/if* 
 
 m 
 
THE GIFT OF 
 
 ;ibatg 
 
Animal Locomotion 
 
 An Electro-Photographic Investigation of Consecutive 
 
 "^^^^-tir^^—^^ases of Animal Movements 
 
 Eaaweard Muybridge 
 
 Published under the Auspices of the University of 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 Prospectus 
 
 and 
 
 Catalogue of Plates 
 
 The Plates Printed by the Photo-Gravure Company of New York 
 
 Philadelphia, 1887 
 Printed by J. B. t,jppincott Company 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024580353 
 
Cornell University Library 
 QP 301.M99 
 
 Animal locomotion : 
 
 3 1924 024 580 353 
 
 In the event of the printed blank for the 
 names of subsciibers having been detached from 
 this prospectus, subscribers can send their names 
 and instructions entii'ely in manuscript; these, and 
 the serial numbers of the plates selected, should 
 be in full, and plainly written. 
 
 Copies of the catalogue of plates in Animal 
 Locomotion, and subscription blanks will, upon 
 application, be mailed free of expense to any part 
 of the world. 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION 
 
 AN ELECTRO -PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION 
 
 OF CONSECUTIVE PHASES OF 
 
 ANIMAL MOVEMENTS 
 
 EADWEARD MUYBEIDGE 
 
 PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OP THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 PROSPECTUS 
 
 AND 
 
 Catalogue of Plates 
 
 THE PLATES PRINTED BY THE PHOTO-GRAVURE COMPANY OF NEW YORK 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 1887 
 Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company 
 
Copyright, 1886, by Eadweaiid Mu'ybridqe. 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 PROSPECTUS. 
 
 In 1878 the author of the present work published a few 
 Photographs under the title of "The Horse in Motion;" 
 these were the results of some experiments in California 
 with automatic electro-photograph ie apparatus, devised by 
 him for the purpose of demonstrating the s.uccessive phases 
 of Animal Locomotion. This subject had engaged his at- 
 tention since 1872, when the first lateral photograph of a 
 horse trotting at full speed was made bj' him. 
 
 The experiments were continued in 1879. Upon their 
 termination the author became convinced that a com- 
 prehensive and systematic investigation with improved 
 mechanical appliances, and newly-discovered chemical ma- 
 nipulations, would demonstrate many novel facts, not only 
 interesting to the casual observer, but of indisputable value 
 tO' the artist and, to the scientist. This investigation 
 demanded of necessity so large an outlay of money, and 
 the subsequent publication in its present generous form 
 assumed such imposing proportions, that all publishers not 
 unnaturally shrank from entering the unexplored field. 
 
 In this emergency The University of Pennsylvania took 
 the prosecution of the investigation under its auspices, and 
 its liberal assistance has enabled the author to complete his 
 work, which he hereby announces as ready for publication. 
 
 The work will be published exclusively by sub- 
 scription, AT THE PEICE OF OnE HuNDRED DOLLARS FOR 
 
 EACH Copy. 
 
 1 3 
 
4 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 One Hundred Plates of illustrations will consti- 
 tute A Copy op the work. 
 
 These one hundred Plates, the subscriber is entitled to 
 select from those enumerated in the subjoined Catalogue. 
 It is believed the description given therein of each move- 
 ment will bo found sufficient to enable this selection to be 
 made with intelligent discrimination. 
 
 The 781 Plates described in the Catalogue comprise more 
 than 20,000 figures of men, women, and children, animals 
 and birds, all actively engaged in walking, galloping, flying, 
 working, playing, fighting, dancing, or other actions inci- 
 dental to every-day life, which illustrate motion and the 
 play of muscles. 
 
 The figures illustrating the various movements are re- 
 produced from the original negatives by the photo-gelatine 
 process of printing, without any attempt having been made 
 to improve their pictorial elfect, either in outline or detail 
 or to conceal their imperfections. 
 
 In the Title of the work, the term "Locomotion" is 
 stretched to its broadest capacity. 
 
 The Plates, without margin, vary in dimensions from 
 12 inches high by 9 inches wide, to 6 inches high by 181 
 inches wide. 
 
 The average area of the Plates is 108 squai'e inches, orj 
 about 660 square centimetres; they are printed on linenl 
 steel-plate paper, of size 19 by 24 inches, and weight 100 ■ 
 pounds to the ream. 
 
 Subscribers desiring a greater number of Plates than 
 the one hundred for which they subscribe, will be entitled 
 to obtain such additions, and at the same proportionate 
 rate of payment; provided they make the selection at the same 
 timf, that they select the Plates for their Subscription Copy. 
 
 Subscribers for two or more Copies have the right of an 
 independent selection of Plates for each Copy. 
 
PROSPECTUS. "5 
 
 Subscribers for six Copies of the work, — that is, for 600 
 Plates, — each Plate being of a different serial number, will 
 be entitled to the remaining 181 Plates without additional 
 payment. They will thus have an impression of each one 
 of the 781 Plates. 
 
 Each Copy of the work will be enclosed in a Portfolio. 
 
 The entire collection of 781 Plates will be enclosed in 
 8 Portfolios. 
 
 Upon receipt of the accompanying blank, duly filled 
 with the necessary instructions, and a romittanoo of twenty 
 dollars ; on account of each Copy subscribed for, the worlt 
 will be forwarded free of express charges to any part of 
 the United States ; - the remainder of the subscription to bo 
 paid upon delivery. 
 
 Subscribers in foreign countries should, preferably, desig- 
 nate an agent in the United States to act in their behalf; 
 or, they will be corresponded with, direct. 
 
 All remittances and correspondence to be addressed to 
 
 BADVVBAED MUYBMDGB, 
 
 University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Philadelphia, U.S.A. 
 
6- 
 
 <D 
 
 
 XI 
 
 
 ■P 
 
 
 «H 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ■is 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 a> 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 (D 
 
 
 iB 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 ■§ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 iH 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 c8 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 J, , 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 'f 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 .a 
 
 ^ 
 
 "§ 
 
 ."S 
 
 _&p 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 fl 
 
 t3 
 
 HH 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 <D 
 
 o 
 
 ,C| 
 
 « 
 
 H 
 
 m 
 
 -e 
 
 ^ 
 
 cS 
 
 -p 
 
 
 <3 
 
 
 
 fH 
 
 •1-1 
 
 cS 
 
 "3 
 
 Pi 
 
 ^ 
 
 S 
 
 -p 
 
 02 
 
 <1 
 
 (D 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 «M 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 c€ 
 
 
 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 O 
 
 GQ 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 CO' 
 
 Si) ^1112'^°°'^^*^ -^ CO <N i-H I QC 
 
 O 
 
STUDIO, APPARATUS, METHOD OF WORKING. 7 
 
 STUDIO, APPARATUS, AND METHOD OF 
 WORKING. 
 
 In the diagram, B is the Lateral background ; consisting 
 of a shed 37 metres, or about 120 feet, long, the front of 
 which is open, and divided by vertical and horizontal 
 threads into spaces 5 centimetres, or about 2 inches, square, 
 and by broader threads into larger spaces 50 centimetres, 
 or about 19| inches, square. 
 
 At C and C, 37 metres, or about 120 feet, apart are "fixed" 
 backgrounds, with vertical threads 5 centimetres, or about 
 
 2 inches, from their centres, with broader threads 30 centi- 
 metres, or about 12 inches, from their centres. 
 
 For some investigations, readily distinguishable in the 
 plates, "portable" backgrounds are used, consisting of frames 
 
 3 metres wide- by 4 metres high, — about 10 feet by 13 
 feet 4 inches, — over some of which black cloth and over 
 others white cloth is stretched, all being divided by vertical 
 and horizontal lines into square spaces of the same descrip- 
 tion as those of the lateral background. 
 
 These portable backgrounds are used when photograph- 
 ing birds and horses, and also wild animals when possible 
 to do so. 
 
 L. A lateral batterj^ of 24 automatic electro-photographic 
 cameras, arranged parallel with the line of progressive 
 motion, and usually placed therefrom about 15 metres or 
 49 feet. 
 
 Slow movements are usually photographed with lenses 
 of 3 inches diameter and 15 inches equivalent focus ; the 
 centres of the lenses being 15 centimetres, or about 6 inches, 
 apart. 
 
 Eapid movements are photographed with a portable 
 battery of cameras and smaller lenses. 
 1* 
 
8 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 The centre, between lenses 6 and 7, is opposite the centre 
 of the tracli T. 
 
 For illustrations comprising both "Laterals" and "Fore- 
 shortenings," cameras 1 to 12 only are used. 
 
 When "Laterals" alone are required, cameras 13 to 24 
 are connected with the system and used in their regular 
 sequence. 
 
 E. A portable battery of 12 automatic electro-photo- 
 graphic cameras, the lenses of which are li inches diameter 
 and 5 inches equivalent focus; the lenses are arranged 7J 
 centimetres, or about 3 inches, from their centres. When 
 the 'battery is used vertically, lens 6 is usually on the same 
 horizontal plane as the lenses of the lateral battery. 
 
 In the diagram this battery is arranged vertically for a 
 series of " Rear Foreshortenings" ; the points of view being 
 at an angle of 90° from the lateral battery. 
 
 F. A battery of 12 automatic electro-photographic cam- 
 eras, similar to that placed at E, arranged horizontally for 
 a series of "Front Foreshortenings"; the points of view 
 averaging an angle of 60° from the lateral battery. 
 
 O. The position of the operator; the electric batteries; 
 the chronograph for recording the intervals of time be- 
 tween each successive exposure ; the motor for completing 
 the successive electric circuits, and other apparatus con- 
 nected with the investigation. 
 
 T T. The track parallel with the lateral battery and 
 covered with corrugated rubber flooring. 
 
 M. The model, approaching the point number "1" on the 
 track where the series of photographic illustrations will 
 commence. 
 
 An estimate having been made of the interval of time 
 which will be required, between each photographic expo- 
 sure, to illustrate the complete movement, or that portion 
 of the complete movement desired, the apparatus is ad- 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES. 9 
 
 justed to complete a succession of electric circuits at 
 each required interval of time, and the motor is set in 
 operation. When the series is to illustrate progressive 
 motion ; upon the arrival of the model at the point marked 
 " 1" on the track, the operator, by pressing a button, com- 
 pletes an electric circuit, which immediately throws into 
 gearing a portion of the apparatus hitherto at rest. By 
 means of suitably-arranged connections, an electric cur- 
 rent is transmitted to each of the 3 cameras marked " 1" 
 in the various batteries, and an exposure is simultaneously 
 made on each of the photographic plates, respectively, 
 contained therein. At the end of the predetermined 
 interval of time, a similar current is transmitted to each 
 of the cameras marked " 2," and another exposui'e made 
 on each of the 3 next plates, and so forth until each series 
 of exposures in each of the three batteries is completed. 
 Assuming the operator to have exercised good judgment 
 in regulating the speed of the apparatus, and in making 
 the first electric contact at the proper time, and that the 
 figures 1 to 12 represent the distance traversed by the 
 model in executing the movement desired, the first three 
 photogi'aphic exposures — that is, one exposure in each bat- 
 tery — will have been synchronously made when the model 
 was passing the position marked "1" on the track T; the 
 second three exposures will have been made when the model 
 was passing the position marked "2," and so on until 
 twelve successive exposures were simultaneously made in 
 each of the three batteries. This perfect uniformity of 
 time, speed, and distance, however, was not always 
 obtained. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Of the broader horizontal lines seen in the plates, the 
 second from the ground is (excepting in special instances 
 
10 
 
 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 easily recognized) on the same horizontal plane as the 
 lenses of the lateral battery of cameras hereafter described. 
 
 The numbers on the background of the lateral illustra- 
 tions are 15 centimetres, or about 6 inches, apart from each 
 of their centres. 
 
 The plan adopted to facilitate analysis of the various 
 movements may be exemplified by a reference to plate 14. 
 
 The model "8" is walking towards the right, the quantity 
 of movement illustrated is two steps, or one stride. Twelve 
 successive phases of that movement were photographed 
 synchronously from each of the three points of view, 
 L, E, and F in the diagram. The interval of time between 
 each of the twelve phases was about one-eighth of a second, 
 or according to the chronograph one hundred and twenty 
 one-thousandth parts of a second (0.120"), the complete 
 movement having been accomplished in about one and a 
 half seconds. 
 
 The number of figures on the plate is 36, arranged thus: 
 
 Laterals. 
 
 Kear Foreahortenings from 
 points of view on the 
 same vertical line, at an 
 angle of 90° from the 
 Laterals. 
 
 Front Foreshortenings from 
 points of view on the 
 same horizontal plane, at 
 anffles averaging 60° from 
 tlie Laterals, 
 
 A similar method of arrangement prevails in all those 
 plates which illustrate a movement, as seen simultaneously 
 from each of three points of view. 
 
 When the illustrations are, respectively, from one or two 
 points of view only, a system of arrangement is adopted 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 5 
 5 
 5 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 
 11 
 11 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 12 
 
ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES. 11 
 
 which is considered the most convenient for their especial 
 compai-ative examination. 
 
 The successive phases of movement are usually arranged 
 in the plates to conform with the direction of the first 
 phase illustrated. 
 
 If, for example, the motion of the first phase is towards 
 the right, the arrangement of each succeeding phase is 
 thus: »->l 2 3, etc. If, however, the motion of the first 
 phase is towards the left, the ai'rangemont of the successive 
 phases is thus : etc., 3 2 1. <-« 
 
 When two or more distinct series of illustrations are 
 included in one plate, each separate series is distinguished 
 by the letters A, B, C, etc. 
 
 Each series, of the plates numbered 520 to 528, inclusive, 
 illustrates a single phase of motion, photographed synchro- 
 nously from each of six points of view. 
 
 In some instances it will be found that the number of 
 phases of motion from each of the respective points of 
 view do not correspond, some being omitted. This arises 
 from the loss of negatives during manipulation. The 
 subject being, perhaps, one of interest or importance, and 
 impossible to duplicate, it has been included in the work 
 notwithstanding the deficiency. 
 
 Serial numbers connected with a brace indicate that one 
 and the same series of phases is illustrated in two plates, 
 the laterals being in one plate, and the foreshortenings in 
 
 another. 
 
 Although, as before stated, the broadest interpretation 
 has been given in this investigation to the word Locomotion, 
 it is not assumed that a response to every possible inquiry 
 in this inexhaustible subject will be found in this work. 
 
12 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 A few particulars in reference to some of the human 
 models, will assist subscribers in the selection of their 
 plates. 
 
 The greater number of those engaged in walking, run- 
 ning, jumping, and other athletic games are students or 
 graduates of The University of Pennsylvania,— young men 
 aged from eighteen to twenty-four, — each one of whom 
 has a well-earned record in the particular feat selected for 
 illustration. 
 
 The mechanics are experts in their particular trades, 
 and the laborers are accustomed to the work in which 
 thej' are represented as being engaged. 
 
 Unless otherwise described the arms of the models in 
 the progressive movements are in a position naturally 
 consistent with the movement. 
 
 Each model is distinguished by a number, and may be 
 recognized by that number throughout the work. The 
 male models are numbered with bold-faced type, thus: 
 " 45," and the females with light-faced type, thus : " 8." 
 
 The models 52, 64, 65, and 66 are teachers in their re- 
 spective professions; 60 is a well-drilled member of the 
 State Militia; 51, a well-known instructor in art; 95, an 
 ex-athlete, aged about sixty ; 22, a mulatto and professional 
 pugilist; 27, 28, and 29, boys aged thirteen to fifteen; 42 
 and 49, public acrobats; 17, 19, 21 ; 74 to 91, inclusive; 92 
 and 94 wore patients of the University and Philadelphia 
 Hospitals, selected to illustrate abnormal locomotion. 
 
 The female models were chosen from all classes of society. 
 
 Number 1, is a widow, aged thirty-five, somewhat slender 
 and above the medium height; 3, is married, and heavily 
 built; 4 to 13, inclusive, 15 and 19, are unmarried, of ages 
 varying from seventeen to twenty-four; of these, 11 is 
 
ANIMALS AND BIRDS. 13 
 
 Blender ; the others of medium height and build ; 14, 16, 
 and 93, are married ; 20, is unmarried, and weighs three 
 hundred and forty pounds. 
 
 The endeavor has been in all instances to select models 
 who fairly illustrate how — in a more or less graceful or 
 perfect manner — the movements appertaining to every-day 
 life are performed. 
 
 In the column headed "Costume," the state of the model 
 with regard to apparel is repi'esented by 
 
 N. Nude. "When any one figure is nude, the entire 
 series is so classified. 
 
 S. !N". Semi-Nude. The model so designated is usually 
 clothed with a light or transparent drapery 
 from the waist to the knees, or to the ground : 
 in some illustrations of the toilet it also in- 
 cludes more or less underclothing. 
 
 P. C. Pelvis Cloth. A strip of cloth surrounds the lower 
 part of the abdomen. 
 
 T. D. Transparent Drapery. The model is attired in a flow- 
 ing garment of diaphanous texture, which per- 
 mits the action of the limbs to be seen, and the 
 conformation of the folds of the drapery thereto. 
 D. Draped. Fully clothed. 
 
 B. F. Bare Feet. The costume of peasant girls with the 
 legs below the knees, and the feet bare. 
 
 ANIMALS AND BIRDS. 
 
 The wild animals and birds were photographed in the 
 gardens of the Zoological Society, of Philadelphia, by the 
 courtesy of its Trustees and Superintendent. 
 
 Nearly all the horses and other domesticated animals were 
 photographed at the Gentlemen's Driving Park, and are 
 good representatives of their various classes and movements. 
 
14 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 ANGLES OP VIEW. 
 
 In the classification of the illustrations into "Laterals" 
 and " Foreshortenings," the term Lateral applies — with a 
 few exceptions — to those figures photographed with the 
 lateral battery of cameras, as described in the diagram. 
 And the term "Foreshortenings" is applied to all the 
 figures made from points of view at varying angles from 
 the lateral battery, regardless of the actual position of the 
 model. 
 
 The points of view, described as being in their relation 
 to the laterals at the respective angles of 90 and 60 degrees, 
 are strictly speaking not alwaj's so, but as close thereto as 
 careful measurement and circumstances permitted. All 
 stated angles of view, as applied to wild animals and birds, 
 are simply approximate. 
 
 The terms " Front" or " Eear," as applied to the Foreshort- 
 enings, usually refers to the position of the model when 
 the first exposure is made in the respective batteries. In 
 the execution of some movements, the model turns com- 
 pletely around before the series of photographs is finished; 
 the latter phases of motion may therefore be included 
 in the column of "Front" views when they are actually 
 "Eeai-" views. The character of the movement will of 
 itself explain the relative successive positions of the model, 
 and the illustrations afford ample means of determining 
 the angular relationship to all points of view. 
 
 MOVEMENTS AND TIME. 
 
 In the column devoted to " The quantity of movement," 
 a completed action or a round movement is designated 
 by the number " 1." A " round movement" means a move- 
 ment which, being completed, restores the body and limbs 
 to the approximately relative position they occupied at its 
 
MOVEMENTS AND TIME. 15 
 
 commencement. For a horse trotting, or for a man walk- 
 ing, for example, it means the execution of two steps; for a 
 horse jumping a hurdle, or for a man who, when hatting, 
 strikes a base-ball, it means the execution of the main object 
 of the particular investigation. 
 
 The word approximate is used, because it rarely happens 
 that the execution of regular movements by the most 
 carefully-trained man or animal restores the body and 
 limbs to precisely the same original relative position. 
 When a movement is susceptible of being divided into two 
 parts, of which the second part, with a change of the 
 limbs, is virtually a rejjetition of the fii'st part; it is not 
 always considered necessary to include the round movement 
 in the illustrations ; but in order that the relationship which 
 each one-half of the movement holds to the other half may 
 be understood, five-eighths or thi-ee- fourths (designated in 
 the column 5-8 or 3-4) of a round movement is usually 
 illustrated. The quantity of movement given in the column 
 is frequently only approximate to the exact quantity. 
 
 In the appropriate column, the interval of time between 
 each successive exposure is stated in one-thousandth parts 
 of a second, as recorded by a chronograph with a tuning- 
 fork making 100 single vibrations in a second. 
 
 The duration of each interval of time between each suc- 
 cessive exposure has been carefully examined, and when, 
 from any obscurity in thepcn-markings, or from other causes, 
 the exact intervals of time could not be positively ascer- 
 tained, an average interval of time has been computed, and 
 attention called thereto in the column of reference notes. 
 
 It may be stated, as a matter of some interest, that from 
 carefully-executed experiments it was proved at the Uni- 
 versity Studio that the most rapid exposures were made 
 in periods of time varying from ttie one two-thousandth to 
 the one five-thousandth of a second. With such exposures 
 2 
 
Ig ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 details of black and of white drapery were obtained. The 
 use, however, of such very brief exposures was deemed 
 inadvisable, and for the illustrations of the movements of 
 large animals was in practice wholly needless. 
 
 For photographs of horses at full speed an exposure of 
 the one six-hundredth or of the one eight-hundredth of a 
 second will usually obtain the necessary sharpness of out- 
 line and all essential details. 
 
 For slow movements an exposure of the one one-hun- 
 dredth or of the one two-hundredth of a second will give 
 all desirable results. 
 
 RBPBRBNCB NOTES. 
 
 1. The interval of time between each phase is an average 
 of the intervals of time between all the phases, or an 
 approximation thereto. 
 
 2. No record of intervals of time between phases. 
 
 3. Isolated phases, photographed synchronously from 
 the various points of view. 
 
 4. Successive phases, photographed at irregular intervals 
 of time synchronously from the various points of view. 
 
 5. The model has a rod attached to the hips to aid the 
 measurement of their oscillations. 
 
 In all illustrations of this number the lenses of the 
 lateral battery are on the same horizontal plane as the 
 platform on which the model is walking, or, if ascending 
 or descending, about midway between the two planes of 
 height on which the feet are placed. The backgrounds 
 are those described as " Portable." 
 
 6. The lenses of the lateral battery are on the same hori- 
 zontal plane as the platform on which the model is walking. 
 The backgrounds are those described as " Portable," 
 
RETROSPECTIVE. 17 
 
 7. Isolated phases of motion fi-om a single point of view. 
 
 8. A combination of 2 serials, with the same average 
 interval of time between each successive phase. 
 
 9. One phase of this series is substituted by a correspond- 
 ing phase from another series. 
 
 10. A combination of 2 serials. 
 
 11. Foreshortenings incomplete. 
 
 12. Foreshortenings irregular. 
 
 13. A double interval of time occurs between phases 2 
 and 3. 
 
 14. A double interval of time occurs between phases 3 
 and 4. 
 
 15. A double interval of time between phases 4 and 5. 
 
 16. A double interval of time between phases 5 and 6. 
 
 17. A double interval of time between phases 7 and 8. 
 
 18. A double interval of time between phases 8 and 9. 
 
 19. A double interval of time between phases 10 and 11. 
 
 20. A double interval of time, respectively, between 
 phases 4 and 5 ; 9 and 10. 
 
 21. A double interval of time, respectively, between 
 phases 5 and 6 ; 7 and 8. 
 
 22. A double interval of time, respectively, between 
 phases 5 and 6 ; 9 and 10. 
 
 23. Five of the regular intervals of time between phases 
 6 and 7. 
 
 24. Five of the regular intervals of time between phases 
 5 and 6. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE. 
 
 In conclusion, it may not be irrelevant for the author 
 to remark that a number of his early experimental photo- 
 graphs of animal movements, and his original Title, " The 
 Horse in Motion," were copied, and published a few years 
 ago, in a book which is referred to in the following para- 
 
18 AmUAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 graph, reprinted from Nature (London), June 29, 1882. 
 After the full Title of the book is quoted, the reviewer 
 says, "The above is the somewhat long title of a large and 
 important work issuing from the well-known Cambridge 
 (U. S.) University Press. 
 
 " Long as is the title, the name of the principal con- 
 tributor to the volume is left unrecorded there; though, 
 indeed, even a cursory glance over its contents shows how 
 much indebted is the whole question of the mode of motion 
 in the horse to the elaborate series of investigations of Mr. 
 Muybridge." 
 
 B. M. 
 
 University of Pbk-h-sylvania, 
 January, 1887. 
 
Animal Locomotion 
 catalogue 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 
 
 ■sa^oj^ 9onsi3j8a 
 
 • CD CD CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 * C^ 
 
 •puooas V JO siiipaEsnoqx 
 
 C-^OaiODCOiO-^i-H-^OOCOCOOOCOi-i-ti T. ~. 
 CDOS CO "*Q01:^>Ol"-t-0000TJ10--!MC>05CiC:'^^ 
 
 -9U0 "I S[BA.ia|UI 8UIEX 
 
 r-l I— 1 
 
 " 
 
 
 00 2 -* (N 00 CO 'Jt* Cq tM !M <N 00 00 -* -^ (M 
 
 
 llllllllll'-ll'-ll-lll 
 
 ' 1 1 
 
 
 Oi CO T-H ITD lO CO i-l rH rH rH lO »0 CO CO i-H 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 
 
 •'Oi <M*'0 
 
 • '(M 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 '-' . . ^ 
 
 . . 1— ' 
 
 
 .23 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 9, 
 
 (MC^ • ■ • "C-lOOOOCDCq * 'C^O • 
 
 ' -M ' 
 
 a . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sis 
 
 3^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gg 
 
 
 
 Oj 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 •(MW 
 
 ^.-s 
 
 2^ 
 
 4-^ 
 
 
 
 • '"' '"' 
 
 
 °,H 
 
 ^=-5 
 
 R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 
 <1 
 
 h 
 
 ^ 
 
 (M'OSOOQO ■■■cO<Nri<N ' T^i ' ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 •8['BJ3^'B'I 
 
 71 C^ •cOCOC^l'NaOOOCCCN^lCSlMOOCSC^fN 
 
 
 
 T— li-H_ I— li— 1 ,_(,_,rHrH,— .,— (r- 
 
 ■1 rt i-H 
 
 ■amnjsoo 
 
 ^^gl2;^^^gg^^^^!z;g;S^^!?i 
 
 o » 
 
 •<>(ixj, p3oi!j-}Tian 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 IDID101D(0 N OlinVOUD ^^t-HOO(M-*— >C0O 
 
 as 
 
 
 CN 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . t3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •g| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y »s 
 
 EH 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 ■.^ 3 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 '0 
 
 a) C 
 
 ;> 
 
 
 
 
 ■ p "^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 ■ S w 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r^ C 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 *J p 
 
 
 biD ■ ■ 
 
 V- ::; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bs) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *•> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 --;— — ^^«^ ^^^., «- 
 
 — - 
 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
 p- 
 
 
 
 
 ■joq 
 
 lunSl 
 
 i?uas 
 
 i-HfMcy-^iiuticot^a 
 
 O; C 
 
 i-H cq D- 
 
 -^ 
 
 r- 
 
 cor 
 
 1— 1 r 
 
 - 00 OS 
 
 H 1— 1 I—l 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 CO ^ :iD CD 
 
 J O '-0 C3 
 - lO -^ l^ 
 
 tH cm tH tH t)H ^ 00 
 
 li-Hr-lT-li-li-ll I I I I 1 
 
 CO I— I CO CO CO CO lO 
 
 ■ 'CN OI 
 
 
 1 o 
 
 S I rH I T 
 
 C^ C<1 ■ ?q CM C-1 05 C^l ^1 !M <N Oi 
 
 C<l(MtM'M'7^l'^^C^:'M7^C<^T•^asCM (M CMtM'M'MtMOltMtM'-'CCtM-^iMtMCq 
 
 Ph Ph gQ cH ch trH 
 
 r. I 
 
 ^M ° 
 
 ■^ "fl '^ s ^ 
 ^-^ m -^ ca 
 
 fe » rd j: J3 
 
 o 
 
 "3 -^ ;5 -^ -" 
 
 
 = ;« 
 
 =1,^. 
 
 S s- ? 
 
 t-t 'k 
 
 i=i = ^ 
 
 ^-^1 s 
 
 ^ '^ _s 
 
 '^ ^ '^ rC! 
 o c.Mo 
 -^ 3 "^ ffl- 
 
 O 1 g . 
 
 3 so 
 
 ^ o 
 o =: 
 
 cfi cri c3 
 
 ^ r, S 
 
 SJ 
 
 
 
 M>; 
 
 a 
 
 
 o V 0^ 
 
 a s 
 
 p o 
 
 a 
 
 
 •s.s 
 
 
 ■ B 
 
 ■^ £— -£ — :2'SS 
 
 ^ t4 HJ 
 
 S « S 
 
 o3 c g :; 
 « OS g 
 
 
 60 
 
 S rj := -^ S br_| g -g -g ^ r^ != bB 
 
 r-i^jr^im-rHOcDt-COOsOi-^GSlcO 
 
 CO 
 
 iocDt--Qoc50r;c23o;2;:22S:S 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 
 •sajoH 
 
 
 
 
 • iO 
 
 
 
 
 
 • CO •• • 
 
 
 • 
 
 I— 1 * ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CDC001I>'<X5C0'M.-H 
 
 •8mii, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO <M O i-H 
 
 
 cs'^eo-ti^coc^cqiOOco-^-o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .-1 (M 
 
 
 ,-1 CO 
 
 
 nH (>1 .-^ !M 
 
 r-i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 oDcq 
 
 CO CO C-l -M 00 (N CO 
 
 
 
 r-( 
 
 
 I— ( .— < 
 
 
 1— 1 I— ; 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 T-! 1 1 ,- 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 i-H 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO lO l-H .-H LO T-H lO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M .-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' ■ C^ CN 
 
 
 
 ' * ■ I— ■ ' • CO 
 
 
 . 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . '"' ""* 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 eS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 
 Ol 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 (M i-l ■ ■ 
 
 (M 
 
 ■ ■ CO ^ O (M CO - . . 
 
 1 
 
 -a 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 T-H I— I , , 
 
 '"' 
 
 • • *" 
 
 '"*'"' 
 
 
 g^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fM 
 
 
 CO ^ ■ iM 
 
 ■M 
 
 
 
 • "00 
 
 
 ' • • t-. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 1 I— « . I— 1 
 
 
 
 
 N 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t« 
 
 Sj 
 
 
 
 
 (M -. 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ■ c^ • 
 
 
 T^ o ■ 
 
 ■ 00 o o ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1—1 1— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . I— ' . 
 
 
 I— 1 t— ( . 
 
 
 r~> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •siiiJsijTJT; 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 (M .-1 
 
 
 CM :M 
 
 
 C-1 — C-1 C^ 'M -M O 00 -M O C^ CO ■ CO C: O 00 
 
 •ouiii:^soo 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HHcq 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^*^^!2 
 
 
 •lopoH 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 (M CO 
 
 
 CO (M 
 
 
 ■^CqCM tr- 
 
 
 ra 
 
 
 tj- 
 
 
 I—; 
 
 
 
 
 ,__, T^ ^H 
 
 
 C4 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •a 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 33 
 
 . rQ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 m 
 
 
 br 
 
 b/j 
 
 a 
 
 g bo 
 
 =3 
 
 •2 S a o 
 
 ■ ^ C3 C ^ 
 
 . . o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 03 
 
 
 3 ^ 
 
 s - 
 
 .5 =! 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 water in left hand . . . 
 rning around, using sprin" 
 ri'ying child, turning arou 
 child (70) holding on to d 
 attering flowers and turnii 
 
 (3 
 
 bO 
 
 C 
 
 <S 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 arm, turning around . . 
 rning around, action of av 
 " and stooping to lift 
 around, 10-U). baske 
 
 'a 
 
 a run (shoes) ... 
 a half-mile gait (shoes) 
 1 speed (imperfect action, 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 JO 
 
 ai 
 
 ■73 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 § 
 
 g 
 
 B 
 
 
 ^■§=3" 
 
 ^ ^ ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 += 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 w;^" 
 
 
 
 
 _ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.= 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 Ph 
 
 
 ■ONI" 
 
 jaS 
 
 Oi 
 
 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 (M 
 
 ot^ -^ 
 
 LO o r~- CO cJi o i-- c^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 W5 uO UO O O CD CD :C 
 
 ^ 
 
 CD CO :r? :: 
 
 5 CC 
 
 3 yD t- 
 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 O 0~- CO CO (N 00 I— ( a: T-> J.- i- CM O OO CO O ^ I CN GO CO 00 O i— -* Oi Oti -^ 'X' I- Ol 
 
 r-1 (Mi— (T-Hi— I.— I .— « rHi— I ^,-Hr-(i— i .— i ,— i,-i,-, (M i-i-Mr-iT-i 
 
 <M 
 
 I TJH GO (M CM 00 -* 
 
 HT-ir-l|.-(ii-l| |t-(^| I, 
 
 ^ CO O 1— ( I— < UO CO 
 
 
 
 
 * ' • (M C: (M (M CM <M .-i (M iM -M 1M Ol C^l CM i-H 1M O ' CM CI <M Tl -M 
 
 ■M * 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 CM ■ lO * ■ fM C^ C^ ■ i-- CM -M ' ■ C^l -M CM 
 
 
 * (M ' C^ i-i 'O 
 
 ,1—1.1—1 ...'—'.'—'... 
 
 ' (M (M tM 
 
 •(>lij::)'Ma3(Mi>lC<l(>lt-i(M(MCS'71CMCMfM^C-10CM(M<M(M(MfM 
 
 CM fM <M IM 
 
 Og!z;3!2;l2i!2ilz;lzi^;2l!2i^l^l5!2i!zi2;^!^l!?;^lzil5fi!zi 
 
 g^!^P 
 
 r-tMCXiVD ^OOCCi-Ht-T-Hi— iOO!:MI--QOCOOOIO Ol'^PJ'MC-iMCOt- C»Xr-<tDiO 
 
 r-i en « CO en « « 
 
 
 ■ — ^ ^ (D 
 Q^i — I 
 
 :;: s a 
 ^ » a 
 
 0) g ■" 
 
 OJ 
 
 P= 
 
 'in 
 
 «4H 
 
 d 
 
 O 
 
 r^ 
 
 n 
 
 
 C13 
 
 /=! 
 
 
 
 c; 
 
 o 
 
 :3 
 
 (M rO 
 
 3 
 ^ 
 
 ■^3-? 
 
 .5 -s^ 
 
 -.9 .a 
 ■ S.t; 
 
 . C C _ 
 
 3 g C 
 
 - c ^ 
 
 C.S c 
 
 ^ C3^T3 
 
 6C 
 
 g 
 
 '3 „ 
 S " 
 
 3 fcc 
 H<1 
 
 
 g 
 
 '•3 
 a = 
 
 [::S?2^t2SE^SSSSSSSSg£§§S§Sgg^ggS 
 
 CXI OS O 
 Oi Ol O 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 
 'SBian 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 • ' ■ CO CD * 
 
 • • CO ■ 
 
 * UO • ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 ■a nil 
 
 OOJ 
 
 ?: -.D TJH iiD 
 
 
 MOOOOi'MQOO<:7i!N050(M'*OC^ 
 
 G5 
 
 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 IM CI tH .-1 
 
 
 <N (M -- <-! 
 
 
 '"' 
 
 ■"• '"' 
 
 rH ,-1 ,-1 i-H 
 
 '-' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 (^ 
 
 
 -.Cii^unn^ 
 
 I—t T— f 
 
 i-H i-H iH i-H 
 
 
 Ol tM (M 
 
 ^ r-1 rH 1 1 1 
 
 (M 
 
 1-( I-t 1 T-H 1- 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 T-H 
 
 l-H T— 1 
 
 ""• 
 
 rH 
 
 -• 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 I-H .-1 
 
 Cq (M (M IM 
 
 
 CM C^ • ■ 
 
 
 (M 
 
 • ■ '(NCT • ,-( "(MOJ 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 t: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bD 
 
 o3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 * :-l rH 
 
 .-1 (M 
 
 ■ (M ■ • 
 
 (M ■ (M 
 
 
 
 "t! 
 
 o 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 
 . . '"' ""• 
 
 r-C 1-1 
 
 >-< . . 
 
 '-'.'-'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 1-H 1—1 
 
 IN T'l • (M 
 
 
 CI -M ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 CD 
 
 I— 1 T-H 
 
 
 
 I— ( T— . r-( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;^ 
 
 9. 
 
 
 • • (M ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M -M CI C^l -M '0 ■ <M 2S 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 *"* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ I— 1 ^ r-H 
 
 '"' 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 [TJJ9 
 
 }U1 
 
 1—1 I— 1 
 
 C^ C<) C^ IM 
 
 
 (M ■^J <M i-H 
 
 
 'M CM 7^ CI n C^^ (N ^ -M C-1 ^ 
 
 (M 
 
 •a 
 
 mni 
 
 soo 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 
 Ptzitzi^:z;t2i!zi;z;:z;!z;;z;^;z;;zi^!2; 
 
 12; 
 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■lapom 
 
 tr~ £r- 
 
 Ttl -H iN CO 
 
 
 Tt< CO to 00 
 
 O DC 
 CO 
 
 ■^lO t^ CO r- 
 
 t- CO (M T-H 
 
 00 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 Ider 
 and 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ..a o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . M 
 
 ^ O _; 
 
 
 &, 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o ^ 
 
 
 ^ • 
 
 
 
 
 
 g hand 
 Iter in 
 er and 
 
 dj r^ OJ 
 
 o 
 
 fting a 
 time 
 
 
 
 
 east (sh 
 
 n right 
 
 each 
 
 :: 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 irs, wavin 
 bucket w 
 taii-s, pitch 
 
 h ~ '^ 
 3« S 
 
 -id 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 tooping, li 
 steps at a 
 
 
 
 
 and on br 
 of water i 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 d ascending sti 
 cending stairs, 
 d ascending s 
 
 ascend " 
 
 1 
 
 hands . . . 
 Ascend stairs ; s 
 step-ladder . 
 
 " twc 
 
 a 
 
 T 
 
 
 ine, angle 
 
 Avith h 
 one ha 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 (M 
 
 
 .s 
 
 
 " 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 i « (S 
 
 ^S 2 
 
 
 .S o M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MM W) 
 
 if 
 
 ?^f 
 
 broom 
 urning 
 scendin 
 
 
 
 TS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a a a 
 
 C 
 
 
 .. 
 
 C - :: - :: 
 
 :: - 
 
 - 
 
 :: 
 
 
 
 
 c n c 
 
 aS = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ass 
 
 •" 3 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 HHH 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 B<^ 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 >[ I« 
 
 
 ^ (N M 
 
 ■^ lO CD I^ 
 
 00 Oi o 
 
 
 H (M CO TjH o ^ ^ 
 
 - GO OS O i-H 
 
 tN CO 
 
 
 
 i-H I— I r-l 
 
 r-1-i-( I— ( i-t 
 
 OO-H 
 
 
 H 1- 
 
 rH r-H r-t t-( r- 
 
 H t-l r-lCT C^ (M (M 
 
 ■\ ■r-\ r-i r-i r^ r^ r^ 
 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 Vll 
 
 • oi ■ ^ ■ o 
 
 
 ICO CO!M-^ C^ C^ (M(N 
 
 '^^.'"'.i'j,'"'' ^ I'll It 
 
 ^_,t- »rDi— iCO T— ( r-^ r-^l-H 
 
 :M • 
 
 
 
 rH ■ ' ' ' C-l .-H ■ ■ • fM (M 'M 'M 
 
 T-H Ol CO 
 
 
 CO ' <M (M ■ 
 
 
 c^ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 —< • ' -(M C^ (M ■ (M 
 
 ^ fM CO 
 
 T— i 1—1 
 
 (M ^ 
 
 CD <M ■ ' C^l 
 
 C^ 
 
 -H(M -c-li-ifM (NtMO * ' "(M 
 
 
 T-H I— < 1—1 1— 1 I— 1 r-> i-H 
 
 CS 
 
 i-iC^(MCSC<lC-lr-'(M'MO(MC^CNC^C^ 
 
 ^ (M 00 
 
 lzi!zi!2i!z;!2il2;:z;|z; 
 
 !2i 
 
 
 Pt^ilZi 
 
 n3 
 G 
 
 
 
 . CD 
 5 «^ 
 
 ^ *^ M y^ 
 
 M ifrc .S "3 
 
 c g 5 ^ c 
 ^5 a 
 
 • --G a; 
 
 ■So -^ 
 ■ nj P, en ' -^ 
 
 C S ^ . t^ 
 
 cs ;= p ^ ^ 
 J I i -' s 
 
 ^ ^J l^ .s .s 
 •C 5 3 13 :u 
 
 p- S3 ^4-1 +J -4-3 
 
 S -nd -ns 
 
 t; 
 
 !-i 
 
 * • bi) 
 
 ^ •§ ■§ 
 
 t3 
 
 ^ 
 
 • ■ .S 
 
 be . .-« .-a 
 
 G " 
 
 S: 
 
 G fn' t; 
 
 ^ 
 
 tM 
 
 ^ 
 
 'S ■ 'a ' -, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wa 
 fan 
 it . 
 ceri 
 nds 
 er ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 T3 t/.-fr P 03 ■" 
 
 o ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 su.^ 
 
 around a 
 and flirti 
 dress cai 
 cup and s 
 basin in 
 
 ^ 
 
 b/)^ o3 ^ 
 
 " J 
 
 fl 
 
 _^ *^ M 
 
 ^4 
 
 o 
 
 a --.9 
 
 bo so 
 
 
 
 C G 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 5 - - = 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o- 
 
 
 
 
 
 o ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 THU71CDt^C0a:O'— 'Oico-^ocDt^oo 
 
 s ssHasiss s jssssss^^s^^sss^ 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 'sa^o^ 
 
 "^OGOO"— 'QD02C0O 
 . 1-H i-H ^ ,_, tM (>1 CN i-H 
 
 
 •^(jTjuun^ 
 
 ■ (M IM • i-H (M 
 
 ° I 
 o 
 
 ■(M '(M 'oq * * '(M "(MfMOlC^ "(M 
 
 O(NC<lC<l(MO<NC^(MC0fM<MCSl,-( ■C^O(MCOC<J'>1(N'*C^ 
 
 •eran^soQ 
 
 .00 
 
 IZilZifl 
 
 0000000 
 
 Ph PM fin PM PM Ph Ph 
 
 ^!zi^|2i|2iai^?,«p!^ 
 
 
 -lapojii 
 
 "^ (D 
 
 CO:: 
 o """-^ 
 
 2 f^ 
 
 
 boo - 
 
 bO 
 
 O 
 
 '3 - . 
 n 
 
 bo 
 
 a 
 
 ■M-S 
 
 s 
 
 &3 
 
 bo 
 C 
 
 o ^ 
 
 "- tc 
 
 OS £>:: 
 
 S3 
 
 
 CI p. 
 
 bo 
 g 
 
 Ph rn 
 OtC 
 
 bO-d 
 
 « s ° 
 
 r73 C C " 
 
 •on IUU9S S S Si S 1 
 
 1 T-1 iH 1-1 s1^ 
 
 iiOiOOiOCDCCCCCDCDCD"lDCOCDCOl^t^t~-t-t^l>' 
 ^rH i-lrHi^i— ii-drHt-iir<r-Hr^i-Hr-irHr-li-tT-ti-tr-li-1 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 CO 
 00 
 
 00 CO 
 T-H ■rt^ 
 
 
 CO c^3 
 LO CM 
 rn tM 
 
 1 
 
 3- 
 
 CM 
 
 I .-C rH rH l-H ,-H CM (M 
 
 (M CM 
 
 T-l rH r^ i-H fM i-H r-1 1-. | |rH 
 
 >— * 1— ' I— I 
 
 I-H I-H 
 
 o 
 
 o ■ 
 
 (M '(M CM 
 
 CM CM 
 
 CM O 'CM 
 
 .-1 * O 
 
 I— 1 , T— 1 
 
 CM * 
 
 I— 1 . 
 
 
 
 *(M ■ ' 
 
 ' c» 
 
 CI * CM (M C^ * * * ■ 
 
 ■ CM ■ 
 
 ;- 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o • 
 
 
 ' 00 ' 
 
 * rM !M C^I !M ■ O CM * 
 
 ^ ' O 
 
 cq ■ (M IM 
 
 CM ' <M 
 
 • ' C-1 'CM 
 
 
 CM ' 
 
 1— ( . 
 
 o 
 
 T— 1 
 
 o o^ 
 
 i-H i-H 
 
 (MtMiMCMiM "CCMIM * 'CMCM(MfMO<?-liM'*r-i(MO 
 
 ,— IT-Hi-Hl— tT— ( . I-Hi-H , ,1— 1.— II— li-H,— II— l.-H(M.— (,— (r-H 
 
 CM i-i 
 
 T— 1 1—1 
 
 '^ 
 
 (ZilZi 
 
 CO 0^ CO 
 
 
 ^!^i' 
 
 gg |SSSSS|Hig|Sg|S|§SS||S i 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 '98:^0^1 
 
 O^-CO O-^i0OC0l>-CNC<li--O':CiOI>'»0C0U3C00SM(M 
 CO r-1 Cq (M (M rH CO fM (M <M CN CO C^ «) (M (N CO i-( cq irq CO (N o 
 
 •ifjI^UBll?) 
 
 .-I (M yg (M CT iM 
 
 'CM *(N *(N (M 
 
 • (N C^ (M ^1 
 
 ■Sl'BJa^'BI 
 
 Cq S^ Cq (N (N C^ (N CN CM r-i Cq (N (N <M Cq Cq (N (N -M (M « (N (M cq 
 
 ^!zi« «qpfl«flO!z;^^«^lz;!^^jzi!zi^|zi^ iz; 
 
 ■12; 
 
 
 •rosta 
 
 c.S a 
 
 ,13 13 :;2 •- o ;^ c3 ' 
 
 60 &D SB W)' 
 S.S-9.S c 
 
 ;g 'B, >» >> o 
 
 aj 2 =3 « 
 
 
 ° s; 5 
 
 
 so 
 
 PhKm 
 
 a>tu 
 «■§ M 
 
 bj)bi)g 
 
 C C 3 
 .„._^ 
 
 o C^ 
 
 ■ s s s 
 s s * 
 
 P5W 
 
 •OKI IBU9S SS2SS 5r9g2OrH(MC0T)<i0c0l^-00lXO-H'>>cc-*OtD 
 
 1 w<M<MW cs(M(^I^^^(^^(^^(M^^^(^^^(^^(^^(^^(^J^^^(Nc■^[^^<N(^^ 
 
tJATALOQUk OF PLATES. 
 
 XI 
 
 COt-COCNtOCDrHas 
 • CO C^ CO (M rH rH CM -^ 
 
 CO CO ^ o 
 Ir- 00 00 l^ 
 (M rt tM (M 
 
 coosocDOsoOLO^aicoair-OQcoccas 
 
 CO'^COCOGNCOCOtNGSG^ COCSCOCOC^ 
 
 tH i-H i-H i-H 1 1-1 i-H rH 
 
 I— 1 rH i-H T— 1 
 
 1—1 T-l 
 
 o 
 
 1— ( T— 1 1 1— ( l—i 1— 1 1— 1 I— 1 
 
 
 (M • C<1 C^ ■ CM (M CQ 
 
 ■ ■ "(M 
 
 CO ' 
 
 
 ■ 00 <M O C-1 (M 
 1— < 1— 1 I— 1 t— 1 
 
 ■ ■ (M C^J • i-H 
 
 • • • -(M • ■ • 
 
 <M • IM ■ 
 
 * as 
 
 
 (M • • • • 
 
 ■ ■ iM 
 
 <M • '(M • • ■ (M 
 
 ■ "(M 
 
 
 
 * CO 
 
 ' ■ CM C-l C-] ^ 
 
 * (N CI ' CN CA * 
 
 •(^^ ■ • 
 
 CO ■ 
 
 C^l 
 
 • ■ <M O Tl C5 O CM * * * ' 
 
 (M(M3^(M(MiM<MC^ 
 
 Ca C^ (M C<1 
 
 CO 0-- 
 
 C-lOlCNCOfMOOttMOtMfMtMtMIM 
 
 
 |2ilz;|z;;2; 
 
 ^pfiflfl^^O^^ 
 
 !z;fl!zi|2i«|zi 
 
 'ctlcOi-Ht^lOtMOOt' t'Mt-OO '~'i-'^i-OtMC000'~'(MC0C^MiOCO00(MCO 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 =1 
 
 o 
 
 
 .S 5 53 
 
 rfl Em «j 
 
 3 ■ 
 
 <13 C =* ^''i 
 
 '13 Wg 
 
 g 6 c 
 
 = g-p.S s p.^ 
 £ -5 = y 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 « , (rf 
 
 , "^ ..—5 
 
 ■§.S-S 
 
 O 'en Sj 
 
 ■-U .:=: "> 
 
 • CJ p 
 « &^ 
 
 ■+J - 
 
 pi hfj'w 
 
 =^.S 53 
 
 . ."^ .S "S 
 
 o o tj, _ 
 
 S .i: -I fi 
 
 =a a; 3 
 
 ■fig" 
 
 -3^0 
 
 M I 
 
 ^rC g • 
 
 S- o S § 
 
 «^ ^ <:£^ - Vh 
 
 bo O r- . S i^U 
 
 gS f^t^.ra-^ cu 
 bc'X3 : 
 
 ■^ «r t-r bo &r ^ 
 ■» bO^JC c^ 
 rr-i aj •- -r: ■— ^1^ 
 
 • • bo • 
 
 ■u (- 
 
 o 5 ■" 
 
 . -S -^ ^ rS 
 
 ■ l—i _ ^ t/j 
 
 
 
 
 s ^.i:: c 
 
 
 o - 
 
 
 " °= bn S . -^ o 
 br.i bB c M ?- fc/j bt g 
 
 -r- .p- C ^ ^ .^ .- O 
 
 g^ M 
 
 i^g' 
 
 to S g' M bc M 
 ■^ o " ^ - 
 
 ■ « : 
 
 CO 
 
 c - 
 O - 
 
 bO 
 
 .s 
 
 'o3 ^ 
 a 
 
 a)CDO^^co-^>'^ 
 
 O)«^coo;oocococo 
 
 CO I^ 00 03 
 CO CO CO CO 
 IM S<1 (M S^ 
 
 
xu 
 
 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 t-^'*OOiCDTtit-'-'00:C», 
 ,_iCOi— iT-(tM(MCO(MCOCSCO ■ 
 
 .OSQOi— (.— iCO*OIr-QD003.-H(M 
 
 Or-iOOXiOOOTlliOC^I>QOr^ 
 
 • CO N CO '-' '-' r-i tH 
 
 •jC4!ja'Bn^ 
 
 ^ (M c^ 
 
 •(MCia:a0Ir-CX>O(MC<lC^ 
 
 • CO GO 'CON 
 
 O C<1 (M (N * CO 1^- CO O (M IM 
 
 (N(M COCOCO 
 
 C^C<1OOOOOtMC<lC<I0lC0t— COOfM(NC^O<N<NQOQOCOOO(M 
 
 Eh ...Eh cc 
 
 ■PPOH 
 
 
 1= a 
 
 
 p -" - 
 .S '^ 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 
 . M 
 
 o 
 
 53 C fl 
 
 5 ^ U 53 r 
 
 S " B ^ ° 
 P _, S o .^ 
 
 S "^ 2c 3 
 
 bO° io ho 
 
 c- 
 
 ss - 
 
 
 T3 rO 
 
 O 
 
 3 :: : 
 
 o 
 
 
 & o 
 
 is -S "s 2 - " - - g :; "K :: 
 
 - 1 t^ ^ tt) 
 
 3 
 
 S 60 ^ 
 bD-- 
 
 3 3 
 
 a i= - 
 B § 
 
 03 cq 
 
 ■ON lliuag 
 
 iS 1£^ 15 1£^ '-'^ "--^ — '-^ *^ "^ ^o CO cc ^ :o r- i~ I— I- i^ i^ i^ i^ I— 1- yu 
 
 ^ 1 ^i^ ^ji i-j '.i^ I— uu OS O ""< C^ CO ^ O CD t^ OO 05 O 
 
 cccDcz!cocociDcD:oi^t— ^^t^t^^^^^^*^-^-ao 
 
 ^N1 f^I r^l 1^1 r^i r^i >^> ^^i ^^i jb^ .ki _i •^ •^ ^^ •^ •i a^^ j«i 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 xiu 
 
 CD cq (M cq c^ (M T 
 
 t- t— 1 1— I ,—1 
 
 I- O t- r-l O O lO 'CO 
 uTi O t- O l>- O l-^ O 
 
 ^ rt CM .-H r-i rH 
 
 ■;-<Oi>JOCO ■COT-iCDODOCOO'^Clt- -.-h 
 •1-hCSi— l>— r-l -tMi-fr-lT-iCOGSCOr-itMi-l ■!-< 
 
 ^ttrtrH^^ 
 
 
 "* 
 
 
 
 
 CO CO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 <M 01 (M CM (M 
 
 • 00 GO 00 t^ ■ 
 
 00 .-H 
 
 ' O O <N (N 
 . ri I— I t— 1 I— 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1— 1 . 
 
 
 
 (M 1-1 00 (N * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 00 00 00 t- • 
 
 O .-H 
 
 >— 1 I— ( 
 
 • <M O ■ (M 
 
 
 
 • (M CM (M :M (M 
 
 . . . T"" . 
 
 
 
 
 
 (N ■ Cq • 
 
 
 . '"' . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 O (M CN (N (M i-H 
 
 o 
 
 OQOQDOOt-'^fNfMCMIMOCNCqClr-iaOtMIM 
 
 T-. [^q ^ ^ ^ r-i ^ ^ „ ^ rt ^^ 
 
 ^^tzi^iziS^Jzi:zi:zi[z5^^^pfiqQfl|2ilz;^lziIz;gg 
 
 ^^|zi|zilZ5 
 
 
 o ot o\ o» o\ w mo vo o vc lo 
 
 en CO CTOO t- !M r- 
 o vo en »— 1 
 
 O 0^ lOOO « 
 CO CO CO^D M 
 
 
 C : 
 
 he 
 
 
 
 t- P ^ '43 :; 
 i. 2 GJ +J 
 
 Q^ f- P> ^ 
 
 pq 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 «■" °'- 
 
 'S .- f^ 
 fcjj'^ bfi 
 
 ^ 8 .2 
 
 -a^ 
 
 
 .2 fi 
 
 
 O . 
 
 
 r!=^^ 
 
 - c^ = 
 
 en ,— . 
 
 
 
 ' M 
 
 rJ2 I-- 
 
 a 
 
 vr, bfi 
 
 g _ - 
 
 H .^ 
 
 o ~* ^ 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 (5w 
 
 
ANIMAL locomotion: 
 
 •X^ji'jaunt) 
 
 •Oi -^ :^ O O-QO 1—1 CO C^ 
 CO I— I I— I T— I- -^ 1— ( T— I CO 
 
 - CO CO 00 --D CO 
 
 - Oi CO O '-'2 CO 
 • CO ■* CO CO CM 
 
 • O ' ■ (M 
 
 ' (M ■ ' C^ (M Cq (N IT^I O (N C^ I<I<N ■ • 
 
 (M * O C<1 ■(N^fNfN *(M 'OtM 
 
 (NOO(MiMCN<N(N!M-*c^C^O(MiMlM(M(N(NOC^<M(MW(M 
 
 
 •PPOK 
 
 mtrttfitntnmmvivi 
 o\iDio muiN « « « « « « « cnooooo 'n m tn \n >n tn into lo 
 m T ^ m crt in-<t -^ m ^ yf ^ ^ vi cnv> io --------- 
 
 EH 
 
 O 
 
 1^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 « o 
 
 
 C ' be 
 
 S ^ 
 
 Is 5 
 
 5 o il 
 
 i-S S 
 
 H 
 
 1 xo ^ 
 
 o c ■ 
 bo a bo~ bo 
 
 -^ ,ri J3 
 
 i: '^ rO 
 
 CO U 
 
 
 QJ O o n - 
 
 5S-i -§§=:: = 
 
 --(M,Jd 
 
 o 5S o bo 
 
 ■g S Q S - 
 
 3 
 
 ^ „ 3- U r— rt - 
 
 2 s o-a^-S- g. 
 
 50-1 
 and 
 50-1 
 
 O ta U LCi 1? 
 
 ^"■^ M M. SP 
 
 bo 
 
 
 C 
 
 "5 55 1 = 
 
 '«----- 
 
 
 
 O^hJ?^ 
 
 tS 
 
 M CO CO CO « CO op CO S g^ g3 ?3 ?3 53 ?3 §3 52 53 ?§ g ?§:?§ g g g ?§■■ 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XV 
 
 C^(MtM(MTjlr-(Tti-^'<}lTH 
 
 t- t^ (M (M • rt* <^^ 
 
 I— I i-H CD CD (>1 1— I 
 
 CM <M 1—1 I— I • T-H 1— I 
 
 • 1— I r~ CD ai '^^ CD CO (M o »-H ic »■- cr. uo 
 
 CDQO»-ir-iCiCOCOOOO»CtCOO<;CO 
 •i-l(MCOCO i-lr-iT-lr-li-l ,-,^Tj< 
 
 
 "OS ■ OO 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH T— 1 t-H 1-H ,— ( 
 
 cq 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * * • (M * 
 
 ■iM • " ■ • 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . . '"' 
 
 ■(M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tK ■ (M (M (M <M 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T-H . t— t . I— t I— 1 T-H , 
 
 1—1 
 
 (M rt rH oa r- tM 00 00 00 C^ (N IM tK (M (M IM IM C<1 O 
 T-i .I— T-i rHrH T— r-ii— it-H.-it— II— Ii-h^Ht-H 
 
 DOUOO 
 
 (z;!z;|zi|zifelz 
 
 PhPhP-iPhP-(PhPhP-iP-iP^PhPhPh 
 
 ^^o 
 
 o 
 
 Ph 
 
 inmmi/>io oooooooot^c^ 
 
 4 ^ ^ ^ 4 « « ,Sid\o\0'aio'° ioio«3ioiovou3io Tf*mm« -.i- corn ■a- 
 
 \0 \0 \0 \D V3 ^^^ 'flO »0 
 
 (3 ■ 
 
 M 
 «■ 
 
 60 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 ■-25 
 
 o ^ 
 
 -M - li 
 
 2^3 
 
 
 
 60 
 
 a 
 
 03 - 
 
 c o 
 3 :: 
 
 fR 
 
 '2 t-' 
 
 S3 T3 
 
 ■J -§ 'd .2 ho-5 
 
 ^- J3 I 1^ C ^ 
 
 ■ " " 60 
 
 03 O 
 
 C3 ^ 60 J! g 6/j 
 
 - • -3 rr; bo to =0 P 
 
 
 n « =■ 
 
 
 'S 
 
 g '^ - -- 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 b^ O ,H c " ^ 
 _« •£- .S ^03-73 
 
 '3 cj c c3 el "3 ^ 
 ^ 3 <a cB 3 -T o 
 
 m(v;WWP^W<i 
 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 ci'c35co>i3cocococotM»iSi:£>cO'-H<:OTtiOcooi'^coco»»or-coo 
 
 CqtMCO-^CO<— <i— IrHi— It— li— I <M<MCSr-li— II— ICOCO I— ll— I r-l 
 
 •iCmuunti 
 
 CO 1-1 
 
 11 I I I r 
 
 CO CO 1-1 rH 
 
 'ocN CO GOO ?q 
 
 'Cq (M <N (M ■ (M !M 1^1 
 
 ■ O <M CO 00 O iM 
 
 •9nin!jflo;|), 
 
 PhPUPuiPl^PhIIhPLiP^Pli. 
 
 tOVO « W N*^^ ^"^w OtOlOO 0\Oia\Mt>,iHiHM h MOtOttv 
 
 m C to 
 
 i=! «* G 
 
 cS cj c8 
 
 ^ a ^ 
 ^.-^ 
 
 ■> 9 ■> 
 
 Pi g a 
 
 OS 03 (S 
 
 Fh O ^ C3 
 
 oi c3 oj 
 
 5 = fi 60 
 
 C o 5 1^ 
 
 I ^ i'S 
 
 c3 ^ *^ - 
 
 (D 
 
 a I _ 
 
 u o o Ci- 
 
 ^ • S " w 
 ■5-T3 2 = " 
 
 ,- 0.5.S !> P 1' 
 
 pphh 
 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XVll 
 
 OCCCDCftOOCNO 
 
 r-.T-.l>-OOCOCOTt<C001':t^-*i-<COTt<-^U30i 
 
 CO >0 iC lO t^ 
 CO rH Ol CO --1 
 (M (M -^ CM <M 
 
 
 l-H l-H 1 
 i-H 
 
 1— IrHi— 1>— li— IrHi— li-Hi— It— 1 | i— li— 'i-H 
 CO 
 
 
 cq 
 
 CM CO 
 I— ( 
 
 • CT> ■ (M >-H oi CO ' O CM (N 'CM 
 
 CN Cq ■ (M * 
 
 I— 1 I— 1 , 1— t . 
 
 * * * " c^ c^ cq * 
 
 
 (M'<M •*'(M*"'CN 
 
 (M 
 
 1— I 
 
 (M 00 
 1— 1 
 
 <M*(M r-05XC<l "C^l ..... 
 
 (M a!(M (M ■ ■ ■ 
 
 1— ' '"''"'.... 
 
 
 • Oi 'CM CM Ol ■ (M 
 
 CM iM Ol (M CM 
 
 
 (M C^ Cft (M (M 
 
 !zilzi:z;^!zi^;2i!z;fiP^ 
 
 !z;;z;^|2;;zi!zi|zi!z;^|2il?;^^;zi 
 
 CO yi ^ 02 ^ 
 
 Tj- m * ■* m * "n^-r-Ti-T '"' rn i-i i-n 
 
 S P. 
 
 2 a 
 
 2 o I 
 
 C C3 
 
 
 P4 o3 
 
 n ^ o 
 
 
 so 
 
 3 o ns .1=1 a 
 HPhh1i-PS 
 
AJSriMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 (MC0t--t-O'^"Oi0CS-^i0O»Ci0p00i'M'-(-^"*t4* ■ O-O O- OS 
 COCOCOCC-^^<M!N»-iC^-ClCO<N-CCCO(MNi-'C^i-l -COCO(N W 
 
 •^ilpUBn^. 
 
 ODtM •(M-COtNCN'M '(N 'C<I 
 
 '00 (N '(N 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 • <N • • • • C^ • (M (M ' •-C<1 O <M ?<1 CO CO 
 
 t-H rH r-f 
 
 l-H 
 
 ■1 
 
 . ' *■ '(N CO -ri -M -M ■ -M ' (M.(M ' • * • • • 
 
 •Sl^.ISJU'I 
 
 00(M:N 'CDC^C^fMiMC^C^^ltNCNfMOiMCNCOX 
 
 (N ^ <M 
 
 1— 1 l-l I-H 
 
 1-* 
 
 •auiii^soQ 
 
 ^!^^:2;^iz;^^:2;:zis^pn^;2;:2i:2ij2it2i 
 
 ^^!^ 
 
 iz; 
 
 •IspbM 
 
 I- r- ^^^^'^^M WGO^00GOCOCOCOCO'*CCt^00°^ 
 
 r-i OT 
 
 l-H 
 
 
 13 . 
 S 
 
 3fe . . 
 
 go . . 
 
 bO.S ' ■ ■ 
 
 ■sB ■ ■ ■ 
 
 C ^ OO 00 00 
 
 3 ^ M 
 
 S C3 o ^ 
 
 ; S'3 
 
 ^ so 
 c 
 
 ■OR m-ios 
 
 Mrt o - 
 
 .s;a s 
 
 S g o 
 
 rt Wr-I O 
 
 03 m 
 
 ■2-S2 
 
 Mo 
 
 9r ' 
 
 ^'ii 
 
 !C- 
 
 
 ^JC feo" "''d 
 i~ tf 3 S =3 S 
 
 S *" i =* "S ^ s 
 
 s S S g S «..2 o 
 a tdjMimM'a g^ 
 
 ^s i 2 S ^ ^ " 
 
 obcqOoqhHE-i 
 
 cS 
 
 13 
 
 dj 
 
 r^ 
 
 A 
 
 ,fl 
 
 ■^ 
 
 b 
 
 i^n 
 
 r\ 
 
 J3 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 4;! 
 
 
 d 
 
 
 br 
 
 
 
 
 
 fA 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 C3 
 
 T3 
 
 o OS ^ 3 
 
 06^ 
 
 •^ o 00 
 
 ja £2 S2 £2 £2 S2 £2 £2 £2 £3 £2 52 ""^ "" ■* ■* ■* ■* ■* ■* -*■*■* 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XIX 
 
 
 <M (M Cq (N (M CO 
 
 I^-uDCO COOiOl^DOOOliO^OcO 
 
 I—i 
 
 1— 1 
 
 tM 
 
 I— 1 
 
 rH 
 
 
 1 i-H r-i T-H 
 CO 
 
 •-^ 
 
 >- 
 
 i-i i-l T-H (M rH 
 
 cq t-H I-H 
 
 1—1 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 05 (M • O (M 
 
 (M ■ -M 
 
 
 
 (M * ■ • 
 
 (M (M ■ 
 
 —1 T-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 C^ 
 
 
 ■ C^ <M 
 
 
 
 
 • ■ CI 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 <N 
 
 O Ol OJ ■ O 
 
 (M (N C<1 3^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (N 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ "(N "C^ 
 
 
 
 
 1— 1 . T— 1 . 
 
 fM 
 
 1—4 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 O O: (M (M O C-1 
 
 CS (M CI C-I 
 
 cc 
 
 -71 ■ C^ 'M (M (N (M (N (M 
 
 ^ 
 
 !2i 
 
 fe 
 
 IZi 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 fOrHHH 
 
 P 
 
 ^ ^ !z; !zi Iz, q :z5 [z; :zi 
 
 t- l> t- CO !>• I-H 
 
 <:c C^l C^ 
 lr-Cl(Ml— '^'~''~' « HO mOOO 
 
 1- i^— 
 
 >^. 
 
 '.S 
 
 
 00 ■ 00 
 
 MP'S 
 
 .5 o § 
 
 ^ 5= 
 
 r^r-" 
 
 ^ — CO Cm M t(H 
 '^ Prt '^ W ■TJ CO 
 
 o oa o rCl o ,^3 
 
 & ■ S: ^ 
 
 H P H 
 
 fi c'^' 
 
 ^ H 
 
 « 3 03 H 
 C-i, si ^r, c3 -^ 03 O ■ , 
 
 he M-- Ejn g M £.5 • 
 c <u K .9 '^.5 ^ h ' 
 
 OPhPhH 
 
 
 
 »0 :^ l^ 00 05 O 
 \0 >-'? O O LO CD 
 ■<*1 '* -^ ■* ^ "* 
 
 I— 'dW'^'^CDt-OOOlOi— iC<lCO 
 <v;cococDCOCO<:DOCDt^t~t^i^ 
 
XX 
 
 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 <N cq cq 
 
 CO O lO U3 • Oi CO w 
 ■^ CO O CO i-H O 00 
 CO CS >-> CO • r-f (M T-l 
 
 ■iCmUBU^ 
 
 •Bl'BJO^Bfl 
 
 I— I 1-1 I— I CO C<1 CN 
 
 |Ei^|2i|z;^:zi!ziOlziPfi Iz; |zi O ^ jz; jz; izi 
 
 5 60 
 
 fill isoisi|,i:-| ,^1 Eiiisii^ii 
 
 5 5 
 
 03 ci 
 
 .. -.^^•~' ^OJ „■*-> ^f^H „»0 ta „ 
 
 -^<l<JtH <ii <i <j <i << 
 
 on imias J-;£--i--r--i~-t-ooooaiooQOoD S 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. xxi 
 
 ca -^ ■<*< '^ '^ "* -^ '^ CO CO CO (Xi CO T^ -^ T*( Tt^ -^ CO CO CO Tt< >^ -^ ^ Tti '^ cci « 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 *l>-OOaiO 'OOOCNCT-^OCIIOCOOCD 
 
 ■ * ■ o o o a- CO CO ■ 
 
 -* 
 
 
 't-OOOSOOOCOfMOsciTOCiOCOO^ 
 T— It— 1 t— Ir— 1 1— 11— 1 r-< i— I r~i 
 
 ' ■ O iC O CD 00 CO 
 
 -^ 
 
 • • • • 
 
 -f I-l 
 
 . C-l t-H 
 
 ■* 
 
 
 '*Ir-OO05OO00O<M0icr>O0:OQ0O:i3 
 
 ':t< T-HO'OOOSCOCOO 
 
 Cq . .-H r-H ,-1 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 
 PM Ph Ph H H W W ^ '^ 
 
 '^ 
 
 o (J, 
 
 ^■3 tS 
 
 ^ o 
 
 •- Ph 
 Mot 
 
 S 3 
 p s 
 
 .3 c ■ 
 
 1 s 
 
 g 
 
 
 « so 
 be a 
 
 .2 s 
 
 S;3 :; :; t! ^ - 
 
 CD ^ 
 
 a3 -S - 
 OT ^ " 
 hr: m 
 
 °^ tr,'? OT 
 
 OT ^H 
 
 o 
 
 oj oj '^-' :i; 
 
 c.S'C 
 oo2 
 
 CP tj) 
 
 S » bC.S 
 
 mw5 S . 
 
 „-'ao2^ 
 
 S<i<1 
 
 <jS 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 "CO * '-^ * "r^C^KNCl C^ <N ^ (N 
 .0^ . . . . (N 
 
 IM (N C^ 
 
 00 o lo w3 - as CO c<j 
 
 ■rP CD O CO i-t O 00 
 CO <N 1— < CO • 1— I C^ i-H 
 
 •ijpn'Bat) 
 
 <M 00 ■ 00 00 ■ <M 
 
 •si'Bia^'Bfi 
 
 |z;!z;|2;|2;|2;lzi^p|ziflp ^ |zi P| jz; jz; ^ ^ 
 
 SB 
 C 
 
 as 
 
 ■§.2 
 .9 o ' 
 
 o ■ a 
 
 
 bo 
 
 * o ^ 
 
 
 • bo • •- 
 
 . 1=1 .^ 
 
 •■« ■ 9 
 
 a « 
 
 s . .-^^ .111.1 
 
 en! OJ ••■ 
 
 S bo^ 
 
 :S C - 
 
 « s - 
 
 c3 ^ri 
 
 &i bO-*f 
 o ^ O ^(3 .S fi 
 
 ••SboS fi^P 
 
 C = ns o S S ^„ 
 
 mmm^im^.mim 
 
 
 ;-i« ce-b^^-^ bc§ g-i^l «" « I tfpq^*B ^ .. 
 
 
 ■SSC"-;; _Co,>-'-|; -bos 
 
 O) O QJ (- 
 
 bp = '§b<,^=' M«fq.S •§ sSs -I §-3 2 ^lw)| 
 
 
 .. _ _ 5 Ph "_ c3 _'J3 „,rt _o m _ ? _U 
 <J<)<JEh <! <J -sj <( -al <) 
 
 ■^»OeOt^QD050^H(MCO'^iO 
 ^1 ^1 ^n ^1 ^J( ^t ^H ^1 ^1 ^1 ^( ^( 
 
 00 
 CO 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. xxi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 't^OOOSO 'COOCNC-.CCOOlOQOOO 
 
 ■ ' • O O O Ol CO QO * 
 
 , T— ( 1— 1 
 
 Tt( 
 
 
 
 Tt( 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ■ * O LC O Oi GO 00 ' 
 
 tH 
 
 
 * ^ >-f 
 
 , CM i-i 
 
 'St 
 
 '*t-OOOiOOOOOC^C:':oOO:OGOO-^ 
 
 T*< 'T-iOiOOCftCOOOO 
 
 (M . I-H T-l T-l CO 
 
 00 
 
 
 PM fL| fL, H H m fq 
 
 ^ 
 
 PI 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 .f3- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 m 
 
 
 as 
 
 cij 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 br 
 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 t_; 
 
 V 
 
 03 P5 
 
 <'^ 
 
 >■■?. 
 
 bS) 
 
 03 -r 
 
 
 -fl pS 
 
 P. 
 
 bf w 
 
 
 .Sc 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 II 
 
 
 nS O 
 
 o 
 
 S S 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 6CS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^a 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 bo TO 
 
 .s d 
 
 bo spa 
 c.S'S 
 
 S« 
 
 °lfi 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 to 
 
 
 CD O 
 
 ^ ^ ::: C 
 
 
 om 
 
 S ° i 3 
 n3 " o 
 
 o C 1=1 
 = bJD 5i"-'^ S . 
 
 42 o o to 
 oj cj cr v- 
 
 .5 --a p: 
 
 ^-'O O s s 
 
 I Mg^ bj: 
 
 rO ^ g 03 g 
 
 S ^ CO _.-S 
 
 <■< 
 
 4 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 •jC;i;uiGn^ 
 
 CD Tjt LO 
 
 CO T}1 O CD CO 
 
 CD rti O CD CO 
 
 CD -^ lO CD CO 
 
 O ■ O ■ (M (N <M CSJ (M 
 
 ■si'eiavBi 
 
 (M 
 
 o 
 
 1— 1 
 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 l-H 
 
 <M CD 
 
 iOOOi-'{M<NC^(N(N 
 
 •90in;goo 
 
 ^ 
 
 IZi 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 ^2; 
 
 1^^ 
 
 izi^i^i^ ; ; ; ; ; 
 
 •lapOH 
 
 
 ? 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 S; 
 
 
 tH 
 
 1—1 
 
 r-t i-H 
 
 i-lOOlOt-MWMMH 
 
 ti3 •= S 03 B P 
 
 . I sm - ." 
 
 sr ^'s -g "5 w) c g Q- 
 
 
 •^13 
 
 
 ^Mx.'^ -On 
 
 "S 
 
 a-S 
 
 o OH 
 
 
 ^f^-^f^eq^;^* 
 
 °3 g (^ ^ Q 
 
 M S 
 
 
 
 M m'o,h W) 
 
 O) !S o 2 
 
 a M" - 
 
 
 ■g era o M 
 
 " d 03 R c 
 
 c3 ^ ,o .S e 
 .S.S bDB » 
 
 C - :: : : 
 
 ^ <1 <j 
 
 a> :i - « 
 
 <J <H ^ 
 
 « 
 
 ■o>i luuag 
 
 ,_l 
 
 ^\ 
 
 CO 
 
 "^ 
 
 Q\ 
 
 Oq 
 
 c^ 
 
 
 
 
 U3 
 
 O 
 
 CsO'-H<NC0"^'^<0 
 (MCOCOCOCOCOCOCO 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 i-H r-l "O 
 
 rH 1— I r-t "Vq CD 
 
 
 ■00<M -^ -* 
 
 I I I I 
 
 • t- 1—1 CO CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO .-H 
 i-H Cq r-1 I I .—I 
 
 o as 
 
 T— 1 
 
 '. !:=! 
 
 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 , . 
 
 <N CI 
 
 ' (M tM 
 
 ^ 
 
 o^ 
 
 s : 
 
 ■ o 
 
 — 1 
 1—1 . 
 
 ■ cq 
 
 
 !M 
 
 ■ (M 
 
 
 ■ ■ '^ ! ! '. . '. .'.''.'.'''.. '. 
 
 <M 
 
 CO C^ ^ .-H (M (M 
 CO .-^ IM .-^ .-< rt 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 Tt( <M (N -t Kl 
 
 <M ^ I-H C-1 .-H 
 
 C^i-ir-irii-cC-lC^C^i-ii-'i-ii-tr-i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 !zi 
 
 klzilzi^!zi 
 
 |2i!z;:2ilzi|zi|z,|zi:zi!zi^^!z;:z; 
 
 ^ (M '^ 1-1 t~- CD i-l 
 
 0\0i q'C^ 1—" 1— f 
 
 7j &fird ^ ;5 'IS 
 
 +S ;3 O F3 pj C3 
 
 s > a S ^ ^ 
 
 ^ S tS c ,^- o 
 
 &,._ ^ g m 
 
 g 5 o'.s r f . 
 
 .2 -13 ^3 " o O ■ 
 
 D 
 
 C CO 
 
 IS C 
 
 S o 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 C3 
 
 l-'^ * C 
 
 
 ^ 3 Set -^i- 
 
 o-gpq P.MS 
 
 ^ ^ ^ C^ O +J ^ 
 6/.' 3 ^ -g '^^'S - 
 
 5 'm 
 
 O ^ ■ 
 
 .5 
 
 c *S 
 
 ^ CD 
 
 <f ■; 
 
 
 
 
 
 bfj-^ 
 
 3=rt 
 
 
 "■ o cj ca Ph o 
 
 ^ 05 S 
 
 ?2 p. a-' 
 
 j: r^ g CD 
 
 __ cpapq 
 % h ^ 
 
 O Si 03 
 
 -S^ = 
 
 g fc 
 
 o 
 
 
 PnOl-ltEli^ 
 
 ro CO CO "^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^"^ 
 
 CDt~00a:O ,— iCqcOTtlLOCDt— COOlOr-tCl 
 LQ S lO i-O U5 o O 10 10 O O 10 "O O U3 lO uo 
 
ANIMAL. LOCOMOTION. 
 
 Cq(M (M C<I(N<M 
 
 i-f^iOOt^lMOfNCDiOO-* CO CN(MC<I(NO 
 
 o "~ 
 
 03 ■ 1-H ■* 00 (M CM (M CM '^ ■ CM-*-* 
 
 T-(- I .-I I I I I I I >-( I I r-l I I I 
 
 rH -CiCMOi— IrHT-H r-i C^^ • i-iCOCO 
 
 •jClj^nBn^ 
 
 Oa CM CM CM 
 
 '8iui8;^B1 
 
 fit 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 ■< 
 
 (M "cm 'cm 'CD 
 
 CM -M C-l ^ ■ (M CM 
 
 CMCM CM CMCMCMC^CM 
 
 M 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i CD O^ g 2 
 
 K r-^ J~ >— ' "^ 
 
 W- t? W |xi3.fiS-^ 
 
 
 
 '^ rt 
 
 g bog . 
 boJ. o- 
 
 bo— ■ =3 
 
 '■^^'^• 
 ■" rt CD 
 T3 CD 03 
 
 -2 " t: f-> 
 
 S ^bcS]_ 
 
 cS .S S !h 
 tH 0) 23 c5 
 
 ^"^ c - 
 boS 2 S: 
 
 bn 
 
 CD-g-^ . 
 O g g 
 
 S"3 t! CD 
 
 bl3M'S:g 
 
 r^ CD tS , 
 
 3 bO 
 
 6 = 
 
 ^ cd" 
 
 bO 
 
 bO t, 
 ^ <D 
 O ^ 
 
 3 fe CD 
 
 = £= = 
 
 tc a e 
 
 *«H -ri r-( 
 MI -, "- 
 
 w 
 
 
 ■ox [Bi-iag 
 
 CO "^ lO <yD t- 00 Ol O tH (N CO ■* »0 !0 t- ex; a: O rH (M 
 
 CO Tfi 113 CD 
 
 00 00 00 00 
 
 U3 lO u3 u:i 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XXV 
 
 C-J CO 
 I I r 
 
 ,_ ,__i C-? CO 1— ( ^^ 
 
 I .--'lllllr^rill 
 
 CO CO 1— ( 1— I ic L- L-^ or I— 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ CM ■ • 
 
 
 ■ ■ CM 
 
 — . 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' IM (M ■ 
 
 
 
 ' (M 
 
 ' CM 
 
 ri 
 
 "C^ 
 
 irq 
 
 
 
 CM ■ 
 
 
 . . . 
 
 
 
 
 C-1 
 
 
 
 
 • (M T-] 
 
 
 ■cm • • 
 
 
 ' * 'M 
 
 
 
 
 c^ ' '^ 
 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 • CM 
 
 " C] ' 
 
 • 
 
 .1—1 1-1 ,-1 . .— .-^ ri r-1 c 
 
 Pi 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c e 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ;? 
 
 ... K 
 horse . C 
 er, io6, 
 
 OAh 
 
 
 CS -T^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ .„ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 ^ rt 
 
 
 
 
 . rH 
 
 ^ '-p-^ 
 
 .- 
 
 
 2.S „ 
 
 
 
 
 -r^ 
 
 
 >- '"+^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 3 
 
 '^W' 
 
 HKfifl FQ 
 
 . o 
 ■ d 
 
 
 pq 
 
 o 
 
 .P5 
 
 s 
 
 to 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 o aj 
 
 ^ ^ © 
 
 s s 
 
 
 D ^ fc/) r^ «:■ ^ 
 
 ^ -^■ 
 
 f.. 00 .^. o !r 2? ^ 3! '£ = t S 2 
 
 g § g g K S Si g o S K K H 
 
 -ricTot.-cxicr;o — cMco'* 
 
 OOOOOcC!' — .-H.-rt^ 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 •iCjl^HBU^ 
 
 -«# I CO r(< X 
 
 CO ^ r- CO r- 
 
 
 el 
 
 
 ■ o 
 
 
 
 
 
 a > 
 
 3^ 
 
 H-sa 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 Wfi 
 
 oN 
 
 o 
 
 . 2 
 
 El 
 
 a 
 
 (A 
 
 
 ■ 3 ■ 
 
 . C . 
 
 O En 
 
 -^ ° "^ ,- 
 
 03 .pi fa. 
 
 O '"0 — 
 
 _D r2 .O * 
 
 g c8 « CS 
 
 o 
 
 ,i2 
 3 - 
 
 ' -a i> 5..£ - 
 
 OJ O 
 
 ■ e-^ 
 
 -OO <D 
 
 - •'-'S 
 
 ^ OJ O "^ 
 
 d (U S 
 
 ^.^ o o 3 
 AWPhPP 
 
 
 OS, - 
 
 
 • • 
 
 
 ■ ■ 5 
 
 ' &rj ' • 
 
 
 
 
 
 •■S • • 
 
 . . . 
 
 • <D 
 
 
 . .■& 
 
 • p ■ 
 
 
 O 
 
 ■ g 
 
 ■ o 
 
 ■ -^^ 
 
 S so 
 
 ■i J 
 
 
 +3 
 
 ^ — 
 
 ■ ■% 
 
 
 
 ■! 
 
 
 • 1- 
 
 .n3 
 
 1 '. OJ 
 
 
 .. OJ f^ - - 
 
 
 T3 a; ^73 . ..zi 
 tH ;*: - -iro 
 3 " = E i- 
 
 03 >. = > ^ 
 
 ° •- S ^ 5 
 '5. g-'G--^ '& 
 
 O 
 
 I CO CO CD C» <U5 CO CD <:D CO CC i:© CD CD O Sri'CO <X) CD (O CO CD <© 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 xxvu 
 
 ■^ OO (N !M O (N CN CM C^ (N 
 C^l— » i-Hi-^COi-Hi— IrH T— irH 
 
 c3 ■ 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 .03 
 
 Ph 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■t3 
 . 3 
 
 Ph Ph Ph P-1 Ph 
 SjCo) Ml .^ ., 
 
 c3 
 O CD 
 
 H 
 
 is Wi^ 
 
 a s f^ 
 
 • ^ • s r s 
 
 iT3 
 
 03 -Z^ c3 ' 
 60 . c MC 
 
 '^ >'^ 
 
 ■g £ M ;;; M 
 
 . g 5.S o o 
 
 M) 
 
 ■p|:| 
 
 2 w).~ ■ y 
 
 -^ Ma> -^ S 
 
 
 3 • 
 =3 
 
 3 
 1-5 
 
 
 -p. -3 
 
 3 M.a 
 
 C3n3 ■" 
 
 brj 
 
 M 
 
 • f . = " 3 ^ 
 
 a ^1 ^1 u 
 
 "■'.a ji 
 
 en J^ 
 • en <D 
 
 -^ ._3 
 
 t^ Si's 
 
 (V) p .3 
 
 bCj 3 &r, g 
 
 
 p.'S ^ S' a- en ^ 5 
 3 5 I t*|.S|J2|- 
 1-3 >-:) !-:> »-^ ^ 
 
 b/j S M 
 
 3 M JJ M 
 
 ■ -s s = 
 
 ■ $^ B- 
 .pp & - 
 
 b/j - " 
 
 ^P5^ 
 
 to bD 
 
 3 s 
 
 5 o 
 
 .3 =3 
 > ^ 
 
 O -^ 
 
 be bcS =* 
 a a ^ bD 
 
 03 « ttjr-; 
 
 =^"^ 
 
 <{<{^ ^^ rt 
 
 t^ Th -^ lO iC LO vo O O UO 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 rH.— i-Hi-l'^C^CNCq-* 
 
 -q" aa -g ea 
 
 
 *.f:j!jaun^ 
 
 l-H I i-l T-H 
 
 CO (N -^ I (M 
 
 H nH I .-H I I ,-H r-i I 
 
 XO t— I CO _ I— I 
 
 CO tDTti-:t^-^O'MO'M00C0CN':^CD(M(MC0CDC^I<M^O(N 
 rH (MC^C^CNCO^C^i-H rHr->T-HrH.-H-(,-ir-. i-i.rH c5 »^ rH 
 
 ^ 
 
 ja 
 
 >,a > 
 
 
 
 
 
 =1 
 
 QJ P 03 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 PP^R 
 
 (3 
 
 
 
 'A 
 < 
 
 
 
 - B. 
 
 C 
 
 03 
 
 a 
 
 S3 &> 
 
 a 
 
 <1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 y ^ ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ii; 
 
 
 rt 
 
 
 
 Si 
 
 :qpqp5 
 
 
 
 g<J<J<J 
 
 3 g^ 
 
 =!S .S , 
 
 ■s T .9 - 
 "* ^-R - 
 
 HO--. ^ 
 
 ^^ St= - 
 
 ^ S rt 
 p,^ a, •■ 
 
 m ■- 
 
 5 bo 
 
 .2 g .; 
 
 bO 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 £& 
 
 ■5 - - « . 
 
 3 o : 
 
 M.g.9 L- 
 c ci,g.S 
 
 •^ O O OJ 
 
 +^ ;z] ?^ ^ 
 £ =a «s d 
 
 «■& 
 - - 0) H 
 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XXIX 
 
 'MtNfM C^C^CNC^(N (M 
 
 CO cjDtOt-l^ Oi COCItOiO 
 
 I .-H I I I I r 
 CO i-H CO CO CO 
 
 C^ • C^ 1 II 
 
 (M c<i cq "00 
 
 (M 00 O Cq (N 
 
 a bo-S 
 
 ■a.s - 
 
 ■iioca o . 
 ^i W). 
 
 ^ q 'S 5 
 
 M 
 
 ;« = := = 
 
 
 
 o • 
 .a o 3_^, 
 
 - o - 
 
 c3 5 c 
 
 " .« rS 
 
 J^ ^ ° 
 
 bo 
 bo- 
 
 o &, 
 . bj} o ^ : 
 
 
 bo 
 
 bo.g 
 
 E 0-. 
 
 to*^ " - p, - •- 
 
 C "^ ^- "'-> Z bo bo bo 
 
 a S bo^ ■:= -s -s .s 
 
 bD 
 bo .S 
 
 bJ3 '^ ^ . 
 
 ?^ bO^ -71 ^ ■ 
 
 - ;=i C3 
 o 5^-S^ 
 
 W 
 
 W<l W 
 
 C - - 
 
 bO„ 
 
 bo 
 ho 
 
 Sp 
 
 G 
 
 3 - - 
 
 O 
 
 bo 
 'a " " 
 
 C 
 g 
 
 bo 
 
 .9 
 
 ^ -< 
 
 bo 
 
 H(MCO-Hi-Occt^OOOiO T-t 
 
 Sg^ggS5|Sgg|P||||i|bpoooooooe 
 
 -i--l^I^-i:-X^i:^i^t^t— t^- 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 
 •fision 
 
 <M ] 
 
 " W 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 I— 1 
 
 
 
 
 iH 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 . •* O • r- O O GO 1- 
 
 y5iO'*Gi'y?Ttioo>^as 
 
 51 S? CO :D(N co-^ 
 
 •araij. 
 
 t~- Gi CO CO CO <N -—I 
 
 1^ t- ^ 1- 
 
 o: 
 
 r- (M <N t- ,-( 
 
 
 " XI CO C3 00(M 
 
 
 
 • '-' 
 
 
 ,-1 r- 
 
 
 .-1 i-i i-i r-1 
 
 -e- sa 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 CN -<:*< (N Cq CS 
 
 • !M Tt< (M (M 
 
 -^ 
 
 r-1 s^ :m (M 
 
 ■Annuno 
 
 I— 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 ' Jv 1 ' 
 
 
 l-i^^^ 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-H CO !-< r- 
 
 
 ■ i-H CO T— 1 1— i 
 
 
 
 
 
 T" 
 
 (^ • ■ ■ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , . 
 
 & 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 o 
 
 • (M ■ • ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' C<1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cq 
 
 "3 
 
 o 
 
 
 cs 
 
 . !"• . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rd 
 
 
 o 
 
 (N 'IM 
 
 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 C<I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i-H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 a 
 £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <N 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 
 
 
 •9IBJ8JH1 
 
 ■ (M C^ tM -^ti O -* 
 
 o -t 
 
 <M * 
 
 
 (N (N (N.(N • 
 
 Tf 
 
 CD '^ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 . rH r-l rH (M C^ C<] 
 
 (M '^ 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 i-HCN 
 
 
 ■-< 
 
 
 
 ■ ■ "^ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • ■ • OJ ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • • ■ oT ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n:^ . X 'fab ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rf a> -tJ fafl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 1— 1 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 
 
 Stt ■ bJ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 'il^i 
 
 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 t3 
 PI 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 << 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ " 
 
 - 
 
 "^ 3 
 
 g.2 
 
 g 
 
 fai) 
 
 a 
 
 'c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 ^ ;3 (33 -^ 5 
 
 3 O ^ hC-^ 
 
 
 
 
 faO 
 
 'S - 
 
 t- 
 
 - 
 
 4^ 
 
 fa. 
 
 fa 
 
 C 
 
 ] 
 
 fafj fcO 
 
 ■S .s 
 
 
 
 -^n -."".- 
 
 fax) 
 
 fao 
 
 
 CO bo 
 
 ■!> 3 
 
 G -r: - - - 
 
 
 3 :: 0-, -- 
 
 
 
 jumpini 
 turning 
 aroused 
 : three, t 
 walking 
 trotting 
 
 -S 
 c - 
 
 ;5 :: :: - 
 
 - 
 
 ■Mr- 
 
 ^ 
 
 < 
 
 h 
 
 ant ; wa 
 ants ; t\ 
 tian cam 
 
 
 
 o - o 03 - ::; 
 
 
 c ^ ^ ^ 
 
 - 
 
 - O faD 
 
 
 
 1— 
 
 H S H 
 
 ! 
 
 •Oil I"! 
 
 
 cj CO -^ m -^ r-- CO 
 
 Cfs O 
 
 >-l (M CO -H 
 
 iC 
 
 CD Ir^ CO Oi O 
 
 I-H 
 
 CM CO ■* lO as 
 
 Jag 
 
 
 T-H SSI 
 
 (M (M (M C-l 
 
 -M 
 
 G^ (M (M (M CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 
 
 
 l>- !>• 
 
 t- t- t- 1-- 
 
 tr- 
 
 t- 
 
 t— 
 
 t- t- 
 
 t^ i- 
 
 r^ 
 
 1-^ t— 
 
 Wl> 
 
 t- 
 
 t- 
 
 l> 
 
 Ir- 
 
 t- 
 
 l> 
 
 t- 
 
 
CATALOGUE OF PLATES. 
 
 XXXI 
 
 M iH i-H (M (M 
 
 f^ E; S £3 ;i °S CO °= -C^KM •■OCN^ . . OS ■* CO 
 
 »oco<Ncomo™co coco -ai-iji^ cccoS 
 
 I I r-l ,-H 
 l-H CO 
 
 I rH i-H I I 
 i-H ^ CO CO 
 
 II III 
 
 COC<Jl-H(MCslT-HrH0:!T-( 
 
 a 
 
 Ml 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 
 pq pq- 
 
 Mj 
 
 M 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 13 C 
 
 1=1 03 
 
 MM 
 
 o c3 
 
 , 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 P. 
 
 
 a 
 
 Q) 
 
 s 
 
 O 
 
 •■— s 
 
 y--^ 
 
 •:fl 
 
 <p 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 Pi 
 
 M-- 
 
 
 ^ "5,.S :3 s .s 
 
 
 0^ 0) C3 
 
 ?i 
 
 a 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 g 
 
 e 
 
 g ■•::;■;: ^ 
 
 '-' . . . . ^- 
 P5 q=l 
 
 
 ^ e ' 
 
 M 
 
 c § = >> o - 
 So; ri 05 
 
 oph opq 
 
 ^ p 
 
 M 
 
 M 
 
 
 D 
 
 rt 
 
 1- 00 c^ o 
 
 CO CO CO ^ 
 t- t- t^ IT- 
 
 f -i 
 
 an/ I i I 
 
 2: 
 
 
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 
 
 (M(MIM!Mffqt~t-IM 
 
 ■if?i^uunt) 
 
 ■.# -^ ^ 'cji (M 
 
 (Mt-Hi— (i-Ht— )i-HCNi-li-l I I I 
 
 'S[BI8113fT C3 TH T?^ tr>] C7-) O "^ 
 
 > 
 o 
 
 12! 
 
 he 
 
 a 
 
 '3 
 
 9 " 
 
 - = M= = 3 
 
 o 
 
 bCM.H M-SPQ 
 g -!<; Pi "^ - 
 5 '3 ■« '5^ 'S'^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ■S- 3- ■« 
 
 

 
 
 m:"?^*i.#.^^^,:^^f.^i^^.