. It is not probable, however, that all these influential personages took a lively interest in the society. Its primal career, at least, was brief; but it was re-animated afte.r an interval of some years, in the autumn of 1840, when the amateur orchestra, with Mr. Tosso at the baton, was about all there was left of it. Still, Cist's book of the next year says it " promises much for the culture of musical taste and science in our city." He adds, however, that the society had not yet elected any other officers since its resurrection than Mr. Tosso as musical director. Tosso and a Mr. Douglass assciated themselves in 1839 as "musical instrument makers and importers of musical instruments," in a store or shop on the north side of Fourth street, between Main and Walnut. He was thenceforth for many years prominently associated with music and musical interests in this city, and now makes his home at Latonia Springs, Kentucky, four miles from Covington. The establishment of this firm reminds us that, so early as 1816, according to a correspondent of the Boston * Courier, there were "piano-fortes by the dozen in Cincin- nati," although he complains that there was nobody to tune them. This must have been an error; for in Decem- ber of the previous year Mr. Adolph Wapper was adver- tised in the local journals as a teacher of music, and like- wise as a tuner and repairer of pianos. In the directory of 18 19 Mr. George Charters is named as a piano-maker. He was also proprietor of the circulating library kept on Fifth, between Main and Sycamore streets. Not far from this date the first organ was built here by the Rev. Adam Hurdus, a pioneer of 1806, an early merchant on Main street, between Front and Second, and also the first preacher of the gospel according to Swedenborg, west of the Alleghanies. He was minister to the New Jerusalem Society here while carrying on a regular business as organ-builder at No. 127 Sycamore street. It was no uncommon thing in those days, as we have already hinted, to see what would now be con- sidered a singular coupling of vocations. One sign in town read, "Bookseller and Tailor;" a line in the direc- tory informed the reader that Mr. was "House and sign painter and minister of the gospel." This pio- neer organ of Hurdus' is still in use in the village of Lockland, in this county. Another organ-builder, Israel Schooley, a Virginian, settled in 1825 in Cincinnati. The same year the piano-makers noted as here were George Charters, Francis B. Garrish, an immigrant from Balti- more, and Aaron Golden. In 1828 was added the firm of Messrs. Steele & Clark. Two years previously the first general dealer in sheet music and musical instru- ments, Mr. John Imhoff, opened his store on the west side of Main street, second door below Fourth, "at the sign of the violin," where he kept it for many years. Ed- ward Thomas is the. only person mentioned in the direc- tory of 1825 as a professional musician, and Alexander Emmons in that of 1829. Music, as a sole vocation, did not pay extensively in that decade. The Eclectic Academy of Music dated from 1834, al- though it was not incorporated until the next year. Its founders were two notable musicians of that day, Pro- fessors T. B. Mason and William T. Colburn. A well- known German pianist, Mr. Louis Lemaire, was after- wards associated with them. A regular society was formed, however, of which Judge Jacob Burnet was president, Moses Lyon vice-president, and Charles R. Folger recording secretary. The object of the institu- tion, as specified in the charter, was " to promote knowl- edge and correct taste in music, especially such as are adapted to moral and religious purposes." In 1841, ac- , cording to Mr. Cist's book of that year, the academy had "a good library of music, vocal and orchestral; also at- tached to it an amateur orchestra of twenty-four instru- ments." Probably the leader of this band was the only person named at this time among the teachers of the academy as "Instrumental Professor"— Mr. Victor Wil- liams. He is another of Cincinnati's musical veterans, a Swede by his nativity, and the active projector and origi- nator of the first musical organization in the city on a large scale, the " American Amateur Association." This society of the far-reaching name had its birth here about 1846. It performed for the first time in public any grand oratorio music, among which may be named, in successive renditions, Handel's Messiah, Mozart's Twelfth Mass, Haydn's Creation and Third Mass, and Neukomm's David. Mr. Rattermann says : "I remem- ber well the enthusiasm with which the first public pro- duction of the 'Creation' was received. It was per- formed before a large and fashionable audience in the Melodeon Hall, which was then the chief concert-room here." Afterwards, April 8, 1853, as a complimentary benefit to Professor. Williams, Neukomm's David was given by the association in Smith & Nixon's Concert Hall, on the north side of Fourth street, near Vine. The society was aided in this, its final public appearance, by Mons. L. Corradi Colliere, a celebrated French baritone, who died in New York City a number of years ago; Mr. Henry Appy, a German violinist of some note, who re- sided here for a time; Mr. J. Q. Wetherbe, a basso singer of high accomplishment; Mr. Leopold Lowegren, pianist; and Mr. Henry J. Smith, long and favorably known as one of the local organists. Professor Williams still survives, a veteran of the profession, having practiced it here for nearly half a century, during a part of the time as a teacher of vocal music in the public schools. With the extinction of the Amateur association in 1853, the second period of the musical history of Cincin- nati may be regarded as closed, the first having ended, so to say, with the end of the Apollonian society, twenty- five years before. Mr. Rattermann makes a clear defini- tion of these epochs in the following: To distinguish these two periods from each other, we must view them in the light of their original intention. The first period had in object only a self-content purpose. Its beginning was of the most primitive nature, and all along its existence it bore only rudimentary signs of being. No public exhibit of its artistic existence was even attempted. 32 25° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. The music rendered was of the most modest kind possible, performed only for self-amusement. The actors of this period played behind a closed scene. But presently we see the desire visible that the curtain rise, and the efforts of the actors communicated to others, to participate in its enjoyment. The leading spirit in this movement must be ascribed to the German element. "To the Americans belongs the credit, " says Klauprecht, "of being the first pioneers of music in Cincinnati; but the Germans may boast of having brought about its higher development." In Cincinnati the Germans practiced music already in the early years of the city's existence. At first, when the number was small, they con- fined their chorus-singing to the church, and when the divine service was over on Sundays they would flock into the country, and there, seated or lying in the grass, beneath the green crown of a shady tree, they would sing the songs of their native land in swelling chorus. And .in the evening often would the guitar or the zither, the flute or the violin, send the melodious strains of a German ballad from the lone window of his small cottage, or even the garret-window of the tenement house: "In einem kuehlen grunde ; " Or— "Ich weiss nicht, was soil es bedeuten.' A number of young Teutons, in 1838, formed the first German singing society in the city, and the first organi- zation of a chorus of male voices. It was part of an at- tempt to introduce the chorus-singing of four-part songs here. Every Thursday evening the members assembled in the dancing-hall of the Rising Sun tavern, "beyond the Rhine," on the corner of Main and Thirteenth streets. Among them were General Augustus Moor, Frederick Gerstaecker, the famous German traveller and writer, who spent some years in this city; with Godfrey Frank, Chris- tian Lange, and other well-known German gentlemen of that era. Mr. William Schragg, later of Lebanon, War- ren county, was the first leader of the chorus. Herr Rat- termann adds: That the songs of this pioneer of our German singing societies were as yet of a primitive character, we may safely infer from the fact that all beginnings are necessarily small. The singers seated themselves around a table, and alongside the music-book of each stood the quart of beer, for the expenses of the illumination of the hall, which con- sisted of two large lard-oil lamps, had to be covered by the profit real- ized from the sale of the beer to the members. Thus the.drinking may have played a greater role in this first German singing society than the singing. The choirs of the German Protestant church on Sixth street and the German Catholic Church of the Holy Trinity on Fifth street, united some years afterwards to ■ form a singing society, which met regularly at the resi- dence of Fritz Tappe, a watchmaker on Clay street. For- tunately, the names of this organization are on record: Fritz Tappe, leader; George Labarre, Adolphus Menzel, Henry Poeppelmann, Christ Lange, Louis Dieck, Godfrey Frank, Anthony Nuelsen, Arnold Weigler, Augustus Friedeborn, William Ballauf, Charles Beile, and Charles Schnicke, sen. All are now dead, except Poeppelmann, a professor in the Woodward High School; Beile, teacher in the Twenty-first ward; Frank, a grocer on Central avenue; and Nuelson, the well-known Front street tobac- conist. The German Liedertafel was founded anonymously, as a modest organization of musicians, in 1841, but took a name and something more of a formal organization in June, 1843, ar >d was regularly and fully constituted a year thereafter. Its musical conductors included George Valentine Scheidler, an early German musician here, whose wife, Bertha Scheidler, held high rank as a local singer down to 1855; with successors George Labarre, William Runge, Franz Schoenfeld, Carl Barus, and Robert T. Hoelterhoff. The society, as the Liedertafel, lasted fourteen years quite successfully, doing a good work, and was finally, in 1857, merged in the greater Maennerchor. The Gesang- und Bildungs-verein deutscher Arbeiter had its beginnings in 1846. It was the first German or- ganization here which allowed female voices in the chgrus. Henry Damm was its first and Xavier Vincent the last conductor of the society. Under the latter a perform- ance of Haydn's Creation was given. The Verein lasted but six years, disbanding in 1852. A small society was founded among the Germans in the spring of 1848, and called the Eintracht. It fiad but one leader, Anthony Bidenharn; and with his death from cholera the next year, the organization also expired. A number of Swiss musicians in Cincinnati, about the same time, formed a Schweizer-verein, whose first leader was Emanuel Hirinen. In 1850 its identity was lost in the Nordische Ssengerbund, a select double quartette. The members were: First tenors — Augustus Klausmeyer and Louis Haidacker; second tenors — Professor William Klausmeyer (leader) and Frederick Winkler; first basses — Dr. C. F. Hetlich, H. A. Rattermann; second basses — John Sterger, Charles Niemann. It was a favor- ite society with the Cincinnati public during 1849-50, and in October of the latter year the consolidation with the Schweizer-verein was made, the two forming the Saengerbund, which, after a somewhat distinguished career, became in its turn a part of the Meannerchor. The oldest surviving musical society in the city is the Cincinnati Mannerchor, dating as it does from June 27, 1857. It had its being by the union of three German singing societies, the Liedertafel, the Sangerbund, and the Germanic; to which was added, in 1859, the literary society, "Lese und Bildungs-verein," which added a fine library and substantial pecuniary aid to the new society. In i860 the Mannerchor, being, as its name implies, exclusively a male society, undertook the pro- duction of the opera "Czar and Zimmerman," with but one female voice in the cast, that of the prima donna. Lady members were afterwards admitted, and many fine operas produced. Since the withdrawal of a number of members to form the Orpheus society, in April, 1868, from difficulties resulting from the production of operas, the society has been simply a choral organization. Weekly meetings for practice have been held in Mannerchor Hall, corner of Vine and Mercer streets. The building was destroyed by fire on the fourth of August, and the valuable musical library belonging to the society burned. It will be replaced as rapidly as possible. The list of German singing societies of this era is filled with the addition of the musical section of the Turnverein, formed in 1849. Mr. Raltermann com- ments and continues the history as follows : The existence of these societies brought life into the musical silence of our city. Each one of them gave a regular 'series of concerts an- nually, generally followed by » ball. Those of the Liedertafel, and afterwards of the Saengerbund, were considered the ion ton entertain- ments of our German citizens of those years. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO 25* The narrow compass to which these societies, according to their na- ture and tendency, were limited, soon called for an extension of the boundary. This could not be accomplished in one association, as that would soon become unwieldly for the general purpose. The Liederta- feln, as societies for the object of cultivating the male voice chorus, without instrumental accompaniment, are called, and of which the first was founded in Berlin under Zelter in 1809, are, on account of their original intention, not adapted for massive choruses. Wherever they are found, they seldom number as many as a hundred singers, generally averaging about twenty-five members. If, then, a more powerful, a massive chorus is desired, it becomes necessary to bring several of these Liedertafeln together, and by their united efforts the massive chorus is obtained. For that purpose festivals, to be given at stipulated inter- vals in the larger cities of a country, are devised. The earlier of these fes- tivals have their origin in Germany. The first festival of the kind was held in the city of Wuerzburgh, in Bavaria, August 4th to 6th, inclu- sive, 1845. The first attempts to introduce them in America were, in comparison with these festivals in Germany, very diminutive in size. Already in 1846 endeavors were made in Philadelphia and Baltimore to organize friendly relations between the German singing societies of these cities. They, however, were restricted to mutual visits paid each other, con- nected with a social festivity, in which the public of these cities partici- pated. No formal organization was attached to these visits, and there- fore they cannot be classified as Saengerfests. Festivals of this charac- ter were likewise held in Cincinnati in the summer each of 1846, 1847, and 1848. A formal organization was first effected in 1849, by a union between the singing societies of Cincinnati, Louisville, and Madison, Indiana. These societies held the first German Ssengerfest in America in the city of Cincinnati, June ist-3d, inclusive, 1849, and at this festival, on June 2d, the German Ssengerbund of North America was founded. This was the first effort of its kind in America, and the city of Cin- cinnati can boast, not only of being the author of them, but also of the fact that these festivals were originated here in America. With that indeed diminutive Saengerfest there was inaugurated a new era in the musical history, not only of Cincinnati, but of America ; for then the foundation was laid to the great musical festivals which have given to our city the titles of 'The Paris of America' and 'The City of Festivals.' Notwithstanding Mr. Rattermann modestly styles this initial step diminutive, it seems to have comprised five important German societies from the three cities named, and informal delegations were present from the Maenner- chors of St. Louis and Columbus, and the Deutscher Liederkranz of Milwaukee. These societies, it is said, had promised attendance, but failed to come as bodies. One hundred and eighteen singers, nevertheless, partici- pated in the concerts given at the Fest; and at the open air concert and social gathering on Bald Hill, near Col- umbia, several thousand people were present. This was held on Sunday, after the German manner; and was much disturbed by roughs from the city, who posted themselves in force at the entrance to the picnic grounds. Mr. Rat- termann relates that — "To avoid a tumult — for the many thousand Germans would have been in any emergency the stronger — the several flags and banners, the capturing of which it was known was contemplated by the gang of rowdies assembled on the outside of the garden, were carried on a. cir- cuitous road, via Linwood, to the banks of the Ohio river, by Ex- Coun- ty Auditor Siebern, and from there taken on board of the Pittsburg steamer back to the city. One of the musical historians in the historical number of the Daily Gazette, from which we have quoted, sup- plies some interesting details of this first regularly organ- ized Ssengerfest. He says: Viewed in the light of the events of the last few years, the first Ger- man festival held here in 1849 looks very modest, and yet, at the time, it meant much to the Germans. Only one concert was given ; it was on June 1st, and of all the city's populace only four hundred bought tickets at fifty cents each and attended. The result was a deficit which, by a subsequent concert arranged to cover it, was swelled to one hundred and seventy-one dollars, and the singers were assessed to pay this. The chorus numbered one hundred and eighteen, there being twenty-eight first tenors, thirty-two second tenors, twenty-nine first basses, and twen- ty-nine second basses. The societies participating were the Louisville Liederkranz (fifteen singers), Madison Gesangverein (nine singers), Cin- cinnati Liedertafel (thirty-two singers). Cincinnati Gesung und Bildungs- verein (thirty-three singers), Cincinnati Schweizerverein (fourteen sing- ers), eight delegates from the Louisville Orpheus, and seven singers from Cincinnati who did not belong to any society. The concerts were given in Armory Hall, on Court street, at present used as Geyer's As- sembly Rooms. The music consisted of part-songs by Zoellner, Mo- zart, Kreutzer, Freeh, Broch, Reichardt, Abt, Silcher, and Baumann. The second festival was held in 1850 in Louisville. The Cincinnati societies participated and carried off both of the prizes offered. In 1851, when the third festival was given, in Cincinnati, the bund had grown to include fourteen societies, by additions from Columbus, Hamilton, Cleveland, St. Louis, Newport, Kentucky, Lafayette, Indi- ana, and Detroit, and the chorus, which was conducted by Mr. William Klausmeyer, numbered two hundred and forty-seven voices. Instru- mental numbers by the Military band from the United States garrison at Newport were given a place in the programme. Sixteen years later, and in the same city that saw this small begin- ning, a festival was celebrated which had nearly two thousand singers in its chorus, and the concerts were given in a building specially erected for the purpose. This was in 1867, and from this went out one of the impulses that called the May Festivals into life. The festivals of the Ssengerbund which were held here were the first, in 1849; those of 1851, 1853, 1856, 1867, and the twenty-first, in 1879, in the Music hall. THE MAY FESTIVALS. The relation of the Saengerfests to the May festivals, as preparers of the way, has already been suggested. By the beginning of 1872 the conditions were eminently favorable to the inauguration of the festivals. The city had become accustomed to the monster concerts of the Germans, and would welcome similar entertainments with elements from other nationalities in them; a great build- ing, whose accoustic properties had proved very excellent for musical purposes, had been erected for the Industrial Expositions, and was suffered to stand from year to year, and was available for annual concerts ; and, in another's words, "the Expositions, too, had demonstrated the fact that the citizens of Cincinnati were generous in their sup- port of big things which made the city attractive, while the inhabitants of the surrounding country rejoiced in the opportunity of coming to town to spend their money.'' The historical Gazette thus continues the narrative: The first public step taken to carry out the plan was a meeting of prominent gentlemen, which was held in the law office of Storer, Good- man & Storer, on the twenty-seventh of September, 1872, at which a temporary organization was effected by the appointment of an executive committee composed of George Ward Nichols, President; Carl A. G. Adae, vice-president; John Shillito, treasurer; and Bellamy Storer, jr., for secretary; besides John Church, jr., Ceorge W. Jones, and Daniel B. Pierson. Plans were discussed, the question agitated, and three days later a large finance committee, with Hon. George H. Pendleton as chairman and George W. Jones as secretary, was appointed and au- thorized to raise a guarantee fund of fifty thousand dollars, the under- standing being that no further steps should be taken until thirty thou- sand dollars had been subscribed. A little more than one month was required for this work, and on the twelfth of November a circular was issued announcing that a musical festival would be held in Cincinnati in May, 1873, for the purpose of elevating the standard of choral and instrumental music, and to bring about harmony of action between the musical societies of the country and especially of the west. Telegrams and letters were also sent broad- cast, an official agent was employed to visit the various singing socie- ties of the west and northwest to secure their co-operation and to arouse the public mind to an interest in the affair. The response was very general; and when the chorus was organized it was found to con- 252 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tain no less than thirty-six societies, agregating one thousand and eighty- three singers, of whom six hundred and forty were Cincinnatians. Twenty-nine societies participated in the first mass rehearsal, which was conducted by Professor Carl Bams, who had been appointed assistant director, but who had been superseded by Mr. Otto Singer, who has since held the position, in March, 1873. The instrumental forces were an orchestra numbering one hundred and eight pieces, and a chorus or- gan of one manual, fourteen stops, and six hundred and sixty-five pipes, built for the purpose by Messrs. Koehnken & Grimm of this city. The festival was held on the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth of May. Th^original plan, borrowing the idea from the Sasngerfests, purposed to devote the last day to an open-air concert and picnic; but rain spoiled the-scheme, and an afternoon concert in the hall was substituted. Thus Providence came in to take from the festival this vestige of the German custom which had done much to degenerate the Sa^ngerfests from festi- vals of song to bacchanalian carouses. The soloists were Mrs. E. R. Dexter, of Cincinnati; Mrs. H. M. Smith, of Boston; Miss Annie Louise Cary; Mr. Nelson Varley, of London; Mr. M. W. Whitney and Mr. J. F. Rudolphsen; and Mr. Arthur Mees, organist. The prin- cipal compositions performed were Handel's "Dettingen TeDeum," Beethoven's C minor symphony, scenes from Gluck's "Orpheus," Schu- mann's symphony in C (op. 61), and his chorus, "Gipsy Life;" Beetho- ven's choral symphony, Mendelssohn's " The First Walpurgis Night, " and Liszt's symphonic poem "Tasso." At the close of the last evening concert Judge Stanley Matthews read a request, signed by a large number of prominent citizens, for another festival. The managers determined to act on the suggestion and a sec- ond festival was announced for May, 1875. Owing to the inexperience of the managers the expenses were very large, but so generous was the patronage that the deficit amounted only to three hundred and fifty dollars, which the executive committee paid from their privy purses. The second Festival was given in May, 1875, the Biennial Musical Festival Association having meanwhile been incorporated for the pur- pose. As before, Mr. Thomas was director, and Mr. Singer his assist- ant. The soloists were Mrs. H. M. Smith, Miss Abbie Whinnery, Miss Cary, Miss Cranch, Mr. William J. Winch, Mr. H. Alexander Bischoff, Mr. Whitney, Mr. Franz Remmertz ; Mr. Dudley Buck, organist. The chorus numbered six hundred and fifty, and the orchestra one hundred and seven. The principal works performed were the Triumphal Hymn, by Johannes Brahms, Beethoven's A major Symphony, Scenes from Wagner's Lohengrin, Mendelssohn's Elijah, Bach's Magnificat, the Choral Symphony, Schubert's Symphony in C, and Liszt's Prome- theus. The Festival was a complete financial success, and though its expenses exceeded forty thousand dollars, there was a balance of one thousand five hundred dollars in the treasury when the accounts were closed. The future of the festivals now seemed assured, and the movement inaugurated by Mr. Reuben R. Springer, which gave to the city the Music Hall and the great organ, created an enthusiasm here which, supplemented by the curiosity abroad to see the new structure and hear the new instrument, made the third Festival, given in 1878, an unprece- dented success. It was given on the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth of May, and on the first evening the dedicatory cere- monies of the new hall took place. The soloists were Mme. Eugene Pappenheim, Mrs. E. Aline Osgood, Miss Cary, Miss Cranch, Mr. Charles Adams, Mr. Christian Fritsch, Mr. Whitney, Mr. Remmertz, Signor Tagliapietra, and Mr. George E. Whiting, organist. The cho- rus numbered seven hundred, and embraced, besides the local societies, the Dayton Philharmonic society, the Hamilton Choral society, and the Urbana Choral society. The principal numbers in the scheme were scenes from Alceste, by Gluck, the Festival Ode, composed by Otto Singer, Beethoven's Eroica Symphony, Handel's Messiah, selections (finale of Act III) from Wagner's Goetterdaemmerung, the Choral Symphony, Liszt's Missa Solennis, and Berlioz's Romeo and Juliet Symphony. The orchestra numbered one hundred and six men, all from New York city. The financial success was enormous, the receipts running up to eighty thousand dollars, and thirty-two thousand dollars being left in the treasury after settlement. The fourth festival was held during the third week in May, 1880, and was also a financial success, though not so great as the third. The receipts amounted to fifty-five thousand and eighty-five dollars and twenty-eight cents; expenses, forty-six thousand and eleven dollars and thirty- six cents; balance, nine thousand and seventy-three dol- lars and ninety-two cents. The board of directors of the festival association resolved January 14, 1879, to offer a prize of one thousand dollars for the best musical composition by a native American, which was to be per- formed at the festival of 1880. The musical world received the proposal very favorably, and a wide interest in the festival and this particular item of preparation for it was awakened. Twenty-five more or less elaborate works were offered for competition, and a board of judges, of which Mr. Theodore Thomas was chairman, concurred in awarding the prize to the author of the composition entitled Scenes from Longfellow's Golden Legend, who was found by opening the letter of trans- mittal with it, on the day of its performance, May 20th, to be Mr. Dudley Buck, of Boston. A similar prize will be offered for the next festival, with some changes sug- gested by experience. The festival chorus has been made a permanent institution, with Mr. Michael Brand, of Cin- cinnati, as chorus director; and, in addition to its work at the May festivals, will annually render on Christmas night, as it did in 1880 with triumphant success, Handel's magnificent oratorio of the Messiah. GEORGE WARD NICHOLS. Colonel Nichols held the office of president of the board of directors of the Musical Festival association from the period of its creation until March 10, 1880, when he resigned the post, and also his place as a director. As he remains president of the College of Music, and has been most conspicuously identified with musical matters in Cincinnati since his residence here began, in 1868, we make some special mention of his life and public services. Colonel George Ward Nichols was a Boston boy, and spent his earlier school-days in that city. His family on both sides reaches far back into New England history, and he inherits patriotic and cultured instincts. Although very young when the Kansas troubles broke out, he was old enough to take some part in them in behalf of free- dom. He afterwards studied the fine arts, especially painting, in New York city, and was for several years attached to the New York Evening Post, as its art critic. He painted for a time in the studio of the great Couture, in Paris. When the war of the Rebellion broke out, he was early in the field, served as aid-de-camp on the gen- eral staff with Generals Fremont and Sherman, and closed his military career with honor. After the war he finished the preparation of the Story of the Great March, narra- ting Sherman's wonderful campaigns through Georgia and the Carolinas. It was published by the Harpers, and sold rapidly and largely. His literary efforts have since been otherwise directed, and have performed emi- nently useful service in presenting the world with his books on Art Education Applied to Industry, and Pot- tery: How it is Made and Decorated. He has also written much on congenial topics for the magazines and newspapers, and was for some time an approved and popular lecturer in the field. About 1868 he married Miss Maria Longworth, daughter of Judge Joseph Long- worth, of Cincinnati, and grand-daughter of the million- aire Nicholas Longworth, and removed to the Queen HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 253 City, where he soon began to interest himself in the pro- motion of music and fine art. To him, more than to any other one man, the annual musical festivals and the College of Music owe their origin and successful mainte- nance. Mrs. Nichols devotes her attention mainly to decorative art, and has established a pottery of her own, in and for which she labors faithfully and toilsomely. THE COLLEGE OF MUSIC. This noble institution had its origin, in part, in the felt want of an American School of Music that could enter boldly into competition with the great conservatories of the continent, to which our students, ambitious to enter the higher ranges of the art, had been compelled to re- sort. The need was clearly seen, in all parts of the land, of broad, thorough, practical instruction, which should do for the young musician what our best colleges are doing for the scientific or literary student, under masters of equal repute in their special profession. The disap- pointment, too, which many American students had ex- perienced in the foreign conservatories, was an element in the feeling which seemed to demand a new and greater institution on this side the water. The musical schools of Europe are mostly^under the control of Governments, and are, as another has expressed it, "loaded down with administration." They are clogged and hampered to such an extent that progress in their courses is seriously embarrassed. The teachers, though they may be men of great celebrity, are commonly poorly paid, and have con- stantly present the temptation to neglect their public duties and compel the pupil to take private lessons of them, at a high rate — five dollars for a half-hour lesson is a known example. The pupils are often grouped in classes, and so miss that individual instruction which is indispensable to progress, unless they resort to private lessons. An American student at one of the conserva- tories writes: "There are six of us in a piano class of one hour — ten minutes for each. While I had my turn, Professor was violently discussing, with a friend of his who without ceremony had entered the room, Bis- marck's last coup. This and other occurrences, with an utter lack of interest on the part of the teacher, have dis- couraged me." Similar testimonies abound in the letters of our musical students abroad. The methods of in- struction in fundamental principles are also often faulty in the European schools. The performances of our vocal- ists, as well as instrumentalists, on their return from a course in the famous institutions of the Old World, is thus made singularly disappointing. Such experiences of foreign study and their results had' long produced, in the minds of thoughtful lovers of the art, a conviction that a great American school was necessary for the best ambi- tions of American students. The completion of the Music Hall and the building of the great organ seemed to furnish the desirable auspices for the beginnings of such a school. Primarily, however, the college grew out of the musi- cal festivals which had given this city such wide reputa- tion. The experience of Colonel Nichols for several years as president of the Festival association, and as author. of the plan of the festivals, led him to believe that Cincinnati might well become the seat of a great college of music. From long association with Mr. Theodore Thomas, it seemed to him also that the renowned orchestra leader was the best man to be placed at the head of such an institution ; and so, early in the spring of 1878, he ascer- tained, by private correspondence, that Mr. Thomas would accept the position. A meeting of some scores of prominent gentlemen was held, the scheme of Colo- nel Nichols adopted, and a corporation formed with a capital of four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and the following officers and directors : George Ward Nichols, president. Peter Rudolph Neff, treasurer. J. Burnet, secretary. Remaining members of the board — R. R Springer, John Shillito. Upon the death of Mr. Shillito, General A. T. Gos- horn was elected to his place. The number of directors was increased to seven, when the Hon. Jacob D. Cox and Mr. William Worthington were also elected. Within two months of the incorporation of the college, on the fourteenth of October, 1878, it opened its doors for the reception of students, with a faculty of eminent teachers representing every important branch of musical education. Probably no collegiate institution, so fully formed, sprang so quickly into existence. On the part of the management it required courage, judgment and a long purse. They were rewarded by an attendance of some five hundred pupils in the first year. This year was one of great activity. Besides the regular course of instruction, the college gave twelve orchestra concerts and twelve public rehearsals, with twelve chamber con- certs, and organ concerts on the great Music Hall organ twice a week throughout the year. The second year the college witnessed a similar activity. More than five hundred students were in attendance, and the orchestra, chamber, and organ concerts were steadily maintained. In the last months of this year (1879) Mr. Thomas retired from the musical directorship. Upon his retirement the faculty of the college, which until then had exercised no functions other than as teachers, were for the first time called together and consulted in the manage- ment of its affairs. Subsequently a board of examiners, representing the heads of important departments, was appointed. This board, in consultation with the board of directors of the college, performs now the duties of musical direction. The result of this new government is a thorough reorganization of the college upon a wise and systematic plan. The Cincinnati College of Music is incorporated under the laws of the State, with the following objects: "To cultivate a taste for music, and for that purpose to organ- ize a school of instruction and practice in all branches of musical education; the establishment of an orchestra; the giving of concerts; the production and publication of musical works; and such other musical enterprises as shall be conducive to the ends above mentioned." Its capital stock is only fifty thousand dollars, held in shares of fifty dollars each. The stockholders are principally wealthy, influential citizens, who have invested in the en- terprise, not so much from the hope of pecuniary returns 254 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. as from a love of art and a fine sense of public good. Seven directors manage the business affairs of the college and are elected annually by the stockholders. This board chooses its own officers — a president, a treasurer, and a secretary. It also appointed, formerly, the musical director, who shouldered the entire responsibility of the instruction, while the business details were managed by the officers and remaining members of the board of di- rectors. He nominated the professors, fixed the courses of study, and regulated the discipline of the institution. In these matters the board was advisory, but did not con- trol except when financial considerations were involved. Since the retirement ot Mr. Thomas, the office of musical director has been practically abolished, the officers of the college and its faculty satisfactorily performing all the duties formerly committed to the famous conductor. The officers of the board give all necessary time to the man- agement of the college — some of them, as Colonels Nich- ols and Neff, their entire business hours; yet all serve without salaries. The officers at the time this sketch is made up (March 16, 1881) are: Colonel George Ward Nichols, president; General A. T. Goshorn, vice-presi- dent; Colonel Peter Rudolph Neff, treasurer; William Worthington, secretary; remaining directors, ex-Gover- nor Jacob D. Cox and R. R. Springer, the latter the well- known benefactor of the Music hall and other philan- thropic enterprises. Colonel Nichols has been president of the college from the beginning. Mr. Neff is a retired merchant, of large means, liberal taste, and cordial appreciation of high art. Judge Burnet, descendant of one of the most distinguish- ed pioneers of Cincinnati, the Hon. Jacob Burnet, was secretary for some years and until very lately, is a prac- tical musician and a gentleman of large culture and in- fluence. General Goshorn is widely renowned as the able director-general of the late Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. Mr. John Shillito, another wealthy and eminent citizen of Cincinnati, was a director of the college until his recent death. The college has no endowment as yet, except a gift of five thousand dollars from Mr. Springer, the interest of which is expended annually in the procurement of prizes — ten gold medals — which are awarded to the students who manifest superior musical ability, have been in the college at least one year, and have complied with the rules, attended all obligatory classes, been diligent and punctual, and have maintained good character. Other endowments, however, from the generous benefactors of Cincinnati, can hardly fail to fall to this most meritorious institution in the lapse of time. The college is in no sense a money-making affair or business venture; it pays no cash dividends. The rea- sonable wish of its founders is simply that it may meet its own expenses, upon the most liberal terms that can be safely granted to its pupils. This modest ambition has pretty nearly been gratified, although assessments on the stockholders have at least once proved necessary, and the probability is that if it continues to be judicious- ly managed as now, its stockholders and officers will soon have to pay nothing, except in time, care, and mental energy, for the privilege of its maintenance and manage- ment. The attendance at the college, for the academic year 1 880-1, aggregated over five hundred. The permanent success of the institution seems confidently assured, and it is no exaggeration to say that it is the largest and best appointed school of music in the world. The several branches taught in the college, according to the announcements of 1879-80, are the piano, organ, violin, violoncello, bass viol, flute, French horn, cornet, bassoon, clarinet, vocal music, with individual instruction and chorus classes, elocution, the French, German, and Italian languages, history of music, theory, and the hygiene of the throat, including anatomy of the ear and larynx. It is pleasant to record in perpeto the names of the faculty in charge of the several branches of instruc- tion. They include some of the most famous musicians in the country, in their respective walks of art : FACULTY, Piano — Henry Carter, Charles A. Graninger, Armin W. Doerner, Adolph Hartdegen, Miss Jennie Eisner, Miss Helen Sparmann, Miss Cecilia Gaul, Otto Singer. Voice — Max Maretzek, Madame Maretzek, James E. Perring, J. F. Rudolphsen. [Miss Emma Cranch, the celebrated contralto, and Miss Louise Rollwagen, withdrew from this department in the spring of 1881, and we have not yet the names of their successors]. Organ — Henry Carter, George E. Whiting. Theory — Charles Baetens, Adolph Hartdegen, Henry Carter, Otto Singer, George E. Whiting. Violin — Charles Baetens, Miss Kate Funck, Jacob Bloom, S. E. Jacobsohn. Violoncello — Adolph Hartdegen. Bass Viol — Frederick Storch. Flute — Hugo Wittgenstein. Cornet — M. Heidel. French horn — A. Schrickel. Bassoon — H. Woest. Harp — Madame Maretzek. SCHOOL FOR THE OPERA. Dramatic expression — Max Maretzek. Clarinet — Carl Schuett. Chorus classes — Henry Carter. Elocution- LANGUAGES. French — Madame Fredin. German — Madame E. Langenbeck. Italian — C. P. Moulinier. Lectures on music— Henry Carter, George E. Whiting, Otto Singer. Hygiene of the throat, anatomy of the ear and larynx— Dr. Bernard ' Tauber. The departments of the college are organized, severally, for instrumentalists, vocalists, theory, chorus classes, lec- tures, elocution, and 'languages. The larger division is into the general music school and the academic depart- ment — the former for general or special instruction when the pupil enters for an indefinite period, or without a view to graduation ; the later for those who aim to become professionals or are amateurs who enter for graduation, all of whom are required to pursue a definite course of study for a period of time. The academic year is four terms, of ten weeks each. The orchestra and ensemble classes are recruited altogether from this department. A board of examiners from the faculty fix a standard of ad- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 255 mission to it, and conduct the examination of applicants. In 1880 a school for operatic training was added to the facilities of the college, and placed in charge of the celebrated impressario, Max Maretzek, who also Brought to the institution his invaluable services as a singing- master. Another interesting recent feature is the addi- tion of the choristers, or choir in which boys are care- fully trained in vocalization, for the purpose of church music, etc. Neither elementary nor advanced knowledge is requi- site to admission ; but the merest tyro in music is cordi- ally welcomed with the rest. Attendance upon the chorus classes, the lectures on the history of music, the students' recitals, the rehearsals of the orchestra, and the organ concerts, is free to all students. Attendance upon the chorus classes is obligatory upon all. The other privileges of the school are furnished at very low rates of tuition. A special advantage of this institution is the predominance of individual over class instruction — the former being the rule, the latter the exception, contrary to the practice of the European schools. An interesting, and to the public peculiarly valuable, feature of the work of the college is the orchestral and chamber concerts given under its auspices and by its members. Thirty-six of these were given during its first season, that of 1878-9 — twelve symphonic concerts, twelve public rehearsals, and twelve chamber concerts. Of the last-named a most interesting series of eight was announced for the academic year 1880-81, to be given by the College String Quartet, with Professor Jacobsohn as first violin, Miss Gaul, and Messrs. Doerner, Singer, and others as pianists, accompanying, from time to time, vocal performances of a high character. One paragraph from this announcement is well worth perpetuation : The value to a musical community of the String Quaitet, and the fine artistic performance of the beautiful compositions of the great masters known as "chamber music," cannot be over-estimated. The college sustains the financial responsibility of the Quartet, because it is an im- portant branch of instruetion for the students and teachers in the col- lege, and because it offers rare entertainment to the general public. Some of the choicest works of Haydn, Bach, Beetho- ven, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Rubenstein, and other masters, were announced for performance at this series of chamber concerts. At the symphony concerts important service is ren- dered by the college choir, which consists of three hun- dred members, students being admitted to it as they successively become qualified by their study and prac- tice in the college course. The orchestra, which also bears an important part in these concerts, is composed of about sixty musicians. During the directorship of Mr. Thomas, he introduced an innovation, in this coun- try at least, by placing some lady performers in the orchestra, whose skillful and tasteful execution is said to have justified his confidence. The members of the orchestra are guaranteed a fixed income by the college, thus securing, what is not secured in any other city in this country except New York, the permanence of supe- rior players in the troupe, as well as a number of invalua- ble professors of instrumental music for the college. A number of members of the orchestra were formerly of Mr. Thomas's famous orchestra, and long enjoyed the benefits of his unrivalled drill and mastership. The college receives nothing from the performances of its orchestra, except at its own concerts ; but deals thus gener- ously by them in order to keep the players together, enhance the reputation of the school, and confer addi- tional benefits upon the local public. There is no other instance in the world of a self-supporting school of music embracing an orchestra in its plan of organization and scheme of education, and maintaining it at great financial risk — sometimes inevitable loss. The full programmes of the concerts have been col- lected and published in a beautiful little book, which has permanent interest and value. Another public benefaction conferred by the college is through the organ concerts, which are given twice a week, upon the great organ in the Music hall, by the two professors in organ-music in the college, Messrs. George E. Whitney and Henry Carter. These are conducted largely at the expense of the college, the limited attend- ance at the concerts seldom returning the expense of them; but they serve to aid the institution to reputation and popularity, especially among music-loving strangers visiting Cincinnati. The price of admission to the con- certs is always cheap, in imitation of the plan pursued at the concerts given for the masses upon the great organ in St. George's hall, Liverpool, Albert hall, London, and other places in the Old World. As an educating influence among the people, slowly but surely prevailing in behalf of the higher order of music, the value of these performances can hardly be overestimated. Free con- certs are also given upon the organ, partly at the expense of the college, during the annual Expositions held in the hall. In the fall of 1880 the management of the college pro- jected another enterprise, in the form of a grand Opera Musical Festival, to be given in the Music hall during the last week in February — seven performances, repre- senting the favorite operas Lohengrin, Faust, Mefistofele, Aida, Lucia di Lammermoor, the Magic Flute, La Son- nambula, and part of Moses in Egypt. The college of music, with the aid of the thoroughly trained troupe of Colonel J. H. Mapleson, the well-known opera man- nager, gave the festival. The musical directors em- ployed were Signor Arditi, Max Maretzek, and Otto Singer. A famous array of soloists was employed, in- cluding Madame Gerster, Miss Annie Louise Cary, Sig- ners Campanini and Ravelli, and many others. An orchestra of one hundred musicians was formed, and the organ of the Music hall was used effectively in some of ■the operas. The massive chorus, made up in Cincinnati, consisted of about four hundred voices. The troupe con- trolled by Colonel Mapleson, and known as Her Majesty's Opera company, was embodied in the great corps. The stage of the Music hall, the largest in the world, was fitted throughout with new and beautiful scenery, and the entire festival presented on a scale of magnifi- cence unequalled before in America or Europe. Visitors were present from far and near, including many fashion- ables from the seaboard. The aggregate receipts were not 256 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. far from sixty thousand dollars, a comfortable share of which went to the treasury of the college of Music. ANOTHER COLLEGE OF MUSIC. The original Cincinnati College of Music (the larger institution being the College of Music of Cincinnati) was founded by Miss Dora Nelson, daughter of Richard Nelson, president of Nelson's business college, but a short time before the other sprang into being. Miss Nelson had been for six years in charge of a conserva- tory of music, when, in the spring of 1878, overtures were made to her by distinguished musicians to under- take the management of a more important school, which should supersede the necessity of American students going abroad to complete their musical education. An- other proposal, from influential sources, was that she should open an extensive musical institution in the Mount Auburn female seminary, which was not at the time in operation, and whose property would be pur- chased for the new school by an association of citizens. Both projects were abandoned, for various reasons; and Miss Nelson, resolving to proceed altogether on her own account, bought out an academy of music as a nucleus for her proposed college, and issued her announcements about the first of August, 1878. On the first of Septem- ber the school went into operation with a large Faculty and a patronage which, notwithstanding the existence of the other college of music, under the auspices of Colonel Nichols and Mr. Thomas, and of other rival institutions, returned expenses the first year, and laid the foundation of a good business thereafter. During the early part of the academic year it was removed to No. 305 Race street, where it now is. Miss Nelson remains president of the college, with Professor Adolph Carpe, a musician of some distinction, as musical director, and a staff of competent instructors. A boarding apartment is attached, which is kept in the same building, and is also under the immediate supervision of Miss Nelson. OTHER SCHOOLS OF MUSIC are not wanting in the city. Among them are the Cin- cinnati Conservatory of Music, on Eighth street, Miss Clara Baur, directress; the Cincinnati Musical Institute, Miss Hattie E. Evans, directress; the Academy of Music, recently started by two professors from the col- lege of music of Cincinnati; and private teachers in great number. No city in the world is more abundantly provided with facilities for musical education. THE CINCINNATI MUSIC HALL ASSOCIATION. The success of the Musical Festivals and of the Ex- positions, and the inadequacy and temporary character of the building used for their purposes, naturally led up* to the thought of a permanent structure, which should be worthy of the riches and culture of the Queen City, and should be available for all great occasions and shows, when a monster audience-room or vast spaces for dis- plays were desired. In May, 1875, the venerable and wealthy philanthropist, Mr. Reuben R. Springer, made the prompt erection of such an edifice possible by his munificent offer of a gift of one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars for the purpose, if the people would con- tribute an equal sum, thus raising a quarter of a million, which proved, finally, to be but about half the sum nec- essary to execute the enlarged and liberal views ulti- mately entertained of the erection of a great Music Hall and the related buildings. The work of soliciting sub- scriptions to secure Mr. Springer's gift went briskly and successfully on ; and in December of the same year an organization of subscribers was had, under the name of the Cincinnati Music-Hall Association. This body, a joint stock company, is constituted of fifty shareholders, who are elected by the entire body of subscribeis to the fund, and who in turn elect from their number seven trustees, in whom was vested absolute authority, as an executive board, to construct the hall, and thenceforth to conduct its affairs. Each of the gentlemen appointed to. represent the subscribers as a stockholder is depositary of one share of stock, of the nominal or par value of twenty dollars. He cannot sell this share except to a purchaser approved by the trustees, nor can it be sold to one who is already a stockholder. If the holder dies, his share reverts to the association, to be placed in the custody of a newly-elected member. The original trus- tees were elected for terms, severally, of one to seven years; and a trustee is now elected annually, whose term of services is seven years. The following-named gentle- men farmed the original corps of trustees: Reuben R. Springer, for one year; Robert Mitchell, for two years; ■William HL Harrison, for three years; Julius Dexter, for four years;' T. D. Lincoln, for five years; Joseph Long- worth', for six- years; and John Shillito, for seven years. Judge Longworth was made president of the board, Mr. Dexter secretary, and Mr. Shillito treasurer. Mr. Dex- ter was also chairman of the building committee, with Messrs. Longworth and A. T. Goshorn as associates: and rendered most signal and efficient service in the active operations that rapidly followed. The smaller hall in the building, used for operettas, piano recitals, chamber concerts, and the like, was given the name of Dexter Hall, in honor of his services and his gen- erous pecuniary contributions. The entire structure is often popularly called the Springer Music Hall, to perpetuate the name and fame of its founder. First and last, he gave to this monumental enterprise the aggregate sum of two hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars — nearly the entire amount to which his original benefac- tion looked. Among other gifts toward the erection of the hall and Exposition buildings, must not be forgotten that of about three thousand dollars, made by the chil- dren of the public schools, from the proceeds of four concerts given by them. " The city of Cincinnati, as a municipal corporation, contributed the ground upon which the building stands, most of the large block bounded by Elm and Plum, Fourteenth and Grant streets, on the east facing the north part of Washington park. A year or two elapsed before the means were in hand and plans consummated for the erection of the hall. It was at last determined to complete the building, if possi- ble, sufficiently for the holding therein of the May festi- val of 1878; and most of the contracts were let April 28, Miqi- sy - HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. «S7 of the previous year. Obstacles and delays were numer- ous in the construction of so great and unique an edifice, but the intelligence and energy of the building com- mittee, with a competent staff of aids, triumphed over all difficulties, and the hall stood ready for dedication by the appointed time, when a splendid ceremonial formally set it apart to its destined purposes. The Exposition an- nexes were subsequently added by the beneficence of Mr. Springer and others, and were first used for the Fair of 1879. They receive due notice and description in another part of this volume. An excellent account of the hall proper is contained in the little book descrip- tive of the organ, in which the cost of this building is placed at about three hundred and seven thousand dollars. In this hall have been held all the great concerts and monster musical occasions in Cincinnati since its erec- tion; also the National Democratic convention and the Raikes Sunday-school centennial in June, 1880, popular Sunday afternoon services in the summer of the same year, and many other large meetings. The hall "and Exposition buildings must be so rented and man- aged as to yield no profit above what is necessary to keep them in repair. No stockholder can expect a dividend upon his share, and no trustee is allowed compensation for his services. The College of Music is the lessee of the hall, but several large rooms are occupied by the col- lections and classes of the Women's Art Museum Asso- ciation. Both of these institutions, however, annually give way, during parts of September and October, to the occupation of all the buildings by the Industrial Exposi- tion. THE MUSICAL CLUB. This is one of the leading social and musical organi- zations of the city, It is composed of influential patrons of music and prominent local musicians, both profes- sional and amateur, and has for its objects the cultivation of classical and modern chamber music, and the promo- tion of harmony and fraternity among musical people. It was organized in 1876, and its membership, at the time of the annual meeting October 4, 1880, was eighty- six — well up to its constitutional limit of one hundred. The initiation fee is eight dollars. The club has had at times a sharp struggle for existence, but seems now fairly upon its feet, and occupies handsome rooms of its own at No. 200 West Fourth street. The last annual report of its president, Mr. Lucien Walzin, gives some facts in its history of permanent value : At the time of the formation of the club there existed in this city no organization for the cultivation of chamber music our best musicians had but a bare acquaintance with each other, while the younger mem- bers of the profession, in spite of culture and talent, found it difficult to secure recognition. The objects of the club, "the promotion of musical culture and good-fellowship among its members," were then best served by our weekly Sunday afternoon meetings, where the music of the masters fused the acquaintance of our little band of members into active friendship, and gave to all a knowledge, respect, and affec- tion for each other, which not only had an immediate effect, but must continue to make us cherish through life the recollections of those days. Two years so passed had ripened the club for a larger effort, and the third year satisfied the members that a step in advance was needed as an incentive to that activity which is as necessary to the healthful life of a club as to that of an individual. Measures for the formation and support of a string quartette of the highest order were being taken when the formation of the College of Music made further effort in that direction unnecessary, and at the same time gave us new work and new life in receiving and amalgamating, as it were, with our local, musicians, the artists who were thus brought to the city. The fourth year of the club, and its last at the Literary Club-rooms, gave us a number of brilliant performances, but the great number of concerts of the highest order, which we were then having in the city, naturally detracted from the intense satisfaction which the early per- formances at the club had given, for we were no longer in the hungry state of former years. The musicians themselves were wearied by the continual demands which weekly performances required, and toward the close of that year, though strong in members, the interest in the club was rather low. It was then that the move was made to our present quarters. The result has been in many respects most gratifying. The report of the secretary, Mr. Chapman Johnson, adds an item or two of interest : The musical entertainments were all highly successful. Among the larger, three were devoted to the compositions respectively of Beeth- oven, Mozart, and Chopin, celebrating the anniversaries of their births ; two were devoted to a variety of composers, and one was furnished by Mr. Parry, the Boston pianist. The reputation of these performances spread outside of the club's limits. There were about six smaller performances, taking in quite a range of compositions. At the larger entertainments the highest grade of ensemble music was invariably performed, and a very high standard reached. These entertainments must by a high source of congratulation to both the entertainers and entertained, and only one regret is to be ex- pressed, and that is, that those members whose playing was listened to with great pleasure in former years, were seldom, if ever, heard during the last season. OTHER MUSICAL SOCIETIES exist in Cincinnati in great number, including several which are organized as orchestras and bands. Among them are the St. Cecilia Maennerchor, organized in May, 1867, by the male members of the choir of St. Mary's German Catholic church; the Cincinnati Maennerchor, whose history has already been outlined; the Germania Maennerchor, formed from the latter by eight seceding members in 1872; the American Protestant Association Maennerchor, a singing club connected with the German branch of the association named; the Turner, Odd Fel- lows', Schweitzer, Herwegh (Polish), and other Maenner- chors; the Harmonic society, founded in 1869, and not long since accounted the largest organization of the kind in the city, forming the nucleus of the chorus for the May festivals; the Cincinnati Orchestra, organized in 1872, chiefly for the cultivation of classical music, and promi- nent in the orchestral concerts of the city, especially the free concerts given in the parks; Currier's band, which is much in request for public occasions; the Ladies' Mu- sical club, with twenty-five members, amateur and profes- sional, the Choral society, Alert and Oneida Singing clubs, the Orpheus, the College Choir, the Druiden Ssen- gerchor, and many others. There is also a Society for the Suppression of Music. THE GUOESBECK ENDOWMENT. This is a fund of fifty thousand dollars, given by the Hon. William S. Groesbeck April 7, 1875, for the pleasure and musical culture of the people of Cincinnati, through free concerts given in the warm season at Burnet Woods park. The benefits of the fund were made available very soon after the gift, it having been invested in seven per cent, water bonds of.the city, and yielding three thousand 33 *58 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. five hundred dollars annually. One hundred and eight afternoon concerts had been given under this benefac- tion with great satisfaction to large numbers of visitors, down to the last given in October, 1880. The trust is perpetual, and by the terms of the gift, "the interest thereon shall be applied yearly to furnish music for the people." Free evening concerts have also been given at intervals during recent summers in other parks, at the expense of the city, under the supervision of the park commissioners. CHAPTER XXVII. LIBRARIES. The collection of books, pamphlets, newspaper files, and other material of libraries, for the uses of the public, is a very prominent feature among the literary aspects of life in Cincinnati. Great success has been attained in the aggregation of books and documents for this purpose; and at least one of these libraries, the Public, has become widely renowned. The Mercantile is also of high local reputation; the collection of the Historical and Philos- ophical society, while less known, perhaps, than its merits deserve, has great value, and is exceedingly useful to those engaged in prosecuting special inquiries. Certain other libraries of a semi-public character, as the Bar library, the Law library in the College building, the Uni- versity library, the Swedenborgian library at the church on Fourth street, and others, also serve very useful pur- poses. The history of the Bar library will be detailed in our chapter on the bar. THE FIRST PUBLIC LIBRARY established in the Northwest Territory was founded at Cincinnati in 1802, almost two years before the noted "Coonskin library" at Ames, Athens county, in this State, which has been much vaunted as the first. The meeting for preliminary steps was held at Griffin Yeat- man's tavern Saturday evening, February 13, in that year; and after due consultation and discussion it was agreed that an attempt should be made to found a library. Messrs. Jacob Burnet, Martin Baum, and Lewis Kerr were ap- pointed a committee to solicit subscriptions of shares at ten dollars each. They drew up the following article the succeeding Monday: We, the subscribers, being desirous of establishing n public library in the town of Cincinnati, agree to take as many shares in the stock of sucn an institution as are annexed to our names respectively, and pay for the sameat therate of ten dollars for each share. The paper'embracing this is still preserved, and bears the autographs of General Arthur St. Clair, Peyton Short, son-in-law of Judge Symmes, Judge Burnet, Gen- eral James Findlay, Jonathan S. Findlay, Griffin Yeat- man, William Ruffin, Joel Williams, Isaac VanNuys, David E. Wade, Joseph Prince, John R. Milk, John Reily, C. Avery, Jacob White, Patrick Dickey, W. Stan- ley, P. P. Stuart, C. Killgore, Martin Baum, Jeremiah Hunt, Lewis Kerr, James Wallace, Samuel C. Vance, and Cornelius R. Sedam. Nine of these subscribed two shares each, so that the total subscription of thirty-four shares amounted to three hundred and forty dollars, which is considered very liberal for the little settlement, in the hard times which then prevailed. Books were speedily purchased, - and others given ; and the library began issuing March 6, 1802, only nineteen days after the subscription was opened. Mr. Lewis Kerr was the first librarian. ANOTHER EARLY LIBRARY. This first library probably lasted but a few years. Again, in 1809, only seven years after the date of the first effort, we find the citizens of Cincinnati moving again for a library, and petitioning the legislature for an act of in- corporation ; which, strange to say, was then refused. In the summer of 181 1 Judge Turner obtained a subscrip- tion of several hundred dollars, in shares for a library. A meeting of the shareholders was held and a constitu- tion adopted, which was sent to the legislature as the basis of another appeal for a charter. Again was the application singularly denied; but at a subsequent ses- sion (in 1812) the assembly granted an act of incorpora- tion for the Circulating library of Cincinnati. There were further delays, however, in perfecting the arrange- ments; and the licrary was not opened until April, 1814. A second and more liberal, efficient charter was procured soon after. This library was flourishing in 1815, and had then about eight hundred volumes, which were arranged under the following heads: Arts and Sciences, Belles Lettres and Rhetoric, Biography, Botany, Chemistry, Medicine, the Drama, Education, Geography, History, Law, Meta- physics and Moral Philosophy, Natural History, Natural Philosophy, Novels, Philology, Poetry, Politics, Theology, Veterinary Art, Voyages and Travels, Miscellaneous, and Continued Periodical Works. The collection included Rees's Cyclopaedia and Wilson's great work on Ornith- ology. About sixty of the volumes had been presented. In the year named the library was kept open one day in the week. It was managed by a president and a board of seven directors, who were elected annually. The shares were ten dollars apiece, were transferable, and were subject to an annual assessment of one dollar. In 1826 this library had increased to thirteen hundred works, which are spoken of in Drake & Mansfield's book of that year as "well-selected volumes." It was then kept in a lower room of the old College building, and was open to the public Saturday afternoons. Strangers in the city and other non-shareholders were allowed, for a consideration, to use books by the single volume or on a monthly, quarterly, or yearly arrangement. It was thought the institution was not very well sustained at this time, judging from the frequent appeals of the directors for material aid. THE APPRENTICES' LIBRARY had by this "time also got into full operation. It was founded in 182 1, through the liberality of a number of public-spirited citizens, who saw in it an important means HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 2 59 of intellectual and moral improvement to the younger class of mechanics and laboring men. Five years there- after it had as many books, within a hundred volumes, as the older library was credited with. All young mechanics or other laborers were entitled to draw books, upon making satisfactory guarantee of their safe return. The contributors elected annually five directors, by whom the library was managed. In 1829 the library was kept in the Council chamber. Other libraries mentioned this year are the Cincinnati, kept on Main street, north of Third; the Circulating, on Fourth, between Main and Walnut; and the Sun, a private circulating library, on Third, between Main and Walnut. In 1 841 the library had nearly doubled its collection, having then two thousand two hundred volumes, about four hundred of which were taken out and returned weekly. It was still free to all minors of the laboring classes, and was attended by a librarian who received the munificent salary of one hundred dollars a year. THE CINCINNATI READING-ROOM was founded in 18 18, by Elam P. Langdon, then assist- ant postmaster. The Gazetteer of the next year, the first published in the city, gives it this notice : The room is amply furnished with the most respectable news and lit- erary journals in the country; also with maps, European gazettes, etc., etc. It is conducted on a liberal plan, and is a convenient and pleas.- ant resort for the citizens and strangers who are desirous of noting the "passing tidings of the times." It was kept in the rear of the post-office, on Third street, and was successfully maintained for a number of years. It is noticed as "this valuable establishment" in Drake & Mansfield's Cincinnati in 1826. It was fur- nished with many leading news journals and magazines of the country, including the North American Review, The Museum, the United States Literary Gazette, and the Port olio, and also the Edinburgh Review. Strangers, if to. be in the city but a short time, were admitted to its privileges free. It seems at this time riot to have been very liberally patronized, and was not long-lived thereafter. THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY. This noble literary institution, now forty-six years old, is one of the features of the higher civilization in which Cincinnati justly prides herself. A good account of its genesis and early growth is given by Mr. John W. Ellis, of New York, formerly of Cincinnati, in a letter contrib- uted to the annual report for 1879. Says Mr. Ellis: The Young Men's Mercantile Library association, of New York, which originated in the year 1822, was the pioneer of many similar institutions since formed in the various cities of this country. This association had accomplished so much good as to excite a feeling in favor of establishing similar institutions in other cities. Several prominent young men of Cincinnati had considered this matter, and one or two informal preliminary meetings had been held, at which the subject had been discussed, but the formal meeting at which the Young Men's Mercantile Library association was founded, was held on the eighteenth of April, 1835, in the second story of a building then used as a fire engine house, on the north side of Fourth street, two or three doors east of Christ church. There were forty-five persons present; nearly all of this number are now dead. So far as I can recollect, the persons now living who were present on that occasion are Messrs. Rowland G. Mitchell, William H. Harrison jr., John P. Tweed, James Wiles, and myself. I was, prob- ably, the youngest person present, not much more than a boy. The^association was formed and constitution adopted, the members going to work vigorously to get it in shape. As cash in those days was a much scarcer thing than it is now, the salaries of clerks being very small, it worked on very limited means for a long period.^ It was loca- ted for the first few months in the second story of a building belonging to Mr. Daniel Ames, on the west side of Main street, below Pearl street. During the hot summer weather of 1835, not having the means of hiring a librarian, the library was temporarily closed, but opened again in the fall in the second story of a building belonging to Ross & Geyer, which was located on the north side of Fourth street, just east * of Main street. For a few months the entire duties of librarian, porter, janitor, etc., were performed in turn by the officers and directors. They gave out the books, swept the rooms, and cleaned the lamps. There was no gas in those days. Donations of money were solicited from merchants, and the sum of eighteen hundred dollars was obtained. By the end of that year, 1835, the library contained seven hundred and fifty volumes, and many lead- ing papers were on file in the reading-room. In the winter of 1836 Mr. Doolittle was elected librarian, and a spe- cial charter for the association was obtained from the legislature. For the next three years, viz., 1836-37 and '38, embracing the period of the greatest financial revulsion that ever occurred in this country, not excepting that of 1873, the existence of the institution was con- stantly imperiled for want of money; and it was only sustained by the constant and untiring exertions of a few gentlemen, who were deter- mined, at all hazards, to carry it throngh. They gave their own per- sonal labor and exertions night after night. They advanced money to it; they became security for its debts; and, in fact, did everything to ac- complish a successful result. It might be improper for me to mention the name of any of these young men who thus did so much for the as- sociation, as I might do injustice to many who could not be mentioned. There was one person, however, who more than all others may be con- sidered the father of the association, -and that was Mr. Moses Ranney. The "hard times, " growing out of the panic of 1837, did not cease for several years, and of course affected the means of the members in sustaining this association. The older members will recollect, and others may find out by referring to the minutes, how "soliciting com- mittees " were appointed every month to raise money to save it from sinking. In 1837 Mr. Doolittle vacated his office, and Mr. Holly was appointed librarian. In 1838 the first printed catalogue was published and sold at a mod- erate price to such members as chose to purchase. The expenses over and above these receipts were paid for by a few gentlemen. In the year 1839 the number of paying members was increased to five hundred, and all the. debts of the Association, for the time being, dis- charged. This year Mr. James Wildey was elected librarian. Matters began to improve, connections were better, and the number of volumes in the Library increased. In 1840 a special collection was made of one thousand dollars, which was sent to London to purchase some choice editions of books, and resulted in the importation of seven hundred and sixty-eight volumes. The record shows, as I have ascertained, that the number of volumes at this time was one thousand six hundred and sixty. During this year the Association moved its quarters from Fourth street to the old College building on Walnut street, paying a rent of three hundred dollars. That building was a predecessor of the present one. From the south end of the College to Fourth street there was a beautiful garden, with shrubbery and trees. In 1841 a new catalogue was prepared and published, which showed some three thousand volumes in the library. There were then some six hundred members, and the annual receipts amounted to two thou- sand dollars. Among the notable events in which the association participated in a body were the funeral of President Harrison in 1841 and the laying of the foundation of Mount Adams Astronomical Association building in 1843, when the oration was delivered by ex-President John Quincy Adams. In the year 1842 there was an effort made to establish classes in French and German languages, but they were not successful. The annual contests, which have been a marked feature in the elections of this association, were originated at the election in January. 1843 ; and I think this fact worth mentioning, as these contests, con- ducted always with good feeling, have had a marked effect on the prog- ress of the association. 260 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. It may seem strange to mention the fact ; but a very important event in the history of the association, in a. small way, was the introduction of gas into the library and reading-room in 1843. Previous to that time the association, like the community at large, had depended for light on the use of tallow candles and lard oil. On Sunday morning, January 19, 1845, the college building was en- tirely destroyed by fire, but by the great exertions of the members and citizens generally, all the books of the association were saved, and the little damage done was covered by insurance. This fire, however, re- sulted in an arrangement with the trustees of the Cincinnati College for the present quarters occupied by it. By great exertions there was raised, chiefly by subscriptions from merchants, the sum of ten thousand dollars to pay for the fee-simple of its quarters, and one thousand six hundred dollars in addition for the furnishing of the rooms. The association took possession of its new quarters in May, 1846, amid the general congratulations of all the members and their friends. In those days of small things it is well to acknowledge that the eleven thousand six hundred dollars contributed by the merchants for the pur- pose showed great liberality. About the same time Mr. Cist was elected librarian, in the place of Mr. Wildey, deceased. As a good many inquiries have been made, and as there has been considerable discussion for some years past, in reference to the origin of the Chamber of Commerce of Cincinnati, it is well to say that during the early years of the existence of the Young Men's Mercantile Library association, there were many reports made on the subject of forming a chamber of commerce, or merchants' exchange, or board of trade, as it was variously styled from time to time. Many resolutions were passed and conferences had between the officers and merchants of the city. Commencing in 1839 and running through the following years up to the spring of 1844, when a committee was appointed, of which Mr. John W. Hartwell was chairman, on the part of your association, and Mr. Thomas J . Adams, a prominent merchant, represented the merchants of the city. They employed Mr. Lewis J. Cist to collect the commercial statistics of the city then accessible, in the shape of imports and exports of merchandise, etc., by canal and river. For the purpose of paying the expense of this undertaking, ninety merchants contributed five dollars each. The result of Mr. Cist's labor was daily recorded in the books in the library rooms, accessible to all contributors ; but no daily meetings were held. After the association had moved into its present rooms, an arrangement was made for a nominal consideration, by which the Mer- chants' Exchange became a fixed institution, under its own manage- ment, as it now exists. In regard to the lectures that were a prominent feature for many years, some recollections may be of interest. The first lectures delivered before the association were upon com- mercial law, in the winter of 1835-36, by Joseph L. Benham, a promi- nent and distinguished lawyer. In the winter of 1838 Judge Timothy Walker gave a course of lec- tures. No charge was made for attendance upon either of these courses. In the winter of 1840 and 1841 Dr. Robinson gave a course of lectures on American history, for which, if I recollect aright, he received three hundred dollars, not from the association, but donated by individuals. In the winter of 1842 Dr. John Locke delivered a course of twelve lectures on geology, which were well attended. William Green, esq. , also lectured three or four times on various sub. jects. There were also some miscellaneous lectures the same year, but, to the best of my recollection, were not successful. Up to this period home talent had been entirely enlisted in this mat- ter. Efforts were made to get literary men from the eastern cities to lecture, but the time, fatigue, and expense of travelling were so great that it was impossible to accomplish it, as it required from five to seven days to travel to New York and other eastern cities. Finding this impossible, for two or three seasons the officers and some of their intimate friends took the bold step of delivering, their own lectures. These were very well received by the community, and if they did not enlighten the people on the subjects of which they treated, they at least had the benefit of teaching their authors the subject of composition and delivery. In the winter of 1843 and 1844, these lectures were delivered by Messrs. R. M. W. Taylor, Richard A. Whetstone, Lewis J. Cist, and others. The following year lectures were delivered by Messrs. J. T. Headley, J. F. Annan, James Calhoun, George S. Coe, John D. Thorpe, William Watts, James Lupton, and John W. Ellis. All these were active members of the association. The celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the Associ- ation were quite prominent features, and an effort was made to hav e these anniversary orations delivered by active members of the associ- ation, but this was not strictly carried out. The first was delivered by Mr. R. G. Mitchell, on April 18, 1839. The next by Mr. John C. Vaughn, an honorary member, and editor of the Cincinnati Gazette, April 18, 1841. This was followed by that of 1844, when the anniversary address was made by John W. Ellis, and a poem was read by William D. Gallagher. On the eighteenth of April, 1845, the address was made by J. T. Headley; the following year, 1846, by Judge James "Hall. This brings me up to the period at which I ceased to take an active interest in the management of the association, and shall therefore leave the future history to others. The first officers of the society elected were; Moses Ranney, president; Elbridge Lawrence, William M. Greer, vice-presidents; Charles G. Springer, treasurer; W. R. Smith, recording secretary. S. A. Spencer, Rob- ert Brown, R. D. Mitchell, I. D. Wheeler, directors. The succession of presidents of the association, and statistics of the members elected year by year, the total number of members each year, the number of volumes annually added to the library, and the whole number at the several periods, are exhibited at a glance in the fol- lowing table, prepared for the Annual Report of 1879, which had, to a considerable degree, an historical char- acter : Date. 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 184s 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 18 C3 1854 18SS 1856 1857 1858 1859 i860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 PRESIDENT. Moses Ranney Moses Ranney R. G. Mitchell William Watts (I. D. Wheeler 1 ( Chas. C. Sackett.... J Moses Ranney Chas. Duffield William Watts JohnW. Ellis John W. Ellis R. M. W. Taylor. . R. M. W. Taylor. . John W. Hartwell. John W. Hartwell. George T. Stedman. . . Joseph C. Butler Joseph C. Butler James Lupton., James Lupton H. D. Huntington C. R. Fosdick A. B. Merriam W. I. Whiteman S. M. Murphy C. W. Rowland Theodore Cook C. P. Marsh A. S. Winslow C. Taylor Jones C. Taylor Jones Adolph Wood S. C. Newton S. C. Newton F. H. Baldwin F. H. -Baldwin George W. Jones Hugh Colville W. P.Anderson Samuel B. Warren Wm. S. Munson Wm. J. Armel Herman Goepper Earl W. Stimson Chas. P.Wilson Henry J. Page Robert F. Leaman Walter J. Mitchell Members Elected. 140 158 140 142 283 3 J 8 540 278 163 5i° 577 689 527 717 805 522 559 523 678 197 204 243 523 326 4r7 251 480 I.033 547 338 716 534 57i 35° 33i 459 Total No. of Members 45 169 207 346 480 500 54i 55° 700 592 625 722 1,007 1,144 I.5I7 1,697 1,782 I.95 6 2,157 2,381 2,55° 3."3 3.074 3.196 3. 2 37 3.327 3.104 2,702 2,065 2,161 2,188 2,850 1.993 2,144 2,079 2,051 2.735 2.833 2,607 2,726 2.853 2,776 2.599 2.325 2,417 Volumes Added. 146 184 298 283 1,076 536 1,320 2,089 1,609 1,292 674 872 1,198 1,002 1,582 1,118 694 881 782 1,223 439 174 148 805 875 4.413 1,700 969 698 1,281 1,071 1,282 1,167 1,184 1. 134 1,067 914 1,248 2.255 TotalNo. of Volumes. 767 9*3 L^ J.342 1,660 1,809 2,885 3.299 3,626 3.998 4.250 4.786 6,106 8,195 9,804 11,096 11,769 , 12,641 !3.839 14,841 16,423 I7.54I 19,386 19,873 21,096 21.535 21,707 21,834 22,542 23.417 27,830 29.530 30,499 31,212 32.247 33.350 34.362 35.259 36.193 37.092 38,159 38,803 40,051 41.306 Mr. John M. Newton is now, and has been for some years, the popular librarian of the association. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 261 The following designated gentlemen are distinguished as perpetual members of the association : Larz Anderson, N. L. Anderson, William P. Anderson, William J. Armel, F. H. Baldwin, J. B. Bennett, Robert W. Burnet, W. T. Bur- ton (transferred to Mrs. W. T. Burton, 1876), Gideon Burton, Joseph C. Butler, Theodore Cook, Augustus Darr, Charles Davis, Julius Dex- ter, J. W. Ellis, J. J. Emery, Seth Evans, Kenner Garrard, H. H. Gib- son, Herman Goepper, Frank W. Handy, Jacob W. Holenshade, Charles H. Kilgour, John Kilgour, jr. , Joseph l£insey, Robert F. Lea- man, George W. McAlpin, John McHenry, A. B. Merriam, William S. Munson, J. M. Wayne Nfff, E. H. Pendleton, William Powell, jr., President Cincinnati Gas Light & Coke company, President of the Cin- cinnati Insurance company, E. M. Shield, Gordon Shillito, Charles W. Short, W. W. Taylor, S. B. Warren, William A. Webb (transferred to W. L. Mallory, 1876), George Wilshire, A. S. Winslow, Adolph Wood, D. T. Woodrow, C. W. Woolley, Edward Worthington, Nathaniel , Wright, jr., Charles B. Wilby, Charles P. Wilson. In accordance with section 5, article II, of the consti- tution, providing that "persons of distinction may be elected honorary members of the association by unani- mous vote of the board of directors," the following per- sons have been made honorary members : Hon. Bellamy Storer, 1862;* Henry Probasco, esq., 1872; Hon. A. T. Goshorn, 1873; Robert Clarke, esq., 1873; Reuben R. Springer, esq., 1876; Professor Daniel Vaughn, 1877;* Theodore Thomas, 1879. There are also two hundred and eighteen life members. On the aftejnoon of Tuesday, October 21, 1869, the col- lege building occupied by the Library again took fire and burned for several hours, destroying much of the build- ing, but not leveling it with the ground. The second floor, however, used for the library and the reading-room, was so badly injured as to be untenable, and much dam- age to the books and other property of the Association was done by fire and water, especially the latter. A read- ing-room was opened at No. 137-9 Race street, between Third and Fourth, and the books were stored and the ordinary operations of the library suspended until the old quarters could be re-occupied. Since then the occupancy has been undisturbed, and it is justly regarded as one of the pleasantest retreats in the city for the members of the Association and their introduced friends. The files of newspapers, magazines, and reviews are very numerous and choice, and the books of the library are kept up with the progress of publication, on all the lines of popular demand. The circulation of miscellaneous works from this library during the year 1880, was reported at thirteen thousand nine hundred and sixty-four, while four thousand three hundred and forty-nine were read in its rooms ; of novels, forty thousand two hundred and fourteen; read in the library, three hundred and forty. Total issue of books for the year, fifty-seven thousand eight hundred and sixty- seven — an increase of three thousand eight hundred and twenty-two against the report of 1879. The Association had in its treasury the handsome amount of twenty-five thousand seven hundred and seventy-one dollars and twenty-six cents. One hundred and thirty-two pupils of the public schools are admitted to the privileges of the library, under the provisions of the Day bequest. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. By the statute of May 4, 1853, the State Legislature * Deceased. provided that a tax of one-tenth of one mill on the dol- lar of valuation should be levied and appropriated to the purchase of libraries and apparatus for schools, under direction of the State Commissioner of Common Schools. Under this law the Commissioner at first himself obtained books for small libraries, as the means in hand warranted, and sent to the officers of the several counties, for dis- tribution to the school districts. Sixteen such libraries, each the exact duplicate of every other, came by this ar- rangement to Cincinnati in 1854 — one for each school district in the city. The Board of education of the city naturally objected to libraries so ill adapted to the situa- tion, and requested the Commissioner to allow the Board the handling of its quota of the library fund, or to send it books in a single library. He agreed to the suggestion, and the next year sent according to a list furnished by the Board. Soon afterwards, in 1856, the Board con- tracted with the Mechanics' institute for the perpetual lease of the second story of the new institute building, on the corner of Vine and Sixth streets, and the tempo- rary consolidation of its library with the collection in charge of the Board. Ten thousand dollars in city bonds were placed with the institute, subject to recall when the premises, after due notice, should be vacated. In this building the "Ohio School Library," as its name then was, opened to the public, July, 1856, its collection of eleven thousand six hundred and thirty volumes. Of these six thousand five hundred and eighty-three were the property of the Mechanics' Institute, and the re- mainder, something less than half, constituted the school library proper. This part of the collection had cost seven thousand five hundred and forty-one dollars and ninety-two cents, which was not half the sum which the city of Cincinnati had paid in library taxation under the law of 1853. The library had a very satisfactory circulation the first year. Accounts were opened with two thousand four hundred persons, and twenty thousand one hundred and seventy-nine books were given out. A catalogue of one hundred and fourteen pages octavo was prepared — as the tradition runs, by boys from the Hughes high school — and printed in January, 1857. It is, of course, very far from what such a catalogue should be, and presents a marked contrast to the admirable catalogues that have been prepared in later years. The second catalogue ap- peared in i860, in a volume of two hundred and four pages, double-column. The catalogue now in use, a portly octavo of six hundred and forty-four pages, was published in 187 1, under the supervision of the distin- guished librarian, Mr. W. F. Poole. In addition the li- brarian's office contains a large number of manuscript "shelf catalogues," in bulky volumes, for entry and clas- sification of books by topics ; also a very thorough system of card catalogues in drawers, for classification alphabet- ically by authors. The new books of every month are also classified and catalogued in a Monthly Bulletin, a thin quarto pamphlet, which is sold at a nominal rate, and keeps book-borrowers regularly informed of additions to the library. Special catalogues are also being printed, exhibiting the resources of the library under each of the 262 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. great heads of literature. Several volumes of these are already printed, which, with the Bulletins since printed, enable one in a few minutes to ascertain all that the col- lection contains relating to a topic under investigation. In i860 the library had twenty-two thousand six hun- dred and forty-eight volumes (sixteen thousand and sixty- five in the library proper) upon its shelves, besides the collections of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, which numbered over three thousand. The same year a second printed catalogue, of two hundred and four octavo pages, was printed. The law imposing a State tax for libraries was repealed this year, and no additions were made to the library in 1861; except eighty- one volumes, by donation. In the same way one hun- dred and fifteen were added the next year, and one hun- dred in 1863. The additions during seven years when no public tax was levied for it scarcely kept pace with the losses; and in 1866 but sixteen thousand two hun- dred books were reported — about the same as six years before — and many of these were in most wretched con- dition. However, in 1867 a subscription of four thousand seven hundred and sixty- dollars and fifteen cents was made for the library, and the income of a legacy of five thousand dollars, left to it by Mrs. Sarah Lewis, be- came available. On petition of the school and munici- pal authorities, the tax for libraries was restored March 10, 1867, in cities of the first and second class, which gave Cincinnati the next year thirteen thousand five hundred dollars for new books. Only one thousand six hundred and eighty-three dollars and forty-nine cents were, however, expended this year in this direction ; but seven thousand eighty-nine dollars and seventy-seven cents were paid out in 1863 for three thousand six hun- dred and eighty-six volumes, and three hundred and fifty-two were received by donation. Shortly before this purchase the exact number of books in the library was reported at twelve thousand four hundred and eighty- three, showing a great falling-off from losses, worn-out copies, and other causes. In 1869, five thousand three hundred and ninety-three volumes were added ; in 1870, one thousand one hundred and seventy-seven ; and seven thousand nine hundred and one were bought during the year ending June, 1871. The number of volumes was thirty thousand three hundred and six August 10th of that year. The number of readers in a single month of 1867 was two thousand one hundred and twenty; of 1868, three thousand five hundred and five; 1869, five thousand one hundred and eleven; 1870, six thousand seven hundred and seventy-three ; 1871, eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-one ; showing a very remarkable increase the last year, which was during the administra- tion of Mr. W. F. Poole, the celebrated librarian, and reformer of this library. About this time arrangements were made with medical institutions in the city to build up and maintain an extensive medical department ; and a Theological and Religious Library, numbering three thousand two hundred and ninety-one volumes, had re- cently been deposited with its collection. The building occupied by the library is eighty feet front on Vine street by one hundred and ninety feet depth to College street in the rear. The front is four stories high, the two lower being eighteen feet high, and the two upper sixteen feet, built of light-colored Buena- Vista freestone, of massive design, and surmounted by a cornice of galvanized iron, eighty feet from the pave- ment. The building is fire-proof throughout; the floors are on rolled wrought-iron beams, with corrugated sheet- iron arches between them, filled, in with concrete. In the main hall of the library the columns which support the ceiling are wrought-iron of peculiar construction, ornamented with cast-iron. The lintels are all of wrought- iron; and the interior cornices, etc., are of galvanized iron, with panels of ornamental glass in the iron ceiling. An arched roof spreads above this, studded with prismatic lights of thick glass set in iron plates. The inside fold- ing shutters for the windows are of wrought-iron in moulded panels. The windows are double, excluding effectually smoke and dust, with French casements hung inside of the outer sashes. The main apartment is eighty by one hundred and eight feet, and fifty feet high, surrounded by five tiers of alcoves, the lower of them eleven feet high and the upper seven and a half feet. They have six miles of shelving, with a total capacity for two hurfdred and fifty thousand volumes. The floor of this hall, the visitors' reception-room, and the entrance hall, are paved with marble in various colors. The staircases from the ground floor to the library, seven feet above, are of white marble; other flights of stairs in the building are of iron. On the first floor, near the entrance to the main hall, is a delivery-room for the circulating library, which im- mediately adjoins, but is separated from the large hall used in consulting the library of reference. The interior finish, wainscoting, etc., of the building is in black walnut, with walls and ceilings decorated in color. Heat is supplied from steam coils throughout the building. An ample cellar gives lofty vaulted rooms for the reception and unpacking of books, for boiler and en- gine, coal vaults, etc. The steam engine is used partly to move the elevator in the building. This edifice was occupied in 1873, when the Hon. Charles Jacob, mayor of the city, formally received from the board of education the keys of the fine structure, and an address was delivered by the Hon. George H. Pen- dleton. The last annual report of the librarian, dated July 1, 1880, exhibits the total number of books then in the library as one hundred and eighteen thousand nine hun- dred and fifty-five; pamphlets, thirteen thousand eight hundred and fifty-two; total, one hundred and thirty-two thousand eight hundred and seven. Added during the year, twelve thousand three hundred and sixty-five nine thousand five hundred and fourteen by purchase, one thousand five hundred and five by gift, and ninety-eight by exchange. The Cincinnati Newsboys' union presented its entire library— three hundred and seventy-seven books and three hundred and eighty pamphlets. The issue of books was : Volumes delivered for home use, two hun- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 263 dred and fifty-seven thousand five hundred and ninety- one; for reference, one hundred and fifty-one thousand and eighty-two; total, four hundred and eight thousand six hundred and seventy-three, an increase, as against the previous year, of thirty-three thousand six hundred and eighty-six. An average of a book every minute is given out during all the hours the library is open, and over two thousand people daily make use of the library in some shape. Branch libraries have been established in the First ward (Columbia) and the Twenty-first ward (Cummins- ville) with very gratifying results. The expenditures of the library for the year were fifty-four thousand nine hun- dred and twenty-seven dollars and twenty-eight cents. The librarian, Chester W. Merrill, esq., thus illustrates, in a very interesting incident, the many ways in which the library is returning consideration to the community for this seemingly large expense : It is seldom that we can measure in dollars and cents the usefulness of an institution whose benefits silently permeate the whole community, but occasionally an illustration presents itself. I am authorized by Judge M. W. Oliver and E. W. Kittredge, esq., to state that the in- formation derived from three volumes in the library, wnich could not have been obtained elsewhere at the time, saved the people of Cincin- nati, in the contract with the Gas Company, at least thirty-three thou- sand five hundred dollars annually for the next ten years. How much more of the reduction of the price of gas was due to these books, cannot be certainly known. There can be no doubt that seven cents per thou- sand feet reduction was due to the assistance rendered by these books. This one item is alone more than one-half the annual cost of the library, and is nearly equal to the amount paid by the board of education from the general educational fund for library purposes. BENEFACTIONS. Mr. Timothy Kirby, a well-known old citizen of Cin- cinnati, left a bequest at his death of a lot on Court street and four acres on Strait and Zigzag avenue, for the benefit of the Public and Mercantile libraries. It was put in litigation, however, and its loss was seriously threatened. The decision of the court below invalidated the will in this particular, and decided the case against the city; but the bequest was subsequently allowed, at least in part, by a compromise; and in 1878 three thou- sand dollars were realized from it for the Public library and five thousand dollars for the Mercantile. The Pub- lic also about this time received five thousand three hun- dred dollars from the assets of the estate of Mrs. Sarah Lewis, under the terms of her will, yielding the library over four hundred dollars per year. June 10, 1879, Mr. Henry Probasco made it the liberal donation of one hun- dred and sixty-one standard books and fifty photographs for its walls. The British government presented it nearly four thousand volumes containing the specifications and plans of English patents, and added four hundred and thirty volumes the next year. A very remarkable gift was made by John A. B. King, a Cincinnati newsboy, in the shape of his entire library, consisting of two thousand four hundred and sixty-six volumes and two hundred and thirty-seven pamphlets — considered a very useful collec- tion. Of this donation the Rev. Thomas Vickers, librarian, said in his report for 1878-9: The application by Mr. King of his hard-earned savings to the pur- chase of an extensive and valuable collection of books in all depart- ments of literature, with the intention of devoting it to public uses, may teach a useful lesson, not only to those in the humbler ranks of life, but perhaps to some on whom fortune has bestowed goods suffi- cient to enable them to be generous without sacrifice. Many other notable gifts have been received by this library. The succession of librarians for the Public is as fol- lows: J. D. Caldwell, clerk of the board and ex officio libra- rian, 1855-9; N. P. Poor, 1859-65; Louis Freeman, 1866-9; William F. Poole, 1869-73; Thomas Vickers, 1874-9; Chester W. Merrill, 1880. A large force is employed in the library — at the close of 1880 one librarian, one first and one second assistant; twenty -four day assistants, including two in the librarian's office and five in the catalogue department; fourteen evening assistants; nine Sunday assistants; two employees in the engineer department, six janitors, and one police- man; fifty-five different persons filling fifty-nine places, four of them duplicating their work. THE HISTORICAL LIBRARY has been noticed, and its history incidentally given in an account of the Historical and Philosophical society of Ohio. It has about seven thousand five hundred volumes and thirty thousand pamphlets, mostly of an historical character, and occupies rooms in the fourth story of the College building. A GERMAN LIBRARY. A German Catholic School and Reading society was organized September 25, 1842, in connection with the churches of that nationality and faith in the city. It built up a moderate library, which became mostly dis- persed, and a new organization was formed April 4, 1859, called the St. Charles de Borromeo Reading society. This was also broken up after a time, and the books fell to the St. Mary's Catholic church (German), on Thirteenth and Clay streets. November 4, 1877, the name was again changed to the St. Mary's Library association, by which it is now known. The books are in charge of the members of the different societies of St. Mary's congre- gation. The active reading members number forty; passive members, twelve hundred; volumes in the libra- ry, two thousand five hundred. Mr. Henry Petker is librarian. Both the German and English languages are well represented on its shelves. PRIVATE LIBRARIES. We extract the following note from Mr. King's inval- uable little Pocket-book of Cincinnati : There are numerous valuable private libraries, many of which are rich in specialties. Some of the noteworthy private libraries are those of A. T. Goshorn, most of which was presented to him by the citizens of Philadelphia, in recognition of his services as director-general of the Exposition in 1876, the room being exquisitely fitted up by a committee sent here for the purpose; Robert Clarke, containing bibliography and literary history, science, and rare and numerous works in Scottish his- tory and poetry; Henry Probasco, a costly collection of ancient, rare, and exquisitely bound books, well arranged, classified, and catalogued; Rev. Thomas H. Skinner, D. D., rich in theological works; E. T. Car- son, having probably the most complete Masonic collection in the world, besides a fine Shaksperian collection; J. B. Stallo, a large library, with a specialty of philosophical works; Stanley Matthews, abounding in law, scientific, and theological works; George McLaughlin, contain- ing standard historical works, and a great variety of books on art, as 264 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. well as many curious books; M. F. Force, a fine collection of books re- lating to American Indians; T. D. Lincoln, one of the most extensive and useful collection of law-books in the world. CHAPTER XXVIII. LITER ATUR ) The Queen City has done worthy deeds in the field of letters, as well as in more material realms. Her men of intellect and scholarship have not only won their way in the professions and at mercantile and manufacturing em- ployments, but have left enduring memorials illustrating many and important walks of literature. The books by Cincinnati authors would fill a large library. The story of the rise, development, and present state of literature in Cincinnati would itself easily fill a volume. We shall in this chapter merely attempt an outline of its begin- nings, with some notices of the authors and works of the various periods of the city's history, particularly those less familiar to readers and inquirers of the pres- ent generation. THE DRAKES. The pioneer in Cincinnati literature was probably Dr.' Daniel Drake, who came in r8oo, a boy of fifteen, and early began literary labors, though he did not publish anything of importance until ten years after his arrival, when the Notices concerning Cincinnati appeared. It is a little book, but deserves special mention as, .the first of an honorable line of publications illustrating the city in almost every decade of its existence, and as being alto- gether of local manufacture, in authorship, printing, and binding. Dr. Drake exhibited in this much ability to observe carefully and scientifically, and to arrange and record the results of his observations. He followed it five years later by his Natural and Statistical View, or Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country, a work of similar character, but larger and fuller, and now more easily accessible, the Notices having become exceedingly rare, only three copies, it is said, being known to book- collectors. Dr. Drake's professional and public life soon became too busy to" allow him much time for literature, but he was more or less a writer during the rest of his life, which was prolonged until 1852. In 1842 a small work of his on Northern Lakes and Southern Invalids was published; he prepared in part a popular treatise on physiology, and published several pamphlets or modest books of addresses, lectures, and other public efforts, among them a very interesting collection of discourses before the Cincinnati Medical Library association, deliv- ered only a few months before his death. His great work, however, to which he worthily gave many years of minute investigation and well-directed literary toil, is the Systematic Treatise on the Diseases of the Interior Val- ley of North America — a work which at once attracted marked and wide attention from the medical profession, and is still held in repute. After Dr. Drake's death a collection was made of letters written by him in his latter years to his children, describing Pioneer Life in Kentucky, and published under that title as No. 6 of the Ohio Val- ley Historical Series. He was an enthusiastic Cincin- natian, and his services to the city through a long life were invaluable. Benjamin Drake was a younger brother of Dr. Drake and a lawyer by profession, but with a strong bent toward literature. In conjunction with his brother-in-law, the late Edward D. Mansfield, while both were still young men, he prepared and published a work representing Cincinnati in 1826, which, besides securing a large local and some more distant circulation, had the honor to be re-published bodily in London the same year, as an appen- dix to a book of travels and prospectus of a real estate speculation on the Kentucky shore, by a wealthy English- man named -Bullock. He later prepared a comprehen- sive work on the Agriculture and Products of the West- ern States, an entertaining little volume of Tales of the Queen City, and Lives of the celebrated Indian chiefs Tecumseh, the Prophet, and Black Hawk. He also wrote much for the Western Monthly Magazine, the Southern Literary Messenger, and other periodicals of the earlier day of magazine literature in this country. He seems to have had a respectable place among the literati of his time, though he has not had much perma- rient fame. '. Charles D. Drake, son of Dr. Drake and late United States senator from Missouri, was for a time (1830-4) among the rising young authors of the Queen City. He was a midshipman in the United States navy for about three years, when he resigned to study law in Cincinnati, where he was admitted to the bar in May, 1833, While a student, and for some time thereafter, he wrote much in prose and poetry for the city papers; but in 1834 removed to St. Louis, and wrote but little after getting into full practice. A series of papers on the Legal Rela- tions of Husband and Wife, published in the Cincinnati Mirror in 1836, and Drake on Attachment, an authority well known to the legal fraternity, are, however, from his pen. He also edited the volume of his father's reminis- cential letters before published, and prefaced it with an admirable biographical sketch of the famous doctor. EDWARD D. MANSFIELD, LL. D., who came to Cincinnati in the fifth year of the century and of his own life, was a quite prolific author. When but twenty-five years old he, in union with Mr. Benjamin Drake, also a young man of the period, prepared and published the valuable little work entitled Cincinnati in 1826. One of the first books on the science of govern- ment and the Federal constitution, prepared for use in American schools, if not the very first one, was Mans- field's Political Grammar, 1835, which is still in use under another name. Other books of his are a Treatise on Constitutional Law, 1835; Legal Rights of Women, 1845; Life of General Scott, 1846; American Educa- tion, 1850; Memoirs of Daniel Drake, 1855; and Per- sonal Memoirs 1803-48, 1879. He was author of some strong and intelligent reports as State commissioner of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 265 statistics, and many addresses of his were published in pamphlet form. He was an editor for some time, and continued his correspondence for the Cincinnati Gazette almost to the day of his death. In 1839 he conducted for a single year an excellent literary periodical called the Monthly Chronicle, the patronage of which, however, did not encourage him to continue it. His death occur- red at his farm "Yamoyden" — named from a famous poem which he greatly admired — near Morrow, Warren county, October 27, 1880. JUDGE BURNET. The name of Jacob Burnet, as our readers are well aware by this time, is among the foremost names of the early time in Cincinnati. He made a fame as a local historian and speaker scarcely less than his perhaps wider though not more enduring renown as a legislator and jurist. Fortunately for the writer of Cincinnati's annals at this day, a number of her pioneer citizens took a cor- dial interest in recording and publishing the memoirs and statistics of several decades. One of the most important of these issues was Judge Burnet's Letters relating to the Early Settlement of the Northwestern Territory, contained in a series addressed to J. Delafield, jr., during the years 1837-8, afterwards reconstructed and published in better form by Derby, Bradley & Company, under the auspices of the Historical and Philosophical society, in 1847, as "Notes on the Early Settlement of the Northwestern Ter- ritory," which makes a portly octavo of five hundred pages. Thomson's Bibliography well says of it: We know nothing which illustrates more forcibly the rapid growth of the vast region northwest of the Ohio river, than the contents of this volume. The work is in reality an autobiographical sketch of the author, accompanied by a statement of such facts and incidents relat- ing to the early settlement of the Northwestern Territory as were within his recollection, and might be considered worth preserving. His book, with some few exceptions, is considered accurate, and is quoted as authority in more modern productions. Judge Burnet was also the author of the annual ad- dress delivered before the Cincinnati Astronomical soci- ety, June 3, 1844, which comprises an account of the early settlement of the State; a speech in the National Whig convention of 1839, including a sketch of the ca- reer of General Harrison; and an article of some value in the Gentleman's Magazine for June, 1848, on Cincin- nati in 1800, accompanied by a picture of the town at that time. He also wrote the Historical Preface to Mr. David Henry Shaffer's Cincinnati, Covington, Newport, and Fulton Directory for 1839-40, in which he supplies some rare information concerning the founding of Lo- santiville. MR. FLINT. The Rev. Timothy Flint, at first a visitor here for some months early in the century, and then a permanent resi- dent, made a striking figure among the literary men of his time. His volume of Recollections of the Missis- sippi Valley, his book on the Indian Wars of the West, and other works, are still read with interest. Mrs. Trol- lope seems to have been an especial admirer of Mr. Flint, and thus wrote of him in her book on the Domestic Man- ners of the Americans : The most agreeable acquaintance I made in Cincinnati, and indeed one of the most talented men I ever met, was Mr. Flint, the author of several extremely clever volumes, and the editor of the Western Monthly Review [Magazine]. His conversational powers are of the highest order ; he is the only person I remember to have known with first-rate powers of satire, and even of sarcasm, whose kindness of nature and of manner remained perfectly uninjured. In some of his critical notices there is a strength and keenness second to nothing of the kind I have ever read. He is a warm patriot, and so true-hearted an American that we could not always be of the same opinion on all the subjects we discussed ; but whether it were the force and brilliancy of his language, his genuine and manly sincerity of feeling, or his bland and gentleman- like manner that beguiled me, I knew not ; but certainly he is the only American I ever listened to whose unqualified praise of his country did not appear to me somewhat overstrained and ridiculous. THE CISTS. Mr. Charles Cist rather furnished material for history than wrote or compiled history himself. He was em- ployed to take, or to assist in taking, several censuses of the city ; and thus, as well as by his own disposition to inquire into local statistics — as the enumeration of houses and their increase year by year — and his habits as a jour- nalist, he was remarkably well prepared for the publica- tions which he put forth at intervals of about ten years — ■ Cincinnati in 1841, Cincinnati in 1851, and Cincinnati in 1859. For their statistical and historical matter, and the indications given of the states of things here at the sev- eral periods treated, these neatjvolumes, though not ab- solutely accurate at all points, are invaluable; and we acknowledge deep and frequent indebtedness to them in the preparation of this work. Mr. Cist was also editor of a local newspaper, the Western General Advertiser, for some time in the forties, and from its columns he com- piled two volumes of the Cincinnati Miscellany, or An- tiquities of the West, closely printed in two octavo volumes, which form an invaluable thesaurus of Cincin- nati antiquities and statistics. Many of the most useful facts, copies of old documents, and other materials of this History, have been available to us through the in- dustry of Mr. Cist. In the literary legacy he left to pos- terity, this gentleman probably builded better than he knew. Lewis J. Cist, oldest son of Charles Cist, early exhib- ited poetic abilities, and wrote much for his father's pa- per, the Advertiser, for the Hesperian, and other local publications. In 1845 many of his pieces were collected and published under the title, Trifles in Verse : A Collec- tion of Fugitive Poems. He was a bank-clerk in Cin- cinnati, in the office of the Ohio Life and Trust com- pany; went to St. Louis in 1850, and took a position in a bank there; and afterwards returned to Cincinnati, where he now resides. He has one of the finest collec- tions of autographs in the world. OTHER HISTORIANS. Very excellent work has been done in this department of late years by Mr. Robert Clarke, of the well-known publishing firm of Robert Clarke & Company. He is doubtless the best local historian in the Miami country; and it is to be regretted that as yet his labors have been confined to editing the productions of others — invaluable as this work has been— issuing privately-printed pam- phlets, advising writers of history, and corresponding oc- casionally for the newspapers. His pamphlets so far are : 34 266 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. The Pre-historic Remains which were found on the Site of the City of Cincinnati, Ohio, with a Vindication of the Cincinnati Tablets; and a valuable publication on the first sales and quotations of lots in Losantiville. The more important publications issued under his editorship are included in the Ohio Valley Historical Series, in. which his careful revision and editorial notes are among the best features of the books. They include : i. An Historical Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians, in the year 1764, under the command of Henry Bouquet. By Dr. William Smith. 2. History of Athens county, Ohio, and incidentally , of the Ohio Land company, and the first settlement of the State at Marietta. By Charles M. Walker. 3. Colonel George Rogers Clark's Sketches of his Campaign in the Illinois, in 1778-9. 4. Pioneer Biography : Sketches of the Lives of Some of the Early Settlers of Butler county, Ohio. By James McBride. Two volumes. This is a perfect treasure- house of interesting facts relating to the Miami valley in pioneer times, and we here acknowledge frequent indebt- edness to it. 5. An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (now a citizen of Bourbon county, Kentucky), during his captivity among the Indians, in the years 1755, '56, '57, '58, and '59. 6. Pioneer Life in Kentucky : A series of reminiscen- tial letters addressed to his children. By Dr. Daniel Drake. 7. Miscellanies: Containing — 1, Memorandums of a tour in Ohio and Kentucky, by Josiah Espy; 2, Two Western Campaigns in the War of 181 2-13, by Samuel Williams; 3, The Leatherwood God. Mr. Clarke had also the enterprise to reprint two vol- umes of Olden Time, a Pittsburgh publication replete with valuable matter relating to the early explorations and the settlement and improvement of the country around the head of the Ohio. To go back again more than a generation in time, it may not be commonly known or remembered here that the first general History of Ohio given the public was prepared in Cincinnati by a young attorney, Salmon P. Chase, afterwards Secretary of the Treasury and chief justice of the United States. It was published first in 1833 as an introduction to Chase's edition of the Statutes of Ohio, in three volumes, which gave its previously un- known author at once a high standing among the Ohio bar; afterwards separately, in a thin octavo. It is still re- garded as a very satisfactory outline of the history of the State to the year 1833. Hart's History of the Valley of the, Mississippi is also a Cincinnati book, published by Mc<6re, Anderson, Wil- stach & Keys, in 1853. So are Indian Wars of the West, by Timothy Flint, 1833, a work still held in high esteem; the same author's Biographical Memoir of Daniel Boone, Life and Exploits of Daniel Boone, the History and Ge- ography of the Mississippi Valley, in three volumes, 1828-33; an< i tne Shoshone Valley, a romance in two volumes. Mr. Flint had also several historical and other books printed elsewhere, but whether prepared during his residence in Cincinnati or not we have not been able to learn. In 1855 Messrs. Ephraim Morgan and Sons pub- lished here a history of the Shawnee Indians, from the year 1681 to 1854, inclusive, by Henry Harvey, who was not, we believe, a Cincinnatian. The Miami Printing & Publishing company, in 1872, issued a little work entitled A Chapter of the History of the War of 18 12 in the Northwest, by Colonel William Stanley Hatch, volun- teer in the Cincinnati light infantry. Henry Howe's famous Historical Collections of Ohio was prepared and published here, in four editions from 1847 to 1869, the last by Robert Clarke & Company. Important contribu- tions have been made to ecclesiastical and general history in the Sketches of Western Methodism: Biographical, Historical, and Miscellaneous, Illustrative of Pioneer Life, by the Rev. James B. Finley; and a History of the Wyandott Mission at Upper Sandusky, Ohio, under the direction of the Methodist Episcopal church, by the same author; also in a History of the Miami Baptist Association, from its organization in 1797 to a Division of that Body on Missions in the year 1836 — a small, but excellently prepared book by the Hon. A. H. Dunlevy, son of Judge Francis Dunlevy, a pioneer settler at Columbia. Profes- sor W. H. Venable, the poet teacher, has done much good work in preparing historical text books for the schools, besides his contributions in lighter departments of litera- ture. Dr. George Halstead Boyland, an ex-surgeon of the French army, is author of an interesting volume de- scriptive of Six Months under the Red Cross, with the French Army. Two of the Cincinnati regiments in the late war — the Sixth infantry and the Eighty-first — have had their stirring stories published; the former written by Lieutenant E. Hannaford, in an octavo volume of six hundred and twenty-two pages, the latter a smaller book, by Major W. H. Chamberlin. An interesting account has been given of the black brigade, the Cincinnati negroes who worked upon the Covington fortifications during the great scare of 1862, in a little book by Mr. Peter H. Clark. By far the greatest work that has been done in this direction, however, in this city or State, or perhaps in any State, is Ohio in the War: Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Her Soldiers, in two large octavos ; which is truly a magnum opus in every respect. It is the production of several writers and compilers employed during the war and subsequently by the publishers, Messrs. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, of Cincinnati; but was carefully edited throughout by Mr. Whitelaw Reid, now editor-in-chief of the New York Tribune, and published in 1868. Its great value to the history of the State is amply recognized in the citations from it in this and other works of the kind. An entertaining book of Cincinnati's Beginnings, deal- ing principally and very usefully with the Miami Pur- chase, and containing many before unpublished letters of Judge Symmes and his partners of the East Jersey company, by Mr. F. W. Miller, was published in 1880 by Peter G. Thomson. Mr. Thomson is also the recent publisher of The Old Court House : Reminiscences and Anecdotes of the Courts and Bar of Cincinnati, by the HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 267 Hon. A. G. W. Carter, himself long a practitioner at the bar, prosecuting attorney many years ago, and for a time a judge in the court of common pleas. Mr. Thomson also, with rare and well-directed enterprise, published a work of his own in the late fall of 1880 — The Bibliogra- phy of the State of Ohio, being a Catalogue of the Books and Pamphlets relating to the History of the State. It is a thick quarto, printed with exceeding beauty of typog- raphy; and, notwithstanding some errors, both of com- mission and omission — notably the failure even to cata- logue the already considerable number of county histo- ries published in Ohio, some of which make important contributions to State and general history — it is a very useful work, and a credit to Queen City publications. The preparation of this chapter of our history has been very greatly facilitated by its use. It is announced that a History of Cincinnati is also in press — one large enough to fill two duodecimo volumes, the work of Colonel A. E. Jones, who has con- tributed many valuable historical articles to the city jour- nals — and it will probably see the light in due course of time. Other publications, more or less local and historical in their character, are Mr. W. T. Coggeshall's The Signs of the Times, comprising a History of the Spirit-rappers in Cincinnati and Other Places, with Notes on Clairvoyant Revealments; John P. Foote's useful and painstaking work on The Schools of Cincinnati and its Vicinity, 1855; an anonymous Brief Sketch of the History, Rise, and Progress of the Common Schools of Cincinnati, in the Historical Sketches of the Public Schools of Ohio, pub- lished at Columbus in 1876; and the The Horrors of the Queen City, a crime-record anonymously issued, but known to be from the pen of Colonel W. L. De Beck, of Cincin- nati; and William F. Poole's Essay on Anti-slavery be- fore 1800, read before the literary club November 16, 1872. The city has a somewhat voluminous literature in pamphlets and reports embodying contributions to her history and that of Hamilton county. In 1833 was pub- lished an octavo pamphlet of the proceedings at the cel- ebration of the forty-fifth anniversary of the first settle- ment of" Cincinnati and the Miami county; and two years thereafter one recording in print the celebration, by na- tive citizens, of the forty-seventh anniversary of the first settlement of Ohio. James F. Conover's oration on the History of the First Discovery and Settlement of the New World, with especial reference to the Mississippi valley, was published in 1835; and three years afterwards came Judge Timothy Walker's discourse on the History and General Character of the State of Ohio, before the His- torical and Philosophical society, preceded the previous year by a eulogy of the State, in the Annual discourse before the same society by the same gentleman. N. C. Read's anniversary oration of the Buckeye celebration April 7, 1841, was published here the same year. In 1836 public record was made by the executive committee of the Ohio Anti-Slavery society, in a pamphlet, of the Late Riotous Proceedings against the Liberty of the Press in Cincinnati; with Remarks and Historical No- tices relating to Emancipation. Pioneer Life at North Bend was set forth in an address at Cleves in 1866 by the Hon. J. Scott Harrison, son of President Harrison, print- ed in a neat pamphlet by Messrs. Clarke & Company. Colonel A. E. Jones has a pamphlet address on Reminis- cences of the Early Days of the Little Miami Valley, and another on the Financial and Commercial Statistics of Cincinnati: The Past and Present. The church, in vari- ous denominations, receives just historical treatment in Dr. J. G. Montfort's Presbyterianism North of the Ohio; Rev. Richard McNemar's The Kentucky Revival, a Cincinnati publication of 1807, from the Liberty Hall office; Memorials of the Celebration of the Fiftieth An- niversary of the First Congregational (Unitarian) church ; Rev. William H. James' historical discourse on the Seventy-ninth Anniversary of the Presbyterian church at Springdale; Hutchison's historical discourse of the Reading and Lockland Presbyterian church; Rev. An- drew J. Reynolds' historical discourse of the Cummins- ville Presbyterian church; Rev. Samuel R. Wilson's dis- course at the dedication of the Church of the Pioneers (Fhst Presbyterian church of Cincinnati), September 21, 1 851; A Brief Account of the Origin, Progress, Faith, and Practice of the Central Christian Church of Cincin- nati; the History of Union Chapel, Methodist Episcopal church; and many brief histories of churches, Sunday- schools, and attached religious and benevolent organiza- tions, in the church manuals and ecclesiastical reports. Brief histories have also been published, alone or in divers connections, of the Cincinnati high schools, Lane seminary, the Wesleyan Female college, the Catholic in- stitute, Western Baptist Theological institute, and other schools; of the Young Men's Mercantile, the Public, and Law libraries, the Mechanics' institute, Spring Grove cemetery, the Academy of Medicine, the Cincinnati Horticultural society, the Literary club, the Cincinnati Society of ex-Army and Navy officers, the Exposition of Textile Fabrics In 1869, the Industrial Exposition of 1870, the Gas and Coke Company, the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum, the Suspension Bridge, the Tyler-Davidson Foun- tain, the Widows' Home, the Young Men's Gymnasium, and other institutions. A vast amount of valuable matter is included in the twelve volumes of Der Deutsch Pio- nier, published as a monthly magazine by the German Pioneer society of Cincinnati; and in the five numbers of the Cincinnati Pioneer, published some years ago by Mr. John D. Caldwell, as an organ of the Cincinnati Pioneer society. Many valuable books and pamphlets, not strictly his- torical in their character, but illustrating the city at differ- ent periods of its history, have been published. The most valuable of these are the earliest, the books of Dr. Drake, of Drake & Mansfield, and of Mr. Cist, already mentioned. In this class of works are also : The City of Cincinnati, a Summary of its Attractions, etc., by George E. Stevens, 1869; Illustrated Cincinnati, by D. J. Kenny, 1875, and Cincinnati Illustrated, a handsome thick quarto pamphlet, by the same, 1879; the Guide Books or Hand Books of Boyd, Caron, Holbrook and, latest and best of all, Moses King; the Cincinnati Almanacs 268 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. (or local almanacs under different names) of 1806, 1810-20, 1823-34 and 1839-40; the Directories for 1819, 1825, 1829, 1831, 1834, 1836-37, 1842-44, 1846 and 1849-81; the Cincinnati Society Blue Book and Family Directory, published by Peter G. Thomson, 1879; the Suburbs of Cincinnati, by Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell; Suburban Homes, by Richard Nelson; the Manufactures of Cincinnati and their Relation to the Fu- ture Progress of the City, a lecture by Colonel Maxwell; the Bible in the Public Schools, a report of the case of John D. Minor et al. vs. The Board of Education of the City of Cincinnati, et al. The Cincinnati Excursion to California in 1869, reported in letters to the Daily Com- mercial, were published in book form ; the reports of sev- eral notable trials in pamphlet form ; and sundry pub- lished addresses by Jacob Burnet, Alphonso Taft, George Graham, Charles P. James, ex-Governor William Bebb, and many others; besides the invaluable annual reports of the Chamber of Commerce, by Colonel Maxwell; of the Board of Trade, by Mr. Julius F. Blackburn, and of other city institutions and the several departments of the city government. LOCAL BIOGRAPHY, by local authors, has been by no means neglected. Lives of Dr. Daniel Drake, by his brother-in-law, Mr. E. D. Mansfield; of Dr. John Locke, by Dr. M. B. Wright; of the Hon. Larz Anderson, by the Rev. I. N. Stanger; James H. Perkins, the well known editor and annalist, by Rev. B. F. Barrett; Judge Thomas Morris, an eminent resident in Columbia and in Clermont county for many years, by his son; Samuel Lewis, the first State superin- tendent of public schools in Ohio, also by a son ; Rev. Truman Bishop, by John Haughton; Rev. Philip Gatch, another of the early Methodist ministers in the Miami county, by the Hon. John McLean, justice of the su- preme court of the United States; Mrs. Charlotte Cham- bers Ludlow, one of the pioneer ladies here, in a privately printed memoir by her grandson, Mr. Lewis H. Garrard; the Rev. Adam Hurdus, first minister of the Sweden- borgian faith west of the Alleghanies, by Judge A G W. Carter; Judge Jacob Burnet, by Mr. D. K. Este, and again by the Rev. Samuel W. Fisher; the Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed President of the Under- ground Railway; the Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes, by J. Q. Howard; the Memorial of William Spooner, 1837, and of his De- scendants to the Third Generation, and of his Great- grandson', Elnathan Spooner, and of his Descendants to 1871, by Thomas Spooner; and of Samuel E. Foote, by his brother John P. Foote, have been prepared in the shape of book, address, or sermon, and published in Cincinnati. The Personal Memories of the Hon. E. D. Mansfield, 1879; tne Autobiography of Rev. J. B. Fin- ley, 1857; and the Narrative of Indian Captivity, by Oliver M. Spencer, which has been published in three editions, belong mainly to this category. The lives of leading Cincinnatians were written up briefly and pub- lished, with photographic portraits accompanying, in Cin- cinnati Past and Present, or its Industrial History, as exhibited in the Life Labors of its Leading Men, 1872, of which a German edition was also published. Many other local biographical sketches appear in the Biograph- ical Encyclopaedia of Ohio, of the nineteenth century, published in Cincinnati and Philadelphia in 1876, and the Biographical Cyclopaedia and Portrait Gallery of Dis- tinguished Men, a great work issued in Cincinnati by Messrs. John C. Yorston & Company. Lives of Gen- eral Harrison were prepared here in 1840, by Charles S. Todd and Benjamin Drake; in 1836, by Judge James Hall; and in 1824, by Moses Dawson, the well-known editor of the Cincinnati Advertiser. It is a little re- markable, however, that out of eighty-three printed funeral orations, sermons, and other eulogies pronounced upon the death of General Harrison, only one belongs to Cincinnati — a sermon preached by the Rev. Joshua L. Wilson, pastor of the First Presbyterian church. Only one of the nine Harrison campaign song-books men- tioned in Thomson's Bibliography was of Cincinnati compilation — the Tippecanoe Song-book, a little affair of sixty-four pages. Judge Joseph Cox's address before the Cincinnati Literary Club, February 4, 187 1, on General W. H. Harrison at North Bend, should be honorably mentioned in this connection. A Eulogy on the Death of General Thomas L. Harmar was pronounced by Da- vid L. Disney, esq., of this city, and published in 1847. A Life of Black Hawk, 1838, is included among the writings of Benjamin Drake; also a Life of Tecumseh, and of his brother the Prophet. It is said that the late Peyton Short Symmes, for some time before his death, was engaged upon a life of his distinguished uncle, Judge Symmes; but if so, the manuscript has never been discovered, and an invaluable work is lost to the world. Mr. Symmes was a highly useful man in his day; but his performance was never quite equal to his promise. Mr. William T. Coggeshall, in his book on "Poets and Poetry of the West," published in i860, says of this gentleman : His recollections of men and places, of writers, of periodicals, and of books, extend over the entire history of literary enterprises of Ohio. He deserves to be remembered, not only for what he has written, but for what he has done to encourage others to write. For fifty years at least he has been the ready referee on questions of art and literature for nearly all the journalists and authors of Cincinnati, and a kindly critic for the inexperienced who, before rushing into print, were wise enough to seek good advice. THE ANTIQUITIES OF CINCINNATI have been described and discussed in the pamphlet by Mr. Robert Clarke, already mentioned; in papers by General M. F. Force on Pre-historic Man and The Mound Builders, bound up in the same volume with an essay on Darwinism and Deity; another by the same writer, To what Race did the Mound Builders Belong? in the same book with a paper by Judge Force on Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio; and in A Dis- course on the Aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio, by General W. H. Harrison, 1839, a production which is warm- ly esteemed. A valuable pamphlet on The Pre-historic Monuments of the Little Miami Valley, with chart of lo- calities, has been issued by Dr. Charles L. Metz, of Mad- isonville; and three or four parts of Archaeological Ex- plorations by the Literary and Scientific Society of Madi- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 269 sonville, by Mr. Charles F. Low, secretary of the society. In 1839 a remarkably handsome quarto, for the time, was published here by N. G. Burgess & Company, entitled An Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America, by John Delafield, which attracted the marked attention of the North American Review and other learned author- ities. In 1879 Messrs. Clarke & Company published^ a neat duodecimo by a Butler county author, Mr. J. P. Mac- Lean, on The Mound Builders. OTHER SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS, mostly in pamphlet form, and illustrative of natural his- tory here, have been made in Cincinnati, or have had their inspiration in the Miami country. So long ago as 1849, a thin octavo was published in Philadelphia, giving a Catalogue of Plants, Native and Naturalized, collected in the vicinity of Cincinnati. The same year a Catalogue of the Unios, Alosmodontas, and Anadontas of the Ohio River and Northern Tributaries, adopted by the Western Academy of Natural Sciences at Cincinnati, was issued here in a small i6mo.; A Catalogue of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca found in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati, by George W. Harper and A. G. Weather- by, 1876; a List of the Land and Fresh Water Shells found in the vicinity of Cincinnati, also the Unionidae of the Ohio River and its Northern Tributaries within the State of Ohio, by R. M. Byrnes; A Catalogue of the Birds in the vicinity of Cincinnati, with Notes, 1877; A Catalogue of the Lower Silurian Fossils of the Cincinnati Group, by U. P. James, 187 1 and 1875; A Description of New Genera and Species of Fossils from the Lower Silurian about Cincinnati, by E. O. Ulrich, 1879; Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns observed in the vicinity of Cincinnati, by Joseph Clark, 1852; and A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Fungi growing in the vicinity of Cincinnati, by Joseph James, 1879, make up a tolerably full exhibit of the natural his- tory of this region. Asiatic "Cholera, as it appeared in Cincinnati in 1849-50, and in 1866, was scientifically treated by Dr. Orin E. Newton in a printed pamphlet. Drs. J. J. Moorman and W. W. Dawson issued a little work in 1859 on the Ohio White Sulphur Spring; and in 1853, under employment of the city water- works depart- ment, Dr. John Locke prepared and published an elab- orate report, of permanent value, of Analyses of the Waters in the Vicinity of Cincinnati. ART PUBLICATIONS. A very respectable line of books in the department of fine art, of Cincinnati authorship or publication, has begun to appear. Colonel George Ward Nichols, of the College of Music, is author of two well-known works — Art Education, Applied to Industry; and Pottery: How It is Made and Decorated; which have been published in elegant shape elsewhere. Robert Clarke's firm publish China Painting: A Practical Manual for the Use of Ama- teurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain, by Miss M. Louise McLaughlin, president of the Pottery club, which has passed through several editions; also, a beautiful little volume, a more recent work by the same author, entitled Pottery Decoration: A Practical Manual of Under-glaze Painting, which records the results of Miss McLaughlin's prolonged studies and experiments, in the effort to rival the painting of the celebrated Haviland or Limoges faience. Mr. Benn Pitman, of the School of Design, has added a valuable appendix on modeling in foliage, etc., for pottery and architectural decoration, to Vago's Instructions in the Art of Modeling in Clay, which is also published by Clarke. Professor M. J. Keller, ot the same school, has in print a book on Ele- mentary Perspective Explained and Applied to Familiar Objects, for the use of schools and beginners in the art of drawing. Miss E. H. Appleton, librarian of the Historical and Philosophical society, has translated from the German, and Mr. Clarke has published, Karl Robert's Charcoal Drawing Without a Master: A Complete Trea- tise in Landscape Drawing in Charcoal, with Lessons and Studies after Allonge*. The splendid illustrations sup- plied to the art of landscape gardening by Superintendent Strauch's folio edition of his Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati : Its History and Improvements, with Observa- tions on Ancient and Modern Places of Sepulture, pub- lished at fifteen dollars, entitle it also to mention under the head of art-works. Other books traversing portions of the realm of art have doubtless been written and printed here, the knowledge of which has not yet been reached by the present writer. MEDICAL WORKS. One of the most notable of these is the book of Dr. Drake on the Diseases of the Mississippi Valley, men- tioned early in this chapter, and a much later is that on Asiatic Cholera, already named. Another, not so largely of historical character, by Dr. William B. Fletcher, is on Cholera, Its Characteristics, History, Treatment, Geo- graphical Distribution of Different Epidemics, Suitable Sanitary Preventions, etc. An important work on Etiology is from the pen of Dr. Thomas C. Minor, for- merly health officer of the city; also a treatise on Erysipe- las and Child-bed Fever, and a pamphlet giving the Scarlatina Statistics of the United States. Dr. Minor has also dropped into fiction, in the authorship of Her Ladyship: A Novel — a story of the late war, which evoked much attention and compliment at the time of its publi- cation a year or two ago. Dr. Forchheimer, of the Ohio Medical college, has translated from the German Hoff- man & Ultzmann's Guide to the Examination of Urine, with special reference to the Diseases of the Urinary Apparatus. Dr. James T. Whittaker, another professor in the college, is author of a duodecimo volume of twelve preliminary course lectures on Physiology. Dr. Edward Rives has in print a chart exhibiting the Physiological Arrangement of the Cranial Nerves. Surgeon Tripler, of the United States army, and Dr. George C. Black- man are joint authors of a Hand-book for the Military Surgeon; and Dr. George E. Walton is sponsor for the appearance in English of a French work on the Hygiene and Education of Infants, by the Societe" Francaise d' Hygiene, at Paris. Perhaps to this head may also be referred Mr. William Russell's octavo on Scientific Horse-shoeing for the Dif- 270 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ferent Diseases of the Foot; and also J. R. Cole's A Book for Every Horse-owner: The Horse's Foot, and How to Shoe It, giving the most approved methods, together with the Anatomy of the Horse's Foot and Its Diseases. LAW BOOKS. A goodly number of these, some of them of high value, have emanated from the Cincinnati bar and Cincinnati presses. Among them are the Hon. Stanley Matthews' Summary of the Law of Partnership, for the use of busi- ness men; J. R. Sayler's American Form Book, a collec- tion of legal and business forms; Florien Giauque's The Election Laws of the United States, being a Compilation of all the Constitutional Provisions and Laws of the United States relating to Elections, the Elective Fran- chise, to Citizenship, and to the Naturalization of Aliens, with Notes of Decisions affecting the Same; and M. D. Hanover's Practical Treatise on the Law of Horses, embracing the Law of Bargain, Sale, and Warranty of Horses and other Live Stock, the Rule as to Unsound- ness and Vice, and the Responsibility of the Proprietors of Livery, Auction and Sale Stables, Innkeepers, Vet- erinary Surgeons, and Farriers, Carriers, etc., which has reached a second edition. RELIGIOUS BOOKS. A large number of books, presenting religious interests in various ways, have been published in various stages of Cincinnati history. Some of these have been inci- dentally named among historical and biographical works. Many others, by writers at some time resident here, appear upon the lists of the Methodist Book Con- cern; as Dr. W. P. Strickland's Manual of Biblical Lit- erature; the same writer's autobiographies of Peter Cart- wright and of Daniel Young; Bishop Morris' Treatise on Church Polity; Dr. D. W. Clark's Death-bed Scenes: Dying with and without Religion; the same author's Fireside Reading, in five volumes — Traits and Anecdotes of Birds and Fishes, Traits and Anecdotes of Animals, Historical Sketches, Travels and Adventures, True Tales for the Spare Hour; his Life and Times of Bishop Hed- ding, and his powerful treatise, Man all Immortal, or the Nature and Destination of Man as Taught by Reason and Revelation; also his valuable little work on Mental Discipline; Rev. M. P. Gaddis' Footprints of an Itiner- ant; Rev. J. B. Finley's Autobiography, and his Life Among the Indians; the work of Dr. J. M. R-eid on the Missions and Missionary Societies of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Dr. Strickland's on a similar topic — the History of the Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Dr. William Nast's Introduction to the Gospel Records, and his Commentary on Matthew and Mark; Rev. Jacob Young's Autobiography of a Pioneer; Dr. Strickland's Pioneers of the West; M. P. Gaddis' Sacred Hour; Bishop Morris' Sermons on Sacred Subjects; Rev. Erwin House's Sunday-school Hand Book, Literary and Religious Sketches, and his Mission- ary in Many Lands; Bishop Wiley's China and Japan; and many others now out of print bear the imprint of this great publishing house. The Western Tract society carries also a number, but not so many, of books by local writers. The Rev. A. -Ritchie, secretary of the society, is author of a small i6mo. published by it, entitled The Christian's Friend, another work, a duodecimo of one hundred and twenty- five pages, called My Savior and My Home, and another, much larger, on Matter and Manner for Christian Work- ers. The Rev. Dr. B. P. Aydelott, long its president, wrote a brief treatise on the fall of man, entitled The First Sin, a refutation of the skeptical philosophy, under the name, The Great Question, and a little book of Thoughts for the Thoughtful. A compilation of the ful- minations of Rev. Drs. Beecher, McDill, and Blanchard against secret societies has been made in a small volume. The Rev. Dr. Robert Patterson, late a Presbyterian pas- tor here, wrote a large duodecimo upon Facts of Infidel- ity and Facts of Faith, and another work entitled The Sabbath, Scientific, Republican, and Christian. The first edition of the Autobiography of Levi Coffin, the leader of the Cincinnati abolitionists, was published by this house; the second, with an additional chapter, by Clarke & Company. The great religious work, in point of size and repute in the Roman Catholic church, which is due in any measure to Cincinnati brain and hands, is a translation of the massive work of Dr. John Alzog, professor of theology at the University of Freiburg, entitled A Man- ual of Universal Church History, done by the Rev. F J. Pabisch, D. D., president, and Rev. Thomas S. Byrne, professor, of Mount St. Mary's of the West, Cincinnati, and published in three octavo volumes, at fifteen dollars. It is said to be standard in the Catholic theological sem- inaries and among the clergy of that faith. Among later books on religious topics are Creed and Greed: Lectures by the Rev. Dudley Ward Rhodes, rector of the Church of our Saviour; and Sixteen Sav- iours, or One? The Gospels not Brahmanic, by Mr. John T. Perry, of the editorial staff of the Cincinnati Gazette. Authors of Sunday-school books have hot abounded in this region. The most noted is one of quite recent immigration, and one still actively at work — Mrs. G. R. Alden, of Cumminsville, best known as "Pansy." Either alone, or in conjunction with her sister, Mrs. Livingston, she has published a large number of books for the Sun- day-school, among which are: Nannie's Experiment, Bernie's White Chicken, Helen Lester, Docia's Journal, Jessie Wells, Ester Ried, Three People, Julia Ried, The King's Daughter, Wise and Otherwise, Household Puz- zles, The Pansy Library, A New Graft, Ruth Erskine, Links in Rebecca's Life, and The Randolphs* THE JEWISH LITERATURE of Cincinnati has now no small volume. The learned rabbis of the city have put forth their energies as vigor- ously in the direction of literature as in other directions. The Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise is author of valuable and somewhat elaborate works on the Hebrews' First and the Second Commonwealth, and others on the Martyrdom of Jesus of Nazareth, Three Lectures on the Origin of Christianity, The Cosmic God, The Wandering Jew, and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 271 an Essay on the Temperance Question, written against the principles and policy of sumptuary laws. To the department of books for the Jewish schools he has con- tributed a concise compendium of Judaism, its Doctrines and Duties ; and another local writer has given a series of Scriptural Questions for the Use of Sabbath-schools. Several historical romances are also from the pen of Rabbi Wise ; as the Combat of the People, or Hillel and Herod ; and the First of the Maccabees. Into this field of novel writing some other Cincinnati Hebrews have ventured — Mr. H. M. Mods, in the publication of Han- nah, or a Glimpse of Paradise, and its sequel, Carrie Harrington, and Mortara, or the Pope and His Inquisi- tors, a Drama. Nathan Mayer is author of Differences, a novel; M. Loth of Our Prospects, a tale of real life; and The Forgiving Kiss, or Our Desliny ; and H. Ger- soni of Sketches of Jewish Life. These are but examples of a local Israelite authorship which is already somewhat prolific. A collection of sermons by prominent Cin- cinnati and other rabbis, entitled The Jewish Pulpit, has also been published. In addition to his occasional labors in the field of literature, Rabbi Wise is editor, assisted by a son, of The American Israelite, a weekly periodical in English, and we believe also of Die Deborah, a similar publica- tion in German. Rabbi Lilienthal is editor of The Sab- bath School Visitor, another weekly issue. The local Jewish publishers are Messrs. Bloch & Com- pany, No. 169 Elm street, from whose presses nearly all the works we name have issued, and many others. MISCELLANEOUS. Under this head may be rapidly classified a number of Cincinnati books, most of them of recent publication, which have not been elsewhere mentioned. Among them, of earlier books, are W. C. Larrabee's Ro'sabower : A Collection of Essays and' Miscellanies, 1855; H. M. Rulison's The Mock Marriage, or the Libertine's Victim, 1855; and the Legends of the West, by James Hall, 1832. Judge Hall was a voluminous writer. He wrote, besides this, the Winter Evenings, a Series of American Tales; The Soldier's Bride, and other Tales; The Harpe's Head, a Legend of Kentucky; Tales of the Border; The Wilderness and the War-path ; The West- ern Souvenir, for 1829 ; also a volume of Letters from the West, Sketches- of History, Life and Manners in the West, Statistics of the West at the close of the year 1836, Notes on the Western States, The West, its Com- merce and Navigation ; The West, its Soil, Surface, and Productions; and an Address before the Eurodelphian Society of Miami University, September 24, 1833. In poetry, besides what has been mentioned, there were published in Cincinnati Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West, reputed to be by William D. Gallagher ; and Poems on Several Occasions, by Moses Guest, 1823. Of a miscellaneous character are O. S. Leavitt's Strictures on the New School Laws of Ohio and Michigan, with some General .Observations of the Sys- tems of other States, published in 1839; Gallagher's Facts and Conditions of Progress of the Northwest; Dr. Lyman Beecher's Plea for the West ; Peter Smith's Indian Doctor's Dispensatory, a curious early book of 18 1 3 ; Hon. Stanley Matthews' Oration at the Reunion of the Army of the Cumberland, 1874; and numerous other books and pamphlets. Among later issues from the press are the books of travel by Dr. N. C. Burt, on the Far East, or Letters from Egypt, Palestine, and other Lands of the Orient, and R. G. Huston's Journey in Honduras"and Jottings by the Way; the Hon. Frederic Hassaurek's historical ro- mance entitled The Secret of the Andes; Charles^Reeme- lin's Treatise on Politics as a Science, and his Wine- Maker's Manual; E. & C. Parker's translation of Du Breuil's Vineyard Culture improved and cheapened ; Mr. S. Dana Horton's book on Silver and Gold and their Re- lation to the Problem of Resumption, and his address on the Monetary Situation; Colonel C. W. Moulton's Refer- ences to the Coinage Legislation of the United States; General Durbin Ward's paper on American Coinage and Currency; Hon. William S. Groesbeck's Address on Gold and Silver, delivered before the Bankers' Association of New York, September 13, 1877; Hon. Job E. Stevenson's campaign book on the Third Term, in advocacy of the renomination of General Grant, 1880; Nicholas Long- worth's translation of the Electra of Sophocles; the His- torical and Literary Miscellanies, by the well-known edi- tor, Mr. G. M. D. Bloss, published by subscription in 1875; J. Ralston's Skinner's Key to the Hebrew-Egyp- tian Mystery in the Source of Measures ; Colonel Nichols' little book on the Cincinnati Organ, with a brief descrip- tion of the Cincinnati Music Hall; H. J. Mettenheimer's Safety Book-keeping; Louise W. Tilden's Karl and Gretchen's Christmas, a poem ; Professor W. H. Venable's June on the Miami, and other poems, of which two edi- tions have been published; and Felix L. Oswald's Sum- merland Sketches, or Rambles in the Backwoods of Mexico and Central America, illustrated by Farny and Faber, and published by the Lippincotts, in Philadelphia. Among the many school-books of Cincinnati authorship are those of Professor Venable, already mentioned, the Graded Selections for Memorizing, by Superintendent Peaslee, of the public schools, the well-known mathemat- ical text-books of Professor Joseph Ray, Brunner's Ele- mentary and Pronouncing Reader and the Gender of the French Verbs Simplified, and many others. SOME EARLIER. WRITERS. Returning from this long excursus through vari- ous fields of literature trodden by the Cincinnati au- thors, which has led us far from anything like a chrono- logical account of the local literature, we desire to close with some further notices of the older writers. For many of the facts embraced in them we are indebted to Mr. W. T. CoggeshalPs valuable compilation and series of brief biographies, the Poets and Poetry of the West. Mr. E. D. Mansfield mentions as among the young men of Cincinnati about the year 1806, one Joseph Pierce, whom he styles a "poet of decided talent." We are not aware that any writings of this young versifier are extant. In"i82i ajmerchant named Thomas Pierce was living 272 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. here, who was the reputed author of the amusing local satires contributed that year to the Western Spy and the Literary Chronicle, and published the next year in a little book under the title of Horace in Cincinnati — the first book of distinctively Western poetry, it is said, that was printed in the city. In 1815 this paper, the Spy, became the pioneer jour- nal in town to print original home poetry in its columns. Four years later, there was a sharp rivalry for literary pre- eminence between Cincinnati and Lexington — the college here and the Transylvania university there; the Western Review at the latter place, and the Spy, the Gazette, and Liberty Hall at the former. The result was the produc- tion at each end of the line, but particularly in Cincin- nati, of much good prose and verse. The Spy was about this time, and for a year or two afterwards, the general favorite of the local rhymers; but when a new paper, The Olio, was started, their affections were transferred to that. This year (181 9) the first book or pamphlet of original verse printed anywhere in the West, appeared in Cincin- nati — a duodecimo pamphlet of ninety-two pages, entitled American Bards: A Modern Poem in three Parts. It was anonymous; but its author was understood to be Gbrham A. Worth, cashier of the United States branch bank, who sometimes wrote for the papers under the sig- nature of "Ohio's Bard." Another active business man, a merchant and lawyer, who wrote for the papers and magazines in both prose and verse, was Moses Brooks, who came to Cincinnati in 1 81 1. Between 181 7 and 1820 a club of talented young men was maintained here, whose members contributed articles to the local newspapers "from an old garret." Among them were Bellamy Storer, Nathan Guilford, Nathaniel Wright, Benjamin F. Powers, and others, most of whom soon abandoned the muses to meet the demands of in- creasing business and domestic cares. In 18 18 the students of Cincinnati college had a liter- ary society called the Philomathic, to which a branch was attached for scholarly gentlemen not belonging to the college — as General Harrison, the Drakes, Peyton S. Symmes, Pierce ("Horace"), and others. After a year or two the prize of a gold medal worth fifty dollars was of- fered for the best original poem by a Western man, writ- ten between January 15, 1821, and April 1, 1822, and containing not less than four hundred lines. The commit tee of judges consisted of Messrs. John P. Foote, Josh- ua D. Godman, and Benjamin Drake. Twelve poems were submitted; and after careful examination the award was made to The Muse of Hesperia, a Poetical Reverie. Its authorship, however, was not disclosed, and not until long after its publication was announced in 1823, did it come to be known that Thomas Pierce was the success- ful contestant. The Philomathic society undertook its publication in handsome style, with heavy paper and a clear, beautiful imprint. Mr. Coggeshall reprints it in full, as an appendix to the preliminary matter in his Poets and Poetry. One specially notable and fitting feature of it is the appeal it makes to the bards of the West for or- iginal study and the use of local themes.. The same Mr. Pierce wrote the prologue used at the opening of the Cincinnati theatre in September, 182 1, • for a prize of a silver ticket of admission to the theatre for one year. He also penned the Ode to Science for an extra night of the Western museum. In 1824-5 ne was a frequent contributor to the Literary Gazette, and his last poem, Knowledge is Power, was written for the Gazette in 1829. He was a translator from the French and Spanish, as well as a highly original writer. William R. Schenck, who was born here in 1799, wrote many short poems for the Gazette in 1824-5. Charles Hammond, Esq., afterwards editor of the Gazette, wrote many satirical verses for it. Otway Curry, the remarkable young poet from High- land county, came to Cincinnati in 1823, and worked at his trade of carpenter for a year; went away, came back in 1828, and began to write under the signature of "Ab- dallah." He contributed some admirable poems to the Mirror and the Chronicle. W. D. Gallagher was a printer in Cincinnati between 1821 and 1824. While still an apprentice he published a creditable little literary journal, and afterwards contribut- ed largely to the other local papers. In 1828 he wrote a capital series of letters from Kentucky and Mississippi to the Saturday Evening Chronicle, then published here. He removed to Xenia in 1830, and became editor of the Backwoodsman, a Clay campaign paper. The next year he was invited to return to Cincinnati by John H. Wood, a publisher; and came back. He took editorial charge of the Mirror, and followed it for some years through its various vicissitudes and changes of name. In 1836 he started the Literary Journal and Western Review, which was discontinued the next year. His first book of poems was printed early in 1835, under the title Erato No. 1. In August of the same year appeared Erato No. 2, and No. 3 soon after. The pamphlets, for they were little more, were very favorably received, and won the author much repute. After doing editorial work in Columbus upon the Hesperian, he came back to Cincinnati in 1839, as editor of the Gazette, and remained upon it until 1850, except one year, when he had a daily penny paper of his own called the Message. In 1841 he edited a compila- tion of the Poetical Literature of the West, containing selections from thirty-eight writers. Mr. U. P. James, who still survives in a good old age, was publisher of this work. In 1850 Mr. Gallagher went to Washington as confidential clerk in the Treasury, and never returned to reside here. He is still living, spending his declining days upon a farm near Louisville. About the time Mr. Gallagher was getting prominently to the front as a literary man in Cincinnati, between 1828 and 1835, two local poets of some note appeared— both natives of Connecticut— Hugh Peters, author of "My Native Land" and other poems, who died in this State in June, 1832, and Edward A McLaughlin, a printer, who lived in this city ten to fifteen years. He is noticed more fully hereafter. John B. Dillon was another Cincinnati printer who became a poet and historian of note. His first poem, "The Burial of the Stranger," was contributed to the •-, --' - ■ ■ c?~e^ ■6-A- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 273 Gazette. He also wrote for the Western Review and other publications, until 1834, when he removed to In- diana, where he became the author of two or three his- torical works of authority. Mrs. Sarah Louis P. Hickman was one of the poetical writers of Cincinnati about 1829-30. She died in New York city February 12, 1832. Salmon P. Chase, when a young attorney here, besides editing the Statutes of Ohio, with an historical sketch of the State, and writing for the North American Review and the Western Monthly Magazine, also wrote poems in his student days, and occasionally afterwards. Charles A. Jones, about 1835, ^ a( i some local distinc- tion as a poet. In 1836-9 he wrote for the Mirror, and in 1840 for Mr. Gallagher's paper, the Daily Message. In 1835 Josiah Drake published a little collection by Jones, entitled The Outlaw, and Other Poems. In 1839 a series of Lyrics Aristophanaea, by the same, attracted much attention in the Gazette. Another series by him was subscribed "Dick Tinto." He went to New Orleans some time after, but returned to Cincinnati in 185 1, and died at Ludlow Station (Cumminsville) the fourth of July of that year. Some of the editors of that day had bright sons. Rev. Timothy Flint had frequent poetical contributions to his Western Review from his son, Micah D. Flint. Freder- ick W. Thomas was associate editor with his father upon the Commercial Advertiser and Daily Evening Post. In 1832 a poem of his, headed The Emigrant,' and dedi- cated to Charles Hammond, was published in a thin pamphlet, and gave him much transient repute. He was the author of numerous other. poems and many prose sketches. Upon his return to Cincinnati in 1850, he served for a time as a Methodist minister. His father, Mr. Lewis F. Thomas, editor of the Louis- ville Herald in 1839, and afterwards of St. Louis and Washington City, was a resident of Cincinnati for a few years after 1829. About that time he and his brother William assisted in the management of the Commercial Advertiser and the Evening Post of this place. He was also a welcome contributor to the Mirror and the West- ern Monthly, especially in poetry. After his removal to St. Louis, he put in print the first book of poetry pub- lished west of the Mississippi — "Inda and other poems." The first of these was delivered before the Cincinnati Lyceum in 1834, and afterwards before the Lyceum in St. Louis. Mr. James H. Perkins, long afterwards a Unitarian clergyman, began his literary, career by writing for the Western Monthly Magazine. Early, in 1834 he became editor of the Saturday Evening Chronicle. He wrote also for the New York Quarterly and the North American Review. He was the author of the first edition of The Annals of the West, published in Cincinnati by James Albach, in 1847. Thomas H. Shreve, a Cincinnati editor and merchant, wrote many essays and poems of uncommon excellence for the Mirror, the Hesperia, the Western Monthly Magazine, the Knickerbocker, and other periodicals. The Hon. James W. Gazlay, sometime member of congress, was the author of a pretty large volume, of Sketches of Life, and other poems ; also of a humorous book in prose, entitled Races of Mankind, or Travels in Grubland, by Captain Broadbeck. William Ross Wallace, the well-known New York poet and song-writer, laid the foundation of his fame with Cincinnati publishers. He was born at Lexington, Ken- tucky, in 1 81 9, received his collegiate education in Indi- ana, and before he was seventeen years old gave the world a poem, the Dirge of Napoleon, which at once gave him rank among western writers. About the same time, in 1836, the Cincinnati Mirror pronounced a poem of his, "Jerusalem," published in one of its issues, to be "beautiful, exceeding beautiful." In 1 837 P. McFarlin pub- lished in this city Mr. Wallace's first book of poetry, The Battle of Tippecanoe, and other Poems. The first of these is said to have been recited by its young author, when he was but sixteen years old, at a celebration on the Tippecanoe battleground. He was soon persuaded to embark in literary pursuits in New York city, where the rest of his days were spent. THE CARY SISTERS. Alice and Phoebe Cary were born near Mount Pleasant (now Mount Healthy), in Springfield township, the fourth and sixth children of Robert and Elizabeth Jessup Cary. The former was born April 26, 1820, the latter Septem- ber 4, 1824. They are the brightest stars in the literary galaxy of Cincinnati or of Hamilton county. They were of good blood on both sides. Their father was des- cended from Sir Thomas Cary, a cousin of "Good Queen Bess," and a Pilgrim Father in New England. Robert, of the sixth generation from Sir Thomas, came with his father Christopher to the Northwest Territory in 1803, and in due time settled as a farmer near Mount Healthy, upon the site known as Clovernook in Alice's stories. The mother was of a family in which poetic talent was developed. The following lines, by one of the sisters, descriptive of many another pioneer home in the Miami valley, as well as of the Cary dwelling, deserve a place just here : OUR HOMESTEAD. Our old brown homestead reared its walls From the wayside dust aloof, Where the apple-boughs could almost cast Their fruit upon its roof ; And the cherry-tree so near it grew That, when awake I've lain In the lonesome nights, I've heard the limbs As they creaked against the pane ; And those orchard trees — O, those orchard trees! I've seen my little brothers rocked In their tops by the summer breeze. The sweet-brier under the window-sill,' Which the early birds made glad, And the damask rose by the garden fence Were all the flowers we had. I've looked at many a flower since then, Exotics rich and rare, That to other eyes were lovelier, But not to me so fair ; For those roses bright — O, those roses bright ! I have twined them in my sister's locks, . That are hid in the dust from sight. 274 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. We had a well — a deep, old well, Where the spring was never dry, And the cool drops down from the mossy stones Were falling constantly ; And there never was water half so sweet As the draught which filled my cup, Drawn up to the curb by the rude old sweep That my father's hand set up ; And that deep, old well — O, that deep, old well ! I remember now the plashing sound Of the bucket as it fell. Our homestead had an ample hearth, Where at night we loved to meet ; There my mother's voice was always kind, And her smile was always sweet ; And there I've sat on my father's knee, And watched his thoughtful brow, With my childish hand in his raven hair — That hair is silver now ! But that broad hearth's light — O, that broad hearth's light ! And my father's look and my mother's smile, They are in my heart to-night ! The sisters had only the limited advantages for educa- tion which the schools of their early day afforded. When Alice was eighteen her poems began to appear in the Cincinnati press, and Phcebe, though but fourteen, had been making rhymes for a year or two. The first of Alice's pieces published appeared in the Sentinel, and was entitled The Child of Sorrow. In 1849 tne ' r fi rst book, Poems of Alice and Phcebe Cary, for which they received a hundred dollars, was published by Moss & Brother, of Philadelphia. The next year Alice went bravely to live in New York, and support herself by the labors of her pen. Phcebe and a younger sister followed in the spring of the next year. Their subsequent life is known to all the literary world. The two series of Clovernook Papers, with Clovernook Children, Pictures of Country Life, Hagar, a Story of T°-day, The Bishop's Son, Married, Not Mated — these in prose; with Lyra, and Other Poems, Lyrics and Hymns, Poems and Parodies, Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love, and other books in verse ; and some good editorial work, as of Hymns for all Christians, published in 1869 — these volumes, by one or the other, or both of them jointly, brought them money and renown. Alice died in New York city Feb- ruary 18, 187 1 ; Phcebe in Newport, Rhode Island, July 31st, of the same year. OTHER LITERATI. Edward A. McLaughlin was a native of Connecticut, and after many wanderings came to Cincinnati, where he wrote verses, and in October, 1841, published through the house of Edward Lucas a good sized volume of poetry, entitled The Lovers of the Deep, in four cantos, with the addition of miscellaneous poems. The first and longest was dedicated to Nicholas Longworth, and others to Messrs. Jacob Burnet, Bellamy Storer, Richard F. L'Hommedieu, Peyton S. Symmes, and other prominent citizens. We know nothing of his subsequent career. James W. Ward came here in early manhood, as a student in the Ohio Medical college, contributed much in verse and prose to the Hesperian and other Cincinnati journals, made careful studies in botany, and in 1855 associated himself with the well-known Dr. John A. Warder, now of Miami township, in the publication of the Western Horticultural Review. He wrote the comical parody upon Longfellow's Hiawatha, entitled Higher Water, which was published first in the Cincinnati Gazette, and then in book form. After several years' service here with the publishing house of Henry W. Derby & Company, he went to New York and devoted himself to musical and metrical composition, and other works for the publishers of that city. James Birney Marshall, of the Kentucky Marshalls, was a prominent writer here for nearly twenty years. In 1836 he bought the Cincinnati Union, and changed its name to the Buckeye, but published it only a few months. The next year he bought the Western Monthly and also the Literary Journal and united the two in one publica- tion under the name of Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Review, with W. D. Gallagher as joint editor. After the failure of this venture, he entered the field as a political writer, and was concerned in the publication of several Kentucky and Ohio papers. Cornelius A. Logan was a native of Baltimore, but came from Philadelphia to this city in 1840. He was a man of versatile talents — actor, playwright, novelist, and poet. He wrote many plays, mostly comedies, farces, and burlesques, and defended the stage with great vigor, but in perfect good temper, from the attacks made upon it. A Husband's Vengeance was a prize tale writ- ten for NeaVs Saturday Gazette, and The Mississippi was . a sketch which received the compliment of copying en- tire into the Edinburgh Review. Eliza, Olive, and Cecilia, three of his daughters, became noted actresses, and the second of these (Mrs. Wirt Sikes) has consider- able repute as a magazine and book writer. Thomas A. Logan, his only son, has been for many years a promi- nent lawyer at the Hamilton county bar. Mrs. Sophia H. Oliver, wife of Dr. Joseph H. Oliver, for some years a professor in the Eclectic Medical col- lege, of this city, wrote poetry in 1841 for the Cincinnati Daily Message, before that for several Kentucky and Ohio journals, and afterwards for the Columbian and Great West, and other publications. Mrs. Margaret L. Bailey was the wife of Dr. Gamaliel Bailey, who published the anti-slavery journals here and in Washington city — The Philanthropist in Cincinnati, in 1837 and after, The National Era at the capital, from 1847 until nis death in 1859, when Mrs. Bailey became publisher, and kept the journal until its suspension next year. She was editor of the Youth's Monthly Visitor from 1844 to 1852, and made a bright, popular magazine of it. She also wrote occasional poems, which were recommended by the critic Griswold as "informed with fancy and a just understanding.'' Mrs. Bailey was the daughter of Thomas Shands, who came with his family in 1 81 8 and settled near Cincinnati. William Dana Emerson, a native of Marietta, came to Cincinnati sometime in the 40's, studied and practiced law. He wooed the muses to some extent, however, and in 1850 a little volume of his poems, Occasional Thoughts in Verse, was published by a brother for private circulation. Edwin R. Campbell, brother of the well-known politi- cian, Hon. Lewis D. Campbell, was editor of the Cincin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 275 nati Daily Times in 1841, and afterwards of the Daily Dispatch. He wrote a number of poems for the Knick- erbocker and the Hesperian. Mrs. Rebecca S. (Reed) Nichols, wife of Mr. Willard Nichols, journalist, aided her husband for some years in St. Louis, and came with him to Cincinnati in 1841. Three years afterwards her first book appeared — Berenice, or the Curse of Minna, and other poems. In 1846 she edited a literary periodical here called The Guest, and was a contributor for many years to eastern magazines, Her sprightly papers in the Cincinnati Herald, signed "Kate Cleaveland," excited much attention and brought her no little praise when she was ascertained to be the author. In 1 85 1 she was aided by Nicholas Longworth to publish a large and elegant book of poems, under the title, Songs of the Heart and of the Hearthstone. The publishers of the Cincinnati Commercial for a time paid her liberally for an original poem each week. Mrs. Catharine A. (Ware) Warfield here first gave marked evidence of poetic talent, soon after completing her education in Philadelphia. She was married in Cin- cinnati in 1833, to Mr. Elisha Warfield, of Lexington. A book published in New York about 1842, entitled Poems by two Sisters of the West, is the joint production of Mrs. Warfield and Mrs. Eleanor Percy Lee. Another volume of poetry by the sisters, The Indian Chamber and other Poems, was published in 1846. Most of the poems in both are by Mrs. Warfield. Her sister, Mrs. Lee, also resided in Cincinnati for several years, and died in Natchez when about thirty years of age. Two or three of her poems are much admired. Mrs. Susan W. Jewett frequently contributed in prose and poetry to the Cincinnati papers from 1840 to 1857, and for a time conducted a monthly juvenile magazine called The Youth's Visitor. The Corner Cupboard, a duodecimo volume published here by Messrs. Truman & Spofford in 1856, is a collection of her poems and sketches, setting forth "the every-day life of every-day people." Mrs. Luella J. B. Case was wife of Leverett Case, who came to Cincinnati about 1845, and became an editor and proprietor of the Enquirer. They remained here but five years, during which she contributed to the paper several poems on western topics. Miss Mary A. Foster, an English lady who formerly contributed poetry to the Gazette and the Commercial under the nom de plume of "Mary Neville," was a resi- eent of Cincinnati for a short time. The book of poems entitled Buds, Blossoms and Leaves, published here in 1854, was the production of Mrs. Mary E. Fe£ Shannon, a native of Clermont county, who received her musical education in Cincinnati, and wrote much for the city papers. Mrs. Celia M. Burr came with her first husband (Mr. C. B. Kellum) from Albany to Cincinnati in 1844, and did much literary work for the local papers under the sig- nature "Celia." In 1849 she became literary editor of The Great West, but dropped out when it was united with the Weekly Columbian, and then wrote for the east- ern monthlies and the New York Tribune. Austin T. Earle, an editor of The Western Rambler, here in 1843-4, wrote a number of pleasing lyric and other poems. Horace S. Minor, another Cincinnati painter about 1845, often contributed to the city papers, finally assisting upon a small weekly called 7%,? Shooting Star. He died of consumption at an early age. Benjamin St. James Fry, who assisted Mr. Earle in starting The Western Rambler in 1843-4, was a Methodist Episcopal minister and a teacher of repute. He contrib- uted much to the Ladies Repository and the Methodist Quarterly Review, and also wrote several prose works. William W. Fosdick was born in Cincinnati January 28, 1825. His mother was Julia Drake, formerly a fam- ous actress. While still a youth he composed a drama entitled Tecumseh, which won him some fame. He was the author of a novel called Malmirtie, the Toltec, and the Cavaliers of the Cross, i85r; Ariel and other Poems, published 1855 ; and of other works. He was considered for some years the Poet Laureate of Cincinnati. Peter Fishe Reed was for several years before 1856 a house and sign painter in Cincinnati, but found time to write, under the signature of "Viva Mona," some very pretty poems for the Weekly (afterwards Daily) Columbian. He was also a writer of romance and on art topics, and a man of generally versatile talents. William Penn Brannan was a poet-painter, a native of Cincinnati, born March 22, 1825. He wrote many pleas- ing poems and humorous prose sketches, and was also a painter of some note. He removed to Chicago after he had grown to manhood. Benjamin T. Cushing, author of the Christiad, an am- bitious sacred poem, and other works of poesy, was a lawyer here for a few months, in 1847-8, in the office of Salmon P. Chase. Mr. Obed J. Wilson, over thirty years ago, then a young teacher in the city, wrote much in various depart- ments for the local press. He was for many years the literary referee of the great publishing house of Van Ant- werp, Bragg & Company, and the several firms which preceded it. Alfred Burnett, English born, but a Cincinnatian since boyhood, has written many pleasant things in prose and poetry, and is widely known as a humorous lecturer and elocutionist. He is the author of a little work on Mag- netism Made Easy, a volume of original poems and se- lections, and of other productions. Mrs. Helen Truesdell was the author of a good-sized book of poems published in 1856 by E. Morgan & Sons, of this city. She was then a resident of Newport, and had previously, for a year or two, contributed acceptably to the Parlor Magazine, published here in 1853-4 by Jethro Jackson. Mrs. Anna S. (Richey) Roberts, said to be a native of Cincinnati, and resident here until her marriage in 1852, was a poetical contributor to the Columbian and Great West, and author of a volume of poems entitled Flowers of the West, published in Philadelphia in 185 1. Mrs. Frances (Sprengle) Locke, who in 1854 married Mr. Josiah Locke, then of the Cincinnati press, and came to reside here, was also a writer of many pieces of poetry, 276 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. published in the magazines and newspapers of the day. William D. Howells, editor of the Atlantic Monthly, author of several admirable books in prose and poetry, and one of the very first names in American literature, was for a time in the fifties an editor of the Daily Gazette, and while here contributed to the Atlantic and other eastern publications. His first book of poetry was pub- lished in a thin little volume at Columbus, in conjunction with John James Piatt. General William H. Lytle was Cincinnati born, and of one of the oldest and most renowned families. He was a lawyer, but gave some time to writing poetry, and while serving as captain in the Mexican war wrote a series of letters home which were much admired for their grace and brilliant descriptions of tropical scenes. Gen- eral Lytle was also a soldier in the late war, and was killed at the battle of Chickamauga. His most famous poem is "Antony and Cleopatra." As this has acquired an al- most world-wide celebrity, and many of the readers of this work will be glad to have it conveniently at hand and in a permanent place, we here append it in full : I am dying, Egypt, dying ! Ebbs the crimson life-tide fast, And the dark Plutonian shadows Gather on the evening blast ; Let thine arm, O Queen, enfold me, Hush thy sobs and bow thine ear, Listen to the great heart secrets Thou, and thou alone, must hear. Though my scarred and veteran legions Bear their eagles high no more, And my wrecked and scattered galleys Strew dark Actium's fatal shore ; Though no glittering guards surround me, Prompt to do their master's will, I must perish like a Roman, Die the great Triumvir still. Let not Caesar's servile minions Mark the lion thus made low ; 'Twas no foeman's arm that felled him, 'Twas his own that struck the blow — His who, pillowed on thy bosom, Turned aside from glory's ray — His who, drunk with thy caresses, Madly threw a world away. Should the base plebeian rabble Dare assail my name at Rome, Where the noble spouse, Octavia, Weeps within her widowed home, Seek her ; say the gods bear witness, Altars, augurs, circling wings, That her blood, with mine commingled, Yet shall mount the thrones of kings. And for thee, star-eyed Egyptian ! Glorious sorceress of the Nile, Light the path to Stygian horrors With the splendors of thy smile ; Give the Caesar crowns and arches, Let his brow the laurel twine — I can scorn the Senate's triumphs, Triumphing in love like thine. I am dying, Egypt, dying ; Hark ! the insulting foeman's cry ; They are coming ; quick, my falchion, Let them front me ere I die. Ah, no more amid the battle Shall my heart exulting swell, Isis and Osiris guard thee — Cleopatra, Rome, farewell! James Pummill was also a native of Cincinnati, and a practical printer there for a number of years. For some time he contributed to the magazines, and is author of a little collection of Fugitive Poems, published there in 1852, and of Fruits of Leisure, a small volume of poetry, ' privately printed. John T. Swartz came to Cincinnati with his parents when still a boy, in 1841, graduated at the Woodward high school, and died while a teacher here, March 5, 1859. He was writer of the poem, "There are no Tears in Heaven," and other pieces. Mr. John James Piatt, of the famous Ohio and Indi- ana family, is a writer of considerable note, and among the leaders of literature in Cincinnati. His first volume was published in i860 — "Poems of Two Friends" — Mr. W. D. Howells being associated with him in its author- ship. He has since given the public Poems of House and Home, Western Windows and other Poems, the Lost Farm: Landmarks and other Poems, and Pencilled Fly- leaves : A Book of Essays in Town and Country. Mr. Piatt still lives near Cincinnati, at North Bend, the former home of Judge Symmes. Near the close of last year he gave to the public an elegant volume of Idyls and Lyrics of the Ohio Valley, containing thirty-six poems, many of which have a delightful local flavor. Miss Eloria Parker, a poetical contributor to the local newspapers and magazines twenty to twenty-five years ago, was a native of Philadelphia, but educated at the Wesleyan Female college in Cincinnati, and afterward a resident of Reading, in the Mill Creek valley. Mrs. Cornelia E. Laws was daughter of M. C. Wil- liams, of College hill, and was educated at the Female college of that place, but removed, upon her marriage in 1857, to Richmond, Indiana. She was writer of The Empty Chair, Behind the Post, and other meritorious poems. ■CHAPTER XXIX. BOOKSELLING AND PUBLICATION. In the many walks of trade and industry which have helped to form the material greatness of Cincinnati, the manufacture and sale of books has had prominent place almost from the beginning. South of the Ohio, the clus- ter of intelligent people at Lexington had an early book supply, but solely through the drug and other stores, as the custom is in new communities and small places, and in a very limited way, until 1803, when Mr. John Charles opened a regular book-store there. A printing press and newspaper, as we have seen, were there even before Lo- santiville was founded ; but Cincinnati can claim prece- dence, probably, over Kentucky, and certainly can over all other points in the Northwest Territory, in the matter of book publication. Nearly five years before the last century had gone out, the little village was in the field as a publishing centre; and the supremacy thus early ac- £ ic/&e4>t444Z . HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 277 quired has been steadily maintained, over all other places in the western country, to this day. The first publication in Cincinnati which had the vol- ume and dignity of a book was ' entitled, "Laws of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the Ohio, adopted and made by the governor and judges in their legislative capacity, at a session begun on Friday, the twenty-ninth day of May, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five, and ending on Tuesday, the twenty-fifth day of August following, with an appendix of resolutions and the ordinance for the government of the territory. By authority. Cincinnati. Printed by W. Maxwell. M, DCC, XCVI." It is a respectable duodecimo of two hundred and twenty-five pages, with very fair paper, typography and binding, for that primitive time. It was known from the printer (who was also Postmaster and editor of the Centinel of the Northwest Territory) as the Maxwell code, and was sold by him at a moderate rate for cash, but a rather exorbitant price if credit were given — a necessary provision, very likely. Two volumes of the territorial laws had been previ- ously printed, but in Philadelphia in 1792 and 1794, by Francis Childs and John Swaine, "Printers of the Laws of the United States." When the next volume of stat- utes after the Maxwell code came to be printed, Messrs. Carpenter and Friedley, also of Cincinnati, had become "printers to the territory." The volume issued by them contained two hundred and eighty pages, and included the laws passed by the general assembly of the territory in the fall of 1799, as well as "certain laws enacted by the governor and judges of the territory from the commence- ment of the government to December, 1792," with an appendix of resolutions, the inevitable "ordinance," the federal constitution, and the law respecting fugitives. The next two volumes of session laws were printed in Chillicothe, the new capital of the territory, in 1801-2. Judge Burnet, in his Notes upon the Settlement of the Northwestern Territory, says of this first book: This body of laws (enacted in the summer of 1795, at the legislative session of the Governor and judges at Cincinnati, from the codes of the original States) was printed at Cincinnati by William Maxwell in 1705, from which circumstance it was called the Maxwell code. It was the first job of printing ever executed in the Northwest territory, and the book should be preserved, as a specimen of the condition of the art in the western country, at that period, All the laws previously passed had been printed at Philadelphia, from necessity, because there was not at the time a printing office in the territory. A careful reading between the lines of our chapter upon literature in Cincinnati will enable one to get a pretty good view of the progress and status of book publishing here at the several periods of its history.. We shall add but a few notes of the business at different eras. Mr. Cist, in his day, thought the second book pub- lished in Cincinnati was a twenty-five cent pamphlet en- titled "The Little Book: the Arcanum Opened," etc. — a very long and singular title, which was announced August 19, 1801. The Liberty Hall and the Western Spy offices had each an extra press for book work, and several works of some size had been printed thereon by 1805. Between 181 1 and 1815 at least a dozen books, averaging over two hun- dred pages each, and many pamphlets, were printed upon them and perhaps other presses. Suitable paper was ob- tained at first from Pennsylvania, then from Kentucky, and in due time from paper mills established on the Lit- tle Miami, as is elsewhere related. The earliest publica- tions here, and even so lately as 1810, when Dr. Drake's "Notices concerning Cincinnati" was published, are printed in the old fashioned typography, with long s's, etc. Soon after this, however, — as when Dr. Drake's book of 1815, the "Picture of Cincinnati," was issued — the modern typography came into vogue. In 1826 there were printed in this city sixty-one thou- sand almanacs, fifty-five thousand spelling books, thirty thousand primers, three thousand copies of the Bible News, fifty thousand table arithmetics, three thousand American Preceptors, three thousand American Readers, three thousand Introductions to the English Reader, three thousand Kirkham's grammar, one thousand five hun- dred Family Physicians, fourteen thousand Testaments, hymn and music books, one thousand Vine Dresser's Guide, five hundred Hammond's Ohio reports, five hun- dred Symmes' Theory, and some other books. It was certainly a very respectable output of the book press, for a western place, that had been a city but seven years. The great interest of book manufacture made such progress in the Queen City, that, within about forty-five years from the date of the issue of the first book here — in four months of the year 1831 — no less than eighty-six thou- sand volumes issued from the presses of Cincinnati pub- lishers, or twenty-one thousand five hundred per month — almost a thousand every working day. Twenty times the number are now turned out each secular day by a single house in the city; but, for half a century ago, con- sidering the state of American literature and book publi- cation at that time, the exhibit of production is note- worthy. Of the whole amount nearly one-fourth, or twenty thousand three hundred volumes, were of original works, and mainly of Cincinnati authorship. The Cincinnati Almanac for 1839 contained the fol- lowing notice of the book interest as it stood locally that year: Cincinnati is the great mart for the book trade west of the mount- ains, and the principal place of their manufacture. We believe the public have but an imperfect conception of its extent in this city. There are thirty printing offices, one type foundry, two stereotype foundries (being the only establishments of the kind in the west) ; and one Napier and several other power presses are in constant opera- tion. At E. Morgan & Company's printing establishment, Eighth street, on the canal, four presses are propelled by water power. The style of manufacture has been rapidly improved within a year or two past. Among other specimens, Mr. Delafield's Inquiry into the Origin of the Antiquities of America, published by N. G. Burgess & Company, will bear comparison with any similar work from the Amer- ican press, for the beauty and accuracy of its typography. It is a royal quarto volume of about one hundred and fifty pages and eleven maps and colored engravings ; one of the maps is nineteen feet long, which, with all the engravings, was executed in this city. The whole number of books printed and bound the past year, exclusive of almanacs, prim- ers, toys and pamphlets, was about half a million. The principal houses who have issued the largest number of volumes are — Truman & Smith 153,500 N. G. Burgess & Co 120,538 E. Morgan & Co 86,300 U. P. James 531896 Ely & Strong 35.766 Total 500,000 278 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. In 1840 the business of book publishing in Cincinnati was remarked by a local writer as already "a department of industry and enterprise of great extent." Books to the number of more than a quarter of a million were pub- lished here that year, of over half a million dollars in value, besides about one million in school books. Mich- igan, Western Pennsylvania, and Virginia, and much of the south, even to Texas, were supplied almost exclu- sively from Cincinnati. The large standard works were much reprinted here — as Josephus, Gibbon, Rollin, and the like, besides Bibles in great quantity, and many smaller publications, including some by Cincinnati au- thors. Stereotyping was now much in vogue, and three or four houses were reputed to own a total value of sixty thousand dollars in stereotype plates. About 1850 the annual value of books published in Cincinnati was one million two hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars; 1858, two million six hundred thousand dol- lars. The number of volumes published in 1858 was estimated at three million two hundred thousand. Nearly all the public schools in the west were then supplied with textbooks from Cincinnati. In 1859 seventeen publish- ing houses were in business here. In 1850, Messrs. H. S. & J. Applegate & Co. began the business of bookselling and publishing, at 43 Main street. They went into the work with a great deal of energy, and quite extensively for that time. Their first year's product included one thousand copies of Clarke's Commentary, in four volumes; ten thousand of Dick's Works, two volumes ; four thousand Plutarch's Lives, three thousand Rollin's Ancient History, two thousand Spectator, besides Histories of Texas, Oregon, and Cali- fornia, and several other works, all together valued at sixty-two thousand five hundred dollars. They were pub- lishers of Lyons's grammar, the Parley history series, and two music books then popular — the Sacred Melodeon and the Sabbath Chorister. About the same time Messrs. W. H., Moore & Co., of 118 Main street, who had been publishing school books for eight years, entered the field as general publishers, issuing only foreign books at first, as Hugh Miller's Foot- prints of the Creator and Anderson's Course of Creation. Mr. Cist says : These have attracted general and favorable notice at the east, as evi- dences that books can be got up in the west, as regards paper, print- ing, and binding, in a style not inferior to those in the east, and that miscellaneous literature can be published to advantage in Cincinnati, although a contrary opinion prevails in our Atlantic cities. J. F. Desilver, also a publishing bookseller, at 122 Main street — which street seems to have been to Cincin- nati in those days what Nassau street was to New York — made a specialty of medical and law books, publishing, among other valuable works, in royal octavo, Worcester on Cutaneous Diseases, Hope's Pathological Anatomy, and Harrison's Therapeutics. All these were beautifully illustrated with lithographs, executed in the city; the last named, in all particulars of mechanical execution, was believed to rank with any eastern publication of its class. J. A. & U. P. James were issuing Gibbon's Rome, the Libraries of American History and of General Knowledge, Dick's theology, family Bibles, and the like, in large numbers. Within two years they had published fourteen thousand copies of Hughes's Doniphan Expedi- tion. E. Morgan & Co., in Main street, issued within the year twenty thousand family Bibles, fifteen thousand copies of Josephus, ten thousand of the life of Tecumseh, one hundred thousand Webster's spelling books, ten thousand Walker's school dictionary, and other books in considerable quantity — all together worth fifty-four thous- and dollars. WESTERN METHODIST BOOK CONCERN. The first Methodist book concern in this country was founded in Philadelphia by the General conference of 1787. It was removed to New York in 1804, and its profits were mainly devoted to the enlargement of its fa- cilities for publication, instead of the maintenance of Cokesbury college and other schools, as theretofore. In ,1820 a branch concern was located in Cincinnati, to sup- ply the States west of the Alleghanies with Methodist books. It found a modest home in a little office on the corner of Fifth and Elm streets, to which the stranger was guided by the words on a rude sign of trifling di- mensions, "Methodist Book Room.'' The agent in charge was Rev. Martin Ruter, afterwards president of Alleghany college and a pioneer preacher of his faith in Texas, where he finally laid down his life. Dr. Ruter printed a Scriptural Catechism and Primer during his connection with the branch, but it was on his own ac- ■ count, as he was not expected or allowed to publish any- thing in the name or at the risk of the concern. He re- ceived a little more than four thousand dollars the first year, which was considered a very fair business for that day, and remained in office until 1828, when his term expired by limitation, and he was succeeded, by election of the General conference, by the Rev. Charles Holliday. Fin- ley's Sketches of Western Methodism, which supplies us the earlier facts of this sketch, says : " In that small store, had the inquiry been made, there might have been found the works of Wesley, Fletcher, Clark, and Coke, together with the Journals of Asbury and Hymn-book and Discipline. There also one migljt have subscribed for the Christian Ad-vpcate and Zion's Herald, and, had he desired to become more intimately acquainted with the condition and prospects of the church, he might have obtained a copy of the General Minutes. Agent Holliday secured a house for his residence on George street, between Race and Elm, and used the front room for the depository of the Concern. After two years here the store was removed to a stone building on the northwest corner of Baker and Walnut streets. Mr. Henry Shaffer, who is still living (February, 1881) in Cincinnati, was then a clerk in the office. The new lo- cation was better for business than the other, and the General conference of 1832 appointed the Rev. John S. Wright assistant agent and directed removal to a still more eligible site, which was found on the west side of Main street, a little above Sixth, in the store-building of Mr. Josiah Lawrence. Operations widened year by year, and the branch proved a most efficient auxiliary in sup- plying the west and south with Methodist literature. The demand for Hymn-books and Disciplines was particularly large, and about 1833 a beginning of the magnificent HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 279 line of publications of what became the Western Book Concern was made, under permission of the New York Concern, by the issue of an edition of these books. Next year, in the spring of 1834, the Western Christian Advocate was started under its auspices, with the Rev. (afterwards Bishop) Thomas A. Morris as editor. "In 1836," says Mr. Finley, "the General conference struck out of the discipline the provision which limited the office of book agent to eight years, and the agents of the Western Book Concern were not required to act any longer in a subordinate capacity to the New York Book Concern, but to 'co-operate with them.' They were also authorized to publish any book in the general catalogue when, in their judgment and that of the book committee, it would be advantageous to the in- terests of the church ; provided that they should not publish type editions of such books as were stereotyped at New York." Revs. J. F. Wright and L. Swormstedt were elected agents. They were further authorized to set up a print- ing office and bindery, and, after much consultation and the requisite approval of the book committee, they purchased the old, historic lot on the southwest corner of Main and Eighth streets, upon which still stands the brick mansion, now almost a wreck, said to have been built in 1806 by General Arthur St. Clair, formerly gov- ernor of the Northwest Territory. A printing office was erected on the rear of this lot, four stories high, and otherwise on a spacious scale. Here the first book print- ed by the concern from manuscript was Phillips' Stric- ures, whose publication was requested by the Ohio Con- ference. Then followed The Wyandot Mission, Power on Universalism, Shaffer on Baptism, Ohio Conference Offering, Morris' Miscellany, Memoir of Gurley, Lives of Quinn, Roberts, Collins, Wiley, Finley, and Gatch, and many other works of renown in the Methodist churches. Duplicates of the stereotype plates held by the parent concern in New York were sent out for many of the reprints. In 1839 the Concern was chartered by the State legis- lature. In 1840, upon the re-election of Messrs. Wright and Swormstedt, they were authorized to start a month- ly magazine specially adapted to female reading. This, the long famous Ladies' Repository (to which title the addition "and Gatherings of the West" was made at first) appeared in January, 1841, with Rev. L. L. Ham- line, then assistant editor of the Advocate, as editor; and was continued with much success until the close of 1880, when its publication, with that of the juvenile magazine, The Golden Hours, ceased by order of the General Con- ference of that year. The agents now, according to Mr. Finley, "had au- thority to publish any book which "had not been previ- ously published by the agents in New York when, in their judgment and that of the book committee, the demand for such publication would justify and the inter- est of the church required it. They were, however, pro- hibited from reprinting any of the larger works, such as the commentaries, quarto bibles, etc. They were also authorized to publish such books and tracts as were re- commended by the General Conference, and any other works which the editors should approve and the Book committee and the annual Conference recommend." A German Methodist paper was now started, called Der Christliche Apologete, in charge of Rev. William Nast, who receives more particular notice in our historic sketch of Methodism in Cincinnati. It became necessary by and by to add further to the fa- cilities possessed by the Concern. An adjoining lot was bought, upon which was erected the main building for the Concern, six stories high, fifty feet front, and over one hundred feet deep ; then still another building, of four stories, occupied by stores, the rent of which added materially to the revenues of the Concern. These, by the way, were at this time not kept at home, but, after payment of expenses, were remitted, as largely and fre- quently as possible, to the full amount of stock furnished, whenever practicable, to swell the profits of the New York Concern. Rev. J. F. Wright resigned as principal agent in 1844. He was succeeded by L. Swormstedt, promoted from assistant, and Rev. J. T. Mitchell was chosen for the sec- ond place, to which the Revs. John Power and Adam Poe were successively and subsequently appointed. Mr. Finley writes thus of the operations of the Book Concern : We are informed by reliable authority that the amount of sales dur- ing the current year is greater than at any former period, and greater than all the sales effected during many of the first years of the existence of the Concern. In addition to the sales the Concern issues twenty-six thousand copies of the Western Christian Advocate, eighteen thousand copies of the Ladies Repository, thirty thousand copies of the Sunday- School Advocate, six thousand copies of the Missionary Advocate, and five thousand of the German Apologist. In view of what has been accom- plished during the thirty-four years of its existence, commencing with a small branch depository, and gradually increasing to its present giant proportions as a wholesale establishment, what mind can calculate its future expansion or the amount of good yet to be accomplished in this great work of spreading a pure literature and a scriptural holiness over all these lands? Rev. Dr. J. M. Walden, present agent of the Concern, in an article contributed to one of the New York publi- cations of the church, adds some interesting details and valuable statistics. We republish it in full : Its Establishment. — It did not develop from an individual enter- prise, but from the first has been under the control of the church. 1. The general conference directed the agents of the Book Concern to open a branch in Cincinnati in 1820 to meet the wants of the grow- ing church in the west. The preachers found it difficult to secure books for themselves and their charges, because of the expense and delay in transporting them from New York. The proposition to divide the busi- ness met with opposition, but discussion satisfied the conference, largely composed of eastern delegates, that a book depository in the west would be advantageous to the church and its publishing interests. Cin- cinnati was chosen for the location, and Rev. Martin Ruter was elected the first agent. n. At that time the Methodist Magazine was the only periodical of the church, and the list of books was so limited that one room in the agent's dwelling was sufficient for the new enterprise. The business steadily increased; and in a few years a bindery and printing-office were opened, and it was found advantageous to ship printed sheets from New York and bind them in Cincinnati. 3, After a probation of twenty years the Cincinnati branch, in 1840, was constituted an independent house, and styled the Western Method- ist Book Concern, under which name it is legally incorporated. The business relations between it and the New York Concern were fixed by the general conference. Its Expansion. — The"growth of the church in the west made it 28o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. necessary to increase the facilities and enlarge the work of the Western Book Concern. i. At first the printing was done on hand-presses, and little ma- chinery was used in the bindery. By the introduction of improved machinery the productive capacity of the publishing department at Cincinnati is probably a hundred-fold what it was in 1840. 2. The merchandise department has been greatly increased in Cin- cinnati, and extended to other points. The Chicago depository was opened in 1852, the St. Louis depository in i860 (Sunday-school books were kept on sale there even earlier), the Atlanta depository in 1869, and an 'Advocate" established at each of these points by the order of the general conference. 3. A Methodist literature in the German language, including books and periodicals, has been created by the Western Book Concern, and a similar work in the Scandinavian has been begun. 4. The 1 buildings now fully occupied by the business in Cincinnati cost above one hundred thousand dollars in addition to the land. The depositories were not designed to serve a mere temporary purpose ; hence the investment of capital for their accommodation in Chicago and St. Louis. The growth of the Western Book Concern is shown by this: In April, 1840, its capital in merchandise was thirty-nine thou- sand, one hundred and eleven dollars and sixty-seven cents ; in the pub- lishing department four thousand, three hundred and forty-nine dollars and five cents ; total, forty-three thousand, four hundred and sixty dol- lars and seventy-two cents. On November 30, 1879, the capital in merchandise was one hundred and ninety-two thousand, six hundred and ninety-one dollars and thirty-eight cents ; in the publishing depart- ment, one hundred and eighty-seven thousand, four hundred and nine dollars and eighty-five cents ; total, three hundred and eighty thousand, one hundred and one dollars and twenty-three cents. The total sales in 1840 were forty-eight thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars ; the total sales in 1879 were six hundred and thirty-nine thousand, eight hundred and eighty-eight dollars. Its Production and Circulation of Religious Literature.— The list of Western periodicals and the catalogue of books each shows the increase in the demand for Methodist literature, and how fully it has been met. i. The English periodicals were established in the following order : Western Christian Advocate, i^pril, 1834 ; Ladies' Repository, Janu- ary, 1841 ; Northwestern Christian Advocate, Chicago, January, 1853 ; Central Christian Advocate, St. Louis, January, 1857 ; Methodist Ad- vocate, Atlanta, January, 1869 ; Golden Hours, January, 1869. The Germ in : The Christian Apologist, January, 1839 ; Sunday-School Bell, October, 1856 ; Bible Lessons, July, 1870 ; Home and Hearth (Magazine), January, 1873; Little Folks, July, 1879. The Scandinavian paper, The Sandebudet, January, 1863. The Sunday-School Advo- cate, Sunday-School Journal, Sunday-School Classmate, Picture Lesson Paper, the Missionary Advocate during its existence, have been and are printed in the West, as well as in the East, this being found economi- cal in the end. About fifty million copies of the Western Christian Ad- vocate and twenty million copies of the Christian Apologist have been printed and lead. 2. Besides standard Methodist books printed in common with the New York Book Concern, the Western Book Concern has published a large number of biographical, historical, doctrinal, and miscellaneous works in English, valuable contributions to the literature of the church, among the more recent of which are the works. of Bishops Hamline, Clark, Thompson, Kingsley, Wiley, and Merrill; Ecclesiastical Law, by Bishop Harris and Judge Henry; Systematic Theology, by Dr. Raymond ; History of the Christian Church, by Dr. Blackburn ; Plat- form Papers, by Dr. Curry, etc. The German publications, about two hundred different volumes, are produced exclusively by this concern, and comprise the various classes of books needed by the preachers, the church and the Sunday-school. 3. An estimate of the quantity of Methodist literature put in circu- lation by the Western Book Concern may be made from its cash value. During the forty years the sales have aggregated: Books seven million three hundred and ninety-five thousand seven hundred and fourteen dollars and seventy-two cents; periodicals, seven million three hundred and eighty thousand three hundredand forty-five dollars and forty- seven cents; total, fourteen million seven hundred and seventy-six thou- sand sixty dollars and nineteen cents. A computation of the number of volumes or pages would be difficult, but the money value shows that this concern has been of vast service to the church. 4. The great bulk of these sales has been made by the preachers. They carried the books to the homes of the people, solicited the names of subscribers to the periodicals, and introduced both books and papers into Sunday-schools. No system of colportage or other method could have reached the people as has the plan of our church, made effective by the.efforts of her pastors. 5. How much of this literature would have been circulated without the Western Book Concern? A direct answer cannot be given, but the establishment of depositories and papers at Boston, Syracuse, Pitts- burgh, etc., by the general conference, interprets the conviction of the church that every interest is best served by having depots for her litera- ture in the great commercial centres. The sales of the Western Book Concern since 1852, when the Chicago depository was opened, have been thirteen million nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand one hun- dred and sixty-eight dollars and twelve cents, of which those at Cincin- nati have been eight million four hundred and seventy-two thousand nine hundred and forty-five dollars and seventy-eight cents, and at her depositories, five million five hundred and twenty-six thousand two hun- dred and twenty-two dollars and thirty-four cents. its financial success. The large business of the Western Book Concern has, by small profit and economical management, yielded a large aggregate profit, part of which has been added to the capital, part paid out for the support of the bishops and other church purposes, and part expended in maintain- ing papers, etc. , ordered by the general conference. 1. April 1, 1840, the Western Concern owed the New York Con- cern one hundred and five thousand one hundred and three dollars and fifty-six cents. This was canceled by the general conference, which raised the net capital to one hundred and thirty thousand six hundred and three dollars and sixty-six cents, showing a net gain from 1820 of at least twenty-five thousand five hundred and ten dollars and ten cents. The net capital November 30, 1879, was four hundred and seventy-four thousand one hundred and seventy-eight dollars and forty-seven cents, a gain of three hundred and forty-three thousand five hundred and sev- enty-four dollars and eighty-one cents since it became independent. The only drafts on the proceeds from 1840 to 1852 were the dividend to annual conferences and loss on German publications, most of which have been remunerative for twenty-five years. 2. Since 1852, when the support of the bishops was placed on the Book Concerns and the depository system began in the west, the drafts on the proceeds have been as follows : For the church south, by ruling of the supreme court, one hundred and two thousand forty-seven dol- lars and nine cents ; by order of general conference, for bishops, etc., one hundred and seventy-three thousand five hundred and thirty-six dollars and sixteen cents ; direct loss by the Chicago fire, one hundred and two thousand two hundred and twenty-one dollars and forty-eight cents ; and losses on the Central Christian Advocate, Methodist Advo- cate, the Scandinavian papers, and the Chicago Depository since the fire, one hundred and fifty-seven thousand one hundred and thirty-six dollars and forty-nine cents ; a total of five hundred and thirty-four thou- sand nine hundred and forty-one dollars and twenty-two cents ; which shows an aggregate profit of eight hundred and seventy-eight thousand five hundred and sixteen dollars on the business during the forty years. 3. It is proper to state that the financial credit of the Western Con- cern has been steadily maintained. Supplying books and papers on credit, and enlarging the business, have necessitated large loans. These have been readily made. Its financial paper has never been pro- tested, and in the most stringent times its large corps of employes have been promptly pajd. Since the late general conference it has issued six per cent, five-twenty bonds, and sold of them at par above one hundred thousand dollars with which to liquidate liabilities heretofore bearing eight per cent, interest. The productive capital, the past profits, and the credits of the Western Book Concern indicate its success as a finan- cial enterprise. The Western Tract and Book society was organized in Cincinnati as the American Reform Tract and Book so- ciety in November, 1852. Its underlying idea was the application through literature of Christianity to the bet- terment of personal and national life in practical affairs, especially to the promotion of the anti-slavery cause, while temperance and other reforms were not to be neg- lected. The two noteworthy articles of the constitution were, as they still are, these : Art. II. Its object shall be to promote the diffusion of divine truth, point out its application to every known sin, and to promote the inter- ests of practical religion by the circulation of a sound evangelical litera- ture. ''-■;■/,'■ ° cfeobae // cstaAjise/c HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 281 Art. III. It will receive into its treasury none of the known fruits of iniquity nor the gains of the oppressor. The first officers of the society were : Rev. John Ran- kin, president; Rev. C. B. Boynton, corresponding sec- retary; Rev. J. Cable, recording secretary; T. B. Mason, treasurer; Rev. A. Benton, Rev. C. B. Boynton, J. K. Leavitt, J. Jolliffe, M. R. Coney, Joseph Burgoyne, Sam- uel Lee, Dr. J. P. Walker, T. B. Mason, G. S. Stearns, A. S. Merrill, William Lee, directors. Of these Messrs. Ran- kin, Boynton, Walker, and Mason are still living, most of them in Cincinnati. The officers of the society last elected at this writing, are : Rev. B. P. Aydelott, D. D." president; Revs. E. D. Morris, D. D., C. B. Boynton, D. D., Robert Patterson, D. D., W. H. James, I. N. Stanger and Messrs. William Summer, H. Thane Miller, S. W. Haughton, and W. H. Taylor, vice-presidents; Revs. W. H. French, A. B. Morey, S. W. Duncan, C. H. Daniels, F. S. Fitch, J. P. E. Kumler, R. H. Leonard, E. D. Led- yard, A. H. Ritchie, and J. P. Walker, F. Dallas, J. Webb, jr., W. 'J. Breed, J." Scott Peebles, directors; A. S. Mer- rill, .recording secretary ; executive officers elected by the board, Rev. A. Ritchie, editor and corresponding secre- tary; J. Webb, jr., treasurer; Sutton and Scott, deposita- ries. Dr. Aydelott, an old and much venerated clergyman of Cincinnati, was president of the society during the last ten years of his life, vacating the chair by his death, Sep- tember ir, 1880. The constitution was amended after the close of the war, August 15, 1865. Since the accomplishment of emancipation, the anti-slavery feature, so long and influ- entially prominent in its operations, was dropped, as also the word "Reform" from its name, although much atten- tion is still given in its publications to the practical appli- cations of Christianity. It co-operates with the American Tract and Book society, keeps a full supply of its pub- lications in stock, and receives from it and disburses sev- enteen per cent, of the entire sum appropriated for charitable distribution. It has thus scattered many mil- lions of printed pages far and wide in various forms, and its publications — including a neat little monthly paper called the Christian Press — make a very respectable list. The headquarters of the society are fixed by the consti- tution in Cincinnati, and are located at 176 Elm street. VAN ANTWERP, BRAGG AND COMPANY. These gentlemen are the largest publishers of school books in the world. The founder of the house, over fifty years ago, was a Cincinnati publisher, Mr. Winthrop B. Smith. About 1830, the firm of Truman & Smith, of which he was a member, was that mentioned above, at the head of the publishers of 1839 here. After Mr. Truman's retirement, the firm name was Winthrop B. Smith & Company, which became a famous and pros- perous house. Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle were their successors. The senior of this copartnership withdrew from it in 1868, and the other two gentlemen then headed the renowned firm of Wilson, Hinkle & Com- pany. For about ten years this establishment prospered, when, in 1877, the two leading members, who had been connected with the house during its various changes for about forty years, finally retired, and the remaining part- ners, with others, formed the present house of Van Ant- werp, Bragg & Company. It consists of Messrs. Lewis Van Antwerp, Charles I. Bragg, Henry H. Vail, Robert T. Leaman, A. Howard Hinkle (son of the former part- ner), and Harry T. Ambrose. Their operations require the use of four large buildings, each seven floors, on Walnut and Baker streets, below Third. Their average production is about eighteen thousand text-books per day. ROBERT CLARKE AND COMPANY. This house is extensively engaged in bookselling and publishing at No. 65 West Fourth street, near Pike's opera house. We find the following notes concerning it in King's Pocket-book of Cincinnati: Mr. Clarke has been connected with the house since 1855, when he bought Tobias Lyon's interest in the firm of Lyon & Patterson; the style of firm changing to Patterson & Clarke. In 1857 Mr. Clarke bought Mr. Patterson's interest, and carried on the business in his own name. At that time the store was in Bacon's building, corner of Sixth and Walnut streets, and the business was chiefly in second-hand and foreign books; this being the first house in Cincinnati to import books direct from London and Paris. In 1858 R. D. Barney and J. W. Dale united with Mr. Clarke; and the new firm, under the style of Robert Clarke & Co., bought the business of Henry W. Derby & Co., law publishers, and dealers in the miscellaneous books published by Harper & Bros, and Derby & Jackson. They then moved into the store occu- pied by Derby & Co., 55 West Fourth street, and began business as publishers of law books, and wholesale and retail booksellers. In 1867 the business was removed to its present quarters. In 1872 Howard Barney and Alexander Hill were admitted to the partnership. This house has published over one hundred and fifty volumes of law books, one of which was the celebrated Fisher's Patent Cases, the highest- priced law-books ever published in this country, — six volumes at twen- ty-five dollars a volume; and also about one hundred volumes of mis- cellaneous books, including the invaluable Ohio Valley Historical series, edited by Mr. Clarke, and issued in eight handsome volumes. Many publications of this firm rank equal in style and value to any published in the United States. The third floor of the establishment is devoted exclusively to works known as Americana, of whlfch a fine catalogue has been issued. BOOKSTORES. Growth in the business of bookselling, as might rea- sonably be expected, has kept pace with increase in the manufacture of books. Every manufacturer is a seller, but we refer now to the business of keeping wholesale and retail book-stores, without reference to publishing. For the history of this, in Cincinnati, we are indebted almost exclusively to an interesting and valuable article contributed by "F.'' to the Cincinnati Daily Gazette of June 12, 1880. The writer is apparently very well in- formed and entirely trustworthy. It is extracted in full, barring the introduction and one or two unimportant passages : In Cincinnati, eighty years since, Carpenter & Findlay, two eminent pioneer citizens, publishers of the Western Spy, kept for sale the Terri- torial Laws and other publications in general demand. For a decade or two at the beginning of the century the printers and the druggists retained a large share of the sales of books and stationery. So in i8r4 the firm of D. Drake & Co., Druggists, at their drug-store, Main street, opposite Lower Market, kept the accustomed supply of books, includ- ing the Bible, Shakespeare, and ^Esop (these were said to constitute the library of the pioneer's household), Johnson's Dictionary, Watts' Psalms and Hymns, Cook's Voyages, Ashe's Travels, Lewis & Clark's Joumjft and Riley's Narrative. About 1820 the book and stationery business had increased to such large proportions that it became dissociated with drugs and medicines and set up for itself. Messrs. John P. Foote and Oliver Wells had es- 282 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tablished the Cincinnati Type Foundry, which has continued uninter- ruptedly to this day in the same place and was conducted by them until 1823, when Mr. Foote retired. . While Mr. Foote was as- sociated with Mr. Wells, he established a book-store at No. 14 Lower Market street, books and type being almost as germane as books and drugs. Mr. Foote's stock was well selected and suited to the market. They were chiefly classical and standard works, with the recent novels, one or two of Sir Walter Scott's appearing yearly. In 1824 he an- nounced a new novel, "Quentin Durward," by the author of "Waver- ly, " for sale. At that date. Scott was the '"Great Unknown," Miss Edgeworth-being the "Great Known." During that year Mr. Foote edited and published the Cincinnati Literary Gazette. This, together with the choice literature on his shelves and the genial and entertaining disposition of the proprietor, made his book-store a favorite place of meeting for a coterie of literary men of the day, among whom were Morgan Neville, Peyton S. Symmes, E. D. Mansfield, N. Guilford, and Benjamin Drake. They criticised new books and discussed literary and musical topics, and their decisions had authority. Mr. Foote was also a prominent member of the celebrated Semi- colon club, which met alternately at the residences of Messrs. Greene, Lawler and S. E. Foote. This literary society included within its mem- bership Rev. E. B. Hall, Timothy Walker, James H. Perkins, N. Guil- ford, C. Stetson, W. Greene, Harriet and Catherine Beecher, the Misses Blackwell, Mr. and Mrs. Hentz, E. P. Cranch, U. T. Howe, Profs. Stowe and Mitchel, C. W. Elliott, Drs. Drake and Richards, Benjamin and Charles D. Drake, E. D. Mansfield, J. W. Ward, Law- ler, Meline, C. P. James, D. T. Wright, Joseph Longworth, I. N. Per- kins, Judge Hall, General King, T. D. Lincoln, W. P. Steele, G. C. Davies, C. D. L. Brush, and probably a few others. He was a fine classical and belles-lettre scholar, and edited the Literary Gazette with ability, a devout member of the Episcopal church, an exemplary man and good citizen, highly esteemed and respected by his fellow-towns- mei.. His close resemblance to John Quincy Adams was noted by all who were acquainted with them; he was, however, a much more ami- able man than Mr. Adams. He was the author of "The Schools of Cincinnati," and a " Memoir of Samuel E. Foote, " both gems, as was everything that emanated from his graceful pen. His dealing in books was a success, from which he retired in 1828. In 1824 he became one of the proprietors and managers of the water-works, and continued to be for sixteen years and until the city became the owner in 1840. Dur- ing the period named Messrs. Davis, Lawler, Greene, Foote, Graham, and Johnston were proprietors, and greatly improved them. He was also a large owner of city property, and, with others, laid out subdivi- sions of lots. Nathan and George Guilford succeeded Mr. Foote at No. 14 Lower Market street, and a few years subsequently removed to Main street, near the court-house, where they continued the business until about 1840. The senior member of this firm was a distinguished scholar and lawyer, who had been the law partner of Amos Kendall in Georgetown, Kentucky, and afterwards of James W. Gazlay in Cincinnati. He was a member of the Ohio legislature, where he was the leading advocate of the common school system, and did more than any other member to secure its adoption. At that period it was far from being popular, many citizens, even after its adoption, refusing to send their children to the schools on the absurd idea that they were pauper schools, and that it was not reputable to send them to charity schools when they were able to pay for their tuition. Mr. Guilford by personal solicita- tion induced them to send pupils on trial. Most of our old citizens are well aware of his meritorious efforts in the successful establishment of the system, and know that he may with justice be styled the "father of the public school system of Ohio. He subsequently engaged very successfully in the type foundry, in connection with Wells, Wilson and others, to which he gave his personal supervision and care. For his able and successful advocacy of our school system he deserves a monu- ment to his memory from the State society. This eminent and honored citizen died in 1854, in the sixty-eighth year of his age, amid the bene- dictions of our people, and especially the younger portion of them, who were largely benefited by his labors in the cause of education. After the schools were established upon a permanent basis and Mr. Guilford's time and attention engrossed by other objects, Mr. George Graham succeeded him in 1831 in the school board, and under his im- mediate direction the Race street school-house was planned and erected. This was long the model school edifice, after which most of the others were built. Contemporaneous with Mr. Foote were Drake & Conclin, who re- mained in the business a few years until 1829, when Mr. Drake formed a business connection With Phillips & Spear, and' connected an exten- sive paper-mill with it, but, dying the next year, his brother Josiah suc- ceeded him in the firm. In 1831 the firm was dissolved, Phillips & Spear taking the paper-mill and Josiah Drake the book-store. The latter is the brother of the veteran author of the voluminous and valuable works on the Biography and History of the Indians of North America, and a few years his junior. He is a native of Massachusetts, the date of his birth being very near the beginning of this century, and he is still an active citizen for a gentleman of nearly fourscore years. He entered largely into the business at No. 14 Main street, in the midst of the commercial business of the city, and it soon proved profitable and successful. Thoroughly acquainted with the business, prompt and en- ergetic, and popular with our citizens, the ascendency he acquired at the commencement of his mercantile career he retained unlil he relin- quished it in 1839, and devoted his energies to other pursuits. His sales amounted to about eighty thousand dollars per annum, one year amounting to one hundred thousand dollars, which was considered a large amount for that day. Mr. Drake employed during the time he was in the book trade about twenty clerks and salesmen, of whom he can now only recollect the names of Augustus Haven, Henry Spear, and Cornelius Murphy, the survivors. And of the large number of his customers who now survive he can only recall the names of Messrs. E. D. Mansfield,* J. J. Faran, George Graham,* Joseph Longworth, John Kennett, R. A. Holden, H. C. Gassaway, Charles H. Kellogg, J. W. Ryland, Rowland Ellis, Wil- liam Hooper. Judges Fox and Woodruff, H. E. Spencer, John L. Tal- bot, Dr. Aydelott,* Elder W. P. Stratton, John Frazer, S. Kellogg, G. K. Shoenberger, R. W. Keys, E. H. Carter, A. H. McGuffey, L. B. Harrison, S. P. Bishop, Judges Charles D. Drake, A. G. W. Carter, and Charles P. James. Upon the decease of Mr. John T. Drake, Mr. Conclin, the junior partner, succeeded the firm of Drake & Conclin. Mr. William Conclin was a native of New York, having been born on the banks of the Hud- son in 1796, and always retained a vivid recollection of the places made historic by the important events which occurred toward the close of the revolutionary period. He emigrated with his father's family to Cincin- nati in 1813, via Olean, the Alleghany, and the Ohio rivers, having to navigate those streams in a flat-boat, steam navigation at that date not having been successfully introduced. Shortly after their arrival here his father died, leaving him, still a youth in his minority, to assume the charge and care of the family. This duty he faithfully performed. He was employed by that eminent merchant, Josiah Lawrence, who so much confided in his ability and integrity that he twice sent him to New Orleans with cargoes of produce. By his skill and diligence these ven- tures proved highly satisfactory to his employer. At that time a voyage to New Orleans was one of peril, toil, and hardship, and not the pleasure- trip of to-day. On his return he engaged in merchandising for himself for two or three years, after which he embarked in the book-trade in co- partnership with John T. Drake. Their business connections continued until 1830. This was after the establishment of Mr. Foote's store, the second in Cincinnati devoted exclusively to the sale of books. Mr. Conclin continued the business at No. 43 Main street for thirteen years. That kind of merchandising, then in its infancy as it were, was confined to Main street, which was then considered the most eligible place for it, Fourth street being then almost wholly occupied with dwelling-houses. He was succeeded in business by his brother George; upon the decease of the latter Applegate & Co. succeeded to it, and the present enterpris- ing firm of A. H. Pounsford & Co. were their successors, and is now the oldest house of the kind in the city, while Fourth street has almost wholly monopolized the book-trade to the exclusion of Main street. Mr. Conclin was an energetic and successful merchant, of the strictest integrity, a member of the New Jerusalem or Swedenborgian church, and one of its founders in this city. Prior to his engaging in the book business, he was married to Louisa, daughter of General Borden, one of the old and most respected merchants. She proved to be a faithful and exemplary wife, and the kind and devoted mother of his children. By her energy and prudence she materially aided her husband in ac- quiring an ample competence. He was far from being an office-seeker, and was not fitted by nature to ply the arts of the demagogue; never- theless, his capacity and sterling integrity made him prominent among his fellow-citizens, who called him into the service of the county and the State. He was elected several terms to the Ohio Legislature, served several years as bank commissioner, and filled similar offices to the welfare of his constituents and honor to himself. He was a mem- ber of the noted political firm of Jonas, Cist & Co. ; and, although ex- tremely unpopular with their opponents, they were uniformly success- ful at the polls. Impaired health for the last few years of his life com- * Since deceased. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 283 pelled him to relinquish active business pursuits. He ended his earthly- career March 20, 1858, in the sixty-third year of his age. His vener- able widow, now an octogenarian, respected and esteemed by all, re- sides with her son at the Highlands, near Newport. There were two or three other book-stores in the decade between 1820 and 1830, but of which I have only a slight recollection. These were William Hill Woodward, a. Philadelphian, who had a consider- able stock of books, first in the vicinity of Phillips, Spear & Drake, Main street, afterward up the street near the court-house, where he continued for several years. Thomas Reddish, a well-known citizen, was also in the business in 1820 at 53 Broadway, in connection with the Sun circulating library and a loan office. He was a native of Britain, and was lost at sea on a return voyage from his native country. George Charters, a native of North Britain, had a small book-store, in connection with a circulating library and pianos, on East Fifth street, near Main, in 1819. Many years subsequently Flash & Ryder, at No. 12 West Third street, were dealers in books, chiefly works of fiction, reviews, and other periodicals. They also connected a circulating library with their book trade. They did a prosperous retail business. Their cosy little store was much resorted to by the literati of the day, and occasionally visited by foreign authors, such as Miss Martineau, Captain Maryatt, and other celebrities. They continued in business several years, from 1830 to 1839. Hubbard & Edmunds, Main street, north of Second, were a firm from Boston, and had a valuable stock of goods about 1841, but did not long continue in business. Mr. Edmunds lost his life by the disas- trous explosion of Pugh's pork-house, corner of Walnut and Canal streets, February 28, 1843. Jacob Ernst was many years in the book business on Main sUeet, above Fifth, afterwards on the same street, above Third, and again above Sixth, a portion of the time in partnership with Charles W. Thorp. He was a most skillful book-binder, unsurpassed by any other in the city in his day. A. & J. W. Picket, the compilers 9i Picket's series of school-books, and editors of the Academician, had a bookstore on Pearl street about 1834, for a few years, but they were much more successful in book-mak- ing than in book-vending. Their school-books were largely used in the west. Desilver & Burr for several years very successfully conducted a large establishment at No. 1 Main street. About 1850 they dissolved their business connection, and both partners removed to the east. E. H. Flint, son of Rev. Timothy Flint the author, had a book- store on Main, above Fourth, and published the Western Review, ed- ited by his father. This was one of the first journals of the kind, and was ably edited. It continued to be a leading journal several years about 1830. Truman & Smith, booksellers and extensive publishers, were in busi- ness at No. 150 Main street. They published and introduced the Mc- Guffey series of school-books, which proved a gold mine to them and their successors. Robinson & Fairbanks were also in the book business on Main, near Fifth, and published the Cincinnati Directory. Jacob W. Ely was in business a few years at No. 10 Lower Market, east of Main. C. & F. Cloud dealt in books several years about i84t, on Front street, west of Broadway. Burgess & Crane, on Main street, between Third and Fourth, had a stock of desirable books, and continued the business four or five years. Edward Lucas was proprietor of a good stock of goods and did a good business on Main street, above Third, for several years. He was an active and prompt business man and popular with his cus- tomers. Williamson & Wood had a considerable stock of goods at 175 Main street, and did a prosperous business for several years. Ephraim Morgan, for sixty years a prominent and honored person- age in our city as a publisher and bookseller, was an honest and just man, and during a long and blameless life a member of the Society of Friends. He was the senior member of the firm of Morgan, Lodge & Fisher, which established the Daily Gazette in 1826, with Charles Ham- mond as sole editor. It was the first daily newspaper in the State and, it is believed, the first west of the Alleghanies. He afterwards em- barked in the book trade and book publishing at No. 131 Main street, which he carried on very extensively, and was perhaps the heaviest publishing house in the city at that day. Mr. Sanxy was associated with him in this branch of business, which they most successfully con ducted many years. Mr. Morgan was most scrupulously opposed to all injustice and vice in every phase. He therefore objected to the publication of the notices of runaway slaves and lottery notices, and all advertisements of that class, and refused their insertion into the columns bf the Gazette. This led to a rupture with his partners, in consequence of which he with- drew from the publication of that journal. Conscientious and honest in all his transactions with his fellow men, he never ceased to command their confidence and respect. He died, respected and lamented by all, at the venerable and patriarchal age of eighty-three,, in February, 1873. Another veteran in the book trade is Mr. U. P. James. Nearly fifty years since he established the business at No. 26 Pearl street, and has continued it uninterruptedly to the present time. From Pearl street he removed lo No. 167 Walnut street, where he continued years, until 1872, when he removed to his present store, No. 177 Race street. He has conducted the business for a. much greater length of time than any other dealer, probably twice as long as any other in this city. From his long and continuous connection with the business he is an authority on the subject of books and publishing, and may be safely consulted upon it. Being an intelligent gentleman, of studious habits and extensive observation, his studies have not been limited to bibli- ography alone, but he devotes much time to the natural sciences, especially to geology. His knowledge of palaeontology in our Silurian formation is, perhaps, more accurate and extensive than that of any other naturalist. His published list of fossils is very complete, as is also his cabinet; and they are both highly commended in our State geological reports. Mr. Andrew McArthur established * bookstore at No. 162 Vine street, in 1856, which he continued for nine or ten years, when he sold it to Perry & Morton. Although not within the limits of these sketches, I can not suffer the name of this worthy benefactor of our city to pass in silence. He was a native of England, and late in life he embarked in the book trade, a mild, amiable, intelligent and charitable gentleman. His sole relative was a son, a woithy young man, who assisted him in the business, and upon whom his warmest affections concentrated. This beloved son sickened and passed away, leaving the bereaved father alone and desolate. He, too, soon pined away. Alone in the world, with a handsome little competency, he had looked around him for a suitable object upon which to bestow it. Pas- sing by objects in his native home, which from early attachment might claim his benefactions, he bequeathed his entire estate to the Young Men's Mercantile library, to be invested in the purchase of useful standard works. His wisdom is commended to those who have abun- dant means to bestow on useful objects for the promotion of the welfare of their fellow-men, and the diffusion of knowledge among them. In this way he has secured their gratitude, and at the same time reared for himself a monument more durable than marble. All honor to the memory of Andrew McArthur! Among all the benefactors to the insti- tution he was the greatest; he bestowed his "two mites" — all his estate. At present two or three of the large publishing houses, such as the Methodist Book Concern, and Messrs. Robert Clarke & Co., join general bookstores to their larger business. Messrs. George E. Stevens & Co., in 1869, bought up a book business dating from 1856, and established themselves at No. 39 West Fourth street Mr. Stevens was about that time the author and publisher of a neat little book descriptive of the Queen City, and entitled from it. His house joins some publishing with bookselling. Mr. Peter G. Thomson, formerly with Clarke & Co., has a popular bookstore at the Vine street entrance to the Arcade, and is embarking liberally in general publishing. His more notable publications are named in our chapter on literature. Other well-known bookstores are those of Perry & Morton, above mentioned, at the old McArthur stand on Vine street; Mr. J. R. Hawley, at the next door, No. 164 Vine, and Alfred Warren, 219 Central avenue. The two first named make a specialty of newspapers and periodical literature. The city is also abundantly sup- 284 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. plied with second-hand bookstores, of which at least half a dozen, all well worthy a visit, are in the central busi- ness quarter. CHAPTER XXX. JOURNALISM. SMALL BEGINNINGS. The ubiquitous editor came early to Cincinnati. The village waited long for many of the institutions and char- acteristics of civilization; but it did not wait half a dec- ade for the newspaper. The hopes of those who saw a Queen City to be, were early justified in the appearance of one of the chief elements in the growth and mainte- nance of a wealthy and intelligent metropolis. Still the beginnings, like all beginnings in the wilderness, were small.' In the fall of 1793 Mr. William Maxwell, second post- master of Cincinnati, procured and set up at the corner of Front and Sycamore streets, the outfit of a small, rude printing-office. From it, on the ninth of November, 1793, was issued the first number of a newspaper appro- priately called the Centinel of the Northwest Territory, since it was the outpost of journalism on the north side of the Ohio. The Lexington Gazette had been pub- lished for some years in Kentucky; but, except for that and one or two others, we are not aware that any other public journal then existed between the Alleghanies and the Pacific coast. This pioneer of Cincinnati newspa- pers was a weekly, printed on whitey-brown paper, of half-royal size, each page about as large as a small win- dow-pane, and the whole no larger than a handkerchief. It bore the motto, "Open to all parties; influenced by none." Its advertising was very limited, comprising but half a dozen small announcements. It had no editorial articles, no local news, reviews, or poetry. Its "news," too, was old enough, that from France dating back to the tenth of September, 1792. The issue of April 12, 1794, which has been preserved, has dates from Marietta only eight days old, from Lexington twenty-one, from Nash- ville thirty-three, from New York fifty-six, and from Lon- don to the twenty-fifth of November — four and a half months before the date of issue. So slowly did intelli- gence travel in the day of the pioneer, the sailing vessel, the canoe, and the horseback mail. Naturally much space was filled, for months before the victory of Wayne quelled the savage outbreaks, with narratives of Indian outrage, then the most thrilling and closely interesting news of the day. In the summer of 1796 Mr. Edmund Freeman bought the Centinel from Mr. Maxwell, and continued the publi- cation of the paper under the happy title of Freeman's Journal — a designation which served in a single word to set forth the name of the proprietor, and also to furnish a fit and significant title for an organ of public opinion in the young republic. Mr. Freeman published this pa- per until the beginning of 1800, when, probably moved thereto by the transfer of the Territorial capital from Cincinnati to Chillicothe, he removed himself and office to the latter place, and established the old Chillicothe Gazette, which is still published. Mr. Freeman died the same year, October 25, at his father's residence on Bea- ver creek, in the Mad river settlement. The first regularly printed journal in Cincinnati, says Mr. Cist, was the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, the first number of which was issued May 28, 1799, by Joseph Carpenter. Mr. Carpenter came early to the place from Massachusetts, and by the favor of his fellow- citizens was much in public office, both by election and appointment. As Captain Carpenter, he led out a com- pany in the war of 181 2, and served faithfully for six months in 1813 and '14, under the immediate command of General Harrison, dying in service from exposure en- dured during a forced march from Fort St. Mary's in midwinter. He was buried in Cincinnati with military honor and a great concourse of his fellow-citizens at- tending his funeral. General Gano, in a certificate of his service made some years afterwards, said : "Captain Carpenter commanded his company with high reputation as an officer, and rendered essential service to his coun- try; and the officer who inspected his company at Fort Winchester reported to me that they were as well dis- ciplined as any militia he fiver saw in service." His was the most famous of the old newspapers of Cincinnati. With improvement in mail facilities, news began to arrive more promptly. The Spy for July 31, 1802, contains in- telligence from France to May 17, from London to May 10, New York July 9, and Washington July 25 — which was doing pretty well. The message of President Jeffer- son to Congress December 15, 1802, appeared in the Spy January 5, 1803. In the number for April 26, 1802, one Andrew Jackson, who was afterwards con- siderably heard from, advertises fifty dollars' reward for the recovery of his negro slave George, who had eloped from his plantation on the Cumberland River. It changed hands several times during the first ten years, but kept its name until Messrs. Carney & Morgan took charge of it, during whose control its title was changed to The Whig. Fifty-eight numbers of this were published, when, the paper passing to other hands, it became The Advertiser. This expired November 1 1 following, and in September, 18 10, Mr. Carpenter appeared in journalism again as editor of a new Western Spy. This was regu- larly published for some years — at least to the year 18 15, when it was of super-royal size, was conducted by Messrs. Morgan & Williams, and had about twelve hun- dred subscribers. In 1823 it seems to have been again in existence, and its name was then changed to The Na- tional Republican and Ohio Political Register. At the beginning of 1804 the Spy was the only paper in Cincinnati. December 9 of that year, was started another weekly newspaper, bearing the sounding title of Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury, the latter half of which was presently dropped. The Rev. John W. Browne, enterprising editor, publisher of almanacs, etc., HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 285 preacher, town recorder, bookseller, and occasionally ven- der of patent medicine, was proprietor of the new ven- ture, and had rather a troublous time of it, being once or twice personally attacked by citizens aggrieved by his sheet. The first number was published " in the cock- loft " of the log cabin at the southeast corner of Syca- more and Third. If was of royal size, and manifested otherwise some improvement upon its predecessors. It contained, however, no tales or sketches, gems of wit or sentiment, and but little poetry or editorial matter. Apart from "leaders" and marriage notices, editor Browne plied the pen but little. The few advertisements were much displayed — perhaps to fill space and save composition. The conductors of Liberty Hall in 18 15 were Messrs. J. .H. Looker and A. Wallace, who were also book publishers. The paper was now of super- royal size, and had more than fourteen hundred sub- scribers. The issue of the Cincinnati Gazette, ancestor of the Gazette of to-day, was begun this year, on Saturday, July 13, by Thomas Palmer & Company; and on the eleventh of December following Liberty Hall was con- solidated with the new paper, which carried both names for a time, as the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette. It was the first paper in the town with column rules and other marks of modern typography. The subsequent history of this journal is detailed hereafter. In July, 1814, an ephemeral paper called The Spirit of the West had been started, which survived through forty- four numbers. In November, 181 9, Mr. Joseph Buchanan started a new weekly paper of a somewhat distinctive character, called The Literary Cadet. After only twenty-three num- bers it was merged in another paper, which added the name to its own in the compound title of The Western Spy and Literaty Cadet, with Mr. Buchanan as editor, and became a favorite medium through which the bud- ding literati of Cincinnati could give their prose and poetry to the world. In the spring of this year there were thirty-four news- papers in the State. Four years previously, in 1815, there were in Southern Ohio, outside of Cincinnati, only the Western American and Political Censor at Williams- burg, the Western Star at Lebanon, the Miami Intelli- gencer at Hamilton, the Ohio Reporter at Dayton, the Spirit of Liberty at Urbana, and the Ohio Vehicle at Greenfield. The city papers of 18 19 were the Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, semi-weekly and weekly, published by Morgan, Dodge & Company; the Western Spy and Cincinnati General Advertiser, weekly, issued by Mason & Palmer ; and the Inquisitor, also weekly, by Powers & Hopkins. All were imperial sheets, with six columns to a page — larger and fuller in their contents than any others in the State. Each had a good book and job office attached. The newspapers of the early day contained very little editorial matter — often not more than ten lines. Their pages were, indeed, principally filled with ponderous pub- lic documents. The paper for newspaper and book publication here was at first obtained from Pennsylvania, partly from the mills at the Redstone Old Fort, which were started in 1800; later supplies were also obtained from Georgetown, Kentucky. In 1803 the Spy got out of paper, and sev- eral numbers appeared upon an amusing variety of sizes and tints of paper. An old German paper-maker named Waldsmith, who had settled on the Little Miami, near the present Camp Dennison, was prevailed upon about this time to start a paper mill on that stream, which he did with entire success, and thereafter the Cincinnati offices were well supplied. JOURNALISM GREW rapidly after 1820, and periodicals, weekly and monthly, even daily, rose and fell with astonishing frequency. We shall attempt to give but some scattered notices of the more interesting matters in local journalism thence- forth. From 1815 to 1820 there had been, at various times, but one semi-weekly paper and five weekly papers in the place; but the number increased greatly in the next de- cade. In the decade 1821-30 the long and honorable list of Cincinnati magazines had their beginning. In the early part of 1 82 1 a serai-monthly, in quarto, called The Olio, was started by John H. Wood and S. S. Brooks, editors and publishers, and lasted about a year. It gave the young writers of the place a good chance ; and among its contributors were Robert T. Lytle, Sol Smith, Dennis McHenry, John H. James, Lewis Noble, and other well known local lights. In 1822 medical journalism had a beginning here in The Western Quarterly Reporter, which was edited by Dr. John B. Godman, and published by John P. Foote. Six numbers were issued, when it was discontinued, upon the removal of Dr. Godman to Philadelphia. Other professional journals of this kind will receive notice in the next chapter. Lexington had the honor of issuing the first monthly periodical in the west — The Western Review and Miscel- laneous Magazine — the first number of which appeared in August, 18 1 9, a medium octavo of sixty-four pages, with William Gibbes Hunt as editor. It was maintained but two years. In the latter part of 1823 Mr. John P. Foote projected a journal of literary character, which appeared on the first of January following, under the cognomen of the Cincinnati Literary Gazette. It was a weekly, me- dium quarto, at three dollars a year, and the first journal of its kind started west of the mountains. A. N. Deal- ing was its printer, Mr. Foote editor. It was published on Saturdays at the latter's book-store, No. 14 Lower Market. The two volumes of it that were issued con- tain much matter of local historic interest — among other things discussions of the Symmes theory of concentric spheres, which was then a fresh topic. The first pub- lished writings of Benjamin Drake that attracted atten- tion were in this — notably his Sketches from the Port- folio of a Young Backwoodsman. In July, 1827, appeared the first number of The West- ern Monthly Review, publisher W. M. Farnsworth, editor 286 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Rev. Timothy Flint, author of Ten Years' Recollections in the Mississippi Valley, and several other reputable works. It was a medium octavo of fifty-six pages, sub- scription three dollars per annum. The first issue was a disappointment to the expectant readers, and subse- quent numbers for a time did not redeem the failure. At the beginning of 1833, however, the Western Monthly Mag- azine, which had been published at Vandalia, Illinois, until the removal of its editor, the distinguished writer, Judge Hall, to Cincinnati, was revived here by the judge under the same name, with Messrs. Corey & Fairbank as publish- ers. Two years later Messrs. Flash, Ryder&Company took the financial management of the magazine, and Judge Hall turned over the editorship to Joseph B. Fry, and became himself president and cashier of the Commercial bank. It was already in its decadence, however; and at the close of this year (1835) the remains of the subscrip- tion list were sold to James B. Marshall, of Louisville, who removed it to that city, where we shall presently hear of it again. Soon after the discontinuance of the Literary Gazette, Messrs. Hatch, Nichols & Buxton started the Saturday Evening Chronicle, a journal of news and literature, ed- ited by Benjamin Drake. It also became a financial failure, and was merged in the Cincinnati Mirror, an- other literary enterprise of the time. Mr. Richard C. Langdon, some time before 1830, started a small quarto periodical called The Shield; and soon afterwards Joel T. Case began the publication of The Ladies' Museum. Both were short-lived, the latter surviving but a year or two. The Cincinnati Times was founded in -this decade, in 1821, as a weekly, by C. W. Starbuck. An historical no- tice will be given to it below. In 1826, the first daily paper in the entire country west of Philadelphia was started in Cincinnati by Mr. S. S. Brooks, but survived only six months. It was called the Commercial Register, and was edited by Morgan Neville. It was printed on a half-sheet royal every day but Sun- day, at six dollars a year. It was revived again in 1828, after the apparent success of the daily Gazette, and then lasted but three months. A few weeks after the first suspension of the Register, a party of prominent merchants waited upon the propriet- ors of the Gazette, and asked the establishment of a daily issue from their office. The effort was successful; and the second Cincinnati daily, which still survives in power and prosperity, made its appearance June 25, 1827, with the aggregate of one hundred and twenty-five subscrib- ers. For nearly ten years it was printed upon the old- fashioned hand-presses, about two hundred and fifty sheets per hour, until, in 1836, an Adams press, the first "power press" brought west of the Alleghanies, was pur- chased for it in Boston. It was run by simple hand- power, employed in turning a crank and fly-wheel, and turned out seven hundred and fifty sheets an hour. In 1843 the same journal first enjoyed the facilities of steam-power, which was applied to a new Hoe press. Morgan, Lodge & Fisher were the first publishers of the daily, and Charles Hammond editor. It was of super- royal sheet, nineteen by twenty-seven inches, published at eight dollars per year. Its advertising was originally as limited as its subscription list. Mr. E. D. Mansfield, in his Memoirs of Dr. Drake, pays a very warm tribute to the character and services of Mr. Hammond. His opening remarks refer to the era of the excited agitation here against the anti-slavery move- ment, in 1836. He says: That the public opinion of Cincinnati was corrected, and the press maintained its independent position, was chiefly due to the intrepid character and great ability of Charles Hammond, then editor of the Gazette. He had a detestation of slavery in all its forms, and especially in that meanest of all oppressions, the reckless violence of a mob or its counterpart, the overawing of aselfishand unenlightened public opinion. He had a sturdy independence which nothing could conquer. He was a very able lawyer, and he wielded the pen with a vigor which, in its terseness and raciness, was unequalled in this eountry. In the whole United States I know of but two editors who personally, through the press, exercised as much positive influence over the most intelligent minds; and they were altogether different men — Mr. Walsh, of the National Gazette, and Mr. Gales, of the National Intelligencer. Neither Duane nor Ritchie, so long and so influentially connected with the newspaper press, were to be compared to Mr. Hammond, as politi- cal writers for educated men. Their influence was great ; but it was on a lower level. . . Mr. Hammond was the ardent friend of liberty, and, being thoroughly acquainted with the laws of the country, fought its battle, where only it can be successfully fought, with liberty by the side of law, and rights protected by the constitution. Another able editor of this period, but less noted, was Benjamin Drake, brother of Dr. Daniel Drake. He was a native Kentuckian, and came here to join his brother in 1814, in the drug and general merchandise business. He was already studying law, and was admitted to the bar ten or twelve years after; but drifted much into jour- nalism and other literature. He was one of the joint au-. thors of Drake & Mansfield's book on Cincinnati in 1826, and the same year, in connection with others, established the Cincinnati Chronicle, of which he was editor until 1834, and again in 1836, as an assistant to E. D. Mans- field, after the new Chronicle (upon the basis of the sub- scription list of the Cincinnati Mirror, into which the old Chronicle had been merged) had passed from the hands of the medical department of the Cincinnati College. He re- mained with it until March, 1840, when his other engage- ments compelled him to retire; and he died thirteen months afterwards, at the age of forty-six. He was a man of limited education in the schools, but was of some natural parts, and by dint of industry became an accept- able and forcible writer. He was author of the Tales of the Queen City, Lives of Black Hawk and Tecumseh, and other writings which are still read with attention and interest. The Independent Press, edited by Sol. Smith, the actor, was started in 1823. The satirical sketches in rhyme by Thomas Pierce, entitled "Horace in Cincinnati," were first published in this paper. In 1826 there were nine newspapers in the city: The - Commercial Register, daily; Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette, the National Reporter and Ohio Political Regis- ter, the Cincinnati Advertiser, the National Crisis, and the Cincinnati Emporium, semi-weekly and weekly; the Saturday Evening Chronicle, the Western Tiller, the Parthenon, and the Ohio Chronicle (the first German pa- per in the west), weekly; the Ohio Medical Reporter, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 287 semi-monthly; and the Rev. Mr. Flint's monthly West- ern Magazine and Review was about to be started. The Western Tiller, mentioned for the first time in the last paragraph, was first issued by James W. Gazlay, af- terwards congressman, in four-page form, as an agricult- ural and family paper, on Friday, August 25, 1826, from the southeast corner of Main and Second streets. It was published during the rest of this year and in 1827. The Daily Commercial Advertiser was established in 1829, by E. S. Thomas^ whose son, Frederick W., as- sisted in its management. The elder Thomas also, in 1834, in association with John B. Dillon (afterwards the distinguished historian of Indiana), and L. S. Sharp, be- gan the publication of the Democratic Intelligencer, a daily, tri-weekly and weekly, supporting Justice John Mc- Lean as a candidate for the Presidency. It had, like the Advertiser, a brief career — but briefer than that ; and in 1835 the Thomases are found conducting the Daily Evening Post, a paper which became quite famous for its notes upon art and artists. It also was discontinued in 1839. The Hon. E. D. Mansfield, in his Personal Memories, notes that, between 1825 and 1828, Cincinnati had two remarkable journalists. One was Moses Dawson, editor and publisher of the Commercial Advertiser, a Jackson organ. He was an Irishman by birth, and a very suc- cessful leader of the rough and uncultured classes in the city. Opposed to him was Charles Hammond, a Feder- alist of the old school and an able lawyer, with opinions of the most prominent and uncompromising character. Mr. Mansfield says: Such a man on one side and an Irish Democrat on the other would, of course, and actually did make a literary and political pugilism worthy of Donnybrook. Newspaper conflicts have never been confined to polite usages or tender language. So Dawson and Hammond kept up a running fight which was more worthy of. Ireland than of America. There was, however, no equality in the contestants. Hammond was not only an able lawyer and familiar with the political literature of the day, but was one of the strongest and most vigorous of writers. While Hammond was firing rifles whose balls invariably hit the mark, Daw- son would reply with a blunderbuss, heavily charged, but making more noise than execution. In 1828, while occupied in editing the Gazette, Mr. Hammond also conducted a monthly publication called Truth's Advocate, published almost a year by the parti- sans of Clay and Adams to oppose the aspirations of Jackson to the Presidency. Some valuable historical and many able editorial and contributed articles appeared in the Advocate. Hammond was the personal and polit- ical friend of Mr. Clay, with whom he often practiced in the courts. He always refused offers of public office — in one case that of judge of the supreme court, and re- mained a private citizen. In this capacity, however, he was a power among many other influences upon his day and generation doing much to form the anti-slavery sen- timent. Mr. Hammond was immediately preceded in the edit- orial chair of the Gazette by another notable man — the Hon. Isaac Burnet, brother of Judge Burnet and first mayor of the city of Cincinnati. The periodical publications of 1829 were the Gazette and the Advertiser, daily; Liberty Hall and the National Reporter, semi-weekly; the Western Tiller, the Cincinnati Pandect, the Sentinel, the Chronicle and Literary Gazette, weekly; the Ladies' Museum, semi-monthly; the Western Review, and the Western Journal of Medical and Phys- ical Science, monthly. HALF A CENTURY AGONE. The periodical literature of 1831, just fifty years ago, included the Daily Gazette, Advertiser, and National Republican; Liberty Hall, the Cincinnati Journal, Amer- ican, Advertiser, Chronicle, and Sentinel and Star, all weekly; the Western Tiller, the Ladies' Museum, the Western journal of Medicine, and the Farmers' Reporter. A baker's dozen of journals, daily, weekly, and monthly, comprised the list of half a century since. The Cincinnati Mirror was started this year by John H. Wood, publisher, who brought for the first time to Cincinnati, from Xenia, the well-known literary character, Mr. W. D. Gallagher, as editor. The Mirror 'was a very neat little quarto of eight pages, published semi-monthly. It obtained a high reputation, and circulated far and wide in the Mississippi Valley. Mr. Thomas H. Shreve became joint owner and assistant editor at the beginning of its third year. In November, 1833, the publication was enlarged and changed to a weekly. It obtained large subscription lists; but, although a literary success, it was a financial failure. In April, 1835, the Chronicle, then under the management of James H. Perkins, was consolidated with the Mirror, which was now edited by Gallagher, Shreve and Perkins, and published by T. H. Shreve & Co. The paper was kept up to the end of this year, when it was sold to James B. Marshall, who changed its name to the Buckeye, maintained it three months, and sold it to Flash, Ryder & Company, then booksellers on Third street. They restored the old name and retained the editors. Gallagher and Shreve soon drew out, however; and Mr. J. Reese Fry took the editorship for a few months, when he in turn abandoned the sinking craft. Its subscription was presently trans- • ferred to the Weekly Chronicle. In the same year was also started the Baptist Weekly Journal of the Mississippi Valley. A letter to its sur- viving descendant, the Journal and Messenger, of date July 22, 1880, the forty-ninth anniversary of the first issue, by the Rev. John Stevens, D. D., its first editor, contains the following: The date of the first number issued was July 22, 1831, at Cincinnati, John Stevens, editor. It continued to be published at Cincinnati seven years under the same editorship, and was then moved to Columbus. The responsible publishers for the first of the seven years were six breth- ren of Cincinnati, viz: Ephraim Robins, Noble S. Johnson, Henry Miller, William White, Adam McCormick, and Ambrose Dudley. For the six years following N. S. Johnson was publisher. It was at first a folio sheet of four pages, the size of each form or page being about twenty by thirteen inches. Price two dollars a year in advance, two dollars and fifty cents after three months, and three dollars after the close of the year. Number of subscribers at the end of the first six months, five hundred and sixty; at the end of ten months, seven hun- dred; at the end of the second year, one thousand two hundred ; toward the end of the third year, one thousand three hundred. On the pur- chase and addition of the Cross (the Baptist paper of Kentucky, less than a year and a half old), March, 1834, the list arose to two thou- sand three hundred. By the immediate establishment of a new paper in Kentucky, and other new competitors, the list was soon reduced, and the loss thus occasioned was less than made up by gain otherwise. 288 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. In July, 1838, at the end of the first seven years, the list was between one thousand six hundred and one thousand seven hundred. The early help of contributors was small. The entire amount of contributed matter, good, bad, and indifferent, inserted in the columns of the paper the first six months, twenty-six numbers, was only equal to some sixteen columns of a single issue, considerably less than a sin- gle column a week. During the last of the seven years it was nearly ten imes as much. The cost of publication the first year exceeded the income from sub- scribers by one thousand nine hundred dollars, which, with the excep- tion of some three or four hundred dollars subscribed by others, came out of the pockets of the six responsible publishers before named. During the following six years the excess of cost borne by the publisher, N. S. Johnson, was nearly a thousand dollars a year. In July, 1838, the paper was moved to Columbus and published there some ten years, and then moved back to Cincinnati, In May, 1842, the number of subscribers was said to be one thousand three hundred. The name of the paper, after the Cross was added, became the Cross and Baptist Journal of the Mississippi Valley. OnJfs removal to Co- lumbus it was abridged to Cross and Journal, and aTterwards changed to Western Christian Journal. In 1850, or earlier, it was moved back to Cincinnati, and the Christian Messenger, the Baptist paper of Indi- ana, which had for some time been published at Madison and Indian- apolis, Rev. E. D. Owen, editor, was united with it ; hence the present name, Journal and Messenger. While the paper was published at Columbus the editors were George Cole, D. A. Randall, and James L. Batchelder. Since its removal back to Cincinnati, previous to the present incumbents, they have been J. L. Batchelder and T.tJ. Melish. In January, 1872, the Rev. Mr. Melish transferred his editorship to Rev. J. R. Baumes, D.D., who presently re- ceived Rev. Dr. W. N. Wyeth as associate editor, and on the first of August, 1876, passed his interest in the Jour : nal and Messenger over to George W. Lasfier, D.D. Drs. Lasher and Wyeth are the present editors of the paper, and make it a financial as well as religiously journalistic success. But five other Baptist papers in the country are as old. The famous Methodist Episcopal organ of the North- west, the Western Christian Advocate, was established by the Book Concern in the spring of 1834, with Rev. T. A. Morris, afterwards Bishop Morris, as editor. The Con- cern also founded the Ladies' Repository and Gatherings of the West in January, 1841 — Rev. L. L. Hamline, editor; and also, the same year, the German Advocate, or Die Christliche Apologete, with Rev. William Nast as edi- tor. More history of these is written in the section de- voted to the Methodist Book Concern, in our chapter on Bookselling and Publication.- The Western Messenger, a Unitarian publication, was started in June, 1835, under the patronage of the Uni- tarians of the west, with the Rev. Ephraim Peabody as editor, Shreve and Gallagher publishers. It was removed in its second year to Louisville, and placed under the editorial care of James Freeman Clarke, now the famous Boston liberal divine; but finally came back to Cincin- nati, and was taken in hand by the yet more famous Rev. W. H. Channing. It was popular in the denomination; but nevertheless did not pay, and had to be discontinued in April, 1841. In 1833 there were twelve newspapers in the city, two of which were daily. LITERARY ENTERPRISES abounded in this decade. In January, 1836, the Family Magazine, a small monthly at two dollars a year, was started by Eli Taylor, who was succeeded by J. A. James, It was published for six years. Mr. Taylor was also for a time publisher of the Cincinnati Journal, an anti-Cath- olic and anti-slavery organ. In July of the same year Mr. W. D. Gallagher, as edi- tor, issued the first number of his Western Literary Jour- nal and Monthly Review. It was a magazine of consid- erable pretension and real excellence, the largesftill then established in the west, each number being seventy-two pages royal octavo. It was published by Messrs, Smith & Day, at three dollars a year. In November, 1836, the new venture was consolidated with the Western Monthly Magazine, which had been removed to Louisville and was still under the charge of James B. Marshall. He now changed the name to Western Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, retaining Mr. Gallagher as editor; but could not, under any name or editorship, apparently, make it pay, and it was discontinued in 1837, with the issue of the fifth number. Mr. Gallagher went to Columbus, and, in conjunction with Otway Curry the poet, opened the publication of The Hesperian, or Western Monthly Magazine, thus making it, in some sense, a successor of the luckless Cincinnati and Louisville publications of the latter name. The first two volumes of the Hesperian were published in 1838 in Columbus; there seems then to have been a suspension of six months, for the third volume comprises the numbers from June to December, 1839. It was pub- lished in Cincinnati, and then was discontinued. The Hesperian is accounted to have been the best of all the early western periodicals, and its files are even now highly esteemed. To this era also belong the Literary Register, a short- • lived folio sheet, issued by S. Penn, jr., as publisher, and William Wallace; also the Literary News, in quarto, like- wise a transient publication — Edmund Flagg, editor, Prentice & Weisinger, publishers — the former, we believe, the celebrated poet-editor of Louisville thereafter, Mr. George D. Prentice. "At present," says a Cincinnati, writer of 1841, "there is not published anywhere in the west what can with propriety be called a literary paper." Meanwhile, however, Mr. E. D. Mansfield had con- ducted for a single year (1839) a very creditable maga- zine called the Monthly Chronicle. Achilles Pugh was the publisher. It contains much matter of local and an- tiquarian interest, besides selected and original matter. Its files are still greatly prized. Another publication called The Chronicle; a weekly, had been started in 1836, with Mr. Mansfield as editor, assisted by Benjamin Drake. It was really a revival of the old Chronicle of 1826, which in 1834 had been merged in the Mirror, and after that was sold to Drs. Drake and Rives, of the medical department of Cincin- nati college, partly to become an organ of that institu- tion ; the former name was restored and maintained for many years. The medical gentlemen were unsuccessful in the business management of the paper, and in 1837 it was sold to Mr. Pugh and Mr. William Dodd, printers and publishers. Mansfield was retained as editor, and gave the sheet a distinctive character as an anti-slavery Whig organ, but stopping short of abolitionism. In ' : ' : :' : UtFai M> ':> < iron, salt, and the finest clays for all purposes of use — and all cropping out from the steep, facile banks of placid though not sluggish navigable rivers. How many Californias could equal, in permanent worth, this Valley of the Ohio? Manufacturing in Cincinnati had increased one hun- dred and eighty per cent, in the ten years 1840-50. In tne former year 8,040 employes were engaged, producing in one year $16,366,443; in 1850, 28,527 persons were employed, with aproduct of $46,789,279. At this time the largest chair factory in the world, that of C. D. Johnston, was located in this city, on the south side of Second, between John and Smith streets. The vinegar business had increased from a product of less than a thousand barrels in 1837, to $168,750 worth from twenty-six factories, employing fifty-nine hands, be- sides some establishments that were making vinegar in connection with other business. The whiskey product in and near Cincinnati now ag- gregated 1,145 barrels per day, or $2,857,900 worth dur- ing the year. The wine industry in 1851 was employing about five hundred persons and producing $150,000 a year. Nearly a thousand acres about the city were already in grapes, of which Nicholas Longworth alone had one hundred and fifteen, with a wine-cellar forty-four by one hundred and thirty-five feet in dimensions, four and a half stories high, and too small at that. Robert Buchanan, Thomas H. Yeatman, and others, were also producing in considera- ble quantity. Oil-cloth was also becoming an important article of manufacture. It had not been made here until 1834, ex- cept some coarse stuff printed on wooden blocks. In the year named Messrs. Sawyer & Brackett began print- ing with copper blocks, and their products soon com- manded the premium at several industrial and- agricul- tural fairs. In 1847 they began making transparent oil- painted window shades. The Cincinnati type foundry, which was regularly char- tered January 12, 1830, employed in 1850 one hundred hands, and produced a value of $70,000 a year. Every description of type made in the east was now manufac- tured here. The foundry had two thousand fonts on its shelves. Fancy type were cast by steam and under pres- sure, hardening the product and making it heavier. An- other house, Messrs. Guilford & Jones, was likewise in the business, and employing twenty-one hands. In the comparatively little matter of zinc wash-boards, it was noted by Mr. Cist that Cincinnati produced fifty more this year than any State of the Union other than Ohio, or than any other city in the world. WILLIAM CHAMBERS' NOTES. In 1853, as noted in the annals of Cincinnati's Sev- enth Decade, the city was visited by the celebrated Edin- burgh publisher, Mr. William Chambers. Some peculi- arities of the manufacturing business here seem especially to have attracted his notice. He remarks in his book of Things as they Are in America : Like all travellers from England who visit the factories of the United States, I was struck with the originality of many of the mechanical con- trivances which came under my notice in Cincinnati. Under the enlightenment of universal education and the impulse of a great and growing demand, the American mind would seem to be ever on the rack of invention to discover fresh applications of inanimate power. Almost everywhere may be seen something new in the arts. As regards carpentry-machinery, one of the heads of an establishment said, with some confidence, that the Americans were fifty years in advance of Great Britain. Possibly, this was too bold an assertion ; but it must be admitted that all kinds of American cutting-tools are of a superior description, and it is very desirable that they should be examined in a candid spirit by English manufacturers. In mill-machinery the Ameri- cans have effected some surprising improvements. At one of the 332 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. machine-manufactories in Cincinnati, is shown an article to which I may draw the attention of English country-gentlemen. It is a portable flour-mill, occupying a cube of only four feet ; and yet, by means of various adaptations, capable of grinding, with a power of three horses, from fourteen to sixteen bushels per hour, the flour produced being of so superior a quality that it has carried off various prizes at the agri- cultural shows. With a mill of this kind, attached to the ordinary thrashing-machines, any farmer could grind his own wheat, and be able to send it to market as finely dressed as if it came from a professional miller. As many as five hundred of these portable and cheap mills are disposed of every year all over the Southern and Western States. Surely it would be worth while for English agricultural societies to pro- cure specimens of these mills, as well as of farm implements generally, from America. A little of the money usually devoted to the over- fattening of oxen would not, I think, be ill employed for such a pur- pose. IN 1859, According to Mr. Cist, Cincinnati was considered the most extensive manufacturing centre in the Union, except Philadelphia. Trade and commerce were carried on to the amount of about eighty million dollars a year, with an average profit of twelve and one-half per cent, or ten millions of dollars; while manufacturing and mechanical operations produced ninety millions a year, and a profit of thirty millions, or thirty-three and one- third per cent. Fifty-six hundred persons were engaged in the former pursuits, forty-five thousand in the latter. Twenty establishments, employing six hundred and, twenty hands, were making agricultural machines and implements, and turning out a value of one million three hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars for the year — four of them engaged solely upon plows and plow molds. Nine manufactories of alcohol and spirits of wine, with one hundred and forty hands, were capable of pro- ducing six hundred and sixty-four barrels a day, but made but one hundred and ten thousand in the year, worth twenty dollars a barrel, or a total of two million two hundred thousand dollars. Thirty-six breweries turned out, in the single article of lager beer, eight millions of gallons — two-thirds of which, it may be further remarked, were consumed in Cincinnati. Clothing was now the largest business in the city, which furnished the greatest market in this country for ready-made clothing. Forty- eight wholesale and eighty-six retail houses were engaged in it, employing seven thousand and eighty seamstresses, and producing fifteen million dollars' worth a year. Other industries were catalogued, and statistics given by Mr. Cist, in his Cincinnati in 1859, as follows: Establishments. No. Hands. Product. Animal charcoal 1 15 $ 30,000 Artificial flowers 3 40 24,000 Awnings, tents, etc., 8 66 52,000 Bakeries* 220 656 960,280 Band and hat-boxes, etc 6 36 42,000 Brass founders and finishers 10) Bells, 100,000 Bell foundries 2 J Brass castings, 225,000 Bellows 3 9 20,000 Belting 2 a'6,000 Bill tubes 2 125 342,000 Blacking paste 3 24 36,000 Blacksmiths 125 345 397,200 Venetian blinds 7 45 60,000 Blocks, spars, and pumps 5 20 25,000 Boiler yards 10 80 363,000 Bolts 2 60 65,000 'The manufacture of baking-powders had been introduced but eight or ten years before. Establishment. No. Bookbinding 30 Boots and shoes 474 Boxes, packing 6 Brands, stamps, stencils, etc , . 10 Bricklayers, masters 290 1 Plasterers 40 J Brickyards 60 Brooms 2 Bristle-dressing and curled hair 2 Brittania ware 2 Brushes 15 Bungs and plugs 1 Burning fluid 3 Butchers 210 Candles, lard oil, etc 6 Candy ;. 13 Cap and hat bodies 2 Caps 7 Carpenters and builders 310 Carpet-weavers 15 Carpenters' tools 1 Carriages 32 Carvers, wood 4 Charcoal pulverizers 3 Cistern-builders 3 Chemicals 8 Cloaks, mantillas, etc 5 Coffee-roasting and grinding., 2 Coopers 130 Copper, tin, and sheet-iron 115 Copper and steel-plates 2 Cordage, hemp, manilla, etc 6 Cotton yarn, batting, twine, etc 5 Corned-beef, tongues, etc 14 Cutlery, surgical instruments, etc 10 Dental furniture 1 Dentists 40 Die sinkers 3 Drug-grinding 2 Dyeing 15 Edge-tools and grinding 19 Engraving, seal papers, etc 8 Files 2 Florists, nurserymen, and seed dealers. 25 Flour and feed mills 21 Foundries — iron 42 Dentists 40 Furniture 120 Fringes, tassels, etc 4 Gas-fitting n Gas-generator 1 Gilding n Gilding on glass 1 Glassworks 1 Grease factory 1 Gloves 3 Glue 6 Gold leaf and dentists' foil r Gold pens 2 Guns, etc 6 Hat blocks 1 Horse-shoeing Iz Ice 20 Rolling mills JO Iron bridges 1 Japanning and tinners' tools 1 Ladders 6 Lever bolts, etc to Lightning rods 3 Lead pipe, etc 1 Liquors 40 Lithographers 6 Machinery, wood-working 2 Malt Marble-works 22 Mathematical and other instruments . . 5 Hands. Product. 380 $ 326,000 2.745 1,750,450 75 210,000 3° 22, OOO 1,112 640,700 500 285,000 25 25,O0O 150 140,000 40 100,000 85 125,000 6.000 20 195,000 1,100 4,370,000 142 114,500 132 262,000 20,000 160 120,000 3.424 2,760,000 70 75,000 10 8,000 45° 460,OO0 20 30,000 18 30,000 3° 75,000 240 250,000 45 225,000 1.756 1,510,000 760 6lO,OCO 22 48,000 140 234,000 580 600,000 300 225,500 5° 8o,0OO 9 IO.OOO 40 I25,OO0 6 7.500 12 6o,000 45 6o,0O0 72 I30,060 20 30,000 19 l8,000 300,000 45 2l6,000 5.218 6,353,400 40 I25,OO0 2,850 3,656,000 5° 66,OO0 56 IIO.OOO '5 50,000 75 60,000 5 10,000 80 100,000 120 130,000 40 30,000 40 36,000 7 15,000 5 6,500 3° 45.°oo 4 4,000 40 50,000 130 250,000 1,825 4,334,000 75 1,000,000 74 130,000 12 20,000 60 75.000 35 175,000 61,000 240 1,600,000 66 165,000 82 175,000 • 589,400 290 320,000 20 40,000 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 333 Establishment. No. Mats i Mattrasses, bedding, etc 15 Masonic and Odd Fellows' regalia 4 Medicines, patent 15 Millinery 35° Mineral waters, artificial 10 Morocco leather 10 Mouldings 2 Musical instruments 5 Music publishing, etc 1 Oil, castor ,. 1 Oil, coal 4 Oil, cotton seed 1 Oil, linseed 3 Paints 3 Painters and glaziers 94 Paper mills 7 Pattern making Perfumery, fancy soaps, etc 12 Photographs, etc 45 Pickles, preserves, sauce, etc 2 Planes and edge tools 1 Planing machines 3 Plating, silver 4 Plating, electric 4 Plumbers .... 24 Pocket combs, etc 2 Pork and beef packing 33 Pottery 12 Printing ink 2 Publishing, book and news Pumps, etc 1 Railway chairs, spikes, etc 1 Ranges, cooking, etc 3 Refrigerators 2 Roofing, tin, composition and metallic 18 Saddlery, collars and harness 56 Saddle-trees 1 Safes, vaults, etc •. 2 Sash, blinds and doors 20 Sausages 28 Sawed lumber, laths, etc 12 Saws 2 Scales, platforms, etc 7 Screw plates 3 Shirts, etc 25 Show cases 2 Silver and goldsmiths 5 . Spokes, felloes and hubs 1 Stained glass 2 Starch 6 Steamboat yards 3 Stocking weavers 4 Stone cutters 20 Stone masons 50 Stucco workers 4 Sugar refineries 4 Tailoring 160 Tanners and curriers 30 Tapers 1 Terra cotta work 1 Tobacco, cigars, etc 93 Trunks, valises, and carpet bags 12 Trusses, braces, and belts 8 Turners 18 Type and printing materials 5 Undertakers 24 Upholstery and window-shades 18 Varnish, copal 3 Veneers 1 Vermicelli, maccaroni, etc 4 Vinegar "... 20 Wagons, carts, etc 52 Wall paper stainers and hangers 2 Washboards, zinc 2 Whiskey Hands. Product. 3 8,000 no 108,000 18 25,000 5° 960,000 1,120 1,750,000 80 176,000 167,000 16 30,000 34 49,000 75 200,000 S 30,000 53 350,000 185 418,000 810 456,500 616,000 50 27,000 75 190,000 "3 150,000 12 35i°oo 25 30,000 32 80,000 25,000 20 35.000 210 406,000 20 40,000 2,45° 6,300,000 70 90,000 10 20,000 1,230 2,610,050 25 30,000 35 360,000 45 75,000 80 75,000 15° 360,000 300 663,000 5 10,000 135 408,000 410 1,380,000 180 215,000 ISO 820,000 30 95,000 40 85,000 18 21,000 200 575,000 6 6,000 So 110,000 80 125,000 6 9,000 So 230,000 400 400,000 18 18,000 23S 1,125,000 435 775,000 16 18,000 106 750,000 1.340 2,035,000 380 1,520,000 3o 93,600 18 25,000 2,010 1,667,000 27s 650,000 60 56,000 50 95,000 220 310,000 50 140,000 210 160,000 16 200,000 20 100,000 10 24,000 80 200,000 170 210,000 30 18,000 90 210,000 5.315.73° Establishment. No. Hands. Product. Wigs ' 3 7 10,000 Wines and brandy, catawba 880 600,000 Wire-working 5 60 150,000 Wood and willow-ware 15 90 50,000 Wool carding, etc 3 10 Writing inks 5 50 100,000 Wrought nails 4 12 12,000 THE LAST TWENTY YEARS. The manufacture of tobacco was not begun in Cincin- nati until 1863. It is now one of the great industries of city. During the year ending March 31, 1869, one hundred and eighty-seven classes of manufactured articles were produced in Cincinnati and its immediate neighborhood, by 3,000 establishments, employing 55,275 hands and a cash capital of $49,824,124, and turning out an aggre- gate product for the year worth $104,657,612. For the year i860 the returns had shown 2,084 manufactories, 30,268 hands, $18,983,693 capital invested, and a pro- duct of $46,995,062. Pitting 1869 against i860, an increase in nine years is shown of one hundred and twen- ty-three per cent; against 1840, an increase of five hun- dred and forty per cent. The census of i860 exhibited three hundred and forty occupations as pursued in Cincinnati, of which two hundred and thirty were those of mechanics, artisans, and manufacturers. There was an increase, as against 1850, of fifty varieties of occupation not before practiced here. There was now, according to the Hon. E. D. Manfield, State commissioner of statistics, twenty more occupations pursued in Cincinnati than in Chicago, and fifty more than in the entire State of Indiana. In 1869 the principal branches of productive industry returned about as follows: Workers in iron, all kinds, $5,500,000; furniture, all kinds, $17,000,000; meats, $9,000,000; clothing, $4,500,000; liquors, $4,500,000; soaps and candles, $1,500,000; oils, lard, resin, etc., $3,000,000; mills of all sorts, $2,000,000. In 1867 Cincinnati was the third manufacturing city in the Union — the fourth in the production of books. This position was maintained six years later, in 1873, as to rela- tive position in general manufacturing. Of the thirty-seven medals awarded to the United States at the Vienna ex- position of the year, thirteen, or more than one-third, came to Cincinnati manufacturers. The value of their products was, in round numbers, $143,000,000. The Board of Trade report for 1870, made by" Colo- nel Harry H. Tatem, then secretary, exhibited the follow- ing comparative statements of the increase of manafac- turing industries in Cincinnati: Number of Hands Employed. Value of Products. 1850 28,527 1850 $46,789,279 i860 30,268 i860 46,995,062 1870 59.354 1870 119,114,089 Increase in No. of Hands. Increase in Products. From 1850 to i860 1,741 From 1850 to i860 $ 205,783 From i860 to 1870 29,086 From i860 to 1870 72,145,027 That year brought the terrible panic, which largely pros- trated the industries of the manufacturing centres. Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, superintendent of the cham- ber of commerce, in his report for 1875-6, said of this: 334 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Cincinnati, in the midst of this general depression, was peculiarly- situated. Alone, among the great cities of the country, she was the centre of a large district which had sustained tremendous losses from the storms of the previous harvest. In some places crops had been lit- erally ruined and in others badly damaged. It was nothing short of a great agricultural disaster in nearly the whole locality upon which Cin- cinnati draws for her local trade. In the light of these circumstances must be read the detailed result of the year, for it reveals facts concern- ing the prosperity of this city which, if not exceptional among the great centres of business, are remarkable, and speak for the enterprise of the merchants of the city, the stability of our manufacturers, and the solidity of our commercial foundations so forcibly that it should silence all croakers and be a subject for general congratulation among our whole people. In volume the business of Cincinnati has not only suffered little diminution, but in some departments it has been more than maintained. The aggregate value is considerably less than in the preceding year, but this. grew mainly out of the steady and in many cases great shrink- age in prices. The number of pounds, yards, and packages, in gen- eral, is the only fair test of relative trade, and with this measure there is little but encouragement to the business men of Cincinnati. The sea- son certainly has not been a money-making one, but with constantly shrinking prices good profits could not be expected. The volume of business in pig-iron and coal this year, notwithstanding the financial pressure, was greater than had been known in the history of the city. The sales of iron were one hundred and thirty-seven thousand six hundred and forty-six tons, against one hundred and seventeen thousand two hundred and twenty-five the previous year, an increase of twenty thousand four hun- dred and twenty-one tons. There was also a material increase in the cotton business, and some in hog pro- ducts, grain and other of the leading articles. The manufacture of oleomargarine was commenced in this city in April, 1877. During the year ending January 1, 1879, the total pro- duction of manufactured articles here reached a value of one hundred and thirty-eight million seven hundred and thirty-six thousand one hundred and sixty-five dollars, against one hundred and thirty-five million one hundred and twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight the previous year, and only seven million six hundred and ninety-five thousand one hundred and eighty-nine below the highest production in the best year Cincinnati had known, notwithstanding the great depreciation in values which then prevailed. The number of establish- ments in operation (five thousand two hundred and seventy-two), and the hands employed (sixty-seven thou- sand one hundred and forty-five), were both greater in number than ever before. Cash capital invested in manufactures, fifty-seven million five hundred and nine thousand two hundred and fifteen dollars; value of real estate occupied, forty-five million two hundred and forty- five thousand six hundred and eighty-seven dollars. In the manufacture of school-books the city was now second to no city in the world. In the production of law-books it was excelled by but one other. In the mat- ter of clothing, Cincinnati was the fifth city for volume of product. Colonel Maxwell says in his report for 1880: The aggregate value of the products of our manufacturing industry, the number of hands employed, the value of real estate occupied, the cash capital invested, and the number of establishments engaged in Cincinnati, for each year in which statistics have been compiled touch- ing these particulars, will be found in the following table : YEARS. 2 a n p a n 3 a" o- _ CfB : tro O -. p f- |. : E. < •a a S. : S 2, ■ ' D * ■ a ; c p. 2 -■51b • a '■ ?° c c a i's, : tp : ° " " 185O " " i860. * * * * 3.971 4.118 4,469 4>693 5,003 5,183 5.272 5.493 * * 9,040 28,527 30,268 59.354 59.827 58,443 58,508 55.015 60,999 62,218 60,723 64,709 67.145 74.798 $16,366,443 46,189,279 46,995,062 119,140,089 127,459,021 135,988,365 145,486,675 127,698,858 143,207,371 146,431,354 140,583,960 135.123,768 158,736,165 148,957,280 * * " " 1869 " " 187O " " 1871 " " 1872 " " 1873 1874 1875 " " 1876 " " J 8 77 " 1878 " l8 79 $45,225,586 51,673.741 50,520,179 55,265,129 54,377.853 63,149,085 64,429,740 61,883,787 57,868,592 57,509,215 60,523,350 $36,853,783 37,124,119 4°.443.553 45.164,954 47.753,133 52,151,680 53,326,440 5i.55o,933 47.464.792 45,245,687 48,111,870 * Not reported. The aggregate production for 1879 was by several millions the largest ever reported in the history of Cin- cinnati. It was thought that the products of manufact- uring industry in the city for 1880 would reach one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred millions. Colonel Maxwell says further in his masterly reports : It is a noticeable feature of Cincinnati that they who are managing our industrial establishments are generally men who are thoroughly ac- quainted with the practical features of their business. They are me- chanics themselves, who did not commence to build at the Jpp of the structure, but at the bottom, when they had small means. These oaks, whose great spreading branches now shelter so many families of work- ingmen, were once small producers, who have grown up by degrees, gathering skill with experience and strength with their skill. The re- sult is a large intelligence in the prosecution of business. Then, as a sequel to this, we find that the capital used by our manufacturers con- sists largely of the accumulations from their business. Their surplus has not been committed to the treacherous waves of speculation, but has been turned into their business to enlarge their usefulness. Again, our manufacturers largely own the real estate which they oc- cupy. Among the great producers, those who are manufacturing under the roofs of other people are limited in number. These conditions se- cure a stability which is not attainable under other circumstances, an endurance during periods of financial distress which is peculiar, and an ability to accommodate production to reduced wants, without impair- ing, in any way, the capacity of the manufacturer for promptly and ad- vantageously providing for increased demand, when such demand may be warranted by the improved condition of the country. We generally associate with the idea of manufactures, colossal es- tablishments, and in some districts the productive industry manifests itself before the world through such great agencies only. But these giants among producers are not all that exist. Manufactures, in their most comprehensive sense, embrace everything in which material and labor, more or less skilled, are combined for the production of some- thing to meet the wants of men. The business may be conducted on a very small scale. It may be done by a single man, and yet such man is a manufacturer. In this city the business is distributed to an unusual degree. It is not conducted by a few great firms or companies, that hold in the realm of production imperial sway, and whose failure would carry with them wide-spread disaster. To the contrary, it con- sists of a large number of establishments, many of them by no means large, not a few really small, that make up, in their united industries, the mighty aggregate which has given this city such a prominent posi- tion among the manufacturing districts of this country. The whole number of establishments in this city and immediate vicinity in the year ending January i, 1877, was five thousand and three. In the city of Philadelphia, in 1870, the whole number of establishments was eight thousand two hundred and sixty-two; but these produced an aggregate value of three hundred and thirty-eight million one hundred and sixty- eight thousand four hundred and forty-six dollars, in comparison with one hundred and forty million five hundred ahd eighty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars produced by the whole number in Cin- cinnati. We all recognize the fact that a diversity of production secures a more sure and steady prosperity. Here again is found an element of strength at Cincinnati. Our manufactures extend to a great variety of articles, many of them entirely distinct from each other. They embrace productions from wood, metal, stone,, animals, earth, paper, leather, grain, vegetable fibre, tobacco, drugs, and other articles differing widely HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 335 in their nature and in the wants and localities they are called upon to supply. The number of different kinds of goods made here is beyond the estimate of many of the best informed. If anything of a surprising nature were revealed by our industrial displays, it was the scope of our production. The statistician finds it difficult to pursue the vocations. Men are working in their own houses. They are in obscure places. They are doing their business in a small way, but are swelling produc- tion. The kinds of manufactures are steadily increasing in number. You will hear of producers in unlooked-for localities, commeucing the manufacture of new articles, doing it in an unpretending manner, but laying the foundation of great future usefulness to the city. The classes of goods manufactured here, without descending to the subdivisions of the distinct classes, number one hundred and eighty- two. Embraced in each, in numerous instances, are many products which might with propriety have separate mention. Thus, in iron, though our manufactures extend to a great variety of. articles, the classes number but thirty. Candles, soaps, and oils are embraced under one head. Many kinds of machinery are in one class, and so on through the list. . . In this department, the largest item is machinery, embracing stationary and portable engines, wood working machinery, sugar mills, steam fire engines, steam gauges, and an almost infinite variety of articles of a like nature. In wood working machinery, in- cluding machines for planing, moulding, mortising, sawing, boring, and working generally in wood, Cincinnati has no superior, if she has a peer. She has [1878] three establishments producing annually of these goods alone, about five hundred thousand dollars. Over two hundred different kinds of machines are manufactured, which find a market not only in this country generally, but, with two or three minor exceptions, in every nation in Europe, in Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, South America and the West India Islands, and for their qualities have received distinguished recognition wherever exhibited or known. In endeavoring to reach some idea of the relation which our manu- factures sustain to the future progress of the city, it may be well to consider briefly what has been accomplished in the past. In the year 1840, the total product of our manufactures was sixteen million three hundred and sixty-six thousand four hundred and forty-three dollars; that is, only thirty-seven years ago, our total product of all kinds was less than was either the single department of iron, wood, food or liquors in 1876. Our total product for the year ending J anuary r, r877, it will be remembered, was one hundred and forty million five hundred and eighty-three thousand nine hundred and sixty dollars having increased in that period seven hundred and fifty-eight per cent. The growth mainly having been steady, it is difficult to realize how amazingly we have pro- gressed. This has all been accomplished within the recollection of many in this audience. Now, if the same ratio of increase should be exhibited in the coming thirty-seven years, the result would be still more astonishing, for it would in the year 1915 reach one billion two hundred and six million two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and eighty- six dollars, or an amount equal to more than one-fourth of the entire manufactured product of the United States in the year'r870. Now, the average product to the operative in 1876 was two thousand three hundred and fifteen dollars. If in 1915 the relation should remain the same, it would render necessary for the production five hundred and twenty-one thousand and forty-one hands, making, in operatives alone, a number larger than the present entire population of Cincinnati, Cov. ington and Newport, with their suburbs. The increase from 1840 to 1850 was, in the aggregate product, one hundred and eighty-two pe r cent. From 1850 to i860, there was, according to the Federal census, less' than two per cent. From i860 to 1870, it was one hundred and fifty-three per cent. What the increase has been from 1870 to the pres- ent time is the more difficult to ascertain, on account of the great de- cline which has taken place in values. What that decline actually has been is not easily reached. From an extensive inquiry, I think thirty- three per cent, a low estimate. This would make for the year 1876, the production equivalent to two hundred and ten million eight hundred and seventy-five thousand nine hundred and forty dollars, showing an increase, even in times of great depression and commercial distress, Of sixty-five per cent, in a period of six years. But goods in 1870, com- pared with i860 as well as 1876, were above their relative value, so that it would probably be more fair to compare the year i860 with 1876. This would show an increase of one hundred and ninety-nine per cent. It must be remembered, too, that, notwithstanding, a part of this period embraces the war, with its abnormal activity in many departments, it also comprises a period in which the industries of the country have been prostrated, and in which the inducements to manufacture have been well nigh alone found in a purpose only to maintain business and to save manufacturing property from decay and ultimate ruin. Admit- ting than our manufactures in 1880 will be no greater than now, it would show that on the average our production about triples itself every twenty years. DIVISION OF LABOR. More expressive and impressive than figures to the av- erage mind, as illustrating the immense development and wonderful subdivision of industries in the great city, is the classification and list of employments pursued by its citizens, as exhibited in any recent directory. The face of one of the "business men" of Losantiville, if it could be recalled to earth and confronted with the voluminous pages that record the vast diversity of vocations in these late days, in the metropolis whose humble industrial be- ginnings he witnessed, would be a study indeed. The fol- lowing are the headings in the business directory of 1880. Some of them are exceedingly curious in themselves, and all have value, as representing the present business stat- us of Cincinnati. Each of the heads and sub-heads, of course, of course indicates one or more persons — in some cases very many — engaged in the business indicated by it : Abattoir and ware-house company, abstractors of titles, acid manu- facturers, accountants, advertising agents, agricultural implements, ague pads, alcohol, ale and porter, ammonia manufacturers, animal trap manufacturers, anvils, apiarists, apparatus and supplies for schools, apple butter, aquariums, archery and sporting goods, architectural iron works, architectural ornament manufacturers, architects, art emporium, art publishers, artesian wells, artificial eyes, artificial flowers, artificial limbs, artists, artists' materials, associated press, asbestos felting, assay- ers of gold and silver bullion, astrologists, attorneys at law, auctioneers (book trade sales, boots and shoes, clothing, dry goods, furniture, gen- tlemen's furnishing goods, glassware, groceries, hardware, hats and caps, notions, real estate, miscellaneous) auger manufacturers, average adjuster, aurists, awning frames, awnings, tents, etc:, axle grease, Bab- bit metal, badges, baggage checks, bagging, bags, bakeries, bake-oven builders, baking powder manufacturers, baking powder sifters, band- box manufacturer, band uniforms, bankers' agents, banks and bankers, bank locks, bank vaults, banner and flag manufacturers, bar fixtures, barbed wire fencing, baiber chairs, barber shops, barbers' sundries, bar- rel manufacturers, barrel dealers, base-ball depot, basket manufacturers, bath-houses, baunscheidists, bed lounges, bed bottoms, bedstead man- ufacturers, bee-keepers' supplies, beef packers, beer bottlers, beer cooler manufacturers, beer faucets, beeswax, bellows manufacturers, bell-hang- ers, bells, bell and brass foundry, belting and hose, belts and bands, Bible publishers, bill-posters, billiard-ball turner, billiard-table manu- facturer, billiard-tables, billiard-table repairer, billiards, bird-cage man- ufacturer, bird fancier, bitters, blacking manufacturers, blacksmiths' supplies, blacksmith shops, blank-book manufacturers, blank-book cover manufacturers, bleacheries, blind manufacturers, blocks and rig- ging, Blue Lick water, boarding houses, boat-builders, boat-house, boat-stores, boiler compound, boiler coverings, boiler feed pumps, boiler feeders, boiler inspector, boiler manufacturers, boiler remover, boiler plate, boiler tubes, steam boilers, bolting cloth, bolts, bond-bro- kers, bonnet- and hat-blocks, book-binders' materials, book-binders' tools, book-binders' veneer, booksellers, publishers, and stationers, boot-crimper, boot-legs, shoe-uppers, etc. , boots and shoes (manufac- turers, wholesale and retail dealers) , boring shop, bottle-dealers, bowling alleys, box manufacturers, box-strap manufacturers, brackets, brand and stamp cutters, brass castings, brass founders, white brass manufacturers, bretzel bakeries, breweries, brewers' supplies, brewers and builders' iron work, bricklayers, brick-wheel manufacturers, brickyards, bridge-build- ers, bridge castings and bolts, bristles, brittania ware manufacturers, brokers (chemical, commission, cotton, drug, flour, grain, iron, liquors, merchandise, money, note, bond and stock, patent, produce, provision, real estate), broom corn, broom handles, broom manufacturers, brush block manufacturers, brush manufacturers, brackets and paint pails, buggy dash manufacturers, builders' hardware, building material, bung manufacturers, burglar alarm, burial case manufacturers, burning brands, burr dressing machines, business agency, business colleges, butchers, butchers' tools and supplies, butter and eggs, button-hole manufacturers, fancy cabinet ware, cabinet makers, cabinet makers' hardware, cabinet makers' lumber, calcium lights, calico print works, candle machinery, candy manufacturers, cane mills and evaporators, 336 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. canned goods, car springs, car and car wheel manufacturers, car trim mings, carpenters and builders, carpet warp, carpet weavers, carpet cleaners and beaters, carpets, oil cloths, etc., carriage body makers, children's carriages, carriage gearing manufacturers, carriage hardware, carriage manufacturers, carriage ornaments, carriage painters, carriage top props, carriage and wagon materials, carvers, carving school, carv- ing tables, cement for repairing chinaware, etc. , cement felting, cement, lime, and plaster, centre tables, chair backs, chair frames, chair stock, chair tops, chair manufacturers, easy and rocking chairs, char- coal, cheese, chemical works, chemists, analytical chemists, chewing gum, chimney hoister and remover, chimney sweeps, chimney caps, chimney tops, china, glass, and queensware, china decorator, chiropo- dists, chromos, church ornaments, church furniture, cider, cigar box lumber, cigar box tables, trimmings, etc., cigar box manufacturers, cigar flavors, cigar mould manufacturers, cigar manufacturers and dealers, cigarette manufacturers, cistern builders, cistern and well pumps, civil engineers and surveyors, claim agents, clearing house, cloaks, clocks, bronzes, and Paris fancy articles, clothes wringers, clothiers, clothing (youths' and boys', wholesale), clothing stores, clothing renovators, cloth examiner and measurer, cloths and. cassimeres, coal dealers, coal elevators, coal gaugers, coal harbor, coal oil, coffee essence, coffee and spice mills, coffee pot manufacturers, coffee roaster, coffin manufactur- ers, coffin trimmings, coin collector, collar manufacturers, collectors comb manufacturers, commission, forwarding and produce merchants, commissioners of deeds, United States commisioners, United States court of claims commission, conductors' punches, confectioners' flavors, confectioners, conservatories of music, contractors, cooper shops, coop- ers' stuff, coppersmiths, copying house, cordage, corks, corn shellers, cornice brakes, cornice manufacturers, corresponding agents, corset manufacturers, costume manufacturers, cotton cordage, cotton factors (batting, wadding), cotton manufacturers, cotton mills' supplies, cotton compressing, cotton and seine twines, cotton ties, cotton warp, cotton waste, cotton yarns, counter manufacturers, counterfeit de- tector, courtplaster manufacturers, cracker manufacturers, crackling, creasing machines, cuppers and bleachers, curled hair, curtain goods, cutlery, cyclopaedia, daily markets and meat stores, dairies, dancing academies, decalcomania, dental college, dentists, dental goods, de- signers, desk manufacturers, detective agencies, diamonds, diamond setters, die sinkers, dies, directory, distillers' agents, distillers' supplies, distillers, door plate manufacturers, door and gate springs, drain pipe, drain valve, draining instruments, drawing school, dress patterns, dress makers, dress trimmings, drill manufacturers, drug brokers, drug mills, druggists' paper boxes, druggists' sundries, druggists' glass labels, drug- gists, druggists and apothecaries, drum and fife manufacturers, dry dock, dry goods commission merchants, dry goods, dye stuffs, dyers, earthern ware, edge tools, corrugated elbows, electric belt and battery manufacturers, electric lights, electricians, electrical apparatus, electro platers, electrotypes, electrotype metal, elevators (steam and hydraulic), elevator builders, embossers, embroideries, employment offices, enamel- ing works, encyclopaedias, engine and boiler trimmings, engine build- ers, engineers, engineers' supplies, engravers' wood, engravers (card, seal and door-plate, general, jewelry, glass and seal stone, map, metal, wood), engravings, envelope manufacturers, essences, excelsior manu- facturers, exchange dealers, express companies, extension tables, eye, ear, and throat infirmary, facing mills, factory supplies, fancy goods, faucets, feather dusters, feather dealers, feather renovators, feed stores, felting, fertilizers, fifth wheel manufacturers, file works, financial agents, fire brick and clay, fire engine builders, fire engine hose and suctions, fire plug manufacturers, firemen's goods, fireworks manufacturers, fire- works, fish dealers, fishing tackle, flag manufacturers, flat boat dealers, flavoring extracts, flouring mills, florists, flour mills, flour inspector, flour mills manufacturers, self-raising flour, flour mill machinery, flour packer manufacturers, flour sacks, flour sifters, flour dealers, preservers of flowers, flue and stove linings, fluting machines, fly nets, flytrap manufacturers, forgers, forge manufacturers, forwarding agents, fossils, foundries (art, iron, bronze), foundry facings, freight agents, freight lines, freight and switch locks, fresco artists, fringes, tassels, cords, etc., fruit can manufacturers, fruit and jelly presses, fruit dryer, fruit jars, fruit preserving apparatus, fruits (canned, foreign, domestic), furnace builders, furnaces (boiler, hot blast, smokeless, warm air), furniture (office, school, steamboat), furniture exchange, furniture cars, furniture frames, furniture machinery, furniture repairers, furniture springs, fur manufacturers, furs, galvanic appliances, galvanized cornice makers' tools, galvanized iron cornice works, galvanized iron pipe, galvanized' sheet iron, gas apparatus, gas burners, gas and waterworks engineer, gas enrichers, gas fitters and fixtures, gas governors, gas holders, gas machines, gas meters, gas pipe, gas stoves, gas tips, gas works builders, gas works supplies, gasoline burners, gasoline stoves, iron and steel gates, gentlemen's furnishing goods, geographic models, geological and archaeological agency, gilders, ginger ale manufacturers, ginseng, glass, glass blowers, glass cutters, glass gilders, glassware manufacturers, glass oilers, polished plate glass, glass signs, glass stainers, globes, maps, and school supplies, gloves, glove dyers and cleaners, glove manufacturers, glue, gold beaters, gold pen manufacturer, gold and silver beaters' skins, government goods, grain bags, grain dealers, grain elevators, grainers, grate bars, grate and mantle trimmings, grates, grease factories, grinding shops, grindstones, grist-mills, grocers' drugs, grocers' exchange, grocers' sundries, grocers, gum belting, hose and packing, gummer, gunpowder, guns and pistols, gunsmiths, gymnasi- um, hair and bristles, hairdressers, hair goods, hair jewelry, hair mats, hardware, hardware and cutlery, hardware manufacturers, hat manu- facturers (silk), hats and caps (cloth), hat racks, hats and caps, hat tip printer, health lift, hearses, heat reflectors, heating apparatus, hides and furs, hill-top resorts, hobby horse manufacturers, hoisting machinery manufacturer, homcepathic pharmacies, honey dealer, hoop poles, hoop skirt manufacturer, hops, horns, hoofs and bones, horse auctions, clip- pers, horse collar manufacturers, horse nail maker, horse shoes, hose and belting, hose, packing and belting, hosiers, hospitals, hotels, private hotel, hotel for infants, house furnishing goods, house movers, house raisers, hub manufacturers, hydrant manufacturers, hydraulic elevators, hydraulic engineers, hydraulic machinery, hydraulic presses and pumps, ice chests, ice cream freezers, ice cream depots, ice dealers, ice machines, India rubber goods, Indian relics, indigo blue manufacturers, injectors, inks (printing, writing), ink hand stamps, inlaid works, insect powder, instruments (mathematical, philosophical, and optical; surgical and dental; surveyors' and engineers'), insurance agents (accident, boiler, fire, life), insurance companies (accident, steam boiler, home fire, home life, foreign fire, foreign life), iron bracket manufacturers, 'iron doors and shutters, iron founders, iron furnace, galvanized sheet iron, iron grat- ings, iron hull manufacturers, iron manufacturers, iron measures, iron, hails and steel, iron ores, iron paint pails, pig iron, iron pipe, iron plan- er, iron railing, iron roofing, iron show cards, iron and steel perforator, jail work, japanned ware, japanners, jeans pants manufacturers, jewel- ers' boxes, jewelers' findings, manufacturing jewelers, jewelers' tools, jewelry tray manufacturer, kaolin manufacturers, kindling wood, knit- ting machines, knitting mills, lace cleaners, lace cutters, lace leather, laces, ladies' furnishing goods, ladies' suits, ladies' wigs, lamp posts, lamps and chandeliers, lamp and lantern manufacturers, lanterns, lard packers, lard tank manufacturers, last manufacturers, lathes, laundries, laundry machiners, law and commercial agency, law school, lead pipe, leather and findings, leather belting, leather varnishes, legal directory, lever compressors, lightning rods, lime-kilns, lime, plaster and cement, superphosphate of lime, linens, liquor flavors, liquors, lithographers, live stock dealers, liver pads and plasters, livery stables, loan offices, loan and dower association, lock manufacturers, locks (pad, switch, and car), locksmiths and bell hangers, lodging houses, low-water indicators for steam boilers, looking glasses, lubricators, lubricating compound, lumber dealers, macaroni, machinery removers, machinery, machinists, machine forgers, machine twist, machine knives, machinists' supplies, machinists' tools, malt kilns, malt, malt extract, malt shovels, manifold paper and supplies, manufacturers' agents, manufacturers' supplies, mantel and grate setters, mantles and grates, maps, globes, and school supplies, map mounters, marble works, Masonic supplies, masquerade costumes, master commissioners, match manufacturer, mattresses and bedding, measures (carpenter work, lumber, stone work), meat choppers, mechanical draughtsmen, mechanical engineers, medals and badges, medical colleges, patent medicines, melophine manufacturers, mercan- tile agencies, metal goods (light) manufacturers, metal signs, metal spinner, metals, middlings purifiers, midwives, military goods, millin- ery, milliners; mills (crushing and grinding, portable corn and flour), mill gearing, mill and factory supplies, mill machinery, mill picks, mill- stones, millers' supplies, millwrights, mince meat and jellies, mineral water manufacturers, mineral waters, mining companies, mining en- gineers, mining machinery, mining supplies, model makers, molding bit manufacturers, moldings, monuments, moroccos, morocco tanneries, moss, mucilage, musical band uniforms, sheet music, music book pub- lishers, music teachers, musical instruments, musical college, mustard, nails, naval stores, necktie manufacturers, ladies' neckwear, newsdealers' newspapers and publishers (daily— English and German— weekly— Engl lish and German— semi-weekly, monthly, semi-monthly, quarterly, an- nual), newspaper printers, notaries public, notions, novelties, oculists, self oilers, oils (coal, carbon, essential, headlight, lard, linseed, lubricat- ing, machinery, neat's foot, railway, resin, vegetable), oil cans, oil cups, oil dressed belting, oleomargarine manufacturers, omnibusjine, omni- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 337 bus manufacturers, opticians, organ builders, orthopaedic appliances, ostrich feather manufacturer, ostrich cleaners and dyers, oysters, fish, and game, packing and hose, painters, paint manufacturers, paints, oils, and glass, paint pails, paper bags, paper box manufacturers, paper box manufacturers' tools and machinery, paper dealers and manufac- turers, paper goods, paper hangings, paper mill supplies, paper stock, parlor furniture, parlor games, passe partouts, paste manufacturer, patent agencies, patent attorneys, patent solicitors, patented articles, pattern makers, dress patterns, asphalt pavements, pavements, pavement and skylight plates, pawnbrokers, peanuts (wholesale), pen and pencil case manufacturer, pension attorneys, perfumery manufacturer, pharma- ceutical college, phonographic publisher, photographic album manu- facturer, photographic supplies, photographic galleries, physicians and surgeons, piano tuners, pianos and organs, piano stool manufac- turers, pictures and picture frames, pig iron, pig feet's packers, pile driving machinery, pipe cutting and screwing tools, pipe fittings, plaiters, plane manufacturers, planing mill machinery, planing mill, plaster castings, plastering hair, plasterers, strengthening plasters, plate glass, playing card manufacturers, plow manufacturers, plumba- go, plumbers, plumbers' supplies, pocketbook manufacturers, popcorn manufacturer, pork and beef packers, portrait painters, antique pottery, potteries, poultry breeders, preserve works, presses, book and job print- ers, printers' ink, printers' supplies, printers' roller composition, protec- ■ tive association, protective union, provision inspectors, prussiate of potash manufacturer, public weighers, pumice stone, pumps, steam power and hand pumps, purchasing agents, rags, railroad con- tractor, railroad supplies, railroad tanks, railroad ticket brokers, railroad water machinery, ranges, rawhide lace leather, real estate, reapers and mowers, rectifying coal manufacturers, redistillers, redis- tillers' supplies, refrigerators, regalias, registers in bankruptcy, restau- rants, rolling mills, roofing machines, roofing materials, roofing tile, roofers, root beer manufacturers, ropes and cordage, rubber goods and rubber stamps, ruchings, saddlery hardware, saddle tree manufacturers, saddles and harness, saloons, salt, salve manufacturers, sample and pool rooms, sand dealers, sand paper manufacturers, sash weight manufac- turers, sash, doors, and blinds, sausage casings, sausage machines, sausage manufacturers, saw manufacturers, saw machines, sawmills, sawmill manufacturers, sawmill machinery, sawing machinery, scales, scenic artist, school furniture, school-house ventilating stoves, school supplies, school-book publishers, scissors manufacturers, screw manu- facturers, screws (wooden, hand, and bench), scroll saws, scroll sawing, sealing wax, seal presses, second-hand building material, second-hand stoves, reeds, selter's water manufacturers, sewer tappers, sewer pipe sewing machine attachments, sewing machine casters, sewing machine needles, sewing machines, sewing machine repairers, sewing silks, shears manufacturers, sheet iron workers, shells, ship chandlers, ship- yards, shirt front manufacturers, shirt manufacturers, shoddy manu- facturers, shoe cutting dies, shoe machinery, shoe manufacturers, shoe patterns, shoemakers' tools, ladies' shoes, shooting galleries, short-hand reporters, show-cards, show-card mounters, show-case manufacturers, sidewalk tile manufacturers, sign painters, silk and straw goods, silver manufacturers, silver and plated ware, silver, gold, and nickel platers, slate pencils, slate roofers, slaughter-houses, slipper manufacturers, smelting works, smoke consumers, smut machine, snuff manufacturers, fluid soap manufacturers, soap stamps and moulds, soap manufacturers, society goods, soda ash, caustic soda, etc., soda water materials, soda fountains and mineral water machinery, soda water manufacturers, solid gold jewelry and diamond settings, spectacle makers, spice mills, spool cotton, spring bed manufacturer, spring manufacturers, spring saddle manufacturers, stair builders, stamp cutters, stamping and embroider- ing, stamp manufacturers, stationery packages, stationers' specialties, stationers, statuary, stave manufacturers, steamboat agents, steamboat blacksmiths, steamboat builders, steamboat carpenters, steamboat fur- nishers, steamboat furniture and bedding, steamboat joiner, steamboat machinery, steamboat painter, steamboat supplies, steam engines (port- able, stationary), steam fire engine manufacturers, steam fitters' sup- plies, steam gauge manufacturers, steamboating apparatus, steam pack- ing, steam pipe fitters, steam pipe manufacturers, steamship agents, steam pumps, stearine manufacturers, steel, steel stamps, stencils, stere- otypers, stereotype metals, stills and mash tubs, stockyards, stocking manufacturers, stogie manufacturers, stoveware, stoveware pipe, stove works, patent airtight stoppers, stove fixtures, stove manufacturers, stove and tinware, stove patterns, stovepipe elbows, stove polish manu- facturers, street car trimmings manufacturers, street sprinklers, sub- scription book publishers, suspender manufacturers, sweet potatoes, American plated tableware, tackle blocks, tags, tailors, tailors' trim- mings, tallow Tenderers, tanbark, tank manufacturers, tanneries, tan- ners' apparatus, tanners' and curriers' tools, tanners' materials, taps, tar, taxidermists, teamsters, teas, telegraph companies, telegraph sup- plies, telephone exchanges, tent makers, terra cotta building material, theatrical agency, theatrical goods, linen and cotton thread, threshing machines, tile manufacturers, timber bending company, timber dealers, tinware, tin boxes, tin cans, tinners' tools and machines, tin plate, tin-- ners' stock, tobacco, tobacco leaf, tobacco manufacturers, tobacco box - manufacturers, tobacco machinery, tobacco pail manufacturers, toilet powders, tools, towboats, tower clock manufacturers, toys, tract socie- ties, transfer companies, transfer ornaments, travelling bags, tress hoops and trimmings, truck manufacturers, trunks, trusses and crutch- es, tubewell supplies, turners, twine, type foundries, umbrellas and umbrella repairer, undertakers, undertakers' supplies, upholsterers' ma- terials, upholsterers, variety goods, varnish, varnish manufacturers, vases, vault cleaners, velocipedes, veneer, Venetian blinds, vermicelli manufacturers, vermin exterminator manufacturers, veterinary surgeons, vinegar manufacturers, violin strings, vocal school, wagon makers, . wagon makers' supplies, walking canes, warm air furnaces, washboard manufacturers, washine, washing blue, washing compound, washing machines, watch case manufacturers, watch chain makers, watch move- ments, watchmakers' tools and materials, watches, jewelry, etc., water- closet manufacturers, water columns, waterproof and oil finish leather belting, waterworks supplies, waterworks machinery, wax art empo- rium, weather strip manufacturers, well drivers, wheel manufacturers, wheel and carriage machinery, whip manufacturers, whiskey, white lead, window curtain balances, window glass, window shades, window shade fixtures, wines, wire manufacturers, wire goods manufacturers, wire rope, wood dealers, woodworking machinery, wooden and willow- ware, wool dealers, woolen machinery, woolen mills, woolen mill sup- plies, yams, yawl builders, yeast manufacturers, oxide of zinc. THE LATEST STATISTICS. The United States Industrial Census, taken in 1880, exhibits three thousand six hundred and fifty-two manu- facturing establishments in the city. Among them were three hundred and sixty-three boot and shoe shops and factories, two hundred and thirty-four bakeries, two hundred and forty-seven cigar-factories, two hundred and forty-six clothing-establishments, one hundred and twenty- five slaughterers and butchers, one hundred and twenty- six boat-builders and block, tackle and spar-makers, one hundred and eighteen tin and copper-workers and metal- roofers, one hundred and twenty boss-carpenters and builders, one hundred and seventeen furniture and cabinet factories and repair shops. The average number of hands employed in all kinds of manufactures num- bered forty-three thousand seven hundred and seventy- two males and eleven thousand four hundred and ninety- eight females over sixteen years of age, and four thou- sand five hundred and thirty-five children and youth — in all fifty-nine thousand eight hundred and five. The greatest number employed at any one time was sixty-eight thousand eight hundred and forty-six. The total amount of wages paid during the year ending May 3r, 1879, was $21,348,796. The capital, real and personal, in- vested in the business was $61,139,841; the value of material, including mill supplies and fuel, $81,021,672; of the gross product, $138,526,463. The number of boilers used for steam-power was eight hundred and twenty-eight; of engines, seven hundred and eight; of horse-power therein, twenty-one thousand and fifty-nine. Establishments renting their power, two hundred and twenty-nine; employing no hands, three hundred and eighteen. Besides these, a number of manufactories in the coun- try, which are owned and conducted by Cincinnati pro- prietors, may properly be included in the returns of 43 33« HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. local manufactures. They are in the villages or town- ships of Lockland, Delhi, Avondale, Colerain, Columbia, Harrison, Millcreek, Miami, Riverside and Whitewater, and their principal statistics are as follows: Number of establishments, one hundred and fifteen; capital invested, $2,647,000; greatest number of hands employed, one thousand one hundred and sixty; wages paid, $990,700; material, $5,760,000; gross product, $8,320,000. Also, reckoned as belonging virtually to the Cincinnati manu- facturing centre are the establishments in the Ken- tucky towns of Covington, Newport, Bellevue, Dayton, West Covington and Ludlow. Their returns are estim- ated as follows : Number of establishments, four hundred and seventy-nine; capital employed, $9,017,000; greatest number of hands employed, seven thousand nine hundred and sixty; wages paid, $3,981,000; material, $18,741,000; product, $27,622,600. There is thus figured up for Cin- cinnati and its belongings the following magnificent totals : Number of establishments, four thousand two hundred and forty-six; capital invested, $72,803,841; number of hands employed, seventy-seven thousand nine hundred and sixty-six; wages paid, $26,320,496; material used, $165,522,672; gross product, $174,469,063. With these we may proudly close the statistical portion of our nar- rative, and conclude these outlines with the eloquent re- marks of Colonel Maxwell, closing his well-known lec- ture before the Women's Art Museum association some years ago, on the manufactures of Cincinnati : I am fond of contemplating the future of this city. Already she oc- cupies a proud position among the cities of this great country. She has made progress which may well encourage pride in the hearts of her whole people. Her foundations are singularly strong. No city in the country has so successfully passed through the financial convulsions which at times have shaken the country to its centre. The credit of her business men is second to no class in the Union. Business has been and is now conducted, to an unusual degree, on the capital of those conducting it. The number of real estate owners is singularly large, and in general they are not at the mercy of mortgagees. Her public schools are laying broad and deep the foundations of popular education. Her university, with its well-established professorships, its Astronomical Observatory and its School of Design, which has received such honorable recognition at home and abroad, has an assured exist- ence. Her law, medical, theological, and literary institutions have well- earned reputations. Her Mechanics' Institute has been and is laboring earnestly in the field of mechanic arts. Her public libraries are richly stored, and are making steady acquisitions to their means of bringing the circles of science, history, philosophy, and literature within the reach of all. Her dramatic culture is well known. Her musical re- sources place her at the head of all American cities. Thanks to the splendid liberality of one of our most beloved citizens, a Music Hall, having no equal on this continent, is soon to be dedicated to the divine art. The exhibitions of her varied industries have made the city famous and have indicated to other cities the possibility of similar displays. She, in this regard, has been a public educator. Her Zoological Gar- den is well provided with the denizens of the land and the air. Her private picture galleries possess rich treasures. Her suburbs challenge the admiration of travelers from all lands. Her benevolent and re- formatory institutions have a reputation as wide fts the country. Her topographical position as a city is peerless. Her population, no longer content with living amid manufactories and stores and shops, have scaled the battlements of these surrounding hills. Science and me- chanical skill have lifted our population to a higher plane of domestic comfort. Four inclined railways are daily engaged in carrying our busi- ness men, mechanics, and laborers from the highlands to the busy scenes of this mighty workshop and back again, after the labors of the day, to homes made triply comfortable by freedom from soot and noise, and by air akin to mountain freshness and purity. Her hilltop resorts have, in a single season, obtained a national reputation. They have shown our people how easy it is to remain at home in the sultry days of midsummer. They have impressed into our service the best orches- tras of the country. They have invited the people of other districts, and have literally made that part of the year when the population of other cities flee from the scorching rays of August suns, the gayest of the year. But these enjoyments and advantages have not come by chance, neither do they perpetuate themselves. Beneath them all, largely, are the industrial and commercial interests of the city. The economical administration, the fair dealing, the sagacity, public spirit, and enter- prise of our business men of all classes have laid broad the foundations of what we now enjoy. These qualities of the fathers, exercised by the sons, will continue the superstructure. Our commercial relations will strengthen. The scope of our manufactures will widen. The world, for our products, will become our customer. Our position will invite capital and our enterprise and necessities will secure to us, from other localities and countries, steady additions to our army of skilled artisans. Then these hills will be peopled by hundreds of thousands. These slopes will be thickly studded with homes of comfort. These crests will be richly fringed with splendid residences, tasteful dwellings, and cosy cottages. In a comparatively short time every available place, that now overlooks one of the most splendid panoramas in our country, will be occupied. Thousands upon thousands, now here, will have fled with their families, not before the avenging wrath of an offended deity, but before the steady march of our manufacturing industries. The singular healthfulness of the city will more and more invite persons from other localities. Our sources of amusement will multiply. Our permanent industrial exhibitions will become great show-windows for the exhibition' of the results of our mechanical and artistic skill — a school for the education of the people — a constant furnace from which the young minds will be fired with an ambition to become themselves producers. To our schools will be added schools ; to our libraries, books ; and to our other institutions, a museum, having for its object the cultivation of the masses, by bringing within their reach the best facilities for encouragement to larger effort in the field of mechanics and the arts, for the prosecution of study, for the formation of a correct taste, and for the promotion of all that ennobles and refines. It is no ideal picture which has been drawn. It is no revelation of prophetic vision. It is the natural sequence of fostered, diversified, economically, and skillfully conducted industries, that are steadily crea- ting wealth, increasing power, enlarging usefulness, and fitting the peo- ple for wider influence as well as for deeper enjoyment. Let us see to it that in all our relations we do all we can to augment the splendors of the day, of which the morning already gives such abundant promise. The Cincinnati Board of Trade was organized in 1869, and the Board of Transportation in 1876, with special reference to united effort in dealing with questions re- lating to the movement of freights to and from the city. The directors' report, published in the Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Trade and Transportation, says: "In the summer of 1878 the subject of a union of the two Boards was broached, and a formal request for the appointment of a joint committee for the consideration of the project was passed by the Board of Trade August 17, 1878. The similarity of the objects of the two or- ganizations seemed to indicate that this was the natural and proper course to take. The Board of Trade has always taken a deep interest in matters relating to trans- portation, and one of the most important labors it had achieved was the breaking of the freight blockade at Louisville, a work that was only effected by means of a considerable outlay of money and the establishment of a special agency at that point, which was of the greatest importance to Cincinnati shippers. ... A formal consolidation of the two Boards was effected on April 7, 1879, u «der the title of the 'Cincinnati Board of Trade and Transportation.'" The objects of the present Board are defined by the secretary of the Board, in his report for 1879-80, as "to collect, preserve, and circulate valuable and useful infor- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 339 mation relating to the business of Cincinnati, and es pecially the facts relating to its manufacturing interests; to encourage wise and needful legislation, and to oppose the enactment of laws likely to be prejudicial to the manufacturing and commercial interests; to study the workings of our system of transportation, upon which our commercial prosperity so much depends, and endeavor to remedy by all proper means the defects and abuses existing therein; to secure fair and equitable rates of freight to and from the city; the discontinuance of vexa- tious and unjust overcharges and prompt settlement of damages on goods shipped; to facilitate the adjustment of differences, controversies, and misunderstandings be- tween its members and others; and to strive in all ways to promote the manufacturing, commercial, and other industrial interests of the city." The presidents of the board have been: 1869-70, Miles Greenwood; 1870-1, P. P. Lane; 1871-2, Josiah Kirby; 1872-3, Robert Mitchell; 1873-4, Joseph Kin- sey; 1874-5, Thomas G. Smith; 1875-6, William T. Bishop; 1876-7, Clement Olhaber; 1877-8, Gazzam Gano; 1878-9, Samuel F. Covington; 1879-80, John Simpkinson. The secretaries during the same period have been: 1869-74, Harry H. Tatem; 1874-81, Julius F. Black- burn. The Pork-packers' Association of Cincinnati was or- ganized October 30, 1872. Its design is to promote the interests of the provision trade by securing concert of action and a free interchange of opinion, and by submit- ting rules for the government of the trade to the cham- ber of commerce for its deliberation and decision. Un- der its auspices five exhibitions of hog products were made at the Vienna exposition and the home Industrial exhibitions. It is said to have, as it should, a conspicuous influence in the councils of the National Pork-packers' association. There are numerous other manufacturers' associations and trade-guilds in the city, some of which are noticed in our chapter on benevolent and other societies. SOME TRADE HISTORIES IN BRIEF. The following notes relate partly to the older manu- facturing and partly to historic mercantile and commer- cial establishments. For convenience' sake they are all grouped together here. For nearly every item we are indebted to the industry of Mr. Daniel J. Kenny, who collected the dates and facts for the second edition of his Illustrated Cincinnati, published in 1879. Established in 1805. — William Wilson McGrew, jew- elry, 152 West Fourth. Except one brief interval, this house has been continuously in existence. 1817. — F. H. Lawson & Company, metals, 188-90 Main; E. Myers & Company, wholesale candy, 40 Main. 18 19. — Bromwell Manufacturing Company, wire goods and brushes, 181 Walnut; William Resor & Company, stoves, corner Front and Smith. Mr. Resor and the senior Lawson are accounted the oldest business men in the city. 1824. — George Fox, Lockland Starch manufacturer, 87 West Second. 1826.— John H. McGowan & Company, machinery, 134-6 West Second. 1827. — George C. Miller & Son, carriages, i9-and 21 West Seventh. i828 i . — B. Bruce & Company, carriages, 161-3 West Second and 57-61 Elm. 1830. — P. Wilson & Sons, leather, etc., 136-8 Main; A. W. Frank, wholesale grocer, corner Race and Sixth. 1831. — John Shillito & Company, dry goods. 1832. — M. Werk & Company, soaps and candles, John and Poplar; Sellew & Company, tin-plate, iron, copper, etc., 244-8 Main. The latter is said to be the oldest establishment in the city retaining its firm name. H. A. Kinsey, jeweler, Vine and Fifth; Thomas Gibson & Company, plumbing and brass foundry, 200-2 Vine. 1835. — J- & L. Seasongood &' Company (originally Heidelbach, Seasongood & Company), wholesale cloth- ing, Third and Vine: C. S. Rankin & Company, Arch Iron works, Plum, near Pearl; William R. Teasdale, dye-house, 265 Walnut; Proctor & Gamble, soaps and candles, 736-62 Central avenue. 1836. — Duhme & Company, jewelers, Fourth and Walnut; the Robert Mitchell Furniture company. 1837. — Knost Brothers & Company, 137 West Fourth, formerly Charles & Henry Storch, first importers of toys and fancy goods west of the Alleghanies. Van- duzen & Tift, Buckeye bell foundry, 102-4 East Sec- ond; H. B. Mudge, furniture, 91-9 West Second; James Bradford & Company, mills and millstones, 57 Walnut. 1838. — J. M. McCullough, seed and agricultural ware- house, 136 Walnut; George Meldrum, glass and paints, 23 West Fourth. 1840. — J. and A. Simpkinson & Company, wholesale boots and shoes, 89 West Pearl; William H. Thayer & Company, mill and steamer goods, 147-9 West Fourth. 1841. — J. A. Fay & Company, wood working tools, John and Front. 1842. — J. T. Warren & Company, foreign fruits and groceries, 64-6 West Pearl; John Holland, gold pens, 19 West Fourth. 1843. — Parker, Harrison & Company, Pioneer spice and mustard mills, 90 West Second; George D. Win- chell, tin and sheet-iron ware, 112-14 West Second; E. J. Wilson & Company, mustard, spice and coffee- mills, 116-18 West Second; H. Closterman, chairs, 219-23 West Second. 1844. — Clemens Oskamp, jewelry, 175 Vine; William Glenn & Sons, wholesale groceries, 68-72 Vine; Charles H. Wolff & Company, wholesale dry goods, 131-3 Race; O. and J. Trounstine, cloth importers, Third and Vine; Lockwood, Nichols & Tice, wholesale hats and caps, 95 West Third;" Howell Gano & Company, hardware, 138 Walnut; A. D. Smith & Company, clocks, 184-6 Main. 1845. — Stern, Mayer & Company, clothiers, Third and Vine; William F. Thome & Company, boots and shoes, 79 West Pearl; Hall Safe and Lock company, Pearl and Plum. 340 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1846. — William Powell & Company, brass foundry, 245-9 West Fifth; William Kirkup & Sons, brass foun- dry, 119-23 East Pearl. 1847. — P- Eckert & Company, candy, 64 Walnut, suc- cessors to Robert Hodge; Devon & Company, mill, 137 Race; Dunn & Witt, galvanized iron cornices, 144 West Third; Phipps, O'Connell & Company, boots and shoes, 107 West Pearl. 1848. — Andrew Erkenbrecher, St. Bernard starch works, 12 West Second; Favorite stove works, Third, John, Smith, and Webb, 1849. — J- an d A. Moore, frame mouldings, etc., 276-80 Broadway; Knost Brothers & Company, fancy goods, 70-2 Main (formerly H. Schrader & Company) ; F. Schultze & Company, china and glassware, 72-4 West Fourth. 1850. — Gest & Atkinson (formerly Smith & Window), oils; Mowry car and wheel works; Lane & Bodley, en- gines, mills, etc.; Camargo Manufacturing company, wall- paper and window-shades, 57 West Fourth; Jeffras, See- ley & Company, dry goods, 99 West Fourth; Franklin type foundry, 168 Vine; Pelte Biedinger, paper, 62 Wal- nut; Tolle, Holton & Company, dry goods, 124 Vine. J. S. Burdsal & Company, on the northwest corner of Main and Front, are the oldest drug house in the city. The tradition goes that there has been a drug store on that corner ever since Cincinnati was founded. CHAPTER XXXIV. THE INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS. As an important sequal to the history of manufactur- ing in Cincinnati, we may well give some account of the great Industrial Expositions held in this city year by year — among the most remarkable displays of their kind now made anywhere in the world. Nothing in the won- derful "new departures" which the Queen City has taken so rapidly and numerously of late years, has contributed to give her wider reputation than these. They attract exhibitors and visitors from far distant regions of the land; and many foreigners have attended them with admiring satisfaction. They annually furnish the pro- ducers of Cincinnati, in both fine and industrial art, the opportunity for a grand object lesson to the natioji of her capabilities and attainments in the production of wares for the markets of the world — an opportunity that is seized to an extent and in a style that annually excite the curiosity and wonder of many thousands. They have a history of their own, which we shall now proceed to narrate.* *The materials for the sketch concerning the Exposition of Textile Fabrics are drawn from the history of that event, prepared at the request of the general committee of the Exposition, by Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, now superintendent of the Chamber of Commerce. The admirable historical sketch prefixed to the Report of the General Com- mittee of the First Industrial Exposition held in Cincinnati (1870) is THE EXPOSITION OF TEXTILE FABRICS. January 15, 1868, an organization was effected, entitled The Woollen Manufacturers' Association of the Northwest. May 25th next ensuing, it was resolved to hold an Exposi- tion of Wool and Woollen Fabrics in Chicago, August 4th, 5th and 6th, of the same year, under the auspices of the association. It was held with pronounced success, for a first effort, bringing together as it did very many samples of raw materials and manufactured goods. The associa- tion had then to determine the place for holding a simi- lar Exposition the next year; and a committee of Cincin- nati merchants — Messrs. George W. Jones, James H. Laws, James M. Clark, and George W. McAlpin — appointed by a meeting called at the instance of Mr. Laws, visited Chicago and made a successful effort to induce the association to make its next display in this city. An order was also passed extending the scope of the exhibition so as to embrace wool-growers as exhibi- tors, and inviting them to send representative specimens of wool from their flocks, to the fair of the next year in Cincinnati. The executive committee appointed to take charge of the second exposition was composed almost wholly of citizens of that place; all members of the com- mittee above named were upon it, together with Messrs. Louis Seasongood, Henry Lewis and William R. Pearce, and Mr. A. M. Garland, of Chatham, Illinois. They submitted a report to a meeting of Queen City merchants and manufacturers on the 6th of April, 1869, which was accepted, and the committee continued in service. A permanent organization for the purposes of preparing and holding the fair was made, with Mr. John Shillito as chairman, James M. Clarke secretary, George W. Jones treasurer, and strong committees on general arrange- ments, invitation, reception, transportation, premiums, and finance. Co-operative committees were presently appointed by the city council, the chamber of commerce, and the board of trade, headed respectively, by Messrs. A. T. Goshorn, T. R. Biggs and Robert Buchanan. August 2d, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th, of the year last designated, were fixed upon for holding the Exposition, and a resolution was passed for invitations to manufac- turers of cotton, wool, flax, hemp, and silk, and to both cotton and wool growers, to send in their exhibits for this week's display. It was also decided to have a trade sale when the fair was over. The members of the committees found their positions no sinecures. With characteristic energy the Cincinnati- ans set to work, raised money enough to guaranty the payment of all expenses and for the offer of liberal pre- miums, and made arrangements on the most generous scale for the Exposition. An address was issued to the wool growers of the country by Mr. Garland, chairman of the wool committee, which was well adapted to arouse their attention and secure their displays. Personal invi- tations were sent to manufacturers and other prominent men in the North, Southwest, and South; and Mr. James A. Chappell, of the city, as special agent of the Exposi- also known to be from the hand of Colonel Maxwell, though published anonymously ; and we acknowledge indebtedness to it for the facts embraced in the initial history of the series of Expositions. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 34i tion, made a tour of the Gulf States and other parts of the South, to enlist the interest of their leading manufac- turers in the project. Arrangements were made with many of the railroads and with the great express companies, to carry free of charge freights destined for the Exposition, and twenty-three railways also agreed to carry passengers bound to it at half fare. A handsome bronze medal was ordered from the Government mint at Philadelphia, for presentation to each exhibitor, without reference to his success or failure in obtaining premiums; and fitting cer- tificates were engraved and printed for the awards to suc- cessful competitors. Mr. David Sinton, the well-known philanthropic and public spirited capitalist, early obviated any difficulty the committee of general arrangements might experience in finding a suitable place for the fair, by the offer of his spacious four-story building, then re- cently erected on the east side of Vine street, between Third and Fourth streets. It proved to be excellently adapted to the purpose. Says Colonel Maxwell : The rooms were admirably fitted up, and furnished with the amplest facilities for the exhibition ofgoods. Extending through the centre of each room was a double counter or table, each side of which was an inclined plane four feet in width, for the display of goods. Ranged along the wall on either side were tables that extended quite through the room, so constructed as to adapt them to the goods sought- to be exhibited. In the rear of the main building a house was erected for the special use of machinery for the manufacture of textile fabrics. The opening day for the Exposition, Tuesday, August 3d, as well as the previous day and night, presented busy scenes in the Sinton block. Every thing was measurably arranged,- however, by 11 a. m. of the third, when Mr. George W. Jones, chairman of the executive committee, opened to the public the doors of the "Great Exposition of Textile Fabrics for the West and South." A broad ensign, stretching across the front of the building, bore the legend, "Welcome to the Manufacturers of the West and South." Between that structure and the Burnet house a large "star spangled banner" lent interest and beauty to the scene; while the Zouave Battalion band of the city fretted the air from time to time with its melodi- ous strains of invitation. The rooms occupied by the Exposition were decorated with coats-of-arms of the States; and again, upon the rear wall of the first room, facing visitors as they came in, were the cordial words of "Welcome to the Manufacturers of the West and South." Above each exhibit of goods a neatly painted card was placed, bearing the name of the manufacturer, his mill, and its. location;, and the wares of each manufacturer were so grouped that no confusion or doubt could arise as to their belongings. Theinfiux of visitorsand the inspection of displays on the first day continued until 2 p. m., when the doors were closed for the day to allow the arrangement of a large quantity of goods newly arrived, and to give the officers of the Exposition an opportunity to prepare for the formal open- ing ceremonies an hour thereafter, in Pike's Music hall. The afternoon was extremely warm; but a large audience assembled, including many ladies, most of whom kept their seats patiently and happily until the end of the , somewhat protracted exercises. Upon the platform were Governor (late President) Hayes, Mayor Torrence, Judge Bellamy Stoier, Hon. Job E. Stevenson, Hon. Benjamin Eggleston, and many other distinguished citizens of Cin- cinnati, Chicago, Detroit, and other cities. Mr. James, chairman of the executive committee, cordially and elo- quently welcomed the guests of the association to the city. The mayor "expressed his gratification, as the chief executive officer of the city, at seeing so large a number of the wool growers and manufacturers of the country gathered together. He believed that no finer ex- hibition of the products of the loom had ever been given in the country, and it spoke highly for the forward state of western and southern industry that this was the case. He bade all present a hearty welcome to the city." Gov- ernor Hayes was presented, and gave a genial greeting, on behalf of the people of Ohio, to the citizens present from other States. A longer address was then made by Judge Storer, which was received with frequent and rap- turous applause. The following remarks, although not so closely germane to the occasion as some others that followed, have greater historic value, and for the pur- poses of this book we gladly reproduce them : When I came to the west fifty-two years ago, Michigan, Wisconsin, Missouri, Iowa, and Arkansas were territories. Illinois and Indiana had but two years before been admitted to the Union ; and this great, flourishing State then contained but five thousand people. I saw the first steamboat built upon the Ohio river that ever sailed from Cincin- nati. There was but one steam-engine in the city ; and that was built in Pittsburgh, and continued to be the only one until 1818. Those gen- tlemen who were pioneers in steamboat navigation put an engine on their frail bark which was of domestic Cincinnati manufacture ; and he who built it lies in an unknown grave. Permit me to name him — Wil- liam Greene. I was but young then, but I watched with great curi- osity and anxiety the process, and it was novel to me ; and when it was finally on board the vessel, and she was about to depart, and the bank, then being in its native state, was lined with spectators, some predicting that she would not return, others pitying those that had embarked their means in the enterprise, I was filled with mingled emotion. But she did return ; and she was but the pioneer of thousands of others that have been successfully built in our shipyards. At that time all there was of Chicago was the ruins of Fort Dearborn, and all of St. Louis one or two streets of the old French fashion, without a manufactory. A speech bristling with statistics was made by Mr. G. B. Stebbins, secretary of the Industrial League. The several addresses of welcome received fitting response from Mr. Jesse McAllister, secretary of the Woollen Manufacturers' association of the northwest. Letters were read from the Hon. Messrs. John Sherman and George H. Pendleton, and from Governors Stevenson of Kentucky and Baker of Indiana. The hospitalities of the Young Mens' Mercantile library, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Trade, were formally ex- tended to visiting strangers and members of the associa- tion. • Music from the Zouave Battalion band pleasantly varied the exercises. Thus brilliantly was inaugurated the first great Indus- trial Exposition in Cincinnati. The display, in variety, excellence, and representative character, was all that had been hoped for; and the attendance of visitors, from near and far, contributed to make the affair an assured success. Upon the second day everything was in place and in ad- mirable order, and the visitors during the day numbered scarcely less than twenty thousand — several thousand more than could possibly have been accommodated in the aisles of the exhibition, had all been present at one 342 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. time. About ten thousand more are believed to have visited the rooms on Thursday, the last day of the expo- sition proper; and on the next morrning, when the trade sales began, the pressure of interested humanity was so great that grave doubts were expressed concerning the ability of the third floor of the building, new and sub- stantial as the structure was, to bear up under the heavy strain put upon it. The popular interest was maintained to the end; and while the Exposition building itself was thronged^ "large numbers hung about the Burnet House listening to the music of the band/from the balcony, and watching the tide as it ebbed and flowed on the opposite side of the street." In attracting the attention and at- tendance of the public, at least, the fair was a very thorough success. No admittance fee was charged, and Mr. Sinton permitted the use-of his building gratuitously; on the other hand, the use of the Opera House for the opening exercises, and the facilities of the Western Union Telegraph Company and the Cincinnati Gas Company during the exposition were also gratuitously tendered. The funds necessary to meet expenses and pay premi- ums (about nine thousand dollars), were made up by sub- scriptions of citizens, generally in sums of one hundred dollars, and a grant from the city treasury of three thou- sand dollars. Not less successful, however, was the Exposition as a representative display. One hundred and fifty-five exhib- itors, from twenty different States, as widely separated as Massachusetts and Texas, Missouri and Georgia, were on hand with about three thousand lots of goods. There was also one exhibit from England. Sixty woolen mills, in ten States, were represented by their fabrics. The dis- play of flannels was the largest. A large variety of jeans was also presented — like the flannels, of superior quality in the fabrics. Between two and three hundred pieces of cassimeres, black doeskins, and meltons were shown. • An invoice of cassimeres, doeskins, and tweeds, sent from the Deseret Mills, near Salt Lake City, then owned by Brigham Young, president of the Mormon church, excited much curiosity. Satinets, wool-tweeds, repellants, and knit goods appeared in considerable quantity. The woollen shawls were numerous, and attracted marked at- tention. Blankets made up a very fine exhibit. Worsted braids and ingrain carpets, from the manufactories of the city, made an attractive though not very large show. The time of year was not favorable to the exhibition of raw materials; but some excellent displays of cotton and wool were made. Heavy cotton goods, woollen and cotton yarns, and a variety of miscellaneous fabrics, were also in the catalogue, and were displayed to advantage. Several looms were shown in operation, and kept constantly thronged the room in which they were. The various committees on premiums (one on doeskins, fancy cassi- meres, meltons, repellants, beavers, and cloaking cloths; others on jeans, flannels, linseys, tweeds, and satinets; shawls, blankets, woolen yarns, machine stockings, worst- ed braids, carpets, and balmorals; cotton fabrics ; bagging, bale rope, bagging tow, and cotton cordage; and on wool), had no little difficulty in making their awards, which, however, when announced on the fourth day of the Ex- position, seemed to give general satisfaction. On that and the succeeding, the last day, a trade sale was had, conducted by Mr. James H. Laws, the original promoter of the Exposition in Cincinnati and chairman of the com- mittee on arrangements, before what he considered "the largest and wealthiest company of gentlemen that had ever assembled at an auction sale west of the Allegheny mountains." The sales on Saturday were brisk and ani- mated. A little after noon all the lots and separate arti- cles had been disposed of, and Mr. Laws, with a few ap- priate words, closed the sale, stepped off the auctioneer's stand, and left the great Exposition of textile fabrics for the West and South to history. Meetings of the Woollen Manufacturers' Association of the Northwest and of the Southern cotton and wool growers and manufacturers were held during the Exposi- tion. Wednesday and Thursday afternoons, the exhib- tors from abroad were treated to rides through the beau- tiful suburbs of the city. Thursday evening a grand banquet was given to them and other invited guests at the Burnet House. Plates were laid for about five hun- dred people. The Hon. Richard M. Bishop, since gov- ernor of the State, was president of the evening. In response to appropriate sentiments, brief but eloquent and often humorous speeches were made by the Hon. Messrs. Milton Sayler, Job E. Stevenson, and Adam F. Perry, of Cincinnati, and Horace Maynard, of East Ten- nessee. Dr. N. J. Bussey, of Columbus, Georgia; George S. Bowen and Jesse McAllister, of Chicago; Mr. Campbell, of California; Mayor Torrence and others, of this city, also made short and spirited addresses, in re- sponse to calls. It was a very happy episode of the week. Another, though of a quite different character, was a communication sent to the Daily Gazette by the Rev. S. J. Brown, a pioneer of the city, on the day he visited the Exposition. His reminiscences and reflections are of enduring interest, and with them we shall close this sketch : I this morning made a visit to the Exposition opposite the Burnet House. I came to the village of Cincinnati May i, 1798, over seventy- one years ago. Looking back to that period of the plain and social days of my boyhood, I recur with pleasure to my sister's spinning on the big and little wheels, flax, cotton, and wool, the warp and filling for the weavers at that early day, and to our linen, cotton, and woollen fabrics, which were worn by the most respectable and noble women of the clos- ing years of the last century. The days of the pioneers are almost gone; but few, very few, remain. How exhilarating to see the'products of the year 1869 produced for exhibition, not from the log cabins of the then Far West, the Big Miami of 1796, but from Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and other places west and south, in 1869. In one lifetime a village of log cabins, in 1798 about two hundred inhabitants, a garrison of soldiers with Indians around us, has now become a city of two hundred and fifty thousand inhabitants, with mansions, churches, and public buildings to vie with the old cities of Europe. We now have on exhibition cloths and cassimeres, with an immense variety of fabrics which will bear comparison with the best productions in Eng- land in 1816-17, and '18, when the writer visited England, Ireland, and Wales, and the great manufacturing towns of that period. In the Exposition whose brief history has been sketched was the main impulse of the present annual CINCINNATI INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION. The germs of it had been planted long before by the modest exhibitions of manufactures and arts held by HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 343 the Mechanics' Institute, and briefly named in our histori- cal notes upon that noble institution. From 1838 to the opening of the Rebellion — nearly a quarter of a century — these interesting though not extensive displays had been made, and they are remembered with not a little pride and gratification by the older citizens of Cincin- nati. They ceased, however, amid the excitements and engrossments of the civil strife; but in 1867 the board of directors of the institute was instructed to consider the expediency of holding another of the old-time fairs. The want of a suitable building postponed their revival; but the next year another effort was made, and a large number of the business men of the city were consulted in regard to it. Their replies were few and not at all en- thusiastic in favor of the proposal; and the subject was dropped again, not to be revived until the remarkable in- terest and success of the Exposition of Textile Fabrics, in August, 1869, suggested the inquiry, even before it closed, whether a general exhibition of the manufactures of the city was not both desirable and practicable. The next month, September nth, at the quarterly meeting of the board of trade, resolutions offered by Mr. A. T. Goshom were unanimously adopted, as follows: That it is the duty of the board of trade, as particularly representing the manufacturinginterests of the city, to recommend to the manufac- turers the necessity of annual expositions of every branch and article of manufacture in the city and vicinity. That it would be expedient to hold such an Exposition in this city in the spring and summer of 1880, and therefore the committee on manu- factures is hereby instructed to inaugurate the ways and means to ren- der such an Exposition successful and a credit to the city. The members of the Chamber of Commerce had been quietly debating a like project, and on the eighteenth of September, one week after the action of the Board of Trade just recited, the board of officers of the chamber directed its president to appoint a committee on the pro- posed Exposition. This was done soon after, and Messrs. James H. Laws, Abner L. Frazer, S. F. Coring- ton, C. H. Gould, and Jacob Elsas were named as the committee. Finally, about the same time, October fifth, came in the board of directors of the Mechanics' Insti- tute, with a resolution that the Institute "hold a grand exhibition of arts and manufactures during 1870," and the appointment of a committee to select a site for its buildings — Messrs. Charles F. Wilstach, P. P. Lane, Thomas Gilpin, James Dale, and H. McCollum. By another resolution this action was communicated to the board of trade, and in return the earnest co-operation of that body was pledged, in the effort to make the exhibi- tion "an entire success, and worthily representative of the industrial reputation of the west." Messrs. A. T. Goshom and Josiah Kirby were appointed as a select committee to act with Messrs. P. P. Lane, Thomas Wrightson, and H. A. V. Post, the standing committee of the board on manufactures, in executing the spirit and intent of the resolutions. The board was, some time afterwards, formally notified of the appointment of an Exposition committee by the chamber of commerce, with a request for similar appointments by the board; which was referred to the committee already nominated for the purpose of co-operation. March 14, 1870, the board of trade concurred in the recommendation of a committee, that the committee on Industrial Exposition should be made permanent, with a view to the annual holding of the fairs. The said committee for 1870-71 was thus constituted: Messrs. A. T. Goshom, Josiah Kirby, H. A. V. Post, Daniel B. Pierson, and W. H. Blymyer. Everything being now in train, and co-operation of the three bodies being fully ensured, a joint meeting of their several committees on the Exposition was held March :6th, for the exchange of views relating thereto. The result was the merging of all into one general committee for the organization of the "Cincinnati Industrial Expo- sition of Manufactures, Products, and Arts, in the year 1870." The following-named officers were chosen: Pres- ident, Ex-Mayor Charles F. Wilstach; Vice Presidents, James H. Laws, Josiah Kirby; Treasurer, H. A. V. Post (Mr. Post soon afterwards removed to New York. Mr. C. H. Gould was elected to his position as Treas- urer, and Mr. Joseph Kinsey to his place on the Exposi- tion committee of the board of trade); Secretary, Ab- ner L. Frazer. A full list of sub-committees was also appointed. Upon them, but more upon the gentlemen named as of- ficers, were to rest the burdens of the great enterprise now fairly under way. They proved neither light nor few. Numerous interviews with leading citizens were had, and committee-meetings held. Each of the organi- zations at the head of the undertaking — the Mechanics' Institute, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Board of Trade — appropriated one thousand dollars to its prepara- tion. This would not, however, secure the committee against loss; and a guarantee fund was pledged by the citizens, in sums of twenty-five dollars to two thousand dollars (the latter by the furniture manufacturers en masse), the whole amounting to twenty-three thousand seven hundred and sixty-five dollars. The subscription was conditioned upon the agreement to return to the subscribers, pro rata, any surplus that might remain after all expenses were paid; and it is a noteworthy evidence of the skill with which the business of the Exposition was managed, and its singular financial success for an in- itial enterprise, that not one dollar of the guarantee fund was drawn, while one thousand five hundred and thirty- three dollars and twenty-two cents remained in the treas- ury of the Exposition after the payment of all bills. The question of eligible site and buildings next engaged the attention of the committee. It was obvious that, for an exhibition on the scale projected, new structures would have to be erected. Fortunately for the committee, the German musicians of the city had just now on their hands the project of holding a reunion and festival of the North American Saengerbuhd in Cincinnati during the summer of 1870, for which a great though temporary building must be erected. The use of a site first had been secured from the city council, upon the grounds formerly occupied by the Cincinnati Orphan asylum and owned by the city, opposite Washington park, on Elm and Fourteenth streets — the same now occupied by the magnificent music hall and the permanent Exposition buildings. It was soon manifest, however, that the origi- 344 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. nal hypothesis — that the Sfengerfest structure, with an additional building for machinery, would answer the pur- pose of the Exposition — must be set aside; and as many as three additional edifices ultimately became necessary — one of them known as the fine art and music hall. This was situated to the north and northwest of the main building, was of fine proportions, two hundred and twen- ty-four by eighty feet upon the ground, and supplying a floor space of eighteen thousand five hundred and thirty- two square feet. The fine art and music hall, northwest of the Saengerbund building, covered an area one hun- dred and twelve by one hundred and four feet, with four apartments, each running the length of the hall, with in- ter-communication at the ends. The rooms were eight- een feet high in the clear, and were well lighted from above. The walls, handsomely tinted, furnished spaces for exhibits of about twenty thousand square feet. The power hall was southwest of the principal edifice, and closely connected with it. It was a one-story building, one hundred and eighty-four by one hundred and fifty feet, with a long, narrow, building immediately on the south for the boilers for furnishing steam-power, the whole occupying a space of thirty-three thousand six hundred square feet. To the southeast of this was the third new building rendered necessary — comparatively a small affair, put up for the California steam plow, which proved a specially attractive feature of the exhibition. The cen- tral or main building, erected for the Sasngerfest with the aid of five thousand dollars appropriated by the Exposi- tion committee, was a mighty room two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and ten feet wide, built in a succession of grand arches, seventy-two feet in extreme height. Galleries reached by broad stairways were car- ried around the entire edifice, which, with the main floor, allowed a space for -exhibits of forty-four thousand nine hundred and sixty feet. Some additional room was ob- tained for exhibitors, and greater facility for the move- ment of visitors through the galleries was obtained by throwing a bridge from gallery to gallery, across the mid- dle of the great hall. The total floor space of the Expo- sition buildings was thus one hundred and eight thousand seven hundred and forty-eight square feet, about two and a half acres, to which the wall surface available added eighty-nine thousand feet, or enough to make more than four and a half acres. The floor space alone was larger than the total area afforded for exhibits by the Crystal Palace in New York, for the World's fair in 1853. The location was specially favorable, being somewhat retired from the business and manufacturing centres of the city, with a pleasant park just opposite* and easily reached on foot, or by lines of omnibuses and other carriages that were constantly running thither from the corner of Fourth and Vine streets, the street railways in that direction not having yet been built. All the arrangements for the Exposition went on pros- perously, except with the railroads for transportation of passengers and freight destined for the fair. In the nego- tiations for this at reduced rates there were numerous halts and hitches. Only the authorities of the Louisville Short Line seemed to have much confidence in the enter- prise, and the roads declined to sell tickets daily at low fares during the Exposition, as they have readily done in later years. Colonel Maxwell writes: "At a season of the year when large numbers were visiting the city on business, they did not think it expedient to present too strong a temptation to such to avail themselves of the re- duced rates. They, however, with the exception of the Ohio & Mississippi railroad, agreed to run half-fare excur- sion trains on specified days each week, for such as de- sired to avail themselves of this opportunity; and during the last week a number of the roads ran daily half-fare trains. This arrangement contributed largely to the at- tendance ; but the number from the country was doubt- less much less than it would have been under more favor- able circumstances." A number of the railroads, near and remote, also agreed to return free of charge to the point of original shipment, all articles for the Exposition, upon presentation of a certificate that such articles were exhibited and not sold. Arrangements were made with many leading hotels and boarding houses of the city, for definite and in a few cases reduced rates of entertain- ment to visitors; of which the public, near and far, was fully advised through the newspapers. These powerful agencies did a great deal to popularize and advertise the Exposition; and in return the managers, during its hold- ing, .recommended exhibitors to advertise freely in the local journals, • after the universal custom at European fairs, notifying readers of the part of the Exposition where their goods could be seen, and helping to keep the total display constantly and prominently before the people. After a busy half year, on the part of the general com- mittee and their numerous employes, the Exposition was mostly ready for opening at the appointed time, Wednes- day, the twenty-first of September. As usual in such cases, the number of eleventh hour applicants for space and exhibitors preparing their displays was exceedingly embarrassing, and at times overwhelming. An attractive though imperfect show was already in place, however; and it was determined that there should be no postpone- ment. As evening drew on, the great doors of the main building were opened, and the few hundreds who desired admission during the evening were allowed to enter. An hour or more was spent in viewing the articles so far in place; and at 8:45 p. m. the company gathered in front of the platform in the main hall, for the formal exercises of opening. Ex-Mayor Wilstach, chairman of the gen- eral committee, presided. The Rev. James Y. Boice, pastor of the Reformed Presbyterian church, offered prayer. Mr. A. T. Goshorn, president of the board of councilmen of the city, welcomed the exhibitors and vis- itors to the exposition in a few felicitous words. The Hon. John Sherman, then United States Senator from Ohio, delivered the principal address of the evening, one marked by his usual mastery of scholarship and thought. It closed as follows: In conclusion I express the hope that this Exposition may tend to de- velop the industry of the vast region naturally looking to this city as the centre of its trade. Especially I hope our neighbors of Kentucky will aid us to be better friends, by allowing free railroad communica- tion over her soil. We are all citizens of a great and powerful country, each State and section contributing by some production to the grandeur ^£>< HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 345 of the whole. Let us develop the Union which God ordained, which he has bound together by great rivers and chains of mountains, and girdled with oceans and lakes. In the speedy future all our civil com- motions, all our^iolitical differences, will be forgotten in our pride for the industry, growth, and magnificence of our common country. The attendance was exceedingly limited the first even- ing. Inferring from the figures of the treasurer's final report (receipts from tickets September 21st, one hun- dred and ninety dollars and fifty cents), but three hun- dred and eighty-one persons paid for admission; so that, with officers, exhibitors, and employes, probably not more than five hundred were scattered through the huge build- ings upon the occasion of their opening. During the whole of the "next day, reasoning from similar data, but eight hundred and fifty-five persons paid for entrance. The general committee now saw that the price of admis- sion first fixed (fifty cents) was too high. The exhibition was for all, employer and employed, rich and poor, the upper ten thousand and the lower million; and it was re- solved that the rate of admission, after the second day, should be popular and cheap. Twenty-five cents was fixed as the price, which has since been steadily maintained. Coupon tickets, admitting five or ten persons, could be had at one dollar and two dollars, respectively; and manu- facturers might purchase tickets for their employes, in packages of twenty, at five dollars per package. Chil- dren were to be admitted at ten cents each. The attend- ance now increased rapidly. On the third day about two thousand and fifty visitors were present; and the numbers grew nearly every day thereafter, until the culmination of the display on the fifth of October, only a fortnight after the opening, when they reached nineteen thousand — a quite remarkable attendance for the first in the series of expositions, and about thrice as many as were commonly in attendance at the World's Fair of 1853, in New York city. Upon eight days besides this, the receipts from sale of tickets were above two thousand dollars, and at no time after September 28th, until the close of the Exposition, did they fall below one thousand one hundred and ninety- five dollars and seventy-five cents, the amount received that day for admissions. The whole number of visitors during the twenty-seven days and twenty-eight evenings it was open, was about three hundred thousand. The pop- ular patronage, part of it from places a long way off in this and other States, together with receipts from exhibit- ors, refreshment privileges, buildings and materials, and a single donation of fifty dollars from the First National bank of Cincinnati, enabled the committee to meet all demands without touching the guarantee fund, and, as already stated, to leave a good-sized nest egg in the treasury. The exhibition, although but a beginning of the great expositions, was amply worthy of all and more than the patronage it received. During the second week every- thing was got in place and the machinery was in full operation. By the middle of the week the display was nearly at its best. Colonel Maxwell has some brilliant paragraphs in description of the great exhibit, from which we select two or three, the first and last being of especial local interest: That which had been done surprised almost all; for few had the facil- ities of knowing how varied and interesting and extensive were the manufactures of Cincinnati and the west. How many knew before the Exposition of textile fabrics in 1869 that the best worsted dress-braids produced in the United States, if not in the world, were made in Cin- cinnati ? Who was aware of the fact that a German in the same city was manufacturing the only wool plushes made in this country — goods entering largely into both railroad cars and furniture? Again, how few knew the character and extent of the manufactories in this city of the common white and granite wares, articles as necessary to every house- hold as the table upon which the poor woman spreads her scanty meal, and that two establishments were actively engaged in this busi- ness, bringing their clays from many States? There were on exhibition about two hundred separate pieces, embracing almost everything in the shape of whiteware. The quality was surprising. There was granite with a gold band, which was beautiful, and full sets that were hardly inferior to the old ironstone china. The visitor would find two pitchers, one marked with the Cincinnati maker, and the other with the foreign manufacturer. If he took them to the light and carefully in- spected them, unless he were an expert he would not detect the differ- ence. Did not this mean revolution — ultimately a great change iu the whole matter of queensware business ! A few years ago we had only the yellow-ware; then we made the common white; at the Exposition we had the granite. With such testimony as this before him, was it not natural for the visitor to ask : Will not, in a comparatively few years, the millions we are paying to England for such productions be kept at home, and the operatives be fed with the produce of our own country? It is hardly an exaggeration to say that all were pleased. Those having the best opportunity oi listening to the grumblers of the world heard no disparaging words spoken of the display. Of course it did not move all alike. There were thousands of curious persons who, doubtless, wandered through the halls merely to gratify their curiosity, and as many thousand were superficial observers, who did not dig down below the surface of this show of domestic manufactures and products and fine arts, to see what all these surface indications meant. But there were many more who not only took pleasure in the individual articles to be seen, but valued them still more because they looked upon these specimens ot beautiful agricultural machinery ; these handsome carriages ; useful stoves and ranges; these steam-engines, fiouring-mills, saw-mills, shingle-machines, planers, punches, and drills; these looms, bung-machines, type found- ries, printing-presses, and pumps; these water-wheels, street-sweepers, and emery-grinders ; these granite plates, pitchers, teas, and bowls; these bedsteads, bureaus, sideboards, tables, and chairs; these sheet- ings, cassimeres, plushes, jeans, shawls, blankets, yarns, and zephyrs; these battings, waddings, warps, twines, and ropes; these boots and shoes, hats and caps, furs, raw silks, silk sewings, millinery goods, and gentlemen's furnishing goods; these wall papers, window shades, car- pets, and rugs; these rolls of leather; these goods made from wire and bristles; these iron safes, scales, builders' materials, knives, mechanics' tools, locks, doors, window-shutters, and paints; these trunks and satchels; these beautiful household goods made from iron and tin and zinc and wood; these refrigerators, japan-wares, works in copper and brass and marble; these sugars, soaps, candles, oils, provisions, breads, and tobaccos; these medical preparations; these sewing-machines, mantels, pictures, photographs, engravings, wax and hair-works, musi- cal instruments, moldings, artificial teeth, dental tools, silver-wares, philosophical instruments, and thousands upon thousands of things use- ful and> beautiful — looked upon them as the miner looks upon the gold- bearing rocks which speak of wealth below the surface, of riches which the precious metal, here and there sparkling from its rocky bed, an- nounces within. Few persons, before the exposition, were aware of the manufactur- ing importance of Cincinnati. Even our own citizens looked at the aggregate sum of the production of the city without fully comprehend- ing the inventive skill that was exercised, the mind which was taxed, the muscle that was employed, and the mighty interests that were in- volved. It required some ocular demonstration adequately to impress our own people with the length, and breadth, and depth, of the busi- ness foundations of the Queen City, which have enabled her comfortably to weather the financial storms which have sorely distressed other cities, and to enable them properly to estimate the true relation which our manufactures bear to the general prosperity. In the variety and splen- dor of the display, in the thirty thousand different articles on exhi- bition,' representing one thousand seven hundred and thirty entries, they were able to read the secret of Cincinnati's stability and that which was to prove one of her principal bulwarks in the future. For, though Connecticut, California, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisi- 346 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Maine, Missouri, New Jer- sey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wis- consin — twenty-four States in all — were represented, and many valuable contributions came from other cities and places, nevertheless it was pre- eminently an exhibition of Cincinnati manufactures. In some of the departments our own manufacturers were the sole contributors, and in all of them they held an honorable position, in both number and the quality of their wares. The interest in the exhibition, growing day by day, had caused the postponement of the day of closing one week — from the fifteenth to the twenty-second of Octo- ber. The time of closing, on a thronged and busy Saturday night, at last arrived. The difficult work of making the awards had been completed. The prizes, eighteen gold medals, one hundred and thirty-two large silver medals, seventy-six small ones, besides four hun- dred and ninety-two elegantly engraved diplomas, all to- gether costing about seven thousand dollars — had been distributed. Sixty-five thousand persons had visited the exposition during its final week. In the midst of distin- guished and proud success it was to close. At 9 p. m. of the day named the rattle and hum of the wilderness of machinery was stilled. Fifteen minutes' further grace was granted the throng by President Wilstach, when the usual signal was given for closing, the crowd of visitors reluctantly retired, the officers one by one left the build- ing, and the first of the famous industrial expositions of Cincinnati was numbered among the things that were. THE SECOND EXPOSITION was held from September 6th to October 7, 187 1, under the joint auspices of the three bodies managing the Ex- position of the previous year. A. T. Goshorn was presi- dent, assisted by a very capable staff of officers, com- mitteemen, and employes. It was a great success. Exhibits were made from twenty-nine States; over four hundred thousand persons visited it; and the receipts were seventy-three thousand four hundred and ten dol- lars and eighty-eight cents. Notwithstanding this large receipt, however, there was a deficit of nearly fifteen thousand dollars, caused by the large building account, which aggregated forty-seven thousand fifty-four dollars and fifty-two cents. THE EXPOSITION OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY- TWO, under the same auspices, was held September 4th to October 5th. Mr. Goshorn was again president, and to his energy and rare executive ability is due much of the success of these displays. A new building for the Art department, sixty-two by sixty feet, had been constructed in the open square (now Washington park) opposite the main building and connected with it by a bridge across Elm street. A Horticultural hall was also built; a De- partment of National History was organized, and much more extensive arrangements were made for the Ma- chinery and other departments. The large sum of one hundred and six thousand nine hundred and fifty-five dollars and seventy-nine cents was expended upon this fair, which nevertheless yielded a deficit of seven thou- sand five hundred and fifty-three dollars and forty-eight cents. Thirty States contributed to it; five hundred and forty thousand people visited it ; seven acres and a half were covered with the displays; and the receipts amounted to nearly one hundred thousand dollars. The premium list comprised one thousand and seventy-five medals and awards, and a supplemental list had to be prepared. THE FOURTH EXPOSITION, held in the -same buildings and under the same auspices as before, September 3d to October 4, 1873, was some- what beclouded by the visit of cholera to the city a short time before its opening; but, allowing for this drawback, it was considered a decided success. An address was delivered at the opening by ex-Governor Jacob D. Cox, and the exhibition formally opened by W. H. Blymyer, president for the year. An immense guarantee sub- scription, amounting to two hundred and twenty-six thousand dollars, had been raised; but such was the financial success of this exhibit that it paid all expenses (over seventy-five thousand dollars), and gave a profit of nearly ten thousand dollars to reduce the indebtedness caused by the deficit of previous years. Mr. D. B. Pierson at first, then Mr. George W. Jones was president of THE FIFTH EXPOSITION, held September 2d to October 3, 1874. The general suc- cess of the expositions was brilliantly maintained this year. Every hotel was crowded, and the principal streets were thronged with strangers, on the opening day, which was made specially impressive by a great military parade, including many companies from abroad. Addresses were delivered by Governor William Allen, the Hon. G. W. C. Johnston, mayor of the city, Governor Hendricks, of Indiana, and President Jones, and an oration by Mr. S. Dana Horton. A free "Industrial Exposition regatta," with liberal premiums, was held on the Ohio river on Thursday, September 14th, with great acclamation at its success. The exhibitors numbered one thousand seven hundred and twenty; the receipts were eighty-seven thousand seventy-nine dollars and forty-two cents, and the expenditures ninety-seven thousand eight hundred and eleven dollars and fifty-five cents. The next year, at the close of the Sixth Exposition, an assessment of fifteen per cent, on the guarantee fund was deemed ad- visable to clear the Exposition of indebtedness, then about twenty-two thousand dollars. It is the only assess- ment which has ever been made upon its guarantee funds. THE SIXTH EXPOSITION, held the next year, comprised among its special features the offer of very liberal premiums by the Mechanics' In- stitute, for the best automatic cut-off stationary steam- engine and the best stationary steam-engine slide-valve, not less than twenty-five nor more than seventy-five horse- power. Special premiums were also offered by the Chamber of Commerce, the Commercial Bank, and the dealers in tobacco, amounting to one thousand and sixty dollars in gold coin, for premiums on leaf tobacco, besides prizes for leading articles of manufactured stock. Mr. John J. Henderson was president this year. The Exhibition HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 347 opened with a grand industrial parade through the streets and continued from September 8th to October 9th, and netted a profit of about nine thousand five hundred dol- lars, which, with the assessment upon the guarantee fund now ordered, cleared the Exposition of debt. The build- ings were all sold to the Springer Music Hall Association ; the boilers were also disposed of; and the affairs of the Exposition, destined to a rest for four years, were left in a very satisfactory condition. AN INTERVAL. It was. not thought advisable to hold an exposition in 1876, on account of the National Exposition, represent- ing the efforts of the whole country, being held in Phila- delphia. The scheme for permanent buildings was also now on foot. It was mainly promoted by Mr. R. R. Springer, who had subscribed one hundred and forty-five thousand dollars toward the erection of a great central building, to be called the Music Hall, and also fifty thousand dollars toward the erection of the wings, thus adapting the whole to Exposition purposes. The last subscription was conditioned upon the raising of an addi- tional one hundred thousand dollars by January 1, 1879. By November, 1879, only seventy thousand dollars had been secured, including a subscription of five hundred dollars by the Mechanics' Institute; but the necessary amount was presently completed, with five thousand dollars to spare, and the buildings were erected, at a cost, for the wings alone, of one hundred and fifty thousand nine hundred and seventy-six dollars and thirty-six cents. THE EXPOSITION BUILDINGS. The history of these great and splendid structures is, briefly, as follows: Soon after the musical festival of May, 1875, Mr. Reuben R. Springer, a wealthy and prominent citizen of Cincinnati, through Mr. John Shil- lito, the well-known merchant, offered a gift of one hun- dred and twenty-five thousand dollars to build a worthy hall for the festivals and other musical purposes, if the lot on Elm street owned by the city, opposite Washington park, could be had for perpetual use without taxation and at a nominal rent, and if as much more money would be raised for the purpose by the citizens. He afterwards added thr.ee gifts of twenty thousand dollars each. A "Music Hall Association'' was formed and incorporated in November, 1875. It consists of fifty stockholders, se- lected to represent them by the whole body of subscribers to the Music Hall fund. They elect seven trustees, con- stituting a board for the management of all the affairs of the association. April 3, 1876, an arrangement was made with the city, such as Mr. Springer stipulated for, it being agreed, among other provisions, that neither stockholders nor trustees should receive any dividend or pecuniary compensation whatever by virtue of their con- nection with the hall. The necessary sum to secure Mr. Springer's gifts was raised through the activity of several public-spirited gentlemen; and the hall was erected in time for the May Festival of 1878. It, together with the great organ it contains, are described in our chapter on Music in Cincinnati. The entire front on Elm street occupied by the Expo- sition buildings is four hundred and two feet, of which one hundred and seventy-eight are taken for the Music Hall, and ninety-five feet on each side for the wings. The latter were specially erected for the Exposition, though it has a prior claim upon the Music Hall for its displays, as against the College of Music, which is the lessee of the hall, or any other organization. The build- ings are so arranged that they can be used separately or together, and the upper stories can be connected by bridges. The wings are in the same style of architecture as the hall, and harmonize admirably with it. They are three hundred and sixteen feet in depth and one hun- dred and sixteen in height. They are admirably adapted for exhibition purposes; and, besides the annual Exposi- tion, other displays, as the Millers' Exposition of June, 1880, are occasionally made within them. The entire cost of the buildings is about half a million of dollars, of which Mr. Springer, first and last, has given two hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars. They together furnish a structure larger than any other ever built in this coun- try for a similar purpose, except at Philadelphia in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition, and are much the largest and finest built for such ends by private enterprise, with- out the least subsidy from a government, anywhere in the world. They are worthily among the chief glories of the Queen City. THE SEVENTH EXPOSITION. The board of commissioners, representing the three bodies under whose auspices the Expositions had been held, was reorganized October, 1878, for the purpose of arranging an Exposition for the fall of 1879. The com- missioners now were: For the Mechanics' Institute, Thomas Gilpin, Hugh McCollum, James Dale, W. B. Bruce, P. P. Lane; the Chamber of Commerce, William Means, Edmund H. Pendleton, M. E. Ingalls, W. S. Ridgway, James H. Laws; the Board of Trade, John Simpkinson, L. M. Dayton, E. V. Cherry, W. L. Robin- son, William McAlpin. The officers elected by the joint board were: President, Mr. Pendleton; first vice- president, Mr. Laws; second, Mr. Dale; third, Mr. Cherry; treasurer, Mr. Simpkinson; secretary, Mr. Mc- Collum; assistant secretary, John B. Heich. Under their auspices the Seventh Exposition was held Septem- ber 10th to October nth, 1879. President Hayes, Governor Bishop, Generals Sherman and Sheridan, and many other distinguished dignitaries, attended the open- ing, and those named delivered brief addresses. Exhib- itors from twenty-four States were present; four hundred and twenty-two thousand nine hundred and sixty-seven visitors attended; and a clear profit of fifteen thousand six hundred and thirty-eight dollars and ninety-six cents was realized. THE EIGHTH EXPOSITION. December 17, 1879, the board of commissioners for 1880 was organized, with the same constituency as be- fore, and with the following named officers : President, M. E. Ingalls; first vice-president, James Dale; second, William L. Robinson; third, Henry C. Urner; treasurer, E. V. Cherry; secretary, Hugh McCollum. The Eighth Exposition was held under their management September 348 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 8 to October 9, 1880, and brought togethertwo hundred and ninety-one thousand three hundred and eighty- five visitors, the largest number, fifteen thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven, being present on Friday, Oc- tober 8th, the last day but one. The total receipts were about sixty-five thousand dollars, expenditures about sixty-two thousand dollars, not including ten thousand two hundred and ninety-six dollars and thirty-seven cents expended during the year from the profits of 1879, for permanent improvement to the buildings ; leaving a bal- ance of profit of about three thousand dollars. The re- ceipts of the last day, amounting to two thousand one hundred and forty-six dollars, were given to the Art Museum fund, which had been started by Mr. Charles W. West, on the day of opening the Exposition of 1880, with the munificent subscription of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The close of the Eighth Expo- sition was accompanied with the gratifying announce- ment that the additional one hundred and fifty thousand dollars required by the West subscription had been raised, and even more, the total subscription then being one hundred and sixty one thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars, or, with Mr. West's, three hundred and eleven thousand one hundred and sixteen dollars; and the establishment of an Art Museum in Cincinnati was thus an assured fact. CHAPTER XXXV. COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION. Navigation to the territory embraced by the State of Ohio commenced with considerable activity about the year 1799; and from the admission of the State into the Un- ion it became extraordinarily active down to about 1807 or 1808. Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut fur- nished the larger number of immigrants, though all the States had representatives in the immigration. Among them were but few speculators in large locations of land; most of them came to make a home in the fertile coun- try, intending by their own labor to improve, occupy, and enjoy it. They had comparatively little wealth ; and that little had generally to be laid out for living expenses, un- til the land should be made productive. Many of them, coming from the older settlements to the Eastward, took boats on the Ohio, and in these floated or rowed down the river until their destination was reached along its shores, or they pushed up the Muskingum, the Hocking, the Scioto, or the Miamis, in search of it. Coming down the Ohio was easy enough, but getting up the lateral streams, by poling, rowing, and pulling, was work indeed. Upon these minor waters they were not infrequently de- layed, for days and weeks, for a want of a sufficient stage of water to float even their light crafts. It was slow work getting up the larger streams, too, however easy it might be to get down. Major Swan, of the army, who had ta- ken a small troop from Fort Washington to Pittsburgh, wrote to the commander of the Fort from the latter place : "We arrived here after a passage of only forty-four days, in which we exhausted our provisions and grocer- ies, and had to lay in a fresh stock at Marietta." Such was the beginning of the commerce of the Ohio, which has swelled to proportions so gigantic, and has been so important an element in the wonderful growth of Cincinnati. The chief places on the upper river, to which families or merchants traveled toilsomely to prepare for embarkation, were Redstone Old Fort, since Browns- ville, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling. In each of these there were traders who made it their business to accommodate strangers descending the Ohio with any necessary article — provisions, furniture, cooking utensils, or farming im- plements, or even boats — at a moderate price. Each had a large boat-yard, where the arks, keel or flatboats, and barges of the period were made — generally service- able, safe, and strong. One of sufficient size for an av- erage family, say thirty to forty feet long, cost one dollar to one dollar and a quarter per foot; so that a pretty respectable vessel, well boarded up on the sides and roofed to within six or eight feet of the bows, could be had for thirty-five dollars. This did not include the ex- pense of a mooring cable or rope, a pump, and a fire- place, which cost perhaps ten dollars more. Besides the "family boats," which were frequently used for transient purposes and then broken up for their lumber, a number of keel-boats plied on the Ohio and its tributaries, in use as common carriers of merchandise, household goods, and any other freight that offered. Their principal cargo, by way of import or export, was in flour, apples, whiskey, cider, peach and apple brandy, bar-iron and castings, tin and copperware, glass, cabinet work, millstones, grind- stones, nails, etc. The articles going up the Ohio were mostly cotton, tobacco from Kentucky, lead, furs, and peltry. The lines of Barges regularly maintained by Messrs. Baum and Perry, Riddle and others of Cincinnati in the New Orleans trade, brought up cotton from Natchez, su- gar, coffee, rice, hides, wines, rum, and dry goods of all kinds then in demand, and carried back the produce of the Miami country The Navigator for 181 8 contains a paragraph noting the great advantage it was to the com- merce of Cincinnati to have this line in operation, slow as it was and exceedingly limited in its capacity as com- pared with the magnificent facilities of the present day. The pioneer advertisement in the long line of an- nouncements of commercial facilities to and from the Queen City, and the pioneer enterprise in the way of transportion on the Ohio, since developed to such gigan- tic proportions, are set forth in the following paragraphs, which appeared in the Centinel of the Northwest Territory, published at Cincinnati, January n, 1794. It is worth while calling attention again, as attention has often been called before in local publications, to the fact that these four little vessels, together carrying but eighty tons, were deemed sufficient for an entire month's traffic between the settlements of Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, and the whole intervening country. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 349 OHIO PACKET BOATS. Two boats, for the present, will start from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, and return to Cincinnati, in the following manner, viz. : First boat will leave Cincinnati this morning, at eight o'clock, and return to Cincinnati, so as to be ready to sail again in four weeks from this date. Second boat will leave Cincinnati on Saturday, the 30th instant, and return to Cincinnati as above. And so, regularly, each boat performing the voyage to and from Cin- cinnati and Pittsburgh, once in every four weeks. Two boats, in addition to the above, will shortly be completed and regulated in such a manner that one boat of the line will set out weekly from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, and return to Cincinnati in like manner. The proprietors of these boats having maturely considered the many in- conveniences and dangers incident to the common method hitherto adop- ted of navigating the Ohio, and being influenced by a love of philanthropy and a desire of being serviceable to the public, has taken great pains to render the accommodations on board the boats as agreeable and conve- nient as they could possibly be made. No danger need be apprehended from the enemy, as every person on board will be under cover, made proof to rifle or musket balls, and con- venient port-holes for firing out. Each of the boats is armed with six pieces, carrying a pound ball; also a good number of muskets, and am- ply supplied with plenty of ammunition, strongly manned with choice hands, and the master of approved knowledge. A separate cabin from that designed for the men is partitioned off in each boat for accommodating ladies on their passage. Conveniences are constructed on board each boat so as to render landing unneces- sary, as it might, at times, be attended with danger. Rules and regulations for maintaining order on board, and for the good management of the boats, and tables accurately calculated for the lates of freightage for passengers and carriage of letters to and from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh; also a table of the arrival and departure to and from the different places on the Ohio, between Cincinnati and Pitts- burgh, may be seen on board each boat, and at the printing office in Cincinnati. Passengers will be supplied with provisions and liquors of all kinds, of the first quality, at the most reasonable rates possible. Persons de- sirous of working their passage will be admitted, on finding themselves subject, however, to the same order and direction, from the master of the boats, as the rest of the working hands of the boat's crew. An office of insurance will be kept at Cincinnati, Limestone, and Pittsburgh, where persons desirous of having their property insured may apply. The rates of insurance will be moderate. A notable event occurred at the hamlet of Cincinnati April 27, 1 80 1, in the arrival of the brig St. Clair from above, Commander Whipple on deck, bound on an ocean voyage. She was full-rigged and equipped, and loaded with produce for the West India Islands; and was the first vessel of the kind out of the Ohio. As she anchored off the port, says the Spy and Gazette, "the banks were crowded with people, all eager to view this pleasing pres- age of the future greatness of our infant country." Four days before, another ocean-going vessel, the schooner Monongahela Farmer, had been launched at Elizabeth- town, above Pittsburgh, to which point she dropped down, to be rigged for sea. About this time advertisements were made by printed circular of boats to reach Natchez in seventy-two days. It was quite usual in the early day, when a destination was reached on the Lower Mississippi, particularly at New Orleans, to break up the boats and sell the materials, or the boat without breaking it up, and start the crew on the long journey homeward, large part of the way through the wilderness and Indian country, on horseback or not infrequently on foot, thr*e to four months being some- times consumed in the trip. The feasibility of building large vessels for the trans- portation of produce to New Orleans was now much dis- cussed. A herald of the coming good time of steam navigation was manifest in March, in a call for a meeting of citizens at Yeatman's tavern, to consider the merits of a contrivance for transporting boats against the current "by the power of steam or elastic vapor." This was fully ten years before the attention of Fulton and his associates was turned to the western rivers as a hopeful field for the introduction of his grand invention. Some- what later than r8oi Messrs. Samuel Heighway and John Pool, proprietors of "a mechanical project, constructed for the propelling of boats against the stream of rivers, tides 'and currents, by the power of steam or elastic vapor," advertised for subscribers to their scheme of in- troducing it on the western waters, subscriptions "to be- come payable only on our invention succeeding, and the boat performing a voyage from New Orleans to Cincin- nati." History is silent as to their success or failure. The era of steam was not yet, and the river navigation was still conducted by barge, keelboat, "broad-horns," or "Kentucky boats," moved commonly by oars and poles, but also by sails whenever the wind was favorable. They carried fifty to one hundred tons apiece, and the charge for freightage from Cincinnati to New Orleans was five to six dollars per hundred. In good — -that is, wet — seasons, they could make as many as two round-trips to New Orleans per year. Colonel James Ferguson, it is recorded, made two trips a year from 1791 to 1794, while he was store-keeping in Cincinnati. The principal firms here engaged in the river traffic were Messrs. Baum and Perry, and Riddle, Bechtle & Company. Their primitive business, indeed, was not destroyed by the river-steamers until 181 7, or six years after the first steam-vessel passed down the Ohio. Nearly all the groceries and other goods imported to Cincinnati, after the simpler craft became sufficiently numerous, were brought up the Mississippi and Ohio by them. Commerce with Redstone and Pittsburgh was maintained partly in "Kentucky boats" small keelboats, with a sharp roof sheltering the major part, but leaving a small section of the deck uncovered for the sweep of oars. Flat boats were also much used on the Upper Ohio. Journeys were sometimes made to Wheeling in canoes, which could be poled and paddled about thirty miles a day. As already intimated in the advertisement of the Cincinnati and Pittsburgh "pack- ets," the trips up the river were considered dangerous on account of Indians; and an incessant lookout had to be kept. THE FIRST STEAMBOAT navigating the western waters was built at Pittsburgh in 181 1, for Messrs. (Robert) Fulton and Livingston, of New York city. It was called the New Orleans, was of three hundred tons' burthen, carried a low pressure engine, and cost about thirty-eight thousand dollars. In October it was finished and started for New Orleans causing infinite wonderment, and sometimes consterna- tion, on the way, arriving at its destination the day before Christmas. An interesting account of its passage by this point and down the rivers is comprised in our annals of the Third Decade of Cincinnati. It did not return to the Ohio, but plied regularly between Natchez and New 35° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Orleans until July 14, 1814. At that date the vessel was lying at Baton Rouge over night, and the river was falling somewhat rapidly, causing it to settle upon a sharp stump and to sink in consequence. Its engine, with a new boiler, was put into another boat, called the New Orleans, in 18 18. OTHER STEAMERS. The Comet was the next boat on the Ohio moved by steam. She was built at Pittsburgh before the summer of 1 81 3, one hundred and forty-five tons, with a new plan of machinery known as French's stern-wheel and vibrat-. ing cylinder patent. Then came the Vesuvius, three hundred and ninety tons, built at Pittsburgh, November, 1813, by Robert Fulton himself. It was the first steamer to attempt a return trip past the falls of the Ohio at Louisville — which it never reached, however, grounding instead on a bar about seven hundred miles north of New Orleans, and remaining there nearly five months, when a rise floated it off, and it returned to New Orleans, spending the rest of its short life on the Lower Mississippi, although a ves- sel made upon its hull made several trips to Louisville. Subsequent early vessels of the kind were the Enter- prise, a little affair of forty-five tons, built at Brownsville, in 1814; the Etna, three hundred and forty tons; the Despatch, Buffalo, James Monroe, Washington, and others. The last-named was the first one whose boilers were put on the deck. Before that they were down in the hold. Cincinnati's first steamer was the Eagle, a small vessel of but seventy tons, built in 18 18 for Messrs. James Berthoud & Son, of Shipping- port, Kentucky, to run in the Louisville (afterwards the Natchez) trade. Following this the same year were the Hecla, likewise of seventy tons, built for Honorie & Barbarox, of Louisville; the Henderson, eighty-five tons, owned by the Messrs. Bowers, of Henderson, to ply between that place and Louisville; and the Cincinnati, the first owned in this city, though only in part. She was a vessel of one hundred and twenty tons, built for Messrs. Pennywitt & Burns, of Cincinnati, and Messrs. Paxson & Company, of New Albany, to run in the Louisville trade. The first steamer owned entirely in the city was also constructed in 1818 — the Experiment, a forty-ton craft. Thus, says Mr. Cist, "it seems that thirty-two boats had to be built before we could furnish capital and enterprise to own one." So modestly and cautiously began a branch of industry and invention which has given employment first and last to many thousands of the citizens of Cincinnati, and added countless millions to her wealth. the first trip up the OHIO, and past the falls at Louisville, was made by the Enter- prise before mentioned. The following notice of the event appeared in one of the local papers : The Steam Boat Enterprise. — This is the first steam boat that has ascended the Ohio. She arrived at Louisville on the first inst., sailed thence on the ioth, and came to this port on the evening of the 13th, having made her passage from New Orleans, a distance of one thousand eight hundred miles, in twenty-eight running days (by the aid of her machinery alone, which acts on a single wheel placed in the stern), against the rapid currents of the Mississippi and the Ohio. This is one of the most important facts in the history of this country, and will serve as data of its future commercial greatness. A range of steamboats from Pittsburgh to New Orleans — connecting Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, Cincinnati and Louisville, Louisville and Smithland, at the mouth of the Cumberland, or some eligible place on the Missis- sippi, below the mouth of the Ohio, thence to Natchez, and from Natchez to New Orleans — will render the transportation of men and merchandise as easy, as cheap and expeditious on these waters as it is by means of sea vessels on the ocean, and certainly far safer! (the exclamation point is Mr. Palmer's, not ours.) And we are happy to congratulate our readers on the prospect that is presented of such an establishment. Two steamboats, considerably larger than the Enter- prise and yet not too large for the purpose, are already built at Pitts- burgh, and will no doubt commence running in the fall. Others will follow. The success of the Enterprise must give a spring to this busi- ness that will in a very few years carry it into complete and successful operation. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN. As Dr. Drake records in his Picture of Cincinnati, navigation was still conducted by flat and keelboats and barges only, though two kinds of steamers were begin- ning to ply upon the Ohio. One hundred days were still necessary for the New Orleans round-trip, which it was expected steam would reduce to thirty. Cincinnati had been made a port of entry in 1808, but no vessel was cleared here until this year, on account of the cessa- tion of shipbuilding on the Ohio. Flour was now the chief article of export from the Miami country, several thousand barrels being sent thence annually to New Orleans. Indian meal, kiln- dried, was exported to the West Indies. A very promis- ing business had also begun in the exportation of pork, bacon, lard, whiskey, peach brandy, beer and porter, pot and pearl ashes, cheese, soaps and candles, hemp and spun yarns, cabinet furniture and chairs, walnut, cherry and blue-ash boards. More than seventy shops in the village were now keep- ing imported goods for sale, about sixty of which were selling dry goods, hardware, glass and queensware, liquors and groceries; the others were dealing in drugs, shoes and iron. Castings were already made in Ohio, at Zanesville and Brush Creek, and were brought thence to Cincinnati. Pennsylvania and Virginia furnished bar, rolled and cast-iron, and various manufactures in iron, besides millstones, coal, salt, glassware, pine timber and plank. Lead, peltry and skins came in from the Missouri territory, with abundance of furs from sources of supply nearer at hand — the Great Miami, Wabash and Maumee rivers. Cotton, tobacco, saltpetre and marble came mostly from Tennessee and Kentucky; sugar and molasses, cotton, rice, salted hides and other articles, from Louisiana. New Orleans was then, and Dr. Drake thought must continue to be, the great emporium of the western country, and even in 181 5 many articles of im- port from the east could be obtained more cheaply from that city, as coffee, salt fish, claret and some other wines, copperas, queensware, paints, mahogany and logwood. East India, European and New England goods were brought in to a considerable extent, and the several manufactures of the Middle States were received from Philadelphia and Baltimore, chiefly from the former city. The "ingress of foreign merchandise through other HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 3Si channels" was already anticipated. The general govern- ment was expected to complete a National road from the navigable waters of the Potomac to the Ohio, which would greatly reduce the expense of transportation. Said Dr. Drake also: "Should New York execute the canal which it has projected, the metropolis of that flourishing State will probably become one of our inlets for foreign goods." Very likely: it so happened in a not very long-run. The main hope of commerce was yet in the other direction, however; and the good doctor still looked toward New Orleans. He wisely thought three things were necessary to improvement of trade thither- ward — more extensive and wealthy mercantile houses in Cincinnati, an increased number of steamboats, and im- provement in navigation at the Falls of the Ohio. Writing of certain Indiana counties, he said: "The inhabitants of these counties receive their supply of foreign goods almost exclusively from Cincinnati, but little mercantile capital being employed at Lawrence- burgh, and there being on the Great Miami no depot of merchandise for that region." The imports this year from places east and south of Cincinnati amounted to $534,680. In 1816 they reached $691, r j; in 1817, $1,442,266, and in 1818, $1,619,030. Duri the two years following the last war with Great Britain, there was a great increase in the importation of foreign.-goods, with a consequent depression of prices in the home markets. The following little notice, in the first number of the Cincinnati Gazette, published July 15, 1815, falls fitly into place here : Arrived on Thursday, the sixth instant, at this port, the elegant barge Cincinnati, Captain Jonathan Horton, from New Orleans; pass- age eighty-seven days. Cargo — sugars, molasses, rum, lignum vitae, Spanish hides, etc., to Jacob Baymiller. IN 1817 certain of the commercial aspects of Cincinnati were noted in an interesting way by the traveller Burnet. He says in his book: Numbers of arks, with emigrants and their families, bound to various parts of the western country, are generally near the landing. Whilst we were here, I counted the different craft which then lay in the river; and as it may convey some information, I shall state their number: . Seven Kentucky boats, similar to ours, with coal, iron, and dry goods, from Pittsburgh. Four barges or keel-boats — one was at least one hundred and fifty tons, and had two masts. These boats trade up and down the rivers, exchanging and freighting goods from and to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, etc. Four large flats or scows, with stones for building, salt from the Kenhawa works, etc. Six arks, laden with emi- grants and their furniture. Emigrants descending the Ohio mostly call at Cincinnati to purchase provisions and collect information. These arks are similar to the Kentucky boats, only smaller; they can only de- scend the river. In the season of 18 18-19, the amount of flour in- spected at Cincinnati for export reached one hundred and thirty thousand barrels. It was estimated- that at least fifty thousand tons of produce went abroad that year, out of Cincinnati and the two Miami rivers. The imports of the year were only about half a million. The balance of trade had been against Cincinnati, and the local mer- chants were uncommonly prudent and cautious about their imports. The exports, however, from October, 18 18, to March, 1819, amounted to $1,334,080 — of flour alone, in amount as above noted, to value of $650,000; pork, ten thousand barrels, worth $150,000; bacon and hams, $22,080; lard, $46,000; tobacco, $66,000; whiskey, $40,000; cotton cloths sold to the Government, $15,000; live stock to New Orleans, $15,000; butter and cheese, $10,000; cornmeal, beans, etc., $20,000. To the Indi- ana, Illinois, and Missouri territories alone was exported the large value, for that time, of $300,000. STEAMER TRAFFIC soon began to look up briskly. Henceforth navigation changed rapidly from the broadhorn to the steamboat. The first vessel of the latter class built at Cincinnati, as before noted, was the Eagle, in 181 8. During the next year steamer-building began to be actively and most suc- cessfully prosecuted. Vessels were built here and else- where on the Ohio more cheaply than in any eastern city; and, of all places on the river where steamers were con- structed, the preference seemed to be given to Cincinnati. Of all that were built on the entire western waters in the two seasons between 181 7 and 1819, nearly one-fourth were launched here. A large number were also built here in the years 1824-6; it is considered doubtful whether more were constructed during that time in any city in the world. The woodwork especially was superior. Black locust, which was not found even at Pittsburgh, was considerably used for it, and vessels thus made were more desirable than those constructed at the east from Jersey oak. Upon these waters there had been two hun- dred and thirty-three steamboats by 1826. Ninety had been lost or destroyed, and there were one hundred and forty-three remaining, of about twenty-four thousand ag- gregate tonnage. One was built in 181 1, and another in 1814; two in 1815; three in 1816; and in the years fol- lowing, successively, seven, twenty-five, thirty-four, ten, five, thirteen, fifteen, sixteen, twenty-seven, and fifty-six. Of these forty-eight were built at Cincinnati, which had half a million dollars invested in the river business. By this time the old-fashioned, primitive craft had been al- most wholly superseded by the steamers, some of which were so adapted to the river as to run through the very dryest season. Thenceforth steamer-building was to be exceedingly prominent among the industries of the Queen City. The number built, however, has varied greatly from year to year. In 1833, for example, only eight steamers were launched from the Cincinnati shipyards, with a total tonnage of .but one thousand seven hundred and thirty. The number of vessels, barges, and steam ferry-boats built in Cincinnati during the years 1856-79, also strik- ingly exhibits this variation. They were severally as fol- lows: 1856, thirty-three; 1857, thirty-four; 1858, four- teen; 1859, eleven; i860, twenty-eight; 1 861, eleven ; 1862, four; 1863, forty-three; 1864, sixty-two; 1865, forty-four; 1866, thirty-three; 1867, eighteen; 1868, eleven; 1869, eleven; 1870, fifty-two; 187 1, forty-four; 1872, fifty-two; 1873, forty-eight; 1874, twenty-nine; 1875, sixteen; 1876, nineteen; 1877, twenty-one; 1878, thirty; 1879, twenty-four. The aggregate tonnage ranged from one thousand seven hundred and forty-five in 1862, to twenty thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight in 35 2 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1870. The arrivals of these years varied from two thou- sand two hundred and six in 1863 to three thousand four hundred and fifty-nine in 1866, with departures pretty nearly corresponding. The range of boats plying to and from the city was two hundred and twenty-five in 1862, to four hundred and forty-six in 1865. The sec- ond year of the late war, it will be observed, was particu- larly disastrous to river interests in this quarter. The eleventh annual report, to the Cincinnati board of trade and transportation, of the committee on river nav- gation, made March 1, 1880, says of the local boat build- ing of 1880-81: A good number of boats have been built here the past year — the num- ber of all crafts being twenty, with tonnage six thousand six hundred and eighty-three, against twenty-four last year, and tonnage ten, thou- sand six hundred and forty-one. In the future we must not look for a" greater number of boats, but expect a heavy increase in tonnage ; this is more applicable to stern wheel boats, which in former years were of small size and used mostly in making short trips. There are those that have attained the carrying capacity of three thousand tons. Now, however, boats, whether of side or stern wheel, for short packe£, trade or for more distant ports, are of large size ; indeed it seems a question to what point the size of boats may be reached. This change ill. builds ing larger boats for the Upper Ohio, with more speed, is only folfowihg the prediction of those who advocated the lengthening and, widening of the Louisville and Portland canal and lessening the rates of its tolls. And the last annual report of the chamber of com- merce for the commercial year ending August 31, 1880, makes the following encouraging statement of the, river business of that year: The arrivals for the year aggregated three thousand one hundred and sixty-three boats, compared with two thousand seven hundred and twenty-five in the year immediately preceding; and the departures three thousand one hundred and sixty-seven, in comparison" with two thou- sand seven hundred and thirty. The whole number of steamboats and barges which plied between Cincinnati and other ports in' the past year was three hundred and twenty-two, with an aggregate tonnage of eighty-three thousand five hundred and sixty-nine. In this connection it must be kept in mind that in the past year vessels have run with great regularity and frequency, and that, in consequence, an equal number of vessels represents a larger business, because each vessel in the latter cate- gory is counted but once, no difference how frequent may have been the visitations. Again, it is true that the same number of arrivals and de- partures also represented an increased business, inasmuch as it com- prised, generally, vessels which, from the regularity of arrival and de- parture, and the general exemption of transient boats, had uniformly good cargoes. It is worthy of note that the number of arrivals and departures for each leading point has increased over the preceding year. Thus, the arrivals from New Orleans aggregated, in the past year, one hundred and three vessels, compared with eighty-five in the pre- ceding year, and the departures one hundred and sixteen, in compari- son with ninety-seven. From Pittsburgh the arrivals were one hundred and eighty-two, compared with one hundred and sixty-three, and the departures one hundred and seventy-seven, in comparison with one hundred and sixty-two. From St. Louis the arrivals aggregated ninety- three, compared with sixty-four, and the departures ninety-four, in comparison with seventy-five. From all other points the arrivals aggre- gated two thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, compared with two thousand four hundred and thirteen, and the departures two thousand seven hundred and eighty, in comparison with two thousand three hun- dred and ninety-six. A study of the figures through a series of years reveals the fact that the increase, the past year, was not solely over 1878-79, which was a year that was seriously interfered with by cold weather, that diminished the number of arrivals and departures for the year, but exhibits a general increase, extending through a series of years. Thus, the entire number of arrivals and departures exceeds any preceding year in m period of fourteen years, and has but three times been exceeded in the history of the city, which was in 1857-58, when the excess was very small, and in 1864-65 and in 1865-66, the years that closed and immediately succeeded the war, which was a time that, for a period of normal conditions, would not be a fair measure. SEA-GOING VESSELS. Very early in the century, as we have incidentally noticed in previous chapters, the construction of sailing- vessels, for river and possibly ocean navigation, began upon the upper Ohio. Mr. Devoll, who made the boats which brought the first colonists of the Ohio company to the site of Marietta, was a prominent builder in this line. The voyage of one of his vessels, the Nonpareil, is pleasantly narrated in our chapter on Cincinnati's second decade, in connection with the arrival here of General Mansfield and family. The local papers frequently, for many years, chronicled the arrival and departure of schooners, brigs, and "ships." So late as thirty to forty years ago, the construction of ocean-going vessels on the river promised to become an important industry. In 1844, a bark was built at Mari- etta and appropriately named the Muskingum, of three hundred and fifty tons burthen, which was loaded at Cincinnati the next fall or winter, and started on her long voyage to Liverpool. Her safe arrival was thus chron- | icled in the Times, of that city, of date January 30, 1845: Arrival direct from Cincinnati. — We have received a file of Cincin- nati papers brought by the first vessel that ever cleared out if that city for Europe.* The building of a vessel of 350 tons, on a riveil c ;enteen hundred niiles from the sea,' isitself a very remarkable circl ance, both as a. proof, of the magnificence of the American rivers ':% ' the • spirit of, the .American people. "The navigating of such a vessc jow, the Ohioandthe Mississippi, and then across the Atlantic!!* vould, a. few years ago, have been thought impossible. She brings a cargo of provisions; and we trustjthat' the success of this first adventure will be such as to .encourage its frequent repetition. The name of the vessel is .the 'Muskingum. ' ' ■ ' The passage of this vessel by Cincinnati, bound as it was for what then seemed the ends of the earth, natur- ally awakened the liveliest interest. The Gazette of that day thus poetically and dramatically begins an editorial notice of the event: If one had stood upon the eastern hill-top which overhangs our city, in the early gray of the morning on Saturday, and looked out upon the river, he might have thought a phantom ship was floating upon ft. The quick puffing of a steamer was heard, and out beyond it seemingly a full-rigged ship, its masts towering up and all spars set, was evidently looming on and making direct for the landing of the city. Early risers were startled. Even those who knew that certain enterprising men of Marietta were building a sea-vessel were astonished when it unexpect- edly hove in sight. But when it approached nearer and nearer, and bodied itself forth plainly to the naked vision, the cry went up, "a ship I a ship!" with a thrill akin, at least, to that which men and women feel on the ocean shore, when welcoming back the long-absent "sea- homes" of relative and friend. It was an exciting scene. Several other sea-going vessels were fitted out at vari- ous points on the Ohio. Messrs. John Swasey & Com- pany, of Cincinnati, built three vessels before 1850, of two hundred to three hundred and fifty tons— one full- rigged brig, the Louisa, and two barks, named respect- ively the John Swasey and the Salem. They were taken in tow of steamers to New Orleans, and there bending sails and shipping a crew, they put independently to sea. One of them made a six months' trading trip to the west coast of Africa, and her sailing and weather qualities were reported to be of the highest order. The Minne- sota, a ship of eight hundred and fifty tons, was built here about the same time by another firm, for a New Orleans owner. cX HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 3 53 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. In 1826 the principal imports to the city of Cincinnati were as follows: Bar, steel, and spike iron, one thousand four hundred and fifty tons, valued at one hundred and eighty-one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars; castings, three hundred and fifty tons, value twenty-one thou- sand dollars; pig-iron, seven hundred and sixty-eight tons, worth twen- ty-three thousand and forty dollars; nails, seven thousand kegs, value sixty-three thousand dollars; lead and shot, five hundred and sixty thou- sand pounds, thirty-seven thousand five hundred dollars; copper, tin plate, and glassware, eighty thousand dollars ; coal, two hundred thou- sand bushels, twenty thousand dollars; lumber, boards, five million feet; shingles, three million five hundred thousand; joists and scantling, four hundred thousand feet; timber, one hundred and twenty-two thou- sandfeet; total value, sixty-fourthousand dollars; indigo, twenty-five thou- sand dollars; coffee, one million one hundred thousand pounds, one hundred and ninety-eight thousand dollars ; tea, two hundred and twenty thousand pounds, two hundred and eight thousand dollars; sugar, eighty thousand dollars; fish, three thousand barrels, twenty thousand dollars; liquors, spices, etc., two hundred thousand dollars; dry goods, one million one hundred and ten thousand dollars. Total value of imports, two million, five hundred and twenty-eight thousand five hundred and ninety dollars. The exports for the same period were: Flour, fifty-five thousand barrels, worth one hundred and sixty-five thousand dollars; whiskey, fourteen thousand five hundred barrels, one hundred and one thousand five hundred dollars; pork, seventeen thousand barrels, one hundred and two thousand dollais; lard, one million two hundred and eighty thousand pounds, sixty -four thousand dollars; hams and bacon, one million four hundred and twenty-five thousand pounds, fifty-seven thousand dollars; feathers, three hundred and two thousand pounds, seventy-eight thousand five hundred and twenty dollars; beeswax seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and twenty-five pounds ; cheese' seventy-five thousand pounds, five thousand three hundred and twenty- nine dollars; butter, five thousand kegs, seventeen thousand five hun- dred dollars; ginseng, ninety-five thousand five hundred pounds, sixteen thousand two hundred and thirty-five dollars; beans, one thousand barrels, three thousand dollars; tobacco, one thousand five hundred kegs, eighteen thousand two hundred and twenty-five dollars; linseed oil, one thousand two hundred barrels, twenty thousand four hundred dollars; bristles, two thousand pounds, seven hundred and sixty dollars; hats, seventy-five thousand dollars; cabinet furniture, forty-seven thousand dollars; candles and soap, thirty thousand dollars; type and printing materials, nineteen thousand dollars; beer and porter, seven thousand dollars; clocks, etc*, fifteen thousand dollars; clothing, fifty thousand dollars; hay, oats, corn, cornmeal, apples, dried fruit, castings, coopers' ware, window glass, tinware, plows, wagons, stills, horses, poultry, cigars, etc. , one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Total value of exports, one million and sixty-three thousand five hundred and sixty dollars, showing a nominal "balance of trade" against Cincinnati, for the present, of one million four hundred and sixty-five thousand and thirty dollars. The volume of commercial business, however, for the period, and twenty years before a single railway was in full operation into the city, must have been regarded as eminently satisfactory. The exports might also have properly included the steamboats built at Cincinnati, but owned abroad. About one hundred flatboats were brought every year down the Great Miami, and about thirty down the Little Miami, with an aggregate burden of thirty-three thousand five hundred barrels of flour, val- ued at about one hundred thousand dollars, which was less than three dollars a barrel. It was estimated at this time that probably one-third of the imports into Cincinnati were re-exported — a busi- ness which had greatly increased within three or four years; and it was remarked that it would be conducted on a much larger scale if the local merchants had capital equal to their enterprise. The figures formerly given, therefore, do not represent the true balance of trade against them. If proper allowances were made, it was 45 thought that the exports would equal imports, and there would be no balance of trade. The trip from New Orleans to Cincinnati was now made in twelve to fourteen days, by steamer. The Mis- sissippi and Ohio rivers were still, of course, the great highways by which all passengers and freight along their borders obtained access to the north. And at that time Cincinnati enjoyed peculiar advantages of situation, as to roads and water-courses, so that persons travelling from the south and southwest to the north could scarcely avoid it. But most dry goods and lighter articles of trade were still brought from New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, over the mountains to Wheeling and Pittsburgh, and thence transported down the river. The heavy arti- cles, groceries, queensware, and the like, were brought up from New Orleans. Iron, in the larger quantities, came in principally from Pittsburgh, and from the Sandy and Licking rivers, upon which there were extensive iron works. The Paint creek and Brush creek regions, in this State, especially the latter, furnished most of the castings imported. Nails were brought from Pittsburgh and else- where— "a striking commentary,'' say Drake and Mansfield, very truly, "upon the deficiency of our manufactures.' Lead came from Missouri; salt from the Conemaugh works, Pennsylvania, and the Kanawha works, Virginia; most of the timber and boards imported was floated in rafts from near the sources of the Alleghany, chiefly from the great forests then still existing about Olean Point, New York The exports from Cincinnati went mainly to the West Indies and South America; but the pork and whiskey to Atlantic cities. Lard was shipped to Cuba and parts of South America, where it was used as a substitute for butter. The lower Mississippi region consumed much of the produce of the Miami country. And there was already a considerable bulk of supplies furnished annu- ally from this quarter to the United States army. THE LAST HALF CENTURY. In round numbers, the commerce of Cincinnati for the year 1832 was estimated at $4,000,000; for 1835 at some- thing more than $6,000,000. The steamer arrivals of this year numbered two thousand two hundred and thirty- seven. Among the imports were ninety thousand barrels of flour and fifty-five thousand of whiskey. By 1840 the capital invested in foreign trade and gen- eral commercial business had increased to $5,200,000. There were invested in the retail dry goods trade, in hardware, groceries, and the related lines of trade, $12,- 877,000. The lumber business alone occupied twenty- three yards, with seventy-three hands, and an investment of $133,000. Their sales for this year reached $342,500. In January, 1841, eighty-eight steamers were owned in the district of Cincinnati, whose aggregate tonnage was eleven thousand seven hundred and thirteen. There were then upon the Western waters four hundred and thiity-seven vessels of this class — seventy of thirty to one hundred tons' burthen; two hundred and twelve of one hundred to two hundred; one hundred and five of two hundred to three hundred; twenty-four of three hundred 354 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to four hundred; eight of four hundred to five hundred; five of five hundred to six hundred; four of six hundred to seven hundred; one of seven hundred and eighty-five tons. With the immense growth of population between 1840 and 1850, came a corresponding increase in trade and commerce. One Cincinnati house was transacting com- mercial business at the rate of $1,200,000 a year, and making more than half its shipments to Great Britain. The next year the commerce of the city was roundly put at thirty-six millions annually, one-fourth of which was a business for home consumption. By this time the importation of coal to the city had greatly developed. The number of bushels locally con- sumed in 1 85 1 was seven millions seven hundred and eighty-five thousand bushels, against one million nine hundred and fifty thousand and fifty in 1841. In 1859 the consumption had increased to fifteen millions of bushels, and there were sixty-eight coal yards in the city. The last annual report of the Chamber of Commerce furnishes the following valuable statistics : "The aggregate, annual, approximate value of the im- ports and exports, respectively, at Cincinnati, from 1854- 55 to 1879-80, inclusive, appears in the following table:" Years. 1854-55- 1855-56- 1856-57. 1857-58. 1858-59. 1859-60. 1860-61 . 1861-62. 1862-63. 1863-64. 1864-65. 1865-66. 1866-67. 1867-68: 1868-69. 1869-70. 1870-71 . 1871-72. 1872-73 . 1873-74. 1874-75- 1875-76. 1876-77. 1877-78. 1878-79. 1879-80. Imports. Exports. $ 67,501,341 75,295,901 77,950,146 83,644,747 94,213,247 io3.347.2i6 90,198,136 103,292,893 144,189,213 389.790.537 307.55 2 .397 362,032,766 335.961,233 280,063,948 283,927,903 312,978,665 283,796,219 317,646,608 326,023,054 33 r . 777. 55 311,072,639 294,214,245 260,892,540 223,237,157 208,153,301 256,137.902 • 3 8 '777.394 ■ 50,809,146 55,642,172 52,906,506 66,007,707 77,037,188 67,023,126 76,449,862 102,397,171 239.079,825 193,790,311 201,850,055 192,929,317 144,262,133 163,084,358 ^.S^^o 179,848,427 200, 607, 040 213,320,768 221.536,852 201,404,023 190,186,929 191,486,831 186,209,646 J 9 2 . 338,337 253,827,267 In the year 1858, the year following the crisis of 1857, the prosperity and progress of Cincinnati was well marked. The growth of the city was manifested, not on- ly by the territorial extension of its population and busi- ness, but the erection of some of the finest buildings, public and private, then in the country. Commerce grew rapidly. Imports in coffee increased during the year eleven per cent ; of sugar, thirty per cent ; of molasses, sixty per cent. About one-sixth of all the sugar and one- seventh of all the molasses made in Louisiana that year came to Cincinnati, with one-eighth of all the Brazilian coffee product. Nor was importation of these staples in excess of the demand. Imports of wool increased one hundred and fifty-five per cent; of potatoes two hundred and sixty-nine per cent; of manufactured tobacco, nine- ty-six per cent; and so on. Exports increased in quite surprising ratio — horses, one hundred and forty-one per cent; dried fruits, one hun- dred and sixty per cent ; furniture, eighty-nine per cent; molasses sixty-one per cent. Decrease of exports was only observable in minor articles, as green apples, alco- hol, butter, eggs, and the like. In flour, however, there was a decrease, but only a slight one — seven per cent. In 1869, the river trade of this city, as compared with other cities on the river, made a very excellent showing. It was one hundred and sixty- nine million five hundred thousand dollars, against one hundred and fifty mil- lion dollars of imports and exports for Pittsburgh, one hundred and fifteen million dollars for Louisville, thirty million dollars for Wheeling, and forty million dollars for Paducah. This year crackers were exported to China, and candies to Greece. An immense volume of exports of provisions and breadstuffs was made to the Atlantic coast, but the largest export trade was still maintained with the South. Manufactured articles went mainly to the West and Southwest. Even houses were made here and exported in wholesale quantities to the Far West. The facilities for commercial intercommunication di- rectly tributary to Cincinnati were calculated at one hun- dred miles of canal, five hundred miles of railroad, one thousand six hundred of turnpike roads, and one thou- sand six hundred of common roads. The local commerce for 1873, about five hundred and forty million dollars, was nearly half of the commerce of the United States. The completion of the new Louis- ville and Portland canal, around the Falls of the Ohio, two or three years after, as also the removal of obstruc- tions from the river and the introduction of a light-house system, helped the commerce of Cincinnati. There was also a large reduction in the cost of wharfage at this city, and of tolls on the canal at Louisville. The law of Con- gress passed July 14, 1870, allowing direct importation of goods from abroad to Cincinnati, has greatly facilita- ted foreign transactions. A merchant here may now give his order for merchandise to be imported, and if his di- rections are followed with care, he will next hear of the order by the report of his goods through the Cincinnati custom-house. Under this arrangement the amount of imports and of duties paid has steadily increased from year to year. The total of direct importations entered at the port of Cincinnati in the fiscal year 1877-8 was six hundred and thirty-two thousand five hundred and twenty-eight dollars; in 1878-9 it was eight hundred and ninety-six thousand five hundred and forty-nine dollars; for 1879-80, nine hundred and ninety-eight thousand three hundred and seventy-two dollars, showing an in- crease of one hundred and one thousand eight hundred and thirty-one dollars, or nearly twelve per cent in favor of the last. The duties paid on direct importations in the three years successively, were two hundred and seventy- one thousand five hundred and ninety dollars and forty- three cents, three hundred and seventy-four thousand eight hundred and sixteen dollars and seventy-eight cents, four hundred and twenty-one thousand six hundred and seven dollars and seventeen cents. Besides the direct imports, there were also appraised at other ports, for HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 355 transportation to Cincinnati, goods to the value of eighty- three thousand two hundred and sixty dollars, sixty-eight thousand and seventy-three dollars, and ninety-three thousand nine hundred and ninety-four dollars, for the three years, respectively, with duties severally thirty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-one dollars and twenty- nine cents, thirty-eight thousand one hundred and sixty dollars and thirty-two cents, and fifty-three thousand three hundred and seventy-five dollars and eighty-five cents. The following table, for which we are also indebted to Superintendent Maxwell's last report, exhibits the receipts of flour and grain at Cincinnati, each year for the last quarter of a century : Y Flour Wheat Oats Barley Rye Corn Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. .Bushels. Bushels. 1856.. 546,727 1,069,468 403,920 244,792 158)220 978,511 '8S7-. 485,089 737,723 534,312 381,060 113,818 1,673,363 1858.. 633,318 r, 211, 543 598,950 400,967 64,285 1,090,236 1859. • S58.I73 1,274,685 557,701 455,731 82,572 1,139,922 i860.. 517,229 1,057,118 894,515 352,829 131,487 1,346,208 1861. . 490,619 1,129,007 838,451 493/214 157,509 1,340,690 1862.. 588,245 2,174,924 i,338,95o 323,884 247, 187 1,708,292 1863.. 619,710 1,741,491 1,312,000 336,176 138,935 1,504,430 1864.. 546,983 1,650,759 1,423,813 379,432 137,852 1,817,046 1865.. 671,970 1,678,395 2,358,053 542,712 190,567 1,262,198 1866.. 659,046 1,545,892 i,33 I >8o3 891,833 406, 188 1,427,766 1867.. 577,296 1,474,987 1,246,375 673,806 409,171 1,820,955 1868.. 522,297 780,933 912,013 602,813 218,385 *,4o5. 366 1869.. 571,280 1,075,348 1,125,900 853,182 385,672 1,508,509 1870. . 774,344 1,195,341 1,470,075 836,331 237,885 1,979,645 1871.. 705,579 866,459 1,215,794 809,088 289,775 2,068,900 1872. . 582,930 762, 144 1,160,053 1,177,306 357,3 9 1,829,866 1873-, 765*469 860,454 1,520,979 1,228,245 420,660 2,259,544 1874. . 774,916 1,221,176 1,372,464 1,084,500 385,934 3,457,164 i8 7 S-. 697,578 1,135,388 1,323,380 1,109,693 336,410 3,695,561 1876.. 636,504 1,052,952 1,441,158 1,551,944 500,515 4,"5,564 1877.. 540, 128 1,436,851 1,096,916 1,258,163 427,145 4,559,506 1878.. 606,667 3.405,"3 1,467,010 1,597,481 374,637 4,321,456 1879.. 613,914 3,834,722 1,398,572 1,180,652 489,780 4,359,549 1880.. 771,900 4,289,555 1,534,401 i,555,io7 573,925 5,744,246 Totals 15.468,911 38,662,428 29,987,558 20,322,842 7, 242, 023 58,311,493 THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. This body, one of the most important and influential of its kind in the world, was organized October 22, 1839, to -promote the amicable settlement of differences among the business men of the city. It then met but monthly, in the rooms of the Young Men's Mercantile library. The first board of officers was elected January 14, 1840, and was follows : Griffin Taylor, president ; R. G. Mitch- ell, Thomas J. Adams, John Reeves, S. B. Findley, Peter Neff, Samuel Trevor, vice-presidents; B. W. Hew- son, treasurer ; Henry Rockey, secretary. The presidents of the chamber since have been Lewis Whiteman, R. G. Mitchell, Thomas J. Adams, James C. Hall, N. W. Thomas, R. M. W. Taylor, James F. Torrence, Joseph Torrence, J. W. Sibley, Joseph C. Butler, George F. Davis, Theodore Cook, S. C. Newton, John A. Gano, Charles W. Rowland, S. F. Covington, C. M. Holloway, Benjamin Eggleston, John W. Hartwell, William N. Hobart, H. Wilson Brown, and Henry C. Urner. Its present objects are defined as to offer an occasion and place for the discussion of all leading questions of mer- cantile usage, of matters of finance, and of topics affect- ing commerce; also to collect information in relation to commercial, financial, and industrial affairs that might be of general interest and value; to secure uniformity in commercial laws and customs ; to facilitate business in- terests and promote equitable principles, as well as the adjustment of differences and disputes in trade. In 1846, a superintendent was appointed for the Mer- chants' Exchange, which was formed that year, and with which the chamber of commerce was consolidated; and his labors, especially in the preparation of annual reports, have been of great value to the united bodies. Mr. A. Peabody was the first superintendent, 1846-9; then came Richard Smith, 1849-54; William Smith, 1854-71 ; and Colonel Sidney D. Maxwell, r87i to date. This office is filled most capably and acceptably by Colonel Maxwell, whose reports are replete with statistics, and are accounted among the most valuable issued anywhere. The chamber was chartered in 1850. It has for along time occupied rooms at No. 22 West Fourth street, near the room of the board of trade and transportation. The Government building at the corner of Fourth and Vine streets has been purchased by the chamber and exchange for one hundred thousand dollars, and will be occupied as soon as vacated by the post-office, custom-house, and other Federal institutions now in it. The association has a reserve fund of forty thousand dollars in United States bonds. When Mr. James A. Frazer, a prominent mem- ber, died, he bequeathed five thousand dollars to the building fund of the chamber. The chamber co-operates with the board of trade and the Mechanics' Institute in sustaining the annual In- dustrial Exposition, and is represented on the board of Exposition commissioners. It subscribes liberally to the guarantee fund, and in 1875 offered a special premium of three hundred dollars in gold for the best display qf leaf tobacco at the Exposition of that year. Its charities have also been liberal. It gave a large sum to the Chicago sufferers; June 8, 1877, subscribed one thousand dollars for the relief of the inhabitants of Mount Carmel, Illinois, which was destroyed by a tornado; and, September 22, 1876, gave five thousand dollars for the yellow fever sufferers at Savannah, besides individual subscriptions. It is justly considered a very high honor to be elected an honorary member of the chamber. So far only ten honorary members have been chosen: Robert Buchanan (died April 20, 1879), Henry Probasco, Miles Green- wood, John H. Gerard, David Sinton, Reuben R. Springer, James F. Torrence, George Graham (died March 1, 1881), Charles W. West, and William Procter. OTHER EXCHANGES. In 1835, long before a railroad era came for Cin- cinnati, a Canal Produce exchange was established, mainly through the exertions of Reuss W. Lee. Josiah Lawrence was president; Henry Rockey, secretary. Its original meetings were held in the brick store owned by Major Daniel Gano, on the corner of Mound and Court streets, in which their quarters were rent-free after John Thompson bought the store. The Exchange was main- tained two years, and then declined, as its location was considered too far up town. It was closed for a year, and then revived and re-established, this time in the College building, on Walnut street, near Fourth. The Cotton Exchange occupies one of the rooms of 356 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the Chamber of Commerce, to which all its members be- long. It was founded in 187 1. The Grocers' Exchange holds its meetings monthly in the room of the board of trade and transportation. The Furniture Exchange is not far distant, meeting in Room No. 48, Pike's Opera house. A Coal Exchange has also been organized by the Cin- cinnati dealers in "black diamonds." CHAPTER XXXVI. BANKING— FINANCE— INSURANCE. The opportunity to write another book, and a pretty large one, is presented to any one who will treat in detail the history of these things, so important and weighty in the affairs of Cincinnati for nearly eighty years. We can in this chapter but put together some memoranda and extracts gathered in the course of our general investiga- tions. THE MIAMI EXPORTING COMPANY. The first banking institution in Cincinnati bore this unique title. It was chartered for the term of forty years at the very first meeting of the general assembly of Ohio, only five months after the admission of this division of the Northwest Territory into the Union as a sovereign State. The plan of the company was first mooted by that well known old settler, some years afterwards the donor of the ground upon which the court house and county jail stand — Mr. Jesse Hunt, who was himself an export- ing merchant. The agriculture and commerce of the infant west were then at their lowest point of depression, in which Cincinnati fully sympathized; and the direct ob- ject of the new institution was to reduce the difficulty and expense of transportation to New Orleans. Banking was at first a secondary matter, though its charter permitted the issue of a circulating medium, and its financial ope- rations subsequently became much more prominent than its commercial transactions. In 1807, indeed, on the first of March, it gave over all commercial schemes, and launched out into a financial career pure and simple. Its capital stock was one hundred and fifty thousand dollars — an immense sum for that day in Cincinnati — which was taken in one hundred dollar shares by one hundred and ninety holders. The official organization was quite similar to that of the banks of to-day. Eleven directors were chosen by the shareholders, who in their turn elected the president and the cashier. In 18 15 the Rev. Oliver M. Spencer, the boy hero of the Indian captivity of 1792, was president, and Samuel C. Vance was cashier. Dr. Drake, in his book of that year, said: "The reputation and notoriety of this institution are equal to that of any bank in the western country, and its dividends corres- pond, having for several years fluctuated between ten and fifteen per cent." Some of the later troubles of this institution are chronicled in our chapters on the annals of Cincinnati, and need not be recapitulated here. IN THE FATEFUL YEAR of 181 2 the finances and all kinds of business were again depressed, and the clouds of war hung darkly over the country. In the midst of general gloom the second bank in Cincinnati was started — the Farmers' and Mechanics'. It was founded in 18 12, and chartered the next year, but only for five years, or until the time when the charters of all banks in the State were to expire, except that of the Miami Exporting company. Its capital was the then handsome sum of two hundred thousand dollars, held in fifty dollar shares. The president, by the charter, must be one of the directors, and of these one-third were to be practical farmers, and another third practical mechanics. The taking name of the bank was thus better answered and justified than sometimes happens in the history of such institutions. William Irwin was President in r8i5, and Samuel W. Davies, afterwards the proprietor of the water works, cashier. By this time its paper was exten- sively in circulation, and dividends had been declared of from eight to fourteen per cent, a year. In 181 9 this bank was made the depository of the public moneys re- ceived at Cincinnati. Two years afterwards, and before the war had ended — in June, 18 14 — the Bank of Cincinnati was opened and began its issues. Money was now easily obtained, and was much more freely and abundantly in circulation. The proportion of capital to population is said, but prob- ably with exaggeration, to have been ten times greater than now. The capital stock of this bank was taken in fifty dollar shares, of which eight thousand eight hundred had been subscribed by the middle of 1815, and by three hundred and forty-five subscribers, who had actually paid in one hundred and forty thousand dollars. At first it had no charter, and was governed by twelve directors, with the usual executive officers. Mr. Ethan Stone was first president, and Lot Pugh cashier. Its notes were issued without stint, and went far and wide. AFTER THE WAR, During the struggle of 18 r 2-1 5 there was compara- tively little foreign merchandise imported into this coun- try, and American money staid at home. But upon the restoration of peace the sails of commerce again speedily whitened the high seas, and the unwonted abundance of money naturally led to unwonted extravagance, especi- ally in the purchase of foreign wares and luxuries. Thus the country was speedily denuded of coin, commerce and domestic trade were contracted, credits were destroyed, debts had to be collected by force, and presently set in the financial disasters and the monetary crisis which lasted from 1817 to 1823. Cincinnati had her full share of its ills. The Miami Exporting company, the woollen factory, the sugar refinery, the iron foundry in which Generals Harrison and Findlay and Judge Burnet had invested large blocks of their means — all the chief props of industry and trade iii the embryo city — went down be- fore the terrible rush of this panic. It was during this tristful period that Judge Burnet, heavily indebted to the branch bank of the United States, sacrificed to that all- grasping institution, in payment of his obligations, the HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 357 splendid property comprising the entire square upon which the Burnet house and the post office stand, now worth millions of dollars, for twenty-five thousand dollars. He had offered it to the corporation at a great bargain; but the over-cautious authorities in charge of the affairs of a new-fledged city refused to buy; so the grand op- portunity was lost. The successful founders and operators of John H. Piatt & Company's Bank, however, had means, responsi- bility, and the confidence of the community sufficient to start their institution not far from the fall of the general calamities upon the world of finance, in the year 1817. THE BRANCH BANK OF THE UNITED STATES. %he second bank established by the Federal Govern- ment received its charter from Congress in April, 18 16. The next year, on the twenty-eighth of January, a branch was opened in Cincinnati, and some months afterwards another was established in Chillicothe. This was in pur- suance of the visit of deputations from the principal towns of Ohio to secure the establishment of branches at their several places. The Cincinnati branch was at first the only bank in the place. It was opened as an office of discount and deposit in April, 181 7, withdrew from the field in October, 1820, and was re-established in May, 1825. In the years 1826-7 J. Reynolds was president, and P. Ben- son cashier. Gorham A. Worth, from New York city, ■ but long a resident here, was the original cashier, and had a good board of directors at his back. The State of Ohio asserted the right to tax these branch- es. A law was passed by the legislature fixing a levy of fifty thousand dollars upon each, if they should still be in business after September 15, 18 19. The auditor of State was authorized and directed to issue his warrants for the collection of the said amounts. When the time arrived, the branches still being in operation, the authorities pre- pared for the collection of the tax, but were temporarily prevented by an injunction procured by a bill of chancery in the United States circuit court, in the absence of the State auditor, Hon. Ralph Osborn, who, under advice of counsel, declined to appear as cited, upon the fourth of September, the day fixed for the hearing. He was en- joined from proceeding with the acts of collection, al- though the bank was at the same time required to give bonds to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars. A copy of the petition for an injunction was served by an agent of the Cincinnati branch upon the auditor, with a subpcena to appear before the court on the first Mon- day of the next January. He had, however, no copy of the writ of injunction allowed; and the auditor enclosed the other papers to the secretary of State, with his warrant for the tax levy, desiring that if, upon legal opinions, they did not amount to an injunction, he should have the warrant carried into effect — otherwise to take no further steps in the matter. The counsel of the State giving ad- vice that no injunction had been served — as was doubt- less the case, technically — the writ for collection was passed to Mr. John L. Harper, with instructions to de- mand payment at the bank, and, if refused, to take the requisite amount from its vaults, if he could do so with- out using force. If violently opposed, he was simply to depose to the facts before a magistrate. Mr. Harper, in company with Messrs. J. McCollister and T. Orr, entered the banking-house on the seventeenth of September, and made the demand, after making sure their means of ac- cess to the vault. He was refused, of course, but not met with force and arms, and quietly carried off ninety-eight thousand dollars in gold, silver, and bank notes, which were turned over to the State treasury three days later. The gentlemen making this seizure had now to con- front the majesty of Federal law, in answering to a charge of contempt of court, by violating the terms of the in- junction. They were arrested and imprisoned, and the money procured and returned to Cincinnati. After long delay, the case, upon an appeal to the United States su- preme court, received its final hearing in February, 1824, when a decision was rendered affirming the decree of the court below by which payment of the tax was refused. The State made no further effort at collection, though the bank was deprived for some years of the advantage of the State laws in the transaction of its business, particu- larly in making its collections ; and the legislature made a fruitless attempt to secure a change in the Constitution of the United States, removing such matters from the jurisdiction of the Federal courts. During the pendency of the case, in December, 1820, and the ensuing month, the following remarkable resolu- tions were also debated and passed by the Ohio Legisla- ture: That, in respect to the powers of the governments of the several States that compose the American Union and the powers of the Federal Gov- ernment, the general assembly do recognize and approve the doctrines asserted by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia, in their resolu- tions of November and December, 1798, and January, 1800, and do consider that their principles have been recognized and adopted by a majority of the American people. That this general assembly do assert, and will maintain, by all legal and constitutional means, the right of the State to tax the business and property of any private corporation of trade, incorporated by the Con- gress of the United States, and located to transact its corporate busi- ness within any State. That the Bank of the United States is a private corporation of trade, the capital and business of which may be legally taxed in any State where they may be found. That this general assembly do protest against the doctrine that the political rights of the separate States that compose the American Union, and their powers as sovereign States, may be settled and deter- mined in the supreme court of the United States, so as to conclude and bind them in cases contrived between individuals, and where they are, no one of them, parties direct. Thus is outlined one of the most interesting chapters in the history of banking and finance in Ohio. Within a few years after the foundation of this bank, and during the financial crisis above mentioned, its offi- cers received orders to put at once in suit every debt that was due and over-due. The execution of this order added immeasurably to the distress which the business men of Cincinnati were already suffering. Many of the best of them were ruined; the troubles were complicated and in many cases irreparable; and the community did not recover from the shock for many years. It was at this time that Judge Burnet was compelled to make the sacrifice of his home property mentioned in a former paragraph. 358 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Some interesting reminiscences of this period were con- tributed to Cincinnati Past and Present by the late Timo- thy A. Kirby: Cincinnati was one of the points selected in 1816 for a branch of the bank. The advent "of that institution, just after the close of the war, was at a critical time in financial affairs. Imports had been suspended for several years by the war, and home manufactures stimulated into a premature existence; but were then in process of being crushed out by an overwhelming avalanche of British goods poured into the country. The war debt was large, and that portion of it held at home supplied remittance bonds to pay balances abroad in lieu of specie; thus saving the bank from immediate pressure, while the country was being demor- alized] by improvident trade of a one-sided character. Gorham A. Worth took charge of the Cincinnati branch, supported by a local board of directors, one of the leading spirits of which was the late Hugh Glenn. The leading men of Cincinnati were largely indebted to the local banks; their resources were mostly in lands, estimated at high values. The notes and bills discounted by the branch bank became to a large extent mere transfers of previous debts from the local banks. Such a business was unsound, and of course resulted in disaster in about four years. By the year 1820 matters came to a crisis. The credit of many leading men was shaken, but still they were mostly sound in real estate assets, in case their lands maintained their values. At that day the merchants and business men of Philadelphia held Cin- cinnati in leading strings. It was of the utmost importance to the peo- ple of the small city to keep good faith and preserve the good opinion of the large city with which they traded. Unfortunately a little sharp practice on the part of a very small number of the people of Cincinnati had the effect to create an unjust prejudice at Philadelphia. In the course of business all the local banks became heavily indebted to the branch bank, and among these one under the management of wealthy Cincinnati and Newport men shut down, indebted one-third of a mil- lion or so to the branch. That was a large sum at that day; and to save it the head cashier was sent out, and was drawn into the accept- ance of lands at an enormous valuation from the local banks. The home directors and stockholders of the United States bank were in the belief that they had been imposed upon, and that Cincinnati and her lands were a bubble, maintained by the State valuation law and by the united action of a people indebted to insolvency. It may be safely said that this one settlement, made notorious by exaggeration, in its sub- sequent effects cost the people of Cincinnati millions of dollars in the unjust disparagement or depreciation of its lands, and consequent losses in after settlements and also to pay the heavy indebtedness to the merchants and banks of Philadelphia and elsewhere. The Cincinnati branch was promptly withdrawn, and the business closed up by an agency. Some of the heaviest claims were lost, being discounts of a wild character, while the good claims were collected for the most part in real estate. The titles of the property held by the bank were perfected as far as practicable, and after about two years the property was put on the market and sold in small parcels in install- ments favorable to the growth of the city, and in a careful manner, to protect the interests of the bank. In the year 1825, the.United States bank sent out to Cincinnati Peter Benson, to open another branch of their bank at Cincinnati, supported by a good local board of directors. They enforced specie payment, •compelled the local banks to keep their circulation within safe limits, and supplied exchange at fair rates. Their discount for notes and bills was for the most part done on a safe footing. There is no doubt that the general management of the Cincinnati bank, from 1824 to 1836, was highly advantageous to the business in the west. Mr. Biddle and his board of directors at Philadelphia succeeded admirably during the con- gress charter in sustaining the interests of the stockholders and in pro- moting the business of the country, Under the Pennsylvania charter they broke down and sunk the capital of the bank in their futile efforts to maintain specie payments in the face of an excessive foreign trade, stimulated to a disastrous extent by the government policy of the time. The bank should have suspended payment two years sooner, while their assets were sound and not have gone into the folly of remitting State bonds and other trash, to Europe, to meet the huge trade balances of that day. Colonel James Taylor, of Newport, a young man at the time, has vivid recollections of the career of this Branch bank, some of which he has courteously com- municated to the writer of these pages. ' He says : This bank was a large-sized shark, as it ate up all the small banks in the city — to-wit: The Maine Exporting company, the Farmers' and Mechanics' bank, and the Bank of Cincinnati, together with other banks in Ohio. Many citizens of Cincinnati were injured by the bank — among them General William Lytle (it broke him up), Judge Burnet, Mr. Carr, St. Clair, Morris, William Barr, and others. Lytle had to give up his homestead, now owned by Dr. Foster and others, and some tracts of land in Hamilton and Clermont counties. Burnet gave up his homestead, where the Burnet house stands. I know the bank made large sums of money out of its debtors. I, as well as my father, bought considerable property of the agent, taken for debts. The money was mostly made from vacant ground, taken and subdivided, and the rise of property. The bank wound up and established an agency, which existed over fifty years. George Jones was the first agent, in 1823 ; Herman Cope, the second; and Timothy Kirby, deceased, the third. Property was low in 1823-4, and their debtors were forced to give up property to a large amount. The bank, by rise and subdivision of property, made millions of dollars, and only wound up by Kirby a few years ago. This United States bank, instead of being a benefit to Cincinnati, was an injury, as it forced into bankruptcy the other banks in the city, and involved many of its most influential citizens. FINANCIAL NOTES. The local bank rule in 1819 was that "all notes for discount must be dated and deposited in the banks the day previous, before one o'clock p. M., except those for the Branch bank, which must be dated on Tuesday." The banking hours then were only from 10 a. m. to 1 p. m. Mrs. Charlotte Chambers Riske, formerly Mrs. Israel Ludlow, makes this entry in her journal for August 2, 1820: The depressed state of money matters creates much uneasiness among business men. The gentlemen have formed an association for the reduction of family expenses, superfluities of dress, amusements, etc. Mr. S. insisted upon the entire disuse of tea and coffee. Dr. D. [Drake, probably] argued against the tea measure. By 1829 the United States Branch bank, having now a capital of one million two hundred thousand dollars, was the only banking institution left in the city. A char- ter for another had been obtained at the previous session of the legislature, but the stock had not yet been sub- scribed. The Commercial bank was shortly started, at No. 45 Main street; Robert Buchanan, president. At the legislative session of 1 830-1 the Savings bank was in- corporated, and it was organized the following March, with George W. Jones president and H. H. Goodman secretary. Its habitation was at Goodman's Exchange office, on West Third street, near Main. The well-known Franklin bank of Cincinnati, for many years occupying the classic structure on Third street, near Main, bearing its name on the front, was in- corporated February 19, 1833, with a capital of one mil- lion of dollars. The Exchange bank was founded October i, 1834, at No. 154 Main street. The celebrated Ohio Life and Trust company was incorporated in February of the same year. This institution had very extensive powers — to make insurance on lives, grant and purchase annui- ties, make other contracts involving the interest or use of money and the duration of lives, to receive moneys in trust and accumulate the same, accept and execute trusts of every description, receive and hold lands for the transaction of business or such as may be taken in pay- ment of debts, buy and sell bills of exchange and drafts, and issue bills or notes to an amount not exceeding thrice the amount of the funds deposited with the company for HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 359 not less than a year, other than the capital stock. Twenty trustees managed the affairs of the company, each of whom, was a stockholder to the amount of at least five thousand dollars. The charter was not to be repealed or amended before the year 1870. By 1835 it had two mil- lions of capital and had become a powerful institution. In January, 1835, according to the tabular statement by the auditor of State, the banks of Cincinnati were the Ohio Life and Trust company, the Commercial, Frank- lin, and Lafayette. The capital of the first was put as we have stated in the preceding paragraph; that of each of the others was one million, which was all paid in for the Commercial and Franklin, but only one-fourth for the Lafayette. Judge Hall, the distinguished writer, was at this time cashier of the Commercial bank, and became its president in 1853. a view of 1831. The compilers of the city directory of 1831, just half a century ago, were moved by the state of the money market to say : Money for several years has been in great demand in Cincinnati. The banks discountmotes at six per cent. , and do a heavy business, but the market-price of money is much greater than that. As there are no usury laws in Ohio, money sells at its real value. Ten per cent, is now considered the market-price of money secured by mortgage, unless the sum loaned be very large. Upon personal security the rate of interest varies from one per cent, a month to three, the rate varying, of course, according to circumstances. The high rates at which money may be safely invested at interest, are gradually attracting the notice of eastern capitalists, to the great profit of our citizens and all concerned. It may startle eastern men to say that money can be borrowed to carry on any business at such high rates of interest, with profit; but there is no doubt of the fact. THE GREAT BANK BUILDING OF 1840. The time-honored edifice on Third street, to which we have just referred in connection with a brief notice of the Franklin bank, was thus paragraphed in 1840, when it was new, in a contemporaneous number of the Cincin- nati Chronicle: The new edifice for the accommodation of the Franklin and Lafayette banks of Cincinnati, has been completed. It stands on the north side of Third, between Main and Walnut streets — a very suitable location for the business of the city, but not the most eligible for the display of its magnificent portico, except when the observer is directly in front, on the opposite side of the street. The architect is Mr. Henry Walter, to whose skill and cultured taste many public and private edifices of this city bear testimony. Its portico was described as occupying the entire front of the building, with eight Greek-Doric columns, each four feet six inches in diameter. It was of the same style as the building for the Bank of the United States at Philadelphia, which was modeled from the Parthenon. It was built of freestone from the "banks of the Ohio river, near the mouth of the Scioto. The roof was covered with copper. It is a notable building in the financial history of Cincinnati. THE BANKS OF 1 84 1 were the Life and Trust company, keeping good its capital of two millions, with Micajah T. Williams for president, and James H. Perkins, cashier, the Franklin, with one million, John H. Groesbeck, president; William Hooper, cashier; the Lafayette, with one million, Josiah Lawrence, president, W. G. W. Gano, cashier; the Com- mercial, one million, James Armstrong, president, James Hall, cashier; the Bank of Cincinnati, G. R. Gilmore, president, George Hatch, cashier; the Miami Exporting Company (redivivus), with sixty thousand dollars capital, N. W. Thomas, president, J. M. Douglass, cashier ; Mechanics' and Traders' Bank, E. D. John, president, Stanhope Skinner, cashier; Exchange Bank, two hundred thousand dollars capital owned chiefly by Mr. John Bates, A. Barnes, cashier; the Branch Bank of the United States, Timothy Kirby, agent; Cincinnati Savings Institution, George W. Jones, president, P. Outcalt, cashier. The last-named received the smallest sums on deposit, and paid interest on all sums beyond five dollars. Cincinnati was now well provided with banks, at least in number and financial strength, and the respect ability of the men connected with them. Their aggregate capital was over six million dollars. The Life and Trust Com- pany was at the corner of Main and Third; the Com- mercial on the east side of Main; the Merchants' and Traders' on the east side of Main, between Third and Fourth, and the Franklin and Lafayette, of course, were in their own building on Third street. THIRTY YEARS AGO. In 1851 there were but six incorporated banks in the city : The Ohio Life Insurance and Trust company, still at the southwest corner of Main and Third streets, of which Charles Stetson was president and George S. Coe cashier. The Commercial bank, 132 Main street; Jacob Strader, president; James Hall, cashier. The Franklin Branch bank, north side of Third, between Walnut and Main street; J. H. Groesbeck, president; T. M. Jackson, cashier. Lafayette bank, near the Franklin Branch; George Carlisle, president; W. G. W. Gano, cashier. Mechanics' & Traders' Branch bank, 100 Main street; T. W. Bakewell, president; Stanhope S. Rowe, cashier. City bank, south side of Third, between Walnut and Vine; E. M. Gregory, president; J. P. Reznor, cashier. The aggregate of capital allowed for banking in the city of Cincinnati was so limited by the general assembly that the business of private banking had been greatly stimulated. A large number of banking-houses and brokers' offices had been opened, among the more prom- inent of which were the following: Ellis & Morton's, cor- ner of Third and Walnut; Burnet, Shoup & Company, northwest corner Third and Walnut; Phcenix Bank of Cincinnati, and George Milne & Company, on Third, between Main and Walnut; Merchants' Bank of Cincin- nati, first door from Third, on Walnut; S. O. Almy, on Third, near Walnut; T. S. Goodman & Company, Main, just above Third; Citizens' bank (W. Smead & Compa- ny), Main, between Third and Fourth ; Gilmore & Broth- erton, Main street, below Columbia; Langdon & Hatch, corner of Main and Court; B. F. Sanford & Company, corner of Fourth and Walnut ; and the Western bank of Scott & M'Kenzie, at the northwest corner of Western Row and Fifth street. This last seems to have been a long way out of the general centre of the banking busi- ness, which, it is worth while to notice, was concentrated 360 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. almost exclusively within two or three squares on Third, Walnut, and Main streets. One of the bankers of 1855, still in active business in the city, contributed the following to the historical num- ber of the Daily Gazette, April 26, 1879: Referring to your note of this morning, regarding the bankers of 1855, I called to my aid Mr. James Espy, to have my memory refreshed, and find the following list to comprise those now in the business who were here at that date: H. W. Hughes, then Smead, Collord & Hughes, now H. W. Hughes &Co. James Espy, then Kinney, Espy & Co., now Espy, Heidelbach& Co. J. D. Fallis, then Fallis, Brown & Co., now president of the Mer- chants' National bank. W. A. Goodman, then T. S. Goodman & Co., now president of the National Bank of Commerce. Henry Peachey, then teller Ohio Life & Trust Company, now presi- dent Lafayette bank. W. J. Dunlap, then Wood, Dunlap & Co., now cashier Lafayette bank. S. S. Rowe, then casher of the Mechanics' and Traders' bank, now cashier Second National bank. S. S. Davis, now S. S. Dayis & Co. Mr. James Gilmore is another of the old bankers, of a standing of forty years or more, who retired from busi- ness so lately as the latter part of the year 1880. By 1857 the City bank had been added, with its loca- tion at No. 8 West Third street. Cincinnati is recorded as having suffered less by the monetary crisis which shortly set in than any other city of importance in the country. Only one wholesale estab- lishment and a few retail houses succumbed to the pres- sure. The sales to country merchants in 1857 aggregated twenty-five millions, which betokened a fairly healthy state of things in Cincinnati and its tributary region. THE NATIONAL BANKS. The capitalists of Cincinnati availed themselves with reasonable promptness of the advantages of the National Bank act. By the first of December, 1863, there were fully organized and in operation, the First National, with a capital of $1,000,000; the Second, with $100,000; the Third, with $300,000; and the Fourth, with $125,000 cap- ital. The private banks the same year numbered twenty- seven, with a total capital of $723,599. The next year there were twenty-five private banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,566,510. In 1866, only three national banks were reported, with a capital of $900,000. In 1867, there were eight national banks, with $4,628,- 353 capital, and seventeen private bankSj with capital to the aggregate amount of $807,554. In 1868, report was made of only six national institu- tions, but with$3, 910,000 capital; nineteen private insti- tions, capital $2,841,400. The United States bonds and other securities exempted from taxation in Hamilton county this year, amounted to $4,875,000, being nearly one-fourth of the total amount exempted in the State of Ohio. In 1869, the national banks were still six, whose capi- tal had grown to $4,015,000. Twenty-one private banks were reported, with $3,089,410 capital. In 1870, one national bank had dropped out of there- ports, and the five remaining had a capital of $3,500,000. There were nineteen private banks, with $2,798,750 cap- ital. This status was maintained in i87r. In 1872, the five national banks had $4,100,000 capi- tal; in 1873, $4,000,000; in 1874, $4,185,014; and in 1875, $4,265,560. 19. The number of private banking institutions reported for these years, respectively, was seventeen, with $2,235,510 capital; nineteen, with $2,- 150,380; nineteen, with $2,295,747; and nineteen again, with $2,341,000. In the report of 1873 was included one savings bank, organized under the act of February 26, 1873, with $50,000 capital; and in the report of the next year one organized under the act of February 24, 1845, with a capital of $182,518. In the year 1876-7, nine national banks were reported to the State authorities, with a capital of four million, seven hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars, or an average of more than half a million apiece; seventeen private banks, capital two million and seven thousand dollars; two, savings institutions, fifteen thousand four hundred dollars; total, twenty-eight, with an aggregate capital of six million, seven hundred and forty-seven thousand and four hundred dollars. < 1877-8. — Nine national banks, four million five hun- dred thousand dollars; one savings, thirty thousand dol- lars; sixteen private, one million, six hundred and eigh- teen thousand one hundred dollars. Total, twenty-six ; capital, six million, three hundred and ninety-eight thou- sand, one hundred dollars. T878-9 — Nine national, four million four hundred and fifty thousand dollars; four savings, under act of February 24, 1845; n i ne private, six hundred and twen- ty-five thousand and' sixty-seven dollars. Total, twenty- two banks, with capital five million eight hundred and twenty-two thousand six hundred and fifty-six dollars. The figures given in the report of the board of trade and transportation, for the banking capital of Cincinnati at the close of the years 1877, '878 and 1879, var y somewhat from those given above. They are : 1877. 1878. 1879. Total national banks $4,400,000 $4,300,000 $4,100,000 Total private banks and bankers 2,428,000 2,168,000 1,465,000 Grand totals $6,828,000 $6,468,000 $5,565,000 October 14, 1880, the Citizen's National bank was or- ganized, with a capital of one million dollars, shared by ninety-four stockholders. Briggs S. Cunningham was elected president; G. P. Griffith, vice-president, and George W. Forbes, cashier. November 2 2d, of the same year, Gilmore's bank was consolidated with the National Bank of Commerce, upon which occasion Mr. James Gilmore, then the oldest banker still in existence in Cincinnati, retired from active service in the fields of finance. A MEMORABLE EVENT in the history of finance in this city is thus related in Kenney's Cincinnati Illustrated: "On the eighteenth of September, 1873, the well known failure of Jay Cooke & Company brought about the great panic of the year. On the twenty-fifth of the same month, the clearing-house association resolved, for the protection of the bankers, that payment of currency HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 361 on checks, except for small sums, should be temporarily suspended, and that bankers should certify checks drawn on balances, payable through the clearing-house only. On the thirteenth of October following, there was a general resumption, and within thirty days all the clearing-house certificates, amounting to over four hundred thousand dollars, which had thus been issued to facilitate business, were withdrawn and cancelled. Among the city bankers, so firm was their standing, and so ample their means, that there was not a disaster to mark the track of the commercial storm that passed through the country." THE CLEARING-HOUSE. The Cincinnati clearing-house association was organ- ized in 1866, with objects in the facilitation of banking business corresponding to those of clearing-houses in other cities. Mr. George P. Bassett has been its man- ager from the beginning. Its rooms are in the third story of the building 'No. 70 West Third street. In the financial year ending April 1, 1877, the aggregate clear- ings through this agency were $629,876,985, ranging from $45,255,742 in August, to $65,786,893 in Decem- ber. In the year 1877-8 the clearings were $587,019,- 030; 1878-9, $514,977,000, and in 1879-80, $614,275,- 807. The following named banks and bankers representing the present leading monetary institutions of Cincinnati, except the Bank of Cincinnati, which was merged with the new Citizens' National bank December 17, 1880 — were members of the Clearing-house association Sep- tember 1, 1880: First National benk, capital $1,200,- 000; Second National, $200,000; Third National, $800,000; Fourih National, $500,000; Merchants' Na- tional, $1,000,000; National Lafayette and Bank of Commerce, $400,000; Commercial, "200,000; Franklin, $300,000; Bank of Cincinnati, $100,000; Western Ger- man, $100,000; German Banking company, $250,000 ; Espy, Heidelbach & Co., $140,000; Seasongood, Sons & Co., $120,000; Joseph F. Larkin & Co., $115,000; H. W. Hughes & Co., $100,000; S. Kuhn & Sons, $50,000. Total capital of banks and bankers then in the Clearing House, $5,57S> 000 - The totals for the five years next previous were: 1878-9, $5,565,000; 1877-8, $6,468,000; 1876-7, $6,828,000; 1875-6, $6,785,000; 1874-5, $6,740,000. THE SAFE DEPOSIT COMPANY. This useful institution is situated in the Lafayette Bank building. It was founded in 1866, after the plan of the first deposit company in this country, established shortly before by Mr. Francis H. Jenks, of New York city. Mr. Samuel P. Bishop, as representative of a strong body of Cincinnati capitalists, spent a fortnight in Mr. Jenks' in- stitution in New York, and became fully possessed of the details of the scheme in every particular. Upon his return the Safe Deposit company was organized, the nec- essary legislation for such institutions secured, and Mr. Joseph C. Butler elected president and Mr. Bishop sec- retary. Mr. Bishop is still secretary. One-half of the Lafayette bank fire-proof building, forty-two feet front by one hundred feet deep, was secured by perpetual lease, and the plan of safe adopted. The latter, thirty- five feet long, seven feet high, and twelve and one-half feet wide (with the centre supported by iron), composed of five alternate layers of steel and iron, so put together that no screw or nut should penetrate through more than three layers, was undertaken to be constructed by Miles Greenwood. With all the appliances of his establish- ment, and with work much of the time night and day, so difficult was the system adopted of interlacing the elastic steel with the iron, that nearly eighteen months elapsed before the work was completed, and at a cost of nearly fifty thousand dollars for the safe alone. With four combination locks of James L. Hall & Company, and Dodds, Macneale & Urban, the company have sup- plied to the public what they undertook to do, although at greater expense than was anticipated. INSURANCE NOTES. The first local insurance company was started Novem- ber 25, 1816 — the Cincinnati — with a capital of half a million. William Barr was president, and John Jolley secretary. After this, little attention was paid to the formation of local insurance companies until about 1825. With the exception of the foreign agencies, the Louisville com- pany had practically the monopoly of the Cincinnati business, and hence its profits were enormous, and its stock became very valuable. A local company was formed about 1820, but it secured little business, and did not survive the subsequent commercial depression. The Ohio Insurance company was incorporated in Jan- uary, 1826, with a capital of two hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars, and the privilege of increasing it to five hundred thousand dollars. Two thousand and ten shares of fifty dollars each were promptly subscribed and paid in or secured. T. Goodman was made president, and Morgan Neville secretary. The new institution rap- idly acquired the confidence of the community, and built up a large business, with consequent appreciation of its stock. In January, 1827, the Cincinnati Equitable Insurance company was chartered, on the mutual insurance plan. Ezekiel Hall was its chairman or president; John Jolley secretary. Agencies were established in the Queen City. In 1825 the JEtna. Fire Insurance company, of Hartford, got in here with William Goodman for agent; and by 1827 the Protection, of Hartford, the Traders' Inland Navigation Insurance company, of New York (Thomas Newell, agent), and the United States Insurance com- pany (William Hartshorn, agent), had agencies in Cin- cinnati. In 1829, a later Cincinnati Insurance company was in- corporated, with two hundred and fifty thousand dollars capital, and power to double it; in 1832 the Firemen's; in 1836 the Washington, the Fire Department's and the Canal; in 1837 the Miami Valley; and in 1838 the Mer- chants' and Manufacturers' Insurance company, and the Commercial, were incorporated. The Cincinnati still survives, and celebrated its semi-centennial in April, 1879, being then the oldest joint stock general fire and 362 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. marine insurance company west of the Alleghanies; also the Firemen's, which has had but three presidents in its long career, and has always been a strong company; and likewise the Washington, the two companies of 1838, and the Miami Valley, which is fourth in age of all Ohio in- surance companies. The Eagle Insurance company, fire and marine, dates from 1850; the Citizens', from 185 1, as the Clermont County Fire, Marine and Life Insurance company, and 1858 under its present title; the National, also from 1851; the Western, from 1854, although a perpetual charter had been granted for it in 1836; the Union, from 1855, as the Mercantile Insurance company of Coving- ton, and in 1859 in its present name and place; the Ger- mania Fire and Marine, from 1864; the Enterprize and the Globe, from 1865; the Union Central Life, from 1867, owning the fire building at the corner of Fourth street and Central avenue; the Aurora and the Amazon, "from r87i; the Fidelity, from 1872; the Mutual Fire, from 1874. The Cincinnati Insurance company, of Cincinnati, is the oldest joint-stock general fire and marine insurance company organized west of the Alleghany mountains. The company celebrated its semi-centennial anniversary in April, 1879. In tne office of the company, at No. 81 West Third street, hangs an original copy of the Cincin- nati Commercial Daily Advertiser, containing the official announcement that the requisite amount of stock had been subscribed, and therefore the company was ready for business. The company has had a most remarkable career of success. For fifty years its dividends averaged thirteen per cent. ; in some years they reached thirty-two per cent. The total premiums received have been three million one hundred and three thousand and nineteen dollars and fifty-seven cents. The losses have been one million six hundred and fifty-four thousand five hundred and forty-three dollars and fifty-eight cents. The total dividends, one million four thousand five hundred and thirty seven dollars and twenty-three cents. The presi- dent, Jacob Burnet, jr., has held the office for the past ten years. The board of directors for 1829, under which the company was organized, was as follows: Josiah Law- rence, Joseph K. Smith, Lewis Whiteman, Benjamin Urner, William D. Jones, Thomas Reily, Elisha Brigham, William Neff, John T. Martin, William S. Hatch, Robert Buchanan, John W. Mason, David Kiljour, Michael P. Cassilly, William R. Foster. Elisha Brigham, president; William Oliver, secretary. The board for 1882 is as follows: A. H. Andrews, George W. McAlpin, Gardner Phipps, Matthew Addy, Joseph H. Rogers, John Kauffman, Jacob Burnet, jr., Edmund G. Webster, William Resor, jr., Briggs Swift, William H. Harrison, Charles Scbmidlapp, Nathaniel Newburgh, George I. King, Peter Rudolph Neff. Jacob Burnet, jr., president; Charles A. Farnham, secretary. CHAPTER XXXVII. THE POST OFFICE. "Do not send your packets by the mail as the ex- pense is heavy. The letter said to be forwarded by Major Willis was by him, or some other person, thrown into the post office, and I was obliged to pay six shillings and eight pence in specie for it." So wrote Jonathan Dayton, a prominent and wealthy citizen of New Jersey, and a member of Congress, September 8, 1789, to John Cleves Symmes, of the Miami Purchase. Postage was a pretty serious matter in those days, and the denizens of Losantiville and Cincinnati were not in haste to pay the charges levied for postal facilties. It was not until 1793, and one account definitely says the fourth of July, 1794, that the post office was established in the infant Cincinnati. Abner Dunn was the first postmaster. The hatfull of letters and occasional newspaper constituting the office were kept in his cabin, on the corner of But- ler street and the Columbia road, now Second street, be- yond Fort Washington and the Artificers' yard. The next year M. T. Green, of Marietta, contracted to carry the mails between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh, in a piroque or large canoe, propelled by poles and paddles. When going down the stream he carried also a little freight, and occasionally, for a small consideration, a passenger. When post offices were also founded in the interior of the Miami country they were supplied on horseback by William Olim, a son-in-law of the Cincinnati post- master. dunn's successors. Mr. Dunn died July 18, 1794, and was buried upon the lot where the office was kept. The next postmaster was William Maxwell, the well known editor, founder of the first newspaper established in Cincinnati, or the Northwest Territory, and publisher of the Territorial Laws. He was succeeded by Daniel Mayo, and then Major William Ruffin received the ap- pointment, and removed the post office to his dwelling, a red two-story frame house, at the corner of Lawrence street and the Columbia, which stood long after on Columbia and Plum street, a familiar object to the old settlers of Cincinnati, and a generation or two of their descend- ants. Major Ruffin was the first postmaster in this cen- tury — an urbane, gentlemanly, accommodating man, who made a popular officer. Some remarks of Dr. Drake concerning him, as the boy Drake saw him in 1800, are comprised in our annals of the second dec- ade. The mail was then brought by the river from Limestone (Maysville), in a pair of saddle-bags. The gallant major held the office for a number of years much longer than any of his predecessors — at least until T812, and probably far beyond that, to the incoming of his successor, the Rev. William Burke. SOME REMINISCENCES. May 17, 1799, a notice appeared in the Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette to the following effect: Post Office.— Notice is hereby given that a post office is estab- lished at Chelicotha. The persons, therefore, having business in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 363 that part of the country may have speedy and safe conveyance by post for letters, packets, etc. The mail was then carried to "Chelicotha" from Cin- cinnati on horseback, by an Indian trail through the woods. The Spy and Gazette was also enabled to announce, March 12, 1800, that a post-route had been established between Louisville and Kaskaskia, to ride once every four weeks — also that one had been opened between Nash- ville and Natchez. "This," said the pleased Spy, "will open an easy channel of communication with those re- mote places, which has heretofore been extremely diffi- cult, particularly from the Atlantic States. 1 ' Mr. James McBride, in his Pioneer Biography, gives a brief sketch of the early mail serivce between the Miamis, which is well worth quoting. He says : There was at that time [1804, when the post office at Hamilton was opened], and for many years afterward, only one mail route established through the interior of the Miami country. The mail was carried on horseback, once a week. Leaving Cincinnati, it passed through Ham- ilton, Franklin, Dayton, and as far north as Stanton (a town on the east bank of the Miami, opposite the site of the present town of Troy), thence through Urbana, Yellow Springs, and Lebanon, back to Cincin- nati. Afterward it was reversed, starting by way of Lebanon, and returning by Hamilton, but touching at the same points. There was then no post office west of the Miami river. A reporter for the Cincinnati Daily Commercial, late in December, 1874, collected and contributed to his paper some interesting reminiscences, gleaned from a de- scendant of the gentleman named in the following para- graph : In 1808-9 Peter Williams- had contracts for carrying the mails be tween Louisville and Cincinnati, Cincinnati and Lexington, Cincinnati and Chillicothe, and Cincinnati and Greenville, in Darke county. All these contracts were performed with pack-horses through the dense for- ests and along the "blazed" tracks or paths which, in those days, were called roads. The trip from Cincinnati to Louisville was generally performed in about two weeks time. The provender for the horses had frequently to be carried along, it being impossible to procure any on the way. So of the other routes to the difierent places named — every- where through the grand, dense forests, filled with wild games of all kinds. Our informant recollects many rude incidents which occurred on many trips he, as a boy, made with his father, and afterwards by him- self, as he became older, to Chillicothe, Greenville, Louisville, etc. Mr. Williams retained these mail contracts up to 1821, using pack-horses during the whole time, and only releasing them on the advent of the stage-coach, owners of which could afford to carry the mails at about one-half the price he was getting. In those early days the pack-horse was the only way in which supplies of every kind could be transported any distance; and Mr. Williams distinctly remembers that his father possessed the only wagon in the country around Cincinnati, and that, being of no use, was suffered to rot down in the barn. Among Mr. Williams' young mail-carriers was one who afterwards attained no small distinction — Mr. Samuel Lewis, of Cincinnati. The following paragraphs are ex- tracted from the life of Mr. Lewis by his son: After working a short time upon the farm, he was employed in carry- ing the United States mail— for which Mr. Williams had a contract at that time. His route was at first from Cincinnati to Williams- burgh, and afterward from the latter point to Chillicothe. This work often required seven days and two nights in the week, making the labor very severe. In addition to this, the creeks and small rivers along the route were to be forded, bridges at that period being out of the ques- tion. This was all done on horseback. The routes covered most of the country east of Cincinnati to the Scioto river at Chillicothe, and southward of this to the Ohio river, including Maysville, Kentucky. Over some of these streams, during high water, it was necessary to swim the horse; while often the attempt was accompanied with much danger. At one time, being compelled to swim his horse, he had se- cured ^the mail-bag, as he supposed, and commenced crossing the stream, swimming himself and leading the horse. When nearly over, the mail-bag, from some cause, became unloosed and floated off. His horse was fiwt to be secured, and then the mail. Its recovery and the renewal of his journey would have been speedy, but he was struck by a floating log in the water, and severely injured. Making his way with extreme difficulty to the shore, he succeeded in mounting his horse, and continuing his journey to the next town, which he reached completely drenched and exhausted, and where he remained for some days before he was able to renew his round. The accident unfitted him for his em- ployment for the time, and when he returned to Cincinnati, he was oc- cupied with other labor. A charming bit of poetry is infused into this other- wise dull record of the postal service, by the following extract from the journals for August, 181 6, of Mrs. Charlotte Chambers Riske, formerly Mrs. Israel Ludlow, of Ludlow's Station. She writes : I was awakened last night by the sound of distant music. The effect was enchanting. As it approached, images long since sunk in oblivion were restored, and produced harmonious and sublime associations. I arose to listen whence came the melody, and found that to Echo, tossed in rich undulations around the hills, I was indebted for the symphony. The mail-carrier, privileged to announce his coming with the bugle, was enjoying the fine effect of its clear note. The night was far ad- vanced, the moon was near the zenith, and profound was the silence in all quarters of the town. THE MAILS PER WEEK in 1815 were only nine. About seventy different news- papers and periodicals were taken at the Cincinnati office, aggregating about three hundred and fifty sheets a week. A great number of public documents, however, was re- ceived here, and most of the eastern periodicals were taken. In this year Major Ruffin, after more than fifteen years' administration of the postal affairs of the village, laid down his authority, which was transferred to "Father Burke," the old Methodist itinerant and presiding elder, afterward seceder from his church and proprietor of a meeting-house of his own, which he had bought of the pioneer Presbyterians, it being that in which they had first worshipped. In this he often preached; but was, withal, very much of a politician, at first a Jeffersonian, and finally a stalwart Jackson Democrat. He naturally turned to office-seeking after awhile; and was kept in office, under administrations of somewhat v'arient politics, for more than a quarter of a century, until, with the in- coming of the Whigs to power in 1841, the now old gen- tleman had to surrender his post to another. Mr. Elam P. Langdon was his deputy during much of this long period. By 1826 the local mails had increased to twenty per week, carried, in part, upon ten stages — three on the Chillicothe route, three each on the Lebanon and the Dayton and Columbus routes, and one on the route to Georgetown, Kentucky.' There were still ten horseback mails. The revenue of the office from postage that year was eight thousand one hundred and sixty-two dollars, and the volume of correspondence passing through it may be inferred to some extent by the fact that three thousand seven hundred and fifty free letters were de- livered during the same period. In the spring of the next year a new line of stages was established by way of Xenia, Urbana, Maysville and Bucyrus, to Lower Sandusky, where its mails were trans- 364 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ferred to a boat. Letters reached New York city by this route, eight hundred and thirty miles, in ten days. A daily line was also run to Wheeling, nearly over the sub- sequent line of the Cumberland or National road, reach- ing Baltimore in eight or nine days. The Odin roads were then accounted generally reliable and safe from May to November. During about the same time stages could be, and were, run from Cincinnati to Lexington, Ken- tucky, eighty miles. In the fiscal year of the Government, 1828-9, the rev " enue of the Cincinnati office reached twelve thousand one hundred and fifty dollars, having increased fifty per cent, within three years. There were twenty-three mails weekly — eighteen on stages, and five horseback mails. At the close of the year, however, the number had in- creased to thirty-two, only three of which were carried on horseback. About forty years after that {1867-8) the receipts of the office had swelled to two hundred and sixty-four thousand five hundred and eighty-seven dollars and forty-seven cents. The expenditures for salaries, etc., exclusive of the cost of free delivery, sixty-two thousand three hundred and six dollars and six cents, leaving the net earnings of the office two hundred and two thousand two hundred and eighty-one dollars and fourteen cents. The receipts and disbursements of the money-order de- partment were each over half a million dollars. The letters received for delivery numbered nine million three hundred and eight thousand, and for distribution twenty- eight million. The amount of mail matter daily handled was about twenty-five thousand pounds. There were about one hundred employes, including carriers, a force working by night, so that the office was incessantly in , action as it is now. The revenue of the office in the year 1829-30 was six- teen thousand two hundred and fifty-one dollars; in 1833-4, fifty-one thousand two hundred and twenty-six dollars and seventy-one cents; in 1839-40, fifty-five thou- sand and seventeen dollars and thirty-two cents; and in 1840-1, forty-nine thousand eight hundred and fifteen dollars and thirteen cents. By this time there were sixty mails a week to and from Cincinnati. The eastern went by way of Columbus and Wheeling; the southern on one route by steamer to Louisville, on another by stage to Georgetown and Lexington; the northern by Hamil- ton and Dayton; the Western by Indianapolis; and there were also Covington and Newport mails, Chillicothe via Hillsborough and Bainbridge, tri-weekly; to West Union tri-weekly, via Milford and Batavia; tri-weekly to Mays- ville, Kentucky, via New Richmond and Ripley; as often to Cynthiana, Kentucky, via Newport and Alexandria; weekly to Stillwell, by Mt. Healthy; weekly to Mont- gomery, via Walnut Hills; and tri-wqekly to Lawrence- burgh, via Burlington, Kentucky. THE OLD-TIME STAGING. Some racy reminisences of this are given by that most graphic of writers, Mr. Charles Dickens, as he had ex- perience of it upon the roads of Ohio soon after the date last given. He was then upon his return from the west, after a previous visit to Cincinnati. He says in his American Notes: We rested one day at Cincinnati, and then resumed our journey to Sandusky. As it comprised two varieties of stage coach travelling, which, with those I have already glanced at, comprehend the main characteristics of this mode of transit in America, I will take the reader as our fellow passenger, and pledge myself to perform the distance with all possible despatch. Our place of destination in the first instance is Columbus. It is dis- tant about a hundred and twenty miles from Cincinnati, but there is a macadamized road (rare blessing!) the whole way, and the rate of trav- elling upon it is six miles an hour. We start at eight o'clock in the morning, in a great mail coach, whose huge cheeks are so very ruddy and plethoric that it appears to be troubled with a tendency of blood to the head. Dropsical it certainly is, for it will hold a dozen passengers inside.. But, wonderful to add, it is very clean and bright, being nearly new, and rattles through the streets of Cincinnati gaily. Our way lies through a beautiful country, richly cultivated, and luxu- riant in its promise of an abundant harvest. Sometimes we pass a field where the strong, bristling stalks of Indian corn look like a crop of walking sticks, and sometimes an enclosure where the green wheat is springing up among a labyrinth of stumps; the primitive worm fence is universal, and an ugly thing it is; but the farms are neatly kept, and, save for these differences, one might be travelling just now in Kent. We often stop to water at a roadside inn, which is always dull and silent. The coachman dismounts and fills his bucket, and holds it to the horses' heads. There is scarcely ever anyone to help him; there are seldom any loungers standing round, and never any stable-company with jokes to crack. Sometimes, when we have changed our team, there is a difficulty in starting again, arising out of the prevalent mode of breaking a young horse; which is to catch him, harness him against his will, and put him in a stage coach without farther notice; but we get on somehow or other, after a great many kicks and a violent strug- gle, and jog on as before again. Occasionally, when we stop to change, some two or three half- drunken loafers will come loitering out with their hands in their pockets, or will be seen kicking their heels in rocking-chairs, or sitting on a rail within the colonnade; they have not often anything to say, though, eithej to us or to each other, but sit there, idly staring at the coach and horses. The landlord of the inn is usually among them, and seems, of all the party, to be the least connected with the business of the house. Indeed, he is with reference to the tavern, what the driver is in relation to the coach and passengers; whatever happens in his sphere of action, he is quite indifferent, and perfectly easy in his mind. There being no stage coach. nans. day, upon the road we wished to take, I hired an extra, at a reasonable charge, to carry us to Tiffin ; a small town from whence there is a railroad to Sandusky. This extra was an ordinary four-horse stage coach, such as I have described, changing horses and drivers, as the stage coach would, but was ex- clusively our own for the journey. To insure our having-horses at the proper stations, and being incommoded by no strangers, the proprie- tors sent an agent on the box, who was to accompany us the whole way through; and thus attended, and bearing with us, besides, a ham- per full of savory cold meats, and fruit, and wine, we started off again, in high spirits, at half-past six o'clock next morning, very much de- lighted to be by ourselves, and disposed to enjoy even the roughest journey. It was well for us that we were in this humor, for the road we went over that day was certainly enough to have shaken tempers that were not resolutely at set fair, down to some inches below stormy. At one time we were all flung together in a heap in the bottom of the coach, and at another we were crushing our heads against the roof. Now, one side was down deep in the mire, and we were holding on to the other. Now the coach was lying on the tails of the two wheelers; and now it was rearing up in the air in a trantic state, with all four horses standing on the top of an insurmountable eminence, looking coolly back at it, as though they would say "unharness us. It can't be done." The drivers on these roads, who certainly got over the ground in a manner which is quite miraculous, so twist and turn the team about in forcing a passage, corkscrew fashion, through the bogs and swamps, that it was quite a common circumstance on looking out of the window to see the coachman with the ends of a pair of reins in his hands, apparently driving nothing, or playing at horses, and the lead- ers staring at one unexpectedly from the back of the coach, as if they had some idea of getting up behind. A great portion of the way was over what is called a corduroy road, which is made by throwing trunks of trees into a marsh and leaving them to settle there. The very slight- est of the jolts with which the ponderous carriage fell from log to log was enough, it seemed, to have dislocated all the bones in the human HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 365 body. It would be impossible to experience a similar set of sensations, in any other circumstances, unless, perhaps, in attempting to go up to the top of St. Paul's in an omnibus. Never, never once that day, was the coach in any position, attitude, or kind of motion to which we are accustomed in coaches. Never did it make the smallest approach to one's experience of the proceedings of any sort of vehicle that goes on wheels. Still it was a fine day, and the temperature was delicious, and though we had left summer behind us in the west, and were fast leaving spring, we were moving towards Niagara and home. We alighted in a pleas- ant wood towards the middle of the day, dined on a fallen tree, and leaving our best fragments with a cottager and our worst with the pigs who swarm in this part of the country like grains of sand on the sea- shore, to the great comfort of our commissariat in Canada, we went forward again gayly. As night came on, the track grew narrower and narrower, until at last it so lost itself among the trees, that the driver seemed to find his way by instinct. We had the comfort of knowing, at least, that there was no danger of his falling asleep, for every now and then a wheel would strike against an unseen stump with such a jerk, that he was fain to hold on pretty tight and pretty quick, to keep himself upon the box. Nor was there any reason to dread the least danger from furious driving, inasmuch as over that broken ground the horses had enough to do to walk; as to shying, there was no room for that; and a herd of wild elephants could not have run away in such a wood, with such a coach at their heels. So we stumbled along quite satisfied. THE LINE OF POSTMASTERS. Following those we have named, came Major William Oliver, successor to Father Burke under the Whig ad- ministration in 1 84 1. Then in 1845 General W. H. H. Taylor, with Mr. Elam P. Langdon still assistant. The city had now two carrier districts for penny postal delivery, with Fourth street as the dividing line. Mr. Joseph Haskell delivered mail matter to all residents to the north of it; Hiram Frazer to the south of the line. Mr. James C. Hall was postmaster in 1852. From 1853 to 1859 Dr. John L. Vattier was post- master. The office had been long kept by Mr. Burke, and perhaps his successors, on West Third street, between Main and Walnut; but the doctor removed it to the Art building at the northwest corner of Fourth and Sycamore.. In 1856, during his administration, the Government building on the southwest corner of Fourth and Vine was completed, and the office was removed to it, where it has since remained, now for just a quarter of a century. This building was sold, however, November 27, 1880, to the Cincinnati chamber of commerce for one hundred thousand dollars, to be occupied by the chamber upon its vacation by the Government, when the new Federal building on the north side of Fifth street, between Walnut and Main, shall be completed. The Hon. James J. Faran, formerly member of Con- gress, became postmaster in 1859, w i' n E. Penrose Jones as assistant, and William Winters, cashier. There were now eight carrier districts. The successors of Mr. Faran have been Thomas H. Foulds (William Carey, assistant); Gustav R. Wahle (Joseph H. Thornton, assistant), and John P. Loge, who assumed the office in 1878, and is postmaster at this writing. He also continued Mr. Thornton in the post of assistant. The Cincinnati office, in February, 1881, was handling about seventy thousand letters per day mailed in the city. The number of letters received daily was about ' one hunered thousand. In the handling of newspapers and periodicals the city ranks next to New York and Chicago. The total receipts for 1880 were $520,676.27, against $472,733,03 in 1879. The expense of conduct- ing the office was 32.47 per cent of its income in 1880, against 34.48 in 1879, 34.54 in 1878, and 34.67 in 1877. Letters and postal cards to the number of 24,283,325 were mailed during the year; 24,956,336 newspapers, etc., to subscribers, and circulars and transient news- papers, etc., 13,803,380; packages of merchandise, 254, 770 — a gain of fifteen per cent over 1879. The number of carriers employed in the city was eighty-one. CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE LOCAL MILITIA.— THE FIRST APPOINTMENTS. Among the earliest arrangements that were made in this part of the Ohio valley for government organization was provision for a militia force. During the visit of Governor St. Clair to Fort Washington, January 24, 1790, to erect the county of Hamilton and change the name of Losantiville to Cincinnati. Among the ap- pointments he made were those of a number of officers of the local militia — Israel Ludlow, John S. Gano, James Flinn, and Gershom Girard, to be captains; Francis Kennedy, John Ferris, Luke Foster, and Brice Virgin, lieutenants; Scott Traverse, Ephraim Kibby, Elijah Stites, and John Dunlap, ensigns. These provided for all the hamlets along the river in the Miami purchase, Columbia, Cincinnati, and North Bend. Gano and Flinn, for example, were of Columbia; Ludlow, of Cin- cinnati; and Virgin of North Bend. The other appoint- ments were similarly distributed. Their companies, four in number, were to form the nucleus of the first regiment of militia of the county of Hamilton. On the seventh of December following Scott Traverse was promoted to lieutenant, vice Kennedy, resigned; and Robert Benham, the hero of a desperate Indian attack upon the site of Newport some years be- fore, was made ensign in the place of Traverse. Both of these were in Ludlow's company. December 10, 1791, a further organization of the battalion was effected by the appointment of Oliver Spencer as lieutenant colonel. Brice Virgin was at the same time made a captain, Daniel Griffin a lieutenant, and John Bowman an ensign, or second lieutenant. MILITIA REGULATIONS. Months before St. Clair came, the exigencies of the situation in a savage wilderness made necessary a spon- taneous and informal organization of citizens for war. Regulations were adopted at Columbia, and it is prob- able also at Cincinnati, requiring every adult male person to provide himself with a serviceable firearm, one pound each of powder and lead, sixty bullets, and six flints. He was obliged to keep his arms and equipments in good order, and to meet his fellows for parade, drill, and the 3 66 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. manual exercise, twice a week. If a gun was fired after sunset it was to be considered a signal of alarm, upon which every man must equip himself and repair to the place of rendezvous. Similar provisions, indeed, for the protection of the settlements were made by the Territorial laws. In Au- gust, 1788, among the very first laws passed by the governor and judges at Marietta, was one providing for the armament of all male inhabitants over sixteen years of age, and that they should meet every Sunday fore- noon at the places appointed for public worship, there to be inspected and drilled. It was further directed, by a law of July 2, 1791, that every person enrolled in the Territorial militia should arm himself whenever he at- tended public worship, "as if marching to engage the enemy," on penalty of a fine. BATTALION ORDERS. After his resignation from the United States army, General Harrison was made chief officer of the Territo- rial militia, with headquarters at Cincinnati. The follow- ing order, with a private note to General (then Colonel) John S. Gano, emanated from him: Cincinnati, September 24, 1798. General Orders: The secretary of the Territory, now vested with all the powers of governor and commander in chief of the same — will, on Tuesday, the twenty-fifth instant, review the First battalion of militia of Hamilton county. The battalion is to be formed for this purpose at three o'clock, on some convenient spot of ground near to Major Ludlow's. Arthur St. Clair, jr., and Jacob Burnet will act as aids-de-camp to the commander in chief on this occasion, and are to be respected and obeyed accordingly. William Henry Harrison, Commander in Chief Militia Northwest Territory. Will Colonel Gano please to fill up the blank in the above order with the hour which he may think most convenient, and let me know the one fixed on. W. H. H. Lieutenant Colonel Gano, commander First battalion Hamilton county militia. Another battalion order, dated May 13, 1799, and published in the Spy and Gazette four days afterwards, proclaimed that — The lieutenant colonel again calls on the officers of every grade to exert themselves in exercising and teaching the men the necessary ma- noeuvres as laid down in Baron Steuben's Institutes, etc. And it is hoped thatlhe delay of the battalion may have a good effect; that is, that the indicated farmers may have time to put in their summer crops, and the indicated officers, at their company parades, may improve their men in exercising them, so that they may be distinguished when the bat- talion is formed, which will be on the Fourth of July, next. By order Daniel Symmes, Lieutenant and Adjutant. The "glorious Fourth'' rolled around in the fullness of time; and "Spectator" makes report to the Spy that "the battalion paraded accordingly;'' that "two or three companies on foot were in uniform, and a troop of horse, about thirty in number, mostly so also, the whole being reviewed by his excellency, William Henry Harrison, governor of the territory pro tempore.'' The militia of the village and county came in a few years to number about eight hundred, organized in five companies, one of which was light infantry. James Smith — "Sheriff Smith" — is said to have been captain of the first light infantry company raised in Cincinnati, which was probably this one. He was afterwards pay- master in the First regiment, Third detachment, Ohio militia, in the War of 181 2. The five companies above mentioned composed an odd battalion, attached to the First brigade, First division, Ohio militia. They were re- quired to occupy two days in the spring for muster and training, and four days in the fall, two of which were de- voted to a school of instruction for the officers. "heads up!" The following notice appeared in the Spy and Gazette for July 16, 1800: HEADS UP, SOLDIERS ! Those gentlemen who wish to join a volunteer light infantry company are requested to meet at Mr. Yeatman's tavern. The company was accordingly organized, and was that commanded by Sheriff Smith, as before noted. There seems to have been a little of the holiday soldier about its members, for a subsequent notice in the Spy reads: "In consequence of rain, the muster, etc., of the Cincin- nati light infantry is postponed." GENERAL FINDLAY. In August, 1804, General James S. Findlay, of Cin- cinnati, received his election in the First division of Ohio militia; which was the occasion of the following letter from Governor Tiffin to General Gano, commander of the division : Chillicothe, August 31, 1804. Dear General — I have just received yours of the twenty-eighth inst., enclosing the returns of General Findlay's election, and herewith you will receive his commission. 1 am glad to hear you are now nearly completing your very laborious task of organizing your division. Do pray push forward with the same zeal and industry you have uni- formly manifested until it is completed. If you knew the trouble and plague I have with other divisions you would pity me, and Yours, very respectfully, Edward Tiffin. IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND NINETEEN the local militia consisted of the Cincinnati light dra- goons, our old friends the light infantry, and the Cincin- nati. The Gazetteer of that year says: "These compa- nies are organized within the corporation, are handsomely uniformed, and are well acquainted with military tactics. Their appearance is nowise inferior to the European militia." The biography of Mr. William Robson, Queen City militia man of the ancient days, prepared for Cincinnati, Past and Present, includes the following reminiscences : It may not be amiss to give, at this point, his reminiscences of the old-time drill in Cincinnati. When about eighteen years old— in 1821 —he was ordered out to drill with the men, and the grotesque figure that they cut with their implements of warfare made an indelible im- pression upon his mind, which, we apprehend, was imbued with a keen sense of the ridiculous. It appears that the State was either too poor ' to furnish them with firearms, or else withheld them for fear they would hurt themselves; and so their only weapons were sticks and cornstalks. The commons on which the muster took place extended from Walnut street to Plum street, and from Seventh street to Hamilton road. There were then but two or three houses on the land within these lim- its. One of there was a public house kept by "Mother Mohawk," called the "Hop Yard," on Plum street, west of what is now Washing- ton park. This was the great place for holding Dutch balls on Satur- day nights; and was principally frequented by the hatters and butchers who generally indulged in a free fight when a considerable number be- longing to each fraternity would meet, the object being to get posses- sion of the ranch and girls. On one occasion the regiment was being HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 367 formed under the command of Colonel Z. Biggs, where the canal runs east and west. The colonel was dressed in blue cloth coat, with large yellow facings, and was mounted on a very spirited horse. Non-com- batants had assembled in large numbers to witness the manoeuvres of the nondescript soldiers and add interest to the frolicking day, when the colonel gave the order for them to "swing" so that the regiment would front to the westward. This order, according to one of the rank and file, was "obeyed right gallantly." But the Independent Press, under the following lines: " Charge! charge! with mutual voice they cry, And rush to battle bloody — " adds additional comment on the doings of that day, by saying that they made great havoc on hogs, dogs, grasshoppers and boys; and, as their colonel had desired, were stopped in their course of destruction by a post-and-rail fence; and remarks that if the fence had not been there, they would have been charging still ! The comical musters of that day easily gave " Horace in Cincinnati" a tempting field for the exercise of his tal- ents; and among the satires contributed by Mr. Pierce to the Independent Press was the following. Most of the characters named will be recognized by the readers of this history : MILITIA MUSTER 1 82 2. BY HORACE. "All the cobblers, tinkers, and tailors of the city had mounted the nodding plume." "See, Will," said Jack (they had went out With curious eyes and hearts right stout, To view the gallant, joyous rout, Drawn up for deeds of chivalry), "See, first comes Findlay, doughty knight, Arrayed in casque and goose-plume white, Cloth coat, buff vest, and breeches tight, Commander of the field; "Jim Wallace on his left elbow, A man who fears not pigmy foe; And on his right Sir Dan Gano, Who well & pen can wield." They take their post by spreading tree, That they may view and better see The movements of the host; And see ride up fierce Colonel Carr, The foremost always in a war 'Gainst pancakes, steak, and toast; ' ' With Ferris clad in tough bull-hide, Bold Scott upon his larboard side, Who can a brandy buffet 'bide, As well as stalwart blows. 1 ' There's Churchill, who will break a lance, , Give him but fair and knightly chance, With any foe that dare advance Against his fiery nose. " See brave M'Farland lead the van, Chief of a cruel, butchering clan, Dabsters among calves and sheep; And just behind, Sir Charley Hales, Chivalric knight at auction sales, In physic wondrous deep. "And here's the youthful Whittemore, Well skilled in merchant's mystic lore; Tho' young, he's heard the cat-gut's roar And kens a yardstick's strength. "There's valiant Doughtrough in his rear, Who's thrown aside cakes, bread, and beer, And now is buckled to a spear Of thirty inches length. "Behold stout Nutting strut, The knight of the capacious gut, His height just five feet three; And, last of all— but hold! hark! Is that the war-dog's surly bark? For Mars' sake, look and see!" Said Will, " It is the slogan yell, That on the air does loudly swell — Look! they have broke their line! See how they run! — see how they fly, Shouting loud their battle-cry, 'Byjing, it's dinner time!' "Voracious Carr is at their head, Doughtrough' s hard by, he'll ne'er be led In foray 'gainst a loaf of bread — By the powers of mud, not he ! ' ' ' Charge, Doughtrough, charge ! Ye head of gourd ! ' Was Colonel Carr's last fighting word. " THE MILITIA OF EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIX, in the Fourth of July parade of that year, were noted as the Cincinnati Hussars, Captain Norsell; the Washing- ton Artillery, Captain Brinkerhoff ; the Lafayette Grays, Captain Harrison; and the Cincinnati Guards, Captain Emerson. None of these companies have survived to the present time. A NOTABLE COMPANY. The most famous military organization which the city ever had, is said to have been the Rover Guards. The daily Commercial of October 31, 1880, gives the follow- ing outline history of this command : Prior to 1852, when the present paid fire department of our city was organized, the force afforded protection from fire was a volunteer one with hand engines. A noted company of firemen was that of the Rovers, located on East Fourth street, near Broadway. Their engines were of the best make and the most elaborate finish, and named the Red Rover, the Pilot, and the Water Witch. The company was com- posed of the elite of the city. When the volunteer fire department was disbanded in 1852, the company resolved to perpetuate their name by forming a military company, to be known as the Rover Guards. The uniform of the company, as many will remember, was. the most brilliant and showy that taste could devise and money purchase. It was made of scarlet cloth, faced and trimmed with buff and gold, with black bear skin shako of the grenadier pattern. In a few years their name was a familiar one all over the country. Before the war of the Rebellion was inaugurated, a. disagreement in the company was followed by a withdrawal of many members, who formed another com- pany, the noted Guthrie Greys. When news of the firing on Fort Sumter was received, in April, 1861, President Lincoln, by proclamation, called for seventy-five thou- sand volunteers for defence of the National capital. The very first to volunteer were the famous Rover Guards, who left Cincinnati for the war the very day after the proclamation came by telegraph. The mem- bers left their offices, their work-shops, their counting-houses, and their families, and volunteered en masse. Under the command of Captain George M. Finch, they became company A, of the Second regiment of Ohio volunteers, and served in the Army of the Potomac. Other members organized a second company the day following, which, under the command of the late Captain H. E. Symmes, became com- pany C, of the Fifth Ohio volunteers. Still later in the war, the company name was perpetuated by a third organization, under command of Captain M. S. Lord, who served as company D, of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ohio volunteers. Many men who gained their first knowledge of military tactics, and acquired their high ambition for military glory and renown while serv- ing in the ranks of the Rover Guards, became officers in different regi- ments of the service until it might be said that thousands and thousands of patriotic soldiers were organized and commanded during the war by members of this historic company. An effort was made, in the fall of 1880, by the few re- maining members of the guards yet left in Cincinnati, to form a life association of the veterans. 3 68 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. LATER ORGANIZATIONS. In 1857-8, all the regularly organized volunteer troops in and near Cincinnati were comprised in the Third bri- gade, Frst division, Ohio volunteer militia, under the command of Brigadier General Charles H. Sargent. His staff was composed of Brigade Major W. C. Thorp, Brigade Quartermaster Captain E. P. Jones ; and Cap- tain C. B. Williams, aid-de-camp. "Rover Regiment A" had for field officers and regimental staff Colonel John Kennett, Lieutenant Colonel Vanaken Wonder, and Ma- jor T. W. Haskell; Lieutenant J. B. Stockton, adjutant; H. G. Kennett, quartermaster; William Niswell, pay- master. Its companies were : Young American artillery, Captain A. G. Kennett; Fulton artillery, Captain J. T. Cushing; Cincinnati Rover dragoons, Captain H. W. Burdsell ; Cincinnati Rover guards, General C. H. Sar- gent commanding; Fulton guards of Liberty, Captain A. E. Jones; Texas guards of Liberty, Captain L. Wilson; Crockett rangers, Captain J. J. Dennis; Washington Rifles, Captain Little; Invincible Rifles, Captain William Craven. The First Independent regiment had F. Linch for colonel, Frank Smith, lieutenant colonel, and Charles Snyder, major; but seems to have been, for a time at least, without staff officers. The companies were: the Washington dragoons, Captain Frank Smith; Lafayette guards, Captain P. Mueller; Jackson guards, Captain Joseph Kuhule; German sharpshooters, Captain C. Sol- omons; German Liberty guards, Captain Frank Miller; German Yagers, Captain John Schram; Steuben guards, Captain C. Amis; Cincinnati cadets, Captain J. A. Kel- ler. The Cincinnati Independent battalion, attached to the brigade, had Major James Reynolds for commander and Lieutenant John O'Dowd, adjutant. Its five com- panies were the Sarsfield artillery, Captain Tiernon; Sars- field guards, Captain Levy; Shield's guards, Lieutenant Thomas Lavender commanding; Republican guards, Captain McGroarty; and the Queen City cadets, Cap- tain J. W. Burke. The Independent Guthrie Grays, Cap- tain William K. Bosley, was not attached. It afterwards formed the nucleus of one of the earliest and finest regi- ments raised for the war of the Rebellion in Cincinnati. The remainder of the list is noticeable for the number of the names it contains of those who distinguished them- selves in that great struggle. The number of militia companies formed in and about Cincinnati during and since the war thickens too rapidly for us to follow their history. The Ohio National guard, as is well known, was formed in the course of the con- flict, the order for its formation being received in the city April 4, 1863, and responded to with all desirable promptness. The First battalion of the guards is a Hamilton command. Company B is called the Lytle guards, from General W. H. Lytle, who fell at Chicka- mauga. It was formed in August, 1868. Company C was formed in 1868 as a company for a Zouave battalion, and reorganized in 1872 as the Cincinnati Light guard. Company D was recruited in 1874 as the Queen City guards. Company E, the Harrison Light guard, belongs to Harrison, in the northwest part of the county, where it has its armory. July 4, 1876, the First regiment, Ohio National guard, went into camp at Oakley, near the city, where it remained for instruction and dicipline three days. The Sniton cadets, named from a well known citizen, were organized in the spring of 1875. The Cincinnati Jaeger company (German) was formed the same year; also the Camp Washington dragoons. Several private volunteer German companies are known as the Turnverein cadets. In addition to the companies of the National guard in the city, the police force is regularly drilled in the manual of arms, to serve upon occasion. A Gatling gun, purchased during the disturbances by the railway em- ployes in 1877, is also the property of the city, and is kept in readiness for use. CHAPTER XXXIX. AMUSEMENTS. The colonists of Losantiville, battling with the wilder- ness and the Indians, struggling against the forces of na- ture in their effort to found a home in the forest by the shore, had little time or opportunity, if they had inclina- tion, for public amusements. The recreations character- istic of the backwoods and the frontier were of course theirs; and, with the growth of the years and the plant- ing of settlements more thickly along the Ohio valley, so that concert troupes and other caterers to the popular tastes could make something like "a tour" in the new country, the era of public entertainments set in. The first reliance, however, was naturally upon home resources and talent. The officers at the fort were a gay and ver- satile party, and often gave dramatic performances, or cooperated with such of the villagers as had set amateur theatricals on foot. The tedium of garrison and back- woods life was greatly relieved by their aid. THE THESPIANS. In 1801 we begin to hear more definitely of amateur theatricals in the little town, and the formation — at any rate, the existence — that year, of a home company of Thespians. It was probably composed, in good part, of officers of the garrison, since the place of meeting and performance at this time was in the artificers' yard of the fort. Four years afterward, when the troops had evacu- ated the fort, we learn of Messrs. Thomas H. Sill, Ben- jamin Drake, Dr. Stall, Lieutenant Totten, and others, as members of the band. Their rendezvous at this time was the loft of the stable on General Findlay's premises back of the present site of the Spencer house. The next year they gave a performance of "The Poor Gen- tleman " in a stone stable, very likely the same. Yeat- man's tavern was not far distant, and a noteworthy allu- sion was made to his famous sign, in the following couplet from the prologue: To call in customers we need to raise no rumpus; You can't mistake the sign; 'tis Yeatman's square and compass. ~)*z<£& ■ewii^) HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 369 General Findlay delivered an address at the opening of the entertainment; and Major Zeigler, who was then president of the village, made a splendid figure as door- keeper, in knee-breeches, with cocked hat and sword, in the good old-time manner. THE CINCINNATI THEATRE. • A performance at the "Cincinnati Theatre'' was regu- larly announced in the Western Spy and Hamilton Ga- zette for September 30, 1801, at the same time the "Cin- cinnati races'' were to occur. The embryo institution fell into financial difficulties soon after, and on the twelfth of December an appeal was made through the same me- dium to all subscribers to the theatre to advance the sum of twenty-five cents upon each ticket — probably season tickets — and to sell single tickets for fifty cents each, for the benefit of the enterprise. About 1806 amateur histrionic performances in Cin- cinnati were regularly organized. Mr. E. D. Mansfield, in one of his entertaining books, gives the following rem- iniscences of them: In the performers was Dr. Drake, with Totten, Mansfield, Sill, and other young men. The corps being entirely deficient in females, the young men had to assume both the parts and dress of the female char- acters. The performance took place in a large barn, and is said to have gone off with great eclat. If the actors had not the advantage of mu- sic and paraphernalia which attended the performances of Talma and Garrick, they were quite as successful in exciting the laughter and pro- moting the amusement of their audiences; and as this village playing was unattended with any of the stimulants to vice and dissipation so disgraceful to modern theatres, it may be placed to the account of what Johnson called the common stock of harmless amusements. June 27, 1808, a special performance was given by the Thespians, for the benefit of the single fire company of the village. AMUSEMENT SOCIETIES. Very early in the century two local organizations were formed to provide for the popular amusement — the Thespian corps and the Harmonical society. We have already learned something of the work undertaken by the former. The later was composed of amateur musicians, who formed a brass band and furnished the orchestra at all the entertainments given by the Thespians. The per- formances were commonly in the "stone stable already referred to, in rear of Yeatman's tavern. Among the actors are remembered Ethan A. Brown, afterwards gov- ernor of the State ; General Findlay and Mr. Sill, both subsequently members of Congress; Rawlingsand Wade, who became famous lawyers; Nicholas Longworth, Colonel Cutler, Captain Mansfield, and others of note then or afterwards. The proceeds of a series of perform- ances were designed at first for a public library, but were ultimately turned into a fund for the building of the Lower market. In 1814 a circus enclosure, on the west side of Main street, below Fourth, was used by the Thespians as their "Shell-bark Theatre." Among the actors at this time were Griffin Taylor, E. Webb, Joseph Thomas, William Douglass, Calvin Fletcher, John F. Stall, Thomas Hen- derson, Nathaniel Sloe, Abijah Ferguson, Junius and John H. James, Samuel Findlay, the two Hinduses, the Bensons, and Mr. Hepburn. Music was furnished by Caszelles and Doane, with Zumma at the bassoon; C. Thomas, clarionet; Samuel Best, violin; Joseph and Samuel Harrison, bass drum. Joseph Hindus was the scenic artist as well as low comedian. THE FIRST THEATRE BUILDING. The same year a vigorous movement was made in the direction of a permanent and worthy place of public amusement. December 13, 1814, the following an- nouncement, probably emanating from the Thespian corps, or some member or members of it, appeared in the Liberty Hall newspaper: "THEATRICAL NOTICE ' ' All persons who are favorable to the establishment of a theater in this place are requested to meet at the Columbian Inn on Thursday evening next, the fifteenth instant, at seven o'clock. The members of the Cincinnati Thespian Society are also particularly requested to at- tend." The result of this agitation was the erection of a play- house, but of a cheap and temporary character — a small frame, on the south side of Columbia or Second street, between Main and Sycamore, on the identical site where the famous old Columbia Street theatre was' afterwards built. The Thespians had still to be mainly responsible for its erection, and wholly so for a year or two for the entertainments within it. They attempted to disarm op- position by offering to give the proceeds of the perform- ances to charitable purposes, but a very vigorous antag- onism was nevertheless developed, under the lead of the Rev. Dr. Wilson, pastor of the Presbyterian church. He held, as many excellent people would probably still hold, that the new theatre threatened serious injury to the morals of the town. The Thespians, some of whom were quite as much concerned for the morals of Cincin- nati as the reverend doctor, accepted the gage of battle, and maintained stout controversy with him through the newspapers and otherwise. The Fourth of July celebra- tion of one year was made the opportunity, by some ardent advocate of the new institution, of a humorous fling at the doctor. The following toast was offered: "The Cincinnati Theatre — May it not, like the walls of Jericho, fall at the sound of Joshua's horn." The columns of Liberty Hall and the Spy for some months teemed with fulminations from one side or the other of this question. Dr. Wilson, after the classic style of that day, wrote over the name " Philanthropos ;" his principal opponent appeared in print as "Theatricus," and the terms in which they assailed each other's posi- tions, were similarly ponderous. The following, from the communications of Theatricus to Liberty Hall of March 4, 1815, is a good sample extract: One word upon music and for the present I have done. You have denounced in pretty round terms the use of that enchanting science in all cases but for devotion. Can you forget 'tis music which alternately inspires the soldier with nerve and ardor for the conflict, and thrill's with extacy [sicj or wraps with enthusiasm the most peaceful bosom of taste and sensibility — that pity, and terror, and hope, and gladness are the concomitant attributes of its power, and that aided by popular sentiment and poetry it forms no trifling link in the political chain which encircles its ! The theatre, in charge of the Thespians, was main- tained against all opposition this year; but not with dis- 37° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tinguished financial success. A circus was already ex- hibiting in the place, and drew more of the public patronage. It is doubtful if the theatre more than paid expenses this year, though its managers, even before its debts were paid, put fifty dollars into the charity fund. The next year a regular troupe of travelling players, the "Pittsburgh Company of Comedians," managed by the well-remembered Drake, took Cincinnati in their route from Pittsburgh to Frankfort, Kentucky, and gave a series of performances here. THE COLUMBIA STREET THEATRE. Mr. Drake was so well pleased with the patronage ac- corded his company during this and ensuing season, and the prospects of popular amusement in Cincinnati, that in April, 1819, he announced to the people of the newly- fledged city that he was ready to listen to any proposition fromthem looking to the construction of a more permanent place of entertainment. The controversy of 1815, between "Philanthropos" and his opponents, again broke out, and with greater virulence than ever; but Drake and his project were strongly backed, and moved steadily forward. May nth, a meeting of citizens favorable to a new theatre was held at the reading-room, a company of thirty to forty stockholders formed, and a subscription paper drawn up, in which Mr. Drake solemnly pledged himself "to preserve the purity and morality of the stage." The paper was successfully circulated, and the necessary funds secured without much difficulty; so the construc- tion of the edifice was begun in September, and finished early the next spring. It stood on the site of the tem- porary affair built four years before, at the corner of a narrow alley running from Second to Front streets, on the west side of the theatre, and between Main and Sycamore streets. It was a brick building, forty feet front, ninety-two feet deep, with a wing ten feet in depth, projecting from the rear. A portico, twelve by forty feet, adorned the Second street side, with a pediment supported by Ionic pillars, half of which were embedded in the wall,' and a neat flight of steps to the door of en- trance, which all together made an attractive front. Its sittings comprised two tiers of boxes, a "pit," after the fashion of that day, and a gallery, and were sufficient for six to eight hundred people. The door of the pit opened on the alley. The stage was commodious for a theatre of the size, and was screened by the traditional green curtain. It was furnished with sperm-oil footlights, and the auditorium was lighted by a chandelier and lamps upon the balustrade of the second tier of boxes. An ornamental arch and two flattened columns on either side constituted the proscenium, and between each pair of columns was a panelled door, out of which an actor could conveniently step when called before the curtain. Through one of these, too, the manager or one of the actors would appear every evening between the plays of which there were pretty sure to be two or more every evening — to make formal announcement of the perform- ances for the next night. Just below the arch and over the curtain, in letters of stone color, was the Shakespearian line: "to hold, as 't were, the mirror up to nature." Judge Carter, in a chapter of reminiscences contribu- ted to the Daily Enquirer for November 28, 1880, upon which we have drawn freely for the purposes of this article, says: "This was an excellent motto for that old- day theatre, for if ever the mirror was held up to nature by actors and actresses it was done by those excellent ones of the old Columbia Street theatre." The little new theatre, when finished, was thought to be something quite superb. The Literary Cadet of March 16, 1820, about the time it was completed, said: "The building, we believe, is the best structure of the kind in the western country this side of New Orleans." In May, 1823, a Covington painter named Lucas painted a view of Cincinnati from the Kentucky side for a drop curtain, which added further to the attractions of this theatre. It was specially notable as the first art work which Covington — then a village for only about eight years — had produced, and one which, says a Kentucky historian, "attracted a great deal of attention for its beauty and uniqueness." The management of the new theatre was undertaken by Messrs. Collins and Jones, who had taken one-half the stock in the new enterprise, "both of whom," said Theatricus in one of his newspaper articles, "are favora- bly known to our citizens for their dramatic talent and ' gentlemanly deportment, and both of whom are deter- mined upon fixing their residence here; thereby not only insuring their best exertions for rendering the establish- ment both popular and respectable (and they have already offers of assistance from some of the best per- formers of the seaboard); but what will be of greater importance to some, they will avoid the odium attached to the light heeled gentry of the circus of carrying off its thousands to scatter in other climes, instead of returning them in invigorating currents to the various classes from which they are drained." For fourteen years the Columbia Street flourished in honor and tolerable pecuniary success. In 1825, how- ever, some debts had accumulated' against it, and it was sold at public vendue by the company to two persons. Finally it fell a prey to the devouring flames late in the night of April 4, 1834. some notes. In 18 13 a travelling museum, with wax works, trans- parencies of Washington, by Mr. and Mrs. Manly, and other irresistible attractions, was shown by Messrs. Je- rome and Clark at Harlow's tavern. Already, before the opening of the new theatre, Cincin- natians had had an occasional taste of the higher order of dramatic performance. On the night of the Fourth of July, 1 819, there was a notable rendition of the part of "Isabella," by Mrs. Belinda Groshorn, an English ac- tress, who spent her last days and died here, and has a monument in Spring Grove cemetery. In 1823 an institution called the "Vauxhall Garden" was kept at the old orchard of General Gano, on the east side of Main street, above Fifth, by two Frenchmen, one named Charles and the other known as Vincent Dumilleiz. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 37 1 By this time the place of amusement on Columbus street seems to have been designated as the Globe the- atre; and it was at this, upon the evening of July 4, 1823, that a memorable performance was given — memorable chiefly because in the little company of actors- playing "Venice Preserved," was a youth of sixteen, undertaking the part of "Jaffier," whose name was Edwin Forrest. He was the son of poor parents, among the pioneer fam- ilies of Butler county, in whose dense woods he had been brought up. He exhibited much histrionic talent while still a boy at school, and was incessantly practicing imi- tations and grimaces and taking part in simple dramas in barns and elsewhere. In Cincinnati he got his start thus early with a strolling theatrical corps, with whom he went to New Orleans, arriving there too shabbily dressed to make a decent appearance on the streets of the southern metropolis. His evident merits as an actor, however, soon attracted the attention of some of the wealthiest people in the city, who bought him a good suit of clothes and otherwise favored him, so that he was soon fully launched upon his long and remarkably successful career. The occasion of Forrest's first appearance was the benefit of Cargill, one of the troupe, who was assisted by his new made bride, herself an actress of no small note at the time — Amelia Seymour. Everdale was conductor of the orchestra, and the new drop scene representing Cincin- nati as seen from the opposite shore, was another element in the attractions of the evening. When the next Fourth of July came around (1824) the circus of Pepin & Barnes was in town, a "grand, pan- regal" affair, with musical instruments twenty-four long, and an exhibition of thirteen life-sized figures performing on trumpets. In 1829 the amusements of the city are noted in the Directory as being the theatre on Second street; Let- ton's and the Western Museums; the Gallery of paint- ings, at the corner of Main and Upper Market; the Apol- lonian Garden, on Congress street, near Deer creek; and the Atheneum and Reading-room on Fourth street, ad- joining the city council chamber. The last named was open from 8 a. m. to 9:30 P. m., and was supplied with newspapers and periodicals to the value of four hundred dollars per annum. Five dollars a year entitled a sub- scriber to its privileges. There was still another read- ing-room in town. On the fifth of July, 1830, the peripatetic show of Ma- comber & Company was exhibited at the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets. It included in its attractions a white bear, a leopard and a tiger. On the evening of the same day — which seems to have been observed as Independence Day this year — one Herr Cline wheeled a barrow up a rope or wire from the stage to the gallery. MRS. TROLLOPE'S VIEW of theatricals in Cincinnati about this time is expressed in the following extract from her book: The theatre at Cincinnati is small, and not very brilliant in decora- tion; but in the absence of any other amusement our young men fre- quently attended it, and in the bright, clear nights of autumn and win- ter the mile and a half of distance was not enough to prevent the less enterprising members of the family fiom sometimes accompanying them. The great inducement to this was the excellent acting of Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Drake, the managers. Nothing could be more distinct than their line of acting, but the great versatility of their pow- ers enabled them often to appear together. Her cast was the highest walk of tragedy, and his the broadest comedy; but yet, as Goldsmith says of his sister heroines, I have known them change characters for a whole evening together, and have wept with him and laughed with her, as it was their will and pleasure to ordain. His comic songs might have set the gravity of the judges and bishops together at defiance. Liston is great, but Alexander Drake was greater. Her talent is decidedly first-rate. Deep and genuine feeling, cor- iect judgment, and the most perfect good taste, distinguish her play in every character. Her last act of Belvidera is superior in tragic effect to anything I ever saw on the stage, the one great exception to all com- parison, Mrs. Siddons, being set aside. It was painful to see these excellent performers playing to a miser- able house, not a third full, and the audience probably not including half a dozen persons who would prefer their playing to that of the vilest strollers [!]. In proof of this, I saw them as managers, give place to paltry third-rate actors from London, who would immediately draw crowded houses, and be overwhelmed with applause[!!]. The theatre was really not a bad one, though the very poor receipts rendered it impossible to keep it in high order. Some further remarks of Mrs. Trollope upon the theatre of that time may be found in the chapter relating to her residence in and near Cincinnati. Not less enter- taining than the Trollopean diatribes, but in a different way, are tne following, now printed, we believe, for the first time: RULES AND REGULATIONS. The following code of "Rules and Regulations of the Cincinnati Theatre, on Columbia street," promulgated May 1, 1830, and printed as a poster for the informa- tion of all frequenting the establishment, will be read half a century later with interest. We give the italics as we find them : I. Gentlemen will be particular in not disturbing the audience by loud talking in the Bar-Room, nor by personal altercations in any part of the house. II. Gentlemen in the boxes and in the pit are expected not to wear their hats nor to stand nor sit on the railing, during the performance; as they will thereby prevent the company behind, and in the lobby, from seeing the stage. Those in the side boxes will endeavor to avoid leaning forward as, from the construction of the house, the projection of one person's head must interrupt the view of several others on the same line of seats. III. The practice of cracking nuts (now abandoned in all well regu- lated Theatres) should be entirely avoided during the time the curtain is up; as it must necessarily interfere with the pleasure of those who feel disposed to attend to the performance. IV. Persons in the upper Boxes and Gallery will be careful to avoid the uncourteous habit of throwing nut-shells, apples, etc., into the Pit; and those in the Pit are cautioned against clambering over the balus- trade into the Boxes, either during or at the end of the Performance. V. Persons in the Gallery are requested not to disturb the harmony of the House by boisterous conduct, either in language or by striking with sticks on the seats or bannisters, etc. The same decorum will be expected (and enforced) from that part of the audience as from any other. VI. As both manager and performers are disconcerted by the pres- ence of spectators during the hours of Rehearsal (from 10 to 2), it is found necessary to prohibit the entrance of visitors, on such occasions, further than the outer lobby or Box-office. Intrusions behind the scenes, on nights of performance, are also prohibited — except in urgent cases. Messages from the audience to the manager can be conveyed, either by direct calls or through the agency of the Door-keeper. VII. The Box-Office (on the left side of the vestibule) will be open from 10 to 1, and from 3 to 6, every day, where seats may be taken and secured in either tier, until the opening of the 2d Act. Gentlemen will, of course, leave unoccupied those seats which are marked as en- gaged by others, until the stipulated time; as the interruption, on the arrival of the proper owners, must be unpleasant to all parties. 372 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. VIII. The prices of admission will continue as usual, viz: ist Tier of Boxes, and Pit, 75 cents: — 2d Tier, 50 cents: — Gallery, 25 cents. Colored persons will occupy the Gallery Slips on the East side. On occasions of great attraction, it may be found expedient to unite the upper and lower Boxes, according to the original plan. IX. When side Benches are placed in the lobbies, it is proper to re- member that they are intended to enable the second row of standing spectators to overlook the Jirst;—axi object which is entirely frustrated by dragging them out from the wall and impeding the passage to the boxes. X. For the purpose of accommodating those who may be prevented from an earlier attendance, the Manager will, on ordinary occasions, allow a deduction in the price of admission after the Fourth act — or first half of the performance. XI. Checks are only receivable the same evening they are issued, and from the persons who originally obtained them. XII. Smoking is altogether prohibited, as a practice at once danger- ous and offensive. «®"The Manager being resolved to render the theatre worthy of the patronage of an enlightened and refined community, respectfully sub- mits to the friends of the drama the foregoing rules adopted for their protection; and has only to hope that he may rarely have occasion to call to his aid the authority employed for enforcing them. THE MUSEUMS. In the summer of 1818 Mr. William Steele, a citizen of Cincinnati, proposed to Dr. Drake and two other gen- tlemen that they should found a public museum. The prudent doctor preferred the organization of a larger as- sociation, and a meeting of citizens was accordingly held, at which a constitution was adopted. Some local collec- tions of curiosities were got together, some purchases made, and the institution was formally opened on the tenth of June, 1820, with an address on the objects and advantages of the institution by Dr. Drake, from which a suggestive extract was made in a previous chapter. For several years it was managed by a board of directors, with Dr. Robert Best, afterwards professor of chemistry in the Transylvania university, a man of taste and talents, for curator. The celebrated Audubon was curator for a time in 1820, but did not stay long. He was succeeded by Dr. Best, who also went out when the museum was transferred by the society to Mr. Joseph Dorfeuille, who had brought a large collection of foreign curiosities to Cincinnati for exhibition. This transfer was made in 1823, and seems to have been gratuitous, the members of the museum society only reserving to themselves the priv- ilege of visiting the collections with their families. The donations to it had been very liberal. Dr. Drake gave it his cabinet of minerals, organic remains, fossils, and west- ern antiquities. The managers made special explorations in its interest at the Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, which yielded many fossils and skeletons, and bones of the larger mammalia. The several curators, of whom James Griffiths was one, made interesting and important collections of western quadrupeds, birds and fishes. Con- ly Roquet, esq., the consul general of the United States at Rio Janeiro, and other Americans in Brazil, sent the museum several hundred fine specimens of natural his- tory. Mr. Dorfeuille added his large collection of orien- tal antiquities, foreign and domestic birds, and western amphibia. A valuable collection was also bought from Colonel John D. Clifford, at Lexington, Kentucky, com- prising many choice specimens of American antiquities, fossils, and other curiosities. In 1826 the museum con- tained one hundred mammalia and bones, and the skele- ton of an elephant, fifty bones of the megalonyx, thirty- three quadrupeds, five hundred tiirds, two hundred fish, five thousand invertebrate animals, one thousand fossils, three thousand five hundred minerals, arranged according to Cleayeland's system of mineralogy, three hundred and twenty-five specimens in botany, three thousand one hundred and twenty-five medals, coins, and tokens, one hundred and fifty specimens of Egyptian antiquities and two hundred and fifty of American, one hundred and twelve colored microscopic designs; cosmoramic, optical, and prismoramic views of American scenery and build- ings; the tatooed head of a Naw Zealand chief; five hundred miscellaneous curiosities, with several represen- tatives of the fine arts, including a fine transparency de- picting the battle of New Orleans, " by a lady of Cincin- nati," and an "elegant organ." From time to time lectures were delivered by scholarly gentlemen of the city, illustrative of articles in the museum — a plan which was somewhat prominent in the scheme of the founders. Among the attractions of the museum in 1834 were also "McCarty's invention,'' a curious machine "upon- a new principle,'' a saw-mill operated by two bears, and glass-spinning. The wax figures made by Hiram Powers were among its most renowned features, in those days. The "infernal regions," whose construction has been gen- erally but wrongfully attributed to Powers, were long one of the wierd fascinations of the musuem. Mrs. Trollope of course had to have her words to say about this fea- ture of the display. She writes in her book: He [Mr. Dorfeuille] has constructed a pandemonium in an upper story of his museum, in which he has congregated all the images of horror that his fertile fancy could devise; dwarfs, that by machinery grew into giants before the eyes of the spectator; imps of ebony with eyes of flame; monstrous reptiles devouring youth and beauty; lakes of fire and mountains of ice; in short, wax, paint, and springs have done wonders. "To give the scheme some more effect," he makes it visible only through a grate of massive iron bars, among which are arranged wires connected with an electrical machine in a neighboring chamber; should any daring hand or foot obtrude itself within the bars, it receives a smart shock, that often passes through many of the crowd, and, the cause being unknown, the effect is exceedingly comic; terror, astonish- ment, curiosity, are all set in action, and all contribute to make Dor- feuille's Hell one of the most amusing exhibitions imaginable. Some years afterward the museum was visited by Har- riet Martineau, who thus recorded her impressions of it in her Retrospect of Western Travel: We visited the museum, where we found, as in all new museums whose rooms want filling up, some trumpery among which .much is worthy to mention. There was a mermaid not very cleverly con- structed, and some bad wax figures, posted like sentinels among the cases of geological and entomological specimens; but, on the whole, the museum is highly creditable to the zeal of its contributors. There is, among other good things, a pretty complete collection of the cur- rency of the country, from the earliest colonial days, and some of other countries with it. I hope this will be persevered in, and that the Cin- cinnati merchants will make use of the opportunities afforded by their commerce of collecting specimens of every kind of currency used in the • world, from the gilt and stamped leather of trie Chinese and Siberians to the last of Mr. Biddle's twenty dollar notes. There is a reasonable notion abroad that the Americans are the people who will bring the philosophy and practice of exchanges to perfection; and theirs are the museums in which should be found a full history of currency, in the shape of a complete set of specimens. Michael Chevalier's Travels also speaks of the infernal regions, "to which," he says, "the young Cincinnati girls resort in quest of excitement which a comfortable and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 373 peaceful, but cold and monotonous manner of life de- nies them. This strange spectacle seems to afford a delicate agitation to their nerves, and is the principal source of revenue to the museum." The Directory of 1834 characterizes the exhibition as "a very splendid representation of hell." After the death of Dorfeuille, Mr. Frederick Franks, the artist, became proprietor and director of the museum, and removed it to the corner of Third and Sycamore streets, where its front was ornamented with the wooden statue of Minerva, before referred to. Here he added a stage to his equipment, upon which domestic perform- ances were frequently given. He was also the proprie- tor of a gallery of paintings, which was open to the public for a consideration. More of this and other art galleries is related in our chapter on art. The premises he occupied were burned down, with all their contents, late in the night of March 3r, 1840, and that was the last of the Western, the Dorfeuille, and the Franks museum, infernal regions and all. Ralph Latten's famous museum was started in 1818, while the project for the other was only being mooted, and was at first the property of himself and a man named White. It occupied spacious halls in the second and third sto- ries of a brick building at the corner of Main and Fourth streets. The upper story was mainly devoted to the ex- hibition of wax-works. A local publication of 18 19 says: "It is understood that the proprietor intends mak- ing the establishment one of permanency." It was at this time at the corner of Main street and the Upper market. In 1826 it contained about two hundred birds, forty animals, fifty mammalian bones, twenty-three wax fig- ures, two thousand minerals, and a variety of Indian an- tiquities, marine shells, and miscellaneous curiosities. Besides transient visitors, it was supported by regular subscribers, of whom there were about three hundred. A course of lectures on ancient and modern history was at one time included in its attractions. After Letton's museum expired, it was long before an- other was opened in Cincinnati. Finally Colonel Wood, who had been associated with Barnum, and had started in Chicago and other cities, opened a museum and thea- tre in the second and third stories of the Broadwell building, then standing on the northwest corner of Fifth and Walnut streets. This survived for five or six years; but went up in flame and smoke during the night of July 14, 1857. Since then, we believe, the Queen City has had no museum. THE THIRD STREET THEATRE. In 1831, three years before the burning of the pioneer Columbia street institution, Mr. James H. Caldwell, a prominent theatrical manager in that day, having thea- tres in Louisville, St. Louis, Natchez, New Orleans, and Mobile, determined to build an extensive temple of the muses in Cincinnati. It was situated on the south side of Third street, between Sycamore street and Broadway, and about equi-distant from them. Judge Carter gives the following description of it: This theatre was two stories high on Third street, and on account of the descent from Third to Lower Market street, was five stories high on the latter street, extending as it did from street to street. It was an imposing structure, built of brick, about seventy feet on Third and Lower Market, and one hundred and twenty feet from street to street. The front was adorned with a pediment supported by flattened col- umns, and a flight of steps extending across the whole front led up to the doors. The interior had a most large and commodious stage, with a grand proscenium and a most beautiful blue-colored cloth curtain, trimmed in gold, which opened in and drew up from the middle. The orchestra place was very large, and then there was a large pit and three tiers of boxes, the upper one being the gallery, where the "gods and goddesses" used to assemble on days, or rather nights of yore. The stage was adorned with the most beautifully-painted scenery of any theatre then in this country, the scenic artist being the then celebrated Italian painter Mondelli. This theatre was opened with a grand performance on the evening of the Fourth of July, 1832, when an ad- dress, written by Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz, the novelist, then residing in Cincinnati, was delivered by Mr. Cald- well, and an essay in vindication of the drama, from the pen of Isaac A. Jewett, was read. Mr. Caldwell had given a prize of fifty dollars to the former, and another of one hundred dollars to the latter. In the same month a benefit was given to Edwin For- rest, who appeared in the character of King Lear, with Mrs. Rowe as Cordelia. Mrs. Knight, another celebrated actress of the time, also appeared soon in Perfection, and Invincible, or the Little Cup. This theatre lasted but little more than two years, when, on the twenty-fifth day of October, 1836, it also was burned. Mr. John Martin, stage carpenter, who had lodgings in the building, lost his life in the flames — the only fatality ever attending the burning of a theatre in Cincinnati. LIPPINCOTT'S -AMPHITHEATRE. This was a great brick building on the southwest corner of Second and Sycamore streets, intended mainly for exhibitions of the horse drama, or circus. It was erected in 18^3 by Mr. Lippincott, a wealthy dealer in horses and livery-stable keeper in the city, who put it up specially for the use of Bancker & Nichols, who had been giving equestrian performances for several seasons in a large frame amphitheatre on the subsequent site of the National theatre, where also Mr. Caldwell had suc- cessfully produced the legitimate drama before building his theatre on Third street. Upon the ground floor of the new structure was a large circus arena, and there was also a stage for histrionic performances. The building was completed, and announcement made for the open- ing performance of Messrs. Bancker & Nichols' troupe on the evening of January 31, 1834, when, only two nights before, the structure took fire and burned to the ground. A large number of valuable horses, many of them carefully trained, were stabled in the building, and not one of them was saved. Mr. Lippincott became insane by reason of this terri- ble calamity, and shortly afterwards hanged himself in an out-house. SHIRES' THEATRE. After the transfer of the Burnet property on Third and Vine streets to the branch bank of the United 374 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. States, and the judge's removal to his new building at the corner of Seventh and Elm streets, the old dwelling was taken by Mr. William Shires, and converted into a restaurant and hotel. In process of time he utilized a part of the spacious grounds still remaining unoccupied west of the house, near Baker street, for the building of a theatre — a plain, frame building, about fifty by one hundred feet. It had a commodious stage, a spacious pit, one tier of boxes for a dress-circle, and an uncom- monly large balcony, or second tier. Judge Carter says: This theatre, under the energetic management of fellow-citizen Shires, proved for several years of the forties a great success, and it may be said that perhaps Cincinnati never saw better playing and act- ing than on the boards of Shires' theatre. I could mention from memory a great number of the greatest legitimate stars of the country who from time to time performed there, and a still greater number of the best legitimate plays performed there. London Assurance was en- acted there with better arrangements and stronger cast than ever else- where in our city, and a thousand other good plays. This theatre, too, was burned January 8, 1848, in the evening, during a great snow fall, whose flakes were most brilliantly and beautifully illuminated by the surging flames. This fire, thus clearing the ground, although the Burnet mansion was saved, was one of the elements in the projecting and building of the magnificent Burnet house soon afterwards. THE NATIONAL THEATRE. In 1837 an effort was made to erect a yet more spa- cious and creditable theatre — one worthy of the develop- ment and demand of the 'city. A stock company was organized and a considerable block of subscriptions made. The times were perilous, however, and presently the stockholders faltered and fluctuated in the enterprise. Then came to the front Mr. John Bates, a banker who had changed to banking from the wholesale grocery bus- iness only the year before, and single-handed built the famous "Old Drury," on the east side of Sycamore street, between Third and Fourth. It was commenced May 10, 1837, and pushed so rapidly that, although a large and elegant building for that time, it was opened for entertainments on the ensuing third of July. It had been leased to Messrs. Scott & Thome, the latter then a famous actor; and the opening pieces were "The Honey- moon," and "Raising the Wind," in both of which Thorne appeared. A prize address, by F. W. Thomas, was also recited by Miss Mason. The National was built upon a lot of one hundred feet front and two hundred and six feet deep, and had an uncommonly spacious stage, exceeding in size that of Drury Lane, London, from which it finally received the affectionate title of "Old Drury" from the venerable theatre goers of Cincinnati. It is said to have been one of the most convenient and excellently arranged theatres in the country. Mr. Bates was so much encouraged by the success of his experiment at theatre-building in Cincinnati that he afterwards built one in Louisville and another in St. Louis. He managed the three houses of entertainment himself for a time, but ultimately found it advisable to part with all except the National. This was remodelled in 1856, and a handsome stone front added. It had a long sea- son of prosperity, until the opening of Pike'e Opera house, when its star waned, but waxed again when Pike's burned in 1866. It experienced many vicissitudes thereafter, being occupied sometimes by the variety, sometimes by the legitimate drama, until the last star performance was given there under Macauley's management in 1871, when Edwin Booth appeared in Shakespearian plays. After a long period of comparative abandonment, the "Old Drury" was finally sold in June, 1880, for seventeen thousand five hundred dollars, to be converted into a tobacco warehouse. OTHER EXTINCT THEATRES. The People's theatre was built some time in the '40's, on the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine streets, and was burned June 13, 1856. Upon the same site afterwards rose Wood's theatre (not the museum and theatre), where the last perform- ance was given March 23, 1878, after which it was de- molished to make way for the new Gazette building. The Trivoli theatre is thought by Judge Carter to have been the first German institution of the kind in Cincin- nati. It occupied, he says, the third story of the large brick building now standing on the corner of Sycamore and Canal streets, and was well fitted up in German order and style for lager beer and dramatic performances, and had quite a career for the entertainment of our Ger- man fellow citizens and their American friends. The theatre — that is, the upper stories of this building — was burnt out August 13, i860. The Palace Varieties was a large frame structure on Vine street. The Arcade now passes over its site. It is believed to have been the first variety theatre in the city. On the ninth day of July, 1869, it too. fell a prey to the flames. The Academy of Music was an elegant little theatre on the northwest corner of Fourth and Home streets. It was destroyed by fire December 8, 1870. pike's opera house. The original opera house built by Samuel N. Pike was erected in 1859, upon the site of an ancient mound on Fourth street, between Vine and Walnut. Its stage and auditorium were larger and finer than those of the pres- ent opera house, and their relative positions were exactly reversed. After a performance of the "Midsummer Night's dream, March 22, 1866, about midnight, it was totally destroyed by fire. The present superb edifice speedily rose out of its ashes, and has since been steadily and generally successfully occupied for the purposes of the opera and the drama, and occasionally for great pub- lic meetings, the university commencements, Sunday afternoon lectures, and the like. It has a seating capac- ity of about two thousand. THE GRAND OPERA HOUSE is a more modern institution, occupying the fine building of the Catholic institute, on the west side of Vine street, corner of Longworth. It seats twenty-three hundred! Above it is the well-known Mozart hall. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 375 OTHER PLACES OF ENTERTAINMENT. Robinson's opera house, corner of Ninth and Plum streets, built in 1872 by John Robinson, the veteran circus manager. Heuick's opera house, corner of Pine and Thirteenth streets; chiefly variety entertainments. Vine street opera house j variety. Coliseum, Vine street, between Twelfth and Thir- teenth; variety. Lookout opera house, adjoining the Lookout house, at the head of the Main street incline ; circus and dra- matic performances. The other hill-top resorts — The Highland, at the head of the Mount Adams incline; the Bellevue house, at. the head of the Mount Auburn incline, and that on Price's hill. The German, or Stadt theatre. Music hall, with its various forms of entertainment, has been sufficiently described in the chapter on Music. THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. At present there are but two zoological gardens in the United States, one at Philadelphia and the Cincinnati garden. The Zoological society of Cincinnati, to which alone the garden owes its existence, was organized in 1873 and is the direct outgrowth of the Acclimatization society. In the early part of 1873 Mr. Andrew Erken- brecher, then president of the last named organization, directed the secretary of that body to correspond with the celebrated naturalists, Dr. A. E. Brehm, with a view of obtaining an estimate of the probable cost of a zoo- logical garden established upon European models, requesting statistics in regard to those already established in Europe, and all other available information pertinent to the subject. The reply of the distinguished scientist, containing many valuable suggestions, and accompanied by the annual reports and statements of several European societies, was laid before a meeting of the Acclimatiza- tion society, held at the rooms of the Cincinnati board .of trade, June 19, 1873. At this meeting, a resolution, offered by Mr. John Simpkinson, was adopted providing for a committee charged with the duty of digesting a plan of operations. The committee, consisting of Messrs. Andrew Erkenbrecher, John Simpkinson, and George H. Knight, subsequently called a meeting of citizens under- stood to be favorable to the proposed enterprise, for Monday, June 30, 1873, at which Dr. Lilienthal, Mr. Simpkinson, and others, delivered spirited addresses, a large sum of money was subscribed, and resolutions were adopted providing for the incorporation of a society whose capital stock should be three hundred throusand dollars. In conformity with this action, Messrs. Simp- kinson, Erkenbrecher, C Oskamp, Knight and A. Tenner, subscribed articles of incorporation under the name of the Zoological Society of Cincinnati, which were duly filed and recorded according to law, on the eleventh day of July, 1873. The first meeting of the newly formed society was held at the board of trade rooms, on July 28th, and the following named gentlemen elected direc- tors to manage its affairs, viz: Joseph Longworth, J. Simpkinson, A. Erkenbrecher, A. Pfirmann, John A. Mohlenhoff, Charles P. Taft, John Shillito, George K. Schoenberger, and Julius Dexter. The board of direc- tors thus constituted immediately organized and elected the following named officers, viz: Joseph Longworth, president; John Simpkinson, vice-president; Clemens Oskamp, treasurer; Charles P. Taft, recording secretary, and Armin Tenner, corresponding secretary. From the constitution, as adopted at the first meeting of the stockholders, we quote the following extracts : Sec. I. The name of the society shall be "Zoological Society of Cincinnati. ' ' Sec. II. The capital stock of the society shall be three hundred thousand dollars, divided into six thousand shares, of fifty dollars each, transferable only on the books of the society upon the surrender of the certificate. Sec. III. The object of the society shall be the establishment and maintenance of a zoological garden at Cincinnati, and the study and dissemination of a knowledge of the nature and habits of the creatures of the animal kingdom. Sec. XVI. Stockholders shall be entitled to receive for each share of stock up to the number of five, twenty single tickets of admission each year, or one season ticket. All season tickets shall be issued in the name oi a particular person, which shall be registered, and any season ticket presented by any other person than the one to whom it is issued shall be forfeited. The name on any season ticket may be changed at the option of the holder, upon surrender of the ticket, and a. new sea- son ticket will be issued in the substituted name, which shall be good for the the balance of the year. As will be seen from the foregoing summary of its his- tory and organization, the Zoological society is a strictly private enterprise, not in any way dependent upon mu- nicipal aid for its existence or maintenance. At present the society consists of over four hundred members, rep- resenting a subscribed capital of about two hundred and thirty thousand dollars. The grounds upon which the garden has been estab- lished were secured from Messrs Winslow & Wilshire on perpetual lease, at the rate of seven thousand five hun- dred dollars per annum, with privilege of purchase at the rate of two thousand dollars per acre. Ground was first broken in October, 1874, but the work on the larger shelter-houses did not commence until May, 1875. O n the eighteenth of September of the same year the garden was opened to the public, and since that the society has been constantly adding to the collection of animals, and expending large sums for improving and beautifying the grounds. It is but an act of justice that we should state that the success with which this enterprise has thus far been crowned, is chiefly due to the extraordinary labor of Mr. Andrew Erkenbrecher, who properly may be named the founder of the garden, who, however, was ably assisted in his efforts by such gentlemen as Messrs. John Simpkinson, Julius Dexter, Florence Marmet, George A. Smith, Clemens Oskamp and others. On December 1, 1880, the collection consisted of nine hundred and eighty-three specimens divided as fol- lows: Mammals 321 Birds 608 Reptiles 54 Total 983 The present board of directors consists of Messrs. Florence Marmet, president; S. Lesher Taylor, vice-pres- 376 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ident; C. M. Erkenbrecher, treasurer; J. M. Doherty, Otto Laist, George Hafer, George Fisher, B. Roth, A. Fischer. The post of secretary to the society and super- intendent of the garden is filled by Frank J. Thompson, to whom we are indebted for this clear and succinct his- tory of the garden. THE BURNET WOODS CONCERTS. These are given upon a munificent pecuniary founda- tion, provided April 7, 1875, by the Hon. W. S. Groes- beck, of East Walnut Hills, and conveyed in the following note: To the Board of Park Commissioners of Cincinnati: I understand that the council has indefinitely postponed a proposition to treat with the owners for a surrender of the lease of Burnet Woods Park; and, in accordance with a purpose heretofore declared, I hereby donate to the city of Cincinnati fifty thousand dollars, upon the single trust that the same shall be safely invested in bonds of the city or other- wise, and forever so kept, and that the interest thereon shall be applied yearly to furnish music for the people in the above named park. As this trust is to be perpetual, I do not think it best to embarrass it with any further limitations. Very respectfully, W. S. Groesbeck. Some concerts had already been given in the park by means of funds already in the hands of the Park commis- sioners, which were, however, nearly exhausted, and the gift was hailed by officials, press and people, as well- timed, in good taste, and a genuine public benefaction. The fund was invested in fifty water bonds of the city, of the denomination of one thousand dollars, bearing seven per cent, interest per annum, payable semi-annually, and thus yielding for its purpose three thousand five hundred dollars a year. Each of the bonds bears this endorse- ment: This bond belongs to the Groesbeck endowment fund, and is held subject to the trust of the endowment, and is not negotiable by order of the Park board. E. H. Pendleton, president; S. W. Hoffman, sec- retary. After careful examination of the park in all parts of it, the commissioners the same year decided to locate the music stand permanently in the area where the popular concerts had previously been given. It has been fur- nished with seats, while much of the tract is still left in greensward; a circular driveway encompasses it; and, on the pleasant afternoons of summer and early fall, twice a week, some of the most notable gatherings of citizens and visiting strangers that occur in the city are to be seen here. At first there was much competition among the bands of the city for the honor and emoluments attach- ing to their employment under the Groesbeck donation, and the music committee found no little difficulty in deciding between them. It was finally decided to em- ploy, for the time being at least, the Cincinnati orchestra for the Burnet Woods concerts, and the Germania and Currier bands for the open-air summer entertainments in the down-town parks. Since then the concerts have been quite regularly given in the warm season. One hundred and eight concerts had been given at Burnet Woods, on the Groesbeck foundation, by the close of the season of 1880. CHAPTER XL. CEMETERIES. The first and only public burying-ground . in Cincin- nati for many years was that upon the square bounded by Fourth and Fifth, Walnut and Main streets, given to the people by the original proprietors, in part for that pur- pose It was attached to the meeting-house of the First Presbyterian church, near the corner of Fourth and Main, and was used continuously for nearly a generation, or about twenty-seven years, when it became so crowded that another cemetery became necessary. In 1810 one of the four-acre out-lots was purchased by the Presby- terians, being the tract between Elm and Vine, Eleventh and Twelfth streets. The public generally were still per- mitted to make interments in the ground of the society at the new place. The Methodists have also an old burying-ground back of the Wesley chapel, on Fifth street, between Broadway and Sycamore, where some ancient graves are still to be seen. The Jews have another, long since abandoned, but still kept intact, at the corner of Chestnut street and Central avenue. It is altogether concealed from the public eye by buildings on one side and a lofty brick wall on another. The site of the former Catherine street burying-ground, on Court street, between Wesley avenue and Mound, is yet marked with an inside enclosure of iron fence, containing some graves. Many of the denominations maintain the old idea of interments in their own consecrated "God's acre." The Roman Catholics have their Calvary cemetery, of about twelve acres, on the Madison pike, at East Walnut Hills; St. Peter's, now full and disused, upon Lick run, on the Harrison turnpike, three miles from the city; St. Ber- nard's, on the Carthage pike, about three miles; St. Jo- seph's, near the city limits on the west, south of the Warsaw pike, in the twenty-first ward, in two separate tracts — one new, the other old, and both containing about one hundred acres; and the German Catholic, of about twelve acres, also on the Warsaw pike, in the twenty-first ward. The German Evangelical Protestants have an old cemetery on the Baltimore pike, in the twenty-fourth ward, and another on the Carthage road, north of the zoological gardens; the German Protestants, also, two cemeteries, respectively at the corner of Park avenue and Chestnut street, Walnut Hills, and on the Reading turnpike, out of the city. The Methodist Prot- estants have theirs near the old Widow's Home, at the city limits, just south of Avondale. There is a Jewish cemetery in Clifton; the congregations K. K. Sherith and Judah Torah, the latter Reformed Jews, and the K. K. Adath Israel, Polish Jews, have each a cemetery on Lick run. The United Tewish cemetery, East Walnut Hills, corner of Montgomery and Duck Creek roads, comprises an old part, dating from 1849, and a new, laid out in i860. The remaining space in the former is now re- served for the poor and members of the society who do not own lots; while the other is platted into lots, of which there is now room for about seven hundred. The col- ored people of the city have a Union Baptist cemetery HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 377 at Gazlay's corner, on the Warsaw turnpike, and a col- ored American or African burying-ground at Avondale, on the Lebanon pike, adjoining the German Protestant cemetery. More famous than any other denominational cemetery about the city, in some respects, is THE WESLEYAN CEMETERY. This is situated upon a beautiful tract of twenty-five acres, in the northwestern part of the city, being the western part of Cumminsville, and on the east bank of the west fork of Mill creek and the Coleman pike, about five miles from Fountain square. By 1842 the old ceme- tery in the rear of Wesley chapel had become too small for the demands of the Methodist people in the city for burials, and, after casting about in the vicinity of the city for a suitable resting place for their dead, this area was purchased, laid out in burial lots, with winding walks and carriage ways, and formally dedicated to its sacred purposes. It was opened in 1843. In the centre, upon an elevation which commands a superb view, was placed the receiving vault, surrounded by a circular drive-way, from which roads diverged to every part of the grounds. A "preachers' lot," thirty-two feet square, was set apart in a beautiful location, and was fitly enclosed and adorned. An acre of the ground near the entrance was * leased for a nursery, from which might be supplied trees, shrubbery, and flowering plants for the uses of the ceme- tery. A two-story brick dwelling for the sexton was erected in a pleasing rural style, on the left of the main entrance; also a chapel on the high grounds of the ceme- tery, which was afterwards, about 1855, displaced by a new brick chapel on lower ground at the right of the nursery site, for services of the church whenever desired. Many of the early ministers and laymen of the Metho- dist Episcopal church in Cincinnati are buried here. About twenty-five thousand interments had been made in this cemetery up to 1879. PUBLIC CEMETERIES. Each of the principal outlying divisions of the city, formerly suburban villages, had its own cemetery for pub- lic use. The Columbia cemetery, containing some quite ancient graves, lies along the track of the Little Miami railroad, a little beyond the station. Somewhat further out, east of the railway track* is the old Baptist enclosure, upon which formerly stood the oldest Protestant meet- ing-house in the Northwest Territory, and within which some of the earliest interments in the Miami country were made. The Walnut Hills cemetery is immediately south of the German Protestant, on the west border of Woodburn. THE "POTTER'S FIELD," or city cemetery, which, many years ago, occupied the tract now so beautifully improved as Lincoln Park, in the western district of the old city, is now in the valley of Lick run, three miles from Cincinnati, not far from the new branch of the city hospital, or pest house. By far the greatest and most noted of the local bury- ing-grounds, however, is the 48 SPRING GROVE CEMETERY. The people of the Queen City are truly fortunate in possessing, within easy reach of nearly all parts of the city, and upon a most eligible site, one of the finest, as it is undoubtedly the most extensive of cemeteries in the United States. Said the Hon. Lewis F. Allen, in his address at the dedication of Forest Lawn cemetery, Buf- falo : " Were I, of all cemeteries within my knowledge, to point you to one taking precedence as a model, it would be that of Spring Grove near Cincinnati. Their broad undulations of green turf, stately avenues, and tasteful monuments, intermingled with noble trees and shrubbery, meet the eye, conferring a grace and dignity which no cemetery in our country has yet equaled, thus blending the elegance of a park with the pensive beauty of a burial place." And Mr. Parton wrote of it, in his Atlantic Monthly article: "There is very little, if any, of that hideous os- tentation, the mere expenditure of money, which renders Greenwood so melancholy a place, exciting far more com- passion for the folly of the living than sorrow for the dead who have escaped their society." By 1844 the want of a finer and ampler cemetery than Cincinnati then possessed was seriously felt. Mt. Au- burn, Laurel Hill, and Greenwood, had been established, and their fame had gone abroad in this and other lands. It was determined to found a Gottesaker zs, the Germans call it — a "field of God" — which should vie with any in the New World fer beauty and convenience. The next few paragraphs, describing the early movements to this end we extract, almost verbatim in places, from the in- teresting account of the cemetery, published in 1862, in an octavo volume. On the thirteenth of April, 1844, a number of gentle- men met at the house of Robert Buchanan, to hold a con- sultation on the subject of establishing a rural cemetery in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, and for adopting measures for carrying their object into effect. Mr. Baird Loring was chairman of this meeting, and J. B. Russell secretary. It was decided, after due discussion, that this object was not only desirable, but feasible; and a committee was appointed to make the necessary exam- inations and recommend a suitable site. After all the necessary researches and observations had been made, the Garrard farm, situated about four miles from the city, containing one hundred and sixty-six and seventy-four hundredths acres, was selected, as combin- ing more of the requisites sought for than any other, and the place being considered reasonable, its purchase was recommended by the committee which had been ap- pointed at the meeting above mentioned. This commit- tee consisted of the following gentlemen, well fitted for the duty assigned them, viz: William Neff, Melzer Flag'g, T. H. Minor, David Loring, R. Buchanan, S. C. Parkhurst, and A. M. Ernst, and their recommendation was approved, and adopted. The purchase was effected the same year, from Mr. Josiah Lawrence, of whom fur- ther purchases were made in 1845 and 1847, to the amount of about twelve and a half acres. The original 378 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. purchase price was sixteen thousand dollars, or some- thing less than one hundred dollars per acre. A meeting was held on the fourth of May, and a com- mittee was then appointed to prepare articles of associa- tion. It consisted of Timothy Walker, G. W. Neff, Na- than Guilford, Nathaniel Wright, D. B. Lawler, Miles Greenwood, and Judge James Hall, and on the eleventh they reported thirteen articles, which were ordered to be published in the newspapers for the consideration of the citizens generally. On the nineteenth of October, these articles were referred to a committee consisting of Timo- thy Walker, 3. P. Chase, James Hall, N. Guilford, N. Wright, D. B. Lawler, and E. Woodruff, with instructions to prepare a charter in conformity with them, to be pre- sented to the legislature for enactment. This was done, and Judges Burnet, Walker and Wright were, on the first of December, appointed to lay it before the legislature, and obtain its passage. It was passed, without objection or alteration, on the twenty-first of January, 1845. Much discussion took place in regard to a suitable name. Several were proposed, among them that of "Spring Grove," which, being preferred by a large major- ity, was accepted. It had especial appropriateness, from the flowing springs and ancient groves with which the place abounded. The approbation of the citizens in relation to the pro- ceedings of the committee was general, and the exertions of Messrs. Peter Neff, James Pullan, and A. H. Ernst, in obtaining subscribers at one hundred dollars each, were so successful that, as soon as the lots were surveyed, enough were immediately taken up to establish the insti- tution on a firm basis. The first meeting of the lot-holders, for the election of directors, in compliance with the requisitions of the charter, was held on the eighth of February, 1845, when the following gentlemen were elected, viz: R. Buchanan, William Neff, A. H. Ernst, R. G. Mitchell, D. Loring, N. Wright, J. C. Culbertson, Charles Stetson, and Griffin Taylor, and on the eleventh the board was organized by the appointment of R. Buchanan, president; S. C. Park- hurst, secretary, and G. Taylor, treasurer. The original plan of the grounds was made by John Notman, of Philadelphia, the designer of the famous Laurel Hill cemetery, in that city. It has since been materially improved, important alterations having been found necessary to adapt it to the surface of the ground. The cemetery was consecrated on the twenty-eight of August, 1845, with appropriate solemn ceremonies, in- cluding an address by the Hon. Judge McLean, a "Consecration Hymn" by Mr. William D. Gallagher, and an ode by Lewis J. Cist. Mr. Thomas Farnshaw was made chief engineer, and Mr. Howard Daniels, su- perintendent, assisted by his next successor, Dennis Delaney, all of whom did much for the embellishment of the grounds. The system of landscape gardening adopted in 1855, was mainly the work of Messrs. Adolph Strauch and Henry Earnshaw, the lattet of whom was for years superintendent, and in 1856, to curtail expenses, the offices of superintendent and surveyor were united in his person. Mr. Strauch is now, and has been for a number of years, landscape gardener and superintendent of the cemetery. He has been identified with it from the beginning. By this time a large number of the cemetery lots had beer* sold, and a permanent fund had been accu- mulated of twelve thousand eight hundred dollars in stocks and bonds, besides six thousand dollars in unsold real estate, being part of a legacy left to the cemetery by Mr. Charles E. Williams. During the year 1856-7, the re- ceipts exceeded the expenditures by about ten thousand eight hundred dollars. Beautiful improvements, includ- ing many fine monuments, had been made upon the grounds. In July, 1856, the price of lots was ad- vanced from twenty to twenty-five cents per square foot — a price still below that then charged in most leading cemeteries of the land. Some of the lot-owners had contributed one thousand dollars toward making the lake, an improvement soon afterwards effected, and adding greatly to the beauty of the cemetery. The statue of Egeria at the Fountain, executed by the sculptor, Nathaniel Baker, formerly a Cincinnatian, was presented to the cemetery by Mr. Walter Gregory, and erected on the island in the lake. One of the most beautiful and appropriate places in the cemetery was appropriated as a burial-place for soldiers of the Union, and another for a pioneers' burial-ground. In 1857 an important addition was made by the pur- chase of sixty acres on the north line of the cemetery, running up to the Graytown road, from Mr. Piatt Ewens, of whom forty acres had been bought ten years before. With these the area of the whole tract was two hundred and eighty acres. Subsequent purchases increased the amount to six hundred acres, and it is now the largest cemetery in the United States. Among the more important of these were the pur- chase of one hundred and thirty-two and a half acres in 1866 from the heirs of G. Hill, deceased, for one hun- dred and thirty thousand dollars; twenty-five acres the next year from the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, for six thousand two hundred dollars; a like amount in 1873, from Israel Ludlow, for fourteen thousand four hundred and fifty-four dollars, and twenty-five and seven- tenths acres, the same year, from the widow and heirs of G. W. Crary, for seventeen thousand nine hun- dred and ninety-two dollars and eighty cents. The total sum expended in the purchase of real estate for the cemetery, from 1844 to 1874, was three hundred and fifty-two thousand one hundred and eleven dollars and ninety-seven cents. The price of lots is now from thirty to seventy-five cents per square foot, according to loca- tion, those fronting on the avenues generally being fifty cents, and those in the second tier forty. Between 1853 and 1867 the entrance buildings were erected at the principal gateway to the grounds, on the southern boundary, at Spring Grove avenue. They are from designs of Mr. James K. Wilson, in the Norman- Gothic style, one hundred and fifty feet long, and cost something over fifty thousand dollars. They include, besides apartments for the use of the directors and the superintendent, a large waiting-room for visitors. The commodious receiving vault, situated in the centre of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 379 the grounds, was considerably enlarged in the year 1859. Among the notable monuments in the cemetery are the Dexter and Burnet mausoleums; the sepulchral chapel, containing the statue of George Selves, jr., exe- cuted by Daumas, in Paris; the Lytle monument, over the remains of General William H. Lytle, who fell at Chickamauga ; the Shillito, Potter, Neff, Pendleton, Law- ler, Gano, Resor, and many other memorials, some of them of great cost and beauty. The Gano shaft is of gray sandstone, and was originally erected in 1827, in the old Catharine Street burying-ground, in Cincinnati, by Mr. Daniel Gano, to the memory of his father, the brave pioneer and soldier, Major General John S. Gano. The Walker monument is a copy of the celebrated tomb of Scipio Africanus, in Rome. Another beautiful monu- ment was erected to the memory of a teacher, Professor E. S. Brooks, by his pupils. Colonel Oliver Spencer, of the Continental army in the Revolution, who died here in 1811; Colonel Robert Elliott, who was barbarously murdered by the Indians near Colerain in 1794; the Rev. Dr. Joshua L. Wilson, for thirty-eight years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, in Cincinnati; the Rev. J. T. Brooke, D.D., whose prayer lent interest to the consecration ceremonies of the cemetery in 1845; and many other local celebrities, repose here- under fitting memorials in marble and granite. During or soon after the war, the city council voted a grant of ten thousand dollars as the nucleus of a fund for a soldiers' monu- ment in the cemetery, which has not yet been built upon this foundation. In 1864, however, a soldiers' monu- ment was erected by voluntary subscription at the junc- tion of Lake Shore and Central avenues, in the park — a bronze statue of a Union soldier on guard, upon a ped- * estal of granite. It was cast by William Miller, of Munich, from a design by Rudolph Rogers. Close by this are the three lots in which are soldiers' graves— one of them given by the board of directors to the State, the other two purchased by the State, but now the property of the General Government. The graves occupy three consecutive knolls upon the lots. The pioneer lot is also an attractive place, but is yet without monument or any considerable number of interments. During the year ending September 30, 1880, Super- intendent Strauch estimated in his annual report that the grounds were visited by more than a quarter of a million of people, exclusive of those with funerals. The system of laying out, adornmerit, and management of burial-places adopted by the board twenty-five years before bade fair to be applied, he said, by all the leading American and European cemeteries. A new mortuary chapel, with receiving tombs at the entrance, was rapidly- approaching completion, and has since been finished. About thirty thousand dollars were expended on it in 1879-80. The introduction of many new varieties of trees and shrubs adapted to this latitude, together with the preservation of the trees native to the site, promised to make of the cemetery at no distant day an extensive and instructive arboretum. The total number of interments to the date mentioned, inclusive, according to the report of. Secretary Spear, was 34,498; number of single graves occupied, 5,862; sol- diers" graves, 996; lot-holders, 7,133. The receipts of the financial year had been $74,903.80; expenditures, $75,119.12. The resources of the cemetery association, including cash, United States securities, and bills receiva- ble, aggregated $148,573.68. The following-named gentlemen have filled the offices in the gift of the association : President — Robert Buchanan (until his death), Henry Probasco. Secretary — S. C. Parkhurst, James Pullan, H. Daniels, John Lea, E. J. Handy, D. G. A. Davenport, Cyrus Davenport, S. B. Spear. Treasurer — G. Taylor, D. H. Home, John Shillito, William H. Harrison. Superintendent — Howard Daniels, Dennis Delaney, Henry Earnshaw, Adolph Strauch. Directors — J. C. Culbertson, N, Wright, D. C. Loring, R. G. Mitchell, C. Stetson, Griffin Taylor, William Neff, A. H. Ernst, R. Buchanan, S. C. Parkhurst, James Pul- len, D. H. Home, William Resor, George K. Shoenber- ger, William Orange, K. Yardley, John P. Foote, W. B. Smith, Archibald Irwin, Peter Neff, Larz Ander- son, T. H. Weasner, M. Werk, Henry Probasco, Robert Hosea, John Shillito, William H. Harrison, Andrew Erkenbrecher, Charles Thomas, Rufus King, George W. McAlpin, Augustus S. Winslow. CHAPTER XLI. THE CITY GOVERNMENT. Mr. James Parton, in an essay contributed to the Atlantic Monthly in 1867, said: Cincinnati is governed by and for her own citizens, who take the same care of the public money as of their own private store. We looked into the council chamber of Cincinnati one morning, and we can testify that the entire furniture of the appartment, though it is substantial and sufficient, cost about as much as some single articles in the councilman's room of New York City hall — say the clock, the chandelier, or the chairman's throne. The whole of this commendation has not been de- served at all times in the history of Cincinnati. Yet many great and good men have been connected with the administration of her municipal affairs; and there are many clean pages in her public records. The govern- ment of the Queen City will compare favorably with that of any other large municipality in the land. ' THE CIVIL LIST. This place was not incorporated as a village until Jan- uary 1, 1802, when it had but about eight hundred in- habitants. Before that it was governed under the town- ship organization. By the tenth section of the charter, officers were appointed until the next general election was held on the first Monday of April, in the same year. They were: Major David Ziegler, president; David E. Wade, William Ramsey, Charles Avery, John Rieley, 38o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. William Stanley, Samuel Dick, and William Ruffin, trus- tees; Jacob Burnet, recorder; Joseph Prince, assessor; Abraham Carey, collector; James Smith, town marshal. Thenceforward these officers were elected by the people. The succession under this charter and the amendment of 1815 was as follows: PRESIDENTS. David Ziegler, 1802-3; Joseph Prince, 1804; James Findlay, 1805-6, 1810-n; Martin Baum, 1807, 1812; Daniel Symmes, i8o8<>; William Stanley, 1813; Samuel W. Da vies, 1814. The names of the following additional officers are also preserved : RECORDERS. Jacob Burnet, 1802, 1812; Charles Kilgour, 1803; Aaron Goforth, 1805-9; James Andrews, 1810-n; Sam- uel W. Davies, 18 13; Griffin Yeatman, 18 14; Oliver M. Spencer, 1815-16; Martin Baum, 1817-18; John W. Armstrong, 1818. CLERKS OF COUNCIL. John Reily, 1802; Matthew Nimrur, 1804; Griffin Yeatman, 1805-6; John Mahard, 1807; William McFar- land and Daniel Drake, 1813; William Corry, 1814; William Ruffin, 181 5; George P. Torrence, 181 6; Jesse Embree, 181 7-1 8. MARSHALS. James Smith, 1802; Andrew Brannan, 1813; James Chambers, 1814-18. TREASURERS. Jacob Williams, 1813; Davis Embree, 1814; David Kilgour, 1815-16; Jacob Wheeler, 1817-18. MAYORS. January 10, 1815, a new act of incorporation was granted by the legislature, under which a mayor instead of president was elected by the trustees from among their number. But one mayor was chosen in this way until the city government was formed: William M. Corry, 1815-19. By act of the general assembly of February 5, 1819, Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. The legislative power was vested in a president, recorder, and nine trus- tees. The usual powers granted to city corporations at that time were conceded in this case, including the power "to fix the assize of bread," "to prevent every descrip- tion of animals from running at large," and "to levy taxes on hogs and dogs, and on all property subject to taxation for county purposes." Taxes on real property, however, could not exceed one per cent, on its valuation, unless a larger levy was authorized by vote of the peo- ple. A city court, consisting of a mayor and three alder- men, was appointed by the city council from the citizens at large, with sessions once in two months, and original jurisdiction over all crimes and misdemeanors committed in the city, when the punishment did not amount to con- finement in the penitentiary. It had appellate jurisdic- tion from the decision of the mayor (who was ex officio justice of the peace), in all cases, and concurrent juris- diction with the court of common pleas in all cases where the defendant resided within the city, and where the title to real estate was not in issue. The mayor de- termined, in the first instance, all cases arising under the corporate laws and ordinances. Under this rule of ap- pointment but one mayor was appointed, but he by suc- cessive reappointments for twelve years : Isaac G. Burnet, 1819-27. After that, the mayor by a new charter, taking effect March 1, 1827, was elected by popular suffrage; under which the following-named gentlemen served: Isaac G. Burnet, 1827-31; Elisha Hotchkiss, 1831-33; Samuel W. Davis, 1833-43; Henry E. Spencer, 1843-51. The following-named were in service under the pro- visions of the constitution of 1852: Mark P. Taylor, 1 85 1-3; David T. Snelbaker, 1853-5; James J. Faran, 1855-7; N. W. Thomas, 1857-9; Richard M. Bishop, 1859-61; George Hatch, 1861-3; Len. A. Harris, 1863-7; Charles F. Wilstach, 1867-9; John F. Torrence, 1869-71; S. S. Davis, 1871-3; G. W. C. Johnson, 1873-7; Robert M. Moore, 1877-9; Charles Jacob, jr., 1879-81. PRESIDENTS OF COUNCIL. These were identical with president or mayor until the city organization: Jesse Hunt, 181 9; William Oliver, 1821; Samuel Perry, 1822-3; Calvin Fletcher, 1824-5; Lewis Howell, 1826-8; Daniel Stone, 1829-30; E. S. Haines, 1831 and 1834-5; N. G. Pendleton, 1832-3; George W. Neff, 1836-8; Edward Woodruff, 1839-41; Samuel Freer, 1842; William Stephenson, 1843; Sep- timius Hazen, 1844; D. E. Strong, 1845; J- G. Rust, 1846; N. W. Thomas, 1847; William P. Statton, 1848; Daniel F. Meader, 1849; J. B. Warren, 1850 and 1856-9; William B. Cassily, 185 1; A. Griffin, 1852; James Coop- er, 1853; Charles F. Wilstach, 1854-5; JohnF. Torrence, 1 860-1; Christian Von Seggern, 1862; Theodore Marsh, 1863; Thomas H. Weasner, 1864-6; Samuel L. Hay- den, 1867-8; Josiah L. Keck, 1869. The city legislature was now divided into two cham- bers, each with its own presiding officer. PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF COUNCILMEN. A. T. Goshorn, 1870-2; 1. J. Miller, 1873-4; James W. Fitzgerald, 1875-6; Benjamin Eggleston, 1877-9; Lewis L. S.adler, 1880-1. PRESIDENTS OF THE BOARD OF ALDERMEN.. George T. Davis, 1870; S. F. Covington, 187 1;. Jo- siah L. Keck, 1872; W. T. Bishop, 1873-4; Julius Reis, 1875, 1878-9; W. W. Sutton, 1876; Charles Winkler, 1877; Gabriel Dirr, i8§o-r. CLERKS OF COUNCIL. John Tuttle and R. L. Coleman, 18 19; William Dis- ney, 1820; William Ruffin, 1821; Thomas Tucker, 1822-3; Daniel Rue, 1824; John Gibson, 1825-8; John T. Jones, 1829-31; Charles Satterly, 1832-49; William G. Williams, 1850-3; Stephen B. Hulse, 1854-7; Sam- uel L. Corwin, 1858-61; George M. Casey, 1862-3; H. G. Armstrong, 1864-6; Julius F. Blackburn, 1867- 72; R. C. Rohner, 1874-9; Edwin Henderson, 1880-81. RECORDERS. William Oliver, 1819-20; James Perry, 1821; Thomas Henderson, 1822-3; Charles Tatem, 1824; Oliver Lov- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 38i ell, 1825-7, 1830-3, 1839-40; Samuel R. Miller, 1828-9; Ebenezer Hinman, 1834-8; Jonah Martin, 1841; Wil- liam Stephenson, 1842; D. E. A. Strong, 1843; L. E. Brewster, 1844; Joseph G. Rust, 1845; N. W. Thomas, 1846; Daniel F. Meader, 1847; Caleb Brudsall, 1848; Benjamin Dennis, 1849; Thomas Bodley, 1850; Charles F. Wilstach, 185 1. The office was then abolished. TREASURERS. Jacob Wheeler, 1819; Richard L. Coleman, 1820-30; Stephen McFarland, 183 1-2; James Conly, 1833-4; Samuel Scott, 1835-41; William Disney, 1843-50; James Johnston, 1851-9; E. B. Townsend, 1860-1; J. M. No- ble, 1862-3; Adolph Carnes, 1864-6; Ezekiel De Camp, 1867-8; Robert Moore, 1869-74; August Ligowski, 1875-6; Henry Knorr, 1877-80. AUDITORS. Cyrus Davenport, 1853-5; S. S. McGibbons, 1856-8; Emanuel Wassenich, 1859-61; George Stackhouse, 1862-3; Charles S. Betts, 1864-5; Harry H. Tatem, 1866-8; Charles H. Titus, 1869-71; William B. Folger, 187 1-2; S. W. Hoffman, 1873-9. COMPTROLLER. E. C. Eshelby, 18 80-1. MARSHALS. William Ruffin, 1819-20; Samuel R. Miller, 1821; John C. Avery, 1822-4; William C. Anderson, 1825-6; Zebulon Byington, 1827-8; William Doty, 1828-32; Jesse Justice, 1833-4; James Laffin, 1835-46; Ebenezer Hulse, 1847-8; Charles L. Ruffin, 1849-54; William Craven, 1855-7; Benjamin Robinson, 1858; John S. Gano, 1859. The office was then merged in that of chief (afterwards superintendent) of police. CHIEFS OF POLICE. Jacob Kiefer, 1853; David T. Hoke, 1854-5; James L. Ruffin, 1857-9, 1864-6, 1869-70; Lewis Wilson, 1860- 1; John W. Dudley, 1862-3; Robert McGrew, 1867-8; David M. Bleaks, 1870-1; (superintendents of police), Jeremiah Kiersted, 1872 and 1874; Eugene Daylor, 1873-4; Thomas E. Snellbaker, 1874-5; Ira Wood, J 875-7; George W. Zeigler, 1877-8; Charles Wappen- stein, 1878-80; Enoch T. Carson, 1880-1. PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. Nathaniel G. Pendleton, 1819; Bellamy Storer, 1825; W. M. Dickson, 1853; Thomas A. Logan, 1854-5; H. Brown, 1856-9; E. M. Johnson, 1860-1; F. C. Jones, 1 86 1-3; Walter F. Straub, 1863-7; C. H. Blackburn, 1867-8; Isaac J. Neall, 1868-9; Moses F. Wilson, 1869- 70; Thomas C. Campbell, 1871-5; Charles E. Callahan, 1875-7; John P. Murphy, 1877-81. CITY SOLICITORS. E. A. Ferguson, 1852-3; Patrick McGroarty, 1854-5; Samuel Hart, 1856-8; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1859-60; Thomas C. Ware, 1861-3; Thomas J. Gallagher, 1864-5; Edward F. Noyes, 1866; Henry A. Morrill, 1867-8; J. Bryant Walker, 1869-70; Fred W. Moore, 187 1-2; John W. Warrington, 1873-4; Robert O. Strong, 1875; Hiram D. Peck, 1876; Clement S. Bates, 1877-8; Philip H. Kumler, 1879-80. POLICE JUDGES. William L. Spooner, 1853-5; Andrew J. Pruden, 1856- 9; D. P. Lowe, 1860-1; James Laffin, 186 1-3; John B. Warren, 1863-7; Walter F. Straub, 1867-73; Nathan . Marchant, 1873-5; George Lindeman, 1875-7; Moses F. Wilson, 1877-81. COMMERCIAL COURT. 1849-52. — Thomas M. Key, judge; Edward P. Cranch, clerk. CRIMINAL COURT. 185 1-2. — Jacob Flynn, judge; Daniel Gano, clerk. OLD SUPERIOR COURT. Judges— David K. Este, 1838-45; Charles D. Coffin, 1845-6; William Johnston, 1847-50; Charles P. James, 1 850-1; George Hoadly, 185 1-3. NEW SUPERIOR COURT. Judges — Oliver M. Spencer, 1854-61; William Y. Gholson, 1854-9; Bellamy Storer, 1854-71; George Hoadly, 1860-5; Charles D. Coffin, 1862-3; Stanley Matthews, 1864; Charles Fox, 1865-8; Alphonso Taft, 1866-71; M. B. Hagans, 1869-73; J- L- Miner, J. Bry- ant Walker, 1872; Alfred Gaple, 1873-8; T. A. O'Con- nor, 1873-7; M - H. Tilden, 1874-8; Manning F. Force, 1878; Judson Harmon, 1879; J. B. Foraker, 1879. Clerks — James M. McMaster, 1854; Thomas H. Spooner, 1855-7; Richard H. Stone, 1858-61; Charles E. Cist, 1862-5; Benjamin T Horton, 1866; T. B. Dis- ney, 1867-70; Henry H. Tinker, 1871-3; William M. Trevor, 1874-7; Louis G. Barnard, 1878; Samuel W. Ramp, 1879. CITY SURVEYORS. Joseph Gest, 1834-41; Erasmus Gest, 1844-6; Wil- liam G. Halpin, 185 1; Thomas J. Peter, 1857; Joseph Earnshaw, 1858-9. CIVIL ENGINEERS. A. W. Gilbert, 185 1-5; S. W. Irwin, 1856-7; Thomas J. Peter, 1858-9, 1862-3; A. W. Gilbert, 1859-61, 1864-6; Jacob Writh, 1868; R C. Phillips, 1869-70; A. Hicken- looper, 187 1-2; A. E. Tripp, 1872-4; W. G. Halpin, 1875; A. L. Anderson, 1876-8; C. N. Dannenhower, 1879; H. J. Stanley, 1880-1. CHIEF ENGINEERS FIRE DEPARTMENT. Miles Greenwood, 1853-6; F. Clements, 1857; E. G. Megrue, 1858-77; Joseph Bunker (fire-marshal), 1878-81. PROMOTIONS. Said Mayor Moore, in his annual message of April, 1879 : Connected with our city government in some capacity, at various times, have been two presidents of the United States, General W. H. Harrison and R. B. Hayes; one chief justice of the United States, S. P. Chase; five United States Senators, Jacob Burnet, S. P. Chase, George E. Pugh, Stanley Matthews, George E. Pendleton; one secre- tary of treasury, S. P. Chase; secretary of war and attorney general, Alphonso Taft; five governors of Ohio, Noyes, Young, Chase, Hayes, Bishop; a governor to Arizona, John A. Gurley; the following repre- sentatives to Congress; W. H. Harrison, John W. Gazlay, N. G. Pen- dleton, Alexander Long, W. S. Groesbeck, R. B. Hayes, Ozro J. Dodds, Milton Sayler, T. C. Day. ORGANIZATION. The city is divided into twenty-five wards. Its succes- sive subdivisions into wards, from the original form of the 3 8z HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. early day, may be learned from an observation of the census table, affixed to our chapter of annals of the Ninth Decade. These are further subdivided into fifty-five voting districts, with as many polling-places. This sub- division was made by Mayor Johnson, with a small force of assistants, in 1877, at a cost of less than two hundred dollars. It would be a bootless and most elaborate task to fol- low the city government through all its statutory changes since the charter of 1827 was granted; especially through the manifold "reorganizations" of recent years. At present the great municipality is governed and adjudged by a mayor, board ef councilmen, board of aldermen, superior court, police court, solicitor, prosecuting attor- ney, city clerk, treasurer, comptroller, superintendents of police, of markets, of street cleaning, and of sanitary po- lice, fire marshal, health officer, chief engineer, a wharf master and wharf register, a weigher, a sealer of weights and measures, and a milk and sundry other inspectors. There are also boards of education, union board of high schools, of public works, of fire commissioners, of exam- iners of insecure buildings, of revision, and a special board of equalization, a sinking fund commission, boards of managers of the public library, trustees of the Cincin- nati Southern railway, and of directors of the university of Cincinnati, of trustees of the city hospital, of the house of refuge and of the work-house, directors of the infirmary and overseers of the out-door poor department. The board of public works includes the water-works de- partment and the engineer's department, with its bureaus of sewers and highways, the latter with its several divis- ions of streets, sidewalks, and bridges, each with its full equipment of officers. Some of these boards deserve a brief special notice. SINKING FUND COMMISSION. This board was created by act of the legislature in May, 1877, and has plenary powers over all moneys, or other property, which, under the law, is to be used ex- clusively for the liquidation of the public debt. They provide for the undue indebtedness of the city, certifying to the city council the amounts necessary to provide for the payment of the bonded indebtedness of the city and the interest upon it. The council must place these in the tax ordinance, in preference to any other items, if nec- essary. They also receive the earnings of the Southern railroad and all rents due the city. The original appointees, chosen from among the old- est, wealthiest, and most reputable citizens of Cincinnati, were Messrs. Joseph Longworth, president; James H. Laws, Lewis Seasongood, W. F. Thome, and Aaron F. Perry. The members of the board are 'appointed by the judges of the superior court, to serve five years, and re- ceive no compensation, but furnish bonds of one hun- dred thousand dollars each, for the faithful performance of their duties. Their duties, in view of the large debt now upon the city, are justly considered of the highest importance. Within two years after its creation, a sinking fund of one million six hundred thousand dollars was raised, and two hundred thousand dollars of the maturing bonds also purchased. In 1880 general bonds were redeemed to the amount of two hundred and twelve thousand dollars, interest charges paid to amount of one million, six hun- dred and forty-six thousand four hundred and sixty-eight dollars and twenty-five cents; and one hundred and four- teen thousand seven hundred and eighty-three dollars and nineteen cents bought by the commission as an in- vestment. Last year the board, of which Mr. Julius Dexter had become a member, in place of Mr. Lewis Seasongood, engaged very rapidly in the prosecution of the late city auditor, Mr. S. W. Hoffman, for alleged malefeasance in office. It has regular monthly meetings on the second business day of each month, and annual • meetings on the third Monday of April. BOARD OF REVISION. This body — a small one in point of numbers, but im- portant, was created by act of assembly in 1869. It consisted of the mayor, the president of the city council, and the city solicitor, and was not fully organized until April, 1873, under the administration of Mayor Johns- ton. The president of the board of aldermen was added to the original number. The revision board has in charge, as its name partly implies, the legal supervision and revision of mistakes, errors, or misdemeanors, in any department of the city government. In its first few months of full organization, it received and considered a large number of administrative and legal questions ; but, having no secretary with power to inspect the books of city officers and report results, its efficiency was much impaired. The council declined to appropriate enough for clerical work, and the meetings of the board, for nearly ten years, were few and of little importance. The board did not exhibit much activity until March 8, 1878, when the requisite authority having been se- cured, it convened and appointed S. W. Ramp — after- wards J. M. W. Neff, and finally, upon the declination of both these gentlemen, Mr. George B. Johnston, its se- cretary. He soon set about the minute inspection of the books and accounts in the several city offices — first in the city auditor's, and then in the office of the fire de- partments. His reports have been made to the board, and have been the basis of various important steps taken by it. It has met of late years on the first Monday of every month, and by its industry and the value of its work, has done much to atone for the quiescence of the first few years of its existence. The board now consists of the mayor, the presidents, respectively, of the boards of councilmen and aldermen, and the city solicitor. THE PLATTING COMMISSION. An act of the State legislature, dated March 13, 1871, authorizes the appointment of platting commissioners prescribing the manner of their appointment, regulating their organization, and defining their powers and duties. Under this statute the common council of Cincinnati August 31, 187 1, elected a platting commission for the city, as follows: A. R C. Bonte, Kenner Garrard, J. H. Rhodes, A Moor, and A. S. AVinslow. It afterwards, by HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 383 resolution, designated the territory to be platted, and by an ordinance provided necessary for the purposes of the commission. Its members at once set about obtaining actual surveys, the exact information necessary to full and correct platting, by determining the boundaries of property and the location of existing roads and streets. So effective and energetic was its subsequent work that at the close of 1875 Utile more than four years after the creation of the commission, Mayor Johnston was able to make, in his annual message, the following reference to its work : The city is now mainly platted. ' This is a work of great value to the people, and will be appreciated not only by this, but by all coming generations. It will settle amicably, hereafter, a very large number of expensive litigations in regard to the area of landed property, and quiet many titles that would otherwise be disputed. The labors of the commission have now ceased. THE TAX-PAYERS' LEAGUE is not a branch of the city government, but rather an in- fluence upon it from without. Ex-governor Jacob D. Cox is president of the league. Mr. Julius Dexter, of the sinking fund commission, is secretary. Its last regu- lar meeting was held December 1, 1880, in College hall, when reports of the condition of the city's finances were made.and discussed. TAXES. The following comparative statement of taxation in the city for a number of years in the middle section of its history, is not without interest and value. It was made for his Cincinnati Miscellany by the late Mr. Charles J. Cist: 1826, $4,735.08; 1827, $5,538.45; 1828, $5,607.19; 1829, $22,257.46; 1830, $22,526.31; 1831, $25,334.26; 1832, $37,630.50; 1833, $41,167.42; 1834, $51,654.39; 1835, $69,721.20; 1836, $69,599.52; 1837, $70,056.90; 1838, $80,771.88; 1839, $98,352.05; 1841, $98,352.05; 1842, $148,453.- 04; 1843, $146,201.50; 1844, $149,323.54; 1845, $155,300.68. Official statements bring the statistics down to the pres- ent day: 1846, $286,388.06; 1847, $362,747.93; 1848, $394,363.64; 1849, $547,- 936.18; 1850, $728,666.37; 1851, $665,742.35; 1852, $910,307.70; 1853, $1,236,561.87; 1854, $1,496,090.70; 1855, $1,262,897.02; 1856, $1,366,- 625.09; 1857, $1,296,676.36; 1858, $1,590,118.23; 1859, $1,525,841.20; i860, $1,721,811.39; 1861, $1,920,865.32; 1862, $1,709,889.88; 1863, $1,878,847.45; 1864, $2,783,609.44; 1865, $3,050,000.00; 1866, $3,383,- 970.45; 1867, $4,304,677.92; 1868, $3,723,056.62; 1869, $4,119,413.79; 1870, $4,362,197.17; 1871, $4,061,658.86; 1872, $3,589,855.39; 1873, $4,348,625.72; 1874, $4,346,263.30; 1875, $4,670,186.67; 1876, $5,113,- 737.31; 1877, $5,419,613.29; 1878, $4,933,825.90. The tax levy for 1880 was three and one-tenth per cent., upon a grand duplicate of about one hundred and sixty-seven million dollars. That of 1879 was tw0 an d eight hundred and eight-thousandths upon a valuation of one hundred and sixty-nine million three hundred and five thousand six hundred and thirty-nine dollars. In 1809 the tax levy in the village of Cincinnati was one- half of one per cent; in 1810, two-fifths of one per cent.; and in 181 1, thirty- five cents on the hundred dollars. THE RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES of the last year of the city government (1880), were, re- ceipts four million eight hundred and eighty-seven thou- sand seven hundred dollars and sixty-six cents, including seven hundred and sixty thousand five hundred and thirty dollars and eight cents balance on hand at the beginning of the year, and disbursements, four million eight hun- dred and seventy-seven thousand seven hundred dollars and sixty-six cents, including one hundred and six thou- sand two hundred and forty-five dollars and eighty-one cents. Of disbursements by far the largest particular, more than twice the amount of any other, was for interest on the city debt, one million six hundred and sixteen thousand seven dollars and twenty-four cents. PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS. About half a century ago (1830), the city owed eighty- two thousand two hundred and thirty-nine dollars and thirty-two cents, and had owing to it eight thousand seven hundred and eighty-six dollars and ninety-six cents. The legislature had just authorized the corporation to borrow one hundred" thousand dollars. In April, 1869, its bonded indebtedness was four million five hundred and seven thousand dollars, and the value of its public prop- erty was eleven million three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. January 1, 1880, of twenty-six million one hun- dred and six thousand dollars bonded indebtedness issued, two million two hundred and two thousand five hundred dollars had been redeemed, and twenty-three million nine hundred and three thousand five hundred dollars were still outstanding. This indebtedness has been chiefly — to the amount of eight million dollars — incurred by the construction of the Southern railroad. THE CITY BUILDINGS, in the square bounded by Eighth, Ninth, and Plum streets, and Central avenue, were built in 1853. In i860 about thirty thousand dollars were expended in improving and making additions to them. The city's charitable institutions have been noticed in our chapter on public charities. Its penal institutions will form the subject of the next chapter, and other branches of the city government will receive attention in chapters that follow. CHAPTER XLII. THE FIRE DEPARTMENT. We follow the foregoing account of the city govern- ment with some brief chapters recording memoranda of history concerning the chief departments of the public service controlled by the city. Just as the last century was going out, in December, 1800, the good people of Cincinnati began to be much troubled with incendiary fires. Their arrangements for the quenching of lire were as yet, in a town of less than eight hundred inhabitants, and far in the wilderness west, of the most primitive character; and when, a year there- after, several other conflagrations occurred, the purchase of a fire engine began to be seriously mooted. A meet- ing was held to consider the matter; but nothing came of the discussion, as there were yet no village authorities 3«4 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to give the movement municipal authority. But when, the next year, Cincinnati received its first village charter, a meeting of citizens was held July 14th, in the new court-house, at the southeast corner of Walnut and Fifth streets, to pass upon the expenditure of forty-six dollars by the select council, of which twelve dollars were to be appropriated for six fire-ladders, and a like sum for as many fire-hooks. With these public equipments the villagers had to be contented until 1808, when the coun- cil bought THE FIRST FIRE ENGINE. Another account, which we have embodied in the annals of the Second Decade, says that the engines were purchased by the council on the third of September, 1807 — one to be used on the bottom, the other on the hill; but the former statement is the more probable. The engine procured was a very poor one, and must have been wholly inefficient by 1810, since it receives no mention in the recollections of that year by Mr. S. S. L'Hommedieu, as given in his Pioneer Address. He says that then, whenever a fire occurred, "every one able to labor was required to be on hand with his long leather fire-bucket, and form in line to the river, to pass buckets with water to the fire. Every householder was required to keep one of these hung up, marked, and ready for instant use." In the address from which this extract is made, Mr. L'Hommedieu expressed the opin- ion that in 1870 Cincinnati, in her steam fire-engines and well ordered fire department, excelled any other city. The Union Fire company, comprising nearly all the men and well grown boys in the village, was organized the same year the engine was bought. Its organization proved to be about as inefficient as that of its engine. For two years before 18 15, says the Picture of Cincin- nati that year, it had held no meeting. A second com- pany was formed about 1815. A second engine had been provided for by public taxation imposed by the se- lect council two years ago, but it had not yet been pur- chased. The village ordinances, now required, as in the days of which Mr. L'Hommedieu speaks, that each house should be furnished with a fire-bucket, and that all male citizens of fifteen to fifty years should attend upon an alarm of fire, and that upon the occurrence of each con- flagration every drayman in town should provide at least two barrels of water. Bonfires and all other burnings on the streets or in-lots were "expressly but not success- fully forbidden," says Dr. Drake, who also notes that the first, at least, of the foregoing provisions was disregarded by the majority of the inhabitants. A WEAK DEPARTMENT. The Directory of the year 1819, the year when, the city proper had its birth, contains the following not over- flattering notice of the department of that day: There are two engines owned by the corporation, but, strange as it may appear, neither of them are kept in proper repair. A most un- pardonable apathy on this subject pervades our citizens generally. Al- most destitute of ladders, fire-hooks, buckets (or even water in most parts of the city), should the fiery element assail us in a dry and windy season, the denouement of the awful tragedy would be a general devas- tation of our now flourishing city. The most practicable means ought immediately to be taken for creating a supply of water, the number of engines increased and put in working condition, and every other appar- atus procured which can be of service in restricting the ravages of this powerful destroyer. Otherwise the "good easy man, "who retires to his couch meditating on the competency of his fortune, may stalk forth a beggar in the morning. AN IMPROVEMENT. The Directory of 1825 gives a little better account of the department. It now "consists of four engine companies, one hose company, one hook and ladder company, a protection company and a protection society.'' Thomas Tucker was chief engineer and Jeremiah Kier- sted assistant. "There are one hundred and fifty-five firemen and sixteen fire wardens. . . . The utensils of the fire department are in first rate repair, and the companies well organized and ready on the first no- tice to do their duty." This was something like a department. Each of the engine companies numbered about twenty-five, whose foreman was then called captain. The hose company also numbered twenty-five, and had in charge eighteen hundred feet of hose; the hook and ladder company, thirty, with a pretty good equipment for that day. The bucket company was specially charged with the preserva- tion of the fire-buckets. The protection company num- bered about fifty, and included many of the leading men in the place. The firemen were said by the authors of Cincinnati in 1826 to "keep the engines in excellent or- der, and in cases of fire are prompt, active, and persever- ing. The city council had just seconded their efforts nobly by constructing five substantial brick cisterns in different parts of the city, holding five thousand gal- lons each, and kept constantly filled through the pipes from the primitive water-works of the period. There was already a popular call, however, for an increase to thrice the number. In 1829 nine organized companies composed the fire department of Cincinnati — Fire Warden Company, No. 1; John L. Avery, president; Moses Brooks, secretary; twenty members. Fire Engine Company, No. 1 ; Hugh Gilbreath, foreman; S. R. Teal, assistant; thirty-five members. Fire Engine Company, No. 2 ; A. G. Dodd, foreman; J. S. Ross, assistant; thirty-five members. Fire Engine Company, No. 3; William Brown, foreman; thirty-five members. Fire Engine Company, No. 4; Thomas Baruise, foreman; John Morris, assistant; thirty- five members. Hook and Ladder Company, No. 1 ; E. D. Williams, foreman; S. Carrington, assistant; thirty- five members. Hose Company, No. 1 ; thirty-five mem- bers. Protection society, for the protection of exposed property during an alarm of fire; Joseph Gest, president; William Mills, -vice-president; David Churchill, secretary- Stephen Burrows, treasurer; seven directors; fifty mem- bers, with privilege of one hundred; composed princi- pally of respectable, substantial householders. Fire Bucket company, A. M. Ferguson, foreman; Nathaniel Reeder, assistant. Seven brick cisterns had -been con- structed in eligible situations, each to contain five thou- sand gallons of water. They were connected with the pipes of the water-works, and so were easily replenished when empty. Two of these— at the intersection of Main and Eighth, and the junction of Fourth and Syca- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 385 more streets, had been made only the year before. Zebu- Ion Byington was chief engineer, Moses Coffin, assistant. A STRONG DEPARTMENT. In 1 83 1 the city had ten public cisterns, and ten more were projected. The Water company had put in fifty fire-plugs, and kept them in repair and furnished with water. The department consisted of eight companies, the same as in 1829, except the hose company, in place of which the Cincinnati Independent Fire Engine and Hose company had been organized, under a charter granted February 22, 1830. The city council, the insur- ance companies, and the citizens generally had subscribed liberally in aid of the company, and it had apparatus valued at four thousand dollars — an eight-inch double- chamber engine of thirty-four men-power, discharging four and five-fifths gallons per stroke, in two streams; a suction engine, with double seven-inch chambers, of thirty men -power, discharging four gallons at each stroke. Both engines were finished in the best style of the time. The company also had one thousand five hundred feet of the best eight and one-half-inch hose, carried on a double hose-reel. A new engine-house bad been con- tracted for, to go up on Fourth street, near Broadway. George W. Neff was president of the company; Joseph Pierce, vice-president; Charles D. Dana, secretary; Kirk- bride Yardley, treasurer. THE FIRE BRIGADES. In 1836 the department was organized into eight brig- ades, each brigade consisting of two engines and a hose company, together manned by one hundred and fifty firemen. A chief or director was appointed for each brigade with one or more assistants, a secretary and treasurer. The brigades were designated, respectively, as Washington Fire Engine Company No. 1, manning the Pat Lyon and Ohio engines and the Ranger hose car- riage; Relief Fire Engine No. 2, with the Relief and Cincinnati engines and Reliance hose carriage; Indepen- dence Fire Company No. 3, Constitution and Liberty engines and veteran hose; Franklin Fire Company No. 4, Neptune and Atlantic Engines and Nymph hose; Brigade Fire Company No. 5, Fame engine and Canal hose; Cincinnati Indendence Fire Company No. 1, Waterwitch and Pilot engines and Red Rover hose; Cin- cinnati Independent Fire Company No. 2, Cataract and Deluge engines and Pioneer hose; Independent No. 3, Buckeye, with Buckeye and Niagara engines and Diligent hose. There were also the Fire Warden Company No. 1, composed of six members from each ward; the Cin- cinnati Fire Guards No. 1; Protection Society No. 1, whose object is defined above; and Hook and Ladder Company No. 1; besides the Cincinnati Fire association, composed of persons from the different fire companies, for the mutual benefit of the department. The fire cis- terns now numbered twenty-seven, all supplied from the water-works, as also fifty-five cast-iron plugs. In 1834 it was noted by the Directory that "much at- tention has been bestowed by the city council upon this important department. There are belonging to it fifteen engines and ten thousand one hundred and fifty feet of hose. It is divided into brigades, each of which has two engines, a hose company, and one hundred and fifty members in it. . . There are belonging to this department fifteen engines, seven hose-reels, one hundred and eighty-six buckets, and seven brigades, besides one engine belonging to the boys." The last-named feature, with which we have not met before in these in- quiries, was the Vigilant Fire Engine and Bucket com- pany, of seventy-five members, mostly youths. Benja- min Brice was president; Henry Pierce, vice-president; James Gilbreath, secretary; William Coppin, treasurer; Samuel James, foreman and engineer; Miller Ayres, fore- man of the bucket company. William Headly was chief en- gineer of the department in special charge of the cisterns and fire-plugs. An eminently respectable feature was the Cincinnati Fire Engine and Hose Company No. 2, of which Belamy Storer was president, and several lead- ing citizens in other offices. The company had been in- corporated by act of legislature January 15, 1833. FORTY YEARS AGO. In 1 840-1, the department consisted of eleven com- panies. They were: Washington No. 1, with two engines and one hundred and four members, including the hose company; Relief, ninety-six members; Independence, eighty-eight; Franklin, seventy-four; Fame, seventy- four; Fulton; Independent, one hundred and twenty- nine; Fire Engine and Hose and Independent No. 2, eighty-one; Cincinnati Fire Guards, sixty-six; and the Hook and Ladder company, forty-two. The Protection society numbered four hundred and seventy-one, and the company of Fire Wardens No. 1 had thirty-two members. Each of the engine companies had two engines and a hose cart in charge. The public cisterns numbered thirty-four, with thirty-five fire plugs. The Cincinnati P'ire association was organized in the latter year, of seven men from each company and five fire wardens. Its objects were to regulate the department, settle disputes arising between the companies, and provide benefits for sick and disabled members. Josiah J. Stratton was president, Teuton Lawson, treasurer, and John D. Lovell, secretary. A TRANSITION PERIOD. The volunteer department in Cincinnati, as in other cities, was subject to many abuses, which need not be detailed here, as they are well known to all who have given any thought or inquiry to the subject. The time at length arrived when a change seemed absolutely nec- essary to the peace and safety of the city at times of fire, or even of fire alarm. A few leading citizens, prominent among them Messrs. Miles Greenwood and James H. Walker, then a councilman from the Fifth ward, early in the seventh decade of the city, began to move for a reform in the department. Most fortunately for their purposes, about this time came in the era of THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE. One of the earliest of these engines built in this coun- try, and the first that was practicable for ready use, was constructed in Cincinnati. It has been somewhat de- scribed on page 328 of this volume, in our chapter on manufacturing. An engraving issued by way of frontis- 3 86 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. piece to the First Annual Report of the chief engineer of the department, April i, 1854, represents this primi- tive steam fire engine, the Uncle Joe Ross, the first in use in Cincinnati, and, except one for a short time in New York, anywhere in America. It was of the con- struction of Messrs. Shawk & Latta, of this city, and had then been in the service of the department for more than sixteen months, stationed on the north side of Eighth street, between Plum and Central avenue. It appears rude and clumsy in comparison with the elegant ma- chines of the present day, and was heavy and difficult to move; but was strong and serviceable, doing its work well. The chief engineer reported this year: "If any doubt remained of the practicability of this invention for protecting property from destruction by fire, it must now be removed. The triumphant success of this inven- tion has so completely satisfied every one that has seen it in operation, not only as a means of greater security to property, but in point of economy far beyond any- thing now in use." So much confidence had the new device inspired, that a sum had been raised by the citizens and insurance companies, sufficient to pay for another steamer, which was then almost ready for service. The contract for still another had been authorized by the council, but it was thought best not to order it until the new one had been tested, so that the next steamer might be built with such improvements as the performance of the other suggested. He thought that when the engine nearly ready was placed in service, four or five of the existing hand engine com- panies in the heart of the city might be safely dispensed with, as was presently done. In 1880 a present citizen of Iowa, an old-time visitor to Cincinnati, recalled some memories of this engine in reply to an inquiry, which, with some abatement for er- rors not necessary to indicate, well justifies its reproduc- tion here. "Yes, sir," was the response, " 1 drove the team that hauled the first steam fire engine ever built to the first fire on which streams were played by steam power. I'll tell you how it was: My brother worked in Miles Greenwood's foundry in Cincinnati — and I lived at Island Pond, Vermont— and in May, 1852, I believe, I went to Cincinnati to see him, arriving there Saturday evening. We were on our way to church Sun day morning, when the fire bells struck, and my brother"said : ' Now we'll see what they will do with the steam machine," and we started for Miles Greenwood's shop, where the steam fire engine was. It was built by Greenwood— the first ever on wheels. There the engine stood, steam up, four large gray horses hitched to it, * crowd looking at it, and Greenwood mad as the devil because he couldn't get a man to drive the horses. You see all the firemen were opposed to this new in- vention because they believed it would spoil their fun, and nobody wanted to be stoned by them, and then the horses were kicking about so that everybody was afraid on that account. My brother says: 'Larry, you can drive those horses, I know!' And Greenwood said : 'If you can, I wish you would— I'll pay you for it!' My business was teaming, you see. And just as I was, with my Sunday clothes on, I jumped on the back of 1 wheel horse, seized the rein, spoke to the horses, and out we went kiting. Miles Greenwood went ahead, telling the people to get out of the way— the streets were full of people. The horses went on a fast run nearly the whole way, and when we got to the fire we took suction from the canal, and played two streams on the building, a large frame house, and put the fire out. That was the biggest crowd I ever saw in my life, and the people yelled and shouted while some of the firemen who stood around the piano machines (hand fire engines) jeered and groaned. After the fire was out Greenwood put on two more streams, and four were played. Then the city hired me to drive the four horse team with the steamer, paying me seventy- five dollars a month. It was a great long, wide affair, with a tall heavy boiler— it was bigger than this room — and run on three wheels, two be- hind and one in front to guide it by. After a few weeks a fellow offered to do my work for fifty dollars a month, and they turned me off and hired him. The second fire he drove to he was run over and killed." In the same report cited Chief Greenwood recom- mended the purchase of the lot, then vacant, on the south side of Sixth street, between Vine and Race, for the use of the department, arguing its convenience to the lookout and' alarm bell about to be placed upon the ad- joining Mechanics' Institute building, and other impor- tant considerations. The same thing had been under advisement by the authorities, and, before the chief engineer's report appeared in print, the purchase had been authorized by the city council. The handsome and convenient building subsequently erected upon it is the one now occupied as the headquarters of the department, and also by gift, steam engine company, No. 3, Phcenix hook and ladder company, No. 1, and the fire alarm telegraph. , The cost of the department for the year reported (1853-4) was seventy-eight thousand four hundred and forty-four dollars and four cents, of which twelve thousand two hundred and seventy-three dollars and sixty-three cents was attributable to the change from the volunteer to the paid system. Besides the steam fire-engine, four- teen hand-engine companies were still in service, two hook and ladder companies, and one hose company. The salary list of officers and men for the year was fifty- three thousand six hundred and thirty-nine dollars and one cent. The fires of the year numbered one hundred and sixty, with an estimated loss of six hundred and eighty thousand nine hundred and six dollars, of which three hundred and thirty thousand and eighty-nine dollars was covered by insurance. It was a notable period of trans- ition in the organization of one of the finest fire depart- ments in the world. MILES GREENWOOD. Mr. Greenwood had accepted service under the ordi- nance passed March 9, 1853, reorganizing the department and providing, in a limited way, for a paid department. Each member of a company employed by the city (none to be under twenty-one years of age) was to receive the munificent sum of sixty dollars per annum; each lieuten- ant, one hundred dollars; captains, one hundred and fifty dollars ; pipemen and drivers, three hundred and sixty-five dollars ; assistant engineers (four), three hun- dred dollars, and the chief engineer one thousand dollars a year. Mr. Greenwood, however, was practically serving without pay, while employing another person at a good salary to attend to his regular business. A writer in the Biographical Cyclopedia and Portrait Gallery of Dis- tinguished Men thus refers to his eminent service in this difficult work : Mr. Greenwood became connected with the fire department in 1829 when there was but one hose company in the city, and was president of the association several times. In 1853 the first steam fire engine was brought out to a fire by a number of picked men under the command of Mr.. Greenwood. It was well understood that the buildings had been fired by the members of the volunteer company, who were bitterly opposed to the introduction of steam engines, for the purpose of hav- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 387 ing an opportunity to smash it. Mr. Greenwood was soon surrounded by three hundred of these men, who were loud in their threats of ven- geance. But his cool courage and resolute will daunted the rioters, so that everything dwindled into a threat that he would never get an office after that. Two other fires occurred the same night. It will be re- membered that the city council took little or no interest in the great change in the fire department which the exigency of the times called for; and being determined to accomplish the work he had undertaken, he furnished fifteen thousand dollars of his own money, and obtained fifteen thousand dollars more from private citizens and insurance com- panies, who had confidence in, the final success of the change. It was not until the change had been made that the council sanctioned it by paying the expenses attending it. Mr. Greenwood, however, had fully informed himself in regard to the will of the better class of citizens, and was determined to succeed with the moral support which they ren- dered him. He removed his family from the city to Avondale, previ- ous to the struggle, and for the first eighteen months only slept at home six nights; and from his house on the corner of Race and Ninth streets answered every tap of the alarm bell. The council paid him one thousand dollars to attend to their business, and he paid one thousand five hundred dollars for a person to take his place in his own business; and to show that he was not actuated by mercenary motives, donated the one thousand dollars to the Mechanics' Institute. After the steam fire engine became a fixed fact in the Cincinnati fire department, a dep- utation from the city of Baltimore came on to examine its workings and compare the paid and volunteer systems. On being questioned as to the points of difference, Mr. Greenwood's answer was characteristic, and as follows: " 1st, it never gets drunk ; 2nd, it never throws brick- bats, and the only drawback connected with it is, that it can't vote.'' As evidence that even the council were ultimately made sensible of the benefit accruing to the city from the services of Mr. Greenwood in this direction, we insert the following resolution: "Resolved, That the thanks of the citizens of Cincinnati are due to Miles Greenwood, chief engineer of the fire department, for the able and efficient manner in which he has discharged the duties of said of- fice, bringing order out of confusion and saving property and life by systematized and well defined rules and regulations, and a personal su- pervision highly honoraole to him, and immensely valuable to this city." A beautiful souvenir was presented to Mr. Greenwood, the inscription on which was as follows: " Presented to Miles Greenwood by the officers of the pay fire department, upon his retirement from the position of chief engineer of the department, as a tribute of their respect and es- teem for his efficient services as a fireman, his bearing as an officer, and exemplary character as a citizen, for many years an active fireman, and the last two in organizing the present department, the best the world can boast of." Mr. Greenwood had been prominent in the affairs of the department from the beginning of his connection with it, and was several times elected president of the firemen's association. The story of his battle with the volunteer companies and their sympathizers is retold by the writer of his biography in Cincinnati, Past and Pres- ent, from which we extract the following paragraphs: To Mr. Greenwood the Cincinnati fire department is mainly indebted for its efficient organization. The pay fire department, now in general use, is really his creation. From being a leading spirit in the old vol- unteer department, he saw the inevitably demoralizing tendencies of it upon the youth of cities, and conceiving the idea of adopting steam as a motive power in the extinguishing of fires, he next determined to have a paid, rather than a volunteer department. In this he met with a weight of opposition, both in the city council and the volunteer fire- men that would have completely discouraged a man of less determina- tion of character and persistence. For three months after the organi- zation of the paid fire department of the city, the city council refused to recognize the change, or appropriate the money to pay the men ; and during this time Mr. Greenwood advanced for this purpose fifteen thou- sand dollars to keep the men together by paying them regularly. Night and day he was constantly engaged fighting the opposition to the or- ganization. He had no time to attend to his own business, but paid a man one thousand five hundred dollars to attend to it for him. Event- ually he triumphed over every difficulty, and to-day such a thing as a volunteer fire department is unknown in any city of the first class in Europe or America. THE PAID DEPARTMENT, Thus the great reform was finally effected, while Balti- more, Philadelphia, and other cities were still afflicted with the rivalries and rowdyism of the old system. Mr. Greenwood personally settled all claims and difficulties between the city authorities and the old companies. The efficiency with which he took hold of abuses and pro- moted the reform of the department, is apparent in his first annual report. After the lapse of but six months from the institution of the new order of things, "the change for good was so manifest that even the opposition of the most clamorous advocates of the old system were hushed to silence," and at the end of a year he was en- abled to say, in addition: In the semi-annual report that I had the privilege to present to your honorable body, I could not refrain from congratulating the city council upon the triumphant success which had crowned their efforts in the reform of the fire department, which the peace and good order of society so imperatively demanded ; the result of which, although scarcely six months had passed, the change for good was so manifest that soon the opposition of the most clamorous advocates of the old system were hushed into silence ; nor is the effect of the change now, .after the first twelve months have elapsed, less manifest or worthy your confidence. Under the present control the engine houses are no longer nurseries where the youth of the city are trained up in vice, vulgarity and debauchery, and where licentiousness holds her nightly revels. The Sabbath day is no longer desecrated by the yells and fierce conflicts of rival fire companies, who sought the occasion afforded by false alarms, often gotten up for the purpose of making brutal assaults upon each other; our citizens, male and female, pass our engine houses without being insulted by the coarse vulgarities of the persons collected around them. The safety and security of our citizens are no longer trampled under foot by men claiming a higher law, under the license of the name of firemen, to commit all manner of excesses with impunity. The temptation for the youths of our city to follow fire companies and attach themselves to them, is entirely done away. For all these good results let me congratulate the city council, and all who have so manfully and disinterestedly labored for the reform. LATER DEVELOPMENT. In 1858 the steam engines manned by the department already numbered seven. Two years thereafter the number was eleven with one hundred and fifty-one mem- bers in the department, including officers, and two hook and ladder companies. All the hand-engines had been retired, except one in the Seventeenth ward, which was still kept for local protection. The mayor this year characterized the department as "the most efficient in America," and Chief Megrue said: At no period since the organization of the fire department, has it reached so near perfection as now. As an achievement of human skill we point to it with pride, and in practical workings we have the attesta- tion of an admiring world. The self-propelling steam fire engines were introduced about this time, or soon after; and in 1864 a splendid new machine of this kind, called the "John F. Torrence," was purchased for seven thousand dollars. Four years afterwards the "A. B. Latta" was added, named from the builder of the first steam fire engine in Cincinnati. The cost of the department in the latter year (1868-9) was two hundred and forty thousand five hundred and eighty-four dollars and thirteen cents. There were one hundred and eighty-three alarms and ninety fires, with a loss of four hundred and forty-seven thousand three hundred and eighty-two dollars, against which was a total insurance of two hundred and seventy-one thousand and 3 88 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. sixteen dollars. Some new and yet more powerful ma- chines were being added. The department was now accounted the best in the world, and was famous through- out the country for its promptness and success in con- quering the fire-fiend. In the annual report of Chief Engineer Megrue for 1871, he said: The wonderful increase of Cincinnati, in territory, wealth, and pop- ulation, cannot be better shown than by looking at the progress of the fire department. Fourteen years ago, when I was appointed chief engineer, there were only seven steam engines, and a few hand-engines, the task of which was to guard the small valley of twelve wards compos- ing the city; while we now have eighteen steamers in operation, or soon to be placed in service, placed at proper distances through the twenty- four wards of the city, which has a river front of some twelve miles with an average depth of about one half that distance. At the Chicago fire of October, in the next year, a part of the Cincinnati department was present, and rendered effective aid. That year three new steamers and two hook and ladder companies were added to its forces. The next year (1873) its organization was changed by an act of the general assembly. It was removed from the immediate care of the city council, and placed in charge of a board of fire commissioners appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the council. The first board was com- posed of the following citizens: P. W. Strader, presi- dent; George C. Sargent, George Weber, Henry Hanna, and Charles Kahn, jr. The board organized on the twenty-fifth of August, abolished the offices of foreman and outside pipeman of the companies, and employed a force of men on full time and pay. Five Babcock chem- ical engines were contracted for, which have since ren- dered signal service. The department was taken from the board by legislative act March 17, 1877, but restored by the same authority February 14, 1878, when the judge of the police court appointed to the board Messrs. Weber and Sargent, together with John L. Thompson and Wil- liam Dunn. A marked instance of the promptness and efficiency of the department was presented at the fire in Glendale May 14, 1880, when it was summoned by telegraph, and in forty-five minutes from the time when the dispatch was filed at the Glendale office, had an engine playing on the fire, in personal charge of Chief Engineer Bunker. Chief Megrue noted in 1875 that the losses by fire the year before were two hundred and forty thousand dol- lars less than in 1854, though the city had meanwhile doubled in population. Cincinnati, it may be here re- marked, has never been visited by any of the great con- flagrations of our history. It is protected, not only by its superb fire department, but by the environment of hills which breaks the force of prevailing winds; and the rates of insurance are therefore less than in any other large city in the United States. THE FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH. After repeated appeals for this additional protective agency, through the annual messages of the mayor, re- ports of the chief engineer and otherwise, it was at last ordered by the city. A law of 1865 enabled the city council to raise a fund for it, and it was erected the next year by Messrs. J. F. Kennard & Co., of Boston. It was used also for police purposes, and at once amply jus- tified the cause of its working, which was twenty-five thousand dollars the first year, and twenty thousand eight hundred dollars the second. It was extended in 1868 to Mount Adams, the Walnut Hills, the workhouse, and the west side of Mill creek. In 1873 still more ex- tensive additions were made, in consequence of the an- nexations, and twenty-seven new signal boxes were also put up. THE CHIEF ENGINEERS. Besides those already noted — Thomas Tucker in 1825, and before and after, with Jeremiah Kiersted as assis- tant; Zebulon Byington about 1826, with Moses Coffin assistant; and William Hedley in 1833-4 — we have the names of Miles Greenwood, 1852-6; Enoch G. Megrue, for twenty-one years, 1856-77; and since the latter date captain Joseph Bunker, formerly assistant engineer, and who has been connected with the department since 1854. RECENT STATISTICS. The expenses of the department for 188c were one hundred and eighty-nine thousand thirty-two dollars and forty-seven cents, against receipts of two hundred and two thousand one hundred dollars and seventy-six cents, yielding a balance of thirteen thousand sixty eight dollars and twenty-nine cents, of which five thousand dollars was reserved for a new engine, and seven thousand one hundred and sixty-seven dollars for an engine-house on Lick run. The alarms of the year were two hundred and seventy-eight, of which one hundred and fifty-four were still alarms. Losses by fire in the city aggregated four hundred and twenty-six thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight dollars and seventy-seven cents, with in- surance three hundred and thirty-four thousand five hun- dred and forty-nine dollars and fifty-seven cents. Dur- ing the year sixteen new alarm boxes were placed in position, and the entire alarm system has been renovated by removing the wires from housetops and placing them on poles. CHAPTER XLIII. THE WATER-WORKS. There was never any lack of water in Cincinnati, or scarcely anywhere else in the Miami country, one of the best watered tracts in all the world. THE FIRST WELL upon the site of the Queen City was excavated in 1791, inside the embattled precincts of Fort Washington, by a professional well-digger named Robert Shaw, otherwise "the water-witch," a queer character of the early day, whose life, written and rudely illustrated by himself] may be seen in a very rare volume at the Cincinnati public library. , THE WATER-CARTS. Two years afterwards, during the year in which Mr David McCash, a stout Scotchman, immigrated hither HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 389 from Mason county, Kentucky, his eldest son made a contrivance of two stout poles, the front halves of which were used as shafts for the single horse employed to drag the affair, while a cross-piece about midway of the poles, a barrel, and two pegs to keep it in place, completed the singular outfit. With this the enterprising young Wil- liam furnished the primitive Cincinnatians with their first water supply, away from their own premises. Jesse Reeder and others, long afterwards enlarged profitably upon the McCash idea, as will be seen in the extracts below. DR. DRAKE, IN EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN, notes a few indifferent springs on the borders of the village, and others on the hillsides, but none with a suffi- ciency of water for distribution through the town. A number of wells, however, had been sunk — those east of Broadway to the depth of thirty to fifty feet; some of those on the northwest parts of the hill only twenty to forty feet, while, strange to say, those on the bottom had to be sunk forty to sixty feet. At points between Third and Sixth streets, west of Broadway, a depth of seventy to one hundred was necessary, in order to reach water. The find contained the usual salts, and in some wells was slightly impregnated with iron. (Sixty-two years afterwards, in 1877, the artesian well at Moerlein's brewery, on Elm street, near McMicken avenue, devel- oped a vein of mineral water, flowing nearly a hundred barrels per hour, draughts from which are said to have cured a number of confirmed invalids). Cisterns were common in 181 5, "and from the absence of coal in our fires," says Dr. Drake, happy man! "afford good water.'' A large share of all the water used, how- ever, was hauled in barrels from the river. It was often impure, and took time to settle, but was preferred- to well water for most domestic purposes. The proprietors of the great steam mill were contemplating the applica- tion of their surplus power in the distribution of the river water over the whole town, which, thought the doc- tor, was "a plan so interesting that its execution will con- stitute an important era in our public improvements." A COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY. Mr. Cist, in his Cincinnati in 1851, gives the follow- ing instructive sketch of the early history of the water supply. of the city : The first settlers of Cincinnati drank from the springs in the hillside, along and below the present line of Third street, and did their washing in the Ohio river. As the population increased individuals for their greater private convenience sank wells. Still a large portion of the in- habitants obtained their supply fiom the river, and there are many still living who associate toting water by hoop and bucket with their remin- iscences of a washing day. The summer of 1802 was very dry, and most of the springs failed. Among the rest the one which supplied Deacon Wade's tan-yard. Without water the business could not go no— not a dray in the settle- ment — what was to be done? An inventive genius, Ja'mes McMahan, came to their relief ; with an axe and auger repaired to the adjoining fields, cut a couple of saplings, pinned cross-pieces, and upon them secured a cask. To this dray by aid of a yoke, or wooden collar, he geared his bull, and with this "fixin"' the water was furnished, and the business of the yard kept in operation. In 1806, when the citizens numbered seventeen hundred, the first move for supplying them with water was made by William, better known as " Bill" Gibson, rigging a cask upon wheels, and undertaking the furnishing of water as a part of his business. The facility this water-cart afforded was as great a desideratum and as marked an epoch in the history of the progress of the comforts of the town as any subsequent improvement for furnishing the city with water. In 1R17 Jesse Reeder built a tank on the bank of the river, near Ludlow street. By means of elevators worked by horse power he lifted the water into this tank and thence sold it to the water carts. In 1816 the town council of Cincinnati granted the Cincinnati Woollen Manufacturing company the exclusive privilege of laying pipe through the streets, lanes and alleys of the town, for the purpose of supplying the citizens thereof with water, conditioned "That on or before the fourth day of July, 18 19, the pipe should be laid and water conveyed to that part of the town lying south of Third street, common- ly called the 'Bottom,' and to that part of the the town called the 'Hill,' so that it may be delivered three feet above the first floor of James Furgeson's kitchen, in said town, on or before the second day of July, 1823." In i8r8 the Woollen Manufacturing company, with the assent of the town council, transferred all their right, interest and privilege of sup- plying the inhabitants of the town of Cincinnati with water, to S. W. Davies, and the legislature granted said Davies and his associates an act of incorporation by the name of the Cincinnati Water company, with the privilege of creating a capital not exceeding seventy-five thousand dollars. Mr. Davies purchased the property now occupied by the engine house and reservoir, and commenced preparing for fur- nishing the city with water. A reservoir forty by thirty and six feet deep, bottom and sides planked, was excavated on the hillside, a little south and west of the present site. Two frame buildings were erected on the bank, one on the north and the other on the south side of Front street. A lifting pump, placed in the building south of Front street, lifted the water from the river into a tank in the building on the north side of Front street. From this tank the water was forced up the hill into the reservoir. The pipes, pumps and machinery were of wood, and worked by horse power. In 1820, there being at the time no improvements between Broadway and the reservoir, the wooden pipes leading into the town were laid along the hillside, through Martin Baum's orchard, do.wn to Deer creek; on the west side of the creek, through what at the time was Baum's fields, now Longwood's garden, and other lots to Broadway; thence along Fifth street to Sycamore, and down Sycamore to Lower Market. Here the first fire-plug — a wooden pent stock — was placed, and from it the first water lifted by machinery, from the Ohio river, and passed through pipes for the use of the citizens, flowed on the third day of July, r82r. In 1824, Mr. Davis purchased the engine and boiler of the steamboat Vesta; and Mr. Joseph Dickinson, after having repaired and fitted the engine up in the frame building south of Front street, attached by means of crank and lever two lifting pumps, of six-inch cylinder, and two force pumps of seven-inch cylinder and four-foot stroke. With these the water was lifted from the river into a tank in the same build- ing, and forced from this tank, up the hill, four hundred feet through five-inch iron pipe, and three hundred and fifty feet of gum-wood pipe, into the reservoir. The trees for these pipes were cut in Deacon Wade's woods, near the corner of Western Row and Everett streets. In 1827, Mr. Davies sold his interest in the water-works to Messrs. Ware, Foote, Greene and others when, in accordance with the act of incorporation, a company organization took place. At this time there were about seventeen thousand feet of wooden pipe, five hundred and thirty hydrants, and less than five thousand dollars income. In 1828, the engine was repaired, and the entire pumping apparatus remodeled by Anthony Harkness. After this the water was thrown through a twelve-inch iron pipe into a new stone reservoir, one hun- dred feet by fifty, and twelve feet deep. This reservoir was enlarged from time to time, until its dimensions equalled three hundred and fifty feet in length by fifty feet in width, and twelve feet deep, containing one million, two hundred thousand gallons of water. This reservoir, having served its day, has now to give way to make room for a new one, enlarged to meet the present demand. In 1833, Mr. Harkness made and put up a new engine and pumping apparatus, which is now in use. The grant of 1816 (some say 1817) by ordinance to the manufacturing company, gave the company the ex- clusive privilege, for ninety-nine years, of supplying the city, for an annual payment of one hundred dollars and unlimited free water at fires. The company was also ob- 39° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ligated to place a fire plug at each block into which water was introduced, to fill all corporation cisterns or reser- voirs free of expense, and allow water from them to be used only in case of fire. When the company transferred to Mr. Davies all their rights in the premises, he repaid to them all the prelimi- nary cost they had put upon the works. By the first of July, 1820, water was supplied on both the upper and lower plains as required by the ordinance. Notwith- standing the energy of Mr. Davies, however, and the suc- cess with which he pushed his operations, the citizens took little interest in them, and the disgusted proprietor finally offered the whole of his works to the city at less than cost. A vote was taken upon the proposal; but it was adverse to acceptance, and by and by operations were enlarged by the incorporation of the Cincinnati Water company, as above noted, although an authority places the date in the winter of 1825-6, several years later than the time named by Mr. Cist. The few mem- bers of the company took stock enough to enable the building of water-works by which the supply was raised by a steam engine of forty-horse power to a reservoir on the adjacent hillside, about thirty feet above the village "Hill" in extreme high't, being one hundred and fifty- eight feet above low water mark in the river. Thence two wooden pipes, by the route before described, con- ducted the water to the city, and distributed it along the principal streets through about forty thousand feet of smaller pipe. In 1826 about five hundred families and many manufactories were thus supplied. A neat enlarged reservoir, to hold three hundred thousand gallons, was just building, and iron pipes, of eight and six inches di- ameter, were to be laid the next summer from the en- gine house just above Deer creek bridge to the reservoir and through the town. The traveller Burnet, here in 18 17, observes the "pumps placed for general accommodation" in the streets of the village, and has a foot-note to the following effect : The pump water, though commonly used, is not good in hot weather, neither is the water of the Ohio. At a considerable expense they might be supplied with good water. I should think this impoitant subject will meet the early attention of the enlightened inhabitants. Mr. John P. Foote's biography of his brother, the late Samuel E. Foote, makes the following contribution to the history of Cincinnati water-works: At an early period in the history of Cincinnati, when its future growth and prosperity appeared to be fully established, the need of a regular supply of water was seen to be necessary, not only for family purposes, but for supplying the wants of manufacturing establishments, which were beginning to be requisite for the supply (especially) of those heavy fabrics, the transportation of which from the seaboard imposed taxes too heavy to be borne by the early emigrants to our western towns and farms. This want, a most energetic and accomplished man of busi- ness, Colonel Samuel W. Davies, undertook to supply. He raised a substantial building of stone and brick, at low-water mark of the river, for the accommodation of the lifting and forcing pumps, neces- sary to convey the water of the river to a reservoir, on a hill immedi- ately north of the building. This reservoir was about three hundred feet above low-water mark, and was near the eastern boundary of the city, and higher than its highest levels. He laid wooden pipes for carrying the water through now in the thirteenth year of his age. The subject of our sketch, Rees Price, inherited many of the native endowments of his parents. He was well developed physically and mentally. With shapely limbs he walked with the energy and springing step of his father and possessed the suave manner, candor, and mental characteristics of his mother. He won many friends outside of those who were brought into contact with him in merely a business way. His father's success in busi- ness enabled him to make large purchases of lands west of Mill creek, but his long years of honest toil, that brought him such large results, were wasted in naught in trying to help incompetent: kinsmen and others, to such amounts in the use of his name as brought banbrupt- cey to his own fortunes. He attempted to retrieve his lost fortune, and began the second time, at an advanced age, to accomplish the result; but the task proved a struggle too great for the will-power of the man, and he died November 19, 1821, at the age of six- ty-four years. Rees E. Price was twenty-seven years of age at the death of his father, and, owing to the want of educational advantages previous to the year 1808 and his father's embarrassments, he was called upon to aid him in extricating himself from his obligations. This labor, severe as it was, proved the only education of great prac- tical importance received. He was in every sense of the word a frontiersman in pioneer life ; strong, active, and a hard-laboring man. He could go into the timber and in the sunlight of one day cut, split, and stack three cords of wood. With his keen-edged skinning axe he felled the forest and helped to make way for the school-houses, furnace-flues and factory-stack. With honest sweat and toil he manufactured millions of brick to be used in build- ing the beautiful mansions and business blocks of the Paris of America. He was truly an honest man, and a hard-working, faithful brother. A classical education might have developed other qualities of the mind had he spent his time in school and afterward followed some of the leading professions. But no course in life would have developed his usefulness, have made him a more valuable, respected and admired citizen, in all probability, than the honest, straightforward course he took and main- tained with his dying principles through life. In one sense he was truly educated, being a useful worker. At the age of twenty-one he found his father's estate insolvent. He had a constitution by nature strong, and as yet unimpaired, and went to work with a will to cor- rect the misfortune. He possessed a good stock of correct principles, and, under the guidance and influence of his mother's love, fortune was made to smile upon his brave endeavors, and at the age of thirty-four he found himself free from all incumbrances. Of the leading traits which formed the character of our subject at that HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 427 time we may mention his industry, honesty, will-power, and benevolence. These traits adhered to him through life. He was kind and considerate to the poor, ready and punctual to help those in need, while his word was his bond, and was so considered by his acquaintances. He was a man possessing prodigious strength. He at one time lifted a log with a man on it that a number of men had failed to lift without the man; at another time he shouldered a stone that a number of men singly had tried in vain to raise from the ground. He was a peace- able, silent, thoughful man. In his living he was tem- perate and frugal, a student of man and of nature, the results of which wrought out for him principles then re- garded by the slow age as odd notions and conceits, but now better accepted by the thinking mind as living facts. In politics he was an admirer of Jackson, the heroic will- power and patriotism of the man, completely winning his favor for the time being, but the governing policy of the old hero as it developed itself, though popular with the masses, found no sympathy or support from Mr. Price. He subsequently became an anti-slavery man, and voted for James G. Birney for President, since which time he has taken no part in politics. The act of Congress which robbed Mexico of its terri- tory, to annex it to the United States in the interest of the dark spirit of slavery, was declared by him to be an ab- horrence and that the nation had dishonored itself in perpetrating such a wrong. His sense of justice was so much outraged at this flagrant act that he published his declaration to the world that he had no part in this dis- honesty of the Government, and that to such a Govern- ment he owed no allegiance. He visited Washington city, and in the Senate chamber in an almost frenzied condition denounced the unrighteous act in the presence of the men who had consummated it, and for the course he took, exhibiting an unreasonable contempt for the danger in which he was placed, was imprisoned by the authorities as a felon. At the age of twenty-nine our subject was married to Miss Sarah Matson, daughter of Judge Matson, the dis- tinguished gentleman so well known in this county. After this marriage, in a dower conferred upon his daugh- ter, the unselfish character of the man was beautifully illustrated. To Sarah was given by her father eighty-two and a half acres of one of the most valuable farms in the Ohio valley, located but a few miles west of the city, on the banks of the river. The manly feelings of Mr. Price refused to have the farm conveyed to him or at any time to receive any profit therefrom, accepting it as law that there can be no legal title to land unless pur- chased by labor, and that he would eat no bread that was not won by honest toil, whether right or wrong. These were the axioms that governed him through life and illustrated his convictions at all times. Mr. Price was a close student of Scriptural prophecies and gave them literal interpretation, politically and eccle- siastically. He held that Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God by virtue of his loyalty to the divine attri- butes, and that Scripture prophecies indicate the modern advent of the grand man on earth who, with similar loyalty to divine principles, will be endowed with power like that ascribed to the meek and lowly one. Bishop Morris, in the Christian Advocate of February 22, 1849, says that — In his habits he is abstemious; drinks no tea, coffee, or anything but water; eats noanimal food, but eats vegetables and fruits, except apples, which are the forbidden fruit, and are the raw material from which comes cider, which, in 1840, was used as the symbol of man-worship — one of the marks of the feast. He is fluent, often shrewd; has a sten- torian voice, and talks not by the hour only, but by the day and night. Still he is gentle, polite and good-natured; bears reproof with meek- ness and contradiction with patience, but never yields a point which is to him rendered certain by revelation; he believes the Bible, but inter- prets it by the spirit within him. Although Mr. Price was a remarkable man, he was never in school after he was eleven years of age. He was married ninth December, 1824, after which he moved to the mouth of Mill creek, where John E. Price, his eldest son, was born and named after both grandpar- ents. Mr. Price died January 20, 1877, on the hill which bears his name. Mr. John Price was born November 29, 1825, and after leaving school turned his attention to brick-making. In 185 1, he accepted a position on the Ohio & Mississippi railroad as conductor, and is the oldest official in that business on that line. In 1845 ne was one °f tne con " tractors for the construction of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton. The first train was run over that line tenth of April, 1854. In i860, beginning in the month of October, he went south and was engaged on a road be- tween Sabine pass and Beaumont, Texas, but the break- ing out of the war stopped proceedings. The work now is being pushed forward by other parties. He was in the war three years as, from October, 1862, till October, 1865, superintendent of a division on the Nashville & Chattanooga railroad. He was also on other lines. In 1868 he began the construction of the Price's Hill in- clined plane, which he and his brother finally completed, including the elevator, in 1875, at a cost of about two hundred thousand dollars. He was married May n, 1875, to Miss Fannie Kugler, daughter of David Kugler, of Clermont county, Ohio. By this marriage Mr. Price is the father of two children. He resides on Price's Hill. GENERAL DURBIN WARD. This gentleman, one of the foremost at the Hamilton county bar, and an orator of unwonted eloquence and power, is a Kentuckian born, a native of Augusta, in Bracken county, where he first saw the light February n, 1 8 19. He is of English and Welsh stock, his ancestors having settled on the eastern shore of Maryland about 1734. His father and grandfather were both soldiers in the War of 1812-15, the latter with the Maryland contingent, and the former with the Kentucky troops serving in the northwestern army. His father married Rebecca Patterson, daughter of an old soldier of the War of 1812. He received his given name from the dis- tinguished Methodist preacher of two generations ago, the Rev. John P. Durbin, who was a schoolmate of Mrs. Ward. When the lad was about four years of age his 428 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. father removed to Fayette county, Indiana. Here Dur- bin received a moderate primary education in the com- mon schools, and subsequently he spent two years in the Miami university, at Oxford, where he supported himself by his own exertions. He had, however, for many years been an omnivorous, insatiable reader, and up to the age of eighteen had actually perused every book that had come within his view. He thus left college with a vastly better equipment in intellectual resources and practical preparation for active life than many full graduates pos- sess. He determined to become a lawyer, and began to read the literature of the profession, at first with Judge Smith, then with the Hon. Thomas Corwin. Admitted to the bar in due time, he enjoyed the honors and emol- uments of a business partnership with Mr. Corwin for about three years. In 1845 he was elected prosecuting attorney for the county of Warren, and served in this office for six years. In 1852-3 he was a member of the house of representatives in the State legislature, the first held under the new constitution. He was an active and able member, and attracted considerable attention by an elaborate, strong report from his pen, conveying an argu- ment against capital punishment, and also an eloquent eulogy pronounced upon the occasion of the death of Governor Jeremiah Morrow, likewise by his effective op- position to the measure then proposed and advocated even by such influential members of the "third house" as Judge Bellamy Storer and William Corry, to lend the public arms of the State to Kossuth, then in this coun- try, for revolutionary purposes. For some years Mr. Ward was not much in politics, and in 1855 he finally abandoned the old Whig organization to which he had been long attached, but which was then almost in articulo mortis, and transferred his allegiance to the Democratic party, in whose faith he has since remained steadfast. In 1856 he was nominated by his new fellow-partisans as a candidate for Congress, but suffered defeat, with many other Democrats in the same canvass. In 1858 he was again upon the Democratic ticket, this time as a candi- date for the office of attorney general. He was also about this time prominently mentioned in connection with a candidacy for the supreme bench. He has since been a candidate in the hands of his friends for nomination to the governorship, and also to the United States Senate, and has from time to time been conspicuously named or formally nominated for other positions. He was a firm and useful adherent of Senator Douglas, of Illinois, then in training for the Presidential race, was often chairman of meetings of Douglas Democrats, and, in i860, pub- lished a pamphlet in defence of the Douglas doctrine of popular sovereignty. When the war of the Rebellion broke out he was prompt to enlist in the Union army, and, indeed, it is claimed that he was the first volunteer from his district, having begun to recruit a company even before the proc- lamation of President Lincoln calling for volunteers. He enlisted for the three months' service as a private in the Twelfth Ohio infantry, but was most of the time in service with the staff of General Schleich. At trie end of his first enlistment he was appointed major of the Seventeenth Ohio infantry, and took the field with it in southern Kentucky in October, 1861. He took promi- nent part in the battles at Mill Springs, Corinth, Perry- ville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, and other historic fields, and was seriously wounded in the last named fight, being shot through the body, and his left arm disabled for life. He went through the Atlanta campaign, however, with his arm in a sling, but received another injury to it about the close of the campaign, and was finally compelled to resign November 8, 1864. Upon his return he remained at Nashville, notwithstanding his release from service, while it was threatened by the ene- my under General Hood, and served as volunteer aid-de- camp on the staff of Major General Schofield. He had been made a lieutenant colonel in February, 1863, was promoted to colonel in November, of the same year, and breveted brigadier general November 18, 1865, "for gal- lant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Chicka- mauga." The writer of a book of Ohio biographies, in which General Ward's name has a conspicuous place, says that, "throughout his military career he was a bold, zeal- ous, fighting officer, having the full confidence of his men." After the war he was for a time engaged at Washington in the prosecution of claims against the Government, but eventually came to Cincinnati and reentered law practice, in which he has since remained, with distinguished and lucrative success. While still at Washington he became a supporter of the policy of President Johnson, aided in organizing the Union club, of that city, and was a dele- gate to the National Union convention at Philadelphia aad the Soldiers' convention at Cleveland in the autumn of 1866. November 18th of that year he was appointed United States attorney for the southern district of Ohio, and, in 1870, against his expressed desire, he was nomi- nated and elected as one of the Warren and Butler county delegation to the State senate, where he again faithfully served his constituents. He has since held no public office, but his services as a campaign orator are still much in request by his party, in which capacity he renders most efficient service. He is an eloquent speaker in other departments of oratory. A volume of his mis- ' cellaneous addresses and orations is now in preparation, and will soon be before the public. A wide and perma- nent popularity may be safely predicted for it General Ward was married November 27, 1866, to Miss Elizabeth Probasco, sister of Judge John Pro- basco, formerly a partner of Governor Corwin. The union has so far proved childless. HON. MANNING F. FORCE The Hon. Manning Ferguson Force, one of the judges of the superior court of Cincinnati, is of Huguenot stock on his father's side, and Welsh in the maternal an- cestry. William Force, his grandfather, served in the continental army in the war of the Revolution. Peter Force, his father, was a native of New Jersey, but resided during most of his life in Washington city, where he died HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 429 January 23, 1868. Here he became famous as an anti- quary and annalist, especially for the compilation of the invaluable work known as the American Archives, the nine volumes of which that were published constitute one of the great standard authorities for students and writers of American history. For the preparation of this he collected the finest series of "Americana" in the world, except that now existing in the British museum. The books and pamphlets in this department of his li- brary were purchased by the Government for the library of Congress shortly before his death. Manning F. Force was born in Washington, December 17, 1824. He was prepared for appointment and admis- sion to the West Point Military academy at a boarding school in Alexandria, Virginia, but decided to enter Har- vard university instead. He was matriculated as a soph- omore, and graduated from this institution in 1845, but continued his attendance at Cambridge as a member of the University Law school, from which he took his di- ploma three years afterwards. The succeeding year, in January, 1849, he made the beginning of a career in the Queen City by entering the office of Messrs. Walker & Kebler, where he read law assiduously during another twelve-month. At the expiration of this time he was ad- mitted to the bar, and afterwards became a member of the firm, which now took the name and style of Walker, Kebler & Force. After the death of Judge Walker, Mr. Force remained in partnership with Mr. Kebler until the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion. Offering his ser- vices then to the Government, he was made lieutenant- colonel of the Twentieth regiment of Ohio infantry, in the three-years' service. He was with it in the battles of Fort Donelson and Pittsburgh Landing, and presently became its chief officer after the resignation of Colonel Charles Whittlesey, now of Cleveland, through ill health. He shared the perils of the advance on Corinth, the bat- tles of Iuka and the Hatchie, the desperate engagement of Leggett's command near Bolivar, and frequent recon- noissances, often accompanied with sharp skirmishing. During the march to Vicksburgh he was heavily engaged with his regiment at Raymond and the Champion Hills, at Port Gibson and Jackson. While the siege was pro- gressing, the Twentieth was sent up the Yazoo river with General Blair's expedition, and on its return Colonel Force was promoted to the command of the Second brigade, Third division, Seventeenth army corps, and de- tached with it, in June, 1863, as part of Sherman's army of observation upon the movements of Johnston's troops. When Sherman moved toward Jackson the brigade did guard duty along the road to Clinton. About this time Colonel Force was decorated with the gold medal of honor of the Seventeenth corps, by the award of a mili- tary board. In August he marched with General Ste- venson's expedition to Monroe, Louisiana, and there re- ceived his commission as brigadier-general. In October he participated in the demonstration on Canton, under General McPherson. November 15th he took command of the First brigade, in the same division and corps, and during the winter took charge of the outpost at the crossing of the Big Black river. In February, 1864, he accompanied General Sherman to Meridian, and on the fourth advanced with the corps to the vicinity of Jack- son, skirmishing with the enemy for several miles, and his brigade rushing forward voluntarily and entering Jackson after nightfall. On the fourteenth his brigade was de- tached to burn a railway bridge over the Chunkey river, and during the movement surprised the rear guard of two brigades of rebel cavalry, under General Jackson, and routed them in utter disorder. His former regiment now took its veteran furlough, and he went with it home. The Seventeenth corps, with this and other veteran regi- ments, soon after reinforced the army of General Sher- man, then engaged in the campaign against Atlanta, and participated with it in subsequent engagements. The brigade commanded by General Force formed the ex- treme left of the Federal line at Kenesaw Mountain, and in one of the engagements there carried the. enemy's in- trenchments at the foot of the height. Before Atlanta the brigade was swung to the right flank, and then to the left, where it captured a fortified hill in full view of the city, although bravely defended by a part of General Pat Cleburne's rebel division. The next day, July 22nd, oc- curred the terrific battle of the army of the Tennessee against nearly the whole of Hood's army, in which Gen- eral McPherson was slain and General Force was wound- ed by a shot which passed through the upper part of the face, and for the time entirely disabled him. He was supposed to be fatally hurt, and was sent home to Cin- cinnati, but recovered in time to report again for duty at Gaylesville, Alabama, while General Sherman was follow- ing Hood in his advance upon Nashville. Here he re- ceived the brevet of major general "for especial gallantry at Atlanta." He was in the famous march to the sea, and in that across the Carolinas he was in temporary com- mand of the Third division of his corps, and with it forced the crossing at Orangeburgh, South Carolina, from the rebels. At Goldsborough he was regularly assigned to the command of the First division. During all battles and marches General Force had kept his place, except during the retirement enforced by his severe wound at Atlanta, while his staff officers were frequently changed by the casualties of war, three of them being killed on the field, one mortally wounded, one made prisoner, and two sent, broken down by hard service, to the hospital. After the close of the war General Force was retained, in order to command a military district in Mississippi. After the performance of this duty he was mustered out in January, 1866. Returning home he was proffered eminent civil office by President Johnson, and also ten- dered an appointment as colonel of the Thirty-second infantry in the regular army, but declined both to reenter the pursuits of civil life. A writer in the Biographical Cyclopaedia and Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Men says of his military career : Of General Force's record as a soldier it may be said that he was at the front during the whole war of secession, that he lost neither a can- non, nor a caisson, nor a wagon, and his command, though always in the extreme front, was never taken by surprise, was never thrown into confusion, and never gave back under fire. In the fall of 1867, having resumed the practice of his profession, General Force was elected by the Republican 43° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. party, of which he had been a member from its begin- ning, to the bench of the common pleas, and was re- elected in 1871. In 1876 he received the Republican nomination for Congress, but took no part in the canvass on account of his judicial position; and to this fact, probably, is due his defeat by his opponent, the Hon. Milton Sayler, but by a majority of only seven hundred, while Mr. Sayler's majorities had previously mounted into the thousands. The next spring Judge Force was advanced to the bench of the superior court of Cincin- nati, upon which he now occupies an honored place. He is also professor of equity and criminal law in the Cin- cinnati Law school, has been for many years president of the Ohio Historical and Philosophical society, which is virtually a Cincinnati institution; has been a director of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home at Dayton, a trustee of the Ohio Medical college, one of the founders of the musical festivals and the zoological garden, and a member of the Music Hall association and other organ- izations. He was united in marriage May 13, 1874, to Miss Frances Dabney Horton, of Pomeroy, Ohio. They have one child, a son. HON. JOSEPH COX, judge of the district court and court of common pleas of Hamilton county, and an eminent lawyer, is a native of Chambersburgh, Pennsylvania, born August 4, 1822, son of Dr. Hiram and Margaret (Edwards) Cox. His paternal grandfather was a pioneer in western Virginia, and his maternal grandsire in western Pennsylvania. Both were soldiers of the Revolution and of the Indian wars that followed, and the latter was killed in an Indian fight near Wheeling about 1795; the other was killed by the premature falling of a tree, leaving a young family, among whom was Hiram Cox, father of the subject of this sketch. He was early apprenticed to a saddler, but had an aptitude for scholarship which made him a teacher at the early age of sixteen, and at twenty-one head of a flourishing academy at Chambersburgh, which he main- tained for ten years. He was united in marriage to Margaret Edwards during this period. Their second child was Joseph, who inherited not only a love of learn- ing, but great physical vigor, energy, and ability to sustain continuous and severe labor. In February, 1829, the elder Cox, having meanwhile studied medicine, removed his family to Cincinnati, and shortly after to Dayton, Ohio, and there practiced his profession for two years. He then returned to Cincinnati, took a course and grad- uated at the Ohio Medical college, practiced four years in Clermont county and then returned to Hamilton coun- ty, where he spent his remaining years, dying at a good old age in 1867. His son Joseph had already, upon arrival in the Miami valley, although but seven years old advanced beyond the rudiments of learning in his father's school. His education was carried on in the schools of Clermont county, and in a singular but very efficient academy popularly called the " Quail-trap college," kept in a log cabin upon a farm near Goshen, by the Rev. Ludwell G. Gaines, a Presbyterian clergyman and very distinguished educator. Young Cox early became him- self a teacher, at first as an assistant in the academy kept by Mr. Thompson, at Springdale, in Springfield township. He made use of his earnings here to main- tain himself as a student at Miami university, in which he took a partial course. He studied medicine for a time, but eventually determined to become a lawyer, and read the literature of the profession with Thomas J. Strait and Messrs. Cary and Caldwell, all prominent practition- ers in Cincinnati. Admitted to the bar in 1843, he began practice in partnership with Henry Snow, which lasted about five years, His fortunes were cast with the Whig party of that day, by whom he was twice nominated to the office of prosecuting attorney, while still a young practitioner; but the party was then in a hopeless minority in the county, and he could not expect an elec- tion. He was, however, elected to the post in 1855 by a large majority, and had a laborious and eventful, but thoroughly able and reputable term of service, during which he was successful in breaking up a strong gang of counterfeiters and sending ten of them to the State pen- itentiary. Other important public services were rendered by him; and he abundantly earned then, and by subse. quent fidelity in his more private practice, the promotion which came to him (he being then a Republican) in 1866, in his election as the judge of the common pleas court for the first judicial district. To this post he was reelected in 187 1, and again in 1876, and has thus been fifteen years on the bench. In 1867 he was very strongly recommended by the Cincinnati bar for appointment as United States district judge, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of the Hon. H. H. Leavitt. His judicial, as well as his professional, career, has been marked by eminent and pronounced success. He has also strong literary and antiquarian tastes; has written much for the public press, and delivered numerous lectures, several of which have been published. Indebtedness to certain of them will be found acknowledged in various portions of this history, to which he has also made important contribu- tions in the course of private conversation. He is one of the most affable and popular of men, while he culti- nates none of the arts of the demagogue. Madisonville, six miles from Cincinnati, the place of his residence, and the Scientific and Literary society of that village, owe not a little to the sympathy and cooperation of Judge Cox in every good word and work. He has also done his party much service by his speeches in advocacy of its principles and policy, as he did to the Union cause in many ways during the bloody years of the Rebellion. On the ninth of May, 1848, Judge Cox was married to Miss Mary A., daughter of Benjamin R. Curtis, of Rich- mond, Virginia. They have had nine children, of whom six are still living. Three of his sons are graduates of the Cincinnati law school and engaged in the practice of the law— Walter T., Benjamin H., and Joseph, jr.; an- other, Samuel C, is well known in the book-trade. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 43i B. H. COX. Benjamin Hiram Cox, lawyer, is the second son of Judge Joseph Cox, and was born in Storrs township (now Cincinnati), Hamilton county, Ohio, March 16, 1851. He received his education at the common and high schools of the township, and in bookkeeping at Gundry's commercial college. He, at a very early age, showed great aptitude for business and was appointed to a posi- tion in the county clerk's office, by T. B. Disney, esq., chief clerk, Here he remained through the different successors of the office for nearly ten years, issuing sub- pances and orders for sale for all the courts, and officiating as clerk for one of the rooms of the supreme court. While thus employed he studied law under his father and graduated at the Cincinnati law college, and in 1875 was admitted to the bar and resigned his position in the clerk's office, and began the practice of law in Cincin- nati, in partnership with Charles W. Cole, esq. After- wards they associated with them his younger brother, Joseph Cox, jr., under the name of Cole, Cox & Cox. Previous to this, in 1871 he was elected a member of the school board, from the ninth ward, and selected from that body as a member of the union board of high school directors. In 1878 he was elected a member of council, from the ninth ward, and was appointed chairman of the committee of law and contracts, in which he served for two years with great intelligence and ability. Removing into the twelfth ward about the close of his term, he was unexpectedly nominated, by an overwhelming majority, to represent that ward, and was elected without opposi- tion. Mr. Cox is a fine specimen of our business young men. Of large, powerful physique and commanding presence, he is polite and affable to all, yet firm and tenacious in his views. He is active and energetic in business, has an unbounded faith in the progress and success of everything in Cincinnati, has, perhaps, bought and sold as much real estate in the city as any other young man of his age, and generally knows a bargain when he sees it. The firm of Cole, Cox & Cox has a flourishing business, being counsel for some of the best business men of the city. In addition to this, Benjamin is a master commissioner of the courts, and, being popu- lar with most of the lawyers, is entrusted with the sale of a great deal of property, under orders of court, of which, by his activity and knowledge of the business, and large acquaintance with capitalists, he has been markedly successful in disposing at good prices. In politics he is an ardent Republican and an active worker. His wife is Emma L., daughter of James S. Burdsal, one of the oldest and most prominent druggists of the city. By this marriage he has four children. Joseph Cox, jr., of the law firm of Cole, Cox & Cox, of Cincinnati, and son of the prominent and well-known citizen, Judge Joseph Cox, of Cincinnati, was born January n, 1858, in Storrs township. He received his education in the high schools of Cincinnati, graduat- ing therefrom in 1877. In 1879 he graduated in his law studies in the Cincinnati law school, since which time he has practiced his profession. In September, 1879, he was married to Miss Mary Covington, of Cin- cinnati, daughter of Mr. S. F. Covington, a leading cit- izen of that place. His wife died in June, 1880. HON. JOHN F. FOLLETT. The Hon. John Fassett Follett, named after bis ma- ternal great-uncle, Dr. John Fassett, of Toledo, is a na- tive of Vermont, as were all of his father's family. His father's name was also John F. Follett, likewise a native of Vermont. His grandfather, Eliphalet Follett, great- grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was a pioneer in the Wyoming valley, Pennsylvania, where he owned a very fine farm, but was doomed to lose his life in the massacre of Wyoming, so much celebrated in song and story. A half-brother of this pioneer was attacked in the«ame affair, stabbed in several places, scalped, and left for dead, but eventually survived and lived to a good old age. After the murder of Eliphalet Follett his widow and children returned to Vermont, whence they had removed to Wyoming, and spent the rest of their lives there. The oldest of the children, Martin D. Follett, was grandfather of John F. Follett, of Cincinnati. His mother, Sarah (Woodworth) Follett, was also a native of Vermont, where she and the elder Follett were married October 10, 1816. In 1837 they removed to the west, settling first in Licking county, with a family of nine children. Mr. Follett here pursued his lifelong vocation as a farmer, and there died in 1863, the mother follow- ing him to the tomb just four weeks afterwards. Eight of the nine children are still living. Hon. John F. Follett, next to the youngest of the family, was born upon the paternal farm in South Rich- ford, Franklin county, Vermont, February 18, 1833. His rudimentary education was received in the log school- houses of Licking county, but when about eighteen years of age he was permitted to leave home and strike out for himself in pursuit of a higher training. He took a preparatory course at the academy in Granville, Licking county, now no longer in existence, and his collegiate curriculum at Marietta college, being graduated there- from in r8ss with the highest honor, and with the last class going out under the presidency of the Rev. Henry Smith. He had now accumulated a considerable debt, for a young man, in the pursuit of education, but with- in the short space of two years, by teaching, first in the blind asylum at Columbus, and then in the high school of the same place, he secured an honorable discharge from all his obligations. He then began to read law with his brother, Charles Follett, esq., in Newark, and was there admitted to practice in 1858. He began business in the same place as a lawyer, and remained in Newark for about ten years, when, in September, 1868, he re- moved to Cincinnati, opened an office, and in March, 1870, formed a partnership with General H. L. Burnett, ex-Governor Jacob D. Cox also presently joining the firm. Upon the removal of General Burnett to New York, the firm became Cox & Follett, and remained such until the first of January, 1874, when General Cox withdrew. Mr. W. C. Cochrane was afterward received 43 2 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. into partnership, the firm name and style now being Follett & Cochrane. This firm was dissolved in 1878. Messrs. J. M. Dawson and David M. Hyman have since successively been taken into partnership, and the firm is now Follett, Dawson & Hyman. It enjoys an exten- sive practice, and ranks high among the legal partner- ships of the Queen City. The senior of the firm has often been solicited to become a candidate for judge in one of the courts, but has uniformly declined, preferring to remain in the more lucrative and stirring pursuits of the bar. Mr. Follett is a lifelong and hereditary Democrat. His services to the party were recognized in 1865 in an elec- tion from Licking county to the house of representa- tives in the State legislature. He was reelected at the expiration of his two-years' term, and upon the re-as- sembling of the house he was chosen speaker by a unani- mous vote, taken by acclamation, in the caucus of mem- bers of his party — a fact almost, if not quite, without precedent in the legislative history of the State. He was serving in this position with distinguished credit when he decided to remove to Cincinnati, and resigned both it and his membership in the house. Since his re- moval hither he has declined official position or candi- dacies, with the single exception of elector-at-large on the Democratic ticket of the State during the Presidential canvas of 1880. He has from time to time been solici- ted to run for Congress, and at the present writing (April, 1881) is prominently named by his friends as a Democratic candidate for the gubernatorial chair at the fall election. His abilities as a stump speaker are much in request during the more important campaigns, and of late years he has pretty regularly appeared in most parts of the State, as well as in his own city and county. He is regarded as one of the most eloquent men, either up- on the hustings or in the forum, that Ohio contains, and his services to his party have been inestimable. His political duties are not permitted, however, seriously to interfere with the careful study and practice of the law, in which he ranks among the very foremost in the able ranks of the bar in the Queen City. He is personally popular, and has abundantly reaped the rewards of dili- gence and assiduously cultivated talent. Mr. Follett was married, July 12, 1866, to Miss Francis M., daughter of Dr. John Dawson, a professor in the Starling Medical college, of Columbus, where they were married. Her mother was a sister of the late Judge Winans, of Xenia, a former member of Congress, and daughter of Dr. Matthias Winans, of Jamestown, Ohio. Mrs. Follett is still living, and in vigorous health. They have three children — John Dawson, W. W. Dawson (a girl), and Charles, the last one named from his uncle at Newark. In 1879 the scholarship, ability, and public record of Mr. Follett received the handsome recognition from his alma mater at Marietta, of the honorary degree of Doc- tor of Laws. DR. DAVID D. BRAMBLE. David Denman Bramble, M. D., a prominent practi- tioner in Cincinnati, is a Buckeye and a Hamilton county man "to the manor born," and is, physically and other- wise, a type of the very best class of natives of the great State of the Ohio valley. He was born at the village of Montgomery, in Sycamore township, on the eleventh of December, 1839. His parents were of good old Eng- lish stock, and were among the first settlers in the Miami Purchase. His boyhood was spent in the pure air of the country. As he grew larger and stronger he engaged in various pursuits of manual labor and humble trade, attending from time to time the rather indifferent public schools of that period, until after he had entered upon his four- teenth year. By an industry, economy and intelligence in business quite remarkable in one so young, he had by this time acquired means enough to enable him to begin a course of study in the Farmers' college, at College Hill. The same traits served to carry him triumphantly through an undergraduate course, and to leave the insti- tution with honor and the prestige of success. He began an independent career at once as teacher of the interme- diate school in his native village, from which he was advanced, at the expiration of about a year and a half, to the principalship of the school. He held this post for two years and a half more, when, at the age of twenty, he matriculated as a student at the Ohio Medical college in Cincinnati. He had previously, during a large part of his pedagogic service, been reading medicine under the direction of Dr. William Jones, of Montgomery, with whom he resided. After attendance upon two full courses of lectures, he was graduated from the Ohio Medical college in 1862. His public service and large practice began at once. He was appointed house physi- cian to the old Commercial hospital, then itself almost in articulo mortis, and about to give way to the magnifi- cent structure which now occupies its site, and much more, as is elsewhere related in this history. He served this institution for a single year, and in 1863 opened an office pretty nearly where he now is, at No. 227 Broad- way, for the general practice of his profession. All his offices have since been in this neighborhood on the same street. By September, 1867, he had built the handsome residence and office he now occupies at No. 169 Broad- way, and moved into it. He was again, about the same time of his beginning private practice, pressed into more public service as dis- trict physician for the Thirteenth ward, and in the autumn of the same year was made physician at the pest-house. The latter post he vacated by resignation at the end of three and a half years, presently accepting instead a much more pleasant and, in some respects, profitable position as professor of anatomy in the Cincinnati Col- lege of Medicine and Surgery, and also treasurer of the college. In 1872 he was advanced to the office of dean of the institution, and at the same time was transferred to the chair of surgery. In these important capacities he is still serving the college. For some time he was a joint editor and proprietor of the Cincinnati Medical HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 432 News, a monthly organ of the profession of no small reputation and utility. He has steadily maintained, withal, a large and growing private practice, in which his success has corresponded to the confidence reposed in his professional abilities by those who have appointed him to the several public positions he has held. He is a prominent and influential member of the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, the Ohio State Medical society, and the American Medical association, and is an original member of the American Surgical association, organized in the city of New York last year. Of this young asso- ciation himself and Dr. W. W. Dawson are the only Cin- cinnati members. Before one or the other of these societies he has read numerous papers, some of which have been published, and has engaged usefully in various discussions upon medical topics. Dr. Bramble has found time, in the midst of his busy employments, to take Odd Fellowship through all its degrees, to work entirely through the several ranks of the Knights of Pythias, and to proceed in Masonry to and including the thirty-second degree. He is at present master of the Kilwinning lodge No. 356, and is the third in command (second lieutenant) in the Consistory of the Ancient, Accepted Scottish Rite, of which Colonel Enoch T. Carson is commander-in-chief, and Mr. W. B. Wiltse, also of Cincinnati, is first lieutenant. Dr. Bramble was married May 15, 1864, to Miss Celestine, oldest daughter of John Rieck, the well-known farmer and land-owner of Sharon ville, Sycamore town- ship. They have three children, all daughters, and all living — Emma Ellen, born October 29, 1867 ; Jessie May, born March 20, 1870; and Mamie Rieck, born January 17, 1876. DR. A. J. MILES. Abijah J. Miles, M. D., health officer for the city of Cincinnati, is a native Buckeye, born at Troy, Miami county, Ohio, on the thirty-first of March, 1834. His maternal progenitors in this country were of English stock, their arrival upon western shores being contempo- raneous with that of William Penn. The family name on that side is Coats. He is of long-lived stock, his grandfather on the mother's side living to the age of ninety-six, and reading by second sight without glasses when about ninety years old, and his paternal grandfather living until near the same age. His father is now in his seventy-sixth year. His mother's maiden name was Sarah Coats, born in Dayton December 18, 1804, when it was but a little hamlet. Her parents had removed from Pennsylvania to South Carolina in the latter part of the last century, but being of the Quaker faith, they con- ceived a strong abhorrence to the institution of slavery, and again removed, this time to Ohio, passing through Cincinnati when it had less than nine hundred inhabi- tants, and settling in Dayton when it had made little more than a beginning. His paternal grandfather's fam- ily, the Mileses, came at the same time, with many other Quaker families, who formed the celebrated settlements west of Dayton, in Montgomery and Miami counties. William, son of Jonathan Miles, the grandfather, was born in 1806, and married Sarah Coates February 18, 1829. She died; more than fifty years afterwards, upon the same place where she began housekeeping, April 28, 1879. The father is still living. Their fourth child and third son was Abijah, who was born at the old homestead, near Troy, as before noted. His elementary education was received in the country schools of the neighborhood, after which he went to the Troy high school, where he was prepared to enter Antioch college. He was a mem- ber of this institution during parts of three years, teaching school in the winter, and getting means to attend the col- lege during the spring and summer terms, during which, by hard labor, he managed to keep up with his classes. He began to read medicine with Dr. George Keifer, in Troy, and pursued the study with Dr. Sigafoose, of West Milton, in the same county, finishing at the Ohio Medi- cal college, in Cincinnati, in 1858-9 and 1862-3, taking his diploma in March, 1863. Meanwhile, in 1861, he had enlisted in the army as hospital steward in the Fortieth regiment of Ohio infantry, then equipping for the field at Camp Chase. With this command he served through the arduous campaign in eastern Ken- tucky in early January, 1862, during which the victorious battle of Middle Creek was fought by General Garfield's, brigade, of which the Fortieth was part. His health was broken down by the hardships of the campaign, and, although offered the post of assistant surgeon upon his graduation subsequently, he had to be permanently dis- charged from the service, to which he never was able to return, and suffers in health to this day on account of that severe war experience. He accepted, however, di- rectly after graduation, the position of interne, or house physician, in the Commercial (now Cincinnati) hospital, an honor only bestowed upon the most meritorious stu- dents of the graduating classes of the college. At the expiration of his year's term he decided to open an office in Loudon, Madison county, Ohio, but in January, 1866, he returned to Cincinnati, on account of the laborious character of the country practice, and after a few months recommenced business. It was now the cholera season, and a favorable time for a young practitioner in the city. He soon commanded a large practice, -which has been successfully maintained and increased to this day. Within the last eight years he has developed special tal- ents in the direction of obstetrical and gynecological practice; and since 1873 has joined to numerous other duties those of the professorship of diseases of women and children in the Cincinnati college of medicine and surgery. Upon topics related to this department of practice he has written much and effectively — as papers before medical societies upon the use of forceps in breech deliveries, in explanation of a new breech forceps devised by him, as also reports of cases of delivery by means of the breech forceps, upon a new vaginal specu- lum, and many reports in the Medical News, of which he was for some time an associate editor and proprietor. Other medical topics have also been treated by him in essays for publication or for reading before societies, as upon wine of tobacco in tetanus, rotheln, and other 434 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. themes. In 1875 he was made a fellow of the obstetri- cal society of London, England, and is also a member of the Cincinnati Obstetrical society, of which he was elected vice-president in January, 1877, and of the Cin- cinnati Medical society and the Academy of Medicine, of the same city, and of the State Medical society, in which he was chosen vice-president in 1876. In April, 1880, he was appointed, by a union of Republicans and Democrats in the board of health, to the eminent and responsible position of health officer of Cincinnati, which he now holds, and in which his efficient services, and especially his clear and able reports, are giving him fresh name and fame. In June, 1864, Dr. Miles was married to Mary F., daughter of B. B. and Nancy Stearns, of Cincinnati. His wife died at Mentone, France, in April, 1875, and he was remarried October u, 1877, to Miss Martha, daugh- ter of Aaron A. Colter, esq., of the same city. They have no children. Dr. and Mrs. Miles are members of the Trinity Methodist Episcopal church, on Ninth street, in Cincinnati. DR. J. W. UNDERHILL. Joshua Whittington Underhill, M. D., a leading prac- titioner and public-spirited citizen of Cincinnati, is a na- tive of Maryland, born January n, 1837, in the settle- ment known as "Quindocque," near Kingston, Somerset county. He is the son of Thomas H. and Eleanor (Whittington) Underhill, and grandson of Thomas Henry Underhill, a sea-captain resident at Snow Hill, Maryland, where he died at the age of eighty-two years. His pa- ternal grandmother's maiden name was Leah Powell; she was from Worcester county, in the same State. Both the Underhill and Whittington families are of English stock, their ancestors immigrating to the colonies long before the Revolution. The latter is a very numerous family, more inhabitants of the eastern shore of Maryland bearing its name than any other patronymic. The younger Thomas H., father of the subject of this memoir, had one brother, William, who lived and died in Merums- co, on the eastern shore ; also two sisters, who were mar- ried and reside, respectively, in Snow Hill and Baltimore. He and his wife were both young when married, in 1835, and shortly after the birth of their son Joshua set out for Missouri, then almost a terra incognita in the illimitable west. In the absence of railways, the Alleghanies were crossed in an emigrant wagon, which made a halt with the little family at the village of Hendrysburgh, in Belmont county, Ohio. This region was still half wilderness, but presented so inviting an aspect to the young couple that they concluded to settle then and there. In 1840 a sec- ond child was born, who received the name of Henry Thomas. It lived but a few weeks, however, and soon afterwards the mother died, at the age of twenty-three, when Joshua was but three years old. He was kindly cared for by a childless family, and given as good an ed- ucation as the country schools of Ohio afforded at the time. His father remarried and shipped for South Amer- ica about 1856, where he is supposed to have die!, as he was never heard from afterwards. Joshua was reared on a farm in Kirkwood township, Belmont county, and early became inured to the severest toil, but by attendance at school about fifty days every winter, gained sufficient knowledge to teach the elementary branches. By teach- ing he made money enough to take him half through his junior year at college, when he entered upon the study of medicine, continuing to teach from time to time to se- cure funds for his course. He read at first with Dr. J. T. McPherson, a prominent physician, now of Cambridge, Ohio, and completed his studies at the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. After many hindrances, he be- gan practice at Burnettsville, White county, Indiana, early in the summer of 1861. But, much as he was pleased with the novelty surrounding a juvenile Esculapian, he could not resist the demand which the country was then making for help in the hour of her peril, and accordingly abandoned a rapidly-growing practice to enter the army. He enlisted as a private in company E, Forty-sixth regi- ment, Indiana volunteers, but was offered a position in the line where promotion promised to be rapid. He preferred, however, to remain a private until the way was opened for promotion in the medical department. He had to wait for this but nine days, when he was appointed hospital steward. A few months subsequently he was commissioned assistant surgeon, and eventually was made surgeon of his regiment, which commission he held until the muster-out in the autumn of 1865, just four years from the time of entering service. His regiment entered the field in December, 1861, in Kentucky, under General Nelson, but was shortly afterward transferred to General Pope's command in southeastern Missouri. He was present at the capture of New Madrid, at the bagging of five thousand of the enemy at Tiptonville, West Tennes- see. Descending the Mississippi river, then, his regiment, with one other, constituted a convoy to the gun-boat flotilla. He was present at the capture of Memphis, June 6, 1862, which the regiment garrisoned for a few days; then, convoying a part of the gun-boat fleet, it con- tinued to roam up and down that part of the Mississippi river within the Federal lines, and also upon many of its tributaries. Much of the summer of 1862 was passed in clearing the White river of Confederate batteries, and at St. Charles, on that river, the regiment had a sharp engagement with the enemy June 17, 1862. It landed and attacked the rebel forces in the rear, while several gun-boats, including the Mound City, bombarded their batteries from the river. A plunging shot from a sixty- four-pound gun penetrated the ill-fated Mound City, and, cutting the connecting pipe, every part of that vessel was instantly filled with hot steam, which scalded to death six-sevenths of the entire crew of one hundred and sev- enty-five men. No more sickening, heart-rending sight did Surgeon Underhill witness during his four years' service. His command continued to serve on various expeditions through Arkansas and the Yazoo country till Grant, in the spring of 1863, organized his movement against Vicksburgh. His command left for the rear of that stronghold early in April, and participated in the battles of Port Gibson, Champion Hills, and, indeed, in nearly all HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 435 the engagements that finally culminated in its capture. Afterwards he was with Sherman's army in their siege and capture of Jackson, Mississippi. Next his regiment was transferred to the department of the Gulf, where, under General Banks, it made incursions through differ- ent parts of Louisiana, and was with him in his ill-starred Red River expedition. It was in the engagement near Mansfield, Louisiana, where the Federals suffered dis- astrous defeat, and continued with the army on its retreat to Pleasant Hill, where another battle was fought. Dr. Underhill was in all the contests fought by his command, including those of Carrion Crow Bayou and Cane River, and numerous skirmishes. He is now an active member of the Cincinnati army and navy officers' society. At the termination of the war he went to New York city, where he attended a post-graduate course of lectures at the Bellevue hospital medical college, taking also pri- vate instructions with Professors Austin Flint and Frank Hastings Hamilton. He received the ad eundem degree from that institution, and in May, 1866, settled in Cin- cinnati, where he has since resided, and continues to practice his profession. At first he devoted himself to no specialty, but has of late given attention more particularly to obstetrics and diseases of women, al- though still doing general practice. Since coming here he has been active in the profession, and has built up a large and highly successful practice. During the same season of his arrival in this city he was appointed demon- strator of anatomy in his alma mater, the Cincinnati col- lege of medicine and surgery, a position which he resigned two years later. In 1872 he was appointed lecturer on medical jurisprudence in the same institution, which place he held for seven years, when he exchanged it for the professorship of materia medica and therapeutics. The latter he gave up for the chair of obstetrics, which he has filled since his appointment thereto in the spring of 1880. He was also one of the medical staff of the Cin- cinnati hospital appointed in the spring of 1875, but resigned after little more than one year's service. He has been the medical adviser of several life insurance companies, and still serves three companies in that ca- pacity. He is also a member of the American Medical association, of the Ohio State Medical society, the Cin- cinnati academy of medicine, and the Obstetrical Society of Cincinnati, and is a fellow of the American Gyneco- logical society. Of the Cincinnati Obstetrical society he was one of the founders, was two years its secretary and one year its president. Not only in the practical duties of his profession has he been an active worker, but he has not neglected its literary side, as is shown by the fol- lowing partial list of his contributions to medical science: Analysis of fifty-four cases of scarlet fever (twenty-two pages), Cincinnati Medical News, June, 1874. Puer- peral Septicemia; including a report of two cases. First published in the Cincinnati Medical News in 1876, No- vember and December, and April, 1877. Subsequent- ly a brochure of forty-four pages. Relative sterility, (American Journal of Obstetrics), July, 1877. Obser- vations on pseudocyesis, and on pregnancy in its relation to capital punishment; page 18, American Journal of Obstetrics, January, 1878. Relation of medicine to law; an address to the graduating class of Cincinnati college of medicine and surgery, delivered at Pike's opera house, February 23, 1878, Cincinnati Medical News, March, 1878. Remarks on post mortem csesarian section, American Journal of Obstetrics, July, 1878. Subni- trate of bismuth contaminated with arsenic; general re- marks on the jurisprudence of pharmacy. (Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, September 28, 1878). The female generative organs in their medico-legal relations; read before the Obstetrical society of Cincinnati, November, 1878, and published in the American Journal of Obstet- rics, for January, 1879 (twenty pages). The hydatidi- form mole; its causes, symptoms, medico-legal relations, etc. (read before the academy of medicine and pub- lished in the Obstetric Gazette, January, 1879, twenty pages). Report of a case of hydatidiform mole, also report of a case of carneous mole (American Journal of Obstetrics, 1879). A case of cerebral embolism, occur- ring in the puerperal state, and closing remarks (in de- bate) concerning the case (American Journal Obstetrics, October, 1879). Impotence, as applied to the male ; read before Cincinnati academy of medicine, April, 1880. Remarks on puerperal eclampsia, with report of two cases (Obstetric Gazette, April, 1880). A case of anencepha- lic foetus (Obstetric Gazette, May, 1880). Valedictory address to the Obstetrical society of Cincinnati, when re- tiring from the presidency of that society; pages fifteen, 1880. Besides the above, he has published reports of numer- ous cases, and fugitive articles in places now forgotten, and has read before societies many articles that were never given to the medical press. He has a taste for medical writing and would have written more were it not for the engrossing cares of the busy practitioner. Al- he has mixed somewhat in political life, he has never done so to the injury of his professional obligations, is tem- perate in all his habits, and lives as regular a life as the exacting duties of his profession will allow. Dr. Underhill has always taken an intelligent interest in public affairs, believing that it is the duty of the citi- zen, when called upon, to serve the Government in civil as well as military affairs. Hence he has never refused to do duty when summoned to serve the State in any capacity, and has served it as faithfully in politics as in war. An ardent Republican, he has lent his voice often to the councils of the party. In the fall of 1870 he was elected coroner of Hamilton county, and served through his term of two years. In April, 1876, he was chosen from his ward a member of the board of education of Cincinnati, for two years, and was reelected in 1878, and in 1 880, the law having been altered so as to provide for twelve members to be chosen at large to that body, he was nominated and elected for the long term (three years), receiving the second highest majority of the twelve elect- ed. He was chosen president of the board at its annual organization in April, 1880, and again in 188 1. He is also in that body one of the board of examiners for teachers. Like most professional men, Dr. Underhill married rather late in life. At the age of thirty-seven he 436 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. was united to Miss Lida E. McPherson, of Cambridge, Ohio, eldest daughter of his first medical preceptor, and a lady in every way well worthy of his companionship. She is a graduate of the famous female seminary at Troy, New York, formerly taught by Miss Emma Willard. They have had three children, one of whom, Mary, a most interesting and intelligent little girl of six years, died after a distressing illness, April 15, i88r. The Daily Enquirer of the next morning said of this event: Thus has one of the brightest, most beautiful of lives closed — a life, brief as it was, that gave evidence of happy promise and a character supernaturally lovely. She was remarkably precocious, and her intel- lectual development was at the expense of her frail form. Everyone who saw her was impressed with the radiant loveliness of her features and her gentle, thoughtful disposition, and the blighting of this fair bud of promise will be deplored by all who knew her, while her parents have received a cruel blow from which they will never recover. Both Dr. and Mrs. Underhill are active and faithful members of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal church in this city. WILLIAM BRAMWELL DAVIS, M. D. Doctor Davis' ancestors were natives of Wales. His paternal grandfather was a sea-faring man, and was lost, together with his ship, during a severe gale, in mid- ocean. His maternal grandfather, Rev. John Jones, of Cardiganshire, was a devout minister of the Calvinistic Methodist church. In the spring of 18 18, he joined a party of neighbors, and with his family emigrated to America. After a tempestuous voyage of over six weeks, they landed at Alexandria, Virginia, and were received by the citizens with courtesy and hospitality. This was the first party of British immigrants that landed at this port since the war with the mother country; and so sig- nificant was the event considered, that President Monroe and his cabinet went down from Washington to receive and welcome them to the land of their adoption. As their destination was Ohio, they purchased wagons and horses to convey their household goods across the mountains to Pittsburgh; and the entire party, men, women and children, followed on foot, camping out at night. At Pittsburgh they transferred their goods to a flat-boat, and began the descent of the Ohio. It was July, and during their long exposure on the river, the excessive heat and a change in their food affected them unfavorably, and many of the party were prostrate with dysentery. When the boat reached Cincinnati, the citi- zens, fearing that the sickness was contagious, were reluc- tant to admit the afflicted party to either the private homes or the public houses of the city. In their dis- tress Nicholas Longworth threw open a house near his own home, and with the assistance of Samuel W. Davies afterwards mayor of the city, and Mr. Wade, carried all of the sick to it, and personally ministered to their ne- cessities. Here Mr. Jones died. The name of Nicho- las Longworth was ever afterwards cherished in the mem- ory of their family, and always mentioned with the warm- est gratitude. Among these adventurers were Mr. William Davis and Miss Ann Jones, the father and mother of the doc- tor. Mr. Davis was born in 1793, and was brought up within nine miles of the village of Llanbadarn, Cardie ganshire. Miss Jones was born in- that place in 1797, and at the time of her family's emigration to America, was in the bloom of health and beauty. On the voyage thither Mr. Davis first made the acquaintance of Miss Jones and subsequently won her affections, and the twain became one. Accustomed to agricultural life, the young couple sought a home on a farm in a Welsh set- tlement, with an Irish name," Paddy's Run," in Butler county, Ohio. In this country home were born four of their children, John, Mary, Timothy, and Margaret. John is now a leading physician in Cincinnati; Mary be- came the wife of Professor William G. Williams, of the Ohio Wesleyan University; Timothy is in the United States revenue service, in Cincinnati; and Margaret be- came the wife of the late Rev. Erwin House, of this city. After five or six years of farm life, Mr. Davis removed his family to Cincinnati, to engage in his business as a build- er. Here William Bramwell, the subject of this sketch, the youngest of the family, was born July 22, 1832. All the above-named children are still living, except Mary, who died in 1872. Mr. Davis was noted for truthfulness and uprightness in all his dealings, and for a conscientious observance of the duties that he owed to others. He lived to be about fifty-six years of age, and died of apoplexy in the year 1849. Mrs. Davis was a woman of unusually strong character, which she has transmitted to her children. In early life she became a member of the church of her parents, the Calvinistic Methodist; but after her removal to Cincinnati, she joined the Methodist Episcopal church, and in communion with this lived a devoted Christian life until past eighty-two years of age, and died in 1880, in the assurance of a blessed resurrection. Doctor Davis was educated, first at Woodward college in this city, and afterward at the Ohio Wesleyan Univer- sity, Delaware, Ohio. At the latter institution he grad- uated B. A. in 1852, and M. A. in 1855. His alma mater was then just beginning its successful career. His name stands thirty-sixth in the triennial roll of the alum- ni, which now numbers about thirteen hundred. Of this large body Dr. Davis was president for some years, until his professional duties prevented his attendance at college commencement. He was prepared in the of- fice of his brother, John Davis, for his professional course in medicine, and graduated M. D. at the Miami Medical college in 1855, and at the Ohio medical col- lege ad eundem, 1858. Doctor Davis at once took high rank in his profession, and his life, since that time, has been alike honorable to himself and beneficial to the community in which he dwells. Besides his large and successful medical prac- tice, he has been prominently and influentially con* nected with many of the most important interests of the city. When only twenty-three years of age, he was elected as a member of the Cincinnati board of educa- tion, in which office he has served, at different times, full ten years. Doctor Davis has always felt especial inter- est in the public schools of the city, and, as a member of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 437 the board, has given years of earnest thought and patient labor for their advancement. He was an uncom- promising opponent of every form of corruption and im- morality in official places. During his last term of office in the board of education, his fearless assaults upon the irregularities of certain members and their corrupting influence upon the schools, called the attention of the public to the organization of the board and led to legis- lative action, which partially removed the selection of members of the board from the influence of ward poli- tics. While he was connected with the school-board he helped, in company with Rufus King, Dr. Comegys and some others, to organize the public library of Cincinnati; and he was largely instrumental in having the magnifi- cent building,, which the library now occupies, erected. For several terms he was a member of the board of managers of the library, and was chairman of the library committee. At the organization of the university of Cincinnati, Dr. Davis took great interest in the movement and was elected a member of the first board of directors. Previous to the war of"the Rebellion, Dr. Davis' inter- est in the cause of human rights led him to engage in politics. With Rutherford B. Hayes, Judge Hoadly, Fred Hassaurek and others, he took an active part in organizing the Republican party in Cincinnati. In 1856 he suffered himself to be put in nomination for the State legislature, but the inveterate Calhoun-Yancey doctrine was yet more potent than the youthful Republi- canism, and he, together with the whole ticket, was de- feated. After the party became well organized, he with- drew from an active participation in its counsels, and, with the exception of the interest which he has always taken in the educational affairs of the city, he has devot- ed himself to the study and practice of his profession. After the battle of Shiloh, in 1862, Dr. Davis was one of the surgeons appointed by the War department to go in command of a number of steamers to Pittsburgh Landing, and bring the wounded to the hospitals at Cin- cinnati. In this service, and subsequently in charge of one of the hospitals, Dr. Davis rendered effective aid, not only to the suffering, but to the great cause which all pat- riots had at heart. Later on in the war he was called into active service in the field, and through the trying summer of 1864 was surgeon of Colonel Harris' Cincinnati regiment, the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry. After the war, Dr. Davis continued in the practice of his profession until 187 1. His health having failed in consequence of labor and exposure, he went to Europe, for a year, to recuperate his strength and to visit the principal centres of the continent. His visit was to have been one of relaxation and pleasure, but upon the speedy and permanent recovery of his health, he de- voted his time to study and work. He wrote much for American journals, especially the Cincinnati Gazette. His letters were not compilations from the guide-books, but were the results of his own observations and inqui- ries, and were noted for their originality and suggestive- ncss. After his return to America he threw some of his observations and reflections into the form of lectures, which he delivered to many audiences. In the year 1873 he was elected professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the Miami Medical college, which chair he still occupies. In connection with his profession, he has been a trustee of the Cincinnati hos- pital, and is a member of the Cincinnati Medical socie- ty, of which he was president in 1877-8; of the Cincin- nati academy of medicine; of the Ohio State Medical society, and of the American Medical association. Of all. these boards and associations he has been a working member, and has written many papers on medical sub- jects for each. An earnest student, he has not only kept abreast the literature of his profession, but by his own discoveries and writings he has extended the borders of medical science. These contributions to medical literature are published either in the volumes of the proceedings of the several medical societies, or in medical journals. Of such papers prepared by Dr. Davis we name the following, some of which give the results of many years of study and observation, and are regarded as the last words of medical science upon the points discussed: 1. Carbolic Acid: Its Surgical and Therapeutical Uses. A paper read before the Academy of Medicine, June, 1869. 2. Report on Vaccination. Ohio State Medical so- ciety, June, 1870. 3. Influence of Consumption on Life Insurance. Ohio State Medical society, 1875. 4. Observations on Re-vaccination. Cincinnati Medical society, December, 1875. 5. Statistics of the Medical Profession of Cincinnati for Twenty-five years. A valedictory address before the Miami Medical college, March, 1876. 6. Vaccino-syphilis and Animal Vaccine. Ohio State Medical society, June, 1876. 7. The Alleged Antagonism of Opium and Bella- donna. Cincinnati Medical society, January, 1879. 8. Intestinal Obstruction; with reports of six cases. Cincinnati Medical society, January, 1880. 9. Progress of Therapeutics. Ohio Medical society, 1881. Such is a brief outline of the life of the subject of this sketch. Dr. Davis is a man of fine personal ap- pearance, which fitly represents his symmetrical intellect- ual and moral character. With strong convictions, a perfect command of his resources, with an absolute de- votion to the truth and a fluent and vigorous style, he exerts a commanding influence in every deliberative body of which he may be a member. Intolerant equally towards shams and towards frauds, and not infrequently thrown into antagonism with them, he has sometimes been thought severe; but his severity is reserved for those only whom he believes corrupt. To all others, whether friends or opponents, his courtesy is unfailing. In professional intercourse, in social life, in the families of his patients, he attracts every one by his urbanity and cheerfulness. Fond of society, of art, of literature, of 438 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the amenities of home life, he is never too busy to give an evening to friends, to converse, or to innocent adver- tisements. He has for many years been an active mem- ber of one of the Queen City's selectest literary and social clubs, the " Utile cum Duki" and is rarely absent from its meetings. This is an association for adults, and enrolls some of the most cultivated people of the west- ern Athens. But not unmindful of the claims of his younger friends, Dr. Davis assisted in founding, in the congregation of the Trinity Methodist church, on Ninth street, a similar organization, the popular "Clark insti- tute," of which he has been president, and which has had much to do with the growth and prosperity of that church. Dr. Davis has for many years been a commu- nicant in this church, and since 1878 has been superin- tendent of the Sunday-school connected with it. Dr. Davis was married in April, i860, to Miss Fannie R. Clark, daughter of the late Rev. Davis W. Clark, D. D., one of the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal church. They have two sons and have lost one daugh- ter. Mrs. Davis has been a true "help-meet for him," and in full sympathy with him in all his professional, literary and aesthetic pursuits, and in his religious life and associations in the church of which they are both beloved and honored members. DR. JAMES H. BUCKNER. James Henry Buckner, M. D., is a descendant of one of three brothers who came from England nearly half a century prior to the Revolution, and settled, respectively, in Virginia, New York, and Mississippi. From Thomas, born May 13, 1728, the settler in the Old Dominion, in what is now Caroline county, Dr. Buckner is descended in the fourth generation. He was a very wealthy English- man, and in due time his descendants shared in the ben- efits of his fortune. The son of Thomas Buckner, and grandfather of the doctor, was Harry, who was born De- cember 17, 1766, and removed to Kentucky some years after his marriage, settling in Fayette county, on the road between Lexington and Winchester, about twelve miles from the latter place. He died in Kentucky in Febru- ary, 1822. Another of the sons removed to that State, and became the ancestor of the confederate general, Si- mon Bolivar Buckner, and other distinguished Kentuck- ians. The fourth son of Harry Buckner, Harry M., was born before the family left Virginia, but accompanied it to Kentucky. He was married in the year 1827 to Miss Etheline Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Jack Conn, a noted man in the history of Kentucky, a hero of the War of 181 2, who is accredited by many as the slayer of Te- cumseh at the battle of the Thames, a soldier and pioneer of extraordinary bravery, integrity, and determination of character, and a thorough gentleman of the old school. Mr. Buckner's first business activity was as a clerk in the store of his brother John, at Georgetown, but he pres- ently undertook business for himself as a tobacco mer- chant at Burlington, in Boone county. He afterwards moved to Cincinnati, and formed a partnership with Philip Dunscth in general merchandising, which was dis- solved after the lapse of two or three years, when Mr. Buckner returned to Burlington and recommenced busi- ness as a tobacco manufacturer in connection with store- keeping. He was afterwards a resident of Covington, and then removed to the adjacent country, where he lived, but at the same time was head of the firm of Buckner, Hall & Co., of Cincinnati, in the wholesale grocery business, but took no active part in its transac- tions. About thirty years before his death, which oc- curred near the first of July, 1876, he retired from active business and spent his last years in tranquil ease at Edge- wood, his country seat, about seven miles south of Cov- ington. He was in his eighty-fiist year when he died. His wife is still living upon the same place, at the age of sixty-nine, but in a hale and happy old age. James Henry Buckner was born in Burlington, Boone county, Kentucky, November 25, 1836. His father re- moved to Covington when James was two years old. He became a member of the public schools of that place, and when but eight or nine years of age entered as a student the preparatory department of Cincinnati col- lege. He went, however, with the family to the Edge- wood farm in 1847, and there remained until about seven years thereafter, when he entered Centre college, at Danville, and after some further preparation under the tutorship of Professor De Soto, present professor of lan- guages in that institution, he went to the academies at Exeter, New Hampshire, and Groton, Massachusetts, completing his preparation, and then matriculated at Dartmouth college, where he took a special and partial course. He was contemporary at Dartmouth with ex- Governor Edward F. Noyes, present United States min- ister to France, and his room-mate was Colonel Nicholas Smith, of Shelbyville, Kentucky, son-in-law of Horace Greeley, and minister to Greece under the late President Johnson. Leaving college in the spring of 1857, he re- turned home and began the study of medicine with Dr. Evans, then a prominent practitioner in Covington. He soon, however, removed to Cincinnati, and continued his professional readings with Dr. L. M. Lawson and Dr. W. T. Taliaferro, partners, to the latter of whom Dr. Buckner was afterwards son-in-law and partner. He entered the Ohio Medical college in 1858, taking full courses of lectures and graduating in 1861. He then formed a partnership with Dr. Taliaferro, who had dissolved with Dr. Lawson a few months before. In Oc- tober Dr. Buckner formed an acquaintance with Captain (afterwards Commodore) Winslow, of the United States navy, then of the gun-boat service, but afterwards com- mander of the Kearsarge, in response to whose chal- lenge Semmes suffered the defeat and loss of the Ala- bama. Winslow, in 1861, was recruiting for the fresh water navy, and at his urgency Dr. Buckner accepted a position as acting surgeon for the examination of such recruits. After some service in this capacity in Cincin- nati and Cleveland, he was assigned to duty on the gun- boat Cairo, by special request of Captain Winslow, whose vessel it was. At the fall of Fort Donelson, this was among the first gun-boats to reach Nashville and virtual- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 439 ly capture the place, as the rebels had abandoned it and the Federal forces had not yet come up. Returning to Cairo and descending the Mississippi the gun-boat was engaged in the reduction of the rebel fort beyond Plum Point. Dr. Buckner had meanwhile become seriously ill of one of the chronic diseases of the service, and his wife also being sick at home, his resignation was thus compelled, and he returned to Cincinnati. He retained an unpleasant souvenir of the war for a number of years in a deafness of the right ear, caused by the near explo- sion of a bomb, until it was relieved by the celebrated aurist, Dr. Politzer, of Vienna, in the winter of 1873. His hearing has since been almost or quite as good as ever. During his naval service, just before Dr. Buckner was assigned to duty in Cleveland, he was married, October 17, 1861, to Miss Jane Olivia Ramsey, stepdaughter of his partner, Dr. Taliaferro. As soon as his health per- mitted after his resignation, he resumed business with his father-in-law, who was growing old and had a somewhat burdensome practice upon his hands. He continued for about a year after his return to serve the Government as an examiner of recruits for the naval service. The part- nership with Dr. Taliaferro ceased only with the death of the latter, in 187 1. His name is still up in the old office, at the northwest corner of Otto and Walnut streets, which Dr. Buckner has occupied as student and practi- tioner for more than twenty-one years. Since the death of his partner, Dr. Buckner has remained alone in the practice of his profession. In the winter of 1862-3 ne was made demonstrator of anatomy in the Ohio Medical college, and was afterwards, in 1866-7, professor of phys- iology in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Sur- gery. After the death of Dr. Taliaferro, Dr. Buckner succeeded to his chair of ophthalmology and otology in the same institution. About the same time he was ap- pointed lecturer on the staff of the Good Samaritan hos- pital in Cincinnati, where he again addressed the students of the Ohio Medical college. He resigned his several positions in the fall of 1872, in order to take a foreign tour, during which he visited the principal capitals of Europe and took a special course of studies in the eye and ear at Vienna. After a tour through Italy he re- turned, via England and Ireland, to America. He then resumed his place in the hospital, and was subsequently elected to the staff of St. Mary's hospital, in special charge of ocular and aural diseases. In 1878 he was elected president of the Academy of Medicine, of Cin- cinnati, one of the most honorable positions to which a practitioner can aspire. He is also a prominent member of the American Medical association, and of the State Medical society; is connected with the Free Masons, and with the Natural History society of Cincinnati. He has contributed to the literature of his profession a number of valuable articles upon diseases of the eye, ear, and throat, upon surgery, and upon chloroform — most of these being papers read before the State Medical society and after- wards published. Dr. Buckner has two children, both sons — William Thornton Taliaferro (named from his maternal grand- father), born April 19, 1863; and Henry Alexander, born August, 1 866. DR. C. S. MUSCROFT. Charles Sidney Muscroft, M. D., long one of the foremost surgeons of the Ohio valley, is a native of Shef- field, England, born in that part of the city then known as "Little Sheffield," on the fourteenth of February, 1820. His parents were George and Hannah (Chapman) Mus- croft. The father was one of the successful manufactur- ing cutlers in the renowned city of cutlery ; but, upon re- moval to America in 1822, he became rather a jobber in the business. He came to this country against the pro- hibition of the British Government, which was opposed to the emigration of its skilled workmen; but, departing ostensibly for settlement in Holland, he was enabled to get thence to the new world without difficulty. Landing at Baltimore, his sympathies determined him to join the community experiment being made by Robert Owen at New Harmony, Indiana, and he transported his family and effects in wagons to Brownsville, thence by river vessel to Cincinnati, where he was persuaded by several gentle- men to stay his journey and settle in the rising young city. He was a man of superior intelligence and me- chanical genius, a public-spirited citizen, and a very use- ful member of society and business circles in Cincinnati in the early day. He lived here continuously from the fall of 1825, until April 23, 1845, tne birthday of Shaks- pere (as also Mr. Muscroft), when he died, being then in his fifty-ninth year. He was at the time about to make a new and very notable venture here, in the manufacture of malleable iron, and his death, for this and other reasons, was justly regarded as a public calamity. He was a leading member and founder of the Ohio Mechan- ics' institute, and had sometimes lectured before that and other scientific bodies in the city on technical and other topics with which he was familiar; and upon his death a fitting series of resolutions was adopted by the in- stitute, sent to his family, and published in the city papers. Charles Sidney was the youngest member of the fam- ily who lived beyond the period of infancy. He was trained in the private school of the Neifs, in Cincinnati, then the famous academy of Professor Milo G. Williams, and finally the yet more famous academy of Alexander and William Kinmont. For two or three years he as- sisted his father in mechanical operations, and then, at the age of nineteen, began to read medicine with Dr. Charles L. Avery, son of John L. Avery, formerly sheriff of the county. He also matriculated at the Ohio Medi- cal college, took three full courses of lectures, and was graduated with the diploma of M. D. on the first of March, 1843. The young doctor began practice at once and alone, and has since continuously practiced in the city of his childhood and youth, and always without a partner. For about twelve years he was engaged in gen- eral practice, but near the year 1855 began to turn his attention especially to surgery, in which his chief reputa- tion has been attained. He has since been called to 44° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. perform most of the grand operations known to surgical science. He has frequently and successfully accom- plished the exsection of bones, in one or two cases the removal of all, or very nearly all, the entire fibula. His operation for the removal of the entire ulna is noticed with interest in Dr. Gross' work on the Centennial His- tory of Surgery in America, published in 1876, in which only the names of Drs. Muscroft, R. D. Mussey, and George C. Blackman are mentioned among Cincinnati surgeons. He has devised a new method in the treat- ment of fractures, discarding the use of splints, and re- lying solely upon pillows and sand-bags — a method which in his practice has been most eminently successful, and has commended itself extensively to other surgeons. He has also made important contributions to the literature of the profession, as in two papers on the use of sulphate of iron as a local remedy, read respectively before the Ohio medical society and the Academy of Medicine, and others on the exsection of the ulna, descriptive of the case men- tioned in the Centennial History by Dr. Gross, the treatment of Asiatic Cholera, the Osteo-sarcoma of the Superior Maxilla, two on the Prevention of Syphilis, etc., etc. As chairman of a committee of the Academy of Medicine, to prepare an obituary notice of Dr. George A. Blackman, after his death in 1875, he wrote a sketch of the life and services of the distinguished dead, which was afterwards used bodily in the report of the transac- tions of the American Medical association, and without any credit whatever to its author. For many years Dr. Muscroft was on the medical staff of the Cincinnati hospital. He has maintained a general practice in medicine with reputation and success, and is an active member of the Cincinnati Academy of Medi- cine, the Ohio State Medical society, and of the Ameri- can Medical association. He was the first health officer and actuary of the board of health of the city of Cin- cinnati, in the cholera year of 1849; was for a time sur- geon of St. John's hospital, in the city; and during the war was first surgeon of the Tenth Ohio infantry, then, successively, brigade surgeon, medical director, and in- spector of hospitals, for certain purposes. He thus had large opportunity for public usefulness — opportunity which was well used for his own reputation and for the benefit of the community and nation. Dr. Muscroft was united in marriage February 14, 1850, the thirtieth anniversary of his birthday, to Miss Harriet, daughter of Thomas Palmer, one of the founders of the Cincinnati Daily Gazette. They have had five children, only one of whom is living — Dr. Charles S. Muscroft, jr., a promising young physician, who is associated with his father upon the medical staff of St. Mary's hospital. Mrs. Muscroft is still living, a worthy helpmate of her honored husband. Dr. Muscroft is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was one of the founders of the Cuvier club, and otherwise takes a healthy interest in the welfare of his fellows. He was formerly an old line Whig, but since 1850 has been affiliated with the Democratic party. CYRUS D. FISHBURN, M. D., of Cincinnati, Ohio, is a native of Pennsylvania; born in Hummelstown, Dauphin county, October 27, 1832. John Philip Fishburn, his great-grandfather, emigrated from Germany to this country in 1749. His son, Philip Fishburn, was a successful farmer of colonial times, and during the war of the Revolution was a soldier. He _also served in the War of 181 2. He reared a large fam- ily, of which Jonas was the father of the subject of this sketch. Jonas Fishburn's family consisted of four children — Isaac, the oldest son, now practising as a physician in Stephenson county, Illinois; Cyrus D., Amanda and George. The last named was a stock-raiser and farmer near Portland, Oregon. He died at the age of thirty- seven, from a stroke of paralysis, in August, 1880. Jonas Fishburn removed to Iowa in 1856 and engaged in agricultural pursuits until his death, which occurred in 1877, at the age of seventy-four years. He was a man who appreciated the worth of an education, and be- fore coming west had removed his family to the village of Womelsdorf, Berks county, Pennsylvania, for the purpose of educating his children. Cyrus D. Fishburn remained there at school until fifteen years of age, when he went to Phillips academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and began a preparatory course for Harvard or Yale; but financial embarrassment in the family now, materially changed all his future plans. The father proposed a medical career; but the son had inclinations for law, and we judge his keensightedness had forseen a brilliant future, that would undoubtedly have awaited him had he chosen that pro- fession; but obeying the wish of his parent, he entered the office of Dr. William Moore, of Womelsdorf, an in- telligent and finely educated physician who had an exten- sive practice. He, here, thoroughly prepared himself for entering a medical college. While a student he was obliged to assume the responsibilities of a large practice, in consequence of a serious accident which happened to his preceptor. The responsibilities resting upon him were undesirable for one so young in the profession, but in the end were very advantageous. He graduated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, in the year 1854. After remaining one year with his preceptor he located in Elizabethtown, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he remained two years more. Being impressed with the brilliant prospects of the west, he prepared himself with excellent letters of introduction and travelled through the States of Michi- gan and Iowa in search of a location. The doctor having more energy than money kept up the search. One incident should be recorded as it did much to develope the power of the man and lead him to the prominent success he afterwards attained. He was determined to earn his living even if he had to re- sort to manual labor; and was almost led to this strait- ened state of circumstances when he was introduced to the late Dr. Pitcher, of Detroit, an eminent physician, and president at that time of the National Medical asso- ciation. He was introduced as a young man of some worth in the profession looking for a new home; when HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 441 the old gentleman dryly remarked, "If he only don't look for one already made." The remark was painfully true. He had indeed been looking for just such a place, and probably his steps thither had been hastened for its accomplishment. Such a greeting, so chilling and unex- pected, served to arouse his native energies and he there- after sought no partnership unless he was sure that he could contribute his full share to the success of the asso- ciation. Leaving Detroit he arrived in Cleveland, Ohio, but after staying one month he departed for Cincinnati. The idea that hard work, well directed, is sure to win, began to appear to be untrue. He arrived in Cincinnati in 1858 with but ten dollars in his pocket. He at once formed a temporary partnership with an old acquaintance, Dr. Peter Malone, and began practice on Broadway near Third street; but being too far away from his German patrons he removed to Vine near Court street, into an office recently occupied by the late Dr. George Fries, a distinguished physician and surgeon, and one who did much to assist the willing efforts of his younger colleague. He received much encouragement from this kind gentle- man, and a lasting friendship sprung up between them. From this time his practice grew rapidly and became ex- tensive, and he is now recognized by the citizens of Cin- cinnati and vicinity as being eminently successful in his profession. He removed to the corner of Vine street and McMicken avenue, then called Hamilton road, in i860. In 1874 he built his present commodious house, No. 70 McMicken avenue, in which he has since resided. In 1866 he married Miss Louise Billiods, daughter of one of the earliest pioneers of Cincinnati. In 1878 she died, leaving a son. Her affectionate nature, gentle ways, and love of home, combined with her excellent judgment, made her a model wife, her home a paradise, and life a constant happiness. Dr. Fishburn is known by the citizens of Cincinnati and by the profession to be an indefatigable worker. His efforts to attain success are worthy of imitation by those who wish to be prepared for the responsibilities of an extensive practice; for no doubt his success in life is due to the energy he has displayed in overcoming all obstacles that blocked his way. He has been twice elected and is now one of the directors of the University of Cincinnati, The doctor was, unsolicited, elected in 1873 a member of the board of alderman of the city. He is, at the present writing, in the prime of life and vigor of manhood, and actively engaged in his profes- sional duties. His untiring zeal in private and public life has made him a valuable citizen, and has added materially to the welfare and prosperity of his adopted city. MILTON THOMPSON CAREY, M. D., born near the town of Hardin, in Shelby county, Ohio, July 22, 1831. The advantages for acquiring an educa- tion during his early boyhood were somewhat meagre and limited ; but notwithstanding this, at the age of eigh- teen years his preparatory education was of sufficient 56 character to justify him to enter upon the study of med- icine. After three years' pupilage, and shortly before he was of age, he graduated in medicine in the Ohio Med- ical college, and, as a reward of merit and distinction in the class, after a competitive examination, was appointed resident physician of the Commercial Hospital and Lu- natic asylumn. After his term of service expired in this institution he began the general practice of his profession. He received appointment as attending physician to the Venereal and Contagious hospital in 1852-3; was ap- pointed demonstrator of anatomy by the trustees of the Ohio Medical college, which position he occupied until the spring of 1856; and was elected coroner of Hamilton county, Ohio, in the fall of 1857, and served two years. At the breaking out of the war he was examined by the State board of examiners, was appointed and commis- sioned surgeon Forty-eighth regiment Ohio volunteer in- fantry November 21, 1861, and assigned to duty as post surgeon at Camp Dennison, Ohio. After organizing a post hospital and assisting in the organization of several regiments he was ordered into active duty in the field in the spring of 1862, took part in the battle of Pitts- burgh Landing, or Shiloh, and was captured on the first day of the battle, April 6th, and remained a prisoner of war until July 2, 1862, at which time he was paroled and returned home. Soon after his arrival at home he was ordered to Camp Chase, Ohio, and assigned to duty as post surgeon, in which capacity he served until Octo- ber of the same year, at which time he was ordered to join the army at Fort Pickering, Tennessee. He was with with the army at the time of the assault upon Vicks- burgh, was likewise a participant in the battle of Ar- kansas Post, January n, 1863, and was attacked with camp fever at Young's Point, in consequence of which his health became so impaired that he was compelled to resign his commission and return home. Not content to remain idle in the great struggle in which the govern- ment was engaged, as soon as his health was somewhat restored he made application for and received the appoint- ment of acting assistant surgeon, and was assigned to duty as surgeon in Woodward Post hospital in this city, in which capacity he served until the war was well nigh ended. He was reelected coroner of Hamilton county in 1865 and served two years; was elected to the common council in 1872 and served two years, and was elected by the common council a member of the board of directors of Longview asylum. After serving nearly two terms he was reappointed to that position by the governor of the State. He was elected as a representative of the Twenty-second ward to the board of education in 1880 and 1881, and is now a member of the Cincinnati Relief union, which position he has held many years, likewise member of the board of directors and vice-president of theeleventh district associated charities. As an evidence of his success in his profession there are but few medical men in Cincinnati who have been more successful in a financial point of view than he. He began poor, but by energy, economy and industry his investments yield him a liberal compe- tency aside from the income of his profession. As a medical officer in the army he attained some dis- 442 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tinction as an operator — see reports on file in the med- ical department, and circular No. 2, page 23, surgeon- general's office at Washington, D. C. The many tokens of confidence upon the part of his fellow-citizens are highly gratifying, to him, and it is but fair to say that every trust has been faithfully and scrupulously dis- charged. DR. C. O. WRIGHT. Charles Olmsted Wright, M. D., is a native of Colum- bus, Ohio, born December 26, 1835, oldest child of Dr. Marmaduke Burr Wright and Mrs. Mary L. (Olmsted) Wright. Her father, Philo H. Olmsted, was in his day one of the most prominent men in Central Ohio, and for many years was editor of the State Journal, of that city. The elder Wright was the famous physician of that name, who spent a large part of his professional life in this city, and is appropriately noticed in our chapter on medicine in Cincinnati. He survived until August 15, 1879, when he died here, full of years and honors. Mrs. Wright is still living, in a hale and vigorous age. Charles was but three years old, when the family was removed to Cincinnati by a call to his father to occupy the chair of Materia Medica in the Ohio Medical college. His primary and in part higher education was taken in the public schools of the city, but stopped when a member of the Hughes high school without graduating, in 1852, with the intention of accompanying his parents to Europe. This intention was abandoned, for the sake of the younger children, who needed his care; and he took instead a special course of one year in the Ohio Wesleyan university at Delaware. Leaving this institution in 1853, he began practice in civil engineering at the tunnel then being constructed under Walnut Hills, as is elsewhere related in this history; but was soon compelled by ill health to seek a more quiet, indoor life. In 1855 he began the study of medicine with Dr. W. W. Dawson, with whom he read for a year, when, under friendly advice, he went to California and engaged in merchandizing there for about six months, during which he had great experience of the rough and tumble side of life. He was presently burnt out, how- ever, losing his entire stock, and was then seized with the spirit of adventure, pushed across the Pacific to the Sandwich Islands and thence to the Chinese coast, where he enjoyed a breadth and minuteness of observation then not often vouchsafed to a foreigner. Thence he made his way home the rest of his journey around the world, via Japan, Siam, Calcutta, Bombay, through the Chusan Archipelago, the island of Manilla and along the west coast of Africa. From San Francisco to Cincinnati he occupied three years with his voyages and land journeys. While in China he found an extensive field for the observation of skin diseases, and decided that, if he followed his father's vocation, he would pay some especial attention to such ailments. Arriving at home, he promptly resumed his medical studies, becoming a member of the Ohio Medical college, and enjoying in addition the instructions of both his father and Dr. Daw- son. He took his diploma of Doctor of Medicine in the summer of 1862, went immediately before the State board at Columbus, for examination as a candidate for appointment in the army, passed it successfully, and was appointed assistant surgeon in the Thirty-fifth Ohio vol- unteer infantry. He was captured at Chickamauga, and for three years was detained as a prisoner at Atlanta and in the famous Libby prison, at Richmond. He was, how- ever, as a medical man, allowed some favors, and was presently released by special exchange, arranged by his friends at Washington. He rejoined his regiment at Chattanooga, during the cold winter of 1862-3 and the starvation period experienced by the army there. He resigned on the day of the battle at Kenesaw Mountain, .during the Atlanta campaign, from ill health, and re- turned home. He had then reached the full grade of surgeon. Returning home, he was made a resident physician in the Cincinnati hospital, and also went into private practice. In this he had his father's invaluable advice and aid, and soon undertook the same specialities of practice — obstetrics and diseases of women and chil- dren. He became a member of the staff of the Good Samaritan hospital and lecturer on skin diseases, and was afterwards one of the physicians in charge of the dis- pensary. He has always maintained a large private practice, but has found time to write occasional papers for the professional societies and press, and is an active mem- ber of the Cincinnati academy of medicine, the Obstet- rical society and the State Medical society. He has been called to much service as a medical examiner for the large life-insurance companies, having been examiner, among others, for the Mutual Benefit of New Jersey for sixteen years. He is supreme medical examiner of the Knights of the Golden Rule for the United States, and grand medical examiner for the Ancient Order of United Workmen in Ohio. He does not take a very active part in politics, but retains his membership in the Grand Army of the Republic. Dr. Wright was married, in March, 1870, to Miss Eva, daughter of David K. and Ann Eliza Cady, of Cin- cinnati, the former a member of the city school board for thirty years. They have three children living, and one, a little girl, in the grave. The surviving children are David Cady, a boy of nine years; Marmaduke B. (named from the paternal grandfather), in his fourth year; and Ann Eliza (from the maternal grandmother), aged two years. Mary L. died an infant in 1874. DR. P. F. MALEY. Patrick Francis Maley, M. D., a well-known medical practitioner in Cincinnati, and ex-coroner of the county of Hamilton, is a native of the Emerald Isle, being born in the county Mayo, Ireland, on the 15th of January, 1838. He attended the primary schools of his native land until the age of thirteen, soon after attaining which he was removed with his father's family'to the promised land beyond the sea. Arriving in America in 1851, the newcomers pushed on to the beautiful' valley of the Ohio, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 443 and settled in this county. Here the young Patrick was enabled to go on with his course of education, which soon became highly liberal in its character, and included a number of branches in the higher ranges of study. His first business life was as a clerk in the drug store of Mr. J. P. White, in this city, which proved a good beginning of preparation for the profession he was to pursue. He remained with Mr. White seven years, meanwhile taking a diploma from the Cincinnati college of pharmacy, and otherwise perfecting himself thoroughly in the details of the business. His medical reading now began with Dr. John A. Thacker, also of the city, and he presently be- came a student in the Cincinnati college of medicine and surgery, from which he was graduated in 1861. He was soon diverted from local practice, however, by a sum- mons to serve his country during the great civil struggle which broke out about this time. Being appointed assistant surgeon in the United States navy, he was as- signed to duty on the gunboat flotilla, upon the western waters. The next year, near the close of 1862, he was compelled to resign, by reason of swamp fever, contracted during his service at Helena, Arkansas. After his re- covery he recommenced practice at home, but was again drawn into the public service by a fresh appointment in the surgical department, for which he was duly examined and pronounced qualified. He was on duty at Jefferson barracks, St. Louis, until September 22, 1863, when, upon his leaving to join the army of General Rosecrans, just before the battle of Chattanooga, he was presented with a silver ice-pitcher and salver by the officers and patients of the hospital at the barracks, as a token of personal esteem and confidence. The ordinary channels of communication to Chattanooga being interrupted, he traveled on foot over the mountains, above seventy miles, in order to reach the next post of duty. During this perilous and toilsome trip all his effects and instruments were lost by the capture of the wagon train conveying them. Reaching Chattanuga at last, he was put at work at once in the Critchfield House, which had become a hospital. He then accompanied a train of sick and wounded soldiers to Nashville, where he finally resigned from the service. Embarking once more in private prac- tice in Cincinnati, he speedily built up a large and lucra- tive business, which has been steadily maintained and increased to this day. Dr. Maley has found time, how- ever, to do the public some service in official positions. He was an influential member of the board of education of the city for five years ; was a councilman from the Fourth ward for two terms; and, upon the death of Dr. Dougherty, coroner of Hamilton county, in the autumn of 1872, he was appointed to fill the vacancy; was reg- .ularly elected in 1873, and reelected for the full term the next year. The Biographical Encyclopaedia well said of him during this service: "He has shown his complete qualifications for this public trust, and the honors of the reelections conferred upon him by the public indicate that the people of Cincinnati are amply satisfied with the care and fidelity with which he discharges his duties." Although his convictions and political affiliations had previously been Democratic, Dr. Maley was a supporter of General Garfield for the Presidency in 1880, and ie- ceived from him a handsome acknowledgment of the Doctor's telegram of congratulation, which has been neatly framed and is among the ornaments of his office and home at the southeast corner of Eighth and John streets. Dr. Maley was united in marriage April 23, 1861, to Miss Josephine E., daughter of Mr. A. C. Holcombe, a native of Virginia, and one of the Cincinnati pioneers. She departed this life on the third day of May, 1880, leaving two sons — both now grown to manhood — Edwin Francis, engaged in business as cashier for Rothschild & Sons, at No. 292 West Sixth street; and George Pollock, bill clerk in the office of the Cincinnati Southern railroad. GENERAL HICKENLOOPER. Andrew Hickenlooper was born in Hudson, Ohio, August 30, 1837. His youth was mostly spent at school till in 1854 he entered the office of A. W. Gilbert, city engineer of Cincinnati. With Mr. Gilbert he remained three years, being admitted into the partnership. In 1859 he became the city surveyor, in which position he confirmed the good opinions which has been formed con- cerning his efficiency and energy as an engineer. In 1 86 1, under the auspices of General Fremont, Mr. Hickenlooper recruited "Hickenlooper's battery of Cin- cinnati," afterwards known as the Fifth Ohio independent battery, with which, soon after, he went to Jefferson City, Missouri, where he was appointed commandant of artil- lery at the post. In March, 1862, Captain Hickenlooper returned to the command of his battery, and was transferred to Grant's army at Pittsburgh Landing. Three days after the bloody battle there, in which he participated, Gen- eral McKean appointed him division commandant of artillery. In this capacity he served until after the bat- tles of Iuka and Corinth, when, upon the complimentary reports of his superiors, he was ordered by General Grant, October 26, 1862, to report for staff duty to Gen- eral McPherson. The connection thus began which was only terminated by the untimely death of his chief, Mc- Pherson made him chief of ordnance and artillery, and instructed him to complete the fortifications at Bolivar, 'and still later he was made, by General McPherson, chief engineer of the Seventeenth army corps. Throughout the siege of Vicksburgh, Captain Hicken- looper had charge of the engineer operations on the front of the corps, and conducted them so well as to elicit the warm approval of McPherson. The approaches were pushed up until some of the enemy's guns were silenced, and a mine — the first important one of the war was run under the rebel works. In his honor, Gen- eral McPherson named one of the forts "Battery Hick- enlooper," and made special mention of him in his official reports. In a letter to Halleck, General Mc- Pherson says: "Captain A. Hickenlooper deserves special mention for his ability, untiring energy, and skill in making reconnoissances and maps of the routes passed 444 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. over, superintending the repairs and construction of bridges, etc., constantly exposing himself day and night. He merits some substantial recognition of his services." And again: "I write, without solicitation, to urge the claims for promotion, by brevet or otherwise, of one of the best, and, at the same time, one of the most modest officers on my staff, Captain Andrew Hickenlooper, Fifth Ohio battery. I first made his acquaintance at Jefferson city, in 1 86 1-2, and was most favorably im- pressed with his intelligence and military bearing. . . On assuming command at Bolivar, Tennessee, in October, 1862, I was very much in need of an engineer officer, and, knowing his qualifications, I applied to Major General Grant, and had Captain Hickenlooper assigned to me as chief of artillery and engineer officer. He has made a reputation commensurate with the repu- tation of the corps. As all the Ohio batteries of light artillery are 'independent batteries,' there is no chance for him to obtain promotion in that branch of the service, and I think it but due that the general commanding should give him some token of his appreciation, cheer- ing to the heart of a soldier. I therefore respectfully re- quest that you will present his name for a brevet com- mission of colonel or lieutenant colonel." After the fall of Vicksburgh, the board of honor of the seventeenth corps awarded him a gold medal, on which was inscribed: "Pittsburgh Landing, siege of Corinth, Iuka, Corinth, Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, Vicks- burgh.'' When McPherson took command of the army of the Tennessee, Captain Hickenlooper was made judge-advo- cate on his staff, and a little later chief of artillery for the department and army of the Tennessee. In this po- sition he accompanied his chief through the Atlanta campaign. After McPherson's death, when General Howard took command of the army, Captain Hicken- looper was returned to his former position of judge advo- cate, and was made assistant chief of artillery. From this position he was relieved at the request of General F. P. Blair, to accept the position of assistant inspector general Seventeenth army corps, which appointment car- ried with it the promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel. After the campaign of the Carolinas was near- ly over, he was recommended for a brigadier generalship, — General Howard indorsing that he "knew of no of- ficer in the service whom he would more cordially recom- mend." General Sherman saying : " He served long and faithfully near General McPherson, and enjoyed his marked confidence; is young, vigorous and well educat- ed, and can fill any commission with honor and credit to the service." And General Grant saying: "He has proved himself one of the ablest and most energetic vol- unteer officers, no one having the confidence of his super- iors in a higher degree." Captain Hickenlooper was ap- pointed a brevet brigadier general of volunteers, May 20, 1865, and assigned to the command of a brigade composed of the Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Iowa veteran volunteers. After the muster out of the troops, he was warmly recommended by Blair, Logan, Howard, Sherman, and Grant, for a commission as major of artillery in the regular army, or for the of- fice of United States marshal for the southern district of Ohio. He was appointed to the latter position, was soon confirmed, and at once entered upon its duties, being at the time still under thirty years of age. In this position he remained four years, when he resumed the duties of city engineer. In 1872 the Cincinnati Gas Light & Coke company solicited his services, and in order to secure them a new office, that of vice-president, was created. After a few years, Mr. Hickenlooper was made president of the company, the office of vice-president having been abolished. The duties of this position General Hicken- looper discharged well — to the satisfaction of the com- pany and the citizens. In 1879, General Hickenlooper was elected lieutenant governor of Ohio, on the Repub- lican ticket with Mr. Foster. At the time of his nomination for lieutenant governor, one of his neighbors said: "Gen- eral Hickenlooper is the most industrious man I ever knew. He is never idle. His popularity in Cincinnati is great. His courtesy to everybody is proverbial, and applicants to him for assistance are never turned away empty-handed. He is liberal in his ideas of life, and full of charity, but in his own habits is temperate. He has always taken an active part in our local politics, not for fame, honor, or office, but because he deemed it his duty as a citizen.'' His nomination to the candidacy of lieutenant governor was without his seeking or knowledge. He hesitated to accept, but once decided, he went in to win, and, during his term of office thus far, has fulfilled the expectations of his friends, and confirmed the high opinion formed as to his executive and administrative abilities. COLONEL DAVID W. McCLUNG. David Waddle McClung, surveyor of customs for the port of Cincinnati, and ex-officio collector, etc., is of west Scotland or Highland stock. In 1730 his great-grand- father came to this country and settled in Washington county, New York. His descendants mostly resided in that State; but his son, Charles McClung, grandfather of the subject of this memoir, removed to Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, where David's father and mother were both born, but were both brought to Ohio by their par- ents in early childhood, the families settling in Fairfield county. The father's name was also David; he was mar- ried in 1824 to Miss Elizabeth Brown, daughter of David and Elizabeth (McTeer) Brown. Their fifth child and fourth son was David Waddle, born December 18, 1831, in Eaton township, Seneca county, Ohio, to which his parents had removed two years after marriage. His brothers and sisters were, in due order of birth, Phcebe, William Clark, Robert, James (deceased in February, 1874), Margaret (died November, 1878), Sarah and Har- vey (both of whom died in childhood), John Calvin, and Martha (deceased in August, 1876). But five of this large family, including David, are now living. The father died in October, 1867, and the mother in August, 1877. David was brought up on a farm, which had been the manual-labor school of his ancestry for generations; at- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 445 tended the country schools in his childhood, which were very good for the time, the residence of the family being on the border of the famous Western Reserve; and was a member of the Seneca County academy, at Republic, then taught by the Hon. Thomas W. Harvey, since State commissioner of Schools. Here he prepared for college, and entered freshman at Muskingum college, New Con- cord, in October, 1850; remained one term, and then transferred his allegiance to Miami university, at Oxford, from which he was graduated A. B. in 1854. During much of his preparatory course he maintained himself by teaching school, beginning at the early age of fifteen, and for a large share of the expenses of his college course he served the university in various capacities, but had to create a debt, which was faithfully repaid upon his en- trance into business life. After graduation he again un- dertook the pedagogic vocation, but in a higher field, becoming at first principal of the high schools, then su- perintendent of public schools in Hamilton, in which two positions he remained three years. At the expira- tion of his year as superintendent he accepted the charge of the Republican organ at the same place, the Hamilton Intelligencer, which he conducted or assisted in editing for about two years, in association with his old friend and classmate, Colonel Minor Milliken. It was the early day of the Republican party; Butler county was largely Dem- ocratic; it was an important transition period, and the Intelligencer bore its full share in fixing the current of pub- lic opinion. The fight with opponents was at times close and sharp, and Mr. McClung was himself personally at- tacked by an infuriated Democrat, and bore from the conflict an honorable scar which he wears to this day, a testimonial of the later days that tried men's souls. He was during this time of editorial work engaged at inter- vals in the study of the law; and in the winter of 1859- 60 he was appointed by the governor to the position of probate judge of the county, vice William R. Kinder, who died in office. Upon the election of his successor— a Democrat, of course — he spent a few months desultorily in his law office, but, immediately upon the outbreak of the war, the call for volunteers being issued Monday morning, April 16, 186 1, he enlisted in a Hamilton com- pany as a private soldier, and went with it to Camp Jef- ferson, Columbus, where it was sworn into service April 24th, and assigned as company F, Third Ohio infantry. On the twenty-seventh of the same month the regiment was sent, with five companies of the Eleventh, to estab- lish Camp Dennison, on the Little Miami railroad, seven- teen miles from Cincinnati. Mr. McClung was taken from the ranks, where he was still serving as a private, and made quartermaster of the camp, in which place of responsibility and honor he was detained, contrary to all precedents of the service, until the following March, hun- dreds of thousands of dollars, in money and property, passing through his hands meanwhile, not only of quar- termaster's, but of ordnance stores. He then received a commission, to date from February 19, 1862, as captain and assistant quartermaster. He remained at the camp until June 15, 1862, having meanwhile rebuilt it, in or- der to fit it for winter quarters; and was then ordered to Camp Chase, to build the barracks for rebel prison<_rs there. When the call for five hundred thousand more was made by President Lincoln, Camp Dennison acquir- ed more importance than ever, and Captain McClung was ordered back to equip the regiments forming therein. From first to last, it is believed that he pre- pared not far from one hundred regiments for the field. When the second levy of troops had been equipped, he supervised the conversion of the barracks at the camp, during November and December of 1862, into a conva- lescent hospital. Thence he departed for Madison, In- diana, where hospitals more convenient to the river were to be built, and, after getting that work well under way, he was ordered to Cincinnati, to take charge of the pur- chase of supplies, in which capacity he served until the close of the war. His money accounts with the Govern- ment, during his entire term of service, aggregated about twenty-five million dollars; his property accounts more than twice as much. Like other officers in similar posi- tions, he was from time to time inspected, investigated, "detectived," and "spied," but never once accused, and he long since had his accounts satisfactorily balanced by the officers of tbe Treasury Department. His services were not finally dispensed with until November 8, 1865, when he was honorably mustered out, at his own reiter- ated request. Shortly before this, October 30, he was breveted major of volunteers, for faithful and meritori- ous services, on the recommendation of General Ekin and other high officers of the quartermaster's department. He returned to Hamilton, and was elected president of the Second National bank in that city, although not then a stockholder. In about a year and a half he resigned that place, and began the manufacture of machinery in Hamilton, remaining in this business for two years, when he exchanged his stock in the machine-shop for an in- terest in the Woodsdale Paper company, of which he took charge and remained its business manager until February 1, 1879, when he removed to Cincinnati and became assistant postmaster. In January, 1881, he was nominated by President Hayes surveyor of the port of Cincinnati, and again by President Garfield upen his accession, when he was promptly confirmed by the senate and received his commission, of date March 10, 1881. Such a career as that of Colonel McClung needs no embellishment or further illustration. His qualities of mind and character are easily inferrible from this outline sketch of his rapid and sure advancement to his present high position. Colonel McClung was married on the nineteenth of March, 1861, to Miss Anna Carter Harrison, only daughter of Carter B. Harrison, youngest son of General and President Harrison. Her mother was Mary, of the family of John Sutherland, one of the pioneers of Butler county. She is a worthy helpmate of her distinguished spouse. They have no children, and reside on Walnut Hills, in the First ward of Cincinnati. 446 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. AMOR SMITH, Jr. The Hon. Amor Smith, jr., collector of internal reev- nue for the First district of Ohio, is of English stock on his mother's side, she, nee Sarah Spencer, having been born in Hull, England, and coming with her parents to this country when she was quite young. Here she was married to Mr. Martin Smith, of Cincinnati, and, after his death in Dayton, to Amor Smith, father of the sub- ject of this notice. The elder Smith was a son of John Smith, of Newcastle county, Delaware, and Charity (Smith) Smith, and came to Cincinnati in 1817 with his parents when but three or four years old. He removed to Dayton in 1831, and was married in that place, as be- fore noted. The mother died in Cincinnati in 1850, of cholera; the father is still living. In Dayton the younger Amor was born October 22, 1840. In 1847 his parents removed to the Queen City, in the public schools of which he received his elementary education, and then, at the age of seventeen, became a student at the Sweden- borgian university, in Urbana, Ohio, but left the school before graduating, in order to make a beginning of ac- tive life. He entered the employment of his father, then a manufacturer of star candles, in Cincinnati, and became partner with him about the year 1865 in another line of business, the manufacture of fertilizers, with a branch of the same in Baltimore subsequently estab- lished. The name and style of the Cincinnati firm at first was Amor Smith & Co., and that of the branch house Amor Smith & Sons, the junior partners in each case being Amor Smith, jr., and Lee Smith. They are still, after a lapse of sixteen years, in the same business, east and west, with the same partners, at the same, stands in both Cincinnati and Baltimore. For a time they had the practical monoply of the productions of ammoniacal products from "cracklings,'' or the refuse of pork-packing and tallow-rendering establishments, and found it very profitable. The business has steadily enlarged from year to year, with a temporary check about 1876, from the fierceness of competition and the introduction of new and patented processes. Their orders remain large, however, and the manufacture is highly lucrative. The Cincinnati house confines its production to agricultural fertilizers altogether; the Baltimore branch turns out special products for use by the makers of such fertilizers. This division of labor and production is mutually found advantageous. The youngest partner, Mr. Lee Smith, is at present the manager of both houses, the father spend- ing his time and energies mainly upon his farm at Smith's station, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton railroad, in Butler county, where he resides, and Amor Smith, jr., being wholly engrossed with the duties of his office. The last named, the subject of this sketch was married in 1863 to Miss Mary Jane, daughter of the Hon. Henry Kessler, a well known citizen of Cincinnati. In 1872 he went to Baltimore with his family to take charge of the business of the branch house, and while there, on the twenty-sixth of November in the next year, he was deprived of her companionship by death. He came back to Cincinnati the next month, for the sake of his three young children, and again took up his resi- dence in the Queen City. He has never remarried. The children are all living — Kessler, Alvin and Leonora — aged sixteen, fourteen and ten respectively. Mr. Smith has been a member of the Republican party ever since his majority, and he has been active and influential in it from the time he began to take part in politics, which was very soon after he came of age. He was elected a member of the Republican county committee of Hamilton county in the first year there- after, and has been associated with it most of the time since. He was chosen to the first board of aldermen organized in the city government under the two cham- bered system, and was the youngest member of that board. He served as chairman of the committee on streets, the second committee of importance on the board, the chairmanship of the first, or committee on finance, being then filled by Mr. John Shillito. In this capacity, under the law then existing, he was a member of the board of city improvements, the remaining mem- bers being Mayor John F. Torrence, ex officio chairman ; August Wessel and S. W. Bard, elected members; R. C. Phillips, city' engineer; Milton H. Cook, city commis- sioner, and Daniel Wolf, chairman committee on streets in the board of councilmen, members, like himself, ex officio. Mr. Frank M. McCord, at present clerk to the superintendent in charge of the erection of the new Government buildings, was then clerk of the board. Mr. Smith declined a renomination, and his service in the council closed with that year. In 1875 he served as chair- man of the Republican executive committee of the county, which restored it to Republicanism after the "tidal wave," and in the former year secured a large majority in the county for R. B. Hayes, then running for governor, and the whole Republican ticket. He was again, the next year, in the same difficult position, and gave efficient as- sistance in the election of Governor Hayes to the Presi- dency. He labored with equal efficiency and success in behalf of the six million dollar loan proposed to the Southern railroad, in addition to the ten million dollars already expended — a triumph achieved in the face of much local opposition and other difficulties. Afterwards he was chairman of the committee having in charge the canvass in the city in behalf of the two million loan, which had once been lost, and carried it through victor- iously. During the last Presidential campaign, that of 1880, he was chairman of the campaign committee in the Lincoln club, which rendered most important ser- vices in the splendid Republican success of that year. Of this renowned institution he was one of the incorpor- ators, and has ever since been prominent and influential in its councils. In May, 1878, Mr. Smith, in considera- tion of his known abilities and eminent services to Presi- dent Hayes and the Republican party, was appointed to the post of collector of internal revenue of the first district of Ohio, was promptly confirmed by the Senate, and assumed charge of the office June 8th of the same year. His careful management of this office has been repeatedly testified by the Washington authorities, and at the close of his first year a formal certificate was sent by the Hon. Green B. Raum, commissioner of internal HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 447 revenue, saying that "this faithful discharge of a public trust merits commendation, and I take pleasure in tend- ering you the thanks of this office therefor." His office collects a larger sum of internal revenue than any other in the country, about twelve million dollars per year passing through it. Besides the public services mentioned above, Mr. Smith has assumed other important duties. He was one of the committee of the chamber of commerce (the other members being Richard Smith, of the Gazette, Mr. W. N. Hobart, president of the chamber, and S. H. Brinton), to negotiate the purchase of the post office building with the Secretary of the Treasury, for the uses of the chamber. He took a very active part in the organization of the first Saengerfest given by the Germans in the city, and was chairman of its committee on the press; and also in the ceremonies attending the opening of the exposition buildings, for which he also served upon an important committee, and had an especial part to perform in the march of the Fourth division (civic) in the procession'. L. A. STALEY, Esq. This well-known citizen of Cincinnati, treasurer of Hamilton county, traces his ancestry on the paternal side to Switzerland. The first of the family to reach the new world was Peter Staley, his great-great-grandfather, who came to this country early in its history. The more recent ancestors of Mr. Staley on this side are all Am- erican born. His grandfathers on both sides and two of his maternal uncles were soldiers of the War of 1812 -15. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Connor, came from Ireland when an orphan boy, and settled in Maryland, where he married and brought up his family. His youngest child and daughter, Rebecca Connor, was a native of Georgetown. District of Columbia, born in 1809, and was united in marriage at Frederick, Maryland, the seventeenth of December, 1835, to Henry Staley, great-grandson of the pioneer above named, and father of the subject of this notice, and a native of that county, born in 1810. The youthful pair lived in Frederick, where two- of their children were born, until r84o. In that year Mr. Staley came on foot to the Miami country in company with several. of his neighbors, on a prospect- ing tour for a place in which to settle his family to advantage. He fixed his affections upon Dayton, Mont- gomery county, Ohio, and in the absence of railroads and of an over full purse, he walked all the way back to Frederick, nearly six hundred miles, and soon started with his family for the great west. They settled in Day- ton, where the elder Staley engaged as a carpenter and builder and has since resided, in the successful prosecu- tion of his business. Himself and wife are both still living. He at the age of seventy-one is now building a handsome double house in Dayton, as an investment. He is yet vigorous and enterprising, and has accumula- ted a good share of this world's goods. The first child born to Henry and Rebecca (Connor) Staley in this place was Luke, who was ushere.J into this world August 11, 1840. The public schobls of Dayton offered his chief opportunities of education, and he pushed his way pretty well through them, but was ambitious to get into active life, and when only about seventeen years of age he took a position as salesman in the dry goods store of Thomas Shafer, in Dayton, where he remained for one and a half to two years, and then was compelled by the state of his health to seek more stirring and out-door employment. He began to learn the trade of a brick- mason, and worked for some time at the business, but did not take very kindly to it, and in the fall of 1861 he came to Cincinnati and accepted an agency for the Cin- cinnati Mutual Insurance company, an institution now merged with others in the Union Central Life Insurance company, of which Mr. Staley has been the general agent since 1871, and still retains his agency, devoting his business energies apart from the duties of his public office to the interests of this company. During the whole time the Cincinnati Mutual was in existence, after Mr. Staley came to the city, he was its agent until the consolidation, and then took the general agency above mentioned. Our subject was early in pol- itics, both in sympathy and action. His father had been an old-line Jeffersonian Democrat until the rise of the Republican party shortly afterward. His opposition to the slave-power and institution of slavery twenty years before, had led to his removal from Maryland, in the face of a very eligible offer made by his employer there, and when Mr. Lincoln became a candidate for the Pres- idency, he received the warm support of the elder Staley. Under his advice and influence young Luke likewise cast his vote for the statesman of the prairies, and has since been steadfast in his allegiance to the principles and policy of the Republican party. He is one of the most active workers in politics in southwestern Ohio, and his voice is influential in the councils of the party. He was for a time chairman of the Republican executive committee of Hamilton county, and also a member of the Republican State central committee. He had never, however, sought office, but his services to the party, as well as his eminent qualifications, in the canvass of 1879 fixed the attention of the Republicans of the county upon him as a candidate for treasurer, and he was nomi- nated in July of that year, at the largest convention of the kind ever held in the city or State, numbering about one thousand delegates. He shared in the grand success of his ticket the ensuing fall, and was elected by the handsome majority of nearly two thousand five hundred. He assumed the duties of his office in September of the next year, and has since attended to them with thorough fidelity and efficiency. The importance of his post may be estimated from the fact that about six millions of the public money pass through his office yearly, and the good people of Hamilton county are to be congratulated that their financial interests are reposed in hands so honest and capable. Mr. Staley's parents are both members of the German Reformed church, and he has been a constant attendant upon its ministrations from early childhood, and is a cordial sympathizer with the practical teachings of Chris- 448 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tianity. He was one of the founders and incorporators of the Lincoln club of Cincinnati, is specially active in its membership, and served as one of its directors in its earlier years. He was one of a committee selected to form its by-laws and give it a name, and upon his suggestion the society received its present very fitting and potent name of Lincoln club. Mr. Staley has for his wife Lucretia Ellen (Kessler) Staley, daughter of Mr. Henry Kessler, a well-known resident of the Queen City, to whom he was united Jan- uary 9, 1866. They are blessed with four offspring — Charles Kessler (named from a maternal uncle), born Au- gust 27, 1866; Henry Kessler, (from his maternal grand- father, his paternal grandfather also being named Henry), born August 22, 1869; Laura Rebecca (from her paternal grandmother), whose natal day is January 19, 1872; and Ida Kessler (from a sister in-law of her mother), born June 8, 1874. HON. W. S. CAPPELLER. W. S. Cappeller, auditor of Hamilton county, was born in Somerset county, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1839, and removed when still a boy to Wayne county, Indiana. Having lost his father in 1852, he was apprenticed to the Hon. D. P. Holloway, then editor of the Richmond Palladium, to learn the trade of a printer; but his uncle, Philip Dom, of Mt. Healthy, Ohio, offered him the opportunity of obtaining a finished education at Farmer's college, of which he availed himself. His mother, who is still living, watched carefully over his instruction, and he attributes his success in life to the care and attention she bestowed on his early education. In 1859 he was married to Miss Lizzie Killen, of Mt. Healthy, and embarked in the dry goods and grocery business at that place. In 1866 he was appointed postmaster at Mt. Healthy, and held that office until 1872. In 1869 he was elected clerk of Springfield township, and also clerk of the township board of education, and was reelected three times. In 1870 he was appointed by the court of common pleas one of a committee of three to investigate the accounts of the officials of Hamilton county, and discharged his duty with such fidelity and thoroughness as to elicit the commendation of the people as well as the press; and the general assembly of the State, acting upon the report made by the committee, amended the law relating to the compensation of county officials by a bill known as the "Hamilton Fee Bill," which is still in force. Mr. Cappeller served several years as tax omission deputy in the office of county auditor of this county, and in the fall of 1877 was himself elected auditor, after one of the most spirited campaigns in the political history of the county, being the only Republican elected on the ticket. He was reelected in October, 1880, by a majority of three thousand eight hundred and forty-five, receiving the largest vote and largest majority of any man on the ticket. His thorough familiarity with all the details and duties pertaining to the office has enabled him to meet without embarrassment its increasing labors and growing intricacies; and he distributes to the differ- ent funds of Hamilton county five millions of dollars annually with as much ease and accuracy as his earlier predecessors distributed one-tenth of that amount. For many years Mr. Cappeller has been prominently identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, contributing to its publications, delivering addresses, etc., and as representative in the grand lodge of Ohio has al- ways been considered a wise and judicious counsellor. He was installed Worthy Grand Master of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of Ohio, at Canton, on the sixteenth day of May, 1878, and filled the position with singular ability and intelligence. In December, 1880, he was elected to represent the State of Ohio in the Sovereign Grand Lodge of the world. Mr. Cappeller is an original thinker and an effective public speaker, as is evidenced by the demands made upon his time and services during political and other campaigns. He is a gentleman of fine social as well as executive qualities, and by industry and a courteous de- meanor towards all has been successful in life and at- tained an enviable and justly deserved popularity. SAMUEL F. HUNT. The subject of this sketch was born at Springdale, Hamilton county, Ohio, on the twenty-second day of October, 1845. His parents were Dr. John Randolph Hunt and Amanda Baird Hunt, both from New Jersey. The following is copied from the tablet in the cemetery of Springdale: "Doctor John Randolph Hunt, born at Cherry Hill, near Princeton, New Jersey, July 3, 1793. Died August i, 1863. A student of the university of New Jersey, and a graduate of the College of Medicine and Surgery of New York, and for more than forty years a practicing physician in the Miami valley. In his death his family lost an indul- gent husband and father, the profession a faithful practitioner, and the community an estimable friend and fellow citizen." Samuel F. Hunt, son of Dr. Hunt, was early led in the paths of learning by his parents, both of whom were persons of culture and refinement, and under compe- tent private instruction laid the foundation for after eminence in scholarly pursuits. His family connections were such as to give advantages which he failed not to improve, and even in boyhood he became known for the variety and extent of his information, excellency of speech and polished address. In i860 Samuel F. en- tered Miami university, at Oxford, where he remained for nearly four years, going thence to Union college, New York, where he completed his course and graduat- ed under the venerable Dr. Nott. Four years later the college conferred upon him the degree A. M., and about the same time Miami university awarded him a diploma as to a regular graduate of the class of 1864, and also the honorary degree of master of arts. After this, Mr. Hunt read law in the office of the Hon. Stanley Mat- thews, and graduated from the Cincinnati Law school in 1867. In May of that year he started upon a European tour, visiting the continent and thence beyond Greece, Pales- tine, Egypt and Arabia. During his travels abroad, his HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 449 letters were published in the Cincinnati Enquirer and largely copied into the other papers. Upon his return Mr. Hunt was frequently solicited and made addresses upon his travels, which were put in permanent form at the request of numerous auditors. In 1867 he was nominated for the house of repre- sentatives, and in 1869 was in the senate, where, by a vote decidedly complimentary, he was made president pro tern, and acting lieutenant-governor. He was a member of the judiciary committee and committee on common schools, and was the author of the university bill, the park bill, and other measures affecting the inter- ests of Cincinnati. When at home he was an industri- ous memher of the board of education. Previous to these years, even in boyhood, his powers of oratory were known and acknowledged, and at the outbreak of the Rebellion his speeches were those of an uncompromis- ing patriot, and were enthusiastically applauded. In his own neighborhood his services are remembered in the work of recruiting the Eighty-third and other Ohio regi- ments. In 1862 he went to Shiloh to care for the sick and wounded; and afterwards, in 1865, went with Gen- eral Weitzel's advance into Richmond, where he re- mained several weeks, having charge of the supplies which were furnished to sufferers in the city. While in college Mr. Hunt was honored frequently by being called upon to make the annual and other ad- dresses before the literary societies and upon great occasions, and since his graduation he has been con- stantly in receipt of invitations to make addresses, both at home and abroad. Among the addresses which gave Mr. Hunt prominence in scholarly and oratorical way, mention may be made of those before the Miami lit- erary societies during the year 1864, also before the literary societies at Marietta college, Kenyon college, Georgetown college (Kentucky), Williams college (Mas- sachusetts), the annual address before the largest assem- bly of recent years in the university of Virginia, his address with Governors Hayes and Allen at the unveil- ing of the soldiers' monument, Findlay, Ohio, and that at the Grant banquet in 1880. In 1874, Mr. Hunt was appointed by Governor Noyes a trustee of Miami university, and at the same time was made a director of Cincinnati university, at Cincinnati. From that time up to the present he has been either director or president in these university boards, by re- appointment and re-election. Besides serving as secre- tary of the agricultural society of the county, and mak- ing speeches at the harvest home festivals in different townships, Mr. Hunt has found some time to recreate in politics; and since his entry therein, in 1867, he has been known as the "Pride of the Democracy" of Ham- ilton county. Although defeated in the race for repre- sentative in the year last-named, he was elected to the State senate; his abilities were at once recognized, and he was made president pro tern, of that body, being the youngest man that ever occupied that position. He was a participant in the Democratic State convention of 1869, and served two years on the State Central com- mittee. In 1873 he was president of the convention that nominated Governor Allen, and in 1874 made a speech on the veto power, in the Ohio Constitutional convention. This was one of Mr. Hunt's best efforts, and he refers to it, and justly, with some pride as a good speech. In 1869 Mr. Hunt was, while president of the senate, acting lieutenant-governor; and ten years later was judge-advocate-general, with the rank of brigadier general. From the commencement of his profession with the Hon. Henry Stanberry to the present time, Mr. Hunt has been an industrious worker in the law, and now enjoys a lucrative and constantly increasing practice. Still in the prime of life, of good appearance and pleasant address, Mr. Hunt is one of the foremost at the Cincinnati bar; and being rarely gifted with social qualities, his home is the frequent resort of personal friends of both political parties. Mrs. Hunt, the mother of Samuel F, is an estimable lady, whose graces and hospitalities will be remembered kindly by every visitor at the old home mansion. With her son she still resides in the comfortable "home of fifty years ago," across the street from the academy where Governor Oliver P. Morton received part of his early education. Here, also, under the shade-trees of Mrs. Hunt's home may be seen the first classical academy in this neighborhood, and near by the little church, from which, as" Mrs. Hunt re- lates, the first missionary was sent from the west to the far east. On the brow of a hill on the outskirts of the village, may be seen the spot where Elliott was killed by the Indians in 1794. The ancestors of Hon. Samuel F. Hunt, whose sketch is thus hurriedly written, were re- lated to the active patriots of the Revolution, the grand- sires on part of both father and mother having fought in the battles at Princeton and Monmouth Court House; and when the pioneer days of Hamilton county are re- called, and reminiscences verge on the history of noble fathers on Revolutionary fields, the conversational powers of Mrs. Hunt are displayed in the best light, and in the charm of personal narration one may easily perceive that the honorable eminence of the son is largely due to the rare mental qualities and superior culture of the mother. SAMUEL W. RAMP, Esq. One of the notable features of politics and the public service in Cincinnati and Hamilton county, is the num- ber of comparatively young men occupying the most re- sponsible, and in some cases the most difficult, positions, by the willing suffrages of the people. Several of these — as Auditor Capeller, of the county official force, and Comptroller Eshelby, of the city government — appear with suitable notices in our galaxy of prominent Queen citizens; and we are happy to be able to add to the rep- resentatives of the brain, business tact and ability, and personal popularity of young Cincinnati, the name which heads this article — by no means the least in prominence and responsible duty of those which appear in this vol- ume. Mr. Ramp is as yet but thirty-six years old, having been born in this city January 18, 1845. His father, also named Samuel, was a native of Norfolk county, England, 45° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. born in 1808. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Smith, was born in the same county, but two years later than he who became her husband. They were married February 6, 1828, in the old country, but early determined to push their fortunes in the New World, to which they emigrated in 1834. They remained in the east a few years, then came to Cincinnati in 1840, where they have since continuously resided, the father still pursuing actively the trade of a bricklayer and builder, which he took up upon arriving here nearly half a century ago. Three of their children were born in the old country and three here, but all are now in the grave except the subject of this sketch. He is the youngest of the family. His education was received in the public schools of Cincinnati, and was continued to the A grade of the first intermediate department, when the needs of the family, or his ambition to make an independent living, led him, at the age of thirteen, to abandon the schools and take an appointment as messenger in the court-rooms then occupied by their honors, Judges P. Mallon and C. Murdock. It is a fact of some interest that his business career began, nearly a quarter of a century since, in the same building where he is now doing the best and strongest work of his life. After about two years' service in the courts, he took a clerkship, though still very young, in the office of Colonel Oliver H. Geoffroy, then incum- bent of the office of county treasurer. He remained with the Colonel during his entire administration and then made a venture in the banking business, at first as assistant teller in the First National bank of Cincinnati, upon its organization about 1863. His experience in the county treasury peculiarly fitted him for his duties here, and he was presently advanced to the post of re- ceiving teller, one of thebest and most important places in a banking institution. After some two years' service in this bank, he accompanied its cashier in the formation of a new bank, the Central National, in which also he took the position of receiving teller. He remained in this but one year, and then, in 1866, being as yet but twenty-one years old, he passed to the Third National bank, in which he obtained the yet higher office of as- sistant cashier. His duties here, as elsewhere, were so performed as to secure the approbation of his superiors, and to lead to a much longer-connection than with either of the other banks he served. He was assistant cashier of the Third National for fourteen years, or until he assumed the duties of his office in February, 1880. He obtained this nomination at the great, unwieldly Repub- lican convention of that year, which comprised nearly one thousand members, and after five ballots and a struggle of several hours against other candidates, most of them his superiors in age and duration of political service, the choice of the convention fell upon Mr. Ramp; and the nomination was triumphantly ratified at the polls in October by a majority of about three thousand seven hundred. He had well entitled himself to the position, not only by his fidelity, efficiency, and integrity in busi- ness, but by his services to the dominant party. He had taken an active interest in politics from the time he be- came a citizen, was an original member and is now a di- rector of the famous Lincoln club, and for a time served as secretary of the city executive committee. In his new office his business qualifications have rendered eminent public service in the transaction of its important affairs. It keeps the files of all the courts of the city and county, except the probate and police courts, and otherwise trans- acts the people's business in important relations. No less than twenty-three clerks are employed in its multifarious work. Mr. Ramp was married June 18, 1868, to Miss Susie A., daughter of John T. Johnson, the well-known Cin- cinnati leaf tobacconist, and Ann Elizabeth Johnson. They have one child living — Ada Lillian, born November 9, 1870; and lost one in 1870 — John Thomas, aged about eight months. SAMUEL BAILEY, Jr., sheriff of Hamilton couhty, is of North of Ireland stock on both sides. His great-grandfather on the father's side was a Scotchman. His father, a native of County Tyrone, was Samuel Bailey, sr., and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Crossen, a native of County Derry, came over on the same ship, while yet unmarried, and their families not being with them. The young peo- ple, thus boldly facing the world alone, came to Cincin- nati in 1832, and were married here the same year. Mr. Bailey had received a superior education at home, in the schools and by his private efforts, and he soon found employment as a teacher in the schools of the county. His special talent for figuring served him an excellent purpose no great while afterwards, when undertaking large contracts in his regular business. He was a prac- tical stone-mason and bridge-builder, and, in association with Mr. Samuel Smiley, he became contractor for large amounts of stone-work and excavation in the city. Mr. Bailey, before he came to Cincinnati, sank one of the piers used at Erie, Pennsylvania. He lived the rest, of his life in this city, a prosperous and successful citizen, and died here in 1865, in his sixtieth year. His wife had preceded him to the grave in 1853, while her family, for the most part, was still young. All of her numerous family, indeed, numbering twelve children, died in in- fancy, except the four who still survive — Daniel and Samuel, jr., both of Cincinnati, Kennedy B., of Cleve- land, and Mary, now Mrs. John C. Skinner, also of Cleveland. Samuel was born in Cincinnati August 20, 1838, on New street, east of Broadway, only about four squares from his present office in the court-house. That whole part of the city might then have been well called "New," and there were many "magnificent distances" in which the young Baileys and their companions might play. He was educated in the public schools of that day, and is a graduate of the Woodward high school, from which he passed in June, 1858. He then took a position, in Feb- ruary, 1859, as check clerk on the Little Miami railroad at four hundred dollars per year. Here he remained until 1 86 1, when he was employed by the railroad com- pany and the Cincinnati Transfer company, jointly, as HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 45 1 shipping clerk on the levee. He had in this duty to see to the handling of vast quantities of valuable property, especially cotton, which was then being moved from the south in great amounts, and at one time commanded a price of five hundred dollars per bale. He never, it is said, lost a bale of cotton for the railroad. His labors at this time were exceedingly onerous. On one day he loaded three steamers with full cargoes, of war material, principally. For a week together, at times, he did not take off his clothes. In 1863 he acquired his first inter- est in the Transfer company, buying a small block of stock, and was shortly made assistant superintendent of the company at a salary of fifteen hundred dollars a year. On the first of August, r865, he was advanced to the superintendency of the company at two thousand dollars per annum — a position which he has since con- tinuously held, most of the time at an advanced salary. He is now one of the principal owners of the Transfer company, carrying nearly one-half of its entire stock of one hundred thousand dollars. February 1, 1875, he was chosen superintendent of the Cincinnati Omnibus company, in which he is also a stockholder, but resigned this position on the first of January, 1881, upon assum- ing the duties of sheriff. Mr. Bailey entered politics through a channel some- what unwonted for those who have achieved success in partizanship. He felt that he owed much to the public schools of the city, and was not altogether sorry when, in 1878, he was nominated for member of the board of education and elected, although a Republican in a strong Democratic ward, and against a Democrat who was already on the board and had a party majority of nearly five hundred upon which to rely. At the expira- tion of his two-years' term, he was elected, under the new law providing for twelve members at large, a mem- ber for the longest term provided for — three years — re- ceiving the highest number of votes of any man on the ticket of twelve. This post upon the board he is still holding, with nearly two years yet to serve. During the second year of his first term he was chosen a delegate to the union board of high schools, and was made a trustee of his alma mater, the Woodward school. He served in this capacity two years, and then declined a re-election, from the pressure of other duties. He is also chairman of the board of local trustees of the sec- ond district school, on Sycamore street, which he at- tended in his boyhood. The same year of his second election to the school board (1880), he was a delegate, chosen from the county, to the Republican State conven- tion, which nominated General Garfield to the Presi- dency. He was an alternate in that great assembly, but on the final day of nomination, after eleven days of stormy struggle, his principal happened to be ill, and Mr. Bailey had the supreme satisfaction of casting his only ballot in the convention for the nomination of the Men- tor hero. In the course of the canvass the choice of the Republican party of Hamilton county, in convention as- sembled, fell- upon Mr. Bailey as its candidate for sheriff. He had a strong and popular German as an opponent, but after an exceedingly arduous and active canvass, in which he bore full part, he shared in the magnificent suc- cess of the party at the fall election. He is now doing admirable and thorough-going duty in the position to which he was elected, and whose duties he assumed on the first of January, 1881. He was one of the founders of the Lincoln club, among the very first to sign the paper for the incorporation of that powerful organization, and is now one of its directors. Among Mr. Bailey's special tastes is that for fine horses, which he probably inherits from his father, who was in his day one of the most expert horse-buyers in the city. He has never, since he was six years old, been without the ownership of a horse, and now has three steeds for his own use. This taste also serves the Trans- fer Company, whose operations Mr. Bailey superintends, in the purchase and care of its large stable of horses and mules. He and his family are extremely fond of out- door exercise on horseback and in the carriage. Mr. Bailey is of Protestant Irish blood, and a member of the Third Presbyterian church of Cincinnati, Rev. Dr. J. P. Kumler, pastor. He was married October 8, 1866, at Catlettsburgh, Kentucky, to Miss Virginia M. Hanzsche, daughter of a Bavarian printer and extensive land-owner, but herself a native of Baltimore. They have five children — two girls and three boys — Virginia Mar- garet, Mary Emma, Charles Samuel, Fergus Miller and Dwight Kumler. They have also lost one boy, who died in infancy. E. O. ESHELBY, Esq. Edwin Oscar Eshelby, comptroller of the city of Cin- cinnati, is of English stock on his father's side. His mother was born in Dublin, but her parents were also from England, though the family name, Drennan, seems to indicate Irish descent. The former, James Eshelby, was a native of Sunderland, in the North of England, born in 1807. The two came separately to America, sometime between 1836 and 1838, and met in Cincin- nati, where they were married about the year 1839. ^ r> Eshelby was at first a shoemaker, and finally went into the manufacture of vegetable wines. He was a Govern- ment official in the late war, and after closing that ser- vice settled at Stevenson, Alabama, where he engaged in his former business, and died there in December, 1870. Mrs. Eshelby died in Cincinnati the same month, only three weeks before her husband. They left two surviving out of a family of nine children — Edwin, the subject of this sketch, and an older sister, Isabella Frances, now Mrs. W. H. Hudson, of Walnut Hills, Cincinnati. Edwin O. Eshelby was born in this city on the twenty- eighth day of May, 1851, the youngest child of James and Margaret (Drennan) Eshelby. He received his ele- mentary education in the public schools, and closed his formal training with the intermediate department. When the war of the Rebellion closed, and his father made his home and began business in the sunny South, young Eshelby, then but fourteen years old, could no longer brook the restraints of the schools, and was determined 45* HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to make an early beginning of active life. He was per- mitted to join his father at Stevenson, and in a year or two entered the telegraph office of the Nashville & Chat- tanooga railroad at that place, easily mastered the details of the business, soon became an expert telegrapher, and, within three months after his first efforts, was made night operator in the same office, at sixty dollars per month. He was subsequently, as he grew older, during about four years, otherwise in the employ of the railroad company as freight agent, express agent, telegrapher at various points, and for a time in the very responsible position of night train despatcher at Nashville. He was then scarcely more than eighteen years of age. He presently returned to his old home, and operated in the Western Union offices here and in Chicago. While here he attended two full courses of lectures in the Cincinnati law school, and took his diploma of bachelor of law from that insti- tution in the spring of 1875, an d was trien admitted as a full-fledged practitioner at the Hamilton county bar. He finds the knowledge and practice gained by his attend- ance upon the law school specially useful in his present responsible and difficult position. Nearly a year before his admission to the bar, June 1, 1874, Mr. Eshelby was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Jane, daughter of Mr. Jacob S. Lape, a well-known resi- dent of Cincinnati. For some years he had been an active worker among the young men of the Republican party in the county, but had not put himself conspicu- ously at the front, particularly in the demand for public office by way of reward for services rendered. He was one of the early members of the Lincoln club, founded in February, 1879, and was elected one of the directors. He was, however, never a candidate for office at the hands of the party until the second meeting of the Re- publican city convention, in the spring of 1880. He had no thought then of receiving a nomination, being engaged in profitable business with his father-in-law, in the firm of Lape & Brother. At the urgent solicitation of his friends, however — the prospects of the party, for special reasons, being then rather doubtful, and the nomination of a new man on the ticket for this important office, then newly created by the legislature, being deemed desirable — he consented to stand in the canvass, and, with no effort on his part, he was triumphantly nominated on the second ballot against three trained politicians and strong candidates, who had carefully worked ur ^eir respective canvasses. Only four days thereafter ne was triumph- antly endorsed at the polls by the electors of the city, receiving, after his short but energetic campaign, a ma- jority of four thousand and sixty-two against the highest majority of any of his fellow-partisans of the ticket of but one thousand six hundred and four, and against an op- ponent, Mr. Silas W. Hoffman, who was a veteran and popular politician, and had -long been an incumbent of the office of city auditor, to which Mr. Eshelby's present position corresponds. Within ten days he took charge of the comptroller's office, whose affairs were then con- siderably in public discussion and were in the utmost confusion, and at once set about making necessary re- forms. A complete system of checks and balances with other departments of the city government was introduced, and a thorough-going, business-like system of book-keep- ing inaugurated, which has resulted in a reformation of the whole financial business of the city, so far as is re- lated to this office. The importance of this fact may be inferred from the simple statement that about six million dollars, the property of the city of Cincinnati, passes through his office every year. The burdened tax-payers of the Queen City may well be congratulated upon the marked change in the administration of affairs in this de- partment, than which there is none more important, or, indeed, as important, in the city government. Under what is known as the Worthington law, ordained by the legislature, the comptroller has the veto power upon all measures involving the expenditure of money from the municipal treasury; and it is fortunate that this power is now reposed in judicious and honest hands. Mr. Eshelby has two children — May Amanda, born May 14, 1875; an d Isabella Sarah, whose natal day is April 23, 1877. The family reside in the city, at No. 69 Laurel street, in the west end. L. L. SADLER. Lewis Lamont Sadler, president of the board of councilmen of the city of Cincinnati, is of Massachusetts stock. His father was Elijah Sadler; his mother's maiden name was Cordelia King. The elder Sadler removed to Butler county about 1832-3, and settled as a farmer in Oxford township, two and one-half miles northwest of the village of that name. Here he spent the rest of his days, and here he died in 1850. The mother long sur- vived him, and died in Oxford in February, 1881. At the old home the subject of this memoir was ushered into the world August r, 1843, the six th son and seventh child of a family numbering in all nine offspring. His boy- hood was passed upon the farm, assisting as he could in its toils, and attending for a few months a year the dis- trict schools of that neighborhood. At the age of fifteen he went to Richmond, Indiana, and began an apprentice- ship at the printer's trade in the " Broadaxe " office. He had previously, when a small boy at home, obtained some type, constructed a composing-stick of sugar-tree wood, a "case" of a trunk-tray and some cigar-boxes, and a "rule" of a spoon-handle, and with these made a hope- ful beginning in the "black art" of Faust and Gutenberg. His bent was decidedly toward the honorable profession of journalism, and he was going on prosperously as a learner, at the munificent salary of one dollar a week and board, when he was interrupted at once and forever by soreness and dimness of eyes, which forbade his proceeding fur- ther.. He had been at the case less than a year, but could already do full journeyman's work. He returned, however, to the farm, where his widowed mother and an older brother were managing its concerns. Lewis assisted them for a time, and then, in i860, when but seventeen years old, took a summer school in the very building where he had himself received his elementary education. He taught the young idea here for a school HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 453 year of two terms, when he accepted a similar engage- ment south of Oxford village, where he swayed the ferule until July, 1862, when he enlisted as a private soldier in company C, Ninety-third regiment of Ohio volunteer infantry, Colonel Charles Anderson commanding. The regiment rendezvoused at Dayton, and in the summer moved to the field. Upon the full organization of his company, Mr. Sadler was appointed fourth sergeant, and while in camp at Nashville, before the battle of Stone River, he was promoted to the post of first or orderly ser- geant. In that action he was wounded in the shoulder on the first day, during the furious rebel onslaught which smashed the right of the Federal line, and was disabled for a time, part of which was spent in a hospital at Louisville. He rejoined his regiment at Murfreesboro, and participated in the marches and actions of the army of the Cumberland, passing unhurt through both days of the tremendous fighting at Chickamauga, during which but four men of his company got safely off the field besides himself. The command of the company often fell upon young Sadler, and he was recommended for a commission, which was issued, but withheld on account of the depletion of the regiment below the requisite number. He was again wounded in the battle of Mis- sion Ridge, during the magnificent charge up the height, and was never able to resume active service. The last of his soldiering was with the invalid corps, most of the time as sergeant-major in a detachment sta- tioned at Nashville, with which he served until the close of the war. He then returned to his mother's home, which was now in Oxford, and a few weeks there- after, in August, 1865, came to Cincinnati to take a course in a business college, also assisting to keep the books of Messrs. Fort, Havens & Co. He soon, however, devoted himself to their book-keeping exclusively, and left the commercial school altogether. With this firm he re- mained as an employee. About four years after, Mr. Havens went out of the' concern, and Mr. Sadler was admitted to the new firm of Fort, Sadler & Co., in which he continued to keep the books and manage the- finances until about two years ago. The firm-name, and its con- stituent members, remain the same to this day, in business at the Cincinnati stockyards as commission dealers in live stock and grain. The house has branches in Pitts- burgh and New York city, Mr. Sadler being for the last two years in sole charge of the present house at Cincinnati. In. this business he has achieved eminent success. When he came to the city he had just enough money to pay his matriculation fee at the business college, and is now, after the lapse of less than sixteen years, possessed of a handsome fortune and an elegant home at No. 108 Everett street. In the spring of 1876 Mr. Sadler was chosen by the Republicans of the Fifteenth ward as a member of the city council, to which he has since been twice reelected. In his second year of service he was made chairman of the Finance committee, the most important one of the council. He was also twice elected vice-president of the board of councilmen. At the an- nual organization of that body in April, 1880, he was chosen by an exceedingly flattering vote to the presidency of that honorable body, and reelected the succeeding year to the same position, in which he is now serving with acceptance. Mr. Sadler was married June 28, 1871,10 Miss Rebecca, daughter of Henry Beckman of Cincinnati. They have three children— Cordelia, Anna, Edna Lola, and Alvin Lewis Sadler. The oldest of these, a girl of only eight years, has already developed marked musical and elocu- tionary abilities, and is a favorite performer in the exhibitions given by the Odd Fellows and other organ- izations, as well as in the domestic circle and else- where. He is a member of Eagle lodge No. 100, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Lincoln club, in which he is a stockholder, and of other sundry other societies. JAMES G. STOWE. This gentleman is descended from an old English family to which belonged Baron Stow, founder of the great Stow library (or library of the British museum), one of the greatest libraries of the world; also Sir John Stow, of Buckinghamshire, England, from whom Stow village, or parish of that shire, takes its name. John Stow came from England in 1635, with four sons, settling in Roxbury, Massachusetts, and founded the fam- ily of Stowe in America. He was the son of John Stow, the chronicler and historian of London, a justly famous man, whose valuable works are copiously quoted by Eng- lish and American authors. From Samuel, a son of John, Mr. Stowe traces his de- scent, through James H. Stowe, cousin of Dr. Calvin Stowe, husband of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Mr. Stowe is a native of Providence, Rhode Island, born June 14, 1841, eldest son of James H. and Julia A. (Freebody) Stowe. His mother was also of an ancient English family of Newport, Rhode Island, in its earliest days, the de- scendants of which are scarcely found anywhere in the United States, and in Rhode Island away from Newport and Providence. Her parents were William and Sarah Freebody, of the Newport family. Mr. Stowe remained in his native place until mature years. His primary education was received in the public schools of that city, and he was afterward graduated from the Mowry institute, also of Providence, when about eighteen years of age. He then became a mechanic and draughtsman under, the instruction of his father, who was a practical mechanic, and in 1861 he became secretary of the Burnside Rifle company, which had its title from Ambrose E. Burnside, since the distinguished general and Senator, but then a prominent resident of Bristol, Rhode Island, and inventor of the Burnside breech- loading rifle, which the company was engaged in manu- facturing. Mr. Stowe was also engaged at this time (1861) as superintendent of the Burnside laboratory, a large establishment for the making of ammunition for the rifle. While thus employed he devised a machine for fill- ing cartridges, so efficient and swift as to fill one thou- sand cartridges in one-fourth of a minute. It has since come into use in all the United States arsenals. One of 454 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. the original machines at use in the Burnside laboratory was sold to the Fenians and landed on the coast of Ire- land, where it was captured by the English Government, and is now in the British museum. During a part of this service he was appointed United States inspector of ammunition with rank, then an exceedingly important position. August 7, 1865, Mr. Stowe was elected treas- urer of the Perkins Sheet-iron company, likewise of Providence, engaged in manufacturing sheet and bar iron, of which William Sprague, late United States Senator, was president. At this same time he was secretary of the American Snow-plow company, in the same city. Until the fall of 1867 he filled these positions, and then upon the change of the Burnside Rifle company to the Rhode Island Locomotive works, with General A. £. Burnside as president, Mr. Stowe was recalled to his former associations as secretary of the works, and relinquished his other positions, the new position requir- ing all his time. In 1870 he was one of a committee appointed by eastern manufacturers to visit the States of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Kansas, for the purpose of establishing manufactories. In January of the next year, as a consequence of this visit, and having on his hands a large machine shop which he had taken as an investment, he resigned his office in the locomotive works and removed the machinery of his shop to Bloom- ington, Illinois, in order to embark in independent busi- ness. Here the bonus of ten thousand dollars was given him by the citizens and a partner with suitable site and buildings. The same year he began the manufacture of a reaper of his own invention, and other agricultural im- plements, employing about fifty hands. His connection at Bloom ington was somewhat unfortunate, and after sustaining large losses through his partnership, he with- drew from it, and accepted for a time the agency of the Superior Mower and Reaper company, with headquarters at Chicago. He presently withdrew from this, however, and in 1875 made a favorable engagement as manager of the Cincinnati branch office of C. Aultman & Co., of Canton, Ohio, manufacturers of reapers, mowers, engines, etc., the second largest manufactory of any kind in the State; the position which he now holds. During his residence in Cincinnati Mr. Stowe has taken an active interest in politics, on behalf of the Re- publican party, and at the April election of 1879 he was elected councilman for the First ward, and was elected to his second term in the same ward April 12, i88r. He has been chairman of the committees on steam-railroads and light, and was elected vice-president of the council at its reorganization in April, 1881. He has been one of the most active and influential members of the board. During most of his business life Mr. Stowe has had a taste for journalism and authorship which, notwithstand- ing his many and engrossing employments, he has found time to satisfy. In 1867 a very valuable book of his preparation was published by Henry Carey Baird, of Philadelphia, who paid the young author handsomely for the copyright. It is entitled "A Manual for the Sheet, Bar, and Plate Iron Roller," and is in use in all the rolling-mills throughout the country. Another work of his on guns and gunnery had a large sale in this country and England. While at Bloomington he wrote much for the Pantograph of that city, and for the Chi- cago Tribune and eastern papers. Since his removal to Cincinnati a specially useful book of "Hints to Farmers on the Reaper and Mower" has been published. Mr. Stowe at times appears as a lecturer, having pronounced before various bodies in this country addresses on Physi- ognomy and Odd-Fellowship. Industrial art in this coun- try owes not a little to the inventive genius of Mr. Stowe. He has patented, first and last, no less than thirty ma- chines and improvements, the principal of which are the cartridge machine and the reaper before mentioned. It is truly wonderful that he has been able to accomplish so much for his years in the various departments of human activity. J. B. CHICKERING, founder and proprietor of the Chickering Scientific and Classical Institute, was born August 10, 1827, in the town of New Ipswich, New Hampshire. His grandfather, Captain Abner Chickering, served in the Revolutionary war, and his father was a captain in the War of 1812. . His father was the only brother of Joseph Chickering, the celebrated piano manufacturer. The subject of our sketch spent the first years of his life on a New England farm, where he was trained to habits of hardihood and economy. At the early age of eight years he lost his father. From the age of eight to the age of sixteen he worked on a farm earning his own livelihood and assist- ing in the support of his mother. He found time for study, and manifested great quickness of apprehension, with remarkable power of memory. When sixteen years old it was thought best that the boy should shift for him- self, and, Yankee-like, he started out eagerly to try his fortune. The cash capital with which he began life on his own account, was but forty-two cents. Impressed with the excellent Yankee nation that education is the prime essential to success in any business or profession, young Chickering determined to go to school awhile, at all hazards. He made arrangements by which he could barter honest work for solid knowledge, and in 1843 en- tered Appleton institute, a most excellent classical and sci- entific school, located in his native town. For six years he worked and studied on a average of eighteen hours a day, and at the end of that time graduated at the head of his class. The continuity of his course at the acade- my was broken by the necessity of increasing his earn- ings, and he found winter employment in teaching dis- trict and high schools. His active habits and ready skill in imparting instruction made him very popular as a teacher. For two or three years after graduating Mr. Chickering continued a post-graduate course of study, giving most of his time to reading Latin authors; but circumstances prevented his completing a full collegiate course, as had been his long-cherished . plan. Subse- quently he found time to give three years to the study of the French and German languages, but he took a greater interest in and gained greater proficiency in mathematics HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 455, and natural sciences, for which he possessed a peculiar aptness. The cast of his mind is peculiarly practical and methodical. He readily seizes the general features of a subject, and is rarely mistaken in his judgment as to the relative value of studies to individuals, or as to the real breadth or capacity of others, whether they be teachers, learners, or neither. The term "shrewdness" well describes the character of his mind. Education has in every way sharpened and strengthened his faculties, but the executive genius by which he has won so good a reputation and accomplished so useful a work, is inborn, like his common sense and gay, good humor. The fol- lowing is clipped from the Cincinnati Gazette of Septem- ber 17, 1877: It is thirty-three years since the principal of the well-known Chicker- ing institute first commenced his career as a teacher in the grammar schools of New England. Here he taught with marked success in grammar and high schools for eight years, when he was induced to come to Cincinnati on account of a generous offer made him by Miles Greenwood. This was in the autumn of 1852. After eighteen months spent as a private tutor, Mr. Chickering opened a private school in the beautiful village of Avondale. Inducements being offered for him to come to the city, he determined to do so, and in 1855 Chickering acad- emy was opened in George-street-engine-house, with an attendance the first week of thirty-seven, and during the year increased to fifty-one. The second year the school record showed an attendance of seventy- six. Each successive year the attendance continued to increase until the year 1859, when it was determined to build for the better accommo- dation of the pupils. The site of the present building was purchased by Mr. Chickering, a two-story building was erected, and Chickering academy changed its name to the Chickering Classical and Scientific institute. The first year in the new building the school numbered one hundred and fifty-five. Within two years it was found necessary to add another story to the building for the better accommodation of the primary department for young boys. From that time to the present has been a series of years of most remarkable success in the school's history, the average attendance catalogued being two hundred and fif- teen per annum. During all these years it has enjoyed the reputation of being not only one of the largest (probably the very largest) private schools for boys in the country, but is ceitainly one of the best man- aged and conducted in every respect. This school may well challenge comparison in the almost invariable success of its many graduates to pass the required examination of the colleges and scientific schools of this country and of Europe. Since 1864 the institute has presented the graduates of both classical and scientific departments with diplomas. No one is graduat- ed unless he has an average standing of seventy-five per cent during the middle and junior years, and of eighty per cent, in senior year. This rule is rigidly adhered to. This demands of students most earnest and faithful study and work in all departments, and hence the reason why those who enter colleges and scientific schools from this institute have always succeeded without being dropped from their college classes. At present the school has a most able corps of fourteen teachers, selected [with special reference to their fitness to fill the places assigned them in the school. None but experienced teachers are "ever employed. The liberality and discriminating judg- ment of Mr. Chickering have been the means of indue- S£ several eminent educators to cast the.r lot for a longer ^ Sorter period oi time in the institute. Among Thesetay be named G. K. Bartholomew, principal of the young'ad^ school bearing his name, Prttapr Bmf P. Wright, of Yale college, Professor Tracy Peck, of Cornell university, Professor E. C. Coy, of Phillips,' Andover academy, W. H. Venable, author of United States History and several other works. Mr. Venable has been associated with the institution for seventeen years and has contributed very largely to its present emi- nent success. Any sketch of the life of Mr. Chickering would be incomplete if it did not allude to his character as. a citizen and a Christian worker. He is known in the city of Cincinnati as a most scrupulously honest and prompt man of business, and as such has the respect and confidence of the business men. His industry knows no rest. He never delegates even the details of his work to agents, but attends with the utmost care to every item of his own business. Mr. Chickering is a vigilant and indefatigable working church member. Perhaps no man living ever gave more faithful service to Sabbath-school interests than he has done. He is never absent from his post of duty, and his punctuality is proverbial. During thirty-three years he has never been once late at the opening exercises of his school, nor absent therefrom a single day. Blest with an unusual degree of health, his, energy knows no rest. Although so exacting of his own time and energies, he is nevertheless generous toward those who do not attain his own standing of promptness, and punctuality. On the fifteenth of July, 1857, Mr. Chickering was. married to Sarah M. Brown, of Harvard, Massachusetts. Since then their pleasant home has been blessed with five children, the eldest a daughter, and four sons, all of whom are living. In closing our sketch it may not be uninteresting to state that the Chickering family is of the old English stock, and the lineage can be traced in an unbroken line to 1138. His mother, whose maiden name was Boutelle, was of French descent.* PROFESSOR GEORGE W. HARPER. Professor George W. Harper, for many years principal of the Woodward high school, in Cincinnati, was born in Franklin, Warren county, Ohio, August 21, 1832. He is son of the Rev. Daniel Harper and Sarah (Sims) Harper, both of old Quaker stock, residing originally near Philadelphia, but emigrating thence and settling in Warren county in 1825. They removed to Cincinnati in 1843, where the elder Harper engaged in the grocery and commission business, at first on Ninth street, and afterwards at No. 12 East Columbia (Second) street, where the business is still carried on under the firm name of Harper & Winall. George received the rudiments of education in the country schools of his native place, and was not intro- duced to the graded system until he was fifteen years * The above is a production first written by W. H. Venable for the Biographical Cyclqpedja of educated at Hanover college, Indiana, where he graduated in 1854. He taught school for a time while reading law, and in 1857 graduated at the Cincinnati Law school, and at once entered the practice there. From 1861 to 1863 he was a member of the city council. He served as a private soldier in the one hun- dred days' call, in the One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Ohio National guard, Colonel S. S. Fisher, the regiment be. ing stationed at Fort Spring Hill, on the Appomatox river, near City Point, Virginia. He was for six years mayor of Avondale, and, in 1876, after twenty years of successful practice, was elected upon the Democratic ticket a judge of the court of common pleas, which position he now holds, and is its presiding judge, the bench of the First Judicial district being composed of seven members. He married Miss Elizabeth T. Moore, near Batavia, Ohio. HENRY VARWIG, manufacturer of bungs and faucets, at Nos. 421 and 423 West Court street, and member of the board of aldermen from the Fifth district (Twentieth ward), is a native of Hanover, now a province of Prussia. His parents were Joseph Henry and Maria (Brenkmann) Varwig. Both families represented in this union had been agriculturists from time immemorial, and his father pursued the same vocation near the city of Osnabruck, in Hanover. In T841 he brought his family, with a party of immigrating friends and relatives, to this country, and came to Cin- cinnati at once, where some acquaintances of theirs had preceded them. The elder Varwig went into the brick- making business at the corner of Linn and Findlay btreets, now closeh built up, but then open ground for a long distance each way. He did well in this branch of manufacture, but in about three years changed to the re- tail trade in groceries on Findlay street, between Linn and Baymiller, and carried on that business until his death. He left a moderate property and two children, one a half-sister of Henry Varwig, the child of a second wife. Henry's mother died in the fatherland, about 1838, before the emigration of her husband, and his father was remarried after he settled in Cincinnati.. His only son, the subject of this notice, was born November 30, 1835. He was in his sixth year when the family came to this city, soon entered the public schools, and took nearly the full course therein, stopping when a member of Woodward college, after about two years' at- tendance. He then took a full course of book-keeping and business instruction in Bacon's commercial college. He was now in his eighteenth year, and secured a po- sition at once as book-keeper in the clothing store of Bernhard Varwig, his uncle, on the corner of Court and Main streets. He remained at this post about three years, and then went into the retail grocery business by himself, on Findlay street. For a few years he followed this vocation, but when the mechanical bakery was started here, in 1857, proposing a "new departure" in the methods of his trade, he became a salesman in the establishment, but left it in a year or two, and, after a year's vacation, started a cracker bakery of his own on Court street, next door to the premises he now occupies, and in a building which he used as a part of his works during the war. At this period he carried on a very large contract business for the Government — perhaps the largest of the kind in the city — making hard bread for the army and navy. He was conlpelled by his heavy contracts and the energy and success with which he filled them, to enlarge his wor.ks until they had the capacity of consuming two hundred barrels of flour per day, or, to put it differently, of turning out nearly eight hundred boxes of "hard tack" in the same period. At one time he held and executed the largest contract of the kind ever given to a western house, amounting to about two hundred and seventy thousand dollars, which paid for three millions of pounds of bread. At the same time his bakery turned out large quantities of crackers, of the dif- ferent varieties, for the city trade, and to fill wholesale orders from many points more or less remote. This business proved very profitable, and left Mr. Varwig in excellent shape to invest in other lines of enterprise. He sustained some heavy losses, at one time twenty- three thousand dollars by the failure of a banking house, but courageously went forward, and, a few years after the close of the war, converted his bakery into what seemed a more hopeful line of manufacturing, the same in which he is now engaged. He has not had, nor has he now, any partners, but has had the ability to manage the var- ious lines of business in which he has been engaged, however extensive, by the energies of his own brain. He manufactures the Varwig self-ventilating beer faucet, a device of his invention, whose patent he solely controls, and of which he is the only manufacturer. It has proved HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 47i a very popular appliance, and makes its way far and wide. Mr. Varwig has agencies in Europe and in all parts of the United States, and his shipments are very large, aggregating an annual amount of about fifty thou- sand dollars. Ever since he became of age, Mr. Varwig has taken a hearty interest in American politics, and has been a vig- orous worker in the canvasses, clubs, and at the polls, particularly among the electors of his own nationality. For about twenty-five years he trained with the Dem- ocratic party, but recently experienced a change of heart, and transferred his allegiance to Republicanism. In the spring of 1878 he was chosen to the board of aldermen from the Fourth district, and had very creditable assign- ments to committees of the board. Two years after- wards, having meanwhile removed his residence to his present home at No. 553 Court street, he was again placed in nomination and re-elected to the same board, but this time from the Fifth district. His name has often been mentioned in connection with important city and county offices, and he has several times been honored with very flattering votes or with nominations at the hands of the party conventions. He is now a member of the Lincoln club, and is also in connection with the Free and Accepted Masons, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Honor, and sundry other societies. Mr. Varwig has for his wife she who was Miss Emily S. Brenner, eldest daughter of JohnC. and Ida Antoinette (Aehle) Brenner. The date of the wedding was Novem- ber 9, 1858. Their children number two sons and as many daughters — Ida, born November 12, 1859; Emma, born April 29, 1861; Rudolph, born November 12, 1863; and Harry, born April 25, 1866. CAPTAIN LEWIS VOIGHT. This gentleman, head of the firm of Lewis Voight & Son, dealers in paper-hangings and decorations, and manufacturers of window-shades, at No. 205 Central Avenue, is a native Cincinnatian, born January 7, 1837. His ancestors on both sides are German. His mother, nee Margaret Helmuth, came to the city in 1830, and was here married to Mr. Henry Voight, father of the subject of this notice. He died in 1839, and Mrs. Voight remarried about two years afterwards, to Christo- pher Stager, also a resident of Cincinnati. Lewis was trained in the schools of the city, but left the day schools at the early age of thirteen, then beginning, in a meas- ure, independent life as an errand-boy in the tailor-shop of Mr. N. Haddox, on Main street, and then as an em- ploye in other establishments, coming by and by to the ticket office of the Little Miami railroad, during its oc- cupancy by Mr. P. W. Strader, and to be collector of the Cincinnati Omnibus line and messenger in the office of Irwin & Foster, steamboat agents. While still a youth he attended the night schools for about two years. At the age of sixteen he began to learn the paper-hanging business with S. Holmes & Son, on Main street near Fifth, and was not yet twenty when his apprenticeship ended. For about two years longer he worked in the same business as a journeyman. April 28, 1858, he was joined in marriage with Miss Susanna M., eldest daughter of Michael and Mary (Gerlich) Friedel, of Cincinnati. Her mother was then widowed, the father having died of cholera during the terrible year of 1849. She is slso a native of the Queen City. At the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion, Mr. Voight raised the larger part of a company for the Fed- eral service, which was finally received into a Kentucky regiment — the Twenty-third infantry. He was elected captain by vote of the company, and duly commissioned by Governor Beriah Magoffin early in the summer of 1 86 1. His regiment was assigned to the army of the Cumberland, and marched and fought during his period of service under Generals Buell and Rosecrans. He was made provost marshal at Murfreesborough, Tennessee, in the summer of 1862, was in the subsequent retreat of Buell to the Ohio and in the engagement of the advance guard with Bragg's army at Munfordsville, and the pre- vious action at Woodford, Tennessee, in which his regi- ment was on the skirmish line. He was also with his command in the bloody battle of Perryville, and was afterwards, in the winter of 1862, provost marshal at Glasgow, Kentucky. Shortly after the struggle at Perry- ville, Captain Voight was subjected to a severe attack of rheumatism, which finally so disabled him that he was compelled to resign his commission, in January, 1863. Returning to his home, and measurably recovering from his ailments, he bought out a small business, only four doors above his present place, and re-entered his old trade of paper-hanging. By diligent industry and economy, his wife attending the store while he personally labored in the handicraft here and there about the city, they gradually increased their business, until now the firm of Voight & Son carries one of the largest, most varied, and otherwise superior stocks of paper-hangings and decorations in the State, and commands an extensive business in the ornamentation of the beautiful shops, offices, and homes of the Queen City. In 1866 Mr. Voight, the previous year having removed to his present more spacious quarters, embarked also in the manufac- ture of window-shades, which has become an important branch of the business. During the engrossing pursuits of his vocation, Mr. Voight has found time to do the city and State some service. In r872 he was elected to the board of alder- men, the upper branch of the municipal legislature, from the Seventeenth ward. In this body he served six years, or three terms, and was then chosen a councilman from the same ward for two years. In the former body he was a member of the finance committee, the most im- portant one of the board, in which he served three years, and during his second term was vice-president of the board. In the fall of 1878 he was chosen one of the Hamilton county delegation to the house of representa- tives in the State legislature, aud was there again assigned to the important committee on finance, and otherwise faithfully served his constituents and the State. 472 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Captain Voight has for many years been a prominent Mason in the city; is a member of the historic Lafay- ette lodge No. 8 1, whose story is related elsewhere in this book, and has reached the highest degrees in the York Rite and the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, and is a member of the Cincinnati Commandery No. 3, Knights Templars. He took his thirty-second degree in Masonry in 1866, when not yet thirty years old. He has also gone through all the degrees and passed all the chairs in the lodge and encampment of Odd Fellowship, and was a representative for two terms to the Grand En- campment of the State. He is in full membership in the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Cincinnati society of ex-army and navy officers. From the beginning of his political life he has been associated with the Republican party and is an active worker within the organization, being often a del- egate to the various conventions of the party. He has from childhood been a member of the First English Evangelical Lutheran church in Cincinnati, to which most of his family belong. The children number four — Lewis William, twenty-three years old, in business with his father as junior partner, already a Knight Templar, and in other respects a prominent young citizen; Elmore, fifteen years of age, a student in Hughes high school; Florence Gertrude, now in her twelfth year; and Lewis, aged nine, named from his father. The family resides in a pleasant home at No. 153 Barr street, Cincinnati. CALVIN W. STARBUCK, son of John and Sophia (Whipple) Starbuck, was born in Cincinnati on the twentieth of April, 1822, and died November 15, 1870. His father, John Starbuck, was an old Nantucket whaler, who, after following the sea for many years, removed to Cincinnati and purchased a residence on the west side of Vine street, just above Front, where Calvin was born. Like almost all in the west at that early period in the history of the city, his parents were of limited means, though having enough, with industry and frugality, to maintain existence in that "golden mean "so favorable to habits of sobriety and thrift. Young Calvin received such education as his parents could afford, and while yet a boy was obliged to rely on himself. He commenced his career in a print- ing office as an apprentice, and after finishing his trade, having saved some money, he resolved on starting a newspaper. At the age of nineteen he founded the Cincinnati Evening Times. Being the fastest type-setter in the west, and desiring to economize his funds until his enterprise proved self-supporting, he for years set up a great portion of the paper himself, also assisting in its delivery to subscribers. From this humble beginning the Cincinnati Times grew until it had the largest circu- lation of any newspaper in the west. On January 1, 1845, Mr - Starbuck was married to Miss Nancy J. Webster, by whom he had twelve chil- dren, nine of whom survived him — three sons, Frank W\, Dji.iel F. M. and Calvin W.; and six daughters, Clara B., Fanny W., Ella M., Jennie, Jessikate and Sallie W. He was a most kind husband and indulgent father. While a very assiduous and careful business man, his whole nature seemed to be devoted to the relief of the less fortunate of his fellow-beings. To his generosity and exertions is mainly due the success of the Relief Union, one of the most deserving of our charities. Be- sides his devotion to this institution, his private charities were numerous, no needy person being turned empty- handed away. He was "great in goodness," and that, too, not in the kind which is vapid, sentimental and pretentious, but which is practical and efficient. His nature was a well-spring of benevolent sympathies. They did not need to be pumped by special, pressing ap- peals to give forth occasional and stinted supplies, but they were perennial and fresh, flowing forth in the spon- taneity of their own nature, responding to the magnet- ism of every appeal of suffering, of sorrow, and making for themselves channels in every avenue of life along which the headwaters of his benevolence might flow. Mr. Starbuck also largely interested himself in the founding of the Home of the Friendless and in build- ing up the Bethel institution. He was foremost in patriotic works when the republic was in peril. When the Government called for funds with doubt as to the liberality of the capitalists, Mr. Starbuck at once stepped forth with his cash as a matter of duty. When in 1864 the final effort was to be made for crushing the Rebellion, and when the governor of Ohio tendered the home guards for one hundred days' service, Mr. Starbuck went as a private, when his busi- ness demanded attention and when a substitute could easily have been secured. He proved an excellent sol- dier, serving until the expiration of his term of service and receiving an honorable discharge. To the families of those of his employes who enlisted he continued to pay their weekly salaries. Mr. Starbuck never made a public profession of re- ligion, but he reverenced Christianity and sought to em- body its spirit in his life. Owing, doubtless, to his early training, he did not value the forms of an outward pro- fession, but esteemed the spirit more than the letter and the reality more than the symbols that represented it. ^ The time may come when the name of Calvin W. Starbuck will fade away from the memories of the citi- zens of Cincinnati, but it will not be" until the widows of this generation are dead; it will not be until the poor, beggarly urchin of to-day shall have told his children's children the kindness of this good man to his mother, to his brothers and sisters, and to himself; it will not be until there are no poor in Cincinnati that shall need the benefactions of a relief fund; it will not be until the ex- istence of such an institution itself shall have been for- gotten, and its transactions obliterated from the records of mankind. Till then the name of C. W. Starbuck will be remembered; till then his memory will be blessed, and the people of the community will speak it forth as one of the monuments of their noblest civiliza- tion, the example and inspiration of every worthy deed. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 473 He may not be remembered as a rich man, an editor or statesman, but far down in the distant future he shall be held in grateful and loving remembrance as a good man and the friend of the poor. SAMUEL SHERWOOD SMITH, son of Levi and Hannah (Holland) Smith, was born at Solon, Cortland county, New York, August 30, 1803, being one of a family of eleven brothers, named in the order of their seniority as follows, viz: Wright, Josiah Silas, Oliver, Holland, Marcus, Martin, Solomon, Orrin and Samuel Sherwood, twins, and Lemuel, who all lived to the age of manhood, and were known as the "sixty- foot" Smiths. Most of the brothers were above the aver- age height, Samuel being the shortest in stature, and was the most delicate in health, but outlived them all. His early educational advantages were meagre, owing to the primitive condition of his native State, no schools be- ing established as yet. His father, while serving with the American army at Bunker Hill, was wounded by a British bullet, which was never removed and incapacitated him for manual labor. The work of the farm, which consisted of forty acres of bounty land in Cortland county, New York, devolved on the sons, and their early life was that of tillers of the soil. At the age of fifteen, the eldest brother^ Wright, shipped on the frigate Constitution, at Boston, Massachusetts, serving for three and a half years, and participating in the numerous engagements of the war with Algiers. At the expiration of his term of service he had saved all his allowance for "grog," which fur! nished him with the means to engage in mercantile pur- suits in Boston and subsequently in Albany, New York. From the last-named place, accompanied by his brother Samuel, he proceeded, in 1816, to move west. Their first objective point was Olean, on the headwaters of the Allegany river, which they reached after a laborious journey by wagon in the spring of 181 7. Here they constructed a raft, on which was provided a habitation for their use and comfort during the prospective voyage to Cincinnati, where they arrived in due course of time. They secured accommodations for residence in a double frame building situated on the north side of Fourth street, just east of Plum, which property our subject afterwards purchased, and in 1844 erected thereon what was then considered a fine dwelling. In the construc- tion of this building was first introduced in Cincinnati the Dayton limestone which has since become so pop- ular. At the age of fourteen, and soon after his arrival in Cincinnati, Samuel became interested in the doctrines of the New Church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, and regularly attended the services which were held by the few believers at the residence of Rev. Adam Hurdus, on Sycamore street. The first public worship of the Swedenborgian Society of Cincinnati was held on the thirty-first of August, 1818, in Mr. Wing's school- house, on Lodge street, Rev. Mr. Hurdus officiating. 60 Mr. Smith has never swerved from his early religious convictions, and has ever been a consistent member of the First New Church society of Cincinnati, contributing to its support as well as to other denominations. From 181 7 to 1822 he was employed by his brother Wright in his manufacturing business, and afterwards, for a time, entered the river trade, carrying produce generally to New Orleans by flat-boat. In 1827 he began business on his own account, the capital for which was obtained by discounting a note for three hundred dollars at three months, and endorsed by his brother Wright. In all his subsequent mercantile career he has never had occasion to need an endorser, having rigidly abstained from buy- ing goods on credit or giving a note. With the proceeds of the above-mentioned note he purchased a canal-boat and horses, and engaged in the freight and passenger traffic between Cincinnati and Dayton, to which last- named point the canal had just been opened. In this undertaking he was quite successful and was soon en- abled to pay off his only obligation, and to purchase a lot on the southeast corner of Main and Ninth. On this lot he built a two-story frame store and dwelling, in which he lived and carried on his business of general merchandizing. The subject of this sketch was married August 17, 1826, to Margery McCormick, who died June 18, 1832, and by whom he had three children, all dead. He was married to Elizabeth Andress (who was of English birth) in Cincinnati November n, 1832, by whom he has had ten children, six of whom are living, viz: Samuel S., jr., Sarah Elizabeth, Edwin F, Virginia, Fanny, and Charles Stembridge. Mr. Smith was active in his sympathy for the Union cause during the Rebellion, and was repre- sented by one son, who enlisted at the first call for troops, after the firing on Fort Sumter, and who served until incapacitated by physical disability. He was one of the original subscribers to the Spring Grove Cemetery association in 1844, and the Cincinnati Astronomical soci- ety in 1842, and is identified with early history of the Cin- cinnati Horticultural society and Young Men's Mercan- tile Library association. He was elected trustee to the city council April 3, 1843, and was assigned to many important committees during his term of service. He was for many years a director of the Washington Insur- ance company, and has served in that capacity in the Cincinnati Equitable Insurance company for about forty years, being elected president of the last-mentioned com- pany on January 9, 1867, and has since been annually reelected to that position. WILLIAM BEAL DODSON was born in Baltimore, Maryland, January 31, 1787. He was the son of John Dodson, of Shrewsbury, England, who emigrated to America in 1771, and landed at An- napolis, Maryland, where he met and married Eleanor Howard March 2, 1778. The Howard family was one of the old and honored families of Maryland. They had seven children born to them, William being the third son. 474 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. General Wayne and his legion, by their recent victory over the Indians — secured by a treaty at Greenville that year — made it possible for emigrants to settle and culti- vate the arts of peace in the then Northwest Territory. In that year commenced an emigration to Ohio from all parts of the old States, and Maryland sent her portion of citizens to the new El Dorado. " The West" was the word after the glorions peace, and John Dodson was among the first to determine that he would lay a new foundation in a free State, where his children might earn and enjoy their own fortune. Accordingly in the year 1795 he, with his wife and family, started to make a new home in the then far west, travelliug over the mountains in wagons. William was then a boy of eight years. In November, 1795, they landed in the village of Cincin- nati, purchasing a farm a short distance out, in Spring- field township. Here a log cabin was erected, and while building a guard of armed men was employed to protect them from the Indians, who were far from peaceable in those days, and it is told as an incident of that time that while attending church the men had to carry their guns for fear of an attack from the Indians. William remained for some years on the farm with his father, and then came to Cincinnati, where, as a carpen- ter, he was an efficient mechanic, and was active in all that pertained to the workingmen. He afterwards be- came a master-builder and did the carpenter work on the second court house built in Cincinnati. The first one built in the village was on the north part of the square between Fourth and Fifth streets, fronting on Main, but in 1814 this was burned down and the new court house was Built farther out, as far up as two squares above Seventh on Wayne street, which, in early days, was the boundary of the in-lots of Cincinnati. The carpenter work of this court house was all done by William Beal Dodson. He was also the builder of the noted Pearl Street house, a very grand hotel in its day, below Third on the east side of Walnut street. He was one of the most active workers of the Episcopal church in Cincinnati, when they held their services in the old Wing school- house, corner Sixth and Vine streets. He served as ves- tryman for several years, and often as a lay-reader when a clergyman could not be found. He was a very earnest politician in his day, and, though never caring to hold any public office, was at one time county commissioner, and during his term of office many of the improvements of the city were made. Mr. Dodson was married December 7, 1825, to De- borah Slarbuck, daughter of John Starbuck, of Nantucket, Massachusetts, to whom nine children were born. In 1850 Mr. Dodson bought a beautiful home on the hillside overlooking the city near Fairmount, which he improved and named "Cypress Villa," where he retired from the cares of active life. In 1861 he was elected president of the Cincinnati Pioneer association, and to the day of his death took an active interest in the society. Nearly eighty years of his life were spent here. He watched a village grow up into a city, with its boundless influence. William Beal Dodson died January 26, 1875, aged eighty-eight years. WILLIAM HENRY COOK. William Henry Cook, A. M., M. D., was born in New York city, January, 1832. His father was abuilder; and soon after moved to Williamsburgh (East Brooklyn), where he was a leading contractor and prominent citizen greatly respected. The family moved to Canada in 1840, and returned in 1847. The son, an early and eager student, received a classic education, the removal in 1847 interrupting his college course. He chose med- icine as his profession by the advice of L. N. Fowler, with whom he travelled several months; and graduated at Syracuse. After some practice in the country, he opened an office in New York city and attended the hospitals there for a year or more. In October, 1854, he took up his residence in Cincinnati. Independent in thought and of great energy, he adopted the Physio- Medical system of practice, believing it to be based on the immutable laws of nature. To him, numbers and mere human authority are nothing; for these, if in error, will be overthrown by the truth, and to find this truth in science is to him the only object worthy of an honest man. He is a tireless worker in his espoused cause, bringing to it a philosophical mind, thorough education, fine literary talents, and the enthusiasm of profound con- viction. He has elevated this system to a very high scientific standard, and is its acknowledged head. Dignified and courteous, he never uses personalities toward opponents, but respects their motives while dif- fering from their opinions and believing that some day all will see medical truth alike in Nature. His opponents bear testimony to his uprightness, sincerity, and high scholarship. He was the mover in organizing the Physio- Medical institute in 1859, and has ever since been its dean and one of its professors, and for eleven years has held the chair of Theory and Practice. He is a superb teacher, and enjoys a wide experience and the culture obtained from one of the largest private medical libraries in the city. His lectures draw students from Maine to Oregon, and he is professionally consulted from every State. He has been eminently successful in several lithotomy operations and other capital surgery. While making a business, he taught some private classes in botany and chemistry. In May, 1861, he saw the coming need for female nurses, organized a Florence Nightingale society of nearly one hundred prominent ladies, and instructed them in nursing and hospital duties. General McClellan warmly approved this work, which was the initiatory movement to the famous Sanitary commission of the war. In 187 1 Lawrence university, Wisconsin, con- ferred on him an honorary Master of Arts. In 1872 and subsequently he conspicuously advocated a system of State medical laws, by which a very high standard of professional education would be enforced and corrupt colleges be over- turned, yet the rights of the people and of individual conviction be secured. His articles were very widely copied. He is a rapid writer; clear, elegant and forcible in style. Few men surpass him in literary taste and power, or in literary culture. Since January, 1855, he has edited the Cincinnati Medical Gazette and Recorder, and pub- lished the following text-books: Physio-Medical Surgery HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 47S octavo; Woman's Book of Health, duodecimo; Physio- Medical Dispensatory, large octavo; Spermatorrhea, duo- decimo ; Science and Practice of Medicine, large octavo, two volumes. Dr. Cook is a modest and retiring gentleman, carrying the impress of the refined and dignified scholar. He is greatly beloved by his patients, as well for his faithful- ness, tenderness, and glowing cheerfulness, as for his high professional skill. He is an embodiment of professional courtesy and honor; and a city or a country, as well as the several medical societies to which he belongs, may be proud of such a gentleman and scholar. For more than thirty years he has been a consistent member of the Methodist church, in which he holds the highest official positions. M. C. W. SAMUEL EELLS was born in Westmoreland, Oneida county, New York, on the eighteenth of May, 1810. His father was Rev. James Eells, for many years pastor of the Presbyterian church in that town, and he was third in a family of seven children. The culture and habits of his home were eminently adapted to his peculiarities of mind and heart during the opening years of his life, and he was wont to refer to the influences that affected his childhood as hav- ing determined his whole career. This was more remark- able on account of his natural self-reliance and indepen- dence, and afforded proof in his boyhood of that union of an affectionate disposition with a vigorous intellect which was so pleasing in his mature years. He was admirably qualified to be a leader, in whatever circle he might be, winning by the kindness that always was prominent, ex- citing interest by his wit and genius, and swaying by the acknowledged force of his character and mind; so that, being chief among the young persons of his native vil- lage, he furnished occasion to not a few of the prophets who cast his horoscope, to predict a brilliant career for one who so often delighted and surprised them by his exhibitions of rare gifts. In August, 1827, he became a member of the fresh- man class in Hamilton college, but in a few months his health failed, and it was doubtful whether he could con- tinue his studies; but after a year's interval, during which time he travelled much by sea and land, he re- sumed his college life, and was able to pursue it till he graduated in 1832. The discipline and education of this year, just at the period when they would have most influence, were probably of more importance as bearing on his future, than the contributions of any other single year of his life. He had tested and learned himself, than which there is no knowledge of more value to one who proposes to attempt an elevated career. He had studied men, and the lessons furnished him so early opened the way to success on many occasions of difficulty afterwards. He had come in contact with the rough world and en- countered some of its severest tests of the human will and energy, and felt that he could face what might meet him hereafter without trembling, though no aid should be given him save that of the unseen Helper. The stripling who took his place in college the second time, was very unlike the boy who was there before, and he was soon able to make his mark among the unusual number of brilliant young men who were at that time in the institution. After preparation in the office, and un- der the instruction of Hon. Sampson Mason, of Spring- field, Ohio, Mr. Eells commenced the practice of law in Cincinnati, in February, 1835, poor, unknown, without patron or friends. For several weeks he did not have a case, and his first opportunity to appear at court was as- signed him by the judge in defence of a man without money or friends, who was indicted for larceny. By de- grees, yet very slowly, he attracted the attention of some of the eminent men who at that time occupied the bar in Cincinnati, and in November of that year was invited by Salmon P. Chase to become his partner. This was more than his ambition could have anticipated, far more than he had dared to hope. Mr. Chase had been in suc- cessful practice for several years, and even then had given promise of the distinction he afterward attained; so that the young man to whom he was attracted, realized the necessity now imposed on him to task every power to do justice to his position, and to the duties which were at once thrust upon him. As an advocate he was likely to succeed, as he did, because of his fondness for forensic address, and the gifts which especially qualified him to affect those before whom he might so appear. But, as a counsellor, he needed much thorough study and the more established habit of discriminating thought, and he resolved in this respect to excel. His success may be best learned from the words of some of the dis- tinguished men who knew him well, and are pleased to honor one who was their associate for but a short time. Chief Justice Chase said of him : To a most persuasive and prevailing eloquence, he joined the grace of high literary culture arid the strength of profound legal knowledge, while in the walks of private companionship he was equally endeared by his tenderness and his manliness. If I were to rely wholly on my own recollection, the account would be brief indeed; but it would be all eulogy— a sun that scarcely rose above the horizon ere it hastened to its setting, but during its course all radiant with the light of mind, and its setting with new and softer glories from the world which needs no sun. Hon. W. S. Groesbeck wrote of him thus: Samuel Eells was an extraordinary young man, and if he had lived would to-day have been known and honored throughout the Nation. He had every quality to make himself distinguished. He rose here, at our bar, very rapidly, and had a reputation which has never been sur- passed among us by any one so young. Young as he was, he made to the courts and juries some as able and eloquent arguments as I have ever heard. It was a great pleasure to hear him. He was logical and classical, and at times very grand and eloquent. There was nothing foolish about him, and he was equal to any situation in which he found himself. It is not often we meet such a man. Once known, he can never be forgotten. Mr. Eells remained in partnership with Mr. Chase for three years, during which time the business of the office increased, and he became so well known that it was evi- dent he would be wise to assume an independent posi- tion. Advised by the fir* and excellent friend whose kindness and established reputation had been of so much advantage to him, and also by others who desired his ad- vance, he opened an office of his own in November, 476 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1837. His business multiplied beyond his strength, and was of a most desirable kind. His acquaintance soon became extended. His reputation passed beyond the limits of the city to which he had so lately come as a perfect stranger, and the path seemed open to the reali- zation of the most glowing visions his ambition had ever pictured. He was flattered by frequent persuasions from his friends that he would enter political life, and high offices in the State were offered him, but he declined to be turned in the least from the profession he had chosen, with prophetic devotion replying that he did not expect to live more than a few years, and he was resolved to crowd those years with as much success as a lawyer as God would give him strength to attain. He lived less than six years in that profession, if we reckon those fragments when he was absent and when he was disabled, though still attempting to do something in his office. Yet it is be- lieved that few young men in our country have reached more satisfactory rewards, and left more eminent and abiding proofs of success than Samuel Eells. CHRISTOPHER VON SEGGERN, esq. This gentleman, a well-known attorney and ex-coun- cilman of the Queen City, is of German descent, a native of Delmenhorst, Oldenburg, where he was born March 26, 1827, the first son of Frederick and Catha- rine (Kramer) VonSeggern. October 18, 1829, his father left Bremen with his family for the promised land in the great western world. They landed at Baltimore on Christmas day, and thence journeyed westward, over the mountains to Wheeling, by wagon and on foot, the in- fant Von Seggern, the subject of this sketch, being car- ried a large part of the way on his father's back. From Wheeling they went to Cincinnati, where the father found work at his trade as a journeyman blacksmith at Holyoid's carriage- shop, on Sycamore street, where the old National theatre now stands, remaining under an em- ployer until 1832, when he set up in business for himself. He was the first German blacksmith in the city to do so. At the early age of ten, young Christopher was brought into contact with the sterner realities of life by labor at driving a horse and cart. At twelve he began to Jearn the trade of his father, but in two years was transferred to the wagon-shop attached to the paternal establishment, where he remained at work six years. At the age of twenty, without any apprenticeship, he took up the trade of coopering, at piece-work for the firm of Gibson & Armstrong, at the old White mills, on Western avenue. About six months later the coopers at their shop were drowned out by back water from Mill creek, and he re- turned to his father, laboring for him until August 15, 1848. This is the date of the happy event of his mar- riage to Miss Louisa Wagner, of Cincinnati. The next day he entered the office o# David T. Snelbaker, esq., then justice of the peace,, and afterwards mayor, as his clerk, at the munificent salary of three dollars a week, which his occasional fees as interpreter in the court us- ually increased to about six dollars. In 1850 he was advanced to the post of deputy sheriff during the term in that office of the late C. J. W. Smith. Two years later he was taken into the county recorder's office, and served here six years, at the same time with Messrs. Oehlmann, Lloyd, Schopnmaker, and Dr. Bean, who assisted him in devising the admirable system of refer- ence to the titles of all the real estate in the county, which is known as the "General Index." It is still used in the office with great satisfaction, and has been exten- sively copied elsewhere. His spare hours during his several clerkships and deputy's career had been employed in the study of the law, and in 1857 he was regularly admitted to the bar, in whose practice he has ever since been very extensively and profitably engaged, especially in commercial and record business. In 1 85 1 Mr. Von Seggern was elected to the city coun- cil as a member from the Ninth ward of that day, and was again chosen to that body in 1852, 1855, 1858, i860, 1863, and 1869. In 1861 he was made president of the council. In 1858 he became a member of the board of education, served two years, and was reelected in 1863, serving thence by successive reelections until 1869, in 1866 being chosen vice-president of the board. In 1869 he was once more chosen to the council and served his two-years' term, finally closing his service in that body in the spring of 187 1. All these responsible posts Mr. Von Seggern filled with acceptance to his constituents and the community, reflecting honor upon him during twenty years of consecutive public service, and since. As a lawyer in full practice, he invariably bestows much care- ful research and thought upon the preparation of his cases, and always speaks to the point. He is a man of quick perceptions, generous impulses, and fine feelings, ex- tremely jealous, withal, of his honor. These manly qualities have secured him the confidence of the citizens of Cincinnati, and have placed his success as a practi- tioner beyond a peradventure. His firmness of purpose and strength of will to do or to be may be fitly illus- trated by the following incident : When about sixteen years of age he assisted in the organization of the old fire company No. 7, and, although at the time unable to write, having had but three months' schooling in Eng- lish at the First District school on Franklin street, he was elected secretary of the company. Instead of declining on account of this defect, he resolved at once to be equal to the emergency by learning the art of writing in English, simultaneously with the assumption of his offi- cial duties in the company. This was the turning-point in his history, for the mental discipline and culture in- volved in this, his period of self-education, together with the real progress made in knowledge, enabled him to as- sume the duties of a clerkship and ultimately the prac- tice of law. Mrs. Von Seggern is also still living, and in the enjoy- ment of excellent health. She has proved herself a help- mate indeed in all the walks of life" by cordially cooper- ating with and supporting her husband in his public and private enterprises. They have had twelve children, of whom six are living. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 477 CHAPTER L. PERSONAL NOTES. Israel Ludlow. — -The following notice of the Ludlow family was received after the personal sketch of Colonel Israel Ludlow, in our chapter on Losantiville had passed through the press. It has been courteously prepared for this work by a gentleman who shares the Ludlow blood — the Rev. Ludlow D. Potter, D. D., president of the Glendale Female college: General Benjamin Ludlow (an officer in the Revolu- tionary war) resided at Long Hill, bordering the Passaic valley, three miles from New Providence. His residence was on the north side of the Passaic river, the boundary line between Morris and Essex (now Union) counties, and ours on the south side. So he was in Morris county and we in Essex. He was quite a noted character, and his family residence a marked feature in that region — the abode of more than ordinary refinement and culture in his day. He, his wife, and all his children, except two, were buried in the graveyard in New Providence. He and his wife imbibed the French infidelity so prev- alent about the close of the Revolutionary war. On his deathbed he renounced his infidelity through the faithful labors of Rev. Dr. W. C. Brownlee, who subse- quently wrote a sketch of him and his religious death- bed discussions, and it was published in a thick tract by the American Tract society, entitled "The General." Subsequently his widow passed through a similar experi- ence, and the pastoral labors resulted in her conversion also. This formed the subject of a second tract, entitled "The General's Widow." The tracts, I think, were sub- sequently suppressed at the request of the family. Gen- eral Ludlow had a large family, but most of them died with consumption after reaching maturity, or before. His eldest son, Cornelius, graduated at Princeton col- lege in 1816. His youngest son, George, was long sheriff of Morris county, but subsequently became de- ranged, and, I believe, died in an asylum. His eldest daughter married Dr. John Craig, of Plainfield, New Jersey, and outlived all the rest, but died childless. They all renounced infidelity and died in the faith. None left children except Cornelius. Colonel Israel Ludlow, of Cincinnati, was a brother, or half-brother of General Ludlow ; I think a half-brother. The first wife of the late George C. Miller, of Cincinnati, was a daugh- ter of Colonel Israel Ludlow, and Mrs. Whiteman and the late Mrs. Charlotte Jones, of Cumminsville, and their brother and sister, were Colonel Ludlow's grand- children. The old Ludlow mansion in New Jersey, which I visited a few years ago, has passed entirely out of the family. Indeed, the family is nearly extinct. Hon. T. M. McCarter, a distinguished lawyer and judge in New Jersey, a graduate of Princeton in 1842, is a grandson, I believe, of Cornelius Ludlow, mentioned above. Matthias Denman was still living at his old home, in Springfield, New Jersey, in August, 1853, when he gave his deposition in the suits of the city of Cincinnati against the First Presbyterian church and the county of Hamilton, for recovery of the square between Main and Walnut, Fourth and Fifth streets. In that deposi- tion he states that he was first here in late December, 1788, and afterward revisited the place four times, for about one month in 1798, a month in 1801, about a fortnight in 181 1, and ten days in 182 1. He stated that when the Miami purchase was conceived, Judge Symmes was a resident of Morristown, New Jersey, and that his arrangement with Symmes for a share in the purchase was made in January, 1788. Colonel Ludlow was his agent- on the ground for the transaction of all his legal business here until the transfer of his interest in the site of Cincinnati to Joel Williams. William Stark, M. D., of Eight street, was born Feb- ruary ir, 1836, in Gervitsch, Austria. In 1846 he went to Prussia, and became naturalized, graduating in the Berlin university in 1858; entered the Prussian army just after a course of medicine was completed in this university and in that of Vienna. In i860 he was made assistant surgeon, and in 1863 surgeon of the regiment ; in 1866 was promoted to assistant general of staff in the army of surgeons. This was also the year he came to Cincinnati and located on Ninth street, between Elm and Plum. He removed again to Ninth, near Walnut, and in 1876 to 51 West Seventh street, where he now is. In 1 86 1 he was married to Caecelia Kaiser. His two sons, Segmar and Oscar Stark, leave shortly for Berlin and Paris to complete their course of medicine in the universities of those places. The doctor is physician of the Jewish hospital. John M. Scudder, M. D., physician, lecturer, author and editor, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, Septem- ber 8, 1829. At an early age his father died, and he was thrown upon his own resources for sustenance and an education. He was educated at the Miami university, Ohio, and at the Eclectic Medical institute, of Cincin- nati, and was appointed in the latter as one of its professors in the year 1856. In this college he filled the chairs of anatomy, obstetrics, and diseases of women of pathology and practice of medicine. He is au- thor of "A Practical Treatise of Diseases of Women," 1858: "Materia Medica and Therapeutics," i860; "The Eclectic Practice of Medicine," 1864; "On the Use and Inhalation," 1865; "Domestic Medicine," 1866; "Dis- eases of Children," 1869; "Specific Medication," 1871; "On the Reproductive Organs and the Venereal," 1874; "Specific Diagnosis," 1874; and in addition to this large amount of work has edited and published the Eclectic Medical Journal since 1862. He owns the Eclectic Medical college of Cincinnati, and is its manager, as well as one of its lecturers, and is a member of most of the eclectic societies of the United States. He has accummulated a large fortune in the successful practice of his profession, and in the large sale of his books, which are considered generally as authorities on the sub- jects of which are treated. Frederick Forchheimer, M. D, was born in Cincinnati. He graduated from Woodward high school in 1870. In medicine he graduated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city. After this he spent several 478 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. years abroad, visiting the universities of Wurzburg, Strasburg, Prague and Vienna. Upon his return to the city he was appointed instructor in normal and path- ological histology in the Medical College of Ohio. He held this position for three years, at the same time filling the chair of medical chemistry and medical physics. After this he was appointed to the chair of physiology, which he still fills. He is, in addition, professor of clini- cal diseases of children and physician to the Good Sa- maritan hospital. Elkanah Williams, M. A., M. D., ophthalmologist, of Cincinnati, was born in Lawrence county, Indiana, De- cember 19, 1822. At ten years of age he went to Bed- ford academy, and in 1847 graduated in Asbury college, Greencastle, Indiana, after which he pursued a course of medicine in Bedford and Louisville, under leading physicians, and graduated in the Louisville university in 1850. He returned to Indiana and pursued his practice for two years, when, upon his wife dying, he returned to Louisville and attended a third course of lectures. In 1852 he came to Cincinnati, and in the fall of the same year crossed the Atlantic, mastered the French language, and attended a course of lectures in Paris on opthal- mology; then went to London and studied under Bow- man Critchett and Dixon of the London Royal Ophthal- mic society — the uses of the opthalmoscope having been learned under the famous Desmarres, in Paris, it fell to Dr. Williams' lot to introduce it in Cincinnati. In 1854 he went to Vienna and studied under Beer Rosos, Jaeger, and Stellwag-von-Carion. Then he went to Prague ; then to Berlin, where he pursued the study of his adopted specialty several months in each of these places. In 1855 he returned to Cincinnati, and opened an office for the exclusive treatment of the ear and eye. In 1856 he was invited to conduct the eye clinics in the Miami Medical college, and he thus established the chair of ophthalmics in the county. For twelve years he was ophthalmologist of the Cincinnati hospital. During the war he was surgeon of the marine hospital. In 1862 he again visited Europe, and attended the ophthalmological congress in Paris, and in 1866 he made a third trip for a similar purpose. In 1872 he went to London on the same errand. He is a member of the ophthalmological colleges of the old and new world, and a prominent member of many medical societies in America. Dr. Williamrhas made ophthalmology a specalty during his life, and deservedly has made it a success. William De Courcy, M. D., of 428 Court street, was born in Campbell county, Kentucky, in the year 1849. His father was a physician of that county, while his grandfather and great-grandfather on his mother's side were pioneer settlers of that State. When the doctor was twenty years of age he graduated in the Ohio Medi- cal college, his father having graduated there also. He received his preparatory education in the Walnut Hills academy, of Campbell county, Kentucky. In 1873 he married Miss Fannie McCarty, of Cincinnati. She graduated in Hughes' high school in 1868, taking the Shield medal at that time. The doctor has been a suc- cessful practicioner in his profession. Thaddeus A. Reaniy, A. M., M. D., professor of ob- stetrics, clinical midwifery, and diseases of children, in the Medical College of Ohio, was born in Frederick county, Virginia. At the age of three years he moved with his parents to a farm in the vicinity of Zanesville, Ohio, where his mother, aged eighty, still resides in the same house into which they first moved, and where his father, Jacob A. Rearny, died in 187 1, aged eighty. Dr. Reamy received his degree of A. M. from the Ohio Wesleyan university, of M. D. from Starling Medical college. From 1857 to i860 he was professor of materia medic* and therapeutics in the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. On its organization he was commissioned as surgeon of the One Hundred and Twenty-second regi- ment Ohio volunteer infantry, remaining in active service but a few months, when he resigned to take his seat in the general assembly of Ohio, being elected to that body from Muskingum county. In 1865 he was elected pro- fessor of puerperal diseases of women, and diseases of children, in Starling Medical college, which position he held until after his return from Europe in the spring of 1870. In March, 1871, he removed from Zanesville, Ohio, to Cincinnati, and was soon after elected professor of obstetrics and clinical midwifery, and diseases of children, in the Medical College of Ohio, which position he still holds. In 1872 he was appointed gynecologist to the Good Samaritan hospital, which position he still holds. He is a member of the American Medical asso- ciation, the American Gynecological society, of which he is first vice-president; the Ohio State Medical society, of which he is ex-president; the Cincinnati Obstetrical society, of which he is ex-president; the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine, of which he is now president. He is corresponding member of the Boston Gynecolog- ical society, and of many other medical associations. Although not strictly a specialist, Dr. Reamy's reputation is most widely known as an obstretician and gynecologist. •He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Was married in September, 1853, to Miss Sarah A. Chappelear. Their only child, who was the wife of Dr. G S. Mitchell, Dr. Reamy's associate in business, is now dead. S. C. Ayers, M. D., 64 West Seventh street, is a native of Troy, Miami county, Ohio. His parents moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, soon after his birth, and that city was his home until he became a permanent resident of Cincinnati ten years ago. He received a high school education at home, and afterwards went to Miami uni- versity, Oxford, where he graduated in the class of 1861. He was among the first to volunteer in the first three months' service, and served his time out in West Vir- ginia, in company B, Twentieth Ohio volunteer infantry, Captain O. J. Dodd commanding. He attended-lectures at the Medical College of Ohio in the winter of 1862-3, and in the following spring was appointed medical cadet. He served in this position one year, in the meantime attending lectures in the winter of 1863-4, and gradua- ted in March, 1864. He immediately went to the Cum- berland hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, where he served a year as acting assistant surgeon United States army, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 479 and then went before the army board for examination. He was commissioned assistant surgeon United States volunteers, and ordered to New Orleans, where he was soon put in charge of Barracks United States army gen- eral hospital. He was honorably mustered out of the service in February, 1866. He immediately devoted himself to diseases of the eye and ear, and in the au- tumn of that year became a student of Dr. E. Williams, of Cincinnati. After spending several months with him, he returned to Fort Wayne to practice his specialty. In 1870-he went abroad and studied at the various eye and ear clinics, spending most of his time in London and "Vienna. In the fall of 187 1 he entered into partnership with Dr. E. Williams, which position he now fills. He has been a member of the staff of the Cincinnati hos- pital for the past ten years, and is an active member of the State and local medical societies. William Clendinin, M. D., was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, October 1, 1829. At the age of fifteen he was put in the drug store of Dr. John Gammil, of New Castle, Pennsylvania, and after four years he became a regular medical student under the doctor and attended his course of lectures in the Ohio Medical college, graduating with the degree of M. D. in 1851. He practiced his profession in connec- tion with Dr. R. D. Mussey for one year, and afterwards with his son, Dr. William Mussey, five years. He held the position of demonstrator of anatomy in the Miami Medical college one year ; and after this college was com- bined with that of the Ohio Medical college held the position until 1849, when he went to Europe and took private lessons in anatomy and surgery, and also at- tended of Velpeare, Trousseau, Malgaigne and other eminent men of the Royal Medical college of Paris. He also attended lectures under a number of eminent men in the Royal College of Surgeons of London. After an eighteen months' stay abroad he returned home and gave his time and medical advice in the army. He served at Camp Denison, Ohio, in the second battle of Bull Run, and afterwards took charge of Emery General hospital, in Washington. He became medical director of the Fourteenth army corps under Thomas, and afterwards assistant medical director of the Department of the Cumberland, and afterwards medical inspector of hospitals, which position he held until 1865. He was offered a consulate by John- son to St. Petersburgh, but declined that offer and ac- cepted a professorship of surgery and surgical anatomy in the Ohio Medical college, after returning to Cincin- nati. He was also health officer of the city at this time. This was during the cholera epidemic in which the doc- tor's services were of material benefit in the sanitary af- fairs of the city, and the present sanitary system of our city is due to the bills he drafted, and which were after- wards enacted as law in the State legislature of Ohio. He is also author of health laws of the State now in force by act of the legislature. He was one of the origina- tors of the health association. He has been since 1865 a professor in the Miami Medical college, and belongs to a number of medical societies. He is also a medical lecturer of some note, and in all has done much toward leaving the condition of society better for being in it. Dr. A. J. Howe was born in Paxton, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the fourteenth day of April, 1826. He lived on a farm with his parents till he was old enough to attend Leicester academy. In that insti- tution he fitted for college, and entered Harvard univer- sity at the age of twenty-three. He graduated in 1853, and began at once to study medicine. He pursued his studies in the colleges and hospitals of New York and Philadelphia, and took a degree at the Worcester Medi- cal institution. Within a year of that time he was made professor of anatomy in the Eclectic college of medicine, in Cincinnati. The circumstance led him to settle in the city, and seek a professional living. In i860 he was elected professor of surgery in the Eclectic Medical in- stitute, a position he has filled successfully every year since. He has written a work of fifteen hundred pages on the general practice of surgery, and in journal arti- cles has recorded some original contributions to operative surgery. He has executed nearly all of what are denom- inated "great operations," and many of them several times. He is a ready writer, and contributes largely to each issue of the Eclectic Medical Journal, as well as occasionally to the pages of other periodicals. He has a taste for natural science; and for several con- secutive years has been curator of comparative anatomy in the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. In 1879 he became a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Joseph Watson, M. D., a native of the First ward, re- ceived his education in Wood high school and graduated in the Ohio Medical college in 1876, having studied un- der Dr. James T. Whittaker, at that time lecturer on materia medica in the college. Dr. Watson, after spend- ing one year in the hospital located at 584 Eastern ave- nue, where, on account of his youthful appearance, he made but slow progress at first, but his continuity won for him success eventually, and he is now having a good practice, conforming his attention largely to sugery. His father, Joseph Watson, had charge of a squadron of five boats on the Mississippi during the war, and was next in command to Commodore Leroy Fish. Dr. Watson was married in 1881 to Miss Katie Hink, of Cincinnati. Charles M. Sparks, M. D., physician, having an office at 1333 Eastern avenue, was born at Delaware, Ohio, in 1835, but received his education at Sunbury, this State. He has spent some time in preparing himself thoroughly for the practice of his profession, having studied under an able preceptor — Dr. William Ford, of Johnstown, Ohio — seven years, and then took courses of lectures in both the Physio Medical and in the Eclectic College of Medicine of Cincinnati. He is also a student of all the schools — interesting himself in the allopathy and homoe- opathy systems as well. He is a member of the Eclectic Medical association. He was married in August, 1862, to Miss Mary Gregg, of Delaware, Ohio, and came here in 1872. William N. Nelson, M. D., 486 Eastern avenue, Cin- cinnati, was born in Maysville, Kentucky, in 1850, where 480 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. he received his early education afterwards. He studied medicine under Dr. Lightfoot, of Flemingsburgh, his na- tive State, and graduated in the fall of 1870 in Jefferson Medical college, and came to Cincinnati in the year 1876. He has held the position of district physician in the First ward and is making some headway in securing a good practice. He was married in 1876 to a daughter of George B. Morris, of Flemingsburgh, Kentucky. His father, Isaac Nelson, now a retired merchant, was in that business in Maysville, Kentucky, from 1849 until 1870. He now resides in Cincinnati. C. L. Armstrong, M. D., of Cincinnati, is a native of Brookville, Indiana, and is a great-grandson of Captain John Armstrong of Revolutionary fame, who was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. His father was a lawyer of Brookville. His maternal great-grandfather, La Bloy- teaux, was an early pioneer of Hamilton county, and a founder of Mt. Healthy. Dr. Armstrong was born in 1844, graduated in the Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1868, and has since that time practiced his profession in this city; he is at present police surgeon of Cincinnati, and is examining surgeon of some half-dozen of our leading insurance companies; he has also been district physician of the city. During the war he was one of the one hundred and fifty of the "Forlorn Hope" company who volunteered to carry ladders to mount the walls of Vicks- burgh, and one of the twelve only who came out alive, but was seriously wounded by three different shots. He is a member of the Academy of Medicine and takes great in- terest in his profession. W. H. Taylor, M. D., president of the Cincinnati Medical society, vice-president of medical staff of Cin- cinnati hospital, and professor of obstetrics in Miami Medical college, was born in Cincinnati in 1836. His great-grandfather came to the city in 181 3. His grand- father was a physician, and his father was a prominent man who was killed in the great fire in Cincinnati in 1843. The doctor graduated in the Ohio Medical col- lege in 1858; became a resident physician in i860; was made member of medical staff of hospital in 1866; pro- fessor of materia medica at the same time vice-presi- dent of medical staff in the hospital in 1879; president Cincinnati Medical society in 1880. J. M. Shaller, M. D., of 535 Sycamore street, was born in Cincinnati May 19, 1856. He was educated in the public schools of Cincinnati and in the Military academy of Lexington, Kentucky, graduating there in 1876. He engaged in the prescription business, and afterwards grad- uated in the College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati. He studied medicine under Dr. A. J. Miles, and graduated in the College of Medicine and Surgery, of Cincinnati, in 1878, and in which he has filled an assistant's position in theory and practice. He had charge of the clinical department one year after graduation. William Owens, M. D., of Cincinnati, professor of ma- teria medica and therapeutics in Pulte Medical college, of Cincinnati, was born in Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, April 24, 1823. He early gained a love for books and travelled extensively through the West Indies, Florida, and South America. He learned the cooper tradu; at- tended Woodward college, going to school the half of each day and working at his trade the other half. In 1846 he entered a drug store, and in the following year he was made hospital steward of the First regiment Ohio volun- teer infantry, in the Mexican war. While in the drug store he attended lectures during the day and at night served as night clerk, and graduated in 1849. He was immediately appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the Eclectic Medical college, and held that position for two years. The Western College of Homoeopathy, at Cleve- land, Ohio, offered him the same office, which he accepted, and while filling it attended a full course of lectures on the homoeopathic materia medica and therapeutics. In 1859 he returned to Cincinnati. In 1855 he purchased an interest in the Water Cure, at Granville, Ohio, and afterwards at Yellow Springs, Ohio. These enterprises proved to be failures, financially, and he returned to Cin- cinnati in 1858. He served through the war, holding the positions of first lieutenant, captain, and assistant surgeon, finally taking charge of Branch No. 16, United States hospital, at Nashville, Tennessee. After the war he returned to Cincinnati and assisted in founding Pulte Medical college, in which he occupied the chair of anat- omy for two years, and that of materia medica and thera- peutics, which he still retains, and is also dean of the faculty. He held the office of examining surgeon for pensioners for four years. He is a member of medical societies and has written many articles for medical jour- nals, and is an able defender of the school of homoeop- athy. F. J. Fogel, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Gallip- olis in 185 1, and came to this city with his parents in 1855. When fourteen years of age we find him in busi- ness for himself — running a periodical store in Indianap- olis. He afterward studied medicine under Dr. Silvey, in Everton, Indiana, and while an undergraduate practiced his profession two years to enable him to complete his course in college, graduating in the Ohio Medical college in 1873. He has now practiced his prosession in this city nearly eight years. In 1876 he was appointed dis- trict physician of his ward, and has been reappointed every year since. His office is at No. 94 Clinton street. J. T. Knox, M. D, located at No. 82^ East Third street, was born in Butler county, Ohio, October 1, 1846, and lived on his father's farm until he was fifteen years of age. After this time he attended college at Miami uni- versity, Oxford, for four years ; was engaged in the drug trade for three years at Hamilton. He was married to a daughter of Dr. Henry Mallory, of Hamilton, November 2, 1870; graduated at Ohio Medical college in the class of 1874; immediately began the practice of medicine in Cincinnati, and has thus far been successful. Colonel A. E Jones, M. D., was born in Greensbor- ough, Green county, Pennsylvania, July 15, 1819, and is the son of Robert and Anna (Eberhardt) Jones. His early education was carefully nurtured under the guid- ance of his parents. At the age of fifteen he entered the dry goods store of his father, and also engaged with his father in the manufacture of window glass in the first factory built west of the Alleghany mountains. In 1837 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 481 we find him a student in the old Cincinnati college, and in 1838 at Washington college, Pennsylvania, and later a student in Philadelphia. In 1841 he began the practice of medicine in his native town, and ere long ranked among the best and most successful physicians of his place. In 1845 he married Miss Jane R. Metcalf, niece of Governor Thomas Metcalf, a former governor of Ken- tucky. He, in 1846, resided in Fulton. In 1848 he was president of the town council of Fulton. In 1852 he moved to Walnut Hills. He was for five years a mem- ber of the city council. At the breaking out of the late civil war he was selected to take charge of the military matters of Cincinnati, as acting brigadier general with the rank of colonel. In 1862 he was appointed military governor, performing the functions of that office during the Kirby Smith raid and until April, 1863, and in May, 1863, by request of President Lincoln, was made provost marshal of the First district of Ohio. At the close of the war he began the practice of medicine on Walnut Hills. In the intervals of 1865 and 1868 Dr. Jones devoted his entire time to the practice of his profession, acquiring a large and lucrative practice. Ur. Jones, amid the rou- tine of public and private life, has been actively engaged in preparing a history of Cincinnati, which is to be pub- lished in two volumes. I. D. Jones, M. D., was born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, November 13, 1843, an d ls the son of Daniel Jones, a pioneer of Hamilton county. Our sub- ject, in 1865, graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan univer- sity, of Delaware, Ohio, with the highest honors. He then returned to his native county and for several years was engaged in teaching school, being principal for two years of the California, Ohio, schools. He soon after began to attend lectures at Ohio Medical college, where he graduated in 187 1. Dr. Jones was at one time resi- dent physician of the Good Samaritan hospital. After graduating in medicine in 187 1 he soon after came to Walnut Hills and began the practice of his chosen pro- fession, where he met with good success. In 1876 he formed a partnership with his brother, John E. Jones, in the practice of medicine. Dr. John E. Jones was also born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, January 27, 1834, graduating from the Ohio Wesleyan university in 1858, and from the Ohio Medical college in 1863, when he entered the army as assistant surgeon, where he served until the close of the war, participating in a number of battles. At the close of the war he returned to Hamil- ton county, since which time he has been actively en- gaged in the practice of medicine. In 1876 the firm of Jones & Jones was formed, and to day is doing a large practice. Zoheth Freeman, M. D., born July 17, 1826, in Mil- ton, Queens county, Nova Scotia, attended lectures at the Buffalo Medical college, Buffalo, New York, during its first session, and was its first matriculant. He gradu- ated at the Eclectic Medical institute of Cincinnati, spring session of 1848; was professor of anatomy and operative surgery in the Eclectic Medical college in Rochester, New York, at its first session in 1848, also in 1849; demonstrated anatomy in the Eclectic Medical institute at Cincinnati during the winter and spring ses- sions of 1848-9; was professor of anatomy and demon- strator of anatomy in the Medical college of Memphis, Tennessee, during its first session in 1849, also in 1850, giving the first lectures on anatomy in that institute and assisting to establish that college, also practicing medicine and surgery in that city for two years. He returned to Cin- cinnati and was professor of anatomy and demonstrator of anatomy in the Eclectic Medical institute during the two sessions of 1851 and the spring session of 1852; was professor of surgery in the same institute from 1853 to J 855; was then elected professor of the principles and practice of medicine and pathology, and lectured during the session of 1855-6; was then reelected to the chair of professor of surgery, and occupied it until 1870. In 187 1 was made professor of clinical medicine and sur- gery, and still occupies that position. He has been in active practice of surgery and medicine in Cincinnati since 185 1. The greatest number of students in attend- ance of lectures at the Eclectic Medical ^institute any one year, including spring and winter sessions, was four hundred. He was married October 9, 1856, to Ellen Ricker, daughter of Hon. E. T. Ricker, Clermont county, Ohio. She is distinguished as an artist in carving. His only son, Leonard Ricker Freeman, born December 16, i860, is a student in the McMicken university, Cincin- nati. He is a lover of natural history and has made nice collections of Indian relics, minerals, etc. Joseph Garretson, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in York county, Pennsylvania, February 27, 1808. When thirteen years of age his parents moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he engaged successfully with his father in the farming business. He began the study of medicine under the eminent medical professor, George McCook, uncle to the Generals McCook. He practiced his pro- fession in New Richmond, Ohio, Richmond, Indiana, ,and other places, previous to coming here in 1865, and has been successful in his practice since that time in this city. Dr. Garretson possesses remarkable health and vigor of life for one of his age. For over forty years he has not eaten animal food, and for over fifty-five years he has not drank tea nor coffee. He gives himself a good shampooing every night before going to rest, with a dry Turkish towel, and always takes a warm bath in the morning, and has never had any ill health. His son, Dr. George Garretson, is a practicing physician in Walnut Hills. George Edwin Jones, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in New York city in 1835, in which place he received his education. At the age of nineteen he began the study of medicine and graduated in the Ohio Medical college September 26, 1861. At this time he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and entered the naval service on the gunboat flotilla under Rear Admiral Foote, afterwards Rear Admiral C. H. Davis acting assistant surgeon. At the bombardment of Fort Charles a sad catastrophe oc- curred on his steamer, caused by a single shot of the en- emy entering the steam drum, effecting an explosion. The doctor was badly scalded, and otherwise injured, necessi- tating his withdrawal from service. Afterward, by order 61 482 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. from medical department United States navy, at Wash- ington, D. C, he was put on detached duty. In 1864 he resigned, and from that time to this has continued his practice (to a great extent gynecological) in this city. The doctor has been very kindly treated by his superior officers, who regard him as a man possessing more than ordinary patriotism during the war. Rear Admiral Foote, and Davis, as well as the authorities at Washington have shown, by their warm letters of friendship, the kindliest regard for him, and have expressed themselves respecting his worth in the profession, to the service, in the strongest terms. He was professor of anatomy in the dental school of Cincinnati several years after the war, and was also professor of microscopical anatomy for two years. He was married to Miss Ellen Yale Roots, daughter of Philanda Higley Roots, in the year 1866, and by this union is the father of three children. The doctor is the inventor of a topographical water map, an improvement in geographical maps for illustrating water depressions the same as mountain elevations. This is a device so in- genious and instructive as to make it worth anyone's while to visit him for the purpose of examining it. For the purpose of object teaching it excels any yet of the kind we have ever seen. Charles M. Lukins, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Troy, Harrison county, Ohio, February 12, 1847. He was raised a farmer's boy, and inured to the hardships of an agricultural life. He began the study of medicine in 1876, and after attending the required number of lec- tures, graduated from the Pulte college, Cincinnati, in the spring of 1879, with the degree of M. D. He is demonstrator of anatomy in his alma mater, and is also assistant surgeon in the department of eye and ear of free clinics. His office is No. 278 Race street. ' The doctor has two brothers, also physicians. One is located at Cleveland, Ohio, the other at Troy, same State. D. W. Hartshorn, M. D., of Cincinnati, professor of surgery in Pulte Medical college, was born August 1, 1827, in Walpole, Norfolk county, Massachussets. He received an academical education, then studied medicine, graduating with the degree of M. D., in Harvard college^ in 1854. He practiced his profession in his native town until 1857, when he removed to Urbana, Ohio, and continued the same until the outbreak of the late un- pleasantness, when he went to Washington, and after receiving an appointment from Lincoln, confirmed by the Senate, was placed under Fremont, at Paducah, Ken- tucky, as brigade surgeon. He was, after the battle of Fort Donelson, transferred by order, and became med- ical director under General C. F. Smith, and again transferred to the same position under General W. T. Sherman, where he remained in charge of hospitals and other work he had laid out, for one year. An intimacy of the strongest attachment had sprung up between the doctor and General Sherman, and from letters, of which the latter wrote, we judge that Dr. Hartshorn's abilities were adjudged to be of the highest order by the General. His social standing was marked as well. By special order of General Grant he was removed to Young's Point, Louisiana, to act in conjunction with C. H. Liub surgeon, United States medical director. He was as- signed to this place March 4, 1863. After the war he resumed practice, coming to Cincinnati, where he has been ever since. He has filled several positions in the Pulte Medical college, having been its treasurer, professor of anatomy, dean, and at present professor and lecturer on surgery. In 1858 he was married to Miss Mary A. Knight, of Maine. The doctor is enjoying a good prac- tice, and is a man of recognized abilities, being a grad- uate of the regular school as well as that of homceopathy. Theodore Martin Wittkamp, A. M., M. D., was born in Cincinnati. After receiving a common school educa- tion, was sent to St. Xavier's college, where he received the degree of A. B. in 1872, whence he was sent to the Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1874, March 10th, entered as resident physician to the Cincin- nati hospital; served one year. June, 1874, received the degree of A. M., at St. Xavier's college; 1875, re " ceived the degree of M. D. at Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; 1876, appointed dispensary phys- ician at Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery; the next year, assistant to chair of women's and children's diseases, same institute. This position he still holds. He is recording secretary to alumni of his alma mater. Dr. Robert Ballard Davy was born near Fairmount, Somerset county, Maryland, on the twenty-fifth of May, 1847. He received his education at the Washington academy, in Princess avenue, and came to Ohio in the fall of 1865. While visiting a friend at Felicity, Ohio, he undertook the study of medicine, and two years later obtained the degree of M. D. at the Jefferson Medical college of Philadelphia. Returning to Felicity, he prac- ticed his profession successfully for five years, and then removed to Cincinnati. In 1875, aftertwo anda half years' residence in Cincinnati, he went to Europe and spent a year in visiting the universities and hospitals of the old world. He at present occupies the chair of physiology and chinical diseases of the throat in the Cincinnati Col- lege of Medicine and Surgery, and is a member of the Cincinnati Medical society, the Academy of Medicine, and the Ohio State Medical society. He is the author of a number of papers, having written quite extensively for the Cincinnati Lancet and Clinic, and other medical journals. Joseph Rausohoff, M. D., F. R. C. S. England, was born in Cincinnati on the twenty-sixth of May, 1853. His parents are Germans by birth. His father, Nathan Rausohoff, although a native of Westphalia, has resided in this country fifty-seven years. At the age of six Dr. Rausohoff entered the public schools of Cincinnati, and continued in them until he graduated with merit from Woodward high school in 1870. In the fall of this year he commenced his medical studies at the Medical College of Ohio, where, after three years of diligent work, he obtained a gold medal awarded to the author of the best thesis on a special theme, competition being open to all the alumni of the institution. After a rigid competitive examination, Dr. Rausohoff was elected interne of the Cin- cinnati hospital, where he practised from March, 1873, to March, 1874. Having now obtained his degree, and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 483 exhausted the fountains of medical learning in his native city, he spent the next four years of his life at the uni- versities and hospitals of Wiirzburg, Vienna, Berlin, Paris and London, devoting especial attention to the study of diseases of the skin and surgery. In London the doctor was appointed Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, a title and honor obtained, we believe, by only one other member of the profession in the United States. Upon his return to the city of his birth, Dr. Rausohoff was chosen demonstrator of anato- my at the Medical College of Ohio, a position which he occupied until the death of Professor Laudon R. Long- worth, when he was appointed his successor to the chair of anatomy and clinical surgery. During the last two sessions of the Medical College of Ohio, the oldest institution of its kind in the west, the subject of this sketch has lectured upon his special branches both in the amphitheatre of the college and of the Good Samar- itan hospital. The opportunities afforded by hospital and private practice have been grasped by the doctor, who, notwithstanding the paucity of his years, has achieved an enviable position among medical men. In March, 1877, Dr. Rausohoff married Minnie, eldest daughter of Julius Freiberg, a lady as distinguished for her attainments as amiability. The birth of a son has added not a little to the happiness of the parents. James Taylor Irwin, D. D. S., was born in Buckskin township, Ross county, Ohio, in 1833. In his early youth he removed to Greenfield, Ross county. He was educated in the academy at South Salem, in the same county. He was an adventurous boy, and at one time took a pedestrian tour over the mountains and over the Eastern States with a couple of boy companions. At the age of seventeen he came to Cincinnati and entered the office of Drs. J. & J. Taylor. He spent five years in this office, and during these years took three courses in the Ohio Dental college, whence he was graduated. He was then for a short time a demonstrator at the col- lege, and took an especial interest in mechanical dentist- ry, in which he became quite proficient. He then took a trip throughout the northwest of our country, and practiced about six months in Dubuque, Iowa. He came thence back to Cincinnati and went into partner- ship with Dr. James Taylor from 1857 to 1866. Since then he has carried on his business alone. He built himself a very handsome building exclusively for his business", on West Seventh street, where he still practices his profession. He has since added to it a winter resi- dence for his family. He was married in July of i860 to Miss Annie M. Underwood, of Cincinnati. He. is a member of the Mississippi Valley Dental association, the Ohio College Dental association, and the American Dental society. Jonathan Taft, D. D. S., was born in September of 1820 in Russellville, Brown county, Ohio. At the age of two the family moved to Adams county, Ohio, where Dr. Taft acquired some knowledge of Latin, Greek and mathematics in an academy. He was afterward engaged in farm labor and school teaching. In 184 1 he began the study of dentistry under Dr. George D. Teetor, of Ripley, Ohio, and after eighteen months began the prac- tice, which he has kept up ever since. He practiced in Xenia for six years, during which time he did much to advance the then imperfect knowledge of this profession. He then entered the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, whence he was graduated in 1850. In 1854 he was ap- pointed professor of operative dentistry in this college, and has probably taught longer in this capacity, without interruption, than any one living. During most of this time he has been dean of the faculty. He has been a member of the Ohio Dental College association since its organization in 1852, and for twenty years has been its secretary. In 1856 he became part proprietor of the Dental Register of the West, and in a few years be- came its sole proprietor. The paper is now called the Dental Register. In 1857 he removed to Cin- cinnati. In 1858-9 he wrote a treatise on "Opera- tive Dentistry," which was received as a text-book in the colleges and has been translated into German and other languages. Dr. Taft is a member of all the principal dental societies, and his labors have been conspicuous in over fifty different societies. He has been presiding officer of the board of examiners in dentistry appointed by the State, ever since its organization. In 1875 ne was appointed professor of the principles and practice of operative dentistry in the Dental college of the Univer- sity of Michigan. Dr. Taft is an earnest and profound student, a public-spirited citizen, and a conscientious Christian. Dr. T. C. Bradford, M. D., was born in October, 1835, in Cincinnati. After acquring an education in the institutions of his own State, he pursued his studies in Jefferson college, in Philadelphia, and afterwards in the Bellevue Hospital college, in New York city, whence he was graduated in 1864. His advantages for a thor- ough medical education were thus the very best. In .1864 he returned to Cincinnati and began the practice of his profession. The death of several of the oldest physicians of both schools opened a road to success to a man of ability, and Dr. Bradford soon attained this success. Dr. Bradford is absorbed in the practice of his profession. He has a very fine medical and miscellane- ous library. He is treasurer, a member of the faculty, and one of the incorporators of the Pulte Medical col- lege. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian church. He was married in October, 1868, to M. A. McCroskey, of his native city. Samuel Wardle, D. D. S., was born in Leicester, Eng- land, in 1822, and came to America in 1832. After working on a farm for five years, he became an appren- tice to a silversmith in Philadelphia. After two years and a half of this service, he ran away and determined to go to sea. After several trials he made satisfactory arrangements with a whaler, the "William C. Nye." In this ship he made a voyage of twenty-two months, full of adventure. The ship doubled Cape Horn, went to the sea of Kamschatka, touching the famous island of Juan Fernandez on the way, and finally entered the har- bor of San Francisco in .1843. Mr. Wardle returned with his ship to New London, Connecticut. Thence he 4»4 HtS?ORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. returned to Philadelphia and was employed in doing mechanical work for dentists, in which he became a very skilful workman, and met with very great success. He soon opened an office of his own. In 1853 he came to Cincinnati. On leaving Philadelphia he was presented with a large gold medal by fourteen of the most promi- nent dentists in the city, as "a token of appreciation of his skill in mechanical dentistry." He established a dental furnishing house, and manufactured artificial teeth; but, on account of the costliness of material, he fell back on his profession for a livelihood. In 1859 he received a diploma from the Cincinnati College of Den- tal Surgery, then the second dental college in the coun- try. He manufactures all the teeth which he uses in his practice, and also those intended for peculiar and difficult cases taken in charge by other dentists. He has received the first premium on artificial teeth every year in the Cincinnati industrial exposition, and the first pre- mium in dentistry on the only occasion on which he en- tered the lists. He received first medals from Mechan- ics' institute, Cincinnati, and from the State board of agriculture; also, premiums from New York, Philadel- phia and Baltimore; also, in 185 1, a certificate and medal at the World's fair, in London, England. He is an active member of the Mississippi Valley Dental association, and an honorary of the Pennsylvania Asso- ciation of Dental Surgeons. He was married to Miss Margaret A. Little in 1846. A. C. Carr, of Cincinnati, a native of New York, came to Licking county, Ohio, with his parents when quite young, in the year 1843. In this county he received his education and performed manual labor on the farm until 1864, when he began to teach school and further do for himself. He took a thorough course of training in the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1873, previous to which time, however, he engaged in mercan- tile pursuits about five years, but since the year 1873 has been practicing his profession, having his office in Tem- ple Bar. From 1873 until 1875 he held a membership in the Cincinnati board of education; at present he is a member of the city council, having been elected to that office successively four times. Mr. Charles H. Stephens was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, October 2, 1841. He was graduated from the Hughes high school in 1858, and a few months. after began the study of law with the firm of Lincoln, Smith & Warnock. He was admitted to the bar in 1863. In a few years he became a partner in the firm with which he had studied. He was elected to the board of education in 1872 and was a member for six years. He was also made a trustee of Thomas Hughes, the founder of the Hughes high school, in 1870, and he still holds that position. He is now a member of the firm of Lincoln, Stephens & Com- pany, in the practice of law. Ira B. Maston, judge of the probate court, is a native of the city. He received his early education in Cincin- nati; studied law here and in 1857 began the practice of his profession in the courts of this place. In 1872 he was elected judge of the probate court, which position he still holds. Judson Harmon was born in Newtown, Hamilton county, Ohio, February 3, 1846. His parental ancestors were among the first settlers of Springfield, Massachusetts, and northern Connecticut, and later of Jefferson county, New York. He graduated at Denison university, Gran- ville, Ohio, June, 1866, and at the Cincinnati Law school, April, 1869. On June 1, 1870, he married Olive Scobey, of Hamilton, Ohio, and has three children. In October, 1876, he was elected one of the judges of the courts of common pleas, which office he held until April, 1877, when his election was successfully contested before the senate of Ohio. In April, 1878, he was elected one of the judges of the superior court of Cin- cinnati for the full term of five years. Mr. W. M. Ampt, a lawyer by profession, was born in Trenton, Butler county, Ohio, February 1, 1840. Both his parents emigrated from Germany, one in 1832 and the other in 1837, the father coming from Hesse-Darm- stadt, and the mother, whose maiden name was Rosa, from Bavaria. Mr. Ampt is descended from Abram Ampt, a Protestant minister in the Rhine country from 1696 until 1727. The son of Abram was Abraham Francisca Ampt, who, in 1715, was a student at Heidel- berg university. He also was a Protestant minister, and died at Dalsheim, near Worms, in 1735. The latter left two sons, Frederick and Abram, the first of whom, the great-grandfather of W. M. Ampt, entered Heidelberg university in 1 744 as a theological student. Both went to Holland and entered the Holland army, the former returning to Germany, while the latter remained in Hol- land, and became a professor of philosopy at Neuchatel, dying at the age of eighty-two years, leaving many de- scendants, of whom C. G. Ampt, major general, com- manding the fortress at Nymwegen in 18 16, was his son. Frederick Ampt, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was for thirty years or more burgomeister at Flonheim. He had two sons, who, after studying jurisprudence for some time at Heidleberg, entered the government civil service, in which they served for many years. Their descendants have scattered to Germany, England, France, Algiers, and one, the father of W. M. Ampt, came to America nearly fifty years ago, and is now living near Dayton, as one of the German pioneers of Ohio. W. M. Ampt graduated at Oberlin college in 1863. He was chosen by vote of his class, numbering seventy- five, as the veledictorian, and during his college career was an active member of his literary society. In 1866 he graduated from the Albany Law school, and in the same year was admitted to the bar both in New York and Ohio, settling in Lima, Ohio, where he served as city solicitor. In 1864 and 1865 he was in the quartermas- ters' department of the United States as chief clerk, and in 1862 came to Cincinnati, during the Kirby Smith raid, with a company of college students, of which he was captain. In 1867 he located in Cincinnati, where, two years later, he was one of the Republican nominees for the legislature. In consequence of the "reform" move- ment of that year the whole ticket was defeated. In 1870 he was elected prosecuting attorney of Hamilton county, and two years later was endorsed for reelection HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 485 by the Republican nomination, but the Greeley move overwhelmed the ticket by six thousand majority. At the request of the Ohio State Republican committee, in 1876, Mr. Ampt went to Florida and took part in the contest before the Florida returning board. He was placed in charge of several counties, among others Ham- ilton county, in which he secured the rejection of two precincts, that had given Governor Tilden one hundred and sixty-three majority. In 1878 Mr. Ampt introduced the Grant resolution in the Ohio State convention, at Cincinnati, and gave the first impulse to the Grant boom that two years later so much excited the country. After a short trip to Europe in 1879, visiting Ireland, England, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Switzerland and France, he returned, continuing his advocacy of Grant for the pres- idency, by a series of articles on the third term, for which General Grant afterwards expressed his thankful appreciation. Mr. Charles Evans was born in Warren county, Ohio, in 1843. He graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan uni- versity in the class of 1863. After the war he read law with Mr. Samuel Shellabarger, of Mansfield, Ohio. He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan in 1866. After this he settled in Springfield, Ohio, where he practiced until 1872; thence he came to Cincinnati, where he has practiced ever since. He was elected county solicitor in the fall of 1880. Mr. Evans was appointed United States district attorney for the southern district of Ohio in March, 1878, and resigned in the fall of 1879. Mr. E. C. Williams was born May 10, 1842, in Cincinnati. His father, George W. Williams, was one of the oldest settlers in this part of the State. Mr. Williams was educated in the public schools of the city, and in 1861 was graduated from Woodward college. He enlisted in April, 1861. He was transferred to the gun- boat flotilla, then a part of Fremont's army. This flotilla was soon transferred to the United States navy. In this Mr. Williams served throughout the war, being engaged in all the famous fights through which this flotilla passed, Vicksburgh, Fort Donelson, etc. At the close of the war he went to the Harvard Law school, whence he was graduated in 1867. He then returned to Cincinnati and was nominated for the State legislature, but defeated by a coalition between the Democrats and the German element. He entered into partnership with the well- known W. S. Scarborough. In 1877 Mr. Scarborough retired from business, and Mr. Williams formed a part- nership with Mr. A. B. Champion, with whom he is still engaged. Mr. Williams is now a member of the city school-board. In 1851 he was elected librarian of the Young Men's Mercantile Library association. In i860 he began the practice of law with Edward F. Noyes, late minister to France. At the outbreak of the war he en- tered the Thirty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, of which his partner was colonel, and afterwards major. On May 1, 1865, he was appointed surveyor of customs for Cin- cinnati by President Andrew Johnson, but was removed the following October on account of his not endorsing the President's policy. He then formed a partnership with several gentlemen and founded the Cincinnati Chronicle, an evening paper, of which he was the first business manager. This paper afterwards became the Cincinnati Times. In May of 1869 he was reappointed surveyor of customs by President Grant, and held this post until his death, which occurred January 13, 1881. On August 10, 1862, he was married to Miss Louisa Wright, who survives him with two sons. Mr. Reuben H. Stephenson, late surveyor of customs of the port of Cincinnati, was born at Lancaster, New Hampshire. Until his sixteenth year he was educated in the dirtrict schools and at a neighboring academy. From 1838 to 1842 he taught school and prepared for college. In the last-named year he entered Dartmouth college, at Hanover, New Hampshire, as a sophomore. He was graduated in 1845. He came in the same year to Cincinnati, and for three years taught in Vevay, In- diana, Newport, Kentucky, and in Louisiana. He returned to the city in 1848. At this time he entered into partnership with Mr. Otis C. Wright, opening a school called the Collegiate Institute. Mr. Wright left the city in 1849 on account of the cholera, and Mr. Stephenson carried on the school alone. Mr. Stephen- son, with some other gentlemen, founded the Cincinnati Literary club, of which very many distinguished men have been members, such as R. B. Hayes, Salmon P. Chase, etc. Mr. Jesse L. Wartman, of the United States custom house, was born in Lewisburgh, Virginia, in 1830. He came to Cincinnati when four years old. His father having died, he came to the city to live with his grand- father, Mr. Bohlen, who is well known among old Cin- cinnatians. Since he first came to Cincinnati, Mr. Wartman has resided for ten years in southern Indiana, and for two years in Keokuk, Iowa. In the last named place he was married to Miss S. W. Cossler. One son was the only fruit of this marriage, Harry L. Wartman. He died of consumption in his twenty-first year. Mr. Wartman has been engaged for the past nineteen years in the custom house in the city. Hon. Chaning Richards is a native Cincinnatian, hav- ing been born here on the twenty -first of February, 1838. His given name is the family designation of a maternal ancestor. His maternal grandmother was a sister of General Jonathan Dayton, one of the original proprietors of the Symmes or Miami Purchase. His uncle, Dr. Wolcott Richards, was the first of the family to reach the Queen City. He came in 1830, his brother, Chaning, father of the subject of this notice, following two years afterwards, and becoming a prominent merchant here. He died in Washington in 1879. Young Chaning was educated in the famous academy in Cincinnati conducted by Professor E. S. Brooks, and at Yale college, from which he was graduated with the class of 1858. He then took a course in the law school of his native city, going through in one year and receiving his diploma in 1859. At once he entered upon practice, but imme- diately upon the outbreak of the war of the Rebellion enlisted in the Guthrie Grays, or Sixth Ohio infantry with which he served through the West Virginia cam. 486 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. paign, and subsequently, in the organization of new . troops, served as aid-de-camp on the staff of General Wade, at Camp Denison. In January, 1862, he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Thirteenth Missouri, afterwards more fittly the Twenty-second Ohio infantry, and served with it through the campaign of Forts Henry and Donelson and at Shiloh, and remained nominally connected with it to the end of the war. He was much of the time, however, on staff and detached duty as ord- nance officer with General Kimball at the siege of Vicks- burgh and provost marshal (subsequently military mayor) and judge advocate at Memphis. In this city the close of the war found him on duty. He was mustered out of service with the grade of captain and resumed prac- tice in that place, remaining until March, 1871, when he returned to Cincinnati and began business as a member of the firm of Stanton & Richards. In September fol- lowing he was appointed assistant United States district attorney. In February, 1877, he was appointed district attorney by President Grant, having meanwhile served continuously as assistant, and reappointed by President Hayes in January, four years thereafter. His official ca- reer has amply justified those appointments. The busi- ness of no other court, probably, has been so closely kept up, and more faithfully and ably attended, than that of the southern district of Ohio. At the present moment cases are on trial which have been instituted only with- in the last half year, which is truly a phenomenal fact in the courts of this grade. Charles Jacob, jr., late mayor of Cincinnati is a native of Glan-Miinchweiler, in the Pfalz, Bavaria, where he was born November 24, 1834. He came to this country in 1852, and shortly afterwards to Cincinnati. From very small beginnings he advanced to a large and profitable business, and is now head of the firm of Charles Jacobs, jr., & Company, pork and beef packers, corner of Sec- ond and Vine streets. He early engaged in politics, and acquired considerable influence, especially among his countrymen. He was elected by the Republicans mayor of the city in 1878, but was defeated as a candi- date for reelection by a coalition of Democrats and dis- affected Republicans. He was married in October, 1857, to Miss Catharine Wuest, by whom he had several chil- dren. Joseph Benson Foraker, a judge of the superior court of Cincinnati, born near Rainsborough, Highland county, Ohio, July 5, 1846, and was reared on a farm. When but sixteen years of age he enlisted as a private in com- pany A, Eighty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, July 14, 1862. He served, until the close of the war, with the army of the Cumberland, and in the meanwhile rising by regular promotions to the rank of first lieutenant and brevet captain of the United States volunteers. After the close of the war he resumed his studies and gradua- ted from Cornell university, at Ithaca, New York in 1869, it being the first graduating class from that insti- tution. He read law while at school in addition to his regular studies. August 16, 1869, he located in Cin- cinnati. Here he pacticed law until April, 1879, when he was elected judge of the superior court. He was married October 4, 1870, to Miss Julia Bundy, daughter of the Hon. H. S. Bundy, of Jackson county, Ohio. They have four children. Howard Douglass was born January 21, 1846, in Cin- cinnati, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar by the su- preme court of Ohio January 22, 1867. He was elected a member of the board of education April, 1869, and was reelected April, 1871; he was also a member of the Union board of high schools in 1870. He was nomi- nated for the State senate in 1879, but resigned. In April, r88i, he was elected a member at large of the board of education for three years. Rev. W. J. Halley, rector of the cathedral, Cincinnati was born in Ireland November 14, 1837. He came to Cincinnati in the year 1853, and completed his collegi- ate course at St. Mary's seminary, of Cincinnati, after which he was ordained pastor and became assistant in that capacity until he succeeded the Right Rev. C. B. Borges. He has been connected in the work since the seventh of July, i860, having been in the cathedral since that time. Rev. Edward Cooper, D. D., district superintendent of the missionary and Sabbath- school department of the Presbyterian board of publication for the synods of Co- lumbus, Cincinnati, Kentucky, Indiana south, and Ten- nessee. He was born near Troy, Rensselaer county, New York, and graduated at Union college. Devoting a few years to teaching, he was eminently successful as principal of the academy at Aurora, and afterwards at Waterloo. He then accepted the invitation of the New York State Teachers' association to edit the Teachers' Advocate, a weekly paper, devoted to the interests of the profession. After two years he gave up this position to take the District School Journal, the organ of the State superintendents of common schools, and became one of the proprietors and editors of the Syracuse. Daily Journal. Disposing of these interests, he purchased one- half of the Troy Daily Post, with which his editorial labors closed after two years. He returned to educa- tional pursuts, and was president of the Odd Fellows Female college, at Paris, Tennessee, an institution that acquired eminence under his administration. At the commencement of the war he was president of the Fe- male institute and pastor of the church at Brownsville, Tennessee, which positions he relinquished to become identified with the interests of the north. For three years he was principal of the-academy and pastor of the church at Munroe, Butler county, when he was appointed, without solicitation, chaplain to the Eighth Ohio volun- teer cavalry, and served until the close of the war. He then took charge of the academy and became pastor of the church at Bloomingburgh, Fayette county, and after three years accepted a call to the Presbyterian church of Atchison, Kansas, where his labors were eminently suc- cessful for nearly nine years. He was then invited to organize and superintend the important operations of the board of publication in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, which position he has since held. The contributions to the misssonary fund of the board of publication are economically applied to its systematic and efficient work, HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 487 by personal family visitation and gratuitous distribution of its fine Christian literature in sparsely settled regions where there are limited opportunities for religious instruc- tion. The missionaries of the board organize Sabbath- schools and lay the foundation for churches among the destitute, and when in the bounds of congregations greatly assist pastors by the distribution of sound doc- trinal and evangelical literature. Every paper, tract, or volume continues the influence of the missionary after he has gone, and thus neighborhoods are brought under the power of religious truth. This work in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, under the supervison of Dr. Cooper, is accomplishing much good and has strong claims upon the benevolence of the large and intelligent denomina- tion as one of its most efficient agencies of its growth and usefulness. Rev. Gottlieb Brandstettner, pastor of the First German Evangelical Protestant church of Green township, was born in Rhein Baiern, Bavaria, in 1830. He belongs to a family of ministers. Gottlieb came alone to America and took a course in theology, completing his studies in 1856, after which he engaged in the ministerial work at Peppertown, near Evansville, Indiana, and at other places. He came here May 1, 1876, and has since taken charge of the congregation and Sabbath-school, acting as its superintendent. He also gives instruction, three days in each week, to the children of his congregation who are taking a course preparatory to confirmation. The church building, a fine brick structure, was erected in the year 187 1, in which service and Sabbath-school have been held ever since. A graveyard of some four acres lies just back of the building. He was married July 24, 1857, to Miss Katharine Wittkamper, of Cincinnati, and is the father of five children, four sons and one daughter. One son, Henry, born in 1859, died in 1880, a most prom- ising young man. He possessed a natural genius for draw- ing, taking up the art and completing the course almost without the aid of instruction; he, however, spent one year in Cooper institute, New York. He was engraver for Still- man & Co., Front and Vine streets, Cincinnati, Ohio, and has left some beautiful sketchings of which "A scene on the Ohio," "Church-yard Scene," "Lick Run Church'' show a master hand in the work. He was also of great as- sistance to his father in his church work, being a musi- cian, and of great service in Sabbath-school work. As the pride of his father's family he was greatly missed from that circle. Rev. Brandstettner is exercising a great in- fluence for good among his people, and of which the membership of his church feel proud. M. S. Turrill, principal of the Twenty-sixth Cincinnati district schools, was born near Pleasant Ridge in this (Hamilton) county February 8, 1831. His father, Heman B. Turrill, was a native of New Milford, Connecticut, emigrating from there in August, 1818. His mother was a daughter of James Wood, of Chatham, New Jersey, whose family was among the early pioneers of Pleasant Ridge. Mr. Turill's youth was spent at the district school, and on his father's farm; but at the age of fifteen, he attended Farmers' college giaduating from there in 1851. Select- ing teaching as a profession, his chief preparation was made at Summer institute, and by employment in district schools a portion of time during his college years. In December after graduation, he taught first in the "Roll" district, west of Cumminsville, and after three years' service there, was elected superintendent of the Cum- minsville graded school in January, 1854. With the exception of two years as assistant in the Thirteenth Cincinnati district in 1857 and 1858, and another year as a partner with his father-in-law, Caleb Lingo, esq., in the sash and blind business in 1866, he has been con- tinuously in charge of the Cumminsville schools, which, in 1873, wn e n the village was annexed to Cincinnati, was renamed the "Twenty-sixth district." From 1867 to 1872 he was yearly elected corporation clerk of Cum- minsville, and in 1868 was appointed by Judge E. F. Noyes as one of the Hamilton county board of examiners of teachers, serving in that position three years with A. B. Johnson, of Avondale, and John Hancock, superin- tendent of the Cincinnati public schools. In addition to his school work, he is a contributor to educational periodicals and literary magazines, and has frequently made reports of the State Teachers' associations of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky for various newspapers. During the past three years he has been one of the executive committee of the Ohio teachers' association, acting as secretary. As an educator and disciplinarian, his talents are unquestionable; and many of his former pupils are filling honorable positions in professional and public life. As a geologist, he has a deservedly extended reputation, and has collected a valuable cabinet of minerals and fossils of Ohio and other States. Associated with him as educa- tors in the Cumminsville schools, have been the follow- ing: Isaac H. Turrell, Charles E. Jones, Henry Doerner, Louis Kolb, Frederick Conrad, Edward S. Peaslee, Wil- liam Henke, Frank W. Bryant, Mary H. Smith, Electa R. Stanford, Ann J. Moore, Ann M. Wright, Sarah Cum- mins; Janette Thomson, Marilla Buck, Belle Kingsbury, Leonora Heddrington, Martha Heddrington, Mattie Wright, Mary L. Lingo, Lydia G. Stanford, Belle Trask, Belle Murdock, Augusta Tozzer, Kate Smedley, Mary E. Dunaway, Mary Walker, Emily McMichael, Mary A. Hun- newell, Amanda Roller, Mary C. Lakeman, Emma East- man, Alice Bates, Carrie S. Hammitt, Emma DeSerisy, Louise Kieffer, Rosa Kromenberg, Helen Matthes, Emilie Kusterer, Carrie L. Peters, Minnie G. Little, Emma Strong, Ametia Butler, Bertha Grabert, Emma Huene, Mary Hill, Hannah R. Hunter, Marion Henderson, Matilda L. Walke, Frieda Bischoff, Emma VonWyck, Sallie Nunneker, Ella M. Stickney, Mary A. Bohlander, Daisie J. McElwee, Fannie Cist, Katie Girard," Belle C. Hicks, Mary E. Applegate, Emma Multner, Hattie E. Taylor, and Lida Hammitt. It may not be amiss also to state that Mr. Turrill is one of the charter members of Hoffner lodge, F. and A. M., and has attained to the thirty-second degree in the Masonic order; he is also one of those who instituted the Presbyterian church of Cumminsville in 1855; and is an enthusiastic worker in the Chautauqua Literary and Sciemilic ciick-, now in the fourth year of its organization. 488 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. He was married in 1862, to Miss Mary L. Lingo, and has a pleasant family consisting of four daughter and a son, and resides in the Twenty-fifth ward of this city. Rev. R. J. Myer, president of St. Xavier college, Cin- cinnati, was born in St. Louis, November 8, 1841. He graduated in the St. Louis university in 1858, but not satisfied with this attainment, he spent yet a number of years in quest of knowledge. He was at Boston and Georgetown three and four years respectively, also in Europe. He completed his theological course of study in Woodstock college, Maryland. After returning from Europe he filled the office of vice-president of the col- leges in Chicago and here — each two years — and returned from the first-named place to take the presidency of the college so well and favorably known, August 18, 1879. The college is in a flourishing condition. G. F. Junkerman, superintendent of music in the pub- lic schools of Cincinnati, was born in Dielefeld, Prussia, December 8, 1830. He perfected his collegiate and mu- sical education in Prussia and England, and when eigh- teen years of age came to Cincinnati, where he taught mathematics one year in Zion college, then in the graded schools of Cincinnati, and afterwards was principal of one of the schools. During the war he had charge of the schools at Mount Washington, and during the interval hours of rest and duty, became drill master of troops en- tering military service. Company A, of the Cincinnati regiment that was so fearfully decimated at the battle of Bull Run, was drilled for service by Mr. Junkerman. From 1831 until 1878 he was assistant superintendent of music in the public schools, and since 1878 up to the present time (1881) has filled the position of superintend- ent of that department of instruction, having under him six assistant superintendents. The method used by Mr. Junkerman is the "Movable Do'' system, being consid- ered preferable to that of the "Fixed Do" system. He has labored with an enthusiasm worthy of his calling to raise the standard of musical education to a higher plane of influence than that of the Teutonic kirmess, it being purely classical instead. He has written music, many songs, and exercises to meet the especial wants of the Cincinnati schools; he is also an author, his work com- prising many of his own selections, as well as those of others, and is used in the high schools of the city. He was the first to establish the Home Parlor concerts, of a classical character, so greatly appreciated by the refined and educated of our midst. He was also the first vice- president of the first meeting of the Philoharmic Society of Cincinnati, which orchestra was formed about the year 185 1. He has carefully prepared himself for the respon- sible position he now holds, and is meeting with a grand success in his work. Eliab Washburn Coy, principal of Hughes high school, was born in Maine in 1832. His father was a minister of the Baptist church, having spent twenty-five years of his life in that work. The subject of our sketch learned the shoemaker's trade, and with the earnings thus collected fitted himself for college in Lawrence academy, Groton, Massachusetts, and graduated in Brown univer- sity in 1854. He immediately cam j west and took char -e of the Peoria high schools, and also edited the Illinois Schoolmaster at the same time. He also practiced law in that place about three years, but being called to the Illinois normal university, he went there in 187 1 and took charge of the high school, where he remained until 1873, when he came to Cincinnati and took the princi- palship of the Hughes high school. In 1863 he was married to Miss Gena Harrington, daughter of Rev. Moses Harrington, of the Baptist church. She is a grad- uate of Framingham normal school, Massachusetts. D. C. Orr, first assistant teacher in the Second inter- mediate schools of Cincinnati, was born in Miami coun- ty, Ohio, in 1822. He was raised on a farm, and until seventeen years of age attended no school except a few weeks each winter season in an old-fashioned log cabin. He was accustomed to the hardships of pioneer life in clearing land of forest timber, of tilling the soil, of plow- ing the ground and plying the axe and grubbing hoe. He received in all about eighteen months schooling, a term of six months being granted him by his father, at one time, to finish up his course, probably did him the most good. With this flimsy preparation he began teaching, having been called to take charge of the school consisting of school-mates with whom he had always been associated; and here he taught several terms, re- ceiving a dollar a day and boarding around. Not hav- ing an opportunity for attending school himself, he laid out a course of study in the natural sciences, mathe- matics, history and ancient languages, and for fifteen years of diligent study, and with increasing interest in his work, followed it out in full and in detail. He also mastered a course in medicine, graduating in the Star- ling Medical college, but his literary or collegiate work was attested in an examination before the Cincinnati board of education in 1866, John Hancock then being superintendent. He was examined for a position as teacher in the schools, and, as remarkable as it may seem, stood the crucial test, coming out with a perfect certificate, after having been examined in eighteen differ- ent branches of study. He practiced medicine some, but was not successful. His career was varied; taught in different places until 1866, since which time he has been in Cincinnati. During the war he took an active part in politics, and was offered a majorship by Governor Morton, of Indiana, but refused it. He has written considerably, and was correspondent for the Cincinnati Gazette part of the time during I he war. Mr. Orr is in every respect a self-made man, and is winning the suc- cess in life he deserves. Edward H. Pritchard was born in Cincinnati June 23, 1840; educated in the schools of the Queen City; went to the Thirteenth district until his twelfth year, when he obtained a situation in a shoe store; remarned there nearly three years, then returned to the Thirteenth dis- trict. In 1855 he was admitted to Woodward high school, and graduated second in his class in 1859. He began to teach in November, 1869, in the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum school, under control of the board of education. In i860 he was elected second assistant of the Second intermediate school. In 1864, after having HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 489 spent two years as first assistant of the Third district school, was elected principal of the Eighteenth district school, where he remained until January, 1870; then he was transferred to the new Twentieth district, which he organized In June, 1870, he was elected principal of the Third intermediate school, which he also organized ; and he has been in that position ever since. Charles H. Evans, principal of the Third district schools, was born in Sidney, Ohio, in 1838. His father, General Washington Evans, had charge of the militia under General Harrison at the battle of the Thames. In 1839 the family moved to Springfield, Ohio, where Charles H. received his education, graduating from the Witten burg college in 1858. In 1861 he volunteered as a private soldier in the Forty-fourth Ohio volunteers, and fought through the war, being mustered out as major of his regiment, the Eighth Ohio cavalry. After the war he engaged in business until 1869, when he again went to teaching, having the principalship of the high schools in Springfield; and afterwards he was principal of the high school and superintendent of the Dayton schools. In 1874 he was called to Cincinnati, where he has been since in charge of the Third district. In 1874 he was married to Miss Grace Arnold, the only niece of Stone- wall Jackson. He was again married to Miss Katie Armstrong, formerly a teacher in the schools of Cincin- nati. C. J. O'Donnell, principal of the Fifth district school, was born in New York in 1845; graduated in the Ford- ham college, of that city, in 1865, and after completing a course in the law, practiced that profession for a short time; then came to Cincinnati, where he taught for a time as an assistant teacher, and was then elected princi- pal of the schools, as mentioned above. J. H. Laycock, principal of the Eighth district school, was born in Clermont county, September 3, 1850; was reared a farmer's boy, but received an academical educa- tion, and afterwards partly completed a classical course of instruction in the Ohio university at Delaware, this State, teaching during intervals. He was principal of the Moscow (Ohio) schools, for three years, in which he became recognized as a successful teacher and dis- ciplinarian. He had charge of other schools as princi- pal, and has always been actively engaged in institute work, having been for thirteen years past identified as one of the leaders of his native county in work of that kind. He was called to Cincinnati in 1869 as assistant teacher in the Ninth district school. In 1868 he secured a life certificate under an examination of the State ex- aminers of Ohio schools. He was principal of the Tenth district school, but in 1874 took the principalship of the Eighth district schools, where he is at present. H. H. Raschig, principal of the Tenth district school, was born in Cincinnati, March 18, 1841. Mr. Raschig was educated in the public schools of Cincinnati, and taught in them the greater part of his life. Entering the Tenth district school in 1846, the year of its organiza- tion, he passed through its different grades, and entered the Woodward high school in 1853. He graduated in 1857, and in 1858 began teaching in the Ninth district school, since which time he has been connected with the public schools. His experience as a teacher ranges through all the grades of the school system. August H. Bode was born in Peine, a city of the former kingdom of Hanover, July 3, 1844. After care- ful preparation he entered the renowned polytechnical school at Hanover in the year i860; diligently pursued the study of mathematics, natural science, and engineer- ing for four years, and graduated from that school in 1864. In the same year he went to Berlin to hear lec- tures at the university, aud at the Royal Polytechnic academy. The death of his father occurring at this time compelled him to abandon his cherished scheme of preparing himself for teacher of mathematics and kin- dred sciences at higher institutions of learning, and to enter at once into practical life by accepting, in 1865, a position as draughtsman in a Berlin machine foundry. His desire to become acquainted with America led him, in 1866, to take a position offered him as engineer of an ocean steamer plying between Hamburgh and New York, and after repeated trips across the ocean and in- land visits, he determined to make this land of the free his home. He settled at once in Cincinnati, and re- turned to his first love, teaching, though not to teach the higher branches, but the veriest rudiments of knowledge to the six-year-olds in the Thirteenth district school, where he was appointed assistant teacher towards the end of the year 1867. In 1869 he was promoted to the position of first German assistant teacher of the Second district school, and in 1872 was transferred as first assistant teacher to the Second intermediate school, and finally returned to his starting point in Cincinnati by being elected principal of the Thirteenth district school, which position he still occupies. Mr. Bode is an inde- fatigable worker in school and out of school. The German readers in use in the Cincinnati schools were partly compiled, partly revised by him. He has pub- lished several series of writing books, and a "History of Methods of Elementary Reading." He received the degree of bachelor of laws from the Cincinnati college, and has been admitted to the bar. Peter J. Fox, principal of the Seventh district school, is a native of Ireland ; received his education in Dublin, and came to America in 1845; taught as assistant teacher until 1875, when he was elected to the principalship of • these schools. F. G. Wolf, first German assistant in the Seventh dis- : trict school, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1831, ! and after receiving a liberal education emigrated to the United States in 1854, where he taught in the States of New York, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, coming to Cin- cinnati in 1878. Joseph Grever was born September 14, 1849, m Dam- me, Oldenburg. He was educated at the commercial college in Sohne, and trained for his profession at the teachers' seminary in Vechta, which he attended for two years, from 1867 till 1869. His singular efficiency as an educator was at once recognized by an appointment as teacher in the Moehere Buergerschule in Damme. Here he taught one year, when the breaking out of the Franco- 49° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Prussian war took him from his peaceful pursuits and transferred him to the theatre of war. He participated in all the battles in which the army of the Red Prince engaged from Metz to Mars la Tour. Was decorated for his valor and promoted to the rank of ensign. After peace was concluded, he followed the invitation of rela- tives who had long been settled in Cincinnati, to make this city his future home, and he arrived here in Novem- ber, 1871. He was appointed in 1872 as assistant teacher in the Tenth district ; promoted to the position of first German assistant teacher in the Twenty-first dis- trict in 1873, and in 1876 transferred to the Thirteenth district, one of the largest German -English schools of the city, where a wide field for usefulness was opened to him, which he at this time still cultivates with great assiduity and pronounced success. Charles G. Roth, teacher in the Twenty-fourth district of Cincinnati, was born in Saxony in 1839. He received his education at Plauen. Came to Cincinnati in April, 1862, and began teaching in the Fifth district schools, and with an exception of two years spent as music teacher in the St. Paul's Episcopal church, Indianapolis, Indiana, has been in the schools of Cincinnati since his coming to this country. In 1877 he was changed from the Fifth to the Twenty-fourth district. Francis Ellis Wilson, first assistant teacher in the Twenty-second school district, Cincinnati, was born near New Palestine, Clermont county, Ohio, September 4, 1843: Most of his education was obtained from his mother, she, herself, being a finely educated woman, and possessed intellectuality to a very high degree. He went one year to college at Delaware, Ohio, and afterwards took charge of the schools in Salem and Mount Wash- ington, this State. In 1864 he went into the hundred day service, and upon his return took charge of the schools in Riverside, also afterwards in Storrs, but in 1877 came to Walnut Hills, where he has been success- fully engaged in the duties of the school-room ever since. His pupils rarely fail to bestow upon him some token of their appreciation every year. The Public School, of which he is editor and proprietor, is a home journal, meeting with a grand success. It is largely patronized by the teachers of city and country. Its visit to us is always welcome. George W. Nye, principal of the Twenty-second school district is a native of New York State, where he was born in 1822. He came to Cincinnati in 1847, and in 1849 was elected to an assistant's position in the Tenth district, and afterward principal of those schools. He remained here in all six years, and then, in 1856, went to Iowa and assumed charge of the schools in Keokuk, but after a three years' stay returned to Cincinnati, and was elected principal of Walnut Hills schools, which were at that time independent of the city, and where he has been for twenty-two years. In 187 1 these schools were annexed to the city, and in 1872 the new building —one of the largest and most costly in Cincinnati- was erected. His wife, formerly Miss Emily C. Conklin, was, previous to marriage, a teacher in the Cincinnati schools. Martin Dell, first German assistant teacher in the Twentieth district school, is a native of Germany, where he received a liberal education, both literary and musical. When twenty years of age he emigrated to New York in which city — also in Cleveland and Wheeling after- wards — he followed the profession of teaching, and in which calling he has been successful. He is also a music teacher and organist of marked ability. In 1879 ne was married to Miss Pauline Schweiter, of Cincinnati, for- merly an experienced teacher in the city schools. C. C. Long, principal of the Twentieth district school, Cincinnati, was born in Butler county in 1830. He came to Cincinnati when twelve years of age, and received an education in its public schools, perfecting his course afterwards in Asbury university, Greencastle, Indiana. He was principal for a time of the Talmud institute, this city, but after a short stay, left the school-room and went into business in New York city, where he remained five years. He engaged to become private secretary to Col- onel Guthrie, of the Sixth Ohio regiment, but he soon returned to the school-room — a position he is in every way fitted to hold. He was at first elected as first assist- ant teacher in the First intermediate schools, but in 1878 he was elected to the principalship of the Twentieth dis- trict, which position he still holds. George W. Burns, principal of the Eighteenth district school, Cincinnati, was born in Ashland county, Ohio, February 24, 1848, in which county he received his early education, preparing himself for college at the Savannah academy, where he taught as one of the faculty part of she time in lieu of his tuition. He also taught country schools, and by his own unaided exertions graduated in Bethany college, West Virginia, in the year 1873, taking the degree of A. B. He afterwards held a professorship in Farmers college at College Hill, filling the chair of mathematics, but after a three years' stay resigned. Since that time (1879) he has been principal of the Eighteenth district schoool. He was married July 1, 1880, to Miss Ormsby, daughter of Professor George S. Ormsby, of that place, so well known to the teachers of the State. J. B. Schudemantle, principal of the Fourteenth dis- trict school, was born in Cincinnati October, 1842. Both of his parents came from Germany when young, and his father being poor, it became necessary for him to assist, during the vacation months, in his father's cooper shop. , He graduated in the Woodward high school in 1861, and immediately became a teacher in the orphan asylum, but resigned before the year was up to accept a position as master's mate on the gun-boat Mound City. Fortu- nately he was delayed and the boat left for White river without him, and was there blown up, most of the crew perishing. In 1862 he became first assistant in what is now the Fourteenth school district (the school he also attended himself), and in 1870 was elected its principal, which position he now holds. In 1871 he was married to Miss Mary A. Hunter, formerly a teacher under him in the schools. Casper Grome, first German assistant in the Twenty- first district school, was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1849. He attended Hamelburg college in his native HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 491 country, but graduated in Vincennes college, Westmore- land county, Pennsylvania, in 1867. He afterwards went to Oswego, Kansas, where he taught some time, but com- ing to Cincinnati in 1876, for his wife, Miss Martha Viola Striker (married at that time), he was induced to resign his position there and remain in the Paris of America — where he has since been in this school, in his present po- sition. He resides at No. 13 Fillmore street, Cincinnati. M. D. Kellar, M. D., of No. 644 Main street, Cincin- nati, was born at Miamisburgh, Montgomery county, Ohio, January 7, 1843. He was three years in the army of the Cumberland, connected with the medical depart- ment at Nashville and Murfreesborough, Tennessee. He graduated at the Miami Medical college, Cincinnati, in 1868, and was in the Cincinnati hospital, since which time he has been in active practice in the city. G. W. Oyler, principal of the Twenty-first intermedi- ate and district school, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1828, and received his education in the public schools of Cincinnati, after which he taught school and went to Farmers college, completing its course in full. This was preparatory to a law course, which he completed in the Cincinnati Law school, graduating from that insti- tution in 1854. He has been teaching since 1856 — a small portion of the time in a private school, but by far the largest portion as principal of the Twenty-first district. His labors have been onerous, inasmuch as he has charge of five buildings in all — there being twenty-seven teachers. He has both district and intermediate grades. He was married in 1858 to Miss Carrie Prudens, former- ly a teacher in the city schools. Carl L. Nippert, first German assistant in the Twelfth district school, son of Rev. Louis Nippert, formerly well •known in Cincinnati, now president of a college in Frankfort-on-the-Main, was born in that town, Germany, in 1852. He received his education in the Polytechnic school, in Zurich, Switzerland, and in Carlsrhue, graduat- ing in 187 1. He came to America in 1876, in the inter- ests of the Centennial commission from that country, and from there to Cincinnati, where he has been teaching ever since, coming to the Twelfth district in 1877. His father was formerly a pioneer minister in the Methodist Episcopal church of this city, but was sent by the church to Europe in the interests of Methodism. Hugo Haenger, of the Twenty-first district school, Cincinnati, was born in New York city, in 1848. He received his education in the public schools of that city, and in Dayton, Ohio, and has been in charge of the A grade of the intermediate department of this school since 1874. Charles S. Mueller, of the Twenty-first district school, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1842. He came with his sister to America in 1852, graduated in the old Polytechnic school of the city in 1864, since which time he has been teaching, now having charge of a building in Sedamsville, in the Twenty-first district. He was married to Miss Sophia Troescher, formerly of Germany. He has his residence on Price's Hill. Alexander Torges, jr.-The hero of this sketch has passed through many storm's, but as a good sailor, steered his life-boat, with steady hand, over reefs and rocks, and reached the harbor in which safely anchored it can brave the storms of life. He has seen many lands and in the battles of life has gained many a victory, and though young in years, can look proudly to the past and in the future. "I will" is the motto on his coat of arms, and what he willed he has with clear head and rare perseverance carried out. He has lived through scenes which make men of youths, and his career shows that life counts not by years, but by .deeds. Alexander Torges, jr., was born September 2, 1845, in Holzminden, a pleas- ant little city on the Weser, in the duchy of Braunsch- weig, in Germany, where his father was in the employ of the government, and later settled in Magdeburg and Seesen. After Alexander Torges, jr., had received his preliminary education at Jacobson institute in Seesen he visited the commercial college at Magdeburg. No- vember, i860, the Torges family left for America, where young Alexander found employment directly on his arrival in New York, but not being to his taste he gave it up and followed a seafaring life, for which he had a decided inclination. He began his new life as cabin boy on the ship Edward, and gained a knowledge of the roughest side of sailor life, but his motto "I will" kept him up bravely; nothing could lessen his courage nor weaken his resolute determination. On the second trip of the Edward, while passing the Azores, they encoun- tered a severe storm, and coming across a disabled ship, the sailors at the risk of life saved twenty-six brave men from the jaws of death. A few years later, the Edward on her return trip from China, was pursued on the coast of Borneo by dastardly Chinese pirates, but a favorable breeze carried the ship Edward beyond their reach. Af- ter a voyage of two hundred days, the Edward landed in Bremenhaven, whence young Torges visited the places in which he had spent his youth, and then entered his name as sailor on a ship bound for Naples. In February, 1867, the ship was wrecked, but the crew took to the boats and after much suffering landed in Plymouth, where Alexander Torges, jr., was taken sick in conse- quence of so many hardships passed through during the last trip. On his recovery he returned to New York and entered the service of a coast steamer, but after repeated entreaties from his parents, he at last gave up the seafaring life and left for Cincinnati, where his parents at that time resided. Here he was engaged as agent for the Germania Life Insurance company. In 1869 he chose the business of commission agent, and as such has extended his business over the entire Pacific coast, which occasions a deal of travel, he having crossed the continent fifty times. On one of his stage trips through California, the passengers were robbed by high- waymen. Through his presence of mind a large sum of money which he had with him was not found, but a val- uable gold watch and chain were taken, which he, how- ever, recovered later. After Mr. Torges had travelled by land and water over one-half the world, he tried a new field for his labor, and spent large sums of money on the Courier, a newspaper which was at the time, May, 1874, in a sinking condition, and which it was impossible to 492 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. save, but seeing that there was a field in Cincinnati for another German paper, he started, on the twenty-fifth of August, 1874, the Cincinnati Freie Presse, as a seven column four page evening paper, which was printed at another establishment. Despite the heavy opposition which met him on every side, he found it necessary after three months to enlarge and make a morning edition of his paper. One year later he edited his weekly paper, and later on started his penny evening paper, entitled the Tagliche Abend Presse. With steady perseverance and an energy that never flagged, he has accomplished wonders in the space of seven short years. Bought a Hoe press, the largest of its kind ever built, erecting and occupying a building devoted entirely to the business of his newspapers. Having fought for the true and right principles at all times, and won many a battle for the Republican party, we find him at the age of thirty-five the proprietor of the largest German paper ever issued, and the only man in the United States who edits two German daily papers, and can call them his own. Octo- ber 17, 1876, he married Miss L. Michaelis, a lady from New York city, from which marriage has sprung two children, a girl and boy. It seems the daring sailor has anchored his life-boat in safety, and we hope that love which is stronger than chains on anchors will keep it there. Michael Kneiss, German, assistant in the Third inter- mediate was born at Hayenfeld, Bavaria, July 6, 1830. He received his education in the Latin academy and gymnasium in Speyer and Munich, and came to this country February 19, 1861. In 1862 he was appointed German teacher* in the Sixth district, afterwards in the Seventeenth district, then the Twelfth district, coming to the Third intermediate September, 187 1, where he has been ever since, and is known as one of our most com- petent and successful instructors. Henry H. Fick, superintendent of drawing, Cincinnati public schools, born in the free city of Lubeck, Germany, August 16, 1849, cam e to this country after completing the course of studies of a widely renowned school of his native city, in May, 1864. Occupied for a period of five years in clerking in New York city and Cincinnati, his special aim was to extend and deepen the knowledge of the English language. Carrying out the dictates of his inclination, he turned his attention to teaching, having been appointed third reader teacher of the newly built Twentieth district school, which position he exchanged shortly for a place in the newly organized drawing de- partment. Under the supervision of Superintendent N. Forbriger he was in a short time promoted to the place of first assistant. ' The illness of Mr. Forbriger threw the responsibility of managing the department upon his shoulders, and upon the death of the same (November 1878), Mr. Fick was, by resolution of the board of edu- cation designated acting superintendent. August, 1879, h e was elected superintendent, which position he still holds. Besides being a member of many teachers' and pedagog- ical associations, Mr. Fick enjoys the membership of the Cincinnati Literary society and of the German Literary club. To the city of Cincinnati belongs the credit of having been first in this country to organize a system of instruction in drawing for all the grades of the common school, and to place drawing upon a footing equal to that of the other studies of the curriculum. H. Eckel, esq., was instrumental in effecting the passage of a resolution of the school board, authorizing a reorganization of the drawing department, September, 1868. Previous to this time there had been isolated attempts at drawing in dif- ferent schools. There were even several drawing teach- ers. But the reorganization provided for the uniformity of teaching, systematizing of subject matter, and by the election of Arthur Forbriger as superintendent gave the charge of the department to a responsible person. In the course of time one first assistant and three assistant teachers constituted the corps of drawing teachers. The success of drawing in the Cincinnati schools, attributable alike to the efficiency and conscientious work of those in charge and to the excellence of the system in use, has attracted the favorable notice of educators in all parts of the country and abroad. The reputation gained by the displays in the expositions at Vienna, Philadelphia and Paris, and sustained in our own annual industrial exposi- tions, is not only national but world-wide. All the chil- dren, from the lowest grade to the highest, take part in the study unless physically disabled. The beneficial in- fluence of the instruction is seen in the exactness, neat- ness, methodical arrangement and general appearance of the pupils' every-day work, in the intelligent appreciation of, and the love for, the beautiful in nature and art, and the value may be felt, as expressed in material dollars and cents, by increased aptitude and greater fitness for all mechanical work which presupposes a correct eye and a trained hand, guided by an intelligent and quick observation. O. Armleder, of the firm of O. Armleder & Co., 324 and 326 Elm street, is a native of Cincinnati, in which city he received his education after leaving the public schools, completing his course in St. Xavier's college in 1877. He also completed a commercial course in the Queen City college, and became book-keeper for the Cincinnati Lager Beer Bottling company until in the year 1879, when he became the head of the firm him- self. William S. Flinn, principal of the Ninth district school, born November 30, 1845, is a great-grandson of Captain James Flinn, who was burned at the stake in 1790, and son of Ambrose Flinn, who now resides in Columbia township. Captain Flinn and his family, con- sisting of wife and two sons — Thomas and William — came to Columbia with Major Stites, November 15, 1788, where they remained during 1788 and 1789. During the winter of 1788, while in search of some horses, Captain Flinn was captured by the Indians, but in a few days afterwards made his escape. In the fall of 1789 he went back to his own home in western Pennsyl- vania, and after attending to his affairs there embarked in a flat-boat at the mouth of the Great Kanawha river with John May, Charles Johnson, and Jacob Skyles, and the two Misses Fleming, for Cincinnati,- which place he was destined never to see. On their way down they HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 493 were betrayed by two white men on shore, who feigning terror and destruction by the Indians induced the boat to land to take them in. The little crew, upon urgent solicitations of Captain Flinn and the Misses Fleming, but opposed by others, agreed to run near the shore to allowCaptain Flinn to land, when, upon so doing, he was captured immediately by the decoy whites and the In- dians, who soon made their appearance, fired into the boat, and killed or captured them all. Captain Flinn was taken by the Indians up to Sandusky, and there cruelly tortured to death by burning him at the stake. His last words were: "May God have mercy on my soul." His widow was left with four children, and did not know for some years after what became of her hus- band. She and her children — Jacob, born March 16, 1790; William, Thomas and Elizabeth, moved to In- dian Hill about the year 1800, and, in 1838, having lived to a good ripe old age, she died. Thomas died when twenty years of age. Elizabeth married Jacob Parker, and reared a large family, and her youngest son, Jacob, has a large number of descendants in Indiana. William, her eldest son, died in April, 1867, aged eighty-two years. One of his sons was Judge Jacob Flinn, of the common pleas court of Hamilton county. But two children of William Flinn are now alive—Isaac, aged sixty-six, and Ambrose aged sixty- one. Christian Rapp, principal of the Brown Street school, was born in Cincinnati the fourth of March, 1850. Dur- ing his early years he worked in a rolling-mill and took private lessons at night, and in this way educated him- self, with the exception of a short stay in Lebanon schools, Lebanon, Ohio. He had charge of a colony in the Twenty-first district school in 1872. In 1873 he was transferred to the Fourth district, where he remained un- til September, 1880, when he came here. He is the patentee of the reversible slate invented in 1876, and now generally used in the schools of the city and coun- try. He is also patentee of a fire hydrant, now meeting with success. Theodore Meyder, German assistant of the Brown Street school, is a native of Germany; received his edu- cation in the gymnasium of Nuertinger, and taught three years in Germany; emigrated to America in i860. In 1862-63 he was in the army, as leader of the regimental band of the Fifty-second regiment, Kentucky volunteers. He had charge of the high school in Piqua, Ohio, also in Hamilton City, Ohio. In 1878 he came to Cincin- nati, where he has been since, as German assistant of this school. George F. Sands, principal of the Fourth intermediate schools, Cincinnati, is a native of Columbus, Ohio. He graduated in the Hughes high school, Cincinnati, in 1855, since which time he has been teaching in the city schools of Cincinnati, taking charge of these schools twenty years ago R P McGregor, principal of the deaf mute school, „us born in Lockland, Hamilton county, Ohio, April 26, 1849. Lost hearing by brain fever at the age of eight; went to the State institution for the deaf and dumb, at was Columbus, to be educated, and graduated therefrom in 1866; graduated from the National deaf mute college in 1872; taught for three years in the Maryland institution for the deaf and dumb at Frederick, Maryland; came to this city in the fall of 1875, when the day school for deaf mutes was opened and was placed in charge thereof. This school is the second of its kind established in the United States. There are only three others, viz: in Boston, Chicago and St. Louis, but the time is not far distant when every large city will have one of its own. John B. Heich, of Cincinnati, was born in England in 1835. He was educated in his native country and emigrated to America when fourteen years of age. He was appointed clerk of the board of directors of the Ohio Mechanics institute in 1856, and has held that position ever since. He was the originator of the school of design, founded in 1856, and sustains the relationship of principal to the institution at the present time, having in charge ten teachers this year. During the war he was secretary of the Cincinnati United States sanitary com- mission of this city, and from 1857 to i860 he was sec- retary of the Cincinnati industrial exposition each year. He takes great interest in the Ohio Mechanics institute, and shares largely in the responsibility of its manage- ment. W. S. Jaques, of 130 West Sixth street, Cincinnati, is a graduate of one of the oldest colleges of medicine in the city. He has an extensive practice that not only reaches the States and territories of this country, but the foreign countries also. The Cincinnati Commercial, Gazette, Enquirer, and Times, have each commended the doctor in the highest terms of his treatment of the various cu- taneous, nervous and chronic diseases, and recommend him as an honorable and conscientious medical practi- tioner. He has been an energetic worker, and has suc- ceeded in establishing a large patronage. Bernard Tauber, M. D., of Cincinnati, was born in Austria in 1849; studied in the gymnasium at Teschen, and entered the university in 1866. He also perfected a course of study in the Virginia university, and also in the Bellevue hospital, New York. In 1871 he also graduated in the Cincinnati College of Medicine, after which he practiced his profession in Paducah, Kentucky, and was appointed examiner of army pensioners of the Government at that place. He returned to Europe and took up a specialty, studying the diseases of the throat and lungs, and attended courses in the various colleges of Vienna, Tubinger, London, Paris and Heidlebergh. In 1875 he came to Cincinnati and located as a specialist, paying his sole attention to the .diseases of the nose, throat and larynx, and lectures on these branches. He fills the chair of hygiene in the Cincinnati College of Medicine; is an honorary member of the Tri-Stafe Medical society; of the Ohio State Medical society; of the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati; of the South- western Kentucky Medical society; and the only mem- ber from Ohio of the Laryngological association of New York. The doctor is yet but a young man, but he seems to have attained some eminence in his specialty. E Bonaparte Reynolds, M. D., specialist, was born in 494 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 1 83 1 in the State of New York. In 1851 he graduated in Woorcester, Massachusetts, and afterwards practiced his profession in Albany and Rochester, New York. In 1854 he came to Cincinnati and located on Sycamore street, and has during these intervening years built up for himself a large paying practice. He was married, in 1854, to Miss Sarah Van Horsen, of New York. His father was a Revolutionary soldier, and his mother drew a pension on this account up to the year 1880, when she died. James Pursell Geppert, M. D., physician and surgeon, was born in Portsmouth, Ohio, on the fifth of Decem- ber, 1850. His early education was received in the public schools, and later he attended the Gallia academy, from which he received a diploma. After graduating he was connected with his father, who was the leading mer- chant in his line, traveling principally. Afterwards he entered the printing and publishing business, and ac- quired a practical knowledge of the art preservative. He owned in whole or part a number of printing and publishing establishments which were attended with vary- ing success. At different times there were published in these establishments two dailies, one' weekly and four monthly publications. During 1873, while connected with the Cincinnati Medical Advance, he began the study of medicine, and in 1877 graduated from Pulte Medical college and the School of Opthalmology and Otology. After this he pursued a special course of study in science in the University of Cincinnati for two years. In 1877 he was appointed to the chair of chemisty and toxicology. In 1878 he delivered lectures on microscopy and histol- ogy. In 1879 he was appointed to fill the chair of sani- tary science, upon which subject he is at present lecturer in the Pulte Medical college. The doctor is a member of the American Institute of homoeopathy, Western Academy of homoeopathy, chairman of the Bureau of Sanitary Science, and member of the publishing com- mittee of the Homoeopathic Medical society of Ohio- secretary (for the past three years) of the Cincinnati Homoeopathic Medical society, through whose efforts mainly this society was reorganized and sustained ; vice- president of the Institute of Heredity, Ohio Mechanics Institute Department for the Promotion of Science, etc. He is also publisher and editor of the Cincinnati Medi- cal Advance, having been associated with the journal since its first volume, or during the publication of eleven volumes. Thomas F. Shay, of the law firm of Shay & Kary, Temple Bar, Cincinnati, is of Irish parentage, his father coming from Longford, Leinster, of that country, when about nineteen years of age, and died in Cincinnati about the year 1866. Thomas Shay completed his course of education in St. Xavier's college, after which he studied law under Charles H. Blackburn, and upon grad- uation entered into partnership and practiced his profes- sion conjointly with his instructor. He remained with Mr. Blackburn seven years as a member of the firm but was compelled to retire for short time on account of a severe case of sunstroke. Mr. Shay afterward started alone in Temple Bar, but has lately formed a partnership with Mr. Kary. In 1879 ne was elected a member of the Cincinnati school board of education, which position he still holds. His practice has been largely of a crim- inal character, having had, in his time (and he is yet a young man), one hundred and eighteen cases of murder in the first degree to defend, beside a large list of cases of a less serious character. Mr. Shay is a hard worker, has a fine law library, and a good practice. In 1879 he was married to Miss Josephine Costigan, of Somerset, Ohio, whose father and brothers were lawyers of that place. Lewis G. Bernard, general manager of the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance company, was a native of New York State, and having received his education in the nor- mal school at Albany, he came to Cincinnati in 1864. For a while he kept books for Dixon, Clarke & Co. In 1874 he was elected clerk of the board of city improve- ments, and afterwards for the board of public works, or- ganizing the first set of books used for the purpose. In 1877 he was elected county clerk, the only Democrat, we believe, ever elected to that office, either before or since. He is at present managing the Cincinnati Mutual Life Insurance company. A. E. Berkhardt, who was very well known in the fur trade, was born in 1835, in Herschberg, near Zenis- beucken, in the Palatinate of the Rhine. When he was ten years of age, his father died, leaving his mother with three children, one of whom, a daughter, was already in America. The rest of the family, consisting of the mother, a daughter, and the subject of the sketch, came to America and came immediately to Cincinnati. Mr. Berkhardt's education was begun in Germany and was continued until his fourteenth year, when his mother died. He then entered the manufactory of Mitchell, Rammelsburg & Co. at a salary of one dollar a week; afterwards he went to work for a hatter, Jacob Theis. He advanced step by step until he attained the highest post. He then went into partnership with F. B. Berkhardt and took charge of his principal's business. They moved into larger quarters at 113 West -Fourth street, where they are now. They export vast quantities of hides and furs from foreign markets. Their business is very extensive. Mr. Berkhardt was married in 1871, to Miss Emma A. Erk- enbrecher, and is now the father of four children, three sons and one daughter. Mr. Robert Mitchell, one of the most prominent busi- ness men of Cincinnati, was born in the north of Ireland in i8n, and came to this country with his family in 1824. The family went to Indiana, then a part of the western wilderness. After enduring the hardships of pioneer life and by hard application acquiring an education al- most without a teacher, Mr. Mitchell came to Cincinnati at the age of twenty, with no capital excepting his strong personal character and indomitable will. After trying various employments, Mr. Mitchell apprenticed himself to the business in which he is now engaged. He served his time and there commenced business on his own ac- count which he carried on for five or six years. He then took advantage of the introduction of wood-working ma- chinery and established a small factory. Mr. Frederick HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 495 Rammelsburg became his partner in this business in 1846, and this partnership continued until the death of Mr. Rammelsburg in 1863. After various reverses from fire, financial panics, etc., the business has reached its present condition. From five to six hundred men are employed. The works comprise four separate buildings, three, seven stories high, and one, six stories high. Besides these there is the salesroom, seven stories high. The es- tablishment is probably the largest of the kind in America. From 1863 to 1867 Mr. Mitchell managed the business alone. Since that time then the employes have been allowed to take stock and share in the profits. Mr. Mit- chell's two sons are engaged in the business with him. Mr. I. G. Isham came to Cincinnati in 1832, with his father, who is still living at the advanced age of eighty- two and is well known among the residents of the city. Mr. Isham, sf., was engaged in the wholesale dry goods business in the firm of A. W. Isham & Co. Mr. Isham, jr., started in business life in 1847. He was engaged in ship-chandlery and steamboat furnishing. He was also interested in the navigation of our western rivers. He continued in this business until 1870. He is now en- gaged in the manufacture of gas machines and is also a dealer in gas fixtures, gasoline, and other gravities of napthas. Mr. Charles C. Jacobs was born in the duchy of Old- enburgh, Germany, in 1826. He came with his family to Baltimore in 1838. They walked across the moun- tains to Wheeling, West Virginia, and came thence to Cincinnati by boat. In 1839 Mr. Jacobs was bound out as an apprentice in the cordage manufacture, in which business he is still engaged. He was a member of the old volunteer fire department for some fifteen years, be- ing its captain for several years. He commenced business for himself in 1848. His manufactory is the largest and oldest of the kind in the city. He ships to all parts of the country. He has been a member of the board of aldermen for nine years and has been their vice-president. He was married to Miss Maria T. Busker in 1851. They have had six children, two of whom, a son and a daughter, are now living. The son, Charles W., is in business with his father. Mr. Jacobs is a very active and enterprising citizen, and has done much to build up the city. Mr. John Van, one of Cincinnati's self-made men, was born in Montreal, Canada, ot French parents. He went to Troy, New York, in 1838 and thence came to Cin- cinnati in 1842. At that time where the Burnet House now stands was the country, where weary citizens went to take the air after their day's toil in the city. Mr. Van went into the business of steamboat furnishing on Col- umbia street in 1846. About this time he invented the steamboat stove. He has been quite an inventor, having taken out eighteen letters-patent, among which was one on the first wrought iron cooking-range in 1855. During the war he furnished the whole camp west and south, with his army range by contract with the Government. He now furnishes the regular army with the same range. He has been engaged for the past nineteen years in a very heavy business on East Fourth street, manufactur- ing ranges and culinary apparatus. He has branch houses in St. Louis and San Francisco, and his business extends all over the globe. Mr. Brent Arnold was born in Bourbon county, Kentuc- ky, in 1845. He was educated at the Kentucky university, Harrodsburgh, Kentucky. His college course was inter- rupted by the war, but was continued afterwards. At the close of his college course he came to Cincinnati and for two years engaged in mercantile pursuits. He then entered the railroad business in which he has been en- gaged ever since. He is now general agent of the Louis- ville, Cincinnati & Lexington railway. He has been twice elected a member of the chamber of commerce and once director of the Young Men's Mercantile Library associa- tion. In the fall of 1 880 he was elected a member of the city council from the Eighteenth ward, with a major- ity of five hundred. This ward usually gives a Repub- lican majority of one hundred and fifty, and, as Mr. Arnold is a Democrat, his majority is the largest ever given in the ward. * Allen & Company, wholesale druggists. — Prominent among the numerous houses engaged in the wholesale drug trade in Cincinnati stands the firm of Allen & Com- pany, at the southwest corner of Fifth and Main. This house was established more than fifty years ago, and ranks as one of the oldest landmarks of the city. They •occupy an extensive building four stories in height, be- sides a large warehouse in the rear. They carry a very heavy stock of everything in the general drug line, em- bracing drugs, medicines, paints, oils, window glass, dye stuffs, druggists' sundries, etc., everything being arranged in the most perfect and systematic manner, and making a very fine display. They have secured an extensive trade in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana principally, which is steadily increasing. Mr. Samuel N. Pike, builder of Pike's opera house, and one of the most prominent citizens of Cincinnati, was born in New York city in 1822. He was of Hebrew extraction. Until the age of sixteen he pursued his studies at Stamford, Connecticut. He then went to Florida and embarked in the grocery, dry goods and crockery business at St. Joseph. He also speculated in cotton. He there accumulated about ten thousand dol- lars, quite a fortune in those days. Being of a roaming disposition he soon went to Richmond, Virginia. There he engaged in the foreign wine and liquor business, which he carried on with great success. He then went to Bal- timore, Maryland, where he engaged in the wholesale dry goods business, with but little success. Hence, after two years, he went to St. Louis, Missouri. As his fortune did not change, he determined to go to New York city. On his way he stopped at Cincinnati, and was so pleased with the city that he determined' to locate his business here. This was in 1844. He opened a dry goods es- tablishment on Third street, whence he removed to Pearl. The business did not prove successful, and, clos- ing it, he purchased a grocery and rectifying establish- ment. In the memorable flood of 1847 nearly all his" stock was stolen by river pirates. He kept his misfor- tune a profound secret, and, though almost ruined, soon built up a large business. He then turned his attention 496 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. to building. In 1853 he erected an elegant block on Fourth street, below Smith, still an ornament to the city. When Jennie Lind visited this country he became such an ardent admirer of her songs that he determined to build an edifice in Cincinnati worthy of the best artists in the world. The result of this was the first opera house, which, after a delay caused by the financial panic, was completed and opened February 22, 1859. It was the largest and most magnificent in the country. It was destroyed by fire in 1866. About this time Mr. Pike was obliged to divide his time between Cincinnati and New York. After a time he built the present magnifi- cent block and also the finest opera house in New York city. He also engaged in a vast scheme of reclaiming the salt marshes of New Jersey. In 1867 he was nom- inated for mayor of Cincinnati, but refused on account of his spending so much time in New York. He died of apoplexy on December 17, 1872, leaving a property of nearly three millions. Mr. Pike was a self-made man, a man of wonderful energy and indomitable will; and withal a man of refinement, being an amateur musician and somewhat of a poet, he was a man full of public spirit and abounding in charity. He left a wife and three daughters. Joseph Jones. — This venerable pioneer, noted on page 68 of this volume as still living, has died since the state- ment was written and printed. On the morning of the twenty-fifth of April, 1881, at his residence in Cincin- nati, he departed this life, aged ninety-five years. His death elicited many expressions of interest and regret, including elaborate notices in the newspapers. Coffin. — Mrs. Elizabeth Coffin, widow of Levi Coffin, the eminent Abolitionist, and "president of the Under- ground railroad," who came to Cincinnati in 1847, died at her home in Avondale on Sunday, May 22, 1881. She is mentioned on page 97 of this volume as still living. C. R. Mabley & Co. commenced business in Cincin- nati March 31, 1877. C. R. Mabley was born in Eng- land, and has had some thirty years experience in the clothing business. J. T. Carew, the other partner, was born in Michigan and has had about sixteen years expe- rience in the clothing business. They occupy one of the most magnificent buildings in the city at numbers 66, 68, 70, 72, 74 West Fifth street, Cincinnati. It is built of the finest stone and has a frontage of over one hundred feet; is four stories high, and the show windows (of which there are seven) are each fronted by a single sheet of French plate glass. Three years ago this block was di- vided into five stores, each tenanted by a merchant who thought he was doing a pretty large business; to-day the entire building, from basement to roof, is occupied by one concern, and that concern is Mabley's mammoth clothing house in its various branches. The Mosler, Bahmann & Co. safe, vault and lock fac- tory is a bee-hive of industry, and their safes are of un- surpassable security and superb finish, from the largest bank vault to the smallest office safe. Their name is a guarantee of what the trade wants it will get from their factory in a condition of superior excellence, since noth- ing but the best material is used and none but the best workmen employed. Theirs is a place in the business world that few reach. Many a bank, many a great estab- lishment, as well as thousands of smaller ones use Mos- ler, Bahmann & Co's safes. Why? Because they have a first class reputation ; they are the bete noir of burglars and the impenetrable bulwark against fire. We believe that the first burglar to conquer a safe, vault or lock of this firm is to be discovered. So fruitless have been the attempts of that gentry to get ahead of Mosler, Bahmann & Co. that the thing is regarded as an impossibility. As to fire, many of this firm's safes have passed through the hottest tests. With what result? A complete victory for the safes and vaults, the books, plate, papers, money or whatever may have been therein being in an excellent state of preservation. This is a superb record, one that has secured the fullest confidence of trade and the envy of rivals. Mosler, Bahmann & Co. began the manufac- ture of safes, bank vaults, locks etc., thirteen years ago. Their factory is immense, measuring nearly three hundred feet on Water street from No. 164 to 174, with part of their building running back to Front street, where they have a frontage nearly one-third as great. They employ three hundred hands. Many of their safes, vaults and and locks are sent abroad, particularly to Saxony and other German States. The officers of the company are : Henry Mosler, president; Frederick Bahmann, vice-pres- ident; Otto Bahmann, secretary; and Lewis Buse, treasu- rer, each of whom have a high standing among the busi- ness men in the city. Henry Brachmann was born in Nordhusen, Prussia, in 1806. In 1830 he emigrated from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Ohio, and began the business of whole- sale wine and liquor dealing in Cincinnati, which he con- tinued for nearly fifty years. At the organization of the Little Miami railroad company he was one of its direc- tors, holding that position for six or seven years. In 1840 he was elected as a member of the city council, where he served about six years. In 1852 he was sent to the legislature by Cincinnati, being the only Whig elected in Hamilton county. In 1862 he was again chosen by the Republican party and served a term of four years. In the year 1876 he became president of the Cincinnati & Portsmouth railroad, and three years later purchased the road, preferring to give his whole attention to its man- agement. His wife, Rosalia Brachmann was born in 1804. They have six children. Duhme & Company, the famous jewelry firm, have their extensive ware-rooms and work-shops at the south- west corner of Walnut and Fourth streets, in a splendid seven-story structure, built of iron, stone, and brick, and as nearly fireproof as such a building can be made. The house was established in 1838, and has risen from humble beginnings to its present great magnitude. Her- man Duhme and R. H. Galbreath have for many years been the members of the firm. Its displays of jewelry, clocks, watches, plate goods, etc., and the curi- ous processes carried on in the building, are truly won- derful. About two hundred workmen in the various departments are employed. Samuel R. Smith, of the firm of Lane & Bodley, was HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 497 born in Old Hadley, Massachusetts, about the year 1831. When fifteen years of age he went to Chicopee Falls, of that State, and learned the machinist trade, which he has followed during the intervening years sjnce that time. In 1855 ne went t0 Canaan, New Hampshire, where he was married to Miss Ellen L. Miner. During the world's fair in New York, soon after his marriage, he met Mr. Bodley, who made him an offer to come to Cincinnati which he accepted. The firm of Lane & Bodley are manufacturing a saw-mill patented by Mr. Smith some twenty years ago. He is a successful machinist, being the patentee of several things which are in extensive use at the present time. O. L. Parmenter, of Cincinnati, established his paper- works at No. 189 Third street,' this city, a few years since, and is now the manufacturer and sole proprietor of the Queen City egg case, now so extensively used instead of straw, barrels, etc., as formerly. He alsj> manufactures cigar, tag, and paper cigar-cases, articles of great use and of which he is the sole manufacturer. His trade is a lively one and is building up rapidly. Michael Ryan, of the well-known firm of Ryan Brothers, pork-packers, was born in Johnstown, County Kilkenny, Ireland, on the sixth of October, 1845. He came to America with his parents in 1853, when not quite eight years of age, and arrived in Cincinnati early in the month of June of that year. Although being an Irish- man by birth, which he looks upon as an honor, his education, training, and habits are American. Mr. Ryan attended school at St. Xavier's on Sycamore street, Cin- cinnati, until his fourteenth year, when he went to work and "was admitted as a partner with his three other broth- ers, who were then extensively engaged in the butcher- ing business. The four brothers — Matthew, John, Richard, and Michael — have always maintained this partnership formed thus early in life, and have been very successful and prosperous in business. They are now one of the largest pork-packing firms in Cincinnati. Michael Ryan has always been a Democrat in politics, but has never been an office-seeker. In 1878, however, his friends forced him to run for alderman in the First aldermanic district, and he was elected by a very large majority. He has filled that office ably and well, and is quite popular in that board, so much so that his friends urged him for the chairmanship at the last organization of the board. He received the entire support of his party, but of course could not be elected, the board be- ing largely Republican in politics. Mr.- Ryan has filled many positions of honor and trust, and has never been known to betray the confidence which has been placed in him. He was chairman of the city convention that nominated William Means for mayor of Cincinnati. Mr. Ryan was married in 1876 to Miss Maggie McCabe, and has two children. Still in early manhood, a life full of promise is before him. Charles C. Campbell, of Cincinnati, was born in Brownsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, and came to Cincinnati from Steubenville, Ohio, December n, 1849. He received a comm&n school education, principally in Cincinnati, and learned the trade of machinest in the 63 Little Miami railroad shops at Columbus, Ohio, which occupation he followed for a number of years. Being a man of remarkable energy and perseverance he has been engaged in various business enterprises. He represented the^Third ward in the board of education two years, dur- ing the famous Bible controversy. Was elected to the board of alderman April, 1878, for a term of four years. He has been urged a number of times to become a can- didate for various public offices — as county commissioner and State senator — but has invariably refused. He has, however, always occupied a prominent place in local affairs on the Democratic ticket. D. J. Dalton, councilman of the Sixth ward, Cincin- nati, was born in this city in the year 1843. After re- ceiving a good public school education he was made inspector of provisions, which position he held four years. He was for a time connected with the Short Line rail- road, and was elected councilman for this ward in 1881. In 1862 he was married to Miss Delia Carroll, of this city. Peter C. Bonte, vice-president of the decennial board of equalization, Cincinnati, was born in Dearborn coun- ty, Indiana, November 20, 1820. The ancestral line of this family is traceable to Demerest de la Bonte, an em- inent Huguenot who was executed as a heretic in Paris in 1550. When three years of age, Mr. Bonte's father removed to Cincinnati, where he conducted an establish- ment for the manufacturing of cordage. Mr. Bonte served an apprenticeship, and after thoroughly learning the business took charge of the establishment himself. He carried on the enterprise in Cincinnati and in New- port, Kentucky, it being conducted on an extensive scale. Mr. Bonte was twice elected to the city council. During the war with Mexico he was elected captain of the Jeffer- son Greys, a private company raised in the city, but the quota of Ohio being full their services were refused. In 1879 he was elected a member of the decennial board of equalization, and by that body made its vice-president. N. H. Shrader, member of the annual city board of equalization, is a native of Cincinnati, born December 11, 1851. He received a common school education, but at the age of sixteen, on account of the limited means of his parents, was apprenticed to Walter Stewart, archi- tect, 177 West Fourth street ; he was afterwards with H. Bevis, architect, 167 Central avenue, for three years. Was six years as book-keeper and manager for B. Damen- hold & Co., plumbers. In 1878 he was elected to the city council from the Fourteenth ward by a large majori- ty, and in the fall of 1880 was elected chief clerk of the decennial city board of equalization, and in the spring of 1 88 1 was elected member of the annual city board of equalization for three years. Mr. Shrader has many friends who are anxious to make him a candidate for the State legislature in the coming election, which position he would fill ably and well. George W. Guysi was born in Cincinnati in 1833, and is descended from a French Huguenot family that fled from that country to Switzerland. Charles Frederick Guysi (formerly Guise) and Elizabeth Stadler Guise, his parents, came to America in 181 8, and located in Cin- 498 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. cinnati in 1825. In 1840 he helped to start the German Republicaner, a Whig paper, of which he was editor. George W. carried it in 1848. In 1849 he became a gauger, working first for W. R. Taylor, but in 1854 was elected gauger himself for three years. In 1862 he was the first United States gauger of the Second district of Ohio, under the internal revenue laws. Mr. Guysi cor- rected the McCullough tables and the Tralles hydrome- ter — full of errors — and the demonstrating of the same to the United States coast survey officials led to an appoint- ment by Hon. S. P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, as a special agent of the treasury department. His du- ties required him to visit all the gaugers in the United States, and the distilleries. He also assisted a commit- tee of eminent men of the National Academy of Science to revise the McCullough tables and prepare a new hy- drometer. He also assisted the Hon. David A. Wells, special commissioner, to report a new internal revenue law, which passed in Congress in 1866. Mr. Guysi made the first raid on the contraband distillers of New York city, having twenty-nine seized on the ninth of March, 1866. He resigned in 1868, and embarked in business, which was not successful, and in 1875 was again ap- pointed gauger at Cincinnati. Michael Zenner, coal dealer, of Columbia, was born in Germany in 1837, and came to this country in 1852 with his father, who settled his family first in Albany, New York, but afterwards removed to Chicago, then to Buf- falo, and came to Cincinnati in 1865. He has been in the coal business ever since, having lived in California one or two years previous, where he carried on the same business. In April, 1880, he was elected to the city council, which position he still holds. In 1868 he was married to Miss Catharine Ich, who came from Germany. James Richie, merchant, of Cincinnati, also Swiss con- sul for Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, was born Decem- ber 15, 1829, in Switzerland, and received his early edu- cation in Zurich, his native town, afterwards completing his course in Woodward high school for English branches, and in European schools for the fuller course. He has been in the dry goods business, Nos. 65 and 67 Pearl street, for many years. He received his appoint- ment as Swiss consul during Johnson's administration, and has held the position ever since. November 3, 1853, he was married to Miss Mary Moore, whose parents came from Montreal, Canada, when she was seventeen years of age, in 184T. Colonel I. F. Waring, of Madisonville, Columbia township, was born August 25, 1799, in Columbia. He received but a common school education, but has been a close student of natural philosophy and chemistry for over forty years. He has been a careful farmer, and has paid considerable attention to agriculture and horticul- ture, having been a member of those societies for many years. He has always prided himself in doing well what- ever he attempts, and rarely fails to leave a favorable im- press in the performance. In former times he com- manded a company, as drill officer, and his commanding appearance and thoroughness in military tactics, soon promoted him to the commander of a regiment. About the year 1868 he purchased for himself an amateur press, with necessary type, and began writing and print- ing, having since that time printed books of his own edi- torship — Comments on the Bible, a small work of some pretentions, a poem of sixty pages, on the Bible, and also a book of miscellaneous poems. These works strongly mark the characteristic traits of the man. H. A. Rattermann, of Cincinnati, was born October 4, 1832, and came with his parants from the old country in 1846 to Cincinnati, where his father followed his trade, cabinet-making, and he worked in the brick-yards. The family were in poor circumstances, nevertheless Mr. Rattermann saved of his means, bought books, learned to read and to write English very well. He also studied painting, music and other branches. In 1850 his father died and he himself became a cabinet-maker, but in the winter of 1853-4 he was thrown out of employment on account of the^ strike of the cabinet-makers. He had saved a few dollars, which enabled him to take a thor- ough course in a business college. After completing his course he was employed as a book-keeper in his uncle's office at a small salary. Later he started a grocery, with which he soon became dissatisfied. Seeing the necessity for a fire insurance company among the Germans, he formed a plan and called a meeting of his friends to or- ganize such a company (1857), whose secretary and bus- iness manager he has been for more than twenty years. He is devoted to literature and art, and under the nom de plume of "Hugo Reinmund," he has written a num- ber of poems; he has also written several romances, a history of the great American west (in German), also an historical sketch of Cincinnati. For many years he*was the editor of the Deutschen Pionier. In politics he is a Democrat, and one of the best speakers of the party; in the noted Tilden campaign he stumped the State of Ohio. As has been stated, Mr. Rattermann is a lover of music and art. He was director of St. John's church choir for several years, and he was influential in the or- ganization of the following singing societies: Sanger- bund (1850), Mannerchor(i85i)and Orpheus (1868). Daniel Z. Byington, assistant superintendent of the United Railroad Stock-yard company, Cincinnati, was born in the city December 12, 1834. His father, Zebu- Ion Byington, was one of the well-to-do pioneer- citizens of the place. He was city marshal, keeper of the jail, and for a long time kept a hotel on Main above Fifth street. Mr. Byington went to Brighton when young and learned the butcher's trade, but when seventeen years of age began work for the Western Stage company, and af- ter a two years' stay, drove a "call wagon," disbursing moneys for the American Express company, where he remained three years. He afterwards held a position in the mail service on the river. He has been superinten- ding at the stock-yards for over nine years. When he was young, Mr. Byington promised his mother that he would never use tobacco or whiskey in any form, and has never since that time smoked or chewed the weed nor drank ardent spirits of any kind. He married Miss Josephine Kelly in 1855, and since that time celebrated his silver wedding. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 499 Robert H. West, of the firm Daniel Wunder & Co., was born in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847. His father died when he was but twelve years of age, when he came to Cincinnati; and being in poor circumstances, had to make his own way, get his own education at odd hours and during leisure times, all of which he has suc- ceeeded in doing. He began working for Joseph A. Patterson, in whose family he also lived three years. His mother came to the city afterwards, and his work largely contributed towards supporting her and her fa'm- ily. His father was a steamboat captain, but lost his wealth in 1857. Mr. West was with Krohn, Feiss & Co., wholesale and retail cigar manufacturers, eight years, until 1868, when he married Miss Kate Wunder, daugh- ter of Daniel Wunder, since which time he has been in the live stock business. Mr. Wunder going out in 1875, he, in company with Mr. Long, has had charge of the business since. Daniel Weber, of Cincinnati, was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1833. He removed with his parents to Cincinnati, in 1841, where he has since resided. He engaged in mechanical pursuits until the breaking out of the war, in 1861, when he entered as a private in the Thirty-ninth regiment Ohio volunteers, and served with that regiment until the close of the war, in 1865. He was successively promoted to lieutenant, captain, major, lieutenant colonel and colonel of the regiment. He was elected sheriff of Hamilton county in 1868, and served one term; has since been engaged in mercantile pursuits. He is now a member of the well-known firm of Weber, Luper & Co., one of the leading firms in the city en- gaged in the live stock trade. Henry Behring, carpenter and builder, No. 12 Baker street, is a native of Hanover, Germany. When about fifteen years of age he emigrated to this country, coming directly to Cincinnati, where he embarked in business for himself. In 1865 he built a good, substantial house, No. 249 Dayton street, at that time on the edge of the city. In 1854 he was married to Miss Margaret Ort- man, who is also a native of Germany. Mr. Behring is a member of the Cincinnati board of education, now ser- ving out a second term in that office. H. J. Berens, wholesale and retail grocer, Cincinnati, was born near the river Weser, in Germany, in 1843. In 1850, when seven years of age, he came to Cincinnati, where he has received his education and performed the part of a prominent citizen, having served first on the board of aldermen, and also as a member of the board of education for six years of his life. He was married in 1877 to Miss Mary Jane Malloy, of Cincinnati, a native of Ireland. His father was a teacher in Germany, also his eldest brother, who is engaged in that work in Han- over, of that country. W. Kleinoehle, receiving clerk of the county treas- urer's office, also proprietor of an establishment corner of Twelfth and Walnut streets, was born in Freiburg, Baden, Germany, October 29, 1828, in which country he followed merchandising until about 1850, when he emi- grated to America. He did business awhile in the cities of New Orleans, Shreveport, Louisiana, Louis- ville, Kentucky, Evansville, Indiana, and came to Cin- cinnati in 1855, where he still lives. He was book- keeper for ex-mayor Jacob nine years ; was United States assistant assessor for five yaars; was with Wernert Goettneim & Co. four years; was cashier of the county treasurer's office for four years. Mr. Kleinoehle has for many years suffered severely with rheumatism, so much so that he is now more or less compelled to confine him- self to the duties of his restaurant and saloon. Frederick Pfeister, assistant superintendent of the United Railroad Stock-yards company, was born in Cincinnati in April, 1846. He received his education in the Cincinnati public schools, graduating in Woodward in 1858. He was with Tyler, Davidson & Co., hardware merchants, Nos. 140 and 142 Main street, eight years, and afterwards superintendent of the yards at Brighton station, but left that to accept the assistant superintend- ency of the United Railroad Stock-yards company, having himself an interest in the company. The Twenty- fourth ward, in 1879, elected him by a large majority to a membership in the city council, he running ahead of his own party ticket. He has also held the presidency of two building associations. His father, Frederick Pfeister, came over from Rahrbach, Germany, in 1831. He kept a boot and shoe store on Main street, and was a prominent man, filling many positions of honor and trust in the city before he died, in 1873. Mr. Pfeister was married to Caroline Hagenbush. She was born in Billigheim, Germany, February 28, 1848, and was a daughter of Dr. John and Barbara Hagenbush, her great- or grand-uncles being Carl Joseph Boye, chief officer of customs, and Adolph Boye, chief justice under King Ludwig, and George Boye, general under Napoleon I. Mr. F. Thompson, of Cincinnati, was born June 7, 1822, in the city of Wheeling, Virginia, where he was educated. In 1835 he removed to Hebron, Licking county, Ohio, and in the service of Cully & Taylor, pork packers and grain dealers, he remained three years, re- ceiving sixty dollars for the first year and board. From there he went to Taylor & Brother, Zanesville, Ohio, and remained there several years as their salesman. In April, 1843, he came to Cincinnati, to a dry goods establishment formerly known as the Bee Hive, where, after remaining several years, he entered the wholesale grocery house of Thomas H. Miner & Co., and was there several years, and afterwards formed a partnership with Mr. Fisher, senior member of the firm, and went into the pork-pack- ing business, but withdrew from the firm in the year 1848. He next engaged with the firm of Bales, Whit- cher & Co., wholesale dealers in hats, caps, furs, etc., and afterwards went into the business, with Mr. Whitcher as partner, under the name of M. F. Thompson & Co., and continued until the death of his partner, when he as- sumed all liabilities and paid to the administrators of the estate a profit of nearly twenty thousand dollars. He afterwards associated with S. Goodrich and Calvin Feeble, under the firm name of Thompson, Goodrich & Co., and continued the business some time. The -city of Cincinnati has called him to the city council, in which membership he has filled the chairmanship of commit- 5°o HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. tees on finance, water works, and of other important interests represented by that body. He has been con- nected with the mercantile library for over twenty years. Fred Klimper, a native of Germany, born March 10, 1832, at Velssa and Vechta, grand duchy of Aldenburg. When three and one-half years old his father died and his mother moved to Lohne in 1839, emigrated to Am- erica, and came to Cincinnati in the fall of the same year, and settled at the northeast corner of Sixth and Sycamore streets. In 1840 his mother married Captain J. H. Puttmann, and for twenty years carried on the grocery business at 64 Sycamore street. Fred, the name by which he is generally known, received but a limited school education. In 1845 ne started out in time to earn his bread at the printing business, first with A. Pugh, corner Fifth and Main street, from there- to the Liberty Hall arid Cincinnati Gazette, where he remained until 1847, when, tiring of the printing business, he engaged with A. & J. Wolf, No. 76 Main street, as stock-keeper in the clothing business. In February, 1851, he entered the employ of Messrs. Heidelback, Seasongood & Co., in the same capacity, and from stock-keeper advanced to salesman, and for a number of years represented said firm on the road. Remained with said firm until 1875, nearly a quarter of a century. In 1874 he opened a merchant tailoring store at the northwest corner of Main and Seventh streets. In 1877 he was elected a member of the Sixty-third general assembly, and has proved himself an industrious, sensible legislator. He is a peerless, constant old-line Democrat, and deserves the confidence of the people irrespective of party. In 1852 he married Miss Dora Kroger, by whom he had ten chil- dren, seven boys and three girls, of whom nine are living — six boys and three girls. Z. Getchell, of Cincinnati, is a native of Maine, born in the year 1832. He became an orphan when three years of age, and was thrown in a helpless condition upon a cold, unsympathizing world, receiving nothing except what he earned himself. This was true even to the wearing of his first pair of shoes. When eight years of age he formed two resolutions which he has carried out to the letter; the first was never to drink a drop of ardent spirits, the second was never to use tobacco in any form. He was the colaborer of Neal Dow, and helped to form the famous Maine liquor law. Before the war he went to New Orleans on his way to Europe, but sickness detained him, and he was made superin- tendent of the street railway of that city, but upon the breaking out of the Rebellion he was pressed into the service and required to build the famous New Orleans howitzers — a battery of six pieces of flying artillery. He had formerly superintended the manufacturing of cotton gins and presses for Chapman & Gunison, and being found a mechanic of no ordinary genius, was put to this work, but he constructed the batteries in such a manner as to render them inoperative. He was next pressed into the naval service, and was the assistant superintend- ent in the construction of the Great Louisiana, but again keeping his right hand from knowing what his left hand did, secretly tunnelled the sliding and bilge ways together and so detained the launching of the boat for twenty-one days. For this he was suspected, and the day he was to be hung Farragut entered the harbor. He again served the Union, being on the Louisiana. Commodore Mc- intosh ordered that the heavy sixty-four Parrot rifle changed in position so as to bring it to bear upon the Union forces. But all the guns then bearing on our forces were dismantled, first to make ready and the big gun changed, but not mounted for use, when Farragut let loose hail and shot, clearing the boat, the river, and captured the forts. Such is a brief outline of this remark- able man. James Hopple, 42 and 44 West Second street, whole- sale grocer, was born in Cincinnati in 1815. His father was a tobacconist, having come from Philadelphia and located on lower Market street in 1805. His store, cor- ner of Third and Main streets, was near a large apple orchard, which Mr. Hopple remembers well. James was raised in the store, received a good education, and afterwards completed a course in the Ohio Medical col- lege, of Cincinnati, graduating about the year 1849. He practiced his profession some ten years, but lived on his farm in Clermont county nearly twenty years. He has always been prominently connected with the busi- ness interests of Cincinnati, he and his brother Richard having built the Spring Grove railroad in i860; and he having also been connected with various positions of the fire department of the city. In 1837 he was married to Miss Julia L. Pease, who was raised by W. L. Clark, a large pork dealer of the city at that time. He is the father of three children, of whom one son, James C, is with him in the business. Julius Engelke, of Cincinnati, was the youngest of four brothers, and was born at Hartzberg, at the foot of Hartz mountains, Prussia, in Hanover, in the year 1839. His parents were wealthy and of the Protestant persua- sion. His father died about the time he was born; and when nine years of age he was put in charge of an uncle, where he remained until fourteen years old. He then went to another uncle, who taught him the saddlery trade, and whom he served four years as an apprentice. When about twenty years of age, in 1854, he emigrated to America, following his brothers Fred and William, and worked at his trade. When the war broke out he served in the hundred-day service. In 1864 he began business for himself, in which he has been successful up to the present time. He has been a member of the Turners' association for twenty-five years, and its presi- dent several terms; has been an Odd Fellow for twenty years; has been eight years in the city council; has been president of several building associations; has been a member of Fire Company No. 2, on George street, using a hand engine from 1855 to 1858; and has worked in Chicago, Louisville, St. Louis and Cincinnati. John Straehly, the well-known dry goods merchant, at 501 Vine street, came to Cincinnati with his parents from Germany, when but ten years of age. His father was poor and empty-handed, making it necessary for John to do for himself even during the tender years of his life. He secured work in a dry goods house, and for HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. S°i seven years plied his apprenticeship, after which he opened up a store on Central avenue, and remained there from 1855 to 1861. He then removed to where he is at present located, since which time, owing to close application to business, having not lost a day from the store in seventeen years, he has succeeded in accumula- ting a small fortune. He has been honored with position in the city council, and is at present a member of the board of education of the Cincinnati schools. John W. Legner is a native of Europe, but in 1847, when about two and a half years old, his parents came to Cincinnati. Since i860 he has been on Central ave- nue, near Ninth, now over twenty-one years in one place. He is a strong Republican, and is a member of the city council, now serving out his second term. During the war he was a member of company B, Ohio cavalry, and was wounded December 16, 1864, at Nashville, Tennes- see, while in the act of discharging his carbine. His wife, Miss Lydia Leonard, is a daughter of John Leon- ard, a wealthy retired merchant of Urbana, Ohio. Henry Schlotman, president of the board of equaliza- tion of Hamilton county, is a native of Germany; came to this country with an older brother and sister when but thirteen years of age, his parents having died when he was but three years of age. His career has been va- ried. For a time he followed the river, then became a manufacturer of the Venetian blinds, on Sixth and Vine. From 1863 to 1867 he served in the city council; in 1866 was elected sheriff of the county; in 187 1 was nominated by the Republican party for the legislature, but the whole ticket was defeated. He then again be- came a manufacturer until 1878, when he was elected by the council as a member of the decennial board of equalization. H. Wiethoff, deputy State supervisor of oils, No. 26 East Second street, Cincinnati, was born in Prussia April 12, 1833. His parents both died when he was but twelve years of age, since which time and until eighteen years old, he worked upon different farms as helper, but at the end of this time he emigrated to this country, landing in Baltimore in 1851, and came to Cin- cinnati in 1852, and until the year 1856 worked as day laborer, assisting gaugers and helping in brick-yards, the former employment helping him in what seemed to be his life-work afterwards. He was first appointed assistant gauger under W. R. Taylor, and remained so until 1863, when he received the appointment as assistant gauger by the city council. In 1865 he was appointed United • States gauger, and 1871 commercial gauger by the Cin- cinnati Chamber of Commerce, which position he now holds. In April, 1881, he was reelected a member of the city council, and in May, 1881, he received his com- mission as a deputy supervisor of oils, which lasts until 1883. F. W. Gerstle, of Cincinnati, was born in Flemhngen, Bavaria, Germany, in 18 19. He received a good educa- tion, and then taught two years in Hainfield. His father died when he was but eleven years of age. His brother is a Catholic priest and has officiated in that capacity now over fifty years. He came to America in 1850, and travelled over the whole of the United States during a period of about six years with different circuses, the last of which was with Dan Rice. In 1847 he visited his fatherland, and again was there a (ew years ago. He is a member of the German Pioneer association, being one of two who started it. He has been its president, and has also served as its secretary for many years, and as a token of regard the society, in 1880, presented him an elegant gold watch in consideration for services rendered. Mr. Gerstle has been for fourteen years president of the Cincinnati Philharmonic society; three years its secre- tary and two years its treasurer. He has always taken an interest in that branch of study, having been a music teacher in Germany. In 1873 he was struck with par- alysis, one whole side being seriously effected. In 1875. he began the livery business with his son, at 120 and 122 Court street. Hon. Joseph Siefert, of Cincinnati, was born Decem- ber 11, 1810, in Waldburg, Germany. He attended the common schools until fourteen years of age, and then learned the trade of masonry and stone-cutting, which he followed for several years, when, in the military draft, he drew number five and was booked for six years, but, after serving three years in the service, he hired a substitute, which cost him a hundred American dollars, and in 1834 left home for America, landing at Baltimore, and travel- ling on foot via Wheeling, Virginia, and Portsmouth, Ohio, came to Cincinnati, where he began, in a half hour after his arrival, a vigorous use of the trowel, laying stone for Mr. Hickcock, from whom he received one dollar and seventy-five cents a day. At the end of six months he obtained a contract on his own account from Mr. William Doman, building agent of the United States bank. From this on he entered largely into this busi- ness, frequently employing from one hundred to one hundred and fifty hands. He built the Little Miami depot, the first large tank for the gas company, Lang- worth's nine cellars and a number of brewers' vaults. He was member of the Soldiers' Relief union, for the Tenth ward, and for eight years represented that ward in council. For seven years he was chairman of the sewerage committee, and headed the committee on the city in- firmary for four years; was a director of Longview asy- lum for nine years; was captain of a company during Kirby Smith's raid, and has done much to relieve his ward from the draft. He has made two trips to Europe, the city council seeing him off with a band of music and was welcomed back by the Pioneer association in the same way, of which society he was an honored member. George Weber, of the firm of Weber Brothers, on Main near Ninth street, was born August 28, 1845. His parents came from Hanover, Germany, in 1826, and his father afterwards established the large factory now owned by Mr. Weber and his brother Martin. In 1876 Mr.. Weber was put forth by the Republican party for county sheriff but defeated, and again in 1878, when he carried the county by a majority of two thousand votes, defeat- ing the ex-mayor, W. E. Johnson, the'opposing candi- date. The party has received his services many times and in many ways in performing committee work, and 502 HISTORY. OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. especially during the Hayes campaign. He was married to Miss Hortye, of Cincinnati, December 14, 1867, and is pleasantly located in a nice residence on Eighth street. John Schneider, proprietor of mills and bakery 524- 528 Walnut street, is a Bavarian by birth, coming to this city in 1854. He was educated in Germany, and served the allotted soldier period required by the laws of that country, after which time he went into the bakery busi- ness. In 1857 he started just opposite his present loca- tion, but changed over to the spacious buildings he now owns in 1865, since which time his business has increased to large proportions. He is patronized now by every State in the great south, and makes a specialty of rye flour and rye bread. During the war he took an active part in drilling companies for active service. He is a strong Republican and has served in the council cham- ber, but does not want nor care for office. He was mar- ried in 1857 to Miss Kate K. Shaeffer, a former school- mate of his in Europe. Frank H. Talke, farrier, 1 1 7 1 Vine street, was born in Prussia August 13, 1832. He was one of ten children and learned his trade under his father. He came to Cincinnati in 1853 and started a shop near the corner of Main street and the Old Hamilton road, afterwards at the corner of Linn and Hopkins streets, then at 58 Free- man street. In 1858 he entered the army of the west in the United States quartermaster's department, but re- turned to his old trade soon after on Vine street, No. 702, coming to 1171 of that street, where he is now com- fortably situated in business, in 1 865. His wife, Miss Dora Neunecke, of Germany, came to this country about the same time he did. They were married in the year i?56. Shaller & Gerke, now located at the corner of Canal and Plum streets, is a firm having had an existence of thirty years standing. The firm, Eagle brewery, employs a force of fifty men, who are all engaged in the manufac- ture of beer, its production being about fifty thousand barrels per annum. About three-fourths of this is sold as city trade, the rest being shipped to their customers in Ohio and Indiana. The premises upon which the brew- ery stands measure one hundred and fifty feet on Plum to two hundred and seventy-five feet on Canal street. Frederick Roos, of Cincinnati, was born in Witten- burg, Germany, in 1834. Came to Cleveland when eighteen years of age, and was head waiter for the Weddell House of that city for ten years, after which he came to Cincinnati and entered into business with Mr. Rebel, under the firm name of Roos & Rebel, on Vine street; but after a short time commenced operations for himself in the famous Atlantic garden, where he continued until his death which occurred September 25, 1880, having been proprietor of the last-named place for thirteen years. He was married in 1874 to Miss Haveria Hoch, who emigrated to America in 1866. John Remier, a native of Cincinnati, received his early education in the city schools, and at the breaking out of the late war went into the service as forage master, going first to Clarksburgh, Virginia. He was in General Rose- crans' headquarters, and with the army in the two great battles of Stone River and Chickamauga. He was after- wards in the one hundred day service, also in the Fifth Ohio cavalry when the army was disbanded. After re- turning to Cincinnati he began his present business, but did not move to his sample rooms on Fourth and Cen- tral avenue until the year 1871. D. L. Billingheimer, proprietor of billiard hall 210- 212 Vine Street, was born in New York June 28, 1849. His parents were emigrants from Germany in 1834. In i860 they removed to Cincinnati, where Mr. Billing- heimer received his education, and taking a liking to bil- liard playing became engaged in that business. In 1868 he took lessons of Professor Deery, the champion player of America, and became a known billiardist throughout the country himself, having no equal for one of his age. After leaving the International billiard hall he took charge of the billiard hall of the St. James' hotel, working un- der H. P. Elias, where he remained three years, and after a short stay in Chicago returned to Cincinnati and opened a daily market on Central avenue, and began in the commission business, but was burned out, losing every dollar he owned. He next embarked in the bil- liard business, starting up where the coliseum now stands, with five tables; but after two years' stay removed where Frederick Hunt kept a hall, next to the Enquirer office, and opened up with eleven tables, and from there re- moved "over the Rhine,'' tore up the old Germania the- atre, and established a hall having fifteen tables. He came here during the year 1879, having bought out the property that formerly belonged to Philip Tie- mans, where he is nicely located with a la/ge paying cus- tom. His hall is lighted by the Brush dynamo-electric machine, and gives a light equal in power to twelve thou- sand candles, and is said to be the only billiard hall in the United States lighted by this kind of machine. F. Vormohr, proprietor of a flourishing dye house on Woodward avenue, was born in October, 1843, in Ger- many. He came here about the year i860, and, after working in a harness shop three or four years, started for himself in the dyeing business on Green street, afterwards moving to his present location, where he has been suc- cessfully engaged for some years. He married a Miss Anna Wessaler, formerly of Germany. George A. Hauck, of Cincinnati, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1829, and when twenty-eight years of age — in 1865 — came to this city, since which time he has built up for himself a successful business, operating first on Plum and Findlay streets, but finally opened up at No. 823 Central avenue, near Mohawk bridge, where he . is at present manufacturing for beer brewers and wine merchants. He has been twice married ; his present wife, Maggie Boiler, came over in 1865. A J. Gilligan, of No. 211 Vine street, is of Irish birth, being born near Sligo, in the province of Connaught, in 1844. In 1862 he left his parents, and his Eric home, and came to Cincinnati, where he has been ever since, in charge of rooms, as noted above. He has frequently been put to usefulness by the members of his party (Democratic), and has also held positions of trust. He has been treasurer, for some years, of the Sons of St. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5°3 Patrick, who have so long celebrated their patron saint on the seventeenth of March of each year at the Grand hotel, of this city. John Abbihl, of Cincinnati, was born in Switzerland, but in i860 came with his parents to this city, having lived first, however, on a farm near Cleveland. When nineteen years of age he had charge of the bar at the Gibson House, and afterwards the one at Walnut Street House. In 1862 he went south, but, on account of sick- ness, in 1863, returned to his adopted city, and to a place where the good people of his acquaintance frequently honored him with positions of trust, having been coun- cilman six years (Republican), and offered him the office for the fourth term, but this he refused. He has been treasurer of the Swiss Benevolent society ten years, and for sixteen years a member of the Odd Fellows society. He is a genial, warm-hearted person, having an open hand and purse for those in need of sympathy and help. In 1868 he opened a restaurant at No. 82 Vine street, where he may be found now. Charles Doll, of Cincinnati, member of the city coun- cil, is a native of this place, and is in the transfer busi- ness, No. 285 Sycamore street. In 1864 he was married to Miss Mary McGorem, of Cincinnati. William Reedlin, of Cincinnati, proprietor of concert and ball rooms, No. 469 Vine street, was born in Baden, Germany, November 20, 1850. His father was a black- smith, which trade William learned and worked at after coming to Cincinnati, until 1877, when he gave up the farrier trade for the proprietorship of his rooms on Vine street. He was married August 2, 1877, to Emma Hoff- mann, late of Germany. The members of Currier's famous band in Cincinnati, are as follows: Peter Bohl, cello (National theatre), April 14, 1871; George Wolf, bass drum, August 12, 1871; H. Schath, B clarionet, May 1, 1872; C. Schroe- der, B clarionet, August 18, 1874; C. Esberger, piccolo, April 30, 1876; A. Peters, cymbals, June to, 1876; M. Esberger, alto, November 9, 1877; George Loehman, piccolo, October 3, 1877; A. C. Geiger, drum, October 3, 1877; C. Weiss, trombone, October 10, 1877; H. Burch, clarionet, September 7, 1879; C. Reinhart, clarionet, Sep- tember 7, 1879; H. Seivers, tuba, November 24, 1879; C. Wild, tuba, October 11, 1879; W. Peters, clarionet, March 18, 1880; A. Peters, cymbals, July 1, 1878; R. Menge trombone, August 15, 1880; O. Koenke, cornet, September 25, 1880; George Schath, tenor horn, May 25, 1872; F. Storch, cello, March 7, 1871; F. Wiede- man, tuba, June 27, 1871; W. Heckle, flute, June 2, 1871; C. Kopp, violin, March 29, 1871 ; B. Kruger, cornet, March 29, 1871; W. Zench, clarionet, January 18, 1872; G. Klnesner, tenor horn, April 20, 1871; R. Kuhn, tenor horn, May 13, 1872; A. Stengler, clarionet, December 9, 1878. Edgar Rogassi Kutzleb in 187 1; L. Ballenberg's last engagement with Mr. Currier was April 14, 187 1. Henry Wielert a native of Hanover, Germany, born 1836, came here with his parents when fifteen years of age; learned the tinner's trade and continued with his father on Court street, until in 1862, when he entered the service as second lieutenant of the Sixth Ohio volun- teer infantry. He was wounded at Hartsville, Tennessee, in consequence of which he was discharged from service. After returning home he continued his former trade until in 1865, when he established himself at 514 Vine street, where he has been ever since. Charles S. Smith, manager of the Vine Street opera house and the coliseum, Cincinnati, Ohio, is a native of Kentucky. He received a good common school educa- tion, and afterwards partly completed a collegiagte course of study in St. Louis. About the year 1855, he went into the theatre business. He travelled first with the Bateman children, taking them, as their manager, all through Europe and Australia. He was also in the dra- matic agency for some years, and learned, during that time, much pertaining to the profession. He has fre- quently organized prominent combinations; has manged different houses, and taken charge of leading troupes; is well known in New York and all larger cities where he has spent much time in his business. He is now mana- ger of the two houses mentioned above. His wife and two children are dead, and this leaves him without any relation in the country. Mr. Joseph Rasch was born in Ehrenbreitstein, on the Rhine in 1841. After travelling over Europe for some time he went to sea and followed the seafaring life for several years He came to this country in 1868. He first settled in New York city, being interested in a cigar factory. He lived there for three years. Thence he went to Chicago and engaged in the same business. He lost everything by the great fire in 1871. After that he went to St. Paul, Minnesota, and again started in the same business. After a year and a half he started in business in St. Louis, where he remained for four years. Thence he came to Cincinnati, where he is now engaged in business. Mr. F. A. Grever, one of the prominent clothing mer- chants of the city, was born in the duchy of Oldenburg in 1826. He emigrated to this country in 1844, and, landing at New Orleans, came immediately to Cincinnati. For six years he was employed on a steamer between Cincinnati and New Orleans. In 1850 he started with a friend in the tailoring business. After ten years he formed a partnership with several gentlemen and started in the wholesale cloth business, in which he is still en- gaged. Mr. Grever is quite a prominent man, especially among the Germans. He has been president of the German Pioneer association ever since i860. W. B. Dennis, of 146 Plum street, is son of Charles Dennis, who settled in June, 181 2, in Williamsburgh township. He was born in New Jersey in 1780, and em- igrated from that State to Ohio. He died at Williams- burgh in 1825. He was a constable in new Jersey, but held no office here. Lived quietly upon his farm and entertained travellers. His wife's maiden name was Lucy Briggs. She was born in 1776, and died in 1878. Their children were, Warden B., John, Charles, Louisa, Weal- thy, Abby and Mary. W. B., the subject of this sketch, was born in Gloucester county, New York, in the year 1808; removed to Ohio with his parents in 181 2; moved to the city of Cincinnati in 1825. He followed the busi- 5°4 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ness of a mason for thirty years, and after gaining a competency quit that business for the more genial busi- ness of real estate broker, which he has followed in the same office since 1849, t0 tne credit and competence of himself and respect of his neighbors. Mr. Dennis mar- ried Leddie Bunker Folker, of Nantucket, Massachu- setts, November 28, 1828. E. F. Kleinschmidt was born in the kingdom of Han- over, and emigrated to Ohio from New York in 1839. His wife was Mary Glindkamp. He has two brothers living. Mr. Kleinschmidt began the business of dry goods and clothing dealer when he first came here, in 1839, and followed it until about the year 1855, when he closed out on account of ill health, and was out of busi- ness till 1861, when he received the appointment of rev- enue assessor. He remained in that position till 1868, then associated himself in the distilling business with Mr. John Gerke, and was in that line with him and other par- ties for several years, when he retired from business. He was chosen township trustee in 1852, and served in that capacity much of the time till his part of the town was incorporated in the city of Cincinnati. In 1870 he also served as justice of the peace a part of the time. He was a member of the house of representatives in 1870, and a member of the senate in 1876-7. A. C. Webb, M. D., is a grandson of John Webb, who came to Cincinnati in 1789. The elder Webb was born in Monmouth county, New Jersey, in 1784, and emigra- ted from New Jersey to Ohio. He died in this count)', of which he was a leading farmer. His wife's maiden name was Hannah Frost. The surviving members of the family and their places of residence are: Sidney Webb, Hamilton county ; and L. A. Webb. Ferdinand Webb, father of A. C. Webb, was born in 1807. He married Harriet Durham. They have three children living: A. C, Fred., and Hattie, all living in Hamilton county. A. C. Webb was born near Newtown, Ohio, in 1847, was graduated at the Ohio Medical college, in the class of 1871, since which time he has been practicing in Cincin- nati. Fred. Webb was born near Newtown in 1854. In 1876 he established the drug business at 167 Eastern avenue. John Zumstein, a prominent county commissioner, is a son of Peter Zumstein, who settled here in 1850, and became a safe builder. The elder Zumstein was born in Bavaria, and emigrated to Ohio from Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. He died here in September, 1880. Mr. Zum- stein has five brothers and two sisters, all living in Cin- cinnati. Valentine Borman settled in Cincinnati in 1856. He was born in Germany in 1831, and came thence to Ohio. In 1865 he became identified with the saloon business at 206 Vine street. He is well known and respected by a large circle of friends. John Mondary came to Cincinnati in 1847. He is a native of Bavaria. He followed the vocation of tailor- ing until 1862, since which time he has been identified with the saloon business. Commencing in the Four- teenth ward, he changed to the eighteenth. His present place is 212 West Sixth street. He was one of the leading Democrats in his ward. His word is known to be as good as his bond. John H. Flege, grocer, was born in Oldenburg, Ger- many, November 20, 1821. Came to the United States, and landed in Baltimore, in 1842, then direct to Cincin- nati, arriving here in October of the same year. Coming here poor, he went to work at day's labor, carrying lum- ber and working in the pork houses. He then was porter in Babbitt, Good & Co.'s establishment for twenty-six years. Here he managed to save a little money. He purchased a farm in Kentucky, where he remained until 1872, when he returned to Cincinnati, soon after enter- ing his present business. Mr. Flege was married in Cincinnati in 185 1, to Miss Margaret Meyer, of Ger- many, having come to Cincinnati as early as 1848. By this marriage they have four children living. William Edward Brachmann, of the well-known firm of Brachmnan & Massard, liquor dealers, was born October 21, 1837, in Frankfort on the Oder. When he was three years of age his family came to America. They settled in Cincinnati, but, after William had been in school for several years, they moved to a farm in High- land county. In 1861, at the outbreak of the war, Mr. Brachmann enlisted in the Forty-seventh Ohio regiment. He advanced step by step until he became captain, which office he held when he left the army in 1865. He was wounded in the siege of Vicksburgh. After the war he took up his abode in Cincinnati. He entered into part- nership with Mr. Charles Glassner in the wine and liquor trade at 168 Elm street. After twenty months he entered into partnership with J. P. Massard at 79 and 81 West Third in the same business. This firm have a very wide reputation. Mr. Brachmann is one of the five owners of the Cincinnati, Georgetown & Portsmouth railroad, of which he is treasurer. He married Miss Georgia Robb, of Highland county. They have two daughters and one son. John Samuel Massard was born near Vevay, Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, May 14, 1794, came to America in 1817, and died in Cincinnati April 10, 1836. His wife, born Marianne Cler, also a native of the Canton of Vaud, is still living. John Peter, their son, was born October 12, 1828, became a baker and then a saddle and harness maker, and in 1854 settled in this city as a druggist in partnership with his brother. He was married April 16, 1857, to Miss Mary Jane, only daughter of Hiram Fraser. In the fall of 1858 he went into the steamboat business and in 1863 into the wholesale liquor trade with Henry and William Brachmann. Five years afterwards he drew out of this firm and started anew in the same business, with W. E. Brachmann. His wife died May 20, 1875, without issue, and, on the thirteenth of November, 1877 he married Miss Nettie Skinner, of Lebanon. He now resides on Price's Hill. R. E. J. Miles, manager of the Grand opera house, Cincinnati, was born in Culpeper, Courthouse Septem- ber 19, 1834. At the age of seventeen he became principal of the first free school established in Covington, Ken- tucky, and held that position for three years and during that time contracted a liking for stage life and made his HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. SOS first appearance as "Alonza" in Rollo, or the death of "Pizzarro. " In 1855 he organized a troupe for the rendi- tion of Uncle Tom's Cabin, and after meeting with grand success from this tour in 1857, adopted the stage as his profession. In 1862 he opened an engagement with the owner of the celebrated horse "Minnehaha" and afterwards played star engagements in all the chief cities of the country. In Albany, New York, he first bought out the Menken as Mazeppa. He was one year superintendent of oil works in Vanceburgh, Kentucky, but in 1868 he pur- chased a lease of the National theatre in Cincinnati. In 1873 he determined to engage in the circus business, and opened Robinson's new gpera house, and in the ensuing year opened the New Grand opera house of which he is now lessee and manager. He was married in 1860, to Emily L. Dow, exmember of the Cooper opera troupe. His career has been a checkered one, but in the main very successful. William Eberhart, retired gardener near Winton Place, was born in Germany February 1, 1824, came to the United States and landed in Philadelphia in 1844, thence to Cincinnati. Arriving here in October of the same year, he began work as a laborer. He soon after entered a stove foundry, where he worked for some seven years. In 185 1 he began his gardening business which he con- tinued up to 1877, since which time he has retired. Mr. Eberhart was married in 1848, to Miss Minnie Deck of Germany. She came to Cincinnati in 1847. They have four children. Mr. Eberhart is a member of the German Protestant church. ' C. Keller, retired, Cumminsville, was born in Bavaria, Germany, October 7, 1822. He came to America and landed in New York in 1845, thence to Columbus, Ohio, working at the baker trade. In December, 1847, he came to Cincinnati, remaining but a short time; he then went to Louisville and other points south. In 1848 he enlisted in the Government service for the Mexican war. He went to Mexico, where he was taken sick, and suf- fered very much. He then returned to Cincinnati, then to Columbus and in 1849 returned to Cincinnati and the same year located at Cumminsville, where he started in the bakery business in a frame building, near where Keller's hotel is located. In 1859 he erected Keller's hotel and carried on business there very successfully. Mr. Keller has taken an active part in the improvements of Cumminsville. He has represented the city in coun- cil. He was married to Miss Anna Ritz, of Germany, by whom he has had five children, all living. F. J. Schabell, gardener, Cumminsville, was born in Strausburg, France, August 23, 1822; came to the United States and landed in New Orleans June 7, 1845, thence to St. Louis, Missouri, and July 20, 1846, came to Cincinnati, Ohio, which has been his home ever since. Here he began to work as a laborer, working by the day. In 1852 he began the gardening business for himself, which business he has continued ever since. He is now one of the oldest gardeners. In 1852 he married Miss Catharine Schultz, of Germany. She came to Cincinnati in 1848. They have five children living. They are members of the Catholic church. Mr. Schabell, by hard work and good management, owns seven acres of fine land. Andrew Seifert, dairyman, Cumminsville, was born in Germany May 31, 1835. He came to the United States and landed in New York in 1852, thence to Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1854 to Cincinnati, where he worked in a cooper-shop; he was also engaged in other business. In about 1866 he entered the dairy business on a small scale, since which his business has grown very large and profit- able. He is also engaged in manufacturing cheese, which work is principally performed by his wife, who is quite a genius. She has invented and put up a steam churn, which is the only one of the kind in America. Mr. Seifert was married in Cincinnati, to Miss Catharine Kautz of Germany. 1'hey have -seven children. Charles Gering, Cumminsville, was born in Prussia, Germany, December 30, 1825. He came to the United States and landed in New York in 1853, thence to Phila- delphia, and July 28, 1854, came to Cincinnati. In 1 86 1 Mr. Gering enlisted in the Fourth Ohio cavalry, company E, where he served three years and four months in the late civil war, participating in a number of battles and marches. He was honorably mustered out, when he returned to Cumminsville, where he has been one of its honored citizens ever since. Mr. Gering was a watch- man at Spring Grove for some three years. He was mar- ried in Germany to Miss Fredericka Clayburg, and when she died, he was remarried to his present wife, Miss Sophia Straus, in Cincinnati. J. M. Schmid, contractor and builder, Camp Wash- ington, was born in Wurtenburg, Germany, November 20, 1845. He came to the United States in 1865, lo- cating in Cincinnati. In 1867 he came to Camp Wash- ington, since which time he has been very prominent in building up the place. He began business for himself some two years ago, since which time he has erected a number of large buildings. He employs as high as seven men, and is recognized as one of the leading con- tractors and builders in Camp Washington. Henry Lehmann, contractor and builder, Camp Wash- ington, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1836. He came to America, landing in New Orleans, in 1859. He came to Cincinnati in May, i860. Here he began his trade as a carpenter, which business he has continued ever since. He has been in the contracting business for himself for the last thirteen years, during which time he has put up most of the leading business blocks and pri- vate residences of Camp Washington. He employs a number of first-class workmen, and to-day is the oldest as well as one of the leading contractors in the vicinity. Charles F. Brenner, butcher, Camp Washington, was born in Germany, December 25, 1826. He came to America, landing in New York, and in 1849 located in Cincinnati, which has been his home ever since. Here he began butchering, working by the day at ten dollars per month. In 1853 he moved to Camp Wash- ington, and to-day is one the oldest as well as one of the most successful butchers of Camp Washington. Mr. Brenner was married in Cincinnati to Mrs. Louisa Hust, by whom he has nine children. 64 5°6 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. J. Lang, Cincinnati, was born in Baden, Germany, in 1816. He came to America and landed in New York city in 1840, from thence he came to Cincinnati. Here he began to -work at his trade as a baker, which he had learned in Germany. After following his trade for a number of years Mr. Lang entered his present business, which he has carried on ever since. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Catharine Ammann. Her parents were early settlers of Hamilton county. Mrs. Mary E. Graybehl, Cincinnati, is the wife of the late John Graybehl, who was born in Germany, March 9, 1818. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1840. Thence he went direct to Cin- cinnati. Arriving here very poor he went to work as a laborer, working by the day. He- soon after entered the butcher business which he carried on very successfully. He was married, February 28, 1843, to Mary E. Dorn. berger, a native of Germany. She came to Cincinnati at an early day. With the assistance of his wife Mr. Graybehl accumulated a good property, which was the fruit of their industry and good management. He was a man liked by everyone for his honesty and truthfulness. He died, respected and honored, August 30, 1880, leav- ing a wife and two children to mourn his loss. John S. Baldwin, suprintendent of the Wesleyan cem- etery, Cumminsville, was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, April 14, 1822. In 1833 he came to Cin- cinnati, and here worked at his trade as a carpenter. In 1847 he took charge of the Court Street cemetery, where he remained for some ten years. In 1857 he took charge of Wesleyan cemetery, where he has faithfully re- mained ever since. Mr. Baldwin is to-day one of the oldest sextons and cemetery superintendents in the State of Ohio. The Wesleyan cemetery by his management, is to-day one of the neatest and well-kept cemeteries around Cincinnati. Joseph Reis, foreman Henry Deman's rope manufac- tory, Cumminsville, was born in Germany, November 22, 1838; came to the United States, and landed in New Orleans in 1846, and the same year came to Cincinnati. At about fourteen years of age he began to learn his trade of rope maker. This business Mr. Reis has fol- lowed, principally, ever since. He has been in the pres- ent employ for the last eleven years, and the foreman of the factory for the last nine years. He is one of the best posted men in this line of business around Cincinnati. Mrs. Mary Enderlee, dairy, Cumminsville, is the widow of the late John Enderlee, who was born in Wedenburg, Germany. He came to the United States in 1850, set- ling in Cincinnati. He engaged in steamboating on the Ohio river for several years, and also worked in a pork house in Cincinnati. In about i860 he began the dairy business, in a small way, on Liberty street, and then moved to Finley street, Lick run. In 1866 he moved to the present homestead, and here, by his honesty and fair- dealing he worked up a good, large, profitable dairy bus- iness. He died, respected and honored, December 28, 1871, of heart disease, at fifty-three years of age, leaving his wife and eight children to mourn his loss. The dairy business is carried on by the family. They have thirty- eight cows. The children's names are John, William, Louis, Sophia, Mary, Frederick, Caroline, and Treasea. John Pahls, merchant, Cincinnati, was born in Bava- ria, Germany, November 5, 1807, and came to America in 1837, landing in New York city, where he remained until 1838, when he came to Cincinnati, which has been his home ever since. Here he began to work in the Broadway House as porter and waiter, where he remained six years, when he entered business for himself at his present location, and is now the oldest merchant in the vicinity. Mr. Pahls was married in Cincinnati, in 1840, to Miss Annie M. Friend, of Germany. They have three children living. Mrs. Pahls died of paralysis in 1879, at the age of seventy years and five months. John Bailie, merchant, Cincinnati, was born near Bel- fast, Ireland, September 4, 1803, and came to America with his parents, landing in Boston about 1816. There he learned the baker's trade. In 1829 he came to Cin- cinnati and began to work at his trade. In 1835 he began business for himself, in the rear of his present lo- cation. Here he gradually improved in business until now he is one of the oldest, as well as one of the most successful bakers of Cincinnati. George Schneider, proprietor of Schneider hotel, Cin- cinnati, was born in Bavaria, Germany, January 23, 1828, and came to the United States, landing in New Orleans in 1845, remaining in that vicinity until 1847, when he came to Cincinnati. Here he worked as a laborer, then at steamboating on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and as a baker for some nine years. He worked in a boat store in Cincinnati about two and a half years, when he engaged in the saloon business on Front street, then on Broadway. In 1877 he remodelled his present hotel. He was married in 1854 to Miss Lena Wintercon. She died, and he married his present wife, Caroline Richter, in 1871. Frank Rauth, of Cincinnati, retired from business, was born in the kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, January 5, 181 1; came to the United States and landed in New York city, April 28, 1832, and commenced farming in Herkimer county. He the went to Herkimer city, and learned the shoemaker's trade, going thence to Columbus, Ohio, then to Springfield, and in the fall of 1835 came to Cincinnati. He worked at his trade until 1836, when he married, and began to attend bar for Joseph Darr. In 1837 he entered business for himself on the corner of Front and Lawrence streets, continuing until 1 881, when he retired from business, after a very successful career. G. H. Rechtin, merchant, of Cincinnati, was born in the province of Hanover, Germany, June 15, 1816; he came to the United States and landed in New York city June 15, 1837. He went to Cleveland and then to Cin- cinnati, the same year, where he worked as a laborer. In 1842 he entered the grocery business as a clerk. In 1847 he went into the grocery business for himself, on the corner of Central avenue and Ninth street. He was in the mercantile business one year in Evansville, then returned to Cincinnati and entered business near his present stand. In 1857 he moved to his present store, where he has remained ever since. He married in Cin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5°7 cinnati Miss Barbara Hubber, of Germany, by whom he has ten children. Mrs. Mary C. Miller, who has a grocery at Corryville, was born in Germany and with her parents came to the United States in 1838, first settling in Pittsburgh, com- ing from there to Cincinnati. Here Mrs. Miller's moth- er died and soon after, in 1849, her father died. Mrs. Miller married the late Andrew Miller, who was one of the old pioneers. He died respected and honored in 1866, leaving wife and children to mourn his loss. Mrs. Miller has been engaged in the grocery business in Cor- ryville for the last sixteen years; consequently is one of the oldest settlers of this place. Charles Koheler, retired merchant, of Cincinnati, was born in Byron, Germany, January 28, 181 2. After learning his trade as a shoemaker, he in 1836 came to America and landed in Baltimore. He then visited sev- eral large cities and in May, 1837, came to Cincinnati, where he remained a short time, then worked a few months on the Whitewater canal in Indiana. Soon after he began work at his trade, and in 1845 opened a boot and shoe store on Main street, between Fourth and Fifth, which he carried on very successfully until he re- tired from business in 1875. February 23, 1841, he married Miss Mary Ann Keesler, who came to the city in 1836. They have six children living. Joseph Darr, of Cincinnati, was born in Wetzler, near Frankfort, Germany, April 27, 1799, and is the son of Michael Darr. Our subject sailed from Amsterdam for America, and after a voyage of seventy-eight days landed in Philadelphia in November, 1819. He then went to Pittsburgh, and embarked on a flat-boat down the Ohio river, going with a family to Cape Girardeau, Missouri, then going to New Orleans. He afterward made twen- ty-four voyages" down the Mississippi river to that port from St. Louis and Cincinnati, trading in produce. In 1828 Mr. Darr began business in Cincinnati, opening a restaurant on Front street, which he continued for some ten years. He then moved to a farm of three hundred and twenty-two acres near Carthage. September 30, 1828, he married Theresa Walliser, of Elser, France, who came to Cincinnati in 1828. Mrs. Mary Grommelmann, Cincinnati, is the wife of the late Frank Grommelmann, who was born in Hanover, Germany, November 9, 1816. He married Mary Stork, of Hanover, Germany. They, with one child, in 1847, carae to America and landed in Baltimore, thence came direct to Cincinnati. Here he began to work as a laborer, but soon after obtained work in a foundry where he managed to save a little money and entered the grocery business, which he followed for some twenty years. He was a sufferer from a stroke of paralysis for some seven years, from which he died June n, 1880, respected and hon- ored, leaving a wife and four children. Mr. Grommel- mann was a member of Cincinnati Holy Trinity church, being at one time one of its trustees. K. Dickmann, expressman, Cincinnati, was born in Germany April 15, 1838. He came to Cincinnati about 1865 and went to work on a farm, and soon after driv- ing a dray. Being very industrious he saved money, and with a capital of one hundred and forty dollars he started his present business, with one wagon. He worked hard, and by good management his business has gradually in- creased, and he now owns nine large moving cars and seventeen fine horses. He employs twelve men and is, perhaps, one of the largest as well as one of the safest movers of furniture, etc., around Cincinnati. W. Helmholz, cooper-shop, Cincinnati, was born in Germany, where he learned his trade as a cooper. In 1859 he came to America and landed in New York, coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he has been engaged in the cooper business ever since, with the exception of the time he was in the late civil war. He enlisted in company C, Twenty-ninth Ohio -volunteer infantry, and after serving his time he was honorably mustered out, when he returned to Cincinnati. He is now employing three hands and manufacturing first-class work. Otto Mildner, proprietor of the Miami calico print works, was born in Germany, learning the art of calico printing under his father, whose family dates back over two hundred years in the calico printing business. Our subject came to Cincinnati in 1863; without any capital he went to work, and by hand made a bolt of calico. He has been very industrious and is now doing a thriving business, and ere long will occupy his large works to be erected in Cumminsville. Mr. Mildner has im- ported a calico printing machine from Berlin, the only one of the kind in America. By this machine he has a capacity for manufacturing fifteen hundred yards per day. He employs six hands and has the capacity to manufac- ture over six hundied styles of calico. J. C. Spills, professor of music, Cincinnati, was born in Hanover, Germany, June 24, 1815, and came to the United States and landed at Baltimore in 1839, thence to Cincinnati, arriving here January, 1840. Here he gave instruction in music and dancing, introducing the waxed floor, the first in Cincinnati. His dancing-schools were attended very largely. Professor Spills has played in the orchestras of some of the old theatres of Cincinnati — Woods, National, Shyers. The professor has given in- struction in dancing in the more prominent halls of Cin- cinnati. His success has been very good, and to-day he is the oldest as well as the most successful dancing- school teacher in Cincinnati. Henry Alexander, jr., butcher, of Camp Washington, was born in Cincinnati in 1849, an d is the son of Henry Alexander, one of the oldest butchers of Cincinnati. In 1876 our subject commenced the butcher business for himself in Camp Washington, and has built up a good business. He married Miss Mary Wulfhorst, a native of Cincinnati. B. Miller, saloon-keeper, of Cincinnati, was born in Prussia, Oldenburg, Germany, March 3, 1825. He came to the United States, landing in New Orleans in 1844, and came to Cincinnati in December of the same year. Here he began work at his trade, blacksmithing, but after continuing several years he entered his present business. J. Anton Lange, dealer in boots and shoes, Cincin- nati, was born in Prussia, December 25, 1825. After S°8 HISTORY OF CINCINNATi, OHIO. learning the shoemaker's trade, he came to America, landing in Baltimore in 1840. July 10th of the same year he arrived in Cincinnati, and began work at his trade, which he has followed ever since. He has been located in his present place of business since July 10, 1848. In 1848 Mr. Lange married Miss Agnes Ralph- sen, of Germany, and has six children. Mr. Lange is one of the charter members of the German Pioneer society. William Kraft, butcher, at Camp Washington, was born in Germany September 12, 1830, and coming to the United States, landed in New York in 1847. He began work on a railroad, then went into the butcher business in Pittsburgh. Soon after, he came to Cincin- nati, and about 1854 located in Camp Washington, where he has been engaged in the butcher business ever since. Coming to the city in poor circumstances, Mr. Kraft, by hard work and attention to business, has been very successfnl. In 1852 he married Catharine Schueler, and they have had ten children. Mr. Kraft has been a member of the school board for some nine years. John Eger, of Cumminsville, was born in Prussia, Germany, April 7, 1846, and coming to the United States, landed in New York city in 1868. After spend- ing two years in Louisville, Kentucky, he came to Cin- cinnati, and entered the wagon-shops of Peter Ludwig, where he is now engaged. Mr. Eger is also engaged in the saloon business, being the owner of a nice, quiet place. He married Miss Josephine Grainer, daughter of one of the old pioneers of Cincinnati. William Ahlborn, boots and shoes, Cincinnati, was born in Hanover, Germany, February 16, 181 8. At the age of eighteen he began to learn his trade as a shoe- maker. In 1838 he sailed for America and landed in Baltimore. He then went to Columbus, Ohio, worked at his trade a short time. In 1839 he came to Cincinnati, and has been working at the shoe business ever since; now one of the old pioneer shoemakers of the city. In 1849 he began business in his present place, where he has remained since. In 1841 Mr. Ahlborn married Miss Catharine Dobbler; she died. He then married his present wife, Miss Louisa Walschmiat. He has eight children — two by his first and six children by his present wife. Peter Bohl, shoemaker, Cincinnati, was born in Rhine Bavaria, Germany, February 25, 1809. After learning his trade as a shoemaker, he, in 1833, came to America, and landed in New Orleans, thence to Cincinnati, arriv- ing there July 7, 1833. Here he began to work at his trade, which he has continued ever since. In 1858 Mr. Bohl began to keep a hotel, which he continued up to 1870, when he returned to his old trade, shoemaking, and is to-day one of the .oldest shoemakers in active business in Cincinnati. He married in Cincinnati, April 7, 1838, Miss Barbara Conrad, of Germany, by whom he has eleven children. Louis Havekotte, wagon manufacturer, Cincinnati, was born in Franklin county, Indiana, 1842. At eighteen years of age he began to learn his trade as a blacksmith. He came to Hamilton county, working in Cincinnati. He was a soldier in the late civil war, enlisting in com- pany C, One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, where he served his full time, and was honor- ably mustered out. He returned to his trade in Cincin- nati and established business for himself in 1866 on Elm street. In 1875 he began at his present stand, and to-day is doing one of the largest businesses in his line in the city, manufacturing a greater portion of the milk wagons of Cincinnati, employing twenty-one hands. The firm is now Havekotte & Bode. George J. Schwab, saloon-keeper, Cincinnati, was born in Baden, Germany, October 18, 1829. He came to America and landed in New York city. He located in Cincinnati in 1858. Mr. Schwab was for a time a resi- dent of Portsmouth. He began at his present place of business, located on Court street, some two years ago, since which time he has been meeting with good success. He married in Cincinnati Miss Agath Sahm. Valentine Gradolf, butcher, Camp Washington, was born in Germany February 20, 1839, and came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1861, com- ing direct to Cincinnati. Here he began to work at the butcher business. In 1865 he embarked in business for himself, and is now one of the old and successful butchers of Camp Washington. Mr. Gradolf married in Cincinnati Martha Bauhsanaert. George Renner, malt house, Cincinnati, was born in Germany, April 15, 1824. He came to America and landed in New York city in 1852, then to Pennsyl- vania, where he remained but a short time, when, in October, 1852, he arrived in Cincinnati. He is now engaged in the malt business, and is meeting with very good success, handling a large lot of malt yearly. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss' P. Himler, of Germany. They have one child. John Bouvy, boots and shoes, Cumminsville, was born in Loraine, Germany, in 1832, and came to America and landed in New York, thence to Cincinnati in 1833. Here he began to work at his trade as a shoemaker, which trade he learned in his native country. M. Bouvy is one of the oldest shoemakers of Cumminsville. Since lacating here he has been very successful. He erected his present store in 1866. He has represented Cum- minsville in the council for one term very satisfactorily. Gottfried Hegner, Cincinnati, was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 5, 1825. Came to America and landed in Baltimore, then direct to Cincinnati, in 1846. Learn- ing his trade as a wheelwright in Germany, he, after arriving in Cincinnati, worked at his trade in different places. He also operated a mill at Palestine, Ohio, for a number of years. His milling business in Cincinnati has been very successful. He is now one of the oldest millers of Cincinnati. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Barbara Heiselmann, of Germany. They have two children living. Barbara Kubisch, Cumminsville. She was born in Baden, Germany, August 18, 18-23, and came to Amer- ica landing in Philadelphia in 1853, then to Baltimore, from there to Cincinnati, February 22, 1854. She was HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5°9 married in 1854, to William Muhlig, of Baden, Ger- many; he came to Cincinnati at an early day. He eelisted in company F, Thirty-second Ohio volunteer infantry, and was killed by a shell at the battle of Chick- amauga, September 19, 1863. Mrs. Kubisch married for her second husband Frank Kubisch, who was a prominent citizen of Cumminsville. He, returning from a meeting of the school-board, the night being dark, he fell into a pond of water, and before assistance came was drowned. She has three children, two by her first husband and one by her second. Theresa Wichman, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, De- cember 6, 1 86 1. Herman Giesken, merchant, Cumminsville, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1820. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1847, and in 1848 came to Cincinnati. Since his arrival here Mr. Giesken has been engaged in several branches of business. He has been in the dairy, cattle dealing, and grocery business, respectively, which he has followed for a number of years. In 1870 he returned to the grocery business, which he has continued since. Mr. Giesken has made a visit to his native country, where he remained for several months. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Theresa Neamiller. They have five children. Leonhard Graf, Cumminsville, was born in Baden, Ger- many, October 9, 1831. He came to America and landed in New. York in i860, thence direct to Cincinnati. Here in 1862 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Eighth Ohio volunteer infantry, company C, as a private, where he served faithfully until the close of the war; participating in the battles and marches of his regiment, receiving three flesh wounds at the battle of Resaca. He was for seventeen months color-bearer. At the close of the war Mr. Graf returned to Cincinnati. In 1867 he com- menced business in Cumminsville, where, in 1879, he lost his house by fire. He immediately rebuilt, and to- day he owns a very fine property and is doing a good business. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Barbara Hermann. William Staddon, tailor, Cumminsville, was born in England about 181 1. He came to America and landed in New York in 1837; he then went to New Orleans and from there to Cincinnati in 1838. Here he commenced to work at his trade (tailor), which he had learnt in Eng- land. Being a very fine workman he had no trouble in finding work, and was soon recognized as one of the best tailors in Cincinnati. In 1839 Mr. Staddon moved to Cumminsville, which has been his home ever since. He is one of the oldest and most highly respected citizens of the place. He was married in England to Miss Man- ning, who accompanied him to Cincinnati. They reared an adopted son— Charles W. Manning. Frederick Dhonan, wagon manufacturer, Cummins- ville, was born in Prussia, Germany, January 12, 1828, and came to the United States and landed in New Or- leans, and form thence came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here May 5, 1849, with but two dollars. He went to work at his trade— wagon-maker-and being very indus- trious he managed to save enough money so that in 1852 he began in the blacksmith and wagon manufacturing for himself in Cumminsville. Here he has been steady at work ever since, and to-day is one of the oldest as well as one of the most suecessful business men of the place. Mr. Dhonan was married in 1852, in Cumminsville, to Miss Caroline Icerman, of Germany, by whom he has eight children. Mr. Dhonan is a member of the German Protestant church, of which he has been the treasurer for some nine years. Anton Kasselmann, dairyman, Cumminsville, was born in Germany in 1835. He came to America, landed in Baltimore and came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here in 1850. Here he learnt his trade as a stove-moulder in one of the large foundries, which business he followed for some eleven years. He managed to save a little money, and in 1863 he moved to Cumminsville and began his dairy business, with a small capital. Since then Mr. Kasselmann, by his good management, has been very successful, now owning a good property and a large dairy stock. He was married in 1857 to Miss Anna Hunighake, of Germany, by whom he has eight children. Peter Ludwig, blacksmith, Cumminsville, was born in Germany in 1829. He came to America and landed in Baltimore in 1854, and from thence came direct to Cin- cinnati. With the exception of a short time in Butler county Mr. Ludwig has been a resident of Hamilton county since 1854. Here he began his trade as a black- smith, being about the first to locate in the neighborhood where he is now in business. He is doing general black- smith and wagon work, meeting with good success. He is a member of the German Lutheran church. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Liza Miller, of Germany, by whom he has two children. Philip Siebert, Cumminsville, was born in Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, December 28, 1840, and came to America with his parents in 1842. They lived in Indi- ana, where his father died. Philip went to Camp Wash- ington in about 1848. In 1861 he entered the army, en- listing in the Fourth Ohio cavalry, company E, as a private, and served faithfully for three years and two months, participating in the battles and marches of that regiment. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Perry- ville, remaining prisoner but a short time. At the close of his service he returned to Camp Washington, follow- ing his old occupation of gardener. He then moved to Cumminsville. In 1872 Mr. Seibert started in his pres- ent business. He was married in Camp Washington in 1865 to Miss Mary Berkman. Jacob Vogel, pork-packer, Cincinnati, was born in Germany, July 14, 1828. He came to America, landing in New Orleans, and then came direct to Cincinnati, ar- riving here in January, 1853. Coming here in poor cir- cumstances he went to work as a day laborer, and saving a little money embarked in selling pickled tongues, then in the market selling smoked meats, where he continued for several years. He then engaged in killing, and pack- ing pork, first employing about ten hands. Mr. Vogel's business has gradually increased until now he is one of the most successful pork-packers of Cincinnati, employ- 5*° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ing about forty-five men. He was married, in Cincin- nati, to Miss Mary Schuck, of Germany, by whom he has five children. Jacob Stengel, butcher, Camp Washington, was born in Germany, January 28, 1832. He came to Amer- ica in 1852, landing in New York city, where he remained until i860, engaged in the butcher business. He then came to Cincinnati, where he continued at the butcher's trade. In 1866 he moved to Camp Washing- ton, where he has been identified as one of the success- ful butchers. Mr. Stengel was a soldier in the late civil war, enlisting in company F, Tenth Ohio volunteer in- fantry, where he served as a faithful soldier for three years and three months, participating in the battles and marches of the regiment. He was married in Cincinnati in 1865 to Miss Catharine Vogel. Peter Bochmann, merchant, Camp Washington, was born in Germany, in the year 18 16. He came to the United States, locating in Cincinnati in 1845, where he commenced to work at his trade, shoemaking, which bus- iness he has been engaged in ever since, and he is now one of the pioneer shoemakers of Cincinnati. Mr. Boch- mann was married in Cincinnati to Miss Catharine Au- berger, of Germany, by whom he has three sons, who are all working in the shoe store with their father. Their names are Peter, William, and August. George Reber, of Hamilton, was born in Germany, March 9, 1826; came to the United States, landing in New York in 1852, and in 1853 came to Cincinnati. He followed farming for a time, and then engaged in his present business. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Magdalena Highbecker, of Baden, Germany. Fred Bosch, Cincinnati, was born in Germany in the year 1835. He came to America and landed in New York; then came direct to Cincinnati in 1864. He began business on Vine street in the city, and remained there up to 1873, when he moved to his present place of business. Mr. Bosch was married in Cincinnati to Miss Elizabeth Hebbig. Charles Kline, foreman of Snodgrass' tannery, Camp Washington, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, December 12, 1839, and is the son of Adam Kline, one of the old pio- neers of Cincinnati. Our subject, when sixteen years of age, began to learn his trade as a tanner, which busi- ness he has followed ever since, with the exception of his service in the army. He enlisted in the Fourth Ohio cavalry, company M, and served full time, being a faith- ful and brave soldier, participating in the battles and marches of his regiment. Mr. Kline was married in Cin- cinnati to Miss Catharine Lushier, of Germany, and they have seven children living. Mr. Kline has been foreman of Snodgrass' tannery for the last eleven years. Adam Renner, Cincinnati, was born in Rhine, Bavaria, Germany, May 1, 1830, and came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1847. In 1848 he came to Cincinnati. He commenced in the barber business which he carried on for a number of years on Main be- tween Twelfth and Canal streets. He then entered the present business on Sixth street; then farmed a short time. He soon after came to Camp Washington and has been engaged in his present business ever since. He was mar- ried in 1851 to Miss Margaret Kuhn. She since died. He then married his present wife, Miss Louisa Renner, daughter of Philip Renner, who came to Hamilton county at an early day. They have seven children. J. Justice Gans, Camp Washington, was born in Hessen, Germany, May 15, 1815. Came to Amer- ica and landed in Baltimore, June 6, 1838, thence to Cincinnati, arriving here July 5th of the same year. Here he began to run a carding and weaving machine, which he continued about one and a half years. He then moved to a farm in Springfield township, Hamilton county, where he remained engaged in farming some thirty-eight years. He then moved to Camp Washington, retiring from business. Mr. Gans was married in Ger- many to Miss Caroline Gerke. She died, and he then married Miss Minnie Jordan. They have two children living. F. and C. Wuest, proprietors Mohawk wagon manu- factory, Cincinnati. — This firm was formed in 1878, but the business was first established at an early day by their father, who was a practical mechanic. He came to Cin- cinnati in 1855. His sons grew up in the business, and to-day F. and C. Wuest operate one of the most success- ful businesses in the city. They employ seventeen hands. Their building covers a large space of ground. They make a specialty of manufacturing butcher wagons and other strong work. Part of their shops are located in the old Bull's Head tavern, which was one of the first build- ings built in this neighborhood, and was used for a tavern and a dancing hall. C. B. Hoehne, M. D., was born in Wurtemburg, Ger- many, November 4, 1832, receiving a thorough educa- tion in the city of Vienna, graduating from one of the leading institutions of that city in 1862. He then be- gan his practice in Vienna, where he remained for sever- al years with good success. In 1868 Dr. Hoehne came to America and located for a short time in New York city. In 1869 he came to Cincinnati, where he has re- mained since, engaged in the successful practice of his chosen profession. He was located on Race street for some five years, doing a large and lucrative practice, but is now located on State avenue, in the suburbs of the city. Reinhold Schneibold, foreman of the Western brew- ery, was born in Germany, July 17, 1849, where he, at the age of fifteen, began to learn his trade as a brewer. After following this business in Germany until 1865, he came to Cincinnati and entered the employ of the Nei- haus brewery, working there a short time. In 1869 he entered the employ of the Western brewery, where he gradually worked himself up until 1878, when he was made its foreman, and has faithfully filled the position since. He is recognized as one of the best posted brewers in the city. Adam Metz, butcher, was born in Loudow, Germany, October 19, 1810. He came to the United States, and landed in New York July 15, 1832, going to Portsmouth and working on the canal at that place, where he con- tracted a fever. In 1838 he came to Cincinnati, and HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 513 smiths. — This establishment was formed in 1875 by Jacob Froehlich, who was born in Germany. He came to Cincinnati and worked at his trade, established the present busines and employed two hands. Being very successful, he built up a large and profitable business. He died in May, 1879, respected and honored for his good qualities. The present firm was then formed, con- sisting of Conrad Froehlich and Anton Froehlicher, both practical workmen, having had a number of years ex- perience in the blacksmith and wagon trade. These gentlemen do a' general wagon manufacture and re- pairing. Cooper & Welland, carriage manufacturers. — This firm is composed of Samuel Cooper and Harry Welland, and was first established in 1880. Samuel Cooper is one of the old settlers of Walnut Hills. He built and carried on the first livery stable in that place. He is now in the livery business, and keeps on hand some of the best stock in that line that can be found in the livery trade. Mr. Harry Welland, the junior member of the firm, was born in Cincinnati, October 8, 1859, and is the son of Henry and Annie (Martin) Welland, who are old settlers of Cincinnati. Our subject, at fifteen years of age, be- gan to learn his trade as a carriage painter. This busi- ness he has followed ever since learning his trade in the shop; he is now half owner. He has been very in- dustrious, and, by hard work and good management, has got a fair start. He is recognized as a number one car- riage painter, and a good manager of his business. The shops are doing a good business, as the people of Walnut Hills are realizing that they can get as good work done at Cooper & Welland's as they can get by going else- where. Mr. Welland was married January 29, 1880, to Miss F. B. Hartmann, daughter of Henry Hartmann. Quinton Eagle, manufacturer of shoe uppers, was born in England, and in 1857 came to America, locating in Cin- cinnati. In 1858 he established business in Cincinnati. In about 1864 he moved to Walnut Hills. Here he en- tered in his present business in a two story frame house fourteen by thirty-four feet in size. He has here all the modern improvements, and employs as high as eighteen hands, doing a general custom-work for the city trade. Mr. Eagle has had some forty-two years' experience in boot and shoe business, and since locating on Walnut Hills, he has been successful in the manufacturing busi- ness. George Stribley, shoe-manufacturer, the subject of this brief notice, was born in England, having come to America and located in Cincinnati in 1847. He worked at his trade as a shoe-maker near his present place of business. In 1849 he entered the manufacturing busi- ness in a meagre way on McMillen avenue, near Kemper lane, Walnut Hills, thence to McMillen, near Gilbert avenue. He commenced, with two hands, manufactur- ing shoes by hand up to 1862 or 1863, when he purchased a McKay sole sewing-machine, being the first to introduce this machine west of the Alleghany mountains. While on McMillen avenue his business grew very rapidily; he was employing as high as fifty hands. In 1873 he moved his business to 89 Pearl street, and in 1879 moved to the present building, No. 12 Fourth street, which is one of the largest shoe manufactories in the country, employing be- tween four hundred and five hundred hands. In July, 1874, the firm of G. Stribley & Co. was formed, com- posing George Stribley & Frank Droppelman, which has been very successful in operation ever since. George Lapthorn & Sons, shoe-manufacturers. This firm is composed of George Lapthorn and his two sons, George and Thomas H., all practical shoe-manufacturers. George Lapthorn, sr., was born in England, and in 1850 came to Cincinnati, where he worked at his trade, when he soon after moved to Walnut Hills and established the present business, commencing in a small frame building in the rear of his present shops. Here, by the help of the family, he manufactured some one hundred and fifty to two. hundred pairs of shoes per week, his business having since then gradually improved until now they oc- cupy the present brick building, a two-stories high, twenty by forty feet in size, and part of a two-story frame on the right. Here they employ some thirty hands in the manu- facture of shoes, with all the modern improvements, with a capacity of turning out eight hundred pairs of shoes per week, doing the very best of work and finding ready sales for their goods in the city. George Lapthorn, jr., was born on Walnut Hills. He entered the shoe business with his father, and has continued at that business ever since; he attends to collecting, and is the general man- ager. Thomas H. is superintendent of store room and men's department. He is also a native of Walnut Hills, and has been actively engaged in the business. B. G. Harff was born in Cologne, Germany, September 19, 1847, and is the son of Albert and Josephine (Scho- enefeld), both parents natives of Germany. Dr. Harff, after receiving a thorough school education at Cologne, began to prepare himself for the practice of medicine. He entered the university at Bonn on the Rhine and graduated from there July 26, 1875, receiving the highest honors. Graduating from one of the leading medical colleges of Germany, he practiced his profession in the Cologne hospital for some six months; he was also in the St. Thomas and Bartholomew hospitals of London for a short time. He was engaged by the English govern- ment to bring emigrants to Australia, where he visited and remained some five months. In 1877 he was mar- ried to Miss Amelia Kaeuffer, of Germany. They both sailed for America and located in Cincinnati, locating on Elm street. Here the doctor remained until 1880, when he moved to Walnut Hills, where he is meeting with very good success. B. H. Moormann, retired, was born in the kingdom of Hanover, Germany, August 3, 1823, and is the son of Gerhart and Elizabeth (Hellman) Moormann. In 1839 our subject came to America and located in Cincinnati. Being in poor circumstances he entered a hotel on Main street, working in the kitchen at five dollars per month, where he soon after became porter; he then went to the Henrie House, working as porter, when soon after he was made clerk, which position he filled for a number of years. He afterwards entered the dry goods business, which he was very successful in, retiring from business in 1870, 5'2 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Durrell. Here Mr. Durrell and wife held their golden wedding, and in this room her funeral sermon was preached. She died December 7, 1876, aged seventy- one years, seven months and twenty-eight days. They have four children living. Mr. Durrell was for ten years school director, in which he took a very active part. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, of which he has been an elder for the last twenty years. Joseph S. Cook was born in Northfield, New Hamp- shire, September 28, 1815, and is the son of Robert H. and Esther (Hunt) Cook. When very young he, with his parents, moved to Boston, Massachusetts. There he learned his trade as a builder, and afterwards removed to Brooklyn, New York, where he engaged in business. In 1839 he came to Cincinnati, and located on Sixth street. Here he commenced to work at his trade, and soon after he had the largest force of men at work in the city building sewers, cisterns, and general plastering work. Being a very successful builder he continued in the busi- ness fifteen or twenty years, when, one day, he was made a present of about fifty fine plants by Mr. Nicholas Long- worth. From this start he gradually grew into the nur- sery and florist business, since which he made the finest display at the first Exposition, and carried off some of the highest honors. He did a large and profitable busi- ness. At one time he had over one million five hundred thousand trees in his nursery, his florist business was very complete, and he owned one of the finest salesrooms in the west, attending to the largest orders for theatre and other decorations. He is to-day one of the oldest flor- ists of Hamilton county. Mr. Cook was married April 14, 1841, to Miss Catharine M. Williams, whose family were among the earlier settlers of Cincinnati. Mr. Cook moved to his present residence in 1848, and it has been his home since. Henry Fasse, saloon-keeper, was born in Prussia, Sep- tember 9, 1833, and came to America in 1851, landing in New Orleans, and then came to Hamilton county, where he engaged in farming for a short time, when he moved to the opposite side of his present place of busi- ness, building a little frame house, the first in the neigh- borhood. From there he moved to his present place of business. Here he has erected a good hall for the sing- ing societies which meet here. He has made good im- provements on his place, and has one of the most attrac- tive places in the vicinity. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Gieser, by whom he has had six children. J. A. Orth, grocer, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, April 6, 1823. He is a carpenter by trade. In 1853 he came to Cincinnati, and in 1849 engaged in the grocery business in that city. In 1878 he built his pres- ent place of business, and moved to Walnut Hills. Here he keeps one of the most complete and neatest groceries on the Hills. B. H. Boedker, grocer, was born in Germany, April 18, 1835, losing his father and mother when he was seven years of age. In 1854 he sailed for America, coming direct to Cincinnati, he located in Fairmount, where he learned the chair-maker's trade. He followed that busi- ness but a short time, when he entered a grocery store as a clerk, at three dollars per month; from that, by his strict attention to business, he was raised to six dollars per month, and then to twelve dollars. He then entered a grocery in Fulton, where he soon after, by hard work and good management, became the owner of a grocery. He remained in Fulton a year and a half, when he sold out, moved to Cincinnati, on the corner of Court and Cutler streets, and in 1862 Mr. Boedker moved to Walnut Hills, being one of the first merchants on the hill. Here by his good management he has been very successful. He has filled several offices of public trust with honor, hav- ing been trustee of Mill Creek township, and also repre- sented Woodburn in the council for one year. He is an active member of the Catholic church, and has eight children. Fred Kraus, druggist, was born in Budwers, Bohemia, Austria, May 1, i8r4. He received a thorough educa- tion, graduating at the Vienna university on. July 22, 1863. He was for a time drug clerk in the old country, and also for eighteen months served a similar position in the army during the Austrian war. In 1869 he came to America and landed in New York city, coming direct to Cincinnati, where he accepted a clerkship in a leading drug store, which he followed up until he began business for himself. He, in 1870, moved to Walnut Hills, since which time he has been very successful, doing a good business. He has also established a branch drug store on the Madison road and Huckelberry street. Mr. Kraus is perhaps one of the best posted druggists in the city, doing a large manufacturing business in the drug line. Isaac Huffman, merchant, Walnut Hills, was born in Carthage, Hamilton county, Ohio, in 1828, and is the son of John Huffman, who was born in Virginia, he being the son of A. Huffman, also a native of Virginia. John Huffman, with his parents, came west and located in Kentucky, in 1808, where they remained until 1810, then moved to Hamilton county, Ohio, on a farm. Our subject was raised on the farm, engaged in farming and gardening. In 1859 he moved to Walnut Hills, and in i860 entered the grocery business in the rear of his present locction, on the old Montgomery road. In the year 1873 he erected his present stone block, and commenced business. Here he has remained ever since, now one of the oldest, if not the oldest, business men on Walnut Hills. Mr. Huffman was married, in 1852, to Miss Jane Kemper, daughter of Presley Kemper, a pi- oneer of Hamilton county. She is also a native of Hamilton county. Since Mr. Huffman established bus- iness at his present stand, he has built up a leading and profitable trade. William Reudigs, druggist, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854. After receiving a thorough education, he entered the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, where he graduated in 1876 with honors, receiving the highest medal of his class of twenty-two members. He then came to Walnut Hills and established his present busi- ness, which he has been very actively engaged in ever since, building up a large and j profitable trade. Mr. Reudigs' father is one of the old pioneers of Cincinnati. Froelich & Froehlicher, wagon-makers and black- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. sis J. George Schneider, merchant, was born in Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, May 20, 1820. Here he learned his trade as« tailor, and in 1846 came to America, land- ing in New York city; thence went to Philidelphia, work- ing at his trade until 1847, when he enlisted for five years, or during the war with Mexico, entering as a pri- vate in the Eleventh Pennsylvania. He went with his regiment to Mexico and participated in the engagements with that regiment. He was honorably mustered out at the close of the war and returned to New York, thence to Philadelphia, then to Pittsburgh, where he married, in 1849, Mary Take, of Germany, and soon after came to Cincinnati, arriving here in November of the same year. Here Mr. Schneider began to work at his trade, tailoring, which he has continued ever since. In connection with his tailoring he is in the grocery business. They have five children. Christian Jahres, superintendent German Protestant orphan asylum, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, in 1826. He came to America in 1857, and located in Kentucky, where he was engaged in farming; thence went to Cincinnati, where he entered the mercantile business, which he followed for a number of years, when he went to Alabama and engaged in farming in that State for some six years, when he returned to Cincinnati. He was for a short period collector for Weber's brewery, when in in 1878 he was appointed to his present place, which he is filling with entire satisfaction. Rev. Charles Moench, pastor German Protestant church at Mt. Auburn, was born in Germany Janu- ary 30, 1850, and is the son of Charles and Emma (Sack) Moench, both parents natives of Germany. Our subject received a very thorough education in Europe, in the Halle and Leipsic universities. In 1873 Rev. Moench came to America, and in 1876 was ordained as minister at Millersburgh, Ohio, since which time he has been actively engaged in preaching, located at Youngs- town, Cleveland, Kenton, and at his present place, taking charge of this congregation in 1880. Rev. Alexander Hughes, pastor of the Church of the Holy Cross, was born in Armagh, Ireland, in June, 1845, and came to America in 1865. After receiving a thor- ough education he was ordained as pastor at West Ho- boken, New Jersey, May 25, 1872, since which time he has filled the pulpits of several leading churches in West Hoboken, Baltimore, and Cincinnati. In 1878 he re- ceived his present charge, which he has filled faithfully since* ' Rev. Frederick Lang, pastor of the Church of the Im- maculate, North Adams, was born in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1839, and is the son of Nicholas and Mary Lang, both natives of Germany. Father Lang received a thorough collegiate education in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then went to Dunkirk, New York, where he entered the Theological college, and was ordained as minister in 1862. His first charge was the St. George church, of Dunkirk, where he was pastor for four years, when he received a call from St. Michael's church, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he filled the pulpit tor nine years. October 13, 1875, Father Lang came to Cincinnati, where he has been actively at work in the pastoral field since. T. E. Taggart, M. D., was born in Evans ville, Rock county, Wisconsin. Having received a collegiate educa- tion in the Hillsdale college, Michigan, in 1867, he came to Cincinnati and graduated with high honors from the Miami Medical college in 1870, when he began the prac- tice of medicine in Fairmount, where he has been suc- cessful in building up a very large and lucrative business, now being the oldest practicing physician located in Fair- mount. Dr. Taggart's preceptor, the late Dr. T. L. Tid- ball, was one of the first physicians to locate in Fair- mount. He was a graduate from Rush Medical college, of Chicago. He enlisted as surgeon in the Thirty-fifth Ohio volunteer infantry, and served there until the close of the war. In 1865 he began his practice in Fairmount, where he, by his knowledge of medicine, built up a large and profitable practice. He died, respected and honored, in 1873. Dr. Taggart, in 1862, during the late civil war, enlisted in company E, Fourth Indiana cavalry, where he served three years, participating in a number of engage- ments. He was on the Wilson raid that captured Jeffer- son Davis, and was honorably mustered out at the close of the war, when he returned home, and has been located at Fairmount since 1870. Professor Theodore Lobmiller, principal of the St. Bo- naventura Catholic school. Among the most successful teachers of Cincinnati may be mentioned the above- named gentleman, who was born in Germany, November 22, 1828, and came to the United States in 1850, landing in New York city, thence coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he began school-teaching, and has been actively engaged ever since. He taught school in Dayton for several years, and with this exception he taught in Cincin- nati. About nine years ago he took charge of his pres- ent school, then in a poor condition, and only forty scholars in attendance. The school has been very pros- perous, and has between one hundred and sixty and one hundred and seventy scholars. Rev. Jacobus Menchen, pastor of St. Bonavetura Catho- lic church, was born in France September 2,1841, and is the son of Matthias and Theresa (Von Hatten) Menchen, both parents having been born in France. Our subject, with his parents, came to America in 1846, and located in Cincinnati, which has since .been his home. He grad- uated with high honors from St. Francis college in 1864, and was ordained by the Right Reverend Bishop Rose- crans September to, 1864. He was located at St. Fran- cis church until 1866, when he was pastor of St. John's church, then of the congregation at Oldenburgh for two years. In 1868 he returned and began his work in the present charge, which has been faithful, building the church up to a large and flourishing congregation. Carl Kline, saloonist, was born in Nasau, Germany, January 8, 1831. He came to the United States, land- ing in New York April 28, 1854; thence he went to San- dusky, Ohio, where he remained some two months, and in the latter part of 1854 came to Cincinnati. He is a cab- inet-maker by trade, which trade he had learned in Germany. Arriving in Cincinnati in meagre circumstan- 5 r 4 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Mr. Moormann was married in 1846 to Miss Catharine Brune. By this marriage they have five children. In 1862 Mr. Moormann moved to Walnut Hills, where he has been one of its active citizens since. He is a member of the Catholic church. F. B. Williams, retired, was born in Hamilton county June 2, 1825, and is the son of Thomas and Mary (Tur- ner) Williams, who were among the pioneer settlers of Cincinnati, his mother having come here as early as 1810. She died May 14, 1865. His father, Thomas Williams, was born in North Wales. He, when very young, was bound over to his uncle to learn the tannery trade, where he remained for several years. Not being satisfied he determined to come to America. At twenty- one years of age, he, having no money, went aboard a ship, where he hid himself in an empty hogshead, where he was discovered the third day after being at sea. He came on in the vessel and was landed in New Orleans. He then set out with a party and walked to Bardstown, Kentucky ; on the way he came near starv- ing. After remaining in Bardstown a short time he moved to Cincinnati and located on the southeast corner of Main and Second streets. Here -he established a tannery in a log cabin, tanning mostly deer skins, making parchments. Being very successful in his business he invested in real estate. He owned where the Coliseum theatre is on Vine street, where he pastured his cows. After remaining in the tannery business for a number of years he moved to the farm on Walnut Hills. Here he operated a grist-mill and a distillery, with a capicity of two barrels of whiskey per day. Here he carried on business until he built a residence where the Coliseum theatre is, and there moved and remained until his death. He died at about sixty-nine years of age. Our subject has remained on the old farm until it has ac- cummulated in great value, being one of the most de- sirable pieces of property on Walnut Hills. Rev. Peter Tinsley, pastor of the Church of the Ad- vent, was born in Powhatan county, Virginia, August 25, 1833, and is the son of John B. and Eliza (Trueheart) Tinsley, both of Virginia. Our subject remained a resi- dent of his native county until he was fourteen years of age, when he moved to Prince Edwards county, Vir- ginia, where he received his principal education, having graduated from the Hapden Sidney college in 185 1. He then went to Petersburgh, Virginia, where he was princi- pal of a select school. He there attended the Alexandria Theological college, and in i860 was ordained. His first appointment was in Ronaoke county, Virginia, where soon after, he was made chaplin in the confederate serv- ice, serving in General Robert E. Lee's army. He was with Lee's army at the time it surrendered. At the close of the war Rev. Tinsley was made chaplin of the Uni- versity of Virginia, where he remained two years. In 1869 he came to Cincinnati and took charge of his pres- ent congregation, where he has remained ever since. Rev. J. J. Kennedy, pastor of the Church of the Presentation, was born in Ireland, June 24, 1849, and is the son of Dennis and Nora (Scanlan) Kennedy, both natives of Ireland. Our subject, when very young, came to America with his parents and located in New Orleans. In 1852 they came to Cincinnati, which has been Father Kennedy's home ever since. He entered the St. Thomas seminary, of Bardstown, and from there he entered the Mount St. Mary's college, where he graduated in 1869 in high honor, and was ordained June 7, 1873. Rev. Kennedy took charge of his present congregation in its infancy, and by his faithful work has done wonderful good. Rev. Bernard H. M. Roesener, pastor of the Catholic church at Sedamsville, was born in Cihcinnati in 1852, where he received his principal education, having gradu- ated from the St. Xavier college in 1873. He was or- dained as minister and appointed to Brown county, where he remained some four years, when he went to New Boston, Clermont county, and from there came to Cincinnati, and is assistant at his present place. John Reichert, saloon, was born in Germany, in March, 1814. He learned his trade as a brewer and cooper in Germany, and in 1850 came to America and landed in New York city. He worked for some three years in Harrisburgh and Philadelphia at his trade, and in 1853 he came to Cincinnati, where he worked in the breweries until he entered his present business, when, in 1864, he moved to Mt. Auburn, where he has remained ever since. Mr. Reichert was married in Cincinnati to Sophia Ernst, by whom he has had four children. John B. Neeb, proprietor of Mt. Auburn garden and restaurant, was born in Germany, July 17, 1836. He came to the United States and landed in New York city; thence went to St. Louis and New Orleans. At the break- ing out of the late civil war we find him at Louisville, Kentucky. Here he enlisted in the army for three years in company H, Fifth Kentucky regiment. He served as orderly sergeant, participating in some of the most severe battles and marches during the war — Pittsburgh Landing (Shiloh), Chattanooga, Mission Ridge, sixty-five days under fire at Atlanta, Chickamauga, etc. Mr. Neeb was wounded twice — once at Mission Ridge, and once at Chickamauga. He was mustered out at the expiration of time, September 14, 1864, when he soon after came to Cincinnati and commenced in the trunk manufacturing business. In 1866 Mr. Neeb moved to Mt. Auburn. Here he is engaged in keeping a garden and restaurant, being a first-class place in every respect. D. W. Landwehr, grocer, was born in Germany. Came to America and located in Cincinnati December 10, 1848, where he has been one of its active and highly honored citizens ever since, with the exception of a few years Mr. Landwehr was in Aurora, Indiana. Since returning from that place he has been actively engaged in the mercan- tile business. He is a cabinet-maker by trade, which he followed for a number of years in Cincinnati. He then entered the grocery business, and in 1874 he moved to his present place of business. Mr. Landwehr has filled several offices of trust. He was one of the organ- izers of the German Protestant orphan asylum, which he has taken an active part in ever since. He is an active member of the German Protestant church of Mt. Auburn, being its honored treasurer for several years. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5i7 916 Central avenue, where for eighteen years he has been manufacturing furniture. In 1877 he established a branch store at Cumminsville, which is carried on by his son, Oliver Mass, who is very attentive to business and is gradually building up a good trade, selling furni- ture as rensonable as it can be purchased in the city. George Gruninger, merchant. Among the most suc- cessful and active business men of Cumminsville, may be mentioned the name of George Gruninger, who was born in Germany in 1825. He learned his trade as a tinner in Germany, and in 1854 he came to the United States, and was a resident of New York city for some eight and a half years, working at the tinner business. In 1864 Mr. Gruninger came to Cincinnati, locating in Cumminsville, where he has been engaged in the hardware and tin business ever since, and is now the oldest merchant in that line in the town. His stock of stoves, tin, and hardware is very complete. A. M. Streng, merchant tailor, Cumminsville. Among the most successful and enterprising citizens of Cum- minsville we may mention the above-named gentleman, who was born in Bavaria, Germany, April 2, 1826, coming to the United States and landing in New York, July 4, 1849. He then went to Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, where he learned the tailor's trade, and remained until 1852, when he moved to Cincinnati, working at his trade up to 1855, when he removed to Cumminsville, where he has continued at his trade ever since, and is now the oldest active tailor in Cumminsville. Mr. Streng came to Cincinnati in meagre circumstances, but with his hard labor and good management has accumulated a good property. He has continued in his present place of business for the last thirteen years. Mr. Streng has filled several offices of public trust in Cumminsville: Nine years a school-director, two years a member of the council, and two years a member of the school-board of Cincinnati. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Sophia Schrader, who was born in Germany. By this marriage they have eight children. Mr. Streng has taken a very active part in church matters. He is a member of the German Protestant church, to which society he has donated, and worked hard to organize. Frederick W. Becker, merchant tailor, was born near the Rhine, Germany, February 20, 1827. At thirteen years of age he began to learn his trade as a tailor. In 1848 he enlisted and served three years in the German army. In 1852 Mr. Becker came to the United States and landed in New York city. He then went to Buffalo, New York, and remained there a short time, and then came to Cincinnati, arriving here in the summer of 1852, he went to work at the tailor's trade. In 1859 he moved to Cumminsville, where he has been engaged in business since. He was married in Cincinnati May 28, 1854, to Miss Margaret Weber, who was born in Germany, com- ing here in 1853. They have three children living. Our subject was the seventh son, for which his father received one hundred dollars, according to the law at that time in Germany. Joseph C. Tarrant, dealer in boots and shoes, and shoe manufacturer, was born in Welshire, England, having come to America in 1852, and located in New York, where he learned his trade as a shoemaker. In 1868 he came to Cincinnati and carried on the shoe manufacturing business in the house of refuge; from there he came to his present place of business, which was started in 1871. Tarrant Brothers starting in the business in a small way, employing some ten hands, capacity of manufacturing about sixty pairs of shoes per day ; the business has since gradually improved until to- day he employs between thirty-five and forty hands, with a capacity of manufacturing one hundred and twenty pairs of shoes per day, manufacturing ladies', misses' and children's shoes, occupying three rooms. The salesroom is fourteen by fifty-four feet in size, the two manufacturing rooms are fourteen by fifty-four feet. Mr. J. C. Tarrant became sole owner of the business in 1880. E. T. C. Woellert, merchant, was born in Germany, in 1828. Came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1854, coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he commenced to work at the cabinet-maker's trade, from this he began working in a picture frame factory, which business he has continued for the last twenty-two years. Mr. Woellert owns a very neat notion store in Cumminsville, keeping on hand a full line of picture frames. He moved to Cumminsville in about i860, and has been one of its honored citizens ever since. Elizabeth Riesenberg, wife of the late Barney Riesen- berg, who was born in Masen, Germany, November, 1803. He was married in Germany, in 1846, to Eliza- beth Yelgers, who was born in Germany in 1815. His business in Germany was in making turf, from which he managed to save enough money to bring himself and wife to America, arriving in Baltimore in 1847. He went direct to Cincinnati. After working for a short time in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, he returned to Cincinnati, worked by the day in a cooper-shop, stone quarry at teaming, and in a pork house. By hard work and good management he managed to save a little money. In 1854 he came to Cumminsville and opened a grocery, in which business he was about the first to start there. He was successful in the business, and accumulated a good property. He died, respected and loved by his fellow- men, August 29, 1872, with fever, leaving a wife and five children to mourn his loss. The children's names are Henry, Lizzie, Mary, Caroline and Louisa. Fred Spaeth, deceased. One of the old pioneers of Cumminsville, was the above-named gentleman, who was born in Bavaria, Germany. He came to the United States and landed in Philadelphia in 1848, thence to Cincinnati in 185 1. Coming here very poor, he went to work in Herancourt's brewery, then in a distillery, and then at the cooper trade. He was very active in life, a hard worker, and no matter how small his salary was, he managed to save a portion of it. He came to Cum- minsville about 185 1. He commenced the feed store business at an early day, about 1856, at the present homestead, and was one of the first in that line of busi- ness in Cumminsville. He then started a saloon, and conducted a garden on a first-class principle. Being 5i<5 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ces he continued to work at his trade until 1867, when he entered his present business, moving to Cumminsville in 1874. Mr. Kline was in the late civil war, enlisting in company G, One Hundred and Thirty-eight Ohio vol- unteer infantry, as sergeant, where he served to the expi- ration of his service, four months, and was honorably discharged. Henry Godelman was born in Camp Washington in 1846. His father came to Cincinnati from Germany about the year 1839. He afterwards moved to Camp Washington, and in 1849 moved to a gardening farm near Cumminsville, where he carried on business as a gardener up to the time of his death. In 1849 our sub- ject moved to Cumminsville with his parents. About twelve years ago he entered his present business, which he has carried on ever since. Mr. Godelman was a sol- dier in the late war, having enlisted in company L, Thir- teenth Ohio volunteer infantry, where he served his full time and was honorably mustered out. George C. Scheffel, saloonist, is another of the pio- neers. He was born in the province of Saxony, Germany, October n, 1824. He came to the United States in 1844. He came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here Sep- tember 14, of the same year. He came here with only five dollars in money and went to work at his trade as a shoemaker, which he followed up to the year 1850, when he entered the grocery business on Vine street, Cicinnati, in which he continued for about thirteen years. In 1864 he moved to Cumminsville, where he was engaged in the grocery business until 1875 wnen he entered his pres- ent occupation. Mr. Scheffel was married in Cincinnati in 1846 to Amelia Wollenhaupt. She came to Cincin- nati in 1844. Her father is eighty years of age, and is a noted musician, residing in Chicago. By this marriage they have seven children, six sons and one daughter ; all natives of Cincinnati. Mr. Scheffel is a member of the Protestant church and an active member of the German Pioneer association, G. H. Rabe was born in Germany in 181 6. At about the age of seventeen he went to sea and followed the life of a sailor for some twelve years, visiting almost every region of the globe. In 1846 he came to Cincinnati, and was, for a number of years, steamboating on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In 1850 Mr. Rabe went to Califor- nia, and remained there until 1854, when he returned to Cincinnati. He then engaged in farming for about eight years in Delhi township. In 1873 he began his present business, locating in Cumminsville, and has been en- gaged in the distillery business ever since. J. W. Streng, butcher, was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 13, 1 82 1. He came to the United States, landing in New York July 4, 1849; thence he came direct to Cincinnati. Here he entered the butcher business, in which he has continued ever since. In 1853 he moved to Cumminsville, where he still resides. He is the oldest butcher in Cumminsville. For several years Mr. Streng has been engaged, in connection with his butcher business, in keeping a boarding house in Cum- minsville. Mr. Streng was married in Cincinnati to Miss Barbara Gensendoefer, a native of Germany, having come to Cincinnati in 1849. By this marriage they have four children. Joseph Glins, grocer, was born December^, 1819, in Hanover, Germany. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1842, coming to Cincinnati the same year. Being very poor, he began work as a laborer at fifty cents per day. Accumulating some capital, he be- gan the manufacture of soap, which he continued about five years. In 1853 he moved to Cumminsville and invested in real estate. In 1861 he opened a grocery, and is now the oldest grocer in this vicinity. Mr. Glins married Miss Tracey Morman in 1847, who came to the city at an early day. By this marriage they have seven children, all natives of Cincinnati. H. A. Stoffregen, grocer, was born in Hanover, Ger- many, April, 1839; came to the United States and land- ed in Baltimore in 1857. Then he came direct to Cin- cinnati, which has been his home ever since. He was a soldier during the late civil war in company C, Fifth Ohio volunteers, and served three years and three months, participating in a number of the prominent bat- tles, being wounded three times. He was a brave and efficient soldier, and was honorably mustered out at the expiration of service, he returned to Cincinnati, and in 1870 moved to Cumminsville, where he began in the grocery business. He now has one of the most com- plete family groceries in the town. He married Jose- phine Meyers, by whom he had five children. After her dcease, he married Amelia Leppelman, and by her has one child. Aloys Walz, florist, was born in Baden, Germany, in 1817. He commenced to learn the florist business at the age of sixteen, and worked in some of the leading places of the old country, spending three years in Switz- erland. In 1865 Mr. Walz came to the United States, and went into his present business at Cincinnati. He now owns one of the most complete green-houses in Hamilton county, having some five thousand feet under glass, and employing three hands. He has taken several premiums for displays of cut flowers at the expositions, and in 1880 took the bronze medal. Herman Haerline, florist and landscape gardener, was born in Germany, and after spending many years in Eu- rope at his profession as landscape gardener, he came to Cincinnati. He was first engaged by N. Longworth, where he remained until 1858, when he went to Ken- tucky and was employed in laying out private grounds back of Covington. In 1861 he moved to Cummins- ville, and in 1865 engaged in the florist business. He now has under roof thirteen hot-houses, covering some seven thousand seven hundred square feet of surface. Of late years Mr. Haerline has not given much attention to this part of his business, as he has been employed by the State of Ohio as landscape gardener. He has laid out many yards and parks belonging to the State, and his work is pronounced among the best in the country. G. W. Mass, furniture dealer, was born in Holland, and came to the United States in 1850, since which time he has been actively engaged in the furniture busi- ness in Cincinnati. His main store is located at No. HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 519 active member of the German Pioneer society. Mr. Koehler came here and commenced to work in the employ of a paper-hanging establishment, where he con- tinued two years. He then commenced to learn his trade (tailor) which business he carried on for a number of years. In 1866 he moved to his present place. Mr. Koehler was married in Cincinnati to Christena Schnider, of Germany. She came to America when she was about two years of age. Mr. and Mrs. Koehler are the parents of eight children. William Buehler, proprietor of Buehler's Garden, was born in Wedenburg, Germany, May 29, 1817, and is the son of John and Caroline (Hedge) Buehler — both parents born in Germany. Our subject came to America in 1849, landing in New York city, where he remained a short time, and then came to Cincinnati. In 1852 he moved to Corryville where he has remained one of its honored citizens ever since. Mr. Buehler married Mrs. Zeltner, wife of the late John E. Zeltner, who was born in Germany in 18 13, where he married Mrs. Zeltner (nee Miss Kunegunda Pleistiener), who was also born in Ger. many. In 1839 they came to the United States, landing in New York city and coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he worked at his trade as a cutter, and soon after established himself in the clothing trade. He then en- tered the wholesale liquor business. On retiring he moved to the country. In 1856 he established a wine house on Vine street, known as the National Hall. He was a very active man. He died with the cholera in 1866, respected and honored. Joseph H. Bohm, butcher, was born in Bavaria, Ger- many, in 1847; came to the United States and landed in New York city in i860. He came' direct to Cincin- nati and entered the butcher business, and has been actively engaged in the business ever since. Mr. Bohm is now the oldest butcher in Corryville, and is meeting with good success in his present place of business. He keeps a first-class butcher-shop, and as he buys nothing but the best meats, customers trading with him receive nothing but good, wholesome food in that line. Thomas Bishop, dairyman, was born in England, but came to America at an early day, and in 1845 located in Cincinnati. Here he has been actively engaged in the dairy business, and to-day is one of the oldest, as well as one of the most practical, dairymen around the city. In 1849 he began business for himself at his present place. Here he started with a few cows, and by good management his business has increased to such an extent that he now owns fifty-four cows, nine horses and two milk-wagons, and employs six hands. Mr. Bishop keeps one of the best, neatest and cleanest dairies around the city. He has forty acres of fine land, which he uses for pasture. Adam Fisher, dairyman, was born in Brown county, Ohio, April 16, 1845, and is the son of Michael Fisher, one of the pioneers of that county. In 1846 Adam Fisher moved with his parents to Hamilton county, where he assisted his father in the dairy business. He now has a dairy of his own, with sixty cows, eight horses and three wagons, employing three hands. He has a large pasture of forty acres, and is doing a very good and profitable business. A. Sunderbruch, florist, was born in Hanover, Germa- ny, in 1830. When young he entered zealously upon what has since been his fevorite study, the art of land- scape gardening and floriculture, at which he spent most of his time in Europe, being at one time offered a posi- tion in the king's garden at Berlin. In 1849 ne sailed for America, and in the same year located in Cincinnati, where he has been actively engaged at his trade, being a private gardener in some of the leading suburbs around Cincinnati. He, in 1854, with a small stock of plants, started his present business in Clifton, on the Carthage pike, with two green-houses containing some eight hun- dred square feet of glass. Here he remained for some nine years, being very successful. In 1863 he moved to his present place, where he began with fifteen hundred feet under glass. His business since then has grown wonderfully, and he has now forty thousand square feet of glass, employing a number of hands. Mr. Sunder- bruch has taken a number of first prizes awarded by the Cincinnati exposition, for the finest display of plants and cut flowers; he has three gold and two silver med- als. In 1845 he married Miss Mary Brining, and has three children. Henry Voss, manufacturer of brick, was born in Han- over, Germany, March n, 1825. While in Germany he married Minnie Rose; and in 1851 he and his wife started for America, landing in New Orleans. They took a steamer for Cincinnati, and on the way up the Mississippi, near Vicksburgh, a son (Henry) was born to them. Soon after arriving in Cincinnati, Mr. Voss be- gan making brick, and has followed the business ever since. He began with five hands, burning six hundred thousand brick yearly, but for several years was not very successful. By hard work and good management, how- ever, he has accumulated a good property, and has be- come one of the leading brick manufacturers of this vicinity. He has furnished brick for a number of public buildings, the Longview asylum, the school-house at Corryville, and others. In connection with his brick business, he deals in wood, coal and sand. Jacob Rhein, grocer, one of the successful business men of Corryville, was born in Bavaria, Germany, Oc- tober 3, 1835. He came to the United States in 1851, coming direct to Cincinnati. Here he commenced the saloon business on West Fifth street, which he continued about five years, when he moved to Walnut Hills, where he was engaged in the stock business. He then moved to Corryville. Here he has been one of its honored citizens ever since. He was actively engaged in the omnibus business in company with his brother for a number of years, operating a line of omnibuses from the suburb residences to the city. Commencing with four omnibuses the business increased until they had eight omnibuses doing a good business. Mr. Rhein, in 1862, commenced the grocery business, and to day owns one of the best family groceries in Corryville. He carried on for a number of years a feed store. His present brick store building he built in 1879. Si8 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. very successful in business, he had accumulated a good property. He died December 28, 187 1, with small-pox, a man respected and honored, leaving a wife and four children to mourn his loss. Andrew Spaeth is attending to business at the old homestead. He was born in Cum- minsville in 1855. Lawrence Theobold, retired, of the old and highly re- spected citizens of Cumminsville, may be mentioned. Mr. L. Theobold, was born in Germany, July 5, 1815. He came to the United States, and landed in New York in 1852, coming direct to Cincinnati, May, 1852. His first work was in the garden business, near Cumminsville, which he continued in for some fifteen years, when he had accumulated a little money and invested it in the feed store business, which he continued very successfully up to 1877, when he retired. The business is now car- ried on by his son. Mr. Theobold was married in Ger- many to Miss Barbara Deil. They came to Cincinnati with two children. Mr. Theobold owns three and three- fourths acres of land where he lives, which is very valuable. This he made by hard work and good man- agement, coming here poor in 1852. Since then he has accumulated a good property. He is a member of the German Protestant church. Conral Soellheim, M. D., was born in Bavaria, Ger- many, January 30, 1836. Receiving a high school education in his native country, he, in 1853, came to America, and was for a short time a resident of New Orleans. His father was a prominent physician. Our subject went to Indiana, and for five years was engaged in the practice of medicine in Dubois county. In 1858 he came to Cincinnati, and graduated from the Cincin- nati College of Medicine and Surgery in 1861. At the breaking out of the late civil war, Dr. Soellheim enlisted in the Ninth Ohio volunteer infantry as assistant sur- geon, which position he filled for some eighteen months, when he was appointed surgeon, which he filled with marked ability. During the war he was brigade surgeon, also surgeon in charge of the hospital at Chattanooga, where he did wonderful good work. He participated in a number of the most prominent battles. At the close of the war Dr. Soellheim located in Cumminsville, where he has been established since, being very successful in his practice of medicine. The doctor is the oldest phys- ician in Cumminsville. Professor John F. Grause, principal of the German Catholic school, Cumminsville, was born in Prussia, Ger- many, in 1843. He received sufficient education in his native country that he taught school there for two years. He is a graduate from the West Farland college. In 1866 Professor Grause came to America, and has been very active in teaching school. He taught five years in Fulton and five years in Ludlow, Kentucky. He has been engaged at his present place for the last three years. Rev. Charles Schenck, pastor of the German Protes- tant church, was born in Prussia August 13, 1843, com- ing to America and landing in New York in 1847, thence to St. Louis, and from there to California, Missouri, re- maining there for some ten years. In 1873 he gradu- ated from the Missouri college. Rev. Mr. Schenck was ordained at Cumberland, Indiana. His first appoint- ment was at Linnville, Indiana, where he remained for five years in active work. He came to his present place February 17, 1878, filling the pulpit of the German Prot- estant church of Cumminsville since. Rev. Mr. Schenck was married in Boonville, Indiana, to Miss Louisa Kin- dermann, of Newburgh, Indiana. Adolph Strauch, superintendent of Spring Grove cem- etery, was born August 30, 1822, at Eckersdorf, near Glatz, in the province of Silesia, Germany. At the age of sixteen he entered zealously upon what has since been his favorite study — the art of landscape gardening. This he pursued in Austria for six years, under prominent mas- ters in the imperial gardens at Vienna, Schoenbrunn and Laxenburg. In 1845 he started on a tour of inspection through Germany, Holland and Belgium. At the con- clusion of this tour he remained about three months in the celebrated horticultural establishment of Louis Van Houtte, near Ghent. Paris was now his objective point; and here he spent three years in the culture and perfec- tion of his professional taste. At the breaking out of the Revolution of T848 he went to England, and passed three years there, being last employed in the royal botan- ic gardens, Regent's park, London. He then started for America, and landed at Galveston, Texas, November 5, 1 85 1. During the next winter he travelled through that State, and in the spring went north to Cincinnati, where he made an engagement with the late R. B. Bowler, a gentleman of great taste, and an enthusiastic ad- mirer of arboriculture and landscape gardening. During the two years he remained at Clifton he inaugurated the open lawn system, which, continued by others, has made the environs of the Queen City of the west famous throughout the world. In 1854, after making a tour of the United States and Canada, he returned to Cincinnati to take charge of Spring Grove cemetery, where he has continued to reside, and where his genius has enabled him to present the noblest effects of landscape garden- ing as applicable to the adornment of rural cemeteries. Leopold Mushaben, saloon-keeper, was born in Baden, Germany, March 21, 1840. He came to the United States, and landed in New York city in 1861, coming direct to Cincinnati, where he soon after entered the army in the Fourteenth Independent Ohio battery, enlisting for three years. He was a brave soldier] participating in over fifty battles — Vicksburgh, Atlanta, Pea Ridge, etc. He was wounded at the battle of Pea Ridge in the left leg. He served until the close of the war and was hon- orably mustered out, and returned to Cincinnati. He worked for six months in the Government employ; he then worked as porter in the Spencer House, and after- wards in the grocery business. In 187 1 he came to his present place of business here, and has erected a hand- some brick block where he has continued in trade since. Frederick Koehler, saloon-keeper, was born in Ger- many, December 5, 1827, coming to the United States, and landing in New Orleans in 1842, thence direct to Cincinnati, which has been his home ever since, and to- day he is one of the old pioneers of the city, being an HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 523 1872, where he remained until 1874. In 1877 he started his present business, keeping on hand a full line of hard- ware, stoves, etc. Mr. Hopf was married in Hamilton county to Augusta Gahn. They have five children. B. H. Lammers, brick manufacturer, residence, Camp Washington, was born in Prussia, November 27, 1817. Came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1847, coming direct to Cincinnati. His first work was in a foundry, where he remained for a short time, when he entered the brick manufacturing business, which he has continued ever since. In 1852 Mr. Lammers moved to Camp Washington, where he started in busi- ness for himself. In 1850 he was married to Miss Fred- ericka Heillebrandt, of Germany. They have seven children. Mr. Lammers has been very successful in the manufacturing of brick. He is now owner of some very valuable real estate which he has obtained by his hard labor and good management. He is one of the oldest pioneers of Camp Washington, respected and honored by all. S. Rittee was born in Baden, Germany, January 11, 1835, and emigrated to the United States, locating in Cincinnati, in 1854. He came here very poor, having only one dollar, which he gave for his supper, lodging, and breakfast. He went to work for a gardener for nine dollars per month. After working here about six months he went to Baltimore, thence to Philadelphia, then to Pittsburgh, steam-boating to New Orleans ; he finally returned to Cincinnati. He was for one year in business in Lawrenceburgh. He enlisted in the Twenty-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, company C, and served one year in the late civil war; did good service and was honorably mustered out. He came to Camp Washing- ton in 1861, commencing in business in 1865. Mr. Rittee was married in i860 to Miss Louisa Lauhel. Joseph Haarmann, principal of the Catholic school, was born in Germany November 22, 1849, receiving his education in his native country, graduating from a leading institution of learning in 1866. He taught school in Ger- many for six years. He, in 1872, emigrated to the Uni- ted States, coming direct to Cincinnati, where he has been very actively engaged in school teaching in the city ever since. He has been teaching at his present place for the last three and a half years, and is acknowledged a fine teacher by all. Rev. Henry Paul, pastor of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic church, Camp Washington, was born in Alf- hausen, province of Hanover, Germany, October 27, 1848. At the age of ten years he came to America and located in Cincinnati. Here he received his education, graduating from the Xavier college June 19, 187 1. He was ordained as minister by the Most Rev. Archbishop Pur- cell, February 28, 1874. His first appointment was at Marysville, where he remained from 1874 to 1876, when he was on missionary work, visiting and working at the ministry at different places, iMechanicsburgh, Milford Centre, Liverpool, Richwood, Peoria, Woodstock, etc. On the fifteenth of May, 1876, he received a call from his present charge, where he has been serving very active- ly and faithfully since, establishing a large congregation. Rev. J. A. Voss, pastor of the German Reformed church, was born in Holland, August 27, 1850. He received his education in Germany. Coming to the United States in 1873, he was for a short time in charge of the German Reformed church at Covington, Ken- tucky. In 1874 Rev. Voss came to Camp Washington, and has been very actively engaged with the German Reformed church ever since. His congregation is very large, and since his pastoral work here he has done wonderful good. Major James Morgan, superintendent of the city work- house, was born in the county of Cork, Ireland, April 1 2, 1835, and is the son of James and Katie (Conn) Mor- gan, both parents born in Ireland. Our subject when very young came to America, and in 1847 located in Cincinnati. Here he began to learn his trade in an edge- tool manufactory, continuing at work until the breaking out of the late civil war, when he, in 1861, enlisted as a private in company B, Twenty-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry. He was made first lieutenant of the same com- pany, and in 1862 was made its captain, which position he filled until 1864, and then was made major of the Twenty-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry. Here he served until the close of the war, having participated in the battles and marches with this regiment through the entire service. He returned to his home in Cincinnati, and soon after entered the edge-tool business, which he followed very successfully for a number of years. Jan- uary 1, 1874, Major Morgan was appointed to the office of superintendent of the city workhouse, which position he has filled with honor and credit ever since, with the exception of some two years. He was a member of the city council for some seven years, being a very active worker. Major Morgan is a Republican in politics, and in 1879 was chairman of the Republican county com- mittee, being a hard worker in his party ranks. T. J. McCoy, M. D., was born in Warren county, Ohio, April 2, 1857, and is the son of Isaac and Lucinda (Allen) McCoy, both parents natives of Ohio. Our sub- ject, after receiving a thorough education, began to study medicine. He attended three terms of lectures in the Medical college in Cincinnati, when he went to Louis- ville, Kentucky, and entered the Kentucky School of Medicine, which institution he graduated from June 29, 1880, with the highest of honors, receiving a gold medal for the best notes on medicine. . After graduating, Dr. McCoy located in Camp Washington, where he is meet- ing with very good success, and is recognized as being the best educated physician of that place. William Hoffmeister, saloon keeper, residence, Lick Run, is one of the successful men of that locality. He was born in Germany January 31, 1827. He came to the United States and landed in New York in 1847, then came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here July 12th of the same year. Here he went to work at his trade as a cigar maker, which he had learned in Germany. He continued working at this trade for some five years, when he entered the grocery business. After four years he entered the brewery business in Lick Run, in the rear of his present homestead, which he continued up to 1871, 520 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Mrs. E. Tuechter, grocer, was born in Germany about 1823. She came to America in 1845, landing in New Orleans, where she remained about fifteen months and then came to Cincinnati, where she was married about 1847 t0 Detrich Schussler, who died with the cholera in 1849. She was married the second time to Eberhard Tuechter, who was one of the old pioneers of Cincin- nati. He came to Corryville and entered the grocery business, which is now carried on by his wife and was about the first, if not the first, grocery located in this vicinity. He continued in the grocery business up to his death, which occurred in 1874, leaving a wife and three children to mourn his loss. He was an active mem- ber of the German Lutheran church, being at one time treasurer of that congregation. He died respected and honored. Fred and George are assisting in the grocery. The daughter, Mary, is now the wife of John Mackle. B. Eppens, grocer, Cincinnati, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1818. He came to America and landed in New Orleans in 1854; thence direct to Cincinnati, ar- riving December 23d of the same year. Mr. Eppens is a rope-maker by trade, which he learned in Germany. After arriving in Cincinnati, not finding work at his trade, he, with a capital of some sixty dollars, started a small grocery on Eighth street, near John. He moved his business to Liberty street, thence to John and Chestnut, and from there to his present place of business in 1873. Mr. Eppens, with good management, has accumulated a good property. He married, in Germany, Miss Lizzie Dallmon, by whom he has had five children. Conrad Hagedorn, grocer, was born in Germany, De- cember 2, 1815; came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1844, coming direct to Cincinnati, arriving here July 7, 1844, in company with his wife, whom he married in Germany. Her name was Mena Heidorn. They came here in poor circumstances, and Mr. Hagedorn went to work breaking rock on Jackson Hill. He then worked in an oil-cloth factory, remaining there for six years, after which he worked in a shoe- maker's shop in fitting boots, working there some nine years. In i860 he commenced the grocery business, which he has been in every since. Mr. Hagedorn is a member of the German Pioneer society. He is also a member of the German Protestant church. He has three children living. John H. Fenneman, grocer, was born in the grand duchy of Aldenburg, Germany, April 16, 1 816. He came to the United States and landed in Baltimore in 1835, arriving in Cincinnati in November of the same year. Coming here poor he went to work as a day laborer. He was for fifteen years a porter in one of the leading mercantile establishments of Cincinnati. In 1853 Mr. Fenneman moved to his present place, being now one of the oldest residents of this vicinity. He married Miss Louisa Nordman, by whom he has five children living. G. Emge, business merchant, was born in Germany November 7, 1835. He came to the United States and landed in New York city May 55, 1867. After remain- ing there some three weeks, he came to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he worked by the day as a laborer for nine years, when he entered the grocery business on Clefton avenue, where he remained until 1876, when he then came to his present stand, which is one of the most complete family groceries in the neighborhood. Mr. Emge was married to Miss Delia Brehm, of Germany. By this marriage, they have four children. Augustus E. Lindemann, dealer in stoves and hardware, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854, and is the son of John H. Lindemann, who came to Cincinnati in about 1846. Our subject learned his trade as a tinner, with Mr. Augustus Konshein, who established the present business in 1868. Mr. Lindemann, after the death of Mr. Koftshein became owner, and since he has carried on the business, which is the only stove and hardware store in Corryville; he keeps in stock a fine lot of first- class stoves and hardware. He is also doing a good bus- iness in the tin roofing and guttering line, taking large contracts. Frank Ries was born in Bavaria, Germany, October 23, 1825. He came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1841; then came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here in March, 1841. Here he began to learn the tailor's trade which business he followed for some seven years. In 1853 he moved to St. Bernard, where he engaged in the saloon business. In 1856 he moved to Corryville, which has been his home ever since; and he was engaged in the saloon business. Mr. Ries was married in Cincinnati at St. Mary's church October 10, 1848, to Miss Mary Hufibower. She was born in Ger- many, having come to Cincinnati in about 1843. By this union, they have ten children living. Mr. Ries is a member of the Catholic church, and has been one of its active adherents. He was one of the building committee in erecting St. George's Catholic church at Corryville. He is a member of the German Pioneers' association; had one son, Jacob, in the late war in the gun-boat service, who did good duty, and was honorably discharged. Mr. Ries came to Cincinnati in company with his mother and six children. His sister, Catharine Ries, came to Cincinnati in 1839. Michael Fisher, retired, was born in Germany, and in 1837 came to the United States, locating in New York, thence to Pennsylvania. In 1838 he moved to Brown county, Ohio, where he engaged in farming and in 1846 moved to Hamilton county and soon after established in the dairy business which he has been very successful in, and is to-day one of the oldest dairymen in Corryville; for the last few years the dairy business has been carried on by his son Adam. Charles Teichmann, retired, was born in Prussia, Ger- many, July 21, 1 81 2. He came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1848, thence to Buffalo and in 1849 to Cincinnati, coming here with wife and four children. Soon after arriving here, he was taken sick with the cholera, and suffered very much ; his wife also had a slight attack of this disease. Mr. Teichmann's first work was in a slaughter-house. In 1859 he entered the saloon business which he carried on successfully up to 1880, when he sold out to his son. He was married HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 525 cinnati July 2, 1845, which has been his home ever since. He commenced to work at his trade as carpenter which he followed for a short time; then commenced the dairy business in 1852, with four or five cows; located on Mohawk street. In 1856 he moved to the present place. Here, with hard work and fair dealing, he at one time owned seventy-five cows, doing a leading dairy business successfully for a number of years. Mr. Rakers retired from business, which is now carried on by his son-in-law, Augustus Osterfeld, who is operating the business very successfully. Mr. Rakers was married in Cincinnati to Catharine Karner, of Germany; by this mariage, they have one child, a daughter. Mr. Rakers is a member of the Catholic church. William Brickley, principal of the Carthage schools, a resident of Cincinnati, was born in Herkimer county, New York, August 28, 1809, where, after receiving suffi- cient education at seventeen years. of age, he began to teach school. He graduated at the Union college of Albany, New York; taught school in his native county, also in St. Lawrence county, being at the head of some of the leading schools of those counties. In 1855 he came west to Hamilton county, Ohio, and taught school in Stors township in the Stone high school; has taught in other schools very successfully, and is to-day the oldest school-teacher of Hamilton county. John Kauffman, jr., foreman of the Vine Street brewery, was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, and is the son of John Kauffman, proprieter of the Vine Street brewery. Our subject was brought up in the brewery business. He was appointed to the present position some one and half years ago. He is now twenty-two years of age, and is the youngest foreman of the Cincinnati breweries. Adrian Bok, foreman of the Bellevue brewery, is a native of Germany, where he commenced, at eighteen years of age, to learn his trade as a brewer. In i860 he came to America and first located in Terre Haute, In- diana, where he worked at the brewery business for a short time, when, in i860, he came to Cincinnati, where he was employed in the Jackson brewery for some twelve and a half years, and also worked in other leading brew- eries of the city. February 14th he was made foreman of the Bellevue brewery, which position he is filling very satisfactorily. Albert Carry, foreman of the Dayton Street brewery, is a native of Germany. At the age of fourteen he be- gan to learn the brewer's trade, which he followed while in Germany. In 1869 he came to the United States, and went to Jersey City, where he worked as a brewer some two years. In 1871 Mr. Carry came to Cincin- nati, and began work in the Western brewery. The last two and a half years of his stay at this brewery he was foreman, but left to take the foremanship of the Dayton Street brewery. He is recognized as one of the best posted brewers in the city. Lewis Mark, "foreman of J. C. Sohn & Co.'s brewery, was born in Germany January 2, 1834, where, at the age of fourteen he began to learn the brewer's trade. In 1854 he landed in New York city, and for three years wor' " ' • - '■-■■■-.--■-■--■"- -■'■- ="""--■• -■ ;8 he came to Cincinnati, and accepted a position at J. C. Sohn & Co.'s brewery. At the outbreak of the late civil war, he en- listed in company A, Ninth Ohio volunteer infantry, and served bravely and efficiently for three years, participa- ting in all the engagements and marches of that regi- ment. He was mustered out as orderly sergeant, and returned to his old position in the same brewery, where he has since remained. He is the oldest foreman and one of the best brewers in the city. William Gerst, foreman of the Elm Street brewery, was born in Germany, and at the age of sixteen began to learn the cooper's trade. His father and brother are both in the brewing business in Germany. In 1866 he left the old country, and came by way of New York city direct to Cincinnati, where he worked in several of the leading breweries before securing his present position. Mr. Gerst made a visit to the leading breweries of the old country, and has gained a wide experience that makes him a leading man in the business. Andrew Wollenberger, foreman of the Jackson brew- ery, was born in Germany, where he began to learn his trade as a brewer at the age of fourteen years. In 1868 he left his native land and came by way of New York city direct to Cincinnati, where he began work in the Jackson brewery. After being employed there for two years, he worked in other breweries in the city, being foreman of one of them for two years and a half. In 1880 he returned to the Jackson brewery as foreman, and has given entire satisfaction to his employer, as well as won the respect of the men under his charge. Mrs. R. B. Herancourt was born in Germany, and is the daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Harch, who, with a large family, came to America and located in Cincin- nati in 1832. Soon after their arrival they were taken sick with that dreadful disease, cholera, and out of the family of ten persons, seven died, including father, brother and five sisters. They were buried near where the Music hall is now .located. In 1843 Mrs. Heran- court was married to the late G. M. Herancourt, one of the pioneer brewers of the city. He carried on a suc- cessful business until 1880, when he died, respected and honored, leaving a wife and nine children to mourn his loss. Mrs. Margaret (Becker) Wust was born in Germany and came to Cincinnati in 1842, and is the wife of the late Jacob Wust, who was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1 81 7. He learned his trade as a stocking weaver in Ger- many. In 1840 he came to America and located in Cin- cinnati. He then went to work at day labor. In 1843 he went to work for his brother, and in 1845 he entered business for himself in the manufacturing of woollen hosiery, which business he was very successful in and continued up to his death, which occurred September 6, 1878. Thus passed away one of the city's honored and respected pioneer manufacturers. He had been located in the building now occupied by his sons since 1847. He was married in 1 845 to Miss Margaret Becker, and at his death left a wife and seven children to mourn his loss. The manufacturing of wollen hosiery is carried on by the sons, who are very industrious and doing a very sue- 522 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. ing, where he managed well, and at the end of two years employed sixteen hands. In 1873 he put up the present building, which has a frontage of eighty feet, is three stories high, the main building extending back forty feet, with a wing extending one hundred feet. The tannery is built with all modern improvements — seventy vats, and thirty-six horse-power engine. Mr. Haffner has been very successful in the tannery business, his trade extend- ing to a number of States, and he carries the largest stock of leather around the city. Jacob Huebscher, tanner, is one among the enterpris- ing business men of Camp Washington. He is a native of France, coming to Cincinnati in 1870. He went to Boston and learned the trade of currier and tanner, re- maining there about two years, when he returned to Cin- cinnati and embarked in business for himself, first locat- ing at No. 393 Colerain avenue, where he worked alone. Mr. Huebscher has, by his hard work and good manage- ment, gradually improved in business, until he now has a room thirty-three by seventy feet, and employs two men, finishing as high as one hundred and fifty hides per month. His trade is principally in the city, where he is meeting with ready sales of his manufactured stock of harness and shoe leather. William Weihe, grocer, was born in Germany February 6, 1 82 1, and came to America, landing at Quebec, com- ing to Cincinnati by way of Sandusky, locating at Camp Washington June 26, 1847, an d he has made it his home here since, being one of the oldest pioneers of the place. He started in the dairy business, which he carried on about eleven years, and then engaged in dealing in wood. In 1865 he started in his present business, and has con- tinued in it since. He now resides in what was known at one time as the Camp Washington House, an old hotel, and one of the old land marks in this vicinity. Mr. Weihe was married in Germany to Miss Ernestine Munstd, by whom he has had four children. William Bolia, florist, was born in Baden, Germany, January 10, 1843. At fourteen years of age he com- menced to learn the florist business at Lahr, Baden where he remained until 1864, when he came to America,' and was for a short time in the florist business in Newark, New Jersey. In 1865 he came to Cincinnati, and was engaged in different places in Clifton and suburbs. In 1877 Mr. Bolia commenced his present business, and now owns four hot-hou'ses — two ten by sixty and two six- teen by sixty. His business is very good, and he keeps his plants in first-class order. He is recognized as keep- ing one of the neatest places in the city, and employs two hands. Albert Wetterstrome, druggist, was born in Jackson county, Indiana, in 1854, and came to Cincinnati in 1863 or 1864. Here he was engaged. as a clerk in a drug store for about five years, receiving a practical edu- cation in the compounding of medicines. In 1876 Mr. Wetterstrome came to Mount Washington and com- menced in the drug business for himself, since which time he has built up a very valuable trade. He now owns the oldest drug store in Camp Washington. He gradua- ted from the Cincinnati College of Pharmaceutists in 1876. John A. Andrews, druggist, was born in Cincinnati, August 23, 1846, and is the son of Jacob Andrews, who came to the city about the year 1830; his mother is still living at the age of seventy-four years. Our subject is a thorough, practical prescription and drug clerk. He grad- uated from the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy on Septem- ber 17, 1873. He came to Camp Washington in 1869, and immediately started in the drug business, which he continued Tor five years, when he sold out his business. In 1878 he returned to Camp Washington and again started in the drug business, and now owns one of the neatest drug stores in the vicinity and is doing a good business. Charles Boch is one of the oldest settlers of Camp Washington now living. He was born in Frankfort on the Main, Germany, August 2, 1826, and came to the United States, landing in New York city, in 1845. He remained in that city one year, and came thence direct to Cincinnati. In 1854 Mr. Boch moved to Camp Washington, which has been his home ever since. Here he began the feed business, which he is still carrying one very successfully. He was married in Cincinnati in 1850 to Miss Margaret Miller, by whom he has seven children. Mr. Boch has taken a very active part in the improve- ment and advancement of Camp Washington. John Hessler, merchant, is one of the highly respected pioneer business men of Camp Washington. He was bora in Bavaria, Germany, in 1826, and came to the United States, landing in New York, in 1847, and thence direct to Cincinnati. He is a blacksmith by trade, which he had learned in Germany. On arriving in Cincinnati he went to work at his trade, receiving for his services eight dollars per month. In 1853 Mr. Hessler came to Camp Washington and started the first blacksmith-shop in the place. He continued at this business until 1865, when he entered his present business. He was married in 1847 t0 Sophia Seiss, a native of Germany, by whom he has four children. C. F. Schock was born in Wedenburg, Germany, June 26, 1833, and came to the United States in 1854. He came direct from New York, where he had landed, to Cincinnati, arriving here in March, of the same year. Here he began to work at his trade as a baker, which he had learned in Germany, continuing at this occupation for a number of years. In 1873 Mr - Schock came to Camp Washington, where he is now carrying on the con- fectionery business, and has acquired a good trade. In 187 1 he erected the business block which he now occu- pies, and is one of the finest buildings in the town. John H. Hopf, hardware merchant, was born in Prus- sia, June 11, 1838. He learned the tinner's trade in the old country. In 1861 he came to the United States, landing in Baltimore, and coming direct to Cincinnati. He soon after enlisted in the First Ohio artillery, in battery I, where he served as a faithful soldier during the late civil war, participating in all the battles and marches that his company was engaged in, and at the expiration of his time of service returned to Cincinnati. In 1865 he moved on a farm where he remained until 1870, when he came to Camp Washington, returning to the farm in HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 527 railroad for some three years. In 1876 he commenced his present business, which he has continued ever since. Mr. Sedler was married, in Cincinnati, to Miss Caroline Lammot, of Hamilton county, Ohio, by whom he has had three children. John Zeiser, proprietor of Zeiser's garden and saloon, was born in Cincinnati in 1847, and is the son of Leon- ard Zeiser, who came to Cincinnati as early as 1847. He was a stone-mason by trade, being a large contractor and employing a number of working men. He entered the saloon business and opened Zeiser's garden, which he continued up to his death, which occurred in 1878. He was a man honored and respected, being a member of the German Pioneer association. H.e left a valuable property, which he had accumulated by hard work and good management. John Eiser, wholesale liquor dealer, was born in Ba- den, Germany, October 15, 1831 ; came to Cincinnati April 27, 1855. Mr. Eiser is a cooper by trade, which business he continued in until 1868, when he started in his present business, and is one of the oldest in his vicin- ity. He is meeting with very good su'ccess in his present business. He was married, in Cincinnati, to Miss Mary Ann Tucbfarber. Fritz Engelke, baker, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1827, and came to the United States in 1853, landing in New York city, where he remained three months, and then came to Cincinnati, where he commenced at his trade as a baker, having learned the trade at fourteen years of age in Germany. He has worked at his trade since, having been located in his present place of busi- ness since 1867. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Henrietta Krueger. They have two children living — a son and daughter. The son is working in the baker shop. A. Dieterle, saloon-keeper, was born in Germany in 1831, and came to America in 1852, landing in New York, thence to Cincinnati, arriving here in June of the same year. He went to work on a farm near Cincinnati, and in 1858 he started in his present business, which he has continued in since, being very successful. In 1862 he built his present place of business, where he has been lo- cated since. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Cath- arine Lehrer, of Germany, and they have three children living. John Schnell was born in Baden, Germany, January 13, 1823, and came to the United States in 1839, landing in New Orleans, then removed to Indiana, where he re- mained eighteen months, when he went as a carpenter on a steamboat, at which he continued for a number of years, when he came to Cincinnati, and was elected con- stable, which office he filled with honor and credit for eighteen years. He was also school trustee three years, supervisor of Storrs township two years, and assessor one year. He was in the wholesale liquor business, which he carried on for several years. He was one of the first members of the German Pioneer association, of which he has filled the office of vice-president. He married Mary Hoffer, who has since died, and then married Mary Gey- man. They have five children living. Arnold Guenich, foreman of malt house, was born in Germany, and at seventeen years of age he commenced to learn the beer-brewer's trade. He remained in his na- tive country until he was thirty-three years of age, during which time he worked in some of the leading breweries of Vienna and Berlin. In 1866 he came to America, and worked for a short period in the cities of Milwaukee, Syracuse, and Indianapolis, and, with these exceptions, Mr. Guenich has spent the most of his time working in the leading breweries of Cincinnati. At one time he op- erated several saloons. In 1880 he engaged with his present employers. He is a hard worker, and is one of best posted brewers in the city. Henry Schnabel, brick manufacturer, was born in Ger- many, June 4, 1817, and came to Cincinnati January 1, 1853, with only five dollars in money. He went to work chopping wood ; worked on a farm in Kentucky about eleven years, and returned here in 1866, when he com- menced brick manufacturing in Goosetown, where he re- mained about one year, and then removed to his present place, where he manufactures about six hundred thousand bricks per year. He has furnished brick for building some of the public schools. Mr. Schnabel has been very successful in his business, and he owns some very valua- ble property. He married Catharine Hess, who was born in Germany in 182 1. By this marriage they have five children living. Joseph Arszmann, mineral water manufacturer, was born in Germany, and located in Cincinnati in 1853, which has ever since been his home, with the exception of ten years in Shelbyville, Indiana, where he was suc- cessfully engaged in the mineral water business. In 1878 he returned to Cincinnati, where he has since re- mained. He manufactures as high as three hundred dozens of bottles in one day, and in busy seasons he employs three hands. He has a two-horse delivery wagon, and all. the latest improvements in the manufac- ture of seltzer and mineral water. Mrs. Anna Krusel, grocer on State avenue, is the relict of the late John H. Krusel, who was born in Ger- many and in 1864 came to Cincinnati. Here he began work in a brick-yard by the day. By hard work he man- aged to save a little money, and in 1873 commenced making brick himself, in which he was very successful, averaging six hundred thousand brick a year, and mak- ing in his last year twelve hundred thousand brick. In 187 1 he started a grocery, which also succeeded, his wife principally attending to it. He died June 28, 1880, aged thirty-nine years nine months and one day. He was honored and respected for his honesty and upright- ness, and left a good estate to his wife and family. Henry Ihorst, brick manufacturer, was born in Ger- many and came to Cincinnati in 1866, where he com- menced work in a brick-yard by the day. In 1873 he commenced to manufacture brick himself in the Twen- ty-second ward. Here he employs five hands and man- ufactures six hundred thousand brick a year. He has been very successful, meeting with ready sales. Adam Krug, furniture manufacturer, was born in Ger- many in 1824, and in 1834 came to Cincinnati, where he secured work as a gardener. For several years he 5*4 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. since in his present business. Mr. Hoffmeister has held several offices of public trust, was trustee of Mill Creek township for three years, was clerk of the school board and treasurer of the same for fourteen years ; was assist- ant assessor of the United States internal revenue for two years. These offices he filled with honor and credit. He was married in Cincinnati to Anna Margaret Biegler, of Germany. They have ten children. He is a member of the German Protestant church. Michael Gries, butcher, residing in Lick Run, was born in Baden, Germany, February 5, 1826. He came to America and landed in New York city in 1847. He worked at the butcher business in Baltimore, Washington and Pittsburgh. In the fall of 1848 Mr. Gries came to Cincinnati in poor circumstances, in fact five dollars in debt. He went to work by the day in the slaughter- house. In 1849 ne moved to Lick Run, a place then very thinly settled. Here our subject began the butcher business for himself in a small way. Since then, with hard work and good management, he has built up a very profitable business, and is one of the most successful butchers of Cincinnati. He has erected a very conveni- ent slaughter- and packing-house in Lick Run. He em- ploys five men. Mr. Gries was married in Cincinnati. He has four children living. He is an active member of the Catholic church. John Ridder, butcher, residing in Lick Run, was born in Prussia, Germany, February 26, 1845. He came to the United States, and landed in New York in 1868, coming direct to Cincinnati, where he commenced the butcher business. In 1869 he moved to Lick Run, and is now doing a leading business in his line, carrying on a whole- sale business, employing five men. Mr. Ridder was married in Cincinnati to Lizzie Tense, who died. He was married to Aggie Roter, and they have now five children. H. W. Schorfheide, grocer, resident of Lick Run, was born in Germany July 3, 1824. He landed in Baltimore in 1850, and from thence came to Cincinnati. Here he started the dairy business, and in 1854 he moved to Lick Run, continuing in the dairy business until about 1866 when he entered the grocery business, being among the oldest merchants in this vicinity. He was married in 1852 to Miss Mary Ann, his present wife. She is a native of Germany, and came to Cincinnati about 1841. Frederick Gaefe, bristle manufacturer, residence in Lick Run, was born in Hanover, Germany, March 23, 1827. Came to the United States, landing in New York city in 1849; thence to Rochester, thence to Ohio, where he worked as a day laborer until 1852 when he came to Cincinnati. He soon after commenced to work in Bul- lock's hair manufactory, driving a team. From this he was appointed as superintendent, remaining in the em- ploy of this house for about twenty years. In 1874 Mr. Gaefe commenced business for himself, in a small way, in Lick Run. By his enterprise and good management he is gradually increasing his business, building up a very profitable trade. He employes nine men in his manufactory, turning out work not excelled. Mr. Gaefe moved to Lick Run in 1853 and is now one of its oldest settlers. He was married in Cincinnati in 1856 to Miss Wilhelmina Huster, of Germany. She came to America in 1850. They have six children. Mr. Gaefe is a mem- ber of the Protestant church. He was elected a mem- ber of the school board, filling that office with acknowl- edged ability. John A. Staab, retired, of Lick Run, was born in Ba- varia, Germany, February 10, 1816, and came to America in 1847, thence to Cincinnati, arriving here August 25, 1847. He came here in poor circumstances and went to work as a laborer. In i860 he had accumulated a little money and started a business, which he continued until 1877, being very successful. Mr. Staab worked for some thirteen years in the hair factory in Lick Run. In 1848 he married Anna M. Metzer, a native of Ger- many, by whom he has one child. After her death he married his present wife, in i860, Mary A. Harris, of London, England. Mr. Staab has been a resident of Lick Run since 1851, being among the oldest living. He is a member of the German Pioneer society. Barny Freckers, grocer, Barrsville, was born in Ger- many July 10, 1823. He came to America, landing in New York city in 1851; coming direct to Cincinnati, ar- riving here July 12th of the same year. Coming here in meagre circumstances he worked at day's labor; he soon after commenced in the dairy business in Cincinnati, thence moved to Barrsville, commencing here in the dairy business with some eighteen cows, His business gradually increased by his good management until he owned- as high as fifty head of cows, doing a good busi- ness in the dairy trade. In 1874 Mr. Freckers started in the grocery business — the first to start in Barrsville. He married Miss Anna Morrien, of Germany. She came to Cincinnati in 1849. They have one child. Mr. Freckers is an active member of the Catholic church. Henry Brune, dairyman, of Barrsville, was born in Oldenburg, Germany, February 21, 1838; came to the United States, landing in Baltimore in 1858, thence to Cincinnati. Here he began to work as a laborer. He soon after entered the dairy business, which he has now been in for the last eighteen years, being one of the first dairymen to locate in Barrsville. He commenced busi- ness with twenty-five cows ; now owns forty and is doing a good, profitable trade. His stables and dairy busi- ness are kept in the best of order, employing four hands. He was married in Cincinnati in 1862 to Elizabeth Hunighake, by whom he has four children. Henry Menke, dairyman, a resident of Barrsville, was born in Germany February 9, 1839; came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1857, coming directly to Cincinnati. Arriving here December of the same year, he went to work in a furniture factory; thence in 1865 he entered the dairy business, commenc- ing with twenty-one cows. He now owns a first-class dairy with forty cows, employing two hands. He was married in 1865 in Cincinnati, to Miss Kate Witerede, of Germany. By this marriage they have three children. Henry Rakers, retired, resident of Barrsville, was born in Germany March 9, 18 19, and in 1845 came to the United States and landed in New Orleans, thence to Cin- HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 5 2 9 five thousand barrels of beer, finding sale for it princi- pally in the city. Mr. August Froelking entered the partnership in 1879. He has for a number of years been one of Cincinnati's prominent merchants. M. Butz, foreman of Walker's brewery, is a native of Germany, and at the age of fifteen he began to learn his trade as a brewer, following the business in his native country until 1866. He came to America and landed in New York city, thence to Ohio, and worked in several places in Morrow and Lancaster until 1869, when he came to Cincinnati, where he worked in one of the leading breweries for some twelve months, when he re- turned to Lancaster, Ohio, remaining there about one year, and than returned to Cincinnati. Since then he has worked in the leading breweries of this city. He also worked a short time in Louisville, Kentucky. In 1879 he connected himself with the present brewery, and to-day is its honored foreman, where he is giving the best of satisfaction, and has the good will of the men under his charge. August Forn, foreman of the Gambrinus Stock Com- pany brewery, is a native of Germany. When he was near sixteen years of age he began to learn his trade as a brewer, which business he has followed ever since. In 1869 he came to America and landed in New York city, and thence to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he worked in the brewery business a short time, and then went to Lexington, Missouri. From Lexington he came to Cin- cinnati, working here in the brewery business several years. He then went to Lafayette, Indiana, remaining there some fifteen months, when he returned to Cincin- nati, and soon after entered the employ of the Gam- brinus Stock company, and since 1876 he has been the foreman of this establishment, which position he is fill- ing with acknowledged ability. Jacob Muth, foreman of the Schmidt & Brother brewery, is a native of Germany, and at sixteen years of age began to learn the brewery business. In i860 he came to the United States, and his first work was in a brewery in Covington, Kentucky. Remaining there several months he came to Cincinnati and soon after worked in Herancourt's brewery, where he remained for some twelve years altogether. Afterwards he entered into the brewery business for himself in Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he remained for some three years. Re- turning to Cincinnati he entered the brewery trade, and soon after came to the present brewery, where he was made its foreman, which position he is now filling with satisfaction to all. Adolph Speidle, foreman of Lackman's brewery, is a native of Germany, where he, at sixteen years of age, began to learn his trade as a brewer. In 1864 he came to the United States, settling in Cincinnati, and entered the employ of one of the large breweries, where he worked some nine months, and then to J. C. Sohn & Co.'s brewery, remaining in their employ over five years, when he entered the Klotter Sons' brewery, where he re- mained for some eleven years, the last few years filling the position of foreman of that establishment. In 1881 he took charge of Lackman's brewery as foreman, where 67 he is giving the best of satisfaction, being recognized as a practical and a first-class brewerman. I. Grimm, manufacturer of malt-kilns and all kinds of iron work; brewers' iron work a specialty. He com. menced to work at his trade in Cincinnati in 1866; since then, by hard work and good management, in 1873 en- tered business for himself; and he now employs ten men, doing a leading business. He has done work for the most of the breweries of Cincinnati, and always gives the best of satisfaction both in price and quality of work. Mr. Grimm has furnished work for brewers in different cities of the country : Dayton, Hamilton, Atlanta, Louis- ville, Frankfort and other cities. Christopher Liebel, foreman of C. Windish Muhlhauser & Bro.'s brewery, was born in Bavaria, Germany, where he, at sixteen years of age, hegan to learn his trade as a brewer. In 1868 he came to the United States and landed in New York city, thence directly to Cincinnati and entered the employ of the Lion brewery from there. He worked in the western brewery and then returned to the Lion brewery, and for three years was foreman in the malt cellar; from this he was made foreman of the brewery, where he has given the best of satisfaction, gain- ing the respect of the men under his employ, and is con- sidered one of the leading foremen of the breweries. John Daller, retired jewelryman, was born in Germany on the fourth of November, 1814, came to the United States and landed in New Orleans in 1838, thence to Cincinnati, Ohio. Arriving here in February of the same year, he began the watch-making business, being the first regular watch-maker to locate in Cincinnati. He com- menced business on Vine street, opposite the place now carried on by his son. Here he remained for some four years, when he moved to the old stand, where he re- mained in active business up to 1865, when he retired; the business has been carried on by his son, Joseph, in a profitable way. Mr. Daller was married in Cincinnati, to Theresa Kiehl, of Germany; by the union they have two children. Mr. Daller has resided in Dayton, Ken- tucky, since 1878, but he spent a portion of his time with his son on Vine street. A. Weizeneker, business, grocer, on Vine street, was born in Baden, Germany, February 10, 18 19; learned his trade as a tailor. In 1838 he came to America and landed in New Orleans, thence to St. Louis, Missouri, where he remained until 1842, when he came to Cin- cinnati and commenced to work at his trade in the tailor- ing and clothing store on Broadway, where he continued in business for some five years, when he moved to Vine street and entered the dry goods business which he con- tinued for a number of years; then entered his present business which has continued since. Mr. Weizeneker was married in St. Louis to Miss Salma Lawrence, by whom he has had six children. J. H. Licht, manufacturer of pipes, was born in Bavaria, Germany, December 9, 1807; came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1838, thence to George- town, Ohio, where he remained a short time and then came to Cincinnati in 1838, where he has been engaged in working at his trade as a turner in fancy articles. He 526 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. cessful business. They employ eighteen hands in their business. Rev. William Daly, pastor of the Catholic church, was born in Roscommon, Ireland, June, 1841. He came to the United States and located in Cincinnati in 185 1. He graduated from Mt. St. Mary's college in 1870. After being ordained as minister he was located at Oxford at St. Mary's church. Some two years ago he took charge of his present congregation, where he has remained since, being a very active worker. Jacob Frey, Vine street, was born in Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, November 15, 1799. At thirteen years of age he began to learn his trade as a tailor, working at his trade in Germany until 1833. Mr. Frey was married in Germany, November 30, 1830, to Miss Johanna Henri- etta C. Haffly. She was born in Baden, Germany, Feb- ruary 27, 181 1. In 1833 he, with his wife and three children, sailed for America, landing in New Orleans in May, after being on the trip from Bremen to New Or- leans fifty-six days. They then came direct to Cincin- nati. Finding no work at his trade, he went to work here as a laborer on the canal, where he worked some three weeks, when he went to work at his trade, tailoring, which he continued up to 1849. He then entered the book and newspaper business, being agent for the Volks- blatt newspaper until 1877, when he retired, his son now filling that position. Mr. Frey is one of the organizers of the old tailor's association, which was organized in 1843, ne being one of its honored presidents. By their marriage they have had fourteen children, of whom seven are living. John B. Ahlers, Central avenue, was born in Olden- burg, Germany, January 9, 1809. He came to the United States and landed in New York city in 1835; then came to Cincinnati, arriving here August 9, 1835. Here he went to work at day labor. He also, for a while, worked in Natchez, Mississippi. Returning to Cincin- nati he, in about 1845, began keeping a grocery on the southeast corner of Liberty street and Central avenue, one of the first to start in the grocery business in this neighborhood, then very thinly settled. Here he con- tinued in. business for about eight years. He made a trip to Germany, and after returning he moved on a farm on Colerain pike. Here he remained some eight years, en- gaged in farming, when he retired to his present home, where he has remained since. Mr. Ahlers has made three trips to his native country, where he spent some two and a half years visiting friends and relatives. He has been married twice, and has had the sad misfortune of losing both wives. His last wife died some eight years ago. He has two children living — one by his first wife and one by the second. Charles Hess, baker, was born in Baden, Germany, learning his trade as a baker. In 1857 he came to the United States, locating at Cincinnati, working at his trade a short time, He then went west, seeking gold, visiting Pike's Peak. Remaining west one and a half years, he returned to Cincinnati. He entered the service of the Ninety-ninth Ohio volunteer infantry as baker, where he served for some three years. At the close of the war Mr. Hess returned to Cincinnati. Here he worked at odd jobs until 1866, when he established his present business, being one of the first bakers to locate in this vicinity. Here, by hard work and good management, Mr. Hess has been successful and won a host of friends. He was made alderman of his ward in 1880, which office he is now filling with entire satisfaction. He was married in Cincinnati to Miss Minnie Peters, of Germany. By this union they have five children. Wendel Gruesser, saloon-keeper, was born in Germany, March 3, 1825, and in 1848 sailed for America, landing in New York city on the eleventh day of October of the same year, and in November located in Cincinnati. He is a machinist by trade, which he learned in Germany. Not finding anything to do at his trade, he went to work as a laborer on the canal. He then found work repair- ing musical instruments, for which he was swindled out of his wages. He soon after went to work in the Fulton locomotive works, arid thence to Cleveland, Ohio. He worked on a farm in different places; also in a saw- mill on Licking river. He went south, seeking work in Woodville, Mississippi; New Orleans, Algers, Carroll- ton, but finding work for a short time. He then went to steamboating on the Mississippi. In 1851 he returned to Cincinnati, and worked at his trade, which he con- tinued up to 1858, when he removed to Tell City, In- diana, being one of the pioneers of that place. He, in company with others, entered the saw-mill business, which not being successful he returned to Cincinnati. In 1861 he entered his present business, which he has continued ever since. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Mary Kaemmerling, of Germany, and has two children living. Mr. Gruesser is" a member of the German Pioneer association. Mrs. Mary Engle, is the wife of the late David Engle, who was born in Baden, Germany, in 1827, and at seven years of age came to America and landed in New York city, coming direct to Cincinnati, his home un- til his death, which occurred in 1879. He worked on a farm near Cincinnati burning charcoal, which he would bring to Cincinnati by the wagon load and peddle to customers. He then went to work gardening. In 1853 he married Mary Klunz, of Germany, who came to Cin- cinnati in 1849. After he married he began keeping a saloon and boarding-house. He soon after embarked in the mineral water manufacturing business. In each line of business he was very successful. He had accu- mulated a good property, which he left to his wife and family. Mr. Engle was one of the honored members of the German Pioneer association. The business is carried on by the sons, David having charge of the mineral water department, and Chris the saloon. John is attending school. William Sedler, saloon-keeper, was born in Germany, May 18, 1836. He came to the United States, and landed in New York city in 1846, coming direct to Cin- cinnati, arriving here about June of the same year. He went to work as a laborer, working at different places. He carried on the fish business for some fourteen years. He was also a fireman on the Pittsburgh & Marietta APPENDIX. The following addition to the chapter on Religion was received too late for insertion in its proper place : The Catholic churches of the Mill Creek valley, form- erly in Mill Creek township, but now within the city limits, are: St. Boniface, of Cumminisville, which was built by the Franciscan Fathers of Vine and Liberty, the Reverend G. Topmoeller having now been in charge for a period of about ten years. It has a large congregation, and also a large parochial school. St. Patrick's, of Cum- minisville, the church building having been erected by Rev. D. B. Walker, the present pastor being the Reverend P. Mazurett. The Sacred Heart of Jesus, at Camp Wash- ington, was built by Rev. H. Kemper, the present pastor being the Rev. Henry Paul. The following notices were received too late for inser- tion in their proper place in the chapter on Education : HISTORY OF THE SIXTH DISTRICT SCHOOL. This school is located in the northern part of the city, about a block and a half north of Music hall, at the intersection of Elm and Adams streets. The school-lot, which has a frontage of ninety feet on. Elm street and a depth of one hundred and ninety-eight feet on Adams street, cost fourteen thousand dollars. The school-house was erected during the years 1855-56. It is a very substantial and fine-looking brick edifice, four and a half stories high, and contains twenty-four rooms, which have a capacity for seating one thousand four hundred and forty-two pupils. The original cost of erection, including also that of a subsequent remodelling, was thirty-six* thousand three hundred and forty-eight dollars. The present school was organized out of the surplus pupils of the adjacent districts — the Tenth, the Eleventh, and the Thirteenth, and went into operation on January 5, 1857. It numbered at that time about one thousand pupils. The present boundaries of the district are as follows: the west side of Vine street on the east, the east side of John street on the west, the south sides of Green and Liberty streets on the north, and the north sides of Fifteenth, Fourteenth, Ann, and Betts streets. The first principal of the school was Mason D. Parker, who was transferred to the position from a similar one in the Tenth district. He continued in charge of the school until the beginning of the school-year 1858, when he was transferred to the principalship of the Second intermediate schools, and his position in the Sixth district was filled by the appointment of William E. Crosby. The latter re- mained in charge of the school until October, 1865, when he was transferred to the First intermediate school as principal; and N. K. Royse succeeded to the position thus vacated. This completes the list of administrative changes experienced by the school, the last-named prin- cipal being in charge at the present writing. ST. XAVIER COLLEGE. St. Xavier grew out of an institution founded in 1831 by the first bishop of Cincinnati, the Right Rev. E. D. Fenwick, and named by him the Athenaeum. At the time of its transfer to the Society of Jesus, the Athenaeum was half college, half seminary, the seminarians assisting in the care and instruction of the other pupils. The in- stitution had, during the nine years of its existence, been only partially successful, and it was the earnest hope of friends and patrons that the putting of it into the hands of the Jesuits would establish it on a firmer basis and give it new life and vigor. If we may credit the city journals of the period, their hopes were from the out- set realized to the full. It was in 1840 that Archbishop Purcell addressed his invitation to the fathers of the Society of Jesus to come to Cincinnati. They eagerly responded to the call, and Rev. J. A. Elet, with six companions, made up the first deputation. The earliest care of the new faculty was to have the institution incorporated by the general assembly of the State of Ohio. The Athenaeum then became St. Xavier college, and the Rev. Father John Elet was ap- pointed its first president. We cannot hope to interest the public with the details of St. Xavier's, and we will, therefore, be contented with its very general outlines. Few institutions of forty years' standing will truthfully boast a career of unmingled pros- perity. It is safe to say that St. Xavier has met with a large measure of success. Its beginnings, as we have stated, were eminently auspicious. At the close of the sixth year of its existence its catalogue counted two hundred and sev- enty students. The number was at that period made up both of boarders and day scholars. Later, about the year 1853, after the presidency of Rev. George Carrel, S. J., and his elevation to the episcopate as first bishop of Covington, the college ceased to receive boarders. The decade following was a period of some gloom in the history of the institution, noticeable in a sensible de- cline in the number of students. Scarcity of funds, too, operated as an obstacle to greater capabilities and useful- ness — for it must be borne in mind that no State aid has ever been given St. Xavier's, and that it has depended almost entirely on the tuition fees received from its schol- ars. However, the college bore up bravely through all adverse circumstances, and from 1866 onward has wit- nessed some of its palmiest days. In that year was 5^8 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. resided in Mercer and Chillicothe counties. In 1879 he started his present business, and in 1880 moved to his present location, which is very extensive, and gives employment to eight men. He confines himself princi- pally to the manufacture of tables. His son, C. J. Krug, though a plumber by trade, has gone into partnership with his father, and makes the greater part of the pat- terns for the tables, which are handsome and substantial. His art in painting and ornamental work is of the finest quality. Adam Krug married Miss Barbara Zetelmire, a native of Germany. William Oberhellmann, brick manufacturer, was born in Germany in 1823, and coming to the United States, landed in Baltimore April 1, 1846. He went to Phila- delphia, and in 1847 came to Cincinnati, where he be- gan work as a day laborer. In 1853 he invested his earnings in a brick yard, and is to-day one of the oldest brick manufacturers around the city, and by industry and good management has made his business a success. He is a member of the German Pioneer association. Adam Mangold, grocer, is one of the most successful business men in this vicinity. He was born in Hessen, Germany, June 2, 1826. He learned his trade as a cooper and beer brewer on Frankfort-on-the-Main. In 1848 he sailed for America, and landed in New York city November 15, 1848, then came direct to Cincinnati, arriving here November 22, 1848. He entered a Main street brewery and worked at his trade some three years, when he entered the produce business, which he con- tinued about four years. He then entered his present business, in which he has been very successful. It may here be stated that Mr. Mangold came to Cincinnati with two five franc pieces, being all the money he had. He, by his industry and good management, has accumulated a large estate. He was married in Cincinnati, September 24, 1854, to Margaret Zittel. She was born in Bavaria, Germany, Junuary 9, 1834. She came to the United States in 1848, locating in Illinois, thence went lo Cin- cinnati. By this marriage they have five children. Christ Kentner, foreman of Elsas & Pritz's tannery, was born in Germany in 1840. He came to Cincinnati in 1859. In 1865 Mr. Kentner entered the employ of Elsas & Pritz, and he gradually grew up in the tannery business, so that in 1873 h e was made foreman, which position he has filled with satisfaction to his employers, and gained the respect of the men under his manage- ment. John Peter Blaeszer, saloon-keeper, Twenty-fourth ward. The subject of this sketch was born in Germany, January 30, 1820, and came to the United States and landed in Baltimore in 1849, thence direct to Cincinnati, arriving here in June, the same year. Coming here in meagre circumstances, he worked in stone quarries, and in slaughter-houses in the winter, continuing for a number of years at this business, after which he entered the saloon, which has been his business since. He moved to his present place in 1859, near Hearencourt's brewery, living in the vicinity ever since. In 1852 Mr. Blaeszer was married in Cincinnati to Miss Rosa Baldus. She is a native of Germany, having come to Cincinnati in 1851. By this marriage they have three children living. He is a member of the German Pioneer association and of the Catholic church. L. Schreiber, of L. Schreiber & Sons, building and brewers' iron works, manufacturers of iron fronts, iron stairs, etc., was born in Bavaria, Germany, July 24, 1828, learning the machinist trade in Germany. In 1849 he sailed for America, landed in New York city, and then came direct to Cincinnati. He began to manufacture surgical and dental instruments, which business he fol- lowed very successfully for a number of years. About 1861 he began in his present business in a meagre way, but since then his business, by his good management, has increased wonderfully. He is now doing the larg- est amount of work in his line in the city. He is located on Walnut street, which has a fifty foot front and two hundred feet deep. He is employing as high as sixty hands, doing work for all parts of the Union — for the leading brewers of Cincinnati and other large cities as far south as Texas and as far north as Chicago, and east New York. Messrs. Schreiber & Sons are now put- ting up new additions to their business, and when fin- ished, will be the most complete foundry of the kind in the west. Mr. Schreiber was at an early day engaged also in manufacturing fencing-swords, of which art he was one of the best. He has been a member of the Turners for the last thirty-one years. George P. Bihn, potter, McMicken avenue, was born in Cincinnati, and is the son of the late Andrew Bihn, who was born in Germany, where he learned his trade as a potter, and about 1843 came to Cincinnati and estab- lished in business in 1844, near where the Jackson brewery is now located. He continued in business until about 1854, when he commenced the pottery "business now carried on by his son, and continued it up till the time of his death, which occurred May 23, 1875, in his sixty-first year. He was, perhaps, at his death, the old- est potter in the city. He was an industrious and honest man. By his hard labor he had accumulated a good property. Our subject was educated in the pottery bus- iness under his father, and has followed the business ever since he was able to work. He is making good work, and has been very successful in the business. He has one kiln which has a large capacity, making a speci- alty in the manufacture of flower pots for the nursery trade. Mueller & Froelking, proprietors of the Main Street brewery, which may be mentioned among the successful breweries of Cincinnati and one of the oldest in the city. Michael Mueller, the senior member of the firm, was born in Germany, where he learned his trade as a brewer. In 1856 he came to Cincinnati and entered the employ of the breweries here, and worked in the leading brew- eries of the city, being foreman of the Jackson brewery for a number of years. Learning the full history of the brewery business (being a very successful foreman) he en- tered business for himself, and since than, we may safely say, he has done exceedingly well, placing the Main Street brewery beer among the best manufactured in the city. They employ twenty-five hands, with a capacity of HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. 533 Ohio. He is a member of the eminent law firm of Yaple, Moss & Pattison, and served as a member of the Ohio legislature to the credit of himself and his constit- uents. He was the attorney of the committee of safety, an organization composed of the leading business men and capitalists of our city, and has been identified with all the important reforms in our municipal government that have been attempted during the last several years. The name of Law has long been prominent in the insurance business in Cincinnati. Dr. John S. Law was appointed Cincinnati agent for the Royal Insurance company of London and Liverpool, England, in 1852, and he and his son have held this post ever since. Dr Law was the first representative of this company in the west, and one of the three agents first appointed in the United States. His son, Mr. John H. Law, began in the business of insurance in 1852, in the office of his father. Here he remained until 1857, when he entered business on his own account, as agent for the Howard, Mercantile, and Commonwealth of New York. This agency continued until 187 1, when Mr. Law formed a partnership with his father under the name of Law & Son, which lasted until the death of Dr. Law in 1877. Since then Mr. Law has conducted the business alone. In 1868 he was appointed the first agent of the Imperial of London. He is now general agent or manager for the Royal, of England, for the States of Ohio, Indiana, and West Virginia, and for the London and Lancashire for the same territory; and for the United Fireman's, and Fire Association, of Philadelphia, and British Amer- ica, of Toronto, Canada, for the States of Ohio and Indiana. In this field for these companies Mr. Law has six hundred agents, whose premiums amount annually to four hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Law represents a greater number of companies as general agent than any other underwriter in the west. Under his guidance the companies he represents are securing a constantly in- creasing business, and his general agency ranks among the leading offices of Cincinnati. Isaac H. Turrell, principal of the Fourth district school, was born in Franklin county, Indiana, December J 7i ^iJi anc * received his early education in a country district school. He was fortunate, however, at this time in having for his school-master William Cumback, then a rising young pedagogue, but afterwards member of Congress and lieutenant-governer of the State. Mr. Turrell subsequently attended Springfield academy, at Mount Carmel, Indiana, where he began the study of Latin and Greek under the supervision of George A. Chase, now principal of Louisville female seminary. M. Louisa Chitwood was at that time a student in the academy; she was a very attractive girl of about sixteen years, and always had an original poem to read on Fri- day afternoons — or composing day. She afterwards contributed to the leading literary magizines of the day. George D. Prentice, then editor of the Louis vi\\e Journal, esteemed her very highly, visited her at her home in Mount Carmel, and after her death, at the age of twenty- two, edited a volume of her poems. While at the acad- emy Mr. Turrell devoted his leisure moments to litera- ture and the study of languages, but about the year 1859 he decame interested in mathematics, chiefly through the mathematical department of the Indiana School Journal, then conducted by W. D. Henkle. In the year 1862, after having prepared himself for the junior class in a university, he enlisted in the Eighty-fourth Indiana volunteer infantry, then just organizing, and re- mained in active service until the close of the war. In the spring of 1866 he was mustered out, "his services being no longer required." He has been a contributor to several mathematical publications, which are devoted to the higher branches of science. ERRATA. Page 9 — Second column, twentieth line, for "places," read "planes." Page 10 — Sixth line, for the second " in, " read "is"; second column, twenty-fourth line from the bottom, for "district," read "distinct." Page 12 — Second column, seventh line from the bottom, for "1848," read "1847." Page 15 — Thirty-second line, for "Fourth," read "Twelfth"; second column, twenty-ninth line, for "1794," read "1793.' Page 16 — First column, fifth line from the bottom, for "Indian," read "English." Page 17 — Sixteenth line, for "Mound," read "Main." Page 21 — Second column, eleventh line from the bottom, for "Wil- liam," read "Cyrus." Page 35 — Eighteenth line, for " Lutner," read "Luther." Page 37 — Second column, thirtieth line from the bottom, for "route," read "fort"; eleventh line, for "September," read "August"; eleventh line, for "Western,'' read "Eastern." Page 45 — Second column, twenty-third line from the bottom, for "Williamson," read "Wilkinson." Page 47 — Seventeenth line, for "1764," read "1794." Page 49 — Second column, twenty-fifth line from the bottom, for "William," read "James." Page 60 — Second column, twenty-eighth line from the top, for "movements," read "moments." Page 80 — First column, twenty-sixth line from the bottom, for ' ' ex- perience," read "expectation." Page 86 — Third line, for " Corrington, " read "Covington." Page 90 — Tenth line, for "1849," read "1839;" thirty-second line, for "twenty-nine," read "twenty-six." Page 97 — Second column, as the seventeenth line, insert "Eighteen hundred and forty-eight." Page 108 — Eighteenth line , after ' ' Weitzel, " remove the asterisk. Page 109 — Thirteenth line, between " though" and "always," read "not;" thirty-fourth line, for "first," read "fruit." Page 125 — First column, tenth line from the bottom, after "fifty," insert "thousand." Page 142 — Seventeenth line, for "Hetch," read "Hecht." Page 154 — First column, ninth line from the bottom, for " Carter," read "Collins." Page 163 — Second column, twenty-seventh line from the bottom, for "contest," read "contrast." Page 201 — Second column, tenth line from the bottom, for "coun- try," read "county." Page 205 — Second column, twenty-eighth line, before "1880," read "directors." Page 222 — Second column, seventeenth line, for "we," read "is." Page 243 — First column, seventh line from the bottom, for "west," read "east." Page 253— Second column, eleventh line, omit ' ' four hundred and." Page 255— Second column, nineteenth line, for "Whitney," read "Whiting." Page 257 — Second column, twenty-ninth line, for "by," read "be." Page 290 — Second column, sixth line from the bottom, for "1815," read "1816." Page 294 — Second column, nineteenth line, enclose "New Jersey" in brackets. Page 312 — Thirtieth line, for "found," read "fond." Page 317 — Thirtieth line, for "Hamilton," read "Hammond." Page 329 — First column, sixteenth line from the bottom, for "1849," read "1840." 53° HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO commenced on Abigail street, thence to Vine street, thence to Main, when he returned to Vine street, and has remained here ever since. Mr. Licht was married in Germany, where he lost his first wife; he was remarried in Cincinnati, to Louisa Beierly, of Germany. He has two children by his first wife and one by his present wife. Henry Hasebrock, merchant tailor, was born in the kingdom of Hanover, Germany, December 14, 1824. He came to the United States, landing in Baltimore July 5, 1848, and thence came to Cincinnati, arriving here July 28, 1848. He came here in meagre circumstances, and went to work at his trade, which he had learned in Germany. Mr. Hasebrock has continued at this trade ever since, and with industry and good management has accumulated a good property. He married, in 1848, Miss Christina Lendermann. She died, and in 1850 he married his present wife, nee Miss Johanna Beckenbush, a native of Holland. Mr. Hasebrock started in business for himself in 1865, and has been located at his present stand since 1874. He made a visit to his old home in Germany in 1874, where he found but few of his old as- sociates. Mr. Hasebrock is a well known business man of Cincinnati, being universally esteemed for his integrity and honesty. J. C. Wiechelmann, saloonist, was born in the duchy of Oldenburg, Germany, in February, 181 7. He sailed for America in T834 and landed in Baltimore. He, with a party of sixteen others, journeyed on foot as far as Wheeling, and there took a steamer for Cincinnati, arri- ving at his destination in June, 1834. He went to work on the canal, at twelve dollars per month and board . then worked on a canal in Alabama ; returned to Cin- cinnati and worked in a brick-yard; thence went to Lexington, Kentucky, working on a turnpike; then worked in a hotel on Main street, Cincinnati; took a trip to Natchez, Mississippi, working on the Jackson railroad- and finally returned to Cincinnati, and was engaged as a private coachman, which occupation he followed for five years. In 1845 by hard work and good management he had saved a little money, and decided to invest it in the saloon business. He opened a saloon at No. 99, Court street, thence moved to the corner of Central avenue and Liberty street, living there three years, and in 1850 oc- cupied his present stand, where he has continued ever since, and is one of the oldest saloonists on the street. He keeps a respectable and orderly place. He is a member of the German Pioneer association. He mar- ried, in Cincinnati, Miss Mary Brocker, a native of Ger- many. She came here in 1840, and died in 1851. Mr. Wiechelmann married for his second wife Catharine Wiegers, a German. He is the father of five children, two by his first wife, and three by his second. Peter Dater was born in Bavaria, December 25, 1819. He came to the United States, landing in Philadelphia, in 1829, thence he came to Ohio, locating in Brown county, where he remained a short time, and then came to Cincinnati, arriving here in 1829. Shortly after com- ing here he entered the grocery business in company with his brother, in which occupation he continued for about four years, when he entered the produce business, shipping his goods to a southern market. Mr. Dater was a soldier in the late war, having served in the one hundred days' service, and was honorably discharged. He married, in Cincinnati, Miss Catharine Hasch. His wife having died, he married his present wife, nee Miss Barbara Schwab. William Riedlin, is a native of Germany. He moved to Cincinnati in 1870, where he engaged at his trade, blacksmithing, which he followed for several years. In 1877 he started the Tivoli, which has been conducted very successfully under his management. He gives a free concert every Sunday afternoon and evening, always furnishing good music. He has at present engaged the Great Western band, which is recognized as one of the best bands in the United States. The main hall is forty- eight by eighty feet. The garden is well patronized by the public, and is a quiet, respectable resort. The Tri- voli is rented for balls, and some of the leading societies and clubs of Cincinnati hold their balls there. Francis Threm, manufacturer of wooden faucets, mal- lets, ten-pins, balls, etc., No. 598 Walnut street, was born in Prussia in 1822, where he learned his trade as a wood-turner. In 1844 he came to America, landed in New York city, and came direct to Cincinnati, where he worked at his trade until 1846 when he began his pres- ent business, and has been located at the same stand during the last twenty years. Mr. Threm married in Cincinnati, Isebella Dinis, a native of Germany, and by her has six children. Mr. Threm has in his employment at the present time from ten to twelve hands. His work is of the very best quality and always gives satisfaction. Mr. George Emig was born in Bavaria, Germany, De- cember 14, 1846. Came to America with his parents, brothers, and sister in 1852, landing in New Orleans March 14th. Six weeks after the family arrived in that city the father died with yellow fever. After a stay of two years in New Orleans the family came to Cincinnati, Ohio. Here the subject of this sketch attended public school until he was ten years old, when necessity com- pelled him to work. His first engagement was with Waters & Barrett, washboard factory. During the win- ter he attended night school, where he received most of his education. His next work was with James L. Haven & Co., iron foundry and machine shop, Liberty street, east of Broadway. Here he remained until his employers burned out, when he worked at boot and shoe tap fitting until Haven & Co. started their new place on Second street, between Elm and Plum. He remained with Haven & Co. until 1863, when, his apprenticeship being completed, he engaged with the Cincinnati type foundry. From there he went to work for Day & Lee, machine shop, corner Walnut street and McMicken ave- nue. April, 1865, he engaged with Hollingshade & Morire, bolt and nut works, Second street, between Elm and Plum; afterwards changed to Thomas Phillips, and succeeded by L. M. Dayton. In 1870 Mr. Emig was promoted by Mr. Dayton to superintendent, which posi- tion he still holds. During Mr. Emig's early life as a machinist he attended the Ohio Mechanics' Institute School of Design, where he learned mechanical drawing. 532 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. erected the handsome edifice standing on the corner of Seventh and Sycamore streets. Of its later history we need say nothing. "Old St. Xavier" is a name that is to-day in many mouths, and that awakens pleasant recollections in many hearts. It has educated hundreds in the city which it adorns. Its graduates are to be found in honored places on the bench and at the bar. The medical profession counts many of them among its members, some well known to fame, and others fast rising into prominence. To ministers of the religion it professes it has given birth by scores. But we can give no more practical illustration of its work as an educational institute, than by presenting to the public its course of studies. We do this for the classical course only, observing that the commercial course, designed to qualify young men for the various branches of business life, is con- ducted on the same general plan as far as this is consist- ent with the different studies pursued therein. The following notices, if received in time, would have been included in the chapter on banking and insurance : Cincinnati Equitable Fire Insurance company, No. 169 Race street. This company was chartered in 1829 — the first in Cincinnati. The plan is mutual and equitable, as well as virtually perpetual. Risks are taken on brick or stone buildings in Hamilton county for a period of seven years, at about the same rate of premium as the other companies, and at the expiration of the term the policy will be renewed, if desired, for seven years, and for as many periods of seven years as the holder may wish ; or if the depositor wishes to cancel his policy at the termin- ation of any period of seven years, the whole deposit, or premium, will be returned. The present deposits, which are held subject to the order of the depositors, amount to one hundred and ninety thousand dollars, the interest on which, by judicious investment and careful discrimin- ation in taking risks, has accumulated a surplus of over one hundred and thirty thousand dollars, which, with the aid of our efficient fire department, will render it im- probable that any assessment will be made to pay losses — one small one, only, having been made in the last thirty years. It cannot be denied that it is as safe, and certainly the most economical mode of insurance on first class risks in the world. It simply costs the insured the use of the deposit, and, in case of loss, there is no de- duction in the amount of deposit or insurance. Every member of the first board of directors of this company has passed away long since, but there are a very few of the members who have served over forty years. The in- corporators were : Ezekiel Hall, John Jolly, John Wood, Joseph T. Hodgson, Henry Miller, Henry Gassaway, William Burke, John Duval, Stephen Burrows, Benjamin Mason, William Barr, and Oliver M. Spencer, and they formed the first board of directors. The names of the present board of directors are: R. R. Springer, S. S. Smith (the two oldest members in the board), George Crawford, William H. Harrison, Charles Andress, James Gilmore, M. B. Hagans, William Woods, William H. Al- len, Jacob Seasongood, George Wilshire, and John Car- lisle. S. S. Smith, president; T. S. Goodman, secretary and treasurer; Charles H. Baldwin, assistant secretary and surveyor. This was the first local company formed in Cincinnati — and the only one on a similar plan. Amazon Insurance company, of Cincinnati, has the largest amount of assets of any fire insurance company organized in Ohio. Its cash capital is three hundred thousand dollars, and total assets six hundred and five thousand three hundred and seventeen dollars. The stockholders, although the capital is full paid, are, under the laws of Ohio, individually liable for an additional equal to their stock. Since its organization in 187 1, the Amazon has paid losses amounting to two million, eight hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The jcom- pany's office building is at No. 260 Vine street. The president is Gazzam Gano, and the secretary is J. H. Beatie. The Union Central life insurance company, which is domiciled in its own elegant building at the corner of Fourth and Central avenue, was organized in 1867, and having outlived and absorbed all other Cincinnati life in- surance companies, is now the sole representative of Cin- cinnati enterprise and capital in that line. And it is one to be proud of, its history being a continuous record of the triumphs of correct insurance principles, judicious enterprise, faithful management, and growing patronage. Through these the Union Central has been brought to the highest point of excellence as regards strength, soundness, promptness, reliability and popularity, all desirable ele- ments in an institution of its class, and possessed by it in a degree that gives it rank among the first life insurance companies of the country. The special features of ex- cellence in the system adopted by the company confirm it in this position. The company since its organization has paid out in death losses and matured endowments about one million dollars. John Cochnower, president; John M. Pattison, vice- president; E. P. Marshall, secretary; Jesse R. Clark, cashier; John Davis, M. D., and William B. Davis, M. D., medical directors; Matthews, Ramsey & Matthews, counsel; John Cochnower, John Davis, M. D., William B. Davis, M. D„ J. W. Weakly, D. D„ William Glenn, of William Glenn & Son, wholesale grocers, N. W. Har- ris, late secretary Union Central Life Insurance company, William M. Ramsey, of Matthews, Ramsey & Matthews, J. M. Pattison, of Yaple, Moos & Pattison, attorneys, Jesse R. Clark, M. Cassat, M. D„ R. S. Rust, D. D., corresponding secretary Freedmen's Aid society, Cincin- nati, Ohio, Hon. Peter Murphy, banker, Hamilton, Ohio, W. G. Williams, M. D., Delaware, Ohio, directors. Mr. Cochnower was the first president of the Union Central Life Insurance company, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and has occupied that position during the existence of the company, except two years, when Mr. John M. Phil- lips was president. He has lived in Cincinnati since his eighth year, now more than a half century past, and has been one of our most enterprising and successful business men, noted for his integrity, energy and perseverance, and for his warm and liberal interests in charitable, relig- ious and public affairs. Hon. John M. Pattison is the vice-president of the Union Central Life Insurance company, of Cincinnati, 534 HISTORY OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. Page 333— Second column, fourth line from the bottom, for "That year," read "The year 1873." Page 346 — First column, seventh line from the bottom, for "Na- tional," read "Natural." Page 350 — Thirty-first line. The general statement in the books is as here given. Drake and Mansfield, however, in their Cincinnati in 1826, say the first steamer built at the city was the Vesta, in the year 1816. Page 362 — Seventeenth line, for " fire," read "fine;" first column, tenth line from the bottom, for "Kiljour, " read "Kilgour;" second column, twenty-second line, for "piroque," read "pirogue." Page 363 — First column, twenty-ninth line from the bottom, for "games," read "game." Page 364 — Fifth line, for " Odin," read "Ohio." Page 366 — Second column, seventh line from the bottom, for "there,'' read "these." Page 368 — Twelfth line, for "Niswell," read "Wiswell;" second col- umn, third line, for "Sniton," read "Sinton." Page 371 — Thirty-first line, read "feet," after "twenty-four;" second column, twenty-ninth line, for "printed," read "re-printed." Page 373 — Twenty-first linefor " Latton's," read ".Letton's;" second column, third line, for "1836," read "1834." Page 374 — Second column, twenty -first line, for "Trivoli," read "Tivoli." Page 375 — Fifth line, for "Heuicks, " read "Heuck's." Page 377 — Eleventh line, for " Coleman," read " Colera in;" second column, tenth line, for "Their," read "there;" eleventh line from the bottom, for "place," read "price." Page 378 — First column, tenth line from the bottom, for "Farnshaw," lead "Earnshaw;" second column, twenty-eighth line, for " Ewens,' read "Evans." Page 379 — First column, twenty-seventh line from the bottom, for "Miller," read "Miiller;" twenty-sixth line, for "Rudolph," read "Randolph;" last line, for "Rieley," read "Reily." Page 380 — Twenty-first line, for " Nimrur," read " Nimmo;" second column, eleventh line, for "Davis," read "Davies;" eighteenth line (also page 382, fifth line), for "Johnson," read "Johnston;" nineteenth line, add "William Means, 1881;" twenty-ninth line, for "Station,'' read " Stratton." Page 381 — Fifth line, for "Brudsall," read "Burdsall;" twenty-eighth line, for " Laffin, " read " Saffin ;" second column, twenty-second line, for "Gaple," read "Yaple." Page 382 — First column, twentieth line from the bottom, for "un- due," read "unpaid;" second column, twelfth line, for " rapidly, " read "ardently." Page 383 — Second line, after "necessary," insert "means;" second column, twenty-sixth line, for "eight," read "eighteen;" thirty-fifth line, for "next," read "forty-fourth." Page 384 — Thirteenth line, for " the," read "two." J age 388 — Second column, first line, for "cause," read "cost." Page 389— Twenty-third line, for "find," read "fluid;" tenth line from the bottom, for "no," read "on." Page 390 — Thirtieth line, for "neat," read "new." Page 394 — Fifteenth line, for "4866, '"read "1866." Page 396 — First column, fifth line from the bottom, for " character, ' read "charter;" second column, twenty-eighth line from the bottom, for "changed," read "charged." Page 397 — First column, eleventh line from the bottom, after "1826,' read "the health of;" second column, fourth line, for "2.23," read "2,230;" tenth line, for "22,867," read "2,867." Page 398 — Second column, eighth line, for "chance, " read "channel. " Page 399 — Second column, twentieth line from the bottom, after "five," read "hundred;" nineteenth line, for "1859, " read "1869;" sec- ond line, for "Bulloch," read "Bullock." Page 400 — Twenty-fourth line, for " Convent," read "Covent;" sec- ond column, thirtieth line from the bottom, for "crowed," read "crowded." Page 402 — Second column, second line from the bottom, for "Har- meyer" read "Havemeyer." Page 403 — Second column, seventeenth line, for "1887," read "1877;" twenty-second and twenty-fifth lines from the bottom, for " tracts," read "tracks." Page 404 — Seventeenth line, for "Sedain," read "Sedam." Page 406— Twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, and twenty-sixth lines, before each sum read "$." Page 407— Tenth line, for "thirty-eighty," read "thirty-eight;" sec- ond column, eleventh line from the bottom, for "note," read "vote;" sixth line, for "probable," read "probably." Page 408— Second column, fifth line from the bottom, for " writer," read "village." Page 409— Second column, sixth line, for "Hischmann," read "Fleischmann." Page 410— Second column, nineteenth line, for "appear," read "ap- peal." Page 41 1 — Second column , eleventh line, for ' 'Biegler, " read ' 'Ziegler. " Page 412 — First line, after "which," read "was." Page 413 — First column, sixth line from the bottom, for "Mr." read "Mrs."; second column, twenty-sixth line, for "mission," read " Mis- souri." Page 414 — Second column, nineteenth line, for ' ' Dearbon, " read "Dearborn; seventh line from the bottom, for "stone," read "store." Page 415 — Second column, fifth line from the bottom, for "did," read "do." Page 438— In Dr. James H. Buckner's biography, in fourth line, for "Missippi," read "Maryland;" in eighteenth line, for "Harry," read "Henry;" inl twentieth line, for "1827," read "1828;" in third para- graph, twelfth line, for "Otto," read "sixth. 1 In Cyrus D. Fishburn's biography, page 440, in third paragraph, fifth line, for "had removed," read "removed;" same paragraph, twenty-fifth line, for "were," read "proved."