N/iC 
 5350 
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 1914 
 
^350 
 
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. Cornell University Library 
 
 NAC 5350.C96 1914 
 
 The aarden city movement up-to-date. 
 
 3 1924 024 410 114 
 
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 'M 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024410114 
 
GMtDEN CITY 
 UP-TO-DATE 
 
 By EW.A'P'T a.. CHf-:PfH 
 
 mmm cities - -^^^-^^ plahkikg 
 
 ASSOCWTIOH, 
 
 1;/- WET 
 
THE 
 
 GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT 
 
 UP-TO-DATE 
 
 BY 
 
 EWART G. CULPIN ' 
 
 (Secretary to the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association) 
 
 THE GARDEN CITIES AND TOWN PLANNING ASSOCIATION 
 3, GRAY'S INN PLACE, LONDON, W.C. 
 
 1913 
 
A PROPHET'S PLEA FOR GARDEN CITIES. 
 
 "As I sit at my work at home, which is at Hammersmith, 
 close to the river, I often hear some of that ruffianism go 
 past the window of which a good deal has been said in the 
 papers of late, and has been said before at recurring periods. 
 As I hear the yells and shrieks and all the degradation cast 
 on the glorious tongue of Shakespeare and Milton, as I see 
 the brutal, reckless faces and figures go past me, it rouses 
 the recklessness and brutality in me also, and fierce wrath 
 takes possession of me, till I remember that it was my good 
 luck only of being born respectable and rich , that has put me 
 on this side of the window among delightful books and lovely 
 works of art, and not on the other side, in the empty street, 
 the drink-steeped liquor-shops, the foul and degraded lodg- 
 ings. I know by my own feelings and desires what these men 
 want, what would have saved them from this lowest depth of 
 savagery ; employment which would foster their self-respect 
 and win the praise and sympathy of their fellows, and 
 dwellings which they could come to with pleasure, sur- 
 roundings which would soothe and elevate them ; reasonable 
 labour, reasonable rest." 
 
 WILLIAM MORRIS, at Burslem, 1881. 
 
FIRST GARDEN CITY \I' 
 
 PLAN SHEWING 
 PRESENT DEVELOPMENT 
 
 PLAN OF LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY. 
 This plan illustrates some of Mr. Ebenezer Howard's main proposals. The whole area 
 is 4,566 acres, of which the town area, shown by the broken line, occupies about 1,500 acres 
 the remainder forming the Agricultural Belt, which entirely surrounds the urban land. The 
 present population is 8,500, against some 400 souls who Hved in the villages of Radwell, Nor- 
 ton, Letchworth, and Wilhan, the position of which is indicated above. The ultimate popu- 
 lation provided for on the town area is 30,000, together with 5,000 on the agricultural belt. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction . . 
 
 Introduction to Second Edition 
 
 Tabulated Summary of Estates 
 
 Particulars of Estates — ^Arranged Alphabetically 
 
 Co-partnership Housing 
 
 The Garden City Movement Abroad 
 
 The International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association 
 
 The Garden Cities and Town Planning Association 
 
 The Town Planning Act 
 
 Illustrations — 
 
 Diagrammatic Plan of Letchworth 
 
 Map Showing Development 
 
 The Principle Applied to Suburbs 
 
 Robert Owen's Scheme . . 
 
 Health Chart 
 
 Mr. Raymond Unwin's Diagram 
 
 An Old llford Scheme . . 
 
 Central Portion of Letchworth 
 
 Alkrington . . 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 Rhubina 
 
 Hampstead . . 
 
 Knebworth 
 
 Ruislip Manor 
 
 Warrington (two schemes) 
 
 Sutton 
 
 Woodlands 
 
 Stoke-on-Trent 
 
 Sealand 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Ealing 
 
 Liverpool — ^A Contrast 
 
 Daceyvillc, Sydney, N.S.W. 
 
 Principles of Estate Development 
 
 Remarkable Example of Town Planning on a Hillside 
 
 Diagrams of Town Planning Roads 
 
 The First British Municipal Scheme 
 
 Plates — 
 
 One of Mr. Howard's Original Diagrams ; Croft Lane, Letchworth 
 
 Central Area of Letchworth ; Hillshot, Letchworth 
 
 Meadow Way, Letchworth ; Westholm, Letchworth 
 
 Norton Common, Letchworth ; Meadow Way and Lytton Avenue, Letchworth . . 
 
 Hull Garden Village ; Wordsworth Walk, Hampstead ; Fearnville Park Garden City Estate ; 
 
 Harborne Tenants Ltd. . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • ■ 
 
 A Plan of Part of Co-partnership Estate, Hampstead ; Wrexham Garden Suburb ; Corner 
 
 Treatment at Hampstead ; Sutton Garden Suburb 
 
 A Typical New Street of an Industrial Town ; A Street at Hampstead Garden Suburb. . 
 Bristol Garden Suburb Cottages ; Hampstead, Showing Common Green ; A Crescent, 
 
 Showing Common Green; Bournville,. the Shopping -Area ■ 
 
 Some German Experiments . . . . • ■ • • , ' ' 
 
 Ealing, 1903-1913 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 9 
 
 Inset 
 
 
 19 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 71 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 iv 
 
 
 vi 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 18 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 •29 
 
 
 32 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 48 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 68 
 
 
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 76 
 
 
 82 
 
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 19 
 
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Map showing developments on Garden City lines in Great Britain where a limitation 
 of dividend is observed. 
 
 VI 
 
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT 
 
 UP-TO-DATE 
 
 1899 — 1914 
 
 WHEN fifteen years ago the Garden City Association was first formed, it was 
 necessary in the literature that was published from time to time to point out in 
 graphic form and detail the necessity for action along the lines which were advocated 
 by Mr. Ebenezer Howard. Thirteen years of propaganda have, however, brought home to 
 the minds of the thinking part of the population the fact of the awful wastage that is goiAg 
 on through the ill-housing of the people, and through the haphazard growth of our centres 
 of population. Month by month the pages of Garden Cities and Town Planning, the 
 organ of the Garden City and Town Planning Movement, has contained information shed- 
 ding new light on the varied phases of this difficult question, and it may fairly be claimed 
 that the knowledge of garden city principles has spread into every civilised nation under 
 the sun. There is, therefore, not the same necessity that there was to quote statistics to 
 prove we are rearing in our slums an enfeebled rickety race, and that by our neglect a slum 
 population is growing up which is foredoomed to degeneration. The following particulars 
 will, however, show graphically the effect upon health, and especially upon the health of 
 the child, of life in the slums and life in a properly planned community. 
 
 Since the first efforts of the Garden City Association, which followed upon the excellent 
 work done at Bournville and Port Sunlight, numerous examples of garden suburb and 
 garden village work have branched out in various parts of Great Britain, and an endeavour 
 is here made to supply the salient facts relating to each. It may be that some schemes are 
 omitted, and it is hoped that, if this is the case, particulars will be forwarded for a succeeding 
 issue. Every effort has been made to obtain the utmost degree of accuracy, and the figures 
 given have been supplied by the companies or societies concerned. 
 
 Although growing out of the garden city movement, not all of these ventures are upon 
 the lines pursued by Mr. Ebenezer Howard in his original book " Garden Cities of To- 
 morrow " ; in facty Letch worth is the only garden city in existence. Several garden suburbs 
 and garden villages have grown up, while, in addition to this, there are quite a number 
 of schemes which take the title " Garden City " promiscuously, without having any claim 
 whatever to use the name, their objects being as foreign as possible to the conceptions 
 of the founder of the movement. 
 
 THE ESSENTIALS OF A GARDEN CITY. 
 
 It may be well to set out at the beginning the essentials of a garden city as distinguished 
 from a garden suburb, and from ordinary development. These may be stated as follows : — 
 x^ I . That before a sod is cut, or a brick is laid, the town must in its broad outlines 
 be properly planned with an eye to the convenience of the community as a whole, the 
 preservation of natural beauties, the securing of the utmost degree of healthfulness, 
 and proper regard to communication with the surrounding district. 
 
2. That in the town area the number of houses to each acre should be strictly 
 ' hmited, so that every dwelling should have ample Hght and air, with a suitable garden, 
 
 and that pubhc recreation ground and open space should be provided generously. 
 
 3. That the town area should for ever be surrounded by a belt of agricultural and 
 park land, so that while in the centre the urban problem is being dealt with, the rural 
 portion, which should be the larger part of the estate, may be available for farms and 
 small holdings, in order that the small holder and market gardener may have a new 
 market direct to hand for the sale of produce. 
 
 4. That the return on capital should be limited to, say, 5 per cent., any profit 
 above that amount being applied to the estate itself for the benefit of the community. 
 
 5. That the town should be not merely residential, but also commercial and 
 industrial, that provision should exist for taking the worker and his work away from 
 the crowded centres into the fresh aix of the country district, where not only should 
 the la:id be cheaply obtainable for the employer, but the worker should have a com- 
 fortable cottage at a convenient distance from his labour. 
 
 It is, therefore, essential that the land should be of considerable area, and its develop- 
 ment should be in the hands of one controlling body, which, in Mr. Howard's scheme, 
 should have for its ultimate object, not the making of huge profits, but the improvement of 
 the conditions of life for all who live on the area. The estate should be somewhere from six 
 to ten square miles in area, and in order to give effect to the desire for the combination of 
 town and country, about two-thirds should be reserved for the rural area. 
 
 CITIES, [SUBURBS, AND VILLAGES. 
 
 In view of the many distorted ideas of what a Garden City is and the confusion which 
 has resulted between Garden Cities, Garden Suburbs, and Garden Villages, it may be well 
 to quote a succinct definition of the three phrases : — 
 
 A " Garden City " is a self-contained town, industrial, agricultural, residential — 
 planned as a whole — and occupying land sufficient to provide garden-surrounded 
 homes for at least 30,000 persons, as well as a wide belt of open fields. It combines the 
 advantages of town and country, and prepares the way for a national movement, 
 stemming the tide of the population now leaving the countryside and sweeping into 
 our overcrowded cities. 
 
 A " Garden Suburb " provides that the normal growth of existing cities shall be 
 on healthy lines ; and, when such cities are not already too large, such suburbs are 
 most useful, and even in the case of overgrown London they may be, though on the 
 other hand they tend to drive the country yet further afield, and do not deal with the 
 root evil — rural depopulation. 
 
 " Garden Villages," such as Bournville and Port SunHght, are Garden Cities in 
 miniature, but depend upon some neighbouring city for water, light and drainage ; 
 they have not the valuable provision erf a protective belt, and are usually the centre of 
 one great industry only. 
 
 The Garden City therefore stands as the preventive, not as the palliative. 
 
 There is general agreement that the housing of the people and the evil environment of 
 that housing are very potent factors of our social maladies. The aggregation of population 
 is in itself an evil. ^Wherever more than a certain number of people are housed on a given 
 area of land, no matter whether they be in the best of " model dwellings," there the vital 
 statistics show the progress of the evil. 
 
N?4. 
 APELAfPE 
 
 SHOWING PARK LANDS ftLL ROUND 
 CITY. AND ITS MODE OF GROWTH. 
 
 North Park Lands 
 
 Park Lands 
 
 South Park Lands 
 
 Ng5. - 
 — DlACRAM 
 
 ILLUSTRATING CORRECT PRINCIPLE 
 
 OF A city's growth- open country 
 ever near at hand. and rapid 
 communication between off-shoots. 
 
 Country 
 
 Country, 
 
 One of Mr. Howard's original diagrams illustrating the principle of the agricultural belt, and his 
 suggestions for extension when the first Garden City has reached its limit of population. 
 
 Croft Lane, Letchworth, on the Agricultural Belt. 
 
o 
 
One of the problems most seriously affecting civilised humanity to-day is the twin. 
 problem of the overcrowding of the towns and the depopulation of the countryside. Where- 
 ever we inquire, whether it be in the industrial countries of the old world or the more newly 
 developed settlements of the new, the same state of things is to be found — -everywhere the 
 towns are becoming too large and, particularly noticeable in the old countries, the rural 
 population is decreasing at such a rate as seriously to jeopardise the proper carrying on of 
 husbandry. 
 
 TOWN AND COUNTRY— ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. 
 
 The industrial revolution of the last century, while it led to much material advantage- 
 and t reatly increased the financial prosperity of the country, was responsible for many evils, 
 which, although not perceived at the time, are none the less pernicious in their results. 
 
 Fifty or sixty years ago the bulk of the population of this country lived in rural con- 
 ditions, but it is estiiiiated that at the present time six-sevenths is born and bred in large- 
 towns and cities. The growth of mechanical industries and the higher money wages which 
 resulted, caused the rural dwellers to flock into the towns and to neglect the countryside, 
 where at eighteen years of age a man was earning as much as he ever would earn as an 
 agricultural labourer. Too often country Ufe presented a picture of helplessness, 
 and hopelessness ; there was no opportunity for improved conditions of employment, 
 for recreation, for education, or for social life. Housing conditions presented features 
 as horrible as the worst slum can show ; sanitation, lighting, water, and the- 
 other services which the town-dweller has come to regard as a necessity are 
 altogether lacking, and it is not to be wondered at that the lights of the town and its gold- 
 paved streets have proved a fatal fascination to the hundreds of thousands who have come- 
 to swell the already overcrowded labour market. 
 
 And the town, with all the advantages of commerce and high monetary wages, with 
 education, amusement, and all the services of civilisation, has its dark underworld, whose- 
 real inwardness is hardly known to those whose lot is cast in more pleasant places. The 
 march of science, the increasing activity of sanitary authorities, and the efficiency of their- 
 officials, backed by an enormous expenditure of money, has resulted in much improvement 
 in the condition of our large cities, but still there is the slum and the overcrowding, stilL 
 disease, dirt, and degradation. And even where in their extreme these conditions do not 
 prevail, we find dreariness, monotony, inconvenience, and absolute divorce from the beau- 
 ties of nature : we are trying to breed an imperial race out of the material which makes for- 
 ruin and decay. 
 
 A satisfactory solution of the problem thus presented must therefore go a long way 
 towards the prevention of destitution. Anything which brings a new hope to humanity, . 
 any force which may be expended on creating a new condition of life, and any new economic 
 truth which is capable of adaptation to the varying needs of the dwellers in town and in 
 country, in old worlds and in new worlds, must be hailed as leading to that prophetic day and- 
 that ideal city which the dreamers of every age have dreamt of from the time of Isaiah 
 down to William Morris. 
 
 THE FOUNDER. 
 
 As is the case with so many great movements, the Garden City idea was the outcome of ■ 
 the man of the people — unknown beyond his immediate circle, and without the resources 
 of wealth and privilege to forward his project. It is not too much to say that Mr. Ebenezer ■ 
 Howard, the founder of the Garden City movement, will be remembered in history when the 
 names of many prominent politicians and soldiers have been forgotten, for of him alone cam 
 
it be said in modern times that he founded a city, and not only founded one city but that by 
 his practical enthusiasm and his clear-sighted idealism he gave to the world an idea which 
 has resulted in a few years in a complete change of the ordinary methods of town extension 
 .and estate development. It was only in i^gS that, after studying for many years the social 
 problems of the country, and observing the results which had come with the improved 
 ■environment of the people, he pubHshed a book called " To-morrow : A Peaceful Path to 
 Real Reform," subsequently issued as " Garden Cities of To-morrow." 
 
 The problem which Mr. Ebenezer Howard set himself out to solve was to show that by 
 ■starting entirely new towns in rural districts, free from the vicious inheritance of generations 
 of town Ufe and slum degeneracy, an opportunity would be given for a fuller, freer, life, 
 and that the mental, moral, and intellectual development would follow as surely'"as' the 
 "physical. It was not an easy problem, although it is so much taken for granted nowadays. 
 It was really the creation of new economic conditions. First, it involved town planning, 
 then quite a new idea in this country, but through Mr. Howard's initial work and the labours 
 •of those who gathered round him, now an accepted necessity and embodied in an Act of 
 Parliament. 
 
 Before a sod was cut or a brick was laid, in its main outlines at least, the new 
 city must take its form upon paper. By so doing, traffic difficulties would be avoided 
 in the future. By the proper restriction of areas, schemes of lighting, drainage, and water 
 supply could be planned out from the beginning, with no uncertainty as to the whereabouts 
 •of the future population. The limitation of the number of houses was an essential point ; 
 in many districts to-day the municipal by-laws allow fifty-six and even sixty houses to be 
 ■crowded on to an acre of land, giving a population, even in cottage property, of some 
 three hundred people to the acre,, while in tenement dwellings the number comes up still 
 
 f higher. 
 Profiting by investigations that have been made by scientists, a limit of twelve houses 
 to the net acre was determined upon, and this, with the provision of ample open spaces, 
 ■parks, and recreation grounds, and allowing for generous grass-lined roadways, will mean 
 i^'On the average of five people to a house, no greater population than thirty people to tjje acre. 
 But it was not enough to plan where the town should grow ; it was necessary to say 
 -where it should stop. It is being borne in upon the minds of thinkers that our big towns 
 .are too big, and that where you go along adding village to town and town to city, so that 
 ■you have huge conglomerations like London — or, as in south-east Lancashire, practically 
 'One great town twenty-five or thirty miles long and eight or ten miles wide — and where 
 your population is numbered by the hundred thousand, you have practically shut out the 
 benefits of fresh air and pure sunlight from the great mass of the dwellers. The idea, 
 ■therefore, in creating garden cities is to aim at towns with populations of between thirty 
 thousand, lower than which it would not be, possible to go to enable the necessary pro- 
 visions to be made, and sixty or seventy thousand, beyond which access to the countryside 
 fbegins to be in danger. 
 
 THE INDUSTRIAL ASPECT. 
 
 To secure the proper restriction of the town, Mr. Howard conceived the idea of the 
 :agricultural belt of land encircling the town area and providing upon its farms and small 
 iholdings an opportunity for the solution there of rural problems, while in the town area 
 urban questions were being settled. 
 
 But it was useless to talk about fresh air and sunhght to the man who has to earn his 
 daily bread by the sweat of his brow, unless you give him an opportunity of continuing his 
 employment. This meant the provision of work near to his home. 
 
Few people have realised the enormous economic waste involved in carrying work 
 people to and from their work. Not only is much time wasted, but the conditions of work- 
 men's trains are such that serious physical results must follow, and we are probably thereby 
 laying up a store of nervous disorders. 
 
 But apart from that, with improved forms of transit, it is not necessary for mechanical 
 industries all to be carried on at one centre, and all in big towns. Years before the Garden 
 City movement came to birth individual manufacturers were finding that it paid thern to 
 take their works out into the country districts, where the cheapness of land and the lower 
 expenditure on rates, etc., amply repaid them for their outlay. It is true there were failures, 
 and there have been failures since then ; but this is where the Garden City movement met 
 the problem and solved it by organising the migration of manufacturers. Only the largest 
 firms could provide housing, sewerage, water, gas, and other facilities for their work- 
 people, and the failures were deterring further experiments when Mr. Howard showed how, 
 under the Garden City scheme, the combination of manufacturers in conjunction with 
 residential development, could do what was not possible to individuals. The cheapness 
 of land enabled factories to be built all on one floor, and with proper Hghting ; it enabled 
 cottages to be built cheaply and reasonably near the factories ; and it also provided that 
 each house should have an ample amount of garden ground around it. Working in a 
 London factory often means hving in a slum, with the children's playground in the gutter, 
 or on the stairs of a " model dwelling "; it means an exorbitant rent in the centre, and if 
 the worker liv_es in the suburbs what he saves on rent he spends on railway fare." 
 "^ "The financial side of the question was given very careful thought and study, because 
 it was realised from the beginning that even if sufficient money could be found to equip 
 such a venture at the start, unless it could be proved a commercial success, no one else 
 would be Ukely to make the experiment, and it would be impossible to impress upon the 
 country, and upon the State, the value of development upon these lines. In order to 
 adjust the claims of capital and of production it was proposed that the dividend on capital 
 should be limited to 5 per cent., and that all profits above this sum should be devoted to 
 the benefit of the community. The land would be bought as a whole at agricultural prices, 
 and a freehold retained by the company. As the population increased, so would the value 
 go up, and this value would be for the benefit of the people themselves. The developing 
 company was to act as a sprt of trustee, and when the estate was sufficiently advanced to 
 run on its own legs it was hoped that it would be possible to hand over the whole concern 
 to some body which should act as permanent trustees for the community at the original price 
 which had been paid for the estate, which should henceforth be carried on in the interests 
 of the dwellers on the spot. 
 
 The promulgation of these principles thirteen years ago was received with that kindly 
 cynicism with which most changes are greeted. " Utopian," " beautiful but impracticable," 
 " wildly visionary," and many another epithet is found on looking through the newspaper 
 press of that day. Except in a few quarters, the scheme was hailed as idyllic ; few deemed 
 it possible of success. But the few have proved the truer prophets. 
 
 THE WORK OF THE GARDEN CITY ASSOCIATION. 
 
 After a few years' propagandist work by the Garden City Association (now the Garden 
 <]ities and Town Planning Association), which was called into being to foster the new idea, 
 a pioneer company was formed to make investigations, and in 1903 First Garden City Ltd. 
 was formed to develop the estate of nearly four thousand acres at Letchworth. Here many 
 of Mr. Howard's original ideas have been put into practice, modified, of course, by the 
 
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requirements of the site, and hindered oftentimes by the lack of sufficient capital ; but yet 
 being pressed onwards by men with an ample faith in the soundness of the project and in the 
 ultimate realisation of triumphant success. That success has now been achieved. What 
 a few years ago was arable and pasture land with a scattered population of a few score people 
 is now a thriving industrial and residential centre with a population of some seven thousand 
 people, which is being added to day by day, as the requirements of those desiring to live 
 there are met by the provision of additional cottages. 
 
 It was not long before it was seen that this movement had in it a much wider applica- 
 tion than the building of new towns. That was the ideal ; that was the solution of the 
 problem. It would keep men on the land, and bring others back to the land. It was 
 grand ; it was heroic ; but it was very hard. And not everywhere were conditions suitable. 
 Our great towns were still growing, and in the nature of things they must continue to grow. 
 Despite the knowledge that this meant the increasing shutting out of nature, and although 
 it would not be possible on the margins of our towns to provide the agricultural belt or 
 the provision for factories and workers, at least the other parts of the scheme were 
 applicable. 
 
 Why should our suburbs grow in streets of endless monotony, of absolute lack of beauty ? 
 The complete segregation of classes was not good, the absence of local centres destroyed 
 local patriotism, homes become dormitories, and the garden — where it had not become a 
 rubbish heap — was the show ground of weakly exotics, whose too frequent libations were 
 hastening them to an untimely end. 
 
 THE GROWTH OF THE GARDEN SUBURB, 
 
 With characteristic energy Mrs. Barnett took up the Garden Suburb idea. There was a 
 scheme for the enlargement of Hampstead Heath, and she saw an opportunity of combining 
 this preservation of a beautiful piece of nature's handiwork and an attempt to weave into man's 
 work some threads of nature's. How well she has succeeded need hardly be told. From the 
 opening, in 1907, the original area of 240 acres has already been dealt with, and further exten- 
 sions have been purchased. The population has increased to 4,500, and, by the exercising of 
 judicious control, a community has been brought into being which is the mecca of the 
 architect all over the world. Many subsidiary experiments are being tried there, and the 
 example so given has encouraged scores of people elsewhere to take similar steps, with a 
 consequence that to-day there are some forty Garden Suburb and Village schemes in 
 existence in this country, all embracing in one degree or another principles which were 
 enunciated by the founder of the Garden City movement. 
 
 So far, the second Garden City has yet to be built. The Garden Suburb has not to 
 create new conditions, but simply to direct an existing flow, and, therefore, since we as a 
 people are inclined to take the line of least resistance, the Garden Suburb succeeds the more 
 quickly. The child has outstripped the parent, and in some degree the great truth has been 
 in danger of becoming overshadowed by the lesser truth. ■ ■ 
 
 The Garden Cities and Town Planning Association does not for one moment discourage 
 Garden Suburbs. It has helped in the formation of several, and hopes to continue that work, 
 being engaged week in and week out in preaching the advantages of the principle. But 
 that does not mean that we have lost' sight of the fact that the true solution is in the Garden 
 City. For the extension of that principle we shall continue to work, side by side with 
 encouraging the growth of the Suburbs. The big landowners are coming to our aid ; in all 
 parts of the country tracts of land are being properly planned by men who have had their 
 
training in our Association's work, and areas which might have been covered with unlovely 
 dwellings are being laid out with every regard to decency and order. 
 
 Finally, the municipalities are now awaking and joining in the march onward. The 
 Housing, Town Planning, etc., Act of 1909 gives them powers to do what the Garden City 
 has already done, and in this connection it is interesting to read the prophetic words of one 
 of our leading newspapers. In speaking of the growth of the movement some six or eight 
 years ago, it said : " The Garden City pioneers have shown the way. Private enterprise, 
 as it usually does in this country, has given an example to the State." The State has 
 followed the example ; and although no voice of statesmen has been uplifted to sing his 
 praises, there is no man more responsible for the acceptation of town planning principles 
 in this country than was Mr. Ebenezer Howard. When many of to-day's advocates of 
 town planning were dumb and ignorant, he preached its merits. More, he secured its 
 application ; and if a future England sees its towns grow up more healthily, more beautiful, 
 more convenient, more than to any other one man will they owe that fact to the humble 
 pioneer of Garden City principles. 
 
 The following details of schemes have been collected with a view to including eventually 
 all housing schemes which have a claim to notice, and therefore others than those on Garden 
 City lines have been inserted. In the table which follows will be found full particulars of the 
 character of these, as far as they can be obtained. Even after months of endeavour many 
 details are lacking, but it is hoped that the attempt to include for the first time some account 
 of the chief English housing experiments in one booklet will find its reward in producing 
 something which shall be of service to all studying the movement. 
 
 Robert Owen's scheme for a model town " Harmony," from his own 
 description published in 1817. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT POSITION OF THOSE ESTATES AND SOCIETIES OF WHICH PARTICULARS ARE AVAILABLE. 
 
 Name of Estate. 
 
 ^5 
 
 13 
 
 ++ 
 
 13 
 
 § 
 
 
 ^2 
 
 
 0)13 t3 
 
 rt 0. s 
 
 
 .2 c 
 
 
 
 cm;" 
 ^1 = 
 
 '1 
 
 It 
 
 X 3 
 
 5*2 
 
 si 
 8| 
 
 s . 
 
 a in 
 
 ¥ 
 
 a . 
 
 =3 en 
 
 as 
 
 Alkrington 
 
 700 
 
 10 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 911 
 
 40 
 
 170 
 
 12 
 
 8,400 
 
 30,000 
 
 6/6 
 
 £50 
 
 Anchor Tenants (Leicester) . 
 
 48 
 
 IS 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £2,3^7 
 
 4/8 
 
 Sept., ] 
 
 907 
 
 84 
 
 360 
 
 10 
 
 250 
 
 1,250 
 
 6/-t 
 
 io/9t 
 
 Blackley 
 
 243 
 
 9 
 
 (Municipal 
 
 ) — 
 
 — 
 
 
 8/1 
 
 
 901 
 
 150 
 
 600 
 
 17 
 
 2,810 
 
 11,240 
 
 6/4t 
 
 7/- 
 
 Bournville 
 
 609 
 
 138 
 
 C 
 
 (see particulars) 
 
 
 7/4 
 
 
 879 
 
 920 
 
 4,390 
 
 6 
 
 3,654 
 
 15,000 
 
 5/- 
 
 11/6 
 
 Bournville Tenants 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 ^10,664 
 
 ^10,664 
 
 
 Aug., 
 
 [906 
 
 146 
 
 750 
 
 II 
 
 146 
 
 750 
 
 6/-t 
 
 £35/10/- 
 
 Bristol 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 A 
 
 s % 
 
 3(^10,000 
 
 ;£S,78l 
 
 — 
 
 
 [909 
 
 44 
 
 178 
 
 14 
 
 280 
 
 1,400 
 
 6/6t 
 
 £35 
 
 Caerphilly 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 [913 
 
 24 
 
 120 
 
 10 
 
 100 
 
 500 
 
 5/6 
 
 £39 
 
 Coventry 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 ^1,660 
 
 8/5 
 
 Oct., 
 
 [912 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 14 
 
 189 
 
 945 
 
 6/6t 
 
 £35 
 
 Cuffley 
 
 SSo 
 
 — 
 
 B 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5/6 
 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 2,750 
 
 10,000 
 
 7/6 
 
 £150 
 
 Datchet 
 
 30. 
 
 30 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 10/6 
 
 £100 
 
 Derwentwater Tenants... 
 
 4 
 
 2h 
 
 E 
 
 5 % 
 
 — 
 
 ^i,oS4 
 
 6/- 
 
 Oct., 
 
 [909 
 
 25 
 
 83 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 135 
 
 5/6 
 
 8/6 
 
 Didsbury 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 ^1,300 
 
 
 8/2 
 
 Mar., ] 
 
 907 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 15* 
 
 30 
 
 102 
 
 7/6 
 
 8/6 
 
 Ealing 
 
 63 
 
 40 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 
 £27,498 
 
 6/8 
 
 April, 
 
 [901 
 
 510 
 
 2,000 
 
 12 
 
 700 
 
 3,500 
 
 6/6 
 
 £57/12/- 
 
 Fairfield Tenants 
 
 23 
 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Dec, 
 
 [912 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 270 
 
 1,080 
 
 5/- 
 
 10/- 
 
 Fallings Park 
 
 400 
 
 8i 
 
 D &E 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 9/4 
 
 June, ] 
 
 907 
 
 75 
 
 310 
 
 12 
 
 1,000 
 
 1,750 
 
 4/6t 
 
 io/-t 
 
 Garden City Tenants . . . 
 
 F 39 
 
 39 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 £20,588 
 
 4/9 
 
 April, 
 
 [905 
 
 322 
 
 1,600 
 
 12* 
 
 322 
 
 1,600 
 
 4/6 
 
 £61 
 
 GideaPark 
 
 500 
 
 108 
 
 D 
 
 
 3^80,000 
 
 — 
 
 8/- 
 
 May, 
 
 [910 
 
 188 
 
 700 
 
 8 
 
 4,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 1 1/6 
 
 £100 
 
 Glasgow 
 
 20Q 
 
 S 
 
 A 
 
 S % 
 
 ^25,000 
 
 £3,970 
 
 
 Oct., 
 
 912 
 
 40 
 
 140 
 
 12 
 
 2,600 
 
 10,000 
 
 6/1 1 
 
 £35 
 
 Guildford 
 
 20 
 
 3^ 
 
 D 
 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Oct., 
 
 [910 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 160 
 
 650 
 
 7/6t 
 
 9/- 
 
 Hadleigh 
 
 7 
 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4/3t 
 
 — 
 
 Hampden Park ... 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 [909 
 
 73 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 98 
 
 450 
 
 8/6t 
 
 I2/6t 
 
 Hampstead Garden Suburb 
 
 652 
 
 180 
 
 A 
 
 s % 
 
 ^7S>ooo 
 
 £54,1" 
 
 5/6 
 
 May, 
 
 [907 
 
 1,550 
 
 5,000 
 
 8* 
 
 2,000 
 
 — 
 
 5/9 
 
 £"0 
 
 Hampstead Heath Extension 
 
 Tenants — 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £10,700 
 
 5/6 
 
 July, 
 
 912 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Hampstead Tenants ... 
 
 F 27 
 
 27 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 
 £26,500 
 
 5/6 
 
 May, 
 
 [907 
 
 27I§ 
 
 1,200 
 
 10* 
 
 277 
 
 1,200 
 
 6/- 
 
 £55 
 
 Harborne 
 
 54 
 
 S4 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £8,461 
 
 8/2 
 
 Sept., 
 
 [907 
 
 499 
 
 1,600 
 
 9.25 
 
 499 
 
 1,600 
 
 4/-t 
 
 £40 
 
 Haslemere 
 
 5-09 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 
 7/8 
 
 Mar., 
 
 [912 
 
 20 
 
 80 
 
 10 
 
 60 
 
 200 
 
 6/4t 
 
 io/-t 
 
 Hereford 
 
 8.7s 
 
 8.75 
 
 (see particulars) 
 
 
 
 
 
 [909 
 
 86 
 
 430 
 
 10 
 
 86 
 
 430 
 
 4/9t 
 
 7/9t 
 
 Hull 
 
 94 
 
 70 
 
 C 
 
 3 % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 lo/i 
 
 Nov., ] 
 
 [907 
 
 560 
 
 2,000 
 
 12 
 
 700 
 
 3,500 
 
 4/9t 
 
 £35 
 
 Ilford 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 A 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8/6 
 
 Dec, 
 
 [909 
 
 70 
 
 200 
 
 8* 
 
 150 
 
 750 
 
 £30 
 
 £100 
 
 Knebworth 
 
 800 
 
 — 
 
 D 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4/6 
 
 
 [909 
 
 250 
 
 1,250 
 
 8 
 
 6,400 
 
 19,000 
 
 5/6 
 
 £120 
 
 Llanidloes 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 A&E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 — - 
 
 7/6 
 
 June, 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 250 
 
 4/- 
 
 £30 
 
 Letch worth (Garden City) 
 
 4>S66 
 
 800 
 
 A 
 
 S % 
 
 ^300,000 
 
 £176,921 
 
 5/0 
 
 Sept., 
 
 [903 
 
 1,876 
 
 8,200 
 
 12* 
 
 7,000 
 
 35,000. 
 
 4/3t 
 
 £120 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 180 
 
 2Si 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £39,500 
 
 8/6 
 
 July, 
 
 [910 
 
 260 
 
 1,000 
 
 12 
 
 1,800 
 
 7,000 
 
 7/-t 
 
 £40 
 
 Machynlleth 
 
 IS 
 
 
 A&E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 8/2 
 
 June, 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 150 
 
 600 
 
 4/- 
 
 £30 
 
 Manchester (Burnage) . . . 
 
 II 
 
 II 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 ^6,722 
 
 8/4 
 
 
 [908 
 
 136 
 
 500 
 
 12 
 
 136 
 
 500 
 
 5/3 
 
 1 1/6 
 
 Merthyr. . . 
 
 i7i 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 913 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 175 
 
 875 
 
 6/6t 
 
 io/-t 
 
 New Earswick 
 
 120 
 
 39 
 
 C 
 
 (see particulars) 
 
 
 — 
 
 Dec, 
 
 '904 
 
 150 
 
 750 
 
 10 
 
 1,200 
 
 6,000 
 
 4/6 
 
 £60 
 
 New Eltham 
 
 27 
 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 May, 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 II 
 
 — 
 
 1,400 
 
 7/6 
 
 10/6 
 
 Oakwood Tenants 
 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £6,450 
 
 5/6 
 
 Jan., 
 
 [913 
 
 100 
 
 420 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 7/- 
 
 £55 
 
 Oldham Garden Suburb 
 
 '.■ ::; s^i 
 
 i7i 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £11,271 
 
 8/8 
 
 
 [907 
 
 156 
 
 ■ 750 
 
 14 
 
 700 
 
 3,500 
 
 5/1 1 
 
 £30 
 
 Otford 
 
 160 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 [913 
 
 13 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 Petersfield 
 
 32 
 
 — 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 [913 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Port Sunlight («) 
 
 Rothley 
 
 Rhubina ... 
 
 223 
 
 1,000 
 
 13s 
 ISO 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 (see particulars) 
 
 „__ 
 
 •sJi 
 
 
 [895 
 1909 
 
 823 
 69 
 
 3,600 
 240 
 
 10 
 
 1,200 
 
 5,000 
 
 S/3t 
 4/6t 
 
 £160 
 
 no 
 
 
 E 
 
 5"% 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 July, 
 
 [913 
 
 34 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 1,200 
 
 6,000 
 
 5/- 
 
 12/- 
 
 Ruislip Manor 
 
 Sealand ... 
 
 1,300 
 
 100 
 
 A 
 
 s % 
 
 ^75,000 
 
 £30,000 
 
 7/4 
 
 April, 
 
 [911 
 
 100 
 
 300 
 
 12 
 
 5,000 
 
 20,000 
 
 5/- 
 
 £150 
 
 47 
 
 10 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 — 
 
 £5,150 
 
 i/io 
 
 July, 
 
 1910 
 
 108 
 
 550 
 
 10 
 
 470 
 
 2,500 
 
 4/9 
 
 8/6 
 
 Second Hampstead Tenants 
 
 F 39 
 
 39 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 
 £59,970 
 
 5/6 
 
 Aug., 
 
 1909 
 
 377 
 
 1,900 
 
 10* 
 
 377 
 
 1,900 
 
 5/9 
 
 £130 
 
 Sevenoaks 
 
 6h 
 
 6i 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 liOfiOO 
 
 £2,555 
 
 6/2 
 
 
 1904 
 
 80 
 
 250 
 
 13 
 
 80 
 
 250 
 
 4/9 
 
 12/6 
 
 Somersham 
 
 I7i 
 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 ^20,000 
 
 £475 
 
 — 
 
 
 1913 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 — 
 
 4/-t 
 
 7/- 
 
 Stirling Homesteads 
 Stoke-on-Trent ... 
 
 40 
 
 li 
 
 E 
 
 s % 
 
 
 
 £415 
 
 2/6 
 
 May, 
 
 1910 
 
 II 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 200 
 
 4/- 
 
 £26 
 
 3H 
 
 13 
 
 E 
 
 5 % 
 
 — 
 
 £4,890 
 
 10/- 
 
 April, 
 
 1910 
 
 95 
 
 300 
 
 12 
 
 412 
 
 2,000 
 
 5/- 
 
 £60 
 
 Sutton (Surrey) 
 
 25^ 
 
 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 — 
 
 £1,584 
 
 6/5 
 
 Feb., 
 
 1913 
 
 31 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 226 
 
 1,130 
 
 7/- 
 
 £60 
 
 Warrington (Great Sankey) 
 „ (Grappenhall) 
 
 Woking 
 
 Woodlands 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 127 
 
 3 
 
 A 
 E 
 
 S % 
 
 ^20,000 
 
 { - 
 
 ; — 
 
 July, 
 July, 
 
 1907 
 1907 
 1912 
 
 24 
 12 
 21 
 
 100 
 55 
 
 12 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 243 
 260 
 
 72 
 
 I,200| 
 
 1,3001 
 
 350 
 
 6/-t 
 4/-t 
 
 £30 
 io/6t 
 
 127 
 
 (owned by 
 
 Colliery 
 
 Co.) 
 
 
 ;i 
 
 June, 
 
 1907 
 
 653 
 
 3,600 
 
 5-2 
 
 653 
 
 3,600 
 
 S/3t 
 
 - 6/9t 
 
 Wrexham 
 
 200 
 
 
 A&E 
 
 S % 
 
 
 
 16/- 
 
 May, 
 
 1913 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 2,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 4/9 
 
 £60 
 
 1 A. Public company, limited dividend. B. Public company, unlimited dividend. C. Trust. D. Owned privately. 
 
 E. Society of Public Utility under Provident Societies Act. (a) Not jnoluding works area. 
 
 F. Not separate estates. Area included in parent schemes. 
 
 • Excluding roads, etc. t Including rates. 
 
 § Blocks of shops and residential flats have also been erected. f A number of estates recently started have not yet made 
 
 sufficient progress to warrant inclusion here. Reference to most of these will be found on other pages. 
 
INTRODUCTION TO SECOND 
 
 EDITION 
 
 PHENOMENAL GROWTH IN 1913. 
 
 THE first issue of the record of a great movement was almost necessarily incom- 
 plete in many details. It was found difficult to obtain particulars of some estates, 
 owing to the apathy of those in charge, and there are still omissions from the 
 present edition. 
 
 Even in the few months that have elapsed since the first issue was printed there is 
 great progress to record, and information is given of no less than fifty additional ventures. 
 As well as mentioning schemes not previously brought within the book, an attempt is made 
 to give more adequate information regarding the pioneer schemes. A new element is 
 introduced by the application of co-partnership methods to rural housing, and details are 
 given of what has been already done in this direction. A further section deals with the 
 progress of Town Planning under the Act of 1909. 
 
 In the past nine months the Garden City movement seems more than ever to have come 
 into its own. The activity in every branch is remarkable, despite adverse conditions in 
 regard to the building trade and an increasing tightness of money. Large additions have 
 been made to the number of new schemes now on foot. Many of the schemes that are 
 called Garden City schemes have nothing in common with the Garden City movement but 
 the name, which they have dishonestly appropriated. Schemes of the wildest speculation, 
 land-sweating, and jerry-building, have all been promoted in the hope that the good 
 name would carry them through, but through the activity of the Association and through 
 the growing knowledge of what Garden City development really' means, as a rule these 
 schemes have been countered, and their attempt to exploit the movement has sometimes 
 been attended with financial disaster to themselves. 
 
 The educative work which has been done by the Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 Association has spread far beyond what was at first thought to be its borders. Lectures are 
 being given everywhere ; literature is being supplied by thousands of copies ; the monthly 
 magazine, Garden Cities and Town Planning, is acquiring a firmer hold and obtaining a 
 wider circulation, being recognised as the chief educative factor in civic improvement 
 publishecl in this country. Scores of landowners have consulted the Association in regard 
 to land which they are developing, and although the Garden City scheme may not be 
 followed out in its entirety, there is the satisfaction of knowing that thousands of acres 
 are being developed upon better lines than there was a probability of securing beforehand, 
 and instead of the countryside being defaced by a repetition of the abominations that have 
 been perpetrated around many of our large towns — and indeed in many of the small ones 
 
1* 
 
 — decent, comfortable cottages have been erected at a reasonable rental, serving not only 
 "to house the people who live in them but providing an example for the whole neighbourhood. 
 
 A WORLD-WIDE RECOGNITION, 
 
 There is not a portion of the civiHsed world to which the Garden City message is not 
 now being sent regularly. A return has just been made of correspondence dealt with in a 
 period of two months, and this shows that the following countries have applied for informa- 
 tion and particulars regarding the growth of the Garden City movement in England : 
 The United States, Austria, France, Holland, Russia, Germany, South Africa, Poland, 
 Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, India, Hungary, Roumania, New South Wales, Queensland, 
 South Australia, West Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Turkey, Norway, Sweden, Spain, 
 Italy, Nova Scotia, Argentina, South Africa, Switzerland, Crete, Trinidad, Burma, Denmark, 
 Japan, Ceylon, Uruguay, Greece, Fiji Islands, West Africa, Newfoundland, Egypt. The 
 names are taken haphazard from the list, and with no idea of order. In each of these 
 countries are members of the Association, and the monthly magazine goes there regularly. 
 
 In many cases definite results have been accomplished in the formation of allied bodies 
 in different parts of the world ; elsewhere Town Planning schemes have been forwarded ; 
 •or, again, model villages have been founded on co-partnership lines. Everywhere this 
 message of the Garden City has been hailed with acclamation by men and women by whom 
 the existing state of aff girs is seen to be not only ugliness and inconvenience, but degradation 
 — the loss of the love of the beautiful things of earth, the obsession of the human mind 
 ■with the things that are really of little value, and the neglect of the great and overwhelming 
 problems of existence. 
 
 A FORECAST. 
 
 There is much yet to be done before the Garden City movement can really be said to 
 •enter into full recognition. Garden Suburbs we can get in abundance ; in five years' time 
 the town that has not got a Garden Suburb will be an exception, and there will grow the 
 tendency of surrounding the great centres of population with belts of houSes built in 
 reasonable surroundings ; but still there will remain the great problem of the housing 
 of the man in the middle of the town and the man at the bottom of the ladder. 
 
 Improved sanitation will lessen the evils of the old centres, and the progress of humani- 
 tarianism in legislation will probably relieve some of the hardships of the very poorest, 
 but after all that has been done and said, it does not seem feasible, under present conditions, 
 to house the lowest-paid workers in decent houses at an economic price which they can 
 afford to pay. 
 
 It is hinted that great legislative changes are about to be proposed which will cheapen 
 the cost pf providing houses. Cheap money and cheap land are promised, and these together 
 may do something to bring down costs, and Town Planning will probably result in the 
 estabUshment of many settlements having much the same physical appearance as have our 
 Garden Suburbs. But greater good would come to a greater number of people if there were 
 ■only available funds to establish new Garden Cities, where the worker and his work can be 
 •out of the crowded centres and yet have all the advantages of the town in common with the 
 •delights of his garden. • 
 
 LOST OPPORTUNITIES. 
 
 An opportunity of providing a world example is, alas ! being lost through the 
 Admiralty's attitude in regard to the proposal to create a model town at the new naval 
 
 10 
 
Base at Rosyth, and the extraordinary improvidence of the Port of London Authority as 
 to its responsibilities for the people who will have to live in the neighbourhood of the new 
 Docks is not encouraging for those Who look in high quarters for help in these matters. 
 
 THE HOPE OF THE FUTURE— GARDEN CITIES. 
 
 It is in the working out of the complete scheme proposed by Mr. Howard that real 
 progress seems to lie. At present about fifteen thousand acres are included in the area of 
 the proposals of one sort and another enumerated in the following pages, and practically 
 one-third of this area is at Letchworth. If all this land were built upon to the modest 
 extent expected, a population of some nine hundred thousand people would be housed on 
 garden city lines, but at the present time about forty-five thousand are so housed, or a 
 thousandth part of the population. 
 
 LETCH- 
 WORTH 
 
 4-8 
 
 HflMPSTHB 
 
 CflRDm 
 
 SUBI/RB 
 
 4-a 
 
 LIFE AND DEATH -THE TRIUMPH OF THE GARDEN CITY AND 5UBURB5. 
 
 With the enormous improvement in traffic facilities, and the growing tendency to 
 remove factories from town to country, the organised decentralisation of industry becomes 
 less difficult, and as the experience of the pioneers becomes more widely known, the demand 
 for real Garden Cities is likely to spread rapidly. The fact that better conditions of work 
 mean better work, and that better conditions of life mean healthier and happier families, 
 must have its influence, and the multiplication of Garden Cities will afford the best 
 opportunity for clearing out the old slums and recreating that type of man which books 
 and songs tell us of, but which modern town life has gone so far to destroy. 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 No survey of the movement would be complete unless it included an account of the 
 work in other countries. A summary is therefore given of what has been done abroad. 
 It will be seen that by far the most active progress has been made by the German Garden 
 City Association. The steady aiid persistent work of its official leaders has resulted in a 
 
 II 
 
knowledge of Garden City principles being spread throughout the whole empire, and the 
 amount of useful instructive literature which has been issued by the German Association 
 is equal in bulk and variety to that of the parent organisation. 
 
 Shortly it should be possible to record the progress in America and Canada. The three 
 months I have recently spent in the United States and Caiiada convinces me that there is a 
 great future there for the Garden City movement. The people are ready for such a move- 
 ment, which attempts to solve problems that are pressing upon them more and more heavily 
 as time goes on. Where land speculation is threatening to ruin the whole community, the 
 Garden City movement would come in with a message of.hope for those who are striving 
 to provide decent housing accommodation at a reasonable rent. 
 
 These world-wide recognitions of the value of Mr. Howard's proposals have accumu- 
 lated in an extraordinary manner of late, and there has been evidenced a general desire 
 •that the various bodies which are striving towards the improvement of the civic ideal 
 should be linked up with one another. To this end an International Garden Cities and 
 Town Planning Association has been formed with every prospect of a useful career. Already 
 some twenty nationalities are represented and the first congress, to be held next year in 
 England, will give some idea of the extent to which the Garden City ideal has permeated 
 the mind of man. The new Association has done itself the honour of electing Mr. |Ebenezer 
 Howard as its first President. 
 
 THE CITY OF THE FUTURE. 
 
 At home and abroad, therefore, we find every encouragement for progress in Garden 
 City work. The labour of the propagandist is not always requited, and it is given to few to 
 see of the travail of their soul and be satisfied ; but to those who labour in this field there is 
 an ever-increasing pleasure in the honour so generously bestowed upon Mr. Howard, and 
 the success of his work, even in the partial and fragrnentary manner in which it has so far 
 been attempted, is an incentive to secure wider and fuller recognition. We see now only 
 dim outlines of what the future town will be. We know it will not be like that death-tra.p 
 which civiUsation has created in the la'st fifty years, and it is just as unUkely to attain to the 
 state of Arcadian bliss as pictured in News from Nowhere. We are awaiting still the 
 dawning of that new earth which Isaiah foresaw many years ago, and the woes and horrors 
 of the dark side of town life are apt to m-ake us forget, as we ponder over the problerris 
 which confront us, that there is a way out. Years of educational work will have still to be 
 spent, and the folly of tinkering with the evil must be taught to governments and peoples 
 until they are prepared to do as was done at Letchworth — make a clean start. The city 
 of the future will have a new meaning, for it will be a city of homes, and if the garden city 
 idea — improved and perfected as newer conceptions arise — is kept in the forefront of men's 
 vision, and not allowed to be hidden by easier methods of palliation which are not remedies, 
 then they who work to-day will have laid well and truly a foundation upon which shall be 
 reared a City of Hope, worthy of the dreams and hopes of prophets and reformers of all ages, 
 — " and they shall brmg the glory and honour of the nations into it." 
 
 THE STAGES OF PROGRESS, 
 
 The Garden City movement may be described as a modern miracle, and a direct 
 contradiction of the dictum, " A prophet is not without honour, save in his own 
 country." Whereas in many fields of social reform men have toiled and died without 
 recognition, in less than a generation the Garden City movement has attained to a place 
 
 12 
 
of supreme importance throughout the world, and its founder has been hailed as one of the 
 greatest men of his generation. Glancing through the pages which follow, it is difficult to 
 realise that it was only in the year 1898 that Mr. Ebenezer Howard gave to the world his 
 book entitled To-morrow — a Peaceful Path to Real Reform, afterwards isssued as Garden 
 Cities of To-morrow, which has practically changed the method of development in this 
 and other countries, and which was the beginning here of the new science of town building 
 which led to the passing of the Housing, Town Planning, etc.. Act of 1909. 
 
 This was not the first that had been heard of the idea. For years Mr. Howard had 
 occupied all the spare time he could snatch from his busy life as an official shorthand writer 
 in lecturing and writing upon the subject which was nearest his heart. After the book had 
 been published a number of sympathisers gathered around him, and on June loth, 1899, 
 formed the Garden City Association for the purpose of studying his proposals and consider- 
 ing their practical application. 
 
 IN 1899. 
 
 As illustrating the growth of the movenient and the many ways in which Mr. Howard's 
 ideas have been adapted, it is of interest to chronicle the changes in the " Objects " of this 
 Association as shown in its rules. The first statement ran as follows : " Objects : To 
 promote the discussion of the project suggested by Mr. Ebenezer Howard in To-Morrow, 
 and ultimately to formulate a practical scheme on the lines of that project, with such 
 modifications as may appear desirable." 
 
 IN 1902. 
 
 In January, 1902, the objects appeared thus : — 
 
 " (a) To promote discussion of the project suggested by Mr. Ebenezer Howard in 
 his book To-morrow." 
 
 " {b) To take the initial step towards the formation in Great Britain, either by 
 public company or otherwise, of Garden Cities, wherein shall be found the maximum 
 attainable of comfort and convenience to the inhabitants, who shall themselves become, 
 in a corporate capacity, the owners of the site, subject to the fullest recognition of 
 individual as well as mutual and public interests." 
 
 In the Fourth Annual Report, for the year ending October 31st, 1902, these Objects 
 are extended into a statement headed " Our Objects " and signed by the Chairman of the 
 Council, Mr. Ralph Neville, K.C., now the President, the Hon. Sir Ralph Neville. This 
 statement reads as follows : — 
 
 " The exodus of the people from the country and the consequent overcrowding in the 
 tcpwns, with its attendant physical and moral evils, occupies the attention of all who are 
 interested in social welfare. 
 
 " This Association has been formed to give practical effect to a scheme which attempts 
 to deal with the question of ' How to get the people back to the land ?' 
 
 " The idea is to bring the town to the country by the establishment of Industrial 
 Centres in rural districts. Successful experiments in this direction have already been carried 
 out by Messrs. Cadbury at Bournville, near Birmingham, and Messrs. Lever at Port 
 Sunlight, near Liverpool. 
 
 " The outlines of the scheme are as follows : — 
 
 " The purchase of land at agricultural prices ; the laying-out of a town, section by 
 section, upon the central portion of the estate, the remainder to be permanently retained 
 
 13 
 
ior agricultural purposes. The necessary capital would receive a fixed return, and the 
 balance of the increment in value would be applied for the benefit of the community in 
 affording means of transit, etc. 
 
 " It is calculated that upon an estate of 6,000 acres one-sixth would suffice for the 
 accommodation of a population of 33,000 people, and that the ground rents would provide 
 for interest at the rate of ^4 per cent, per annum on the capital, and leave a large surplus. 
 
 " We claim for our proposals : — 
 
 1. That they recognise the impossibility of diverting labour by artificial means 
 
 from the industries to which it flows by the natural operation of economic 
 law. 
 
 2. That they bring the producer and consumer of agricultural produce into 
 
 contact. 
 
 3. That the scheme has a sound financial basis resting upon the increase in the 
 
 value of land caused by an influx of population. 
 
 4. That the economies in regard to construction, supply of power, transit, etc., 
 
 resulting from the construction of a town in conformity with a predetermined 
 plan, are great. 
 
 5. That no economic law is infringed, and no industry interfered with. If the 
 
 scheme can be carried out, the ultimate benefit to the population of this 
 country would be great. If it fails, the loss will be measured by the difference 
 between the purchase and sale price of the estate and the cost of partly 
 laying out a single section of the proposed town. 
 
 " The immediate object of the Association is to secure the attention of the public to 
 their proposals, with the view of putting them to a practical test. The first practical step 
 has been taken, and the Garden City Pioneer Company Limited, with a subscribed capital 
 of ^20,000, has been formed to investigate and negotiate with manufacturers. 
 
 " It is hoped that those who view with concern the shifting of our population from 
 country to town will give the scheme of the Association their attention, and, if they approve, 
 their countenance and support." 
 
 IN 1903. 
 
 At a special general meeting held at Essex Hall on July 9th, 1903, the objects were 
 approved as follows : — 
 
 " To promote the relief of overcrowded and congested areas, to secure a wider 
 distribution of the population over the land, and to advance the moral, intellectual, and 
 physical development of the people by — 
 
 " (a) Taking initial steps to estabhsh Garden Cities in which the inhabitants shall 
 become in a corporate capacity the owners of the sites, subject to the fullest recogni- 
 tion of individual as well as public interest ; 
 
 " {b) Encouraging the tendency of manufacturers and others to move from 
 crowded centres to rural districts, co-operating with such manufacturers and with 
 pubhc bodies in securing healthy housing accommodation for the workpeople in prox- 
 imity to their places of employment ; 
 
 " (f) Co-operating with other organisations in promoting legislation to enlarge 
 the powers of public authorities with a view to securing a solution of the housing prob- 
 lem and improved systems of communication ; 
 
 " {d) Stimulating interest in and promoting the scientific development of towns so 
 that the evils arising from haphazard growth may in future be avoided ; 
 
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 " (e) Promoting the erection of sanitary and beautiful dwellings with adequate 
 space for gardens and recreation. 
 
 " Of the above clauses (a) shall be considered the primary work of the Association and 
 the remainder secondary." 
 
 The following note was issued with the new rules : — 
 
 " It will be seen that this widening of the scope of the Association's work tends greatly 
 to increase its usefulness. It is now possible for us not only to advocate the importance 
 and effectiveness of our specific remedy for overcrowding, but to encourage movements of a 
 related character, and to assist other organisations having similar objects in view." 
 
 This was, indeed, the first pronouncement of any society or body in England in favour 
 of municipal Town-planning, although that name does not appear yet in the rules. 
 
 IN 1905. 
 
 With the publication of the first official handbook of the Association in 1905 (The 
 Garden City Movement, by G. Montagu Harris) the rules contained the following objects : — 
 
 " To promote the relief of overcrowded areas and to secure a wider distribution of the 
 population over the land. 
 
 " PRIMARILY, by advocating and assisting in the establishment of Garden 
 Cities (on the principle suggested in Howard's Garden Cities of To-morrow) designed 
 from the outset to secure healthful and adequate housing for the whole population, 
 and in which the inhabitants shall become in a collective capacity the owners of the 
 sites, subject to full recognition of public as well aS individual interests. 
 
 " SECONDARILY, by encouraging the tendency of manufacturers to remove 
 their works from congested centres to the country ; by co-operating or advising with 
 such firms, public bodies, and other associations to secure better housing accommoda- 
 tion for workpeople near to their places of employment ; by taking steps to promote 
 effective legislation with this end in view ; and by generally advocating Uhe ordered 
 design and development of towns." 
 
 IN 1906. 
 
 In 1906 the increasingactivities of the Association and the growth of that part relating 
 to the establishment of Garden Suburbs resulted in a further definition of its work, and the 
 Objects then appeared as follows : — 
 
 " (I) The building of new towns in country districts on well-thought-out -principles, 
 such as the Garden City at Letchworth, designed from the outset to secure the healthful 
 and adequate housing of its whole population, so that the land shall never become 
 overcrowded with houses, and the town, when built, shall be permanently surrounded 
 by a wide belt of agricultural and park lands. 
 
 " (II) The creation of Garden Suburbs, such as the Hampstead Garden Suburb, 
 on similar principles for the immediate relief of existing towns. 
 
 " (III) The building of Garden Villages, as exemplified by Port Sunlight and 
 Bournville, for properly housing the working classes near their work. 
 
 " (IV) The acquisition of open spaces, and the improvement of existing towns and 
 villages on Garden City principles. 
 
 " (V) The removal of factories from congested areas to country districts. 
 
 " (VI) The provision of small holdings in proximity to towns, together with 
 
 16 
 
measures for the disposal of agricultural produce to the advantage of the home 
 producer and consumer." 
 
 A point of great importance to be noted here is the dropping of definitions such as 
 appeared in earlier rules, an indication of the fact that by now the meaning of the terms had 
 become well enough understood to make it unnecessary to repeat them even in the rules. 
 In view of the shocking misuse of the title term " Garden City " in later days, it will prob- 
 ably be found necessary to formulate some short statement which shall express adequately 
 in what way a true garden city or garden suburb differs from an ordinary building estate or 
 a town planning scheme. 
 
 The success of Letchworth and the growing necessity for securing legislation enabling 
 towns to control their extensions is shown in further expansion of the Objects, and in the 
 alteration of the title of the Association. The name Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 Association was decided upon by the Council in the year 1907 and in February, 1908, the 
 name of the monthly official organ (started in 1904) was changed from The Garden City 
 to Garden Cities and Town Planning. In that issue it was stated, " In using the plural 
 ' Garden Cities,' instead of ' Garden City,' too, we hope still further to emphasise the fact' 
 that we are not concerned solely with Letchworth, but that our work is much wider, and, 
 we hope, of more far-reaching effect even than that scheme. Nothwithstanding this, 
 Letchworth has our first claim to notice, as it is in the success of First Garden City Limited 
 that our hope rests for future endeavour upon the same lines." 
 
 IN 1909. 
 
 In July, 1909, again in order to meet changing circumstances, the Objects were adopted 
 in the following form : — 
 
 (a) To promote Town Planning. 
 
 (b) To advise on, draw up schemes for, and establish Garden Cities, Garden 
 Suburbs, and Garden Villages. 
 
 (f) Housing and the improvement of its sanitation. 
 {d) The collection and publication of information as to the above. 
 {e) The education of public opinion by lantern lectures, cheap literature, con- 
 ferences, etc. 
 
 (/) The influencing snd promotion of legislation. 
 {^ The improvement of local by-laws. 
 
 The question of small holdings, although an integral part of Garden City promotion, 
 was dropped from the rules in consequence of an agreement come to between various bodies 
 concerned with small holdings to amalgamate into one central body. At the same time 
 the rules were changed in other respects to allow the Association to take up what has 
 become an important part of its work, namely, the arrangement of educational tours in 
 Great Britain and abroad. 
 
 IN 1913. 
 
 Perhaps the next development of importance was in January, 191 3, when I was des- 
 patched as the representative of the Association on a missionary lecture tour throughout the 
 United States and Canada. That tour lasted over three months, in the course of which I 
 travelled about thirty thousand miles and gave seventy-five lectures and addresses in the 
 principal cities. The result of that experiment is an enormous interest in our publications 
 
 17 
 
and work from all parts of the Continent, and the establishment of several societies in 
 afBliation with the parent body. 
 
 The growth of interest in the over-seas empire prompted the suggestion as far back 
 as 1911 that a lecturer be sent to Australasia, and in 1912 this was definitely decided upon, 
 a special colonial department being organised and arrangements being made, now, happily, 
 almost concluded, for a systematic visit by a competent lecturer. 
 
 These activities, combined with the interchange of visits with other nationalities led 
 up to the formation of the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, 
 for the purpose of linking up existing organisations and of extending still farther the 
 knowledge of garden city principles. 
 
 October, 191 3. 
 
 EWART G. CULPIN. 
 
 A PROPOSAL FOR A GARDEN VILLAGE AT ILFORD IN 1845. 
 The present suburb occupies part of the site. 
 
Meadow Way, Letchworth. 
 
 Westholm, Letchworth (Garden City Tenants). 
 
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PARTICULARS OF ESTATES. 
 
 In addition to those estates described in alphabetical order here, the societies connected, 
 with Co-partnership Tenants Ltd., Rural Co-partnership, and Co-operative Housing are- 
 dealt with under those headings. 
 
 LETCHWORTH. 
 
 Letchworth, the first and only proper Garden City, rightly comes first under con- 
 sideration here, both chronologically and because of its size and importance from the histor- 
 ical and economic aspects. The estate, of no w 4,'i66 acres , .is_thfi_pJop-£rtyj3f-Eirst Garden. 
 City Ltd., a co mpany with a dividf.nd 'Itmted to 5 per cent, cumulative, whose memoranda 
 and articles embody the root principles of the movement. The town is situated thirty- 
 four miles frr.Tri T.r.nf1r.n r,r^ ^|^pQ,-p^t- ]N;[pr<-Ti»rnJB.^l^^»oy. j.^.xg^r. .>.ay/^,^rj ^-l^ j. ^]f^ ^ ^ ^]^p^ j.^^^^ 
 
 of lEtciiin. It is served also by the Midland Railway from Hitchin, and being bounded 
 by the Great North Road traffic facilities are excellent. 
 
 Letchworth was the first child of the Garden City Movement, and is still the only 
 town where an attempt is being made to put into practice Mr., Ebenezer Howard's sug- 
 gestions in his book " Garden Cities of To-morrow." The Garden Cities Association 
 promoted a " Pioneer Company " for the purpose of finding a suitable site for the new- 
 town, and ^5,000 was subscribed for investigating the available estates. The very best 
 advice in the country was drawn upon, and as a consequence Letchworth was selected 
 and the " Pioneer Company " obtained options over the land, which was held by fourteen, 
 different owners. First Garden City Ltd. was then formed to take over the options and 
 develop the estate. The authorised capital was ^(300,000, but less than a quarter of 
 this was subscribed at the outset ; the whole idea being new, and the limited dividend 
 appealing only to a limited investing public. Con fidence in the-jnovem^n-t has grown 
 with every stage of progress at_Ijetchwo];th,..aruL although a dividend has not been de- 
 clared, net profits are being made, and the capital value of the estate has almost been, 
 doubled, so that the financial success of the scheme is abundantly proved. 
 
 Despite all, Letchworth is an astounding success. To its example, more than to 
 anything else, is due, without doubt, the present interest in Town Planning and Housing- ; 
 in this country, and it has also resulted in influencing development in practically the/"^ 
 whole civilised world. 
 
 First Garden City Ltd., being the owners of what was practically virgin land, have 
 had themselves to provide the necessary equipment of the town, whichj in the.case of the- 
 garden'"strburbs,^s3erived from neighbouring towns.' Thus _the^_company_jOwnjthe gas, 
 water, and electric light undertakings; they have- made the; roads ; they -provide and 
 maintain the seweirs and the sewage disposal works ; and they have organised such faciUties 
 as an omnibus service, swimming bath, etc., to encourage the growth and amenities oT 
 the town. 
 
 Besides the by-laws of the Hitchin Rural District Council, under whose jurisdiction. 
 
 19 
 
PART OF LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY, 
 
 Showing details of lay-out, workmen's cottages adjoining the factory area, 
 
 and the central Town Square. 
 
LetchwSlth is, the company has its own building regulations and its surveyor exercises 
 some supervision over designs and specifications to ensure proper conditions being observed . 
 The maximum of hou&es^Uowed to the acre is twelve, but as the size of the house increases 
 so does the area of the plot, so tTiat"airover the building area (which is 1,200 acres only, 
 the remainder being agricultural and park land) there will probably be an average of not 
 more than half that number. An ultimate population of 30^00 people is provided for on 
 the town area, or ^S^oo o includin g the ag ricultural belt, dealt witE'Ih TKe' introductory 
 article. Thus, oveTtliewhole of the seven square miles of Garden City, there will be an 
 average of only nine people to the acre, compared with the two or three hundred still 
 allowed by the by-laws of many towns. 
 
 The agricultu-r-al-bek--of 3,^100.- a££^maik§.A fuiidamental_difference between Letch- 
 worth and every other experiment on garden city lines and, indeed, distinguishes it from 
 every other town in the world. Many places have belts or girdles of green, but none has 
 a definite provision such as this ; and as in the town the way is pointed for a new tradi- 
 tion of development, so it is hoped that the agricultural belt will help in the solution of 
 some of the rural problems. A good deal of attention has been given to small holdings, 
 especially in the direction of milk' production, and recently an exhaustive inquiry has been 
 made with a view to assisting in this development. 
 
 To secure the proper carrying out of the objects of the company leasehold tenure is in 
 vogue, on-eaay:_tenns, and for either 99 or 999 years. Freehold is granted only for such 
 purposes as churches, etc., or where land is acquired by local authorities. 
 
 The estate has been the scene of two cottage exhibitions and has always shown interest- 
 ing examples of both cottage and other styles of architecture, while cottages recently 
 erected are probably the most satisfactory yet provided in this country. The cheapest 
 rent is 4s. 3d., including rates, which stand at 5s., but these were built before the recent 
 serious advan:e in building costs. 
 
 In addition to the county roads, already existing the company have made about ten 
 miles of new roads3_and^pioyided_nearly twenty miles of water main, fifteen miles of gas 
 mains and fourteen miles of sewers. The roads vary from 10 feet to 100 feet, at costs 
 varying from 15s. to ^^5 per yard run, and exhibit every style of treatment known to 
 modern advocates of town planning. Grass margins and trees are usual, and the practice 
 has obtained of planting fruit trees and borders of herbaceous plants, while in the business 
 quarters flowering shrubs have been planted. Five miles of roads have so far been taken 
 over by the Hertfordshire County Council. 
 
 The past year was an important one in the history of the estate, as it was the first year 
 in which a substantial profit was made. The net profit, after paying all expenses and 
 interest on borrowed capital, amounted to i£3,o86 1 2s. 2d. This improvement is on the 
 increase, and it may confidently be asserted that the enterprise is within sight of the divi- 
 dend-paying period. During the year 197 inhabited houses and factories and workshops 
 were added, making a total of 1,761. The number is now nearly 1,900. The ground 
 rents created up to September 30th, 1912, amounted to ^5,922. 
 
 An important side of the Letchworth experiment,. and indeed the crucial test, is the 
 development^itsfactorjLarear If Mr. Howard's theory had not been sound, manufacturers 
 would not have gone to. .. Letckffiirth . -and the place would never have developed. 
 There are now some thirty industries established in the town, and several of these have beea 
 very considerably extended; The trades- -represented include engineering, printing, em- 
 broidery, bookbinding, photographic utensils, joinery works, pottery, weaving, commercial 
 motor engineers, motor car makers, metal works, organ builders, seed and implement factories, 
 
 21 
 
22 
 
scientific instrument makers, colour printers, corset makers, etc. There are five building 
 companies working on the estate. An interesting feature is the co-operative house 
 " Homesgarth." 
 
 The town is com plete with eygrj^Ja^ilitj^r commerce, trade and social life. Its resi- 
 dential facilitie£Iie^accell^t^ and^s a place of residencF alone iTTs^Being much"§3ttg'ht after. 
 The industrial population have 'here advantages which have been possessed by no other 
 town in the country. Its housing is good, the gardens are ample, and there are many 
 opportunities for recreation and social life. Church life and education are well provided 
 for. There are several public halls, and the arrangements for water, lighting and sanitation 
 are as near perfect as they can be. Its scope is infinitely greater and presents the solution 
 of more serious problems than anv suburb of a town can possibly do. 
 
 Letchworth has been described as England's healthiest town. Both with regard to the 
 general death-rate and infantile mortality the figures are far below any other place in the 
 country. 
 
 ALEXANDRIA. 
 
 A society, known as the Vale of Leven Tenants Ltd., has been formed at Alexandria 
 for the development on Co-partnership lines of about 6 acres of land within a mile of Loch 
 Lomond. The society is registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, and 
 the capital has been raised by shares and loan stock. The land on which the cottages 
 are built has been granted by the Argyll Motor Company — ^whose workers have formed 
 the Society — free of feu-duty for five years and at the modified rate of ,(15 per acre there- 
 after. Good progress is being made. Sixteen houses are now being built. 
 
 ALKRINGTON. 
 
 It is announced that the Alkrington Hall Estate, Manchester, is to be developed as a 
 Garden Suburb, and it is expected that a large portion of the development will be on Co- 
 partnership lines. The Estate, which consists of about 700 acres and adjoins the Borough 
 of Middleton, possesses many attractive features. Some three or four years ago a strong 
 attempt was made by the Garden City Association to form a Company to acquire this land 
 for Garden City purposes. The Prospecting and Development Committee had surveys 
 made, and local meetings were held, but there was not sufficient response to justify the 
 formation of a Company. Although unsuccessful in that respect, the Association had the 
 pleasure of knowing that the Estate was to be laid out on proper lilies, and Mr. Thomas 
 Adams, who as Hon. Secretary of the Association, had taken much interest in the project, 
 was called in by the owners, the Lees Trustees, as expert adviser. The Estate is now being 
 developed by Messrs. Pepler and Allen on the basis of twelve houses to the acre, with ample 
 provision for recreation grounds and other open space. Good progress has been made 
 already. 'The first house was opened by Mr. T. C. Horsfall on July 29th, 191 1, and building 
 has since progressed steadily. This scheme was one of the first to be submitted to a local 
 authority as a Town Planning Scheme under the Act, and it is interesting to know that 
 Messrs. Pepler and Allen have been able to come to a mutually satisfactory give-and-take 
 arrangement with the Middleton Corporation. 
 
 A Co-partnership Housing Society known as " The Alkrington Housing Society Ltd.," 
 has recently undertaken the erection of thirty houses. 
 
 23 
 
ALTON PARK. 
 
 An attempt at the proper Town Planning of a seaside resort, a much neglected art, has 
 been begun at Clacton-on-Sea, and the Alton Park Estate of about loo acres has been laid out 
 on ample Town Planning lines. The Estate will be purely residential, and the houses will 
 be mostly of the seaside bungalow type, on plots averaging 40 feet wide by 150 feet deep, 
 and numbering about eight to the acre. Several of the roads are 50 feet wide with 24 feet 
 carriage way, two 6 feet paths, and two 7 feet grass margins planted with trees. Sundry 
 spaces and greens are provided, and the general arrangement is intended to produce good 
 facilities of communication, pleasant aspects and vistas, and satisfactory terminal features. 
 The Estate adjoins the Golf Links. The design for the development has been prepared 
 by Messrs. Pepler and Allen. 
 
 BLACKLEY. 
 
 The Blackley estate of the Manchester Corporation was started in 1901, before the 
 limitations now generally imposed in Garden Cities and Suburbs came in for wide ac- 
 ceptance. It covers a total area of 243 acres, about 2^ miles from Crumpsall (L. and Y.), 
 and situated about four miles from Manchester itself. It is owned and controlled by the 
 Manchester Corporation. About nine acres have been developed with 150 houses thereon. 
 In addition some thirteen acres have been set aside for open spaces, and fifty for small 
 holdings and allotments. Excluding the open spaces, the density allowed is seventeen 
 houses per acre. Ultimately the estate is designed to carry 2,810 houses, with a total 
 population of about 11,240. At the present time there are 600 people resident there. The 
 minirnum size of plots allowed is 300 square yards. The death-rate is : general, 13.70 ; 
 infantile, 102. The cheapest house costs £223, and lets at 6s. 4d. per week including rates, 
 which total 8s. id. in the £. The maximum rent is 7s. (rates included). 
 
 The main roads are laid out sixty feet wide and tree-planted, whilst the minor roads 
 are not less than forty-two feet in width. 
 
 BOURNVILLE. 
 
 Mr. Ebenezer Howard has often remarked that it was the inspiration of Bournville 
 which largely affected his vision of the Garden City. Situated close outside Birmingham, 
 the village was originated by Mr. George Cadbury as an experiment in the solving of the 
 housing question. The main part of the village dates from the year 1 895 . It is not primarily 
 for the employees of Messrs. Cadbury Bros., and there is no private gain, the whole of the 
 estate having been vested in the Bournville Village Trust. The revenue is to be spent on 
 the estate, and when this is developed is to be employed elsewhere in building manufacturing 
 villages where not more than one-fifteenth of the total area shall be occupied by factories 
 and one-tenth shall be open spaces. It may also be employed in furthering the interests 
 of good housing generally, and in pursuance of this the funds for the Town Planning 
 Lectureship, recently established at Birmingham University, are supplied by the Trust. 
 
 An important recent addition to ,the pubHc buildings has been made, in the 
 erection of a new Infants' School, which has been presented to the estate by Mr. 
 and Mrs. George Cadbury. The following statistics for Bournville may be of interest : — 
 Total area, 609 acres; density, 25 persons per acre; population, 4,390. Dqath-rate, 4.9 ; 
 infant mortahty, 49.6. Land developed 153 acres, open spaces 18 acres. Total houses 92.5 
 (inclusive of 38 the property of the Almshouse Trust) ; houses per acre 6. Cheapest house 
 cost;£i7i ; maximum rent, lis. 6d. (rates extra). The cheapest cottage, containing • two 
 
 24 
 
bedrooms, living-room and scullery, with garden attached, is let at 4/9 per week (rates'not 
 included). Cost of development about £250 per acre. 
 
 The Trustees are arranging for the development of a further portion of their land by 
 means of a Public Utility Society. 
 
 BOURNVILLE TENANTS LIMITED. 
 
 The Bournville Village Trust in 1906 leased twenty acres of its holding to the Co- 
 'partnership Society known as Bournville Tenants Limited. The maximum dividend is 
 limited to 5 per cent., the last paid being 4 per cent. For every nine acres of land which 
 the Society takes from the Trust one acre is allowed for open spaces, and for every £3,000 
 subscribed by the Society the Trust advances a loan of £1,000, until the total by this means 
 has reached £28,000. The amount of share capital issued to date is £9,690, and the loan 
 stock £22,043. At present 142 houses are built at a maximum density of eleven per acre. 
 The minimum rent (rates and taxes excluded) is 6s. per week. Tree-planted roads,' 42 feet 
 wide, are general to the estate, and cost £4 5s. per yard run. The total area is twenty acres, 
 and only four more houses have to be built to reach the ultimate number expected, viz., 
 146, which will provide for a population of 750. 
 
 BRISTOL GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 Bristol Garden Suburb Ltd. was formed in 1909 to acquire and develop an estate at 
 Shirehampton on Garden City lines, on the principles advocated by the Garden City 
 Association, and the dividend is limited to 5 per cent. The present area of 26 acres can be 
 extended very considerably should the scheme prove attractive. The share capital is 
 ten thousand ,^1 shares. A number of attractive houses have already been built by the 
 Company. In 1910 twenty-three houses were erected and the roads required for the first 
 area of 7J acres were completed, since which date twenty-one houses have been added, 
 making forty-four in all. It is expected that the ultimate number of houses on the present 
 area will be 280, the maximum allowed being fourteen to the acre. 
 
 It is hoped to form a Co-partnership Society, the initial expenses of which have already 
 been guaranteed by a member of the Boards to undertake further building operations. 
 
 CAERPHILLY CO-OPERATIVE GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 The Caerphilly Co-operative Garden Village Society, which is the most advanced in 
 South Wales, owns ten acres of land on the main road between Caerphilly and Llanbradach. 
 Eight semi-detached houses have been erected and are letting at 5s. 6d. a week exclusive of 
 rates, and a further sixteen are being proceeded with as the next instalment of 100 houses. 
 The land is situated at a point of great strategic importance in respect of the future develop- 
 ments of this district, the population of which will almost certainly double or treble 
 during the next ten years through the development of the existing collieries, and the sinking 
 of three other pits which are now projected. Alderman J. E. Evans (president), and Mr. 
 Joseph Howells (chairman), both members of the Glamorgan County Council, and Mr. 
 Hubert Jenkins, Miners' agent and member of the Caerphilly Council, were amongst the 
 founders of the Society. 
 
 CARDIFF WORKERS' GARDEN VILLAGE SOCIETY. 
 
 The Cardiff Workers. Garden Village Society has been established for the purpose of 
 building the first real garden suburb in Wales for both middle-class and working-class 
 inhabitants. Eighteen acres of land have been purchased situated close to Rhubina Halt 
 
 25 
 
on the new Cardiff Railway. The architectural scheme has been most carefully considered 
 by Mr. A. H. Mottram, Architect of the Housing Reform Company Limited, who are 
 Managers for the Society. A striking plan for the site, including altogether i lo acres over 
 Tvhich the Society has an option, was prepared by Mr. Raymond Unwin. The vistas, closes, 
 and other features are similar to the best characters of the Hampstead Garden Suburb, but 
 there is rather more spaciousness, and a feature is being made of enclosed children's play- 
 grounds at the backs of gardens in each block of houses. The charm of the beautiful 
 Tvooded hills bordering the site is a great asset. The character of the architecture is rough- 
 cast and stone with grey or green slate roofs, red brick and tiles being excluded altogether 
 from the estate as not suitable to the character of the country, which lies in a district 
 where stone is the natural material. 
 
 The fact that this Society's land is reached in ten minutes by train from the centre of 
 Cardiff, is making it popular, and the applications for houses considerably exceed in number 
 the thirty-four houses now being erected. The Society is building by direct labour under 
 the management of Mr. J. O. West, late manager for the Hampstead Tenants. 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 
 A Co-partnership Society, called Newby West Tenants Limited, has been formed for 
 ■developing 20 acres to the west of the City. There is a great demand fpr cottages locally 
 and the undertaking starts with every prospect of support. 
 
 CAXTON GARDENS COTTAGE CLUB. 
 
 The Caxton Gardens Cottage Club, founded in 1906, is a small industrial concern 
 promoted by Messrs. BilHng & Sons Ltd., Printers, Guildford. It is solely a coroperative 
 venture, which has erected twenty-four houses for the employees alone at a cost of £s,6S8, 
 the land costing ;£i,250 in addition. The occupants pay 8s. 2d. per week for house and 
 garden, with rates extra. In twenty years they will have repaid capital outlay and interest 
 on the scheme, and the houses become their own property. The houses are«vell built 
 in pairs on allotments restricted to 21J feet frontage and 120 feet depth. In front, separated 
 by a 9 feet gravelled pathway, is a large triangular piece of ground laid out as a lawn, with 
 a shrubbery on the side nearest the road. Each occupier owns a twenty-fourth part. There 
 is little in the scheme which illustrates or has reference to the principles of Garden Cities and 
 Suburbs, but it has proved a successful venture in co-operation, and represents a notable 
 improvement in ordinary housing conditions. 
 
 CLYDEBANK GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 The difficulty of raising capital is preventing very rapid advance with the Clydebank 
 Co-partnership Society, which was initiated three years ago. The first few houses, are, how- 
 ever, being proceeded with, and it is hoped that as knowledge of the movement and of 
 co-partnership principles makes headway among the local manufacturers there may be 
 more response to the appeal for capital for tl\e housing of their workpeople. 
 
 COVENTRY. 
 
 Coventry Garden Suburb is one of the most interesting of the recent schemes with which 
 the Garden Cities and Town Planning Association have been connected. Through the 
 pubHc-spirited interest of Mr. T. A. Cash a start is being made on fourteen acres of land in 
 the only unspoiled district of this beautiful old city, which is desecrated by acres of 12-feet 
 
 26 
 
fronted houses. Coventry Garden Suburbs Ltd. is to be conducted on Co-partnership lines, 
 with a 5 per cent, dividend. An option over the adjoining land, which belongs to charity 
 trustees, is being secured, and development promises to be rapid. The first roads taken in 
 hand have been completed and all the houses occupied. The Society suffers from the 
 oppression of the local by-laws, and representation has been made to the Local Government 
 Board and the local Council with the idea of obtaining modifications of the clauses relating 
 to widths of roads and heights of rooms. Nowhere in the country is an example of good 
 lay-out more wanted, and it is hoped that the facilities asked for will be granted. 
 
 The land is held on lease for ninety-nine years, renewable for further similar terms at 
 option, at a low progressive rent, which will not exceed ^22 an acre. These terms are 
 exceptionally favourable and may be commended to owners desirous of advancing housing. 
 
 CUFFLEY GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 This scheme is another tribute to the work of the Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 Association, the Secretary having induced the owner to arrange the development of his 
 larid on Garden City Unes. The estate consists of nearly 550 acres, in a most beautiful 
 part of Hertfordshire, and including scenery probably superior to that of any other 
 " garden city " scheme in existence. Cuffley is the last station on the Great Northern 
 Railway Enfield to Stevenage loop line, as at present constructed. The estate is beautifully 
 wooded, and rises to an altitude of over 350 feet. A preliminary plan has been prepared 
 by Messrs. Pepler & Allen. Development is now proceeding and gas, water and main 
 drainage have all been provided, some large houses are being built, and a Tenants Society 
 has commenced operations. A golf links occupying 123 acres has been laid out, so that 
 quite a quarter of the whole estate will be kept as open space. 
 
 DARLINGTON GROVE GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 Although differing in its inception from other schemes, this is of interest as being a 
 practical attempt by working builders, on ordinary commercial lines, to provide houses 
 designed and planned on Garden City principles — ^with a limited number of houses to the 
 acre. The cottages, of which twenty-six are completed, are situated near Thorne, in the 
 South Yorkshire coalfield. They occupy a splendid site, fronting the main highway from 
 SheflSeld to Hull, and are intended for the employees of the Moor End Colliery of Messrs. 
 Pease & Partners Limited. The weekly rents have been fixed at 6s., including rates. Mr. 
 A. W. Shelton, F.C.L, Estate Agent, of Nottingham, who is well known as an active member 
 of the Advisory Committee of the National Housing and Town Planning Council, is res- 
 ponsible for having prevailed on the builders, Messrs. J. Tilley & Co., of Nottingham, to 
 depart from their original intention of building about forty houses to the acre — a system 
 which has most lamentably been followed in most of the newly erected colliery districts near 
 Doncaster. The scheme is intended to give about 120 houses on 8| acres of land. 
 
 DIDSBURY GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 This small scheme, which is being carried out by the Didsbury Garden Suburb Provi- 
 dent Co-operative Society Limited, owes its origin to the local members of the Garden City 
 Association. It is situated five miles from Manchester, and the local station adjoins the 
 estate. During 1909 an additional plot of land was purchased. The area of this suburb is 
 just over two acres, and the number of houses allowed per acre is fifteen. Twenty houses 
 have been completed and tenanted, and there are applications for others as soon as they 
 
 c 27 
 
are completed. The plot of ground used as a playground has been secured upon a trust 
 deed for ever. The promoters believe that societies such as this should be possible in every 
 village, if the question of capital is solved. Homes cost from ^230 to ^250, and rentals are 
 from 7s. gd. to 9s. rates included. Each tenant is a share-holder, and receives 5 per cent, 
 on his investment. 
 
 The Second Didsbury Garden Suburb Ltd. (191 1), comprises fourteen houses, with 
 large gardens, at rentals varying from 7s. 9d. to 9s. per week. The tenants are the share- 
 holders, and five of them form the management committee. The sum of ^£120 has already 
 been cleared off the mortgagee's account, after paying the sum of ^44 1 8s. od. to tenant 
 shareholders as bonus on rent, at two shilHngs in the pound, a very satisfactory result for a 
 new society. 
 
 FAIRFIELD TENANTS. 
 
 This Society owns twenty-two acres situated half way between Manchester and Ashton, 
 in a district containing large industries, where there is a great demand for houses. There are 
 good gardens provided and reservations are made for recreational purposes. The streets 
 are tree-planted, with grass margins. The majority of the houses will be for working men. 
 Baths, hot and cold water, and electric light are included in all houses, which will be let at 
 from 5s. to los. a week. 
 
 FALLINGS PARK. 
 
 Fallings Park is an estate of 400 acres, situate about one mile and a half from the 
 London and North-Western Railway station at Wolverhampton, on the property of Sir 
 Richard Paget, Bart. The site is in touch with the city by tramway and motor bus. Develop- 
 ment began in 1907, when the Fallings Park Garden Suburb Tenants came into existence. 
 The Society has now about eight acres under its control, and some 75 houses built. It is 
 intended to extend this type of development indefinitely, so that the greater part of the 400 
 acres may be held by one or more co-partnership tenant societies. Large works on a site of 
 ten acres adjoining the estate have been erected by Messrs. Chubb and Sons, and other 
 factories are arriving on the estate. • 
 
 The original scheme was under the control of Mr. Thos. Adams. The advent of a new 
 railway has necessitated an entirely fresh scheme which is being prepared by Prof. Adshead 
 and Messrs. Pepler & Allen, who '^ill have charge of future development. 
 
 FALLSIDE. 
 
 Messrs. Brown & Poison have started a small scheme for the accommodation of the 
 employees in their Paisley works. Six blocks of four houses each have been erected on a 
 site about a mile from the town, and another six blocks are now being built. Forty-eight 
 famiHes are being provided for. Previously these were living under the prevailing Scottish 
 conditions of " a room and a kitchen," and the new homes provide two rooms, with kitchen, 
 scullery, etc., so that the sexes may be decently provided for. The houses are well designed 
 and have tasteful elevations. The rent charged is ^12 and ^12 los. a year, including rates, 
 but this is not an economic return, producing about 2 J per cent, only on the outlay. 
 
 FFORESTFACH. 
 
 One of the first attempts at a Garden Suburb in South Wales was that at Fforestfach, 
 a small mining village near Swansea. The first scheme of eight acres was initiated by 
 Messrs. Pepler and Allen early in 1910. Many difficulties were met with, but there is now 
 every sign of good progress. The cottages are being built with 18 in. local stone walls, 
 
 28 
 
PLAN OF GLASGOW GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 Vhaiioo Qff/Yito SuAuri 
 near Cardiff ^ 
 
 (y 
 
 WaujiaC Uaform <§ 1? 
 
 At^t\atfhaoi *aiB* 
 Ml* BAYMCND UNMN FIMBA 
 
 29 
 
and are therefore extremely solid and fit in well with the old tradition of the place. 
 One hundred houses are provided for, and there is a curved 60 ft. main tree-planted 
 avenue down to the centre designed for continuation when the adjoining lands are developed. 
 Space has been left for allotments, bowhng-green, and playground. 
 
 A Co-partnership Housing Society has recently commenced operations. 
 
 GIDEA PARK. 
 
 The Gidea Park Estate, " Romford Garden Suburb," first came into prominence in 
 May, 1910, when development on modified garden city lines was begun. It is openly a 
 commercial venture, with no limitation of dividend, but it has been embarked upon with 
 wide application of good principles. The present plan was the result of a competition held 
 in conjunction with the Cottage Exhibition at the Suburb. 
 
 The total area of the estate is about 500 acres, of which 108 have been developed. 
 London is distant 13^ miles by rail, the nearest station being Squirrels Heath and Gidea 
 Park. Already 188 houses have been built, and the estate has a present population of 700 
 persons. The houses are built eight to ten to the acre, and rents range from £100 to -^30 per 
 annum (rates extra). The ultimate number of houses expected is 4,000, with provision for a 
 population of 16,000. Some five acres has been set aside and developed as open spaces, 
 and, in addition, the estate has an i8-hole golf course over ninety acres. Small holdings 
 or allotments are not yet provided for. The average width of the iroads is forty feet, and all 
 have turf margins and are tree planted. Some three miles of roads are now completed with 
 water, sewerage, and gas mains. 
 
 GLASGOW GARDEN SUBURB TENANTS. 
 
 The Glasgow Garden Suburb Tenants Ltd. has now passed the initial stages, and 
 contracts have been placed for sixty houses, of which over forty are nearing completion. 
 The demand for the houses has been most encouraging. An option has been secured over 
 several hundred acres comprising undulating land, with hedgerows and woods, and com- 
 manding extensive views of the country on the outskirts of Glasgow at Garscube. The 
 estate adjoins an extensive golf course, and is abundantly sheltered by trees. The*proposal 
 to lay out this Suburb on the most approved lines urgently requires realisation in order that 
 the concrete example can be brought to the doors of the great Scotish Metropolis, and act as 
 an incentive to other similar schemes, which are proposed in the Vale of Leven, Greenock, 
 Renfrew, etc. The capital of the Society is ^50,000 and the Committee of management 
 includes Sir John Stirhng Maxwell, Bart., Sir Samuel Chisholm, Bart., BaiHe W. F. Russell, 
 Ex-Bailie Wm. Martin, etc. The Secretary is Mr. M. Boyd Auld. 
 
 GLYN CORY. 
 
 The garden village of Glyn Cory is situated seven miles from Cardiff and is close to 
 Peterston Station on the Great Western Railway. The site rises from 90 to 350 feet 
 above sea level, with a gentle slope in the form of an amphitheatre. The area of the estate 
 is 300 acres, of which 160 will be built on, 80 for golf course, and 60 for allotments and 
 small holdings. Provision is made for 1,400 houses, with an ultimate population of 5,000 
 and 6,000. The estate is private property, and the land is let out on leases of 99 and 
 999 years. The rent is charged from |d. to 2d. per yard, or about one-fourth the rental 
 of similar land in Cardiff. A scheme is also in operation whereby residents can obtain 
 75 per cent, of the money required for building purposes at 4 per cent, interest, repayable 
 in ten to twenty years. Mr. John Cory initiated the enterprise, and since his death it has 
 been looked after by Mr. Reginald Cory. 
 
 30 
 
GOUROCK AND GREENOCK TENANTS. 
 
 This, the first co-partnership Society registered in Scotland, has opened its first blocks 
 of houses. As is the case elsewhere in Scotland, loan stock is difficult to secure, and this 
 is illustrated by the fact that the amount of share capital is three times as large as that 
 of the loan stock. The shareholders are principally artisans in the Royal Naval Torpedo 
 factory, who since their transfer from Woolwich have had great difficulty in obtaining 
 suitable housing, the tenement system of the district not meeting with the southern ideas. 
 It is proposed to build 500 houses. 
 
 HAMPDEN PARK ESTATE. 
 
 Hampden Park Estate, on the outskirts of Eastbourne, is not a garden city, nor a 
 co-partnership suburb, in their true sense. It is due to a venture dating back to 1888, 
 which is now the Eastbourne Artisans and Labourers' Improved Dwellings Company 
 Limited. The housing settlement, known as Hampden Park Estate, was opened in 1909, 
 when 60 houses, nine to twelve to the acre, were taken up. The houses face 50 feet tree- 
 planted roads, and are set back with 100 feet between the building lines. The rents vary 
 from 8s. 6d. to 12s. 6d. per week, including rates and taxes. The success of the venture 
 decided the Directors to acquire another four acres in 19 10, making nine in all. Some 
 73 houses have now been built on the Company's land, the ultimate provision being 98 
 houses on nine acres. The Company has paid a dividend of 5 per cent, on capital for 
 some years past. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 The second of the great schemes inaugurated on Garden City lines owes it origin to 
 the work of Mrs. S. A. Barnett, the wife of the late Canon Barnett, who, after a lifetime spent 
 in the closest touch with the physical and spiritual needs of the people in the East End of 
 London, saw in Mr. Howard's scheme an opening for the improvement of the deadly, soul- 
 Idlling monotony and hideousness of the average London suburb. Coupled with the scheme 
 was the idea to save a portion of land to be added to Hampstead Heath as an open space for 
 ever, and this was successfully accomplished. 
 
 The estate, which is owned by the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust Ltd., was laid out 
 by Mr. Raymond Unwin, already famous for his work at Letchworth, and in the last three 
 years it has become the best example in the world of modern town planning. Artists and 
 architects from every country under the sun have been to see the work which an unfettered 
 control has been able to effect on the heights of Golder's Green. The gtowth of the Estate 
 has been phenomenal. Since the first sod was cut on May 2nd, 1907, 1,55° houses have been 
 built and occupied, with an estimated population of 5)000 people. 
 
 The value of the houses and public buildings on the Estate is estimated at ^800,000, 
 representing, with the land and roads, a capital value of over ^1,000,000, while the ground 
 rent secured amounts to no less than ^11,330 out of a total estimated rental of ^15,000. 
 Dividends at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum on the ordinary shares have been paid during 
 the past four years. 
 
 The end of the first portion of the Estate (240 acres) being in sight, the Directors have 
 acquired another 112 acres of land from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, while the Co- 
 partnership Tenants Limited, who have been responsible for the development of a large 
 portion of the original area, have taken up 80 acres of the added portion and have also taken 
 300 acres direct from the same authorities, making a total of one square mile of land, the 
 whole of which will be planned by the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust Ltd. 
 
 31 
 
32 
 
Building operations in the Suburb have been carried out by a variety of enterprise. The 
 Trust has confined itself to erecting housing for its workers, the Institute, and a home for 
 poor children. The Co-partnership Societies have built the larger number of houses, cot- 
 tages, etc., renting from 5s. gd. per week to ^Iio per year ; also the Club House at Willifield 
 Green, and homes for elderly people. The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company have 
 built a number of cottages and houses let at weekly rents from 7s. 6d. to 14s. 6d. Other 
 companies and builders have built and are building houses to sell from £^2^ to ;£3,5oo. 
 
 The following figures of the Garden Suburb are available : — Share capital authorised 
 j(75,ooo, issued ^£54,000. Authorised debentures £150,000, issued £131,000. Total rates, 
 5s. 6d. in the £. Houses limited twelve to the acre, with an average of 8 over the whole 
 Estate. Maximum rent £1 10 per year, minimum 6s. 6d. (rates not included). Average cost 
 of cheapest house £300. Roads made 7 miles. Principal roads 40 feet, and others less. 
 Roads are tree-planted and grass margins laid. 
 
 HASLEMERE TENANTS LIMITED. 
 
 Haslemere Tenants Limited owes its existence to the energies of Mr. Aneurin Williams, 
 so well known in connection with Garden City work generally, and particularly as Chairman 
 of First Garden City Limited. A start has been made with an area of about six acres, which 
 is being dealt with carefully, in order to preserve open spaces and to provide economical 
 houses. Land in the neighbourhood of Haslemere is very expensive, and building is very 
 dear, but the success attending the first endeavours of the Company in putting up twenty 
 houses on the first developed parts leads to the hope that other extensions will follow. The 
 ultimate number of houses expected is sixty, and the density per acre will be ten, with a 
 population of approximately 200. The dividend is limited to 5 per cent. The main sewer 
 is available for drainage, and the Haslemere Urban District Council supply water from their 
 works at Blackdown. Gas and electric current are available. 
 
 HEREFORD CO-OPERATIVE HOUSING LIMITED. 
 
 Hereford possesses a great distinction over most Garden Village schemes, in that it is 
 the first community of its kind in England to be called into being through the assistance 
 of a municipahty. In 1909, as the result of consistent effort on the part of several disin- 
 terested citizens, an agreement was entered into between the corporation and the above 
 co-operative body for the creation of a Garden Village on a block of eight acres thirty poles, 
 in the city of Hereford. The City secured the land and leased it for a period of eighty years 
 to the Company. The maximum rent payable till 1932 is not to exceed £133, and after 
 that date for the remainder of the term £62 per annum. The actual rent is taken at the 
 cost per year to the City by way of principal, interest and expenses in connection with the 
 loan raised for the purchase and laying out of the land. The terms are such as to ensure 
 the Corporation recovering the whole of the expenditure involved upon the municipahty. 
 The cost of the land is repayable in eighty years, but the cost of laying out has to be re- 
 funded in twenty-two years. An advantage to the Company was that the Corporation 
 secured the money for the purchase of the land at the Government rate of interest. At 
 the end of the term, when all repayments have been made, it is further provided that the 
 Corporation shall hand over the land, other than roads, etc., to the Company without 
 further charge. 
 
 Under the agreement the Company pays taxes, and had to provide not less than thirty 
 nor more than 100 separate self-contained houses in two years from the date of signing, 
 and this has been done. Safeguards are provided ensuring that none of the land shall, 
 
 33 
 
during the eighty years of lease, be used for advertisement hoardings, music halls, or 
 theatres, noxious trades or a publichouse. 
 
 The land cost £1,500. The rents of the houses range from 4s. 9d. to 7s. gd. (including 
 rates). The roads are laid out in picturesque curves, and there is a total width of 70 feet 
 between the houses. 
 
 The estate has now been completed and eighty-six houses have been erected. 
 
 HULL GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 Situated a mile and a half from Hull Paragon Station, this picturesque Garden Village 
 is an example of a Village within a City. It was begun in 1907. The estate, for which Sir 
 James Reckitt, Bart., is mainly responsible, is right in the centre of the town. It covers 
 an area of ninety-four acres, of which seventy have been developed, at a density of twelve 
 houses per acre. Some 560 houses have been built, and it is anticipated that eventually 
 from 640 to 700 homes will be provided. The cheapest house costs ^i8o, and is let at 4s. 9d. 
 per week, including rates. The maximum rent is ^35 and rates. The land tenure is free- 
 hold, but the houses are let only, all the building being undertaken by the proprietors. 
 The present population is about 2,000. The village is controlled by a private company, 
 with a dividend limited to 3 per cent. Special by-laws enable economies to be made in 
 regard to road construction, but the grass lined thoroughfare characteristic of most of the 
 schemes has not yet been found possible. The widths of road in use are thirty feet, forty 
 feet, and fifty feet, and all are planted with trees. 
 
 ILFORD GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 This is a direct result of the work of the Garden City and Town Planning Association, 
 and possesses features of exceptional interest, inasmuch as the acquisition of the land was 
 the result of a desire to preserve from the ravages of the ordinary builder, which are only 
 too painfully evident in this suburb, a charming piece of park land, contiguous with the 
 existing park, which was coming into the market. No profit is being taken by the pro- 
 moting Company (Town Planning and Garden Cities Company Ltd.), and the whSle profits 
 beyond the payment of fees and expenses are to be devoted to public objects in the district. 
 The area of the land is forty acres, and the number of houses will be about seven to the 
 acre. An area of twenty acres of park land, together with the mansion house, stables, con- 
 servatories and gardens, was reserved for the extension of the Valentines Park belonging to 
 the Ilford Urban District Council. The Company were enabled to offer the proposed ex- 
 tension to the Council at ^528 per acre, which the Council accepted, and have recently 
 completed the purchase of the proposed extension, which now forms one of the most 
 attractive features of the Valentines Park. The price of ^528 per acre compares very favour- 
 ably with the j^8oo per acre paid by the Council for the adjoining fields. 
 
 This is one of the many examples of the good work being done by the Association. 
 
 JESMOND PARK. 
 
 Jesmond Park Estate is situated near Rochdale. It is the property of Mr. S. Smethurst, 
 J.P., President of the National Federation of Building Trade Employers. An area of 50 
 acres is available, of which it is intended to develop 30 acres on the following Hues : 
 Houses to average 16 to the acre, roads at least 40 feet wide, with grass margins and trees. 
 The houses are to be built mainly in pairs, with an occasional group of three or four, the 
 minimum cost per house being £200 ; and it is intended that tenants shall buy their 
 own houses at a weekly charge of Ss. 6d. for the cheapest. The scheme was hung up 
 
 34 
 
Winter Scene. Garden Village. 
 Mooniif/ht View F;-orn Maple Grove 
 
 Hull Garden Village. 
 
 Wordsworth Walk, Hampstead Garden Suburb. 
 

 7^ 
 
 
 '^//Oj/////". 
 
 A so-called "Garden City" whose promoters have gone so tbr as to use the words "Garden City 
 
 Association" in connection with it. A glance will show the ruthless way in which the nlan has 
 
 been made in entire disregard of all Garden City principles, the rigid straight line having been 
 
 preserved at the expense of many natural beauties. 
 
 Harborne Garden Suburb, providing picturesque and convenient thoroughfares, main arterial streets for heavy traffic, 
 open spaces, garden plots, sites for public buildings, recreation ground, etc. 
 
A PLAN OF PART OF THE CO-PARTNERSHIP ESTATE AT HAMPSTEAD. 
 (Showing the care taken in the k}r out of the land, and the grouping of the houses under 
 
 Garden City principles.) 
 
^' .'!IH 1,1,1 
 
 Corner treatment at Hampstead. 
 
owing to the proposals in regard to roads coming into conflict with the Town Council's 
 by-laws, and the subject, according to latest information, is now before the Local Govern- 
 ment Board. 
 
 KNEBWORTH GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 This scheme owes its origin to the interest of the Earl of Lytton in Garden City work. 
 A considerable part of his estate adjoining the railway station has already been planned 
 and work is progressing. The first beginnings of the village were on the old lines, but now 
 that Lord Lytton, who owns all the land, has had a proper scheme prepared, a happy future 
 is assured, and is being helped greatly by the operations of a development company, 
 Garden Villages Ltd. A Co-partnership Society has also been formed and its first houses are 
 all taken by tenant members and new houses are bespoken before erection. The area of 
 this garden village is about 800 acres, with about eight houses to the acre. The total number 
 of houses to be built will thus work out at about 6,400, of which 250 are already erected. 
 
 Knebworth is on the Great Northern Railway, thirty-five minutes' run from King's 
 Cross, the estate itself being pierced by the line, down to which the country slopes on either 
 side. The ceremony of cutting the first sod for the Tenant Society was performed on April 
 20th, 1912, by Mrs. Cecil Harmsworth, the speakers being Lord Robert Cecil, Sir Sydney 
 Lea, and Mr. Cecil Harmsworth, M.P. 
 
 LLANIDLOES. 
 
 An estate of nine acres near the little Montgomeryshire Borough of Llanidloes has been 
 acquired privately and will be made over to the Welsh Town Planning and Housing Trust. 
 The Town Recreation Ground is included in the area, and it is intended to build some forty 
 houses as a small adjunct to the town, adjoining the Recreation Ground. A co-operative 
 housing society has been formed to do the building, and it is expected that a start will be 
 made in the summer of 191 3 . The plans have been prepared by Mr. Alwyn Lloyd. 
 
 LIVERPOOL'S MUNICIPAL HOUSING. 
 
 In 1864 Liverpool possessed the worst slums in England — places that were the haunts 
 of typhoid fever, immorality, crime, and drunkenness. Rows of houses four and six 
 storeys high, built back to back, only nine feet apart, were inhabited by about one-fifth 
 of the entire population of the city. 
 
 The social results of this state of overcrowding were little short of appalling. The 
 death rate averaged sixty per thousand, whilst the homes of the people were never free 
 from infectious disease. 
 
 Since that time Liverpool has spent considerably over a million sterling', tearing 
 down these filthy slums and re-housing the people who were displaced in model tenements 
 and cottages. The rents for the new houses are let at a figure within the means of the 
 tenants. The poverty of the tenants generally can be imagined when it is stated that 
 several thousands of them subsist on an average of less than los. per week, and the 
 greater number on less than 15s. per week. More than half of them are casual labourers 
 employed at the docks. 
 
 The result of re-housing in Liverpool is an extremely satisfactory indication that 
 large cities faced with large slum problems should take a bold and vigorous policy. Liver- 
 pool's figures up to December 31st, 191 2, are as eloquent as they are simple. They read 
 as follows : — 
 
 35 
 
Total number of of sanitary dwellings erected 2,663 
 
 Erected prior to 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 
 
 Erected since 191 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,034 
 
 {These are for labouring classes, and they are reserved for the dishoused). 
 Death-rate — Declined from 60 to 27 per 1,000. 
 Typhus Fever — Once never absent ; in 1910, not a case. 
 Tuberculosis — Declined from 4 to 1.9 per 1,000. 
 Typhoid — In 1896, 1,300 cases ; in 191 1, 200 cases. 
 Police Prosecutions — Have fallen 50 per cent. 
 The rents paid do not cover the charges involved by the public expenditure. The 
 deficiency is made by striking a rate of 2|d. in the £. It is estimated that- the ratepayers, if 
 re-housing had not been carried out, would be paying a rate of 5d. in the {^ in order to cover 
 the cost of increased inspection, police prosecutions, extra Poor Law rate, and all the other 
 charges that fall upon a city which neglects to deal with its slums. 
 
 The cash saving to Liverpool under the re-housing policy is estimated at ^^65,000, or 
 double the cost of providing decent homes for the slum dwellers. 
 
 LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL DWELLINGS. 
 
 Some idea of the magnitude of the work undertaken by the London County Council in 
 the housing of the working classes is shown by the fact that the accommodation provided 
 on March 31st, 1913, was over nine thousand tenements, and nearly two thousand cubicles, 
 with a population of 55,571 people and bringing in a gross annual rental of nearly ^220,000. 
 Besides this, accommodation for a further 11,726 persons is in course of provision. The 
 capital cost is ^3,400,000. The yearly receipts amount to ^225,000. The return upon the 
 cost varies considerably, the return on some estates being as high as nine per cent. This 
 is all the result of twenty years' work. 
 
 The first housing schemes for London were started by the Metropolitan Board of Works, 
 though, owing in some measure to defective legislation, it was some years before anything 
 was done. The first houses to be erected were on the Boundary street area, which, as far 
 beforehand as the year 1839, ^^^ been reported upon adversely. In 1890 there was a death- 
 rate of forty per thousand over the area. Accommodation for 5,525 persons was completed 
 in March, 1900, and opened by the late King Edward, then Prince of Wales. 
 
 The greater part of the Council's work has been in block buildings, but the more recent 
 ventures have been conceived on better lines and some of the estates provide excellent 
 examples of housing. The Totterdown Estate at Tooting and the White Hart Lane Estate 
 at Tottenham provide welcome change from the ordinary monotonous housing of the district 
 and an architectural effect has been introduced into the grouping with pleasing results 
 while the latest estate of all, the Old Oak Lane, has provided an opportunity for Garden 
 Suburb lay-out as well as for architectural treatment of the houses. 
 
 Tooting Estate is 38I acres in extent, costing £1,150 an acre. The cottages are two- 
 storey buildings, in terraces of not more than twenty, and there are no back additions. 
 The houses are 31.81 to the acre and the average cost is as follows : Five-roomed cottage, 
 £282 17s. ; four-roomed cottage, £240 14s. ; three rooms and box room, £225 17s. ; three- 
 roomed cottage, £190 13s. 
 
 The accommodation provided is as follows : — 
 
 37 
 
48 two-room cottage flats at rents 6s. 6d. per week. 
 625 three-room cottages at rents 6s. 6d. to 9s. per week. 
 208 three-room and box room cottages at rents 9s. to los. per week. 
 205 four-room cottages at rents 9s. to lis. per week. 
 175 five-room cottages at rents los. 6d. to 13s. 6d. per week. 
 
 1,261 tenements accommodating 8,788 persons. 
 
 The White Hart Lane Estate consists of 222 acres, which cost £400 an acre. At present 
 nearly fifty acres are developed, and there is a central feature of over three acres known as 
 Tower Gardens, which was secured by a gift from Lord Swaythling. 781 cottages with 
 accommodation for 6,202 people have been completed and 105 were in March last in course 
 of erection. The majority are fitted with baths. The houses will be about twenty-five to the 
 acre. The average cost is : Five-roomed cottage, £245 ; four-roomed cottage, £225 ; three- 
 roomed cottage, £175. 
 
 The rents charged are : — 
 
 Three-roomed houses 6s. 6d. to 8s. per week. 
 
 Four-roomed ., 8s. 6d. to 8s. gd. per week. 
 
 Five-roomed „ 9s. 3d. to 13s. per week. 
 The Old Oak Estate at Hammersmith is one of the most interesting Municipal housing 
 schemes in the country. A small portion only is at present being developed. Fifty-two 
 dwelHngs have been provided with a population of 345 people, the rents being : — 
 
 Two-roomed tenements 4s. 6d. to 5s. per week. 
 
 Three-roomed tenements 6s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per week. 
 
 Four-roomed tenements 8s. 6d. to los. 6d. per week. 
 
 Five-roomed tenements 12s. per week. 
 The building has taken the form of squares and crescents surrounding open grass 
 spaces, and on this estate the Council has put into force a scheme for enabling tenants 
 to purchase leases of their houses on the payment of a deposit of £5 and to rrftke equal 
 payments for the first fifteen, twenty or twenty-five years, sufficient to repay the amount 
 expended. It is estimated that the total extra weekly cost to the lessee if he wishes to pay 
 for the building in fifteen years will be from 3s. 3d. to 4s. for a four-roomed cottage rented 
 at los. 6d. a week ; and from 4s. 2d. to 4s. lod. for a five-roomed' cottage, rented at 12s. 6d. 
 a week. If the twenty years' period be chosen the increased weekly cost will be from is. 9d. 
 to 2s. 4d. for a four-roomed cottage, and 2s. 3d. to 2s. lod. for a five-roomed cottage. If 
 the lessee chooses the twenty-five years' period, he will purchase the cottage for a charge 
 approximately equal to the ordinary rent. 
 
 MACHYNLLETH GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 This Garden Village adjoining the old town of Machynlleth, comprises some fifteen 
 acres of delightfully situated land. The estate has been vested in the Welsh Town Planning 
 and Housing Trust, who will hold the freehold — making the roads and supervising develop- 
 ment — and lease land to a Co-operative Housing Society (with a Welsh name — " Tregerddi 
 Machynlleth ") which has been formed there to do the building. The dividend on the 
 ordinary shares is limited to 5 per cent, and the loan stock to 4 per cent. This example is 
 interesting, in that it is an attempt to deal with the housing problem in a small country 
 town, the population of which is not increasing but which has a large number of tumble- 
 down, insanitary, and overcrowded houses in the old parts of the town. The Urban 
 
 38 
 
District Council is taking a great interest in the scheme, and is rendering assistance by 
 allowing narrower roads to be constructed than the by-laws formerly allowed where there 
 is no through traffic. The lay-out plans for the estate and plans for the houses have been 
 prepared by Mr. Alwyn Lloyd, Architect to the Trust. 
 
 MERTHYR CO-OPERATIVE GARDEN VILLAGE. 
 
 At Merthyr a Co-operative Garden Village Society has been formed. Sixteen acres of 
 land have been leased at Penydarren for 999 years, the lessor granting in addition one acre 
 free for a recreation ground. Mr. Raymond Unwin has prepared the plan, which provides 
 for about 170 houses. It is an excellent example of hillside planning, the houses being placed 
 upon the upper side only of narrow roads. The land slopes to the south, and rises to a height 
 of about a thousand feet above sea level. The Garden Village is in close proximity to some of 
 the worst housing in the kingdom, so that its educational value will be very great. The work 
 is being supervised by Professor Jevons. The first contract is for thirty-two houses of nine 
 different types, which will be let at rents varying from 5s. to 8s. 6d. per week exclusive of rates. 
 
 NEW EARSWICK. 
 
 The Garden Village of New Earswick, near to the city of York, owes its origin to the 
 generosity of Mr. Joseph Rowntree, who was desirous of making a practical contribution to 
 the housing question. With this end in view he founded a Trust, in December, 1904, 
 known as The Joseph Rowntree Village Trust, of which the following clause is vital to the 
 appreciation of the experiment : — 
 
 " The object of the said Trust shall be the improvement of the condition of the 
 working classes (which expression shall in these presents include not only artizans 
 and mechanics, but also shop assistants and clerks, and all persons who earn their 
 living wholly or partially, or earn a small income by the work of their hands or their 
 minds, and further include persons having small incomes derived from invested 
 capital, pensions, or other sources) in and around the City of York, and elsewhere in 
 Great Britain and Ireland, by the provision of improved dwellings with open spaces 
 and, where possible, gardens to be enjoyed therewith, and the organisation of village 
 communities, with such faciHties for the enjoyment of full and healthy lives as the 
 Trustees shall consider desirable, and by such other means as the Trustees shall, in 
 their uncontrolled discretion, think fit." 
 
 The property lies some 2| miles to the north of York. The rents of the houses vary 
 according to the accommodation provided. Every house contains three bedrooms, a living- 
 room, scullery, larder, coal-hou^e, etc. In this type of house the bath is generally placed in 
 the scullery. It is covered with a hinged lid, and when not being used for bathing purposes 
 forms a useful table. A good garden is attached to every house in the village. 
 
 The total area of the estate is 120 acres, of which over twenty-eight have been devel- 
 loped, and 150 houses have been erected ; ten houses per acre is the maximum number 
 allowed. About five acres has been set aside and developed as open spaces, and some two 
 acres has been reserved for allotment gardens and small holdings. Rents range from 4s. 6d. 
 per week to ^60 per annum, rates being payable by the tenants to the Flaxton Rural 
 District Council. All roads are tree planted and have grass margins. The estate provides 
 excellent examples of the way in which roads should be laid out both in traffic and non- 
 traffic thoroughfares, and its whole appearance — due to Mr. Unwin's oversight — is perhaps 
 the most pleasing of all the schemes mentioned. The rents are low, the gardens ample, the 
 cottages attractive and the roads economical. As a concrete object lesson of what a local 
 authority could do under the Town Planning Act it would be hard to beat. 
 
 39 
 
NEW ELTHAM. 
 
 New Eltham Garden Suburb is one of the schemes in a district of London which is 
 greatly in need of good building examples. Clare College has followed the example of 
 some of the other seats of learning and has offered an estate of 27 acres for development 
 on co-partnership lines. A society has been formed by old members of the College, who 
 have placed the development in the hands of Mr. George L. Pepler. On the area named 
 282 houses will be built, and the demand is such that in all probability the whole will be 
 taken up in a very short time. Cottages are proposed at rentals of from 5s. 6d. to 7s. a 
 week. A capital of about ^70,000 is being raised for building. 
 
 NEWTON MOOR. 
 
 The Newton Moor Estate is situated in Cheshire, but close to Stockport, and therefore 
 closely connected with the Lancashire manufacturing industries. In this example there 
 are already in existence several mills and considerable cottage property of the usual crowded 
 type. The general lay-out was already determined by the two main roads across the estate 
 before the new plan, prepared by Mr. Thomas Adams, was created. The leading feature 
 is a wide tree-planted avenue, intersected by open spaces in its course, running parallel 
 to one of the main roads already in existence. The estate has not made much progress at 
 present, but when completed it should form an interesting example of what in the future 
 will be characteristic of a large number of suburban schemes — that is, the superimposition 
 of garden suburb planning on a partially developed site. 
 
 OLDHAM GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 The Oldham Garden Suburb owes its existence largely to the work of Mrs. Higgs, one 
 of the earliest members of the Garden Cities Association. The " Beautiful Oldham " 
 movement had given an impulse to the desire for a better mode of living and a better 
 style of home, and despite many difficulties substantial progress has been madft. Of the 
 52 acres one-third has been developed by the Oldham Garden Suburb Tenants Ltd. The 
 houses let from 5s. iid. a week to ^30 a year. Houses of a larger type are built for sale 
 as well as for rent. The roads have been made with grass margins and are tree planted, 
 and 3 acres are reserved for open spaces. The infantile mortality for the last year shows 
 the following vital statistics: — Birth Rate: 42 per 1,000 population. Death Rate: 59 
 per 1,000 births. The General Death Rate is 10 per 1,000. 
 
 PARK LANGLEY. 
 
 This scheme is somewhat different from most of the Garden City ventures. It is the work 
 of a firm of builder owners who have been working on housing schemes for the last forty 
 odd years. Park Langley is the latest of their ventures, and was started in June, 1909. 
 The houses vary in design considerably, being the work of many different architects. The 
 principal feature of the lay-out plan is found in the converging avenues and roads upon a 
 shopping centre, the idea being to group practically all the shops into one area around a 
 circular winter garden. Above, ample accommodation is provided for those who occupy 
 the shops, with large roof gardens. The following figures in connection with this scheme 
 may be of interest : area, 700 acres ; population, 500 ; number of houses allowed per ac e, 
 4; ultimate number of houses, 2,800. Number of houses now erected, 100. Ultimate 
 population, 14,000. 
 
 40 
 
PORT SUNLIGHT. 
 
 Messrs. Lever Brothers' Model Village on Bromborough Pool, a tributary of the 
 Mersey, is well known all over the world. The land first acquired, in 1888, was only 56 
 acres in extent, and of this area 24 acres were devoted to business and manufacturing 
 purposes. Now the works and village comprise an area of 440 acres, in the proportion of 217 
 allotted to factories, wharves and sidings, and 223 to houses, gardens, village institutions 
 and recreation grounds and other open spaces. The houses are all picturesque and substan- 
 tially built by Messrs. Lever Brothers as part of a scheme of Prosperity Sharing, and are let 
 (to employees only) at rents just sufficient to cover upkeep and repair. Sir William Lever 
 holds that his Company gets an ample return for this attention to the housing of the work- 
 people, and for the Co-partnership Scheme more recently launched. 
 
 The deep ravines of the Bromborough Pool, most of them now filled up where not 
 needed for navigation, practically decided the original plan of the village, and this has since 
 been the subject of interesting central treatment on lines partly suggested by a prize com- 
 petition of the students of Liverpool University Department of Civic Design. The village is 
 peculiarly rich in institutional and public buildings, including two large schools, a church, 
 Gladstone Hall, Hulme Hall, the Auditorium, Technical Institute, Co-partners' Club, Girls' 
 Club, the Bridge Inn, Open-air Bath and Gymnasium, and a Cottage Hospital. The total 
 cost of the 223 acres (area of the village itself), to develop and provide all roads, buildings, 
 houses, etc., is £588,000. The annual cost to the firm is £28,608 a year for interest. 
 
 ROTHLEY GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 This private scheme has been initiated by a member of the Garden Cities and Town 
 Planning Association, and is providing a good example of development for the district 
 adjoining Rothley station on the main line of the Great Central Railway between Leicester 
 and Loughborough. Some of the Architects most successful at Letchworth and Hampstead 
 have been employed. An i8-hole golf course and club house has been opened with a member- 
 ship of about 200. Tennis courts are also provided. It is contemplated ultimately to 
 develop an area of about 250 acres. Building plots vary from 400 square yards to two and 
 three acres. Up to the present time sixty-nine houses have been erected and about 1,000 
 yards of the roads, which are tree planted and have grass margins, have been taken over by 
 the Local Authority. The development of the estate has been delayed by the restrictions of 
 the local by-laws and the want of proper sewerage facilities ; these are now in course of 
 adjustment. The Estate is five miles from Leicester and Loughborough, and the railway 
 station has been put on the Estate. 
 
 RUISLIP MANOR. 
 
 Development began in Januarjj 1912, and there are now 100 houses erected, largely 
 through a cottage company which has been formed for the estate. Houses have varied 
 from four to twelve to the acre, and the average for the whole area will be six. The cost 
 of the cheapest houses so far has been £175 each. The land tenure is both freehold and 
 leasehold, and the houses are both let and sold, the proprietors building where necessary. 
 A mile and a half of new roads has been made, and these have been sewered and gas and 
 water mains laid. The widths of road in use are forty feet and twenty-four feet, the cost 
 being £3 to £S per yard run, with a further charge for the final making up. The roads are 
 well made and are tree planted, with grass margins. 
 
 Under the Town Planning scheme of the Ruislip-Northwood Urban District Council, 
 special by-laws are applicable to the land, and these will assist in economical development. 
 
 41 
 
RUI5LIP ^, -- 
 
 MANOR \^ 
 
 /■. '. ; ." /' 
 
 ^^v^k 
 
 /■h^- 
 
 ■ ■ * ^ 
 
 {w-.- 
 
 
 {[4 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 ■ lis 
 
 
 
 
 \8 W-^' 
 
 t. ., i^^— ——^ 
 
 pi^*v v^^^ 
 
 
 74' 
 
 
 ^v^-^ 
 
 
 NocruNjjoop 
 
 staT'O' 
 
 •g" 
 
 6 
 
 VCE-Y PLAN Sf^W(Nc; 
 AVEeACE Nl^MBER, OF 
 
 HOUSES PEE Acee 
 •— BOUNDARY op COUN- 
 -CIL^S TOWN PiAMAflNG^ 
 
 -—BOUNDARY OF PUIS- 
 J_(P MANOR ESTATE 
 
 lyi PISOPOSED SHOPPING 
 CENTRES 
 
 -=^ peopoSiED F^CTOKY A^SBA 
 
 CSAEEAS EyCLUDED f=^aM 
 
 SCHEME 
 
 X'^' 
 
 "<»•» 
 
 n 
 
 1^ 
 
 NOPTHOIT 
 
 JUNCTION 
 
 STATION 
 
 This illustrates both the area of the Ruislip-Norwood Town Planning Scheme, one of 
 the largest in the country, and also the Ruislip Manor Estate situated in the middle. 
 The figures refer to open spaces and unbuilt-on areas. 
 
 42 
 
One-tenth of the total area will be reserved as open space, and provision is made for allot- 
 ments and small holdings. Under the scheme, five acres constitutes a land unit, and the 
 Company is at liberty to group the houses in one land unit upon one portion, provided not 
 more than twenty are put upon one acre and the remainder of the land is left as open space. 
 This allows of the houses being grouped for architectural effect, and provides for economy 
 in roadmaking, etc. 
 
 The cost of development has varied from ^200 to ^500 per acre. There are six railway 
 stations close to the estate, and, being quite adjacent to London, the prospects of success 
 are very encouraging. 
 
 SEALAND TENANTS. 
 
 Sealand Tenants Ltd., whose forty-eight acres of land is situated just over six miles 
 from Chester, have developed ten acres, and, since August, 1910, have built 108 houses 
 out of the 470 provided for at the rate of ten to the acre. Five acres have been set aside for 
 recreation purposes and garden allotments. The society has provided its own sewage works, 
 and is making its roads thirty-six feet wide, with eighteen feet carriage ways. Nearly a 
 mile of road is at present under construction, with both trees and grass margins. Rents 
 range from 4s. 9d. to 8s. 6d., the rates, which are extra, being is. lod. in the £. 
 
 SOUTHAMPTON GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 The Southampton Garden Suburb, situated just beyond the boundaries of the city, 
 in the area controlled by the Itchen District Council and Bitterne Rural District Council, 
 dates only from August, 1911. It is a commercial project adopting modern Garden Suburb 
 development. The total area available is 136 acres, of which some 5|have been reserved 
 for open spaces, together with fifteen acres of copse. The size of the minimum plots is 
 restricted to 25 feet by 120 feet. It is hoped in time to provide 522 houses for an ultimate 
 population of about 2,600. 
 
 STIRLING HOMESTEADS LIMITED. 
 
 Stirling Homesteads Limited is a Co-partnership group. It differs from the ordinary 
 Garden Suburb Scheme principally in this — that the group lease a farm along with the 
 houses and manage this collectively, through a farm committee employing a farm manager, 
 who is also a member of the group. 
 
 The object of this is eventually to reduce the cost of the distribution of milk and dairy 
 produce to a minimum and secure the benefits of this to the group. Also to stand as dis- 
 tributing agent for the produce taken off the allotments by the tenants, thus securing 
 Co-operative marketing. 
 
 The housing and farm buildings necessary have been erected to meet the Association's 
 requirements by H.M. Office of Woods, and the ground has also been leased on a 3 1 years' 
 lease to the Association by the same body. The experiment is just in its infancy, and it is too 
 soon to say anything definite about its prospects, but many of the initial difficulties have 
 been passed, and it is hoped to overcome successfully the few remaining ones. 
 
 Out of a total area of 40 acres, i^ has been built on, 5 are being used as gardens, and 35 
 are being farmed. The estate is situate i^ mile from Stirling, and provision is made for an 
 ultimate population of 200 persons and 40 homes. The maximum dividend is limited to 4 
 per cent, on loan and 5 per cent, on share capital. The enterprise dates from the close of 
 1910. The rents range from ^10 los. to ^26, rates 2s. 6d. in the £ extra. 
 
 D 43 
 
WARRINGTON GflRDLN 
 
 SUBURB 
 GRLflT ^fllNKCV ESTATE 
 
 WARRINGTON QARDEIN 
 SUBURB . 
 
 GRflPPELNHALL LSTflTE 
 
 44 
 
SUTTON (SURREY) GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 Sutton Garden Suburb Limited has purchased 25^ acres of the Rose Hill estate, 
 Sutton (Surrey), and has an option over another 74^ acres of well-wooded land on the edge 
 of the Downs. Each tenant must be a co-partner, with a maximum holding of ,(200, and a 
 minimum of ^50, which may either be invested straight away or paid by instalments of not less 
 than 5s. a month. Above the ^200 investments may be made in loan stock. Shareholding 
 is restricted to tenants and prospective tenants, but loan stock may be apphed for by any- 
 ""-^ As 4I per cent, will be paid on share capital and loan stock, the loan stock having 
 
 one. 
 
 Sutton Garden- Suburb 
 
 LIMITED. 
 
 PROPOSED ■ DEVELOPMENT 
 
 -^ 
 
 Sea le or Feet 
 
 Vnawsco DiiTKitT R>.T, .Jtwnw 
 
 SECucnov > Bta'Ornci. 
 
 the prior claim but the tenants being more closely associated with management, this should 
 prove an attractive investment. Two loan-stock holders have seats on the Committee. 
 Houses are ten to the acre, and provision is made for extensive recreation grounds and 
 club premises. 
 
 WARRINGTON GARDEN SUBURBS LIMITED. 
 
 Warrington Garden Suburbs Limited has an outstanding feature of note in that it is 
 the only Company possessing two estates, and which has set out with the definite idea of 
 eventually girdling the town with a ring of Garden Suburbs. It was formed in 1907, and, in 
 the same year, estates were purchased at Great Sankey of about twenty acres, and at 
 Grappenhall of about twenty-two acres. A competition was held with a view to obtaining 
 the best plans for laying them out, and the premiums were won in each case by Messrs^ A. 
 
 +5 
 
and J. Soutar, of Wandsworth. The Company is based on the same lines as First Garden 
 City Limited. The nominal capital is ^20,000, the dividend is restricted to 5 per cent., the 
 number of houses limited to an average of twelve to the acre, and ample open spaces and 
 recreation grounds are carefully provided for. A Society called "Warrington Tenants 
 Limited," was registered in 1908 to assist in the development of the Company's property, 
 and a second Society in 191 1, called " Grappenhall Tenants Limited," with similar objects. 
 The progress of the scheme has, hitherto, been somewhat slow ; but there are now twenty- 
 four houses on the Great Sankey estate, and twelve at Grappenhall, whilst arrangements 
 for an additional fifteen are practically completed. The cheapest houses on both estates 
 cost about ^185 ; the maximum rent is ^^30 and the minimum ^15 12s. per annum. Rates 
 are usually paid by the owners. Provision is made for an ultimate number of houses thus : 
 At Great Sankey 240, at Grappenhall 265. 
 
 WOODLfllNDS MINING VILLAGE 
 
 [NEAR BOMCflSTLR) 
 
 WOODLANDS MINING VILLAGE. 
 
 The pretty mining village of Woodlands is one of the most valuable projects which 
 demonstrate the economy and value of town planning. Its total of 653 houses is 
 now complete. The village was commenced in June, 1907, to house the workers of the 
 Brodsworth Main CoUiery, largely owing to the determined efforts of Sir A. B. Markham. 
 The capital required was borrowed on debentures at 5 per cent, interest — a high rate for 
 housing purposes— and the basis of the undertaking is that the village shall, at the rentals 
 charged, return 4 per cent, on capital after everything, including ground rent, rates and 
 maintenance, is paid. The plan is the work of Mr. Percy B. Houfton, of Chesterfield. The 
 estate is of great natural beauty, and adjoins the private residence known as "The 
 Woodlands," which is_ being converted into a Workmen's Club. Its immediate gardens 
 and the Home Park, in all twenty-one acres, are reserved as recreation grounds. 
 
 The village is divided into two sections, linked up by the sites for public buildings 
 and institutions. The portion known as " The Park Site " comprises 121 cottages, which 
 were built in one year, and overlook the Home Park, which contains some magnificent forest 
 trees and is surrounded by a belt of shrubberies. The seCQnd portion, " The Field Area," 
 
 46 
 
contains 532 houses, built and occupied in fifteen months. The rate of speed, which is too 
 high to ensure good workmanship throughout, was necessitated by unforeseen developments 
 in the coal seam. A main avenue, 120 feet wide, and planted with a quadruple row of 
 trees, is the principal feature of the design, together with numerous open spaces, gardens, 
 an artificial lake covering some four acres, and all the advantages of landscape gardening. 
 Churches, baths, an institute, and co-operative stores are features of the village. The 
 rents are as follows : Living-room cottage, 5s. 3d. ; parlour cottage, with bath in scullery, 
 6s.; parlour cottage, with bathroom, 6s. 6d.; similar house to the last, but larger, 6s. gd. 
 All rates are included in these figures. The cost of building varied from 3(156 per house for 
 the smallest to ^(212 for the largest. 
 
 WORCESTER. 
 
 A co-partnership society — Worcester Tenants Ltd. — ^has been formed largely, through 
 the energies of the Dean, Dr. Moore Ede, to start work upon eleven acres of land which 
 has been secured. It is hoped to build houses to let at about 5s. a week. 
 
 WREXHAM TENANTS. 
 
 The Welsh Town Planning and Housing Trust Limited has acquired control of some 
 200 acres of very desirable and well situated land at Acton, adjoining the town of Wrexham, 
 in North Wales. Wrexham is the centre of a large and rapidly developing Coal and Iron 
 district, and in addition to the normal expansion of the town, a new Colliery has just been 
 started near Acton where it is expected that some 3,000 men will be employed in the next 
 two years. A Co-partnership Housing Society has been formed locally under the name of 
 Wrexham Tenants Limited to do the building, with Lord Kenyon, Mr. David Davies, M.P., 
 and others as Directors, and contracts for the first forty-four houses will be let immediately. 
 The Trust will make the roads and supervise the development of the estate. The lay-out 
 plan for the estate includes provision for a village institute, two places of worship, and 
 school, in addition to a liberal provision for open spaces and recreation grounds. The 
 District Council has agreed to modified by-laws, which will allow of narrower carriage-ways 
 being provided, in exchange for a greater distance between the houses, and ample open 
 spaces. 
 
 YNYSYBWL CO-OPERATIVE GARDEN VILLAGE SOCIETY LIMITED. 
 
 The Ynysybwl Co-operative Garden Village Society will be building about fifty-five 
 houses on Lord Plymouth's land at Old Ynysybwl, about three minutes' walk from the 
 upper railway station. The site is scarcely three quarters of a mile by road from the Lady 
 Windsor Colliery, where 1,100 men are employed ; and it is close to the Mynachdy level, 
 which now employs about 300 men, whilst extensive developments are anticipated. The 
 demand for houses at Ynysybwl is very great, many families being obliged to reside in 
 apaitments who could well afford a house, because there is not one vacant in the town. 
 The conditions of overcrowding prevailing at Ynysybwl, and the many abuses to which 
 the extreme shortage of houses has led, have been described in the publication of the 
 Association. This Society was formed by the Miners' lodges of the locality, who appointed 
 a joint committee. The Chairman and the Secretary of the Lady Windsor Lodge, with 
 six other miners, were the founders of the Society. 
 
 47 
 
CO-PARTNERSHIP HOUSING 
 
 TENANT CO-OPERATORS LIMITED 
 
 The forerunner of co-partnership in housing was the Tenant Co-operators Ltd., which 
 is still in existence at Red Lion Square. This organisation was founded in 1888 by Mr. 
 Benjamin Jones, then manager of the London branch of the Co-operative Wholesale 
 Society. The Rules were prepared by a sub-conimittee of which, among others, Mr. (now 
 Sir) H. J. Vansittart Neale, Mr. J. J. Dent, Mr. Walter Hazell, the late Mr. Francis WiUiam 
 Buxton, the Hon. T. A. Brassey, Sir H. Lawrence, Mr. H. W. L. Roscoe, and the Rev. 
 T. G. Gardner were members, and under the guidance of the late Mr. E. V. Neale and the 
 late Mr. J. C. Gray (of the Co-operative Union). The rules and prospectus thus prepared 
 have been in operation without any variation in principle from that time until now, and 
 have formed the basis of all the tenant societies established since. Mr. Howard Hodgkin 
 was the honorary secretary. 
 
 The object of the promoters was to demonstrate the possibilities of the principle and 
 to advocate the formation of similar societies throughout the country. Little or no 
 developments, however, took place until the very remarkable public interest and enthusiasm 
 in housing was aroused by Mr. Howard's scheme for Garden Cities, since when the idea of 
 the combination of the tenant ownership system with the Garden City or Garden Suburb 
 policy has made the establishment of societies so attractive and successful. 
 
 The Tenant Co-operators Ltd. established, either by purchase or erection, five estates : 
 at Upton Park, Penge, Camberwell, East Ham, and Epsom. The total value of the pro- 
 perties at the present time is ^28,670 ; ^£3,327 has been written off for depreciation. The 
 share and loan stock capital stands at ;£i 3,969, in addition to which loans from the Public 
 Works Commissioners and other bodies, amounting to ^9,841, have been secured. The 
 fundamental principle of permitting tenants to become shareholders by the holding of one 
 ^i share, such holding entitling them to a vote equally with any other shareholders, 
 irrespective of the amount of value of the capital held, has been continued throughout the 
 existence of the Society. In this respect other societies have made considerable departure. 
 The capital holding of tenants in other societies is usually much larger, and quite recently, 
 in many copartnership societies, the voting power of tenants has been either restricted or 
 removed entirely. The net profits realised by the Tenant Co-operators Ltd., for the 
 whole period of twenty-five years, after payment of all charges, expenses, depreciation, and 
 interest upon loans, deposits, and loan stock, has worked out at 6.7 per cent, upon the 
 amount of share capital. For 1912 it was 8.3 per cent. Interest upon share capital being 
 limited by rule, however, to 4 per cent., the surplus profits have been distributed in dividends 
 to tenants, rising to as much as 2s. 6d. in the f^. 
 
 49 
 
CO-PARTNERSHIP TENANTS LIMITED 
 
 One of the most striking features of the modern movement for better housing has been 
 the successful appHcation of the co-partnership principle. Beginning as recently as 1901 
 Co-partnership Housing has already made history. Under the inspiration of Mr. Henry 
 Vivian co-partnership tenants societies have been formed in various parts of the country 
 and are in course of formation in British speaking countries across the seas. Many are now 
 federated in the Co-partnership Tenants Ltd., a society that has secured public confidence 
 in. the movement to a degree that would otherwise have been impossible. There are now 
 fourteen societies in membership. In 1904 the cost value of their land and buildings was 
 ^17,308 ; already it is a million and a quarter sterling, and the estimated value of the houses 
 when the estates now being developed are completed is ^3,450,000. The headquarters are 
 at 6, Bloomsbury Square, London, W.C, where an efficient organisation with trading, archi- 
 tectural, publishing, and other departments has been built up to render substantial assist- 
 ance to the federated societies. 
 
 At present 900 acres are unde* development by the societies associated with Co-part- 
 nership Tenants Ltd., and the following figures concerning the rentals of the property 
 already built are of interest : — 
 
 Below 6s. weekly . . 
 From 6s. and below 8s. 
 „ 8s. „ los. 
 
 „ lOS. „ I2S. 
 
 Carried forward 
 
 640 Brought forward 
 
 921 From I2S. and below 15s. 
 
 558 „ 15s. and up to 20s. 
 
 434 Over £52 per annum . . 
 
 2553 
 
 Grand total 
 
 2,553 
 168 
 
 79 
 2,955 
 
 The strong position which the Co-partnership Tenants societies have attained may be 
 gathered from the fact that eight co-partnership societies in federation which have 
 practically completed their building operations and having property to the value of 
 j^797,34S have not only no dwelling of any kind to let, but have " waiting lists " of apphcants. 
 
 The following particulars show the growth of the Society's Capital, and the extent to 
 which the Society has aided the movement in raising Capital. 
 
 On December 31st, 191 2, the Society's Capital consisted of : — 
 
 . . 68,160 
 .. 198,368 
 
 Shares of ^10 each 
 Loan Stock 
 Loans . . 
 
 • 70,317 
 :£3 36,84s 
 
 Increase during the year 6,350 
 » „ „ 60,584 
 
 „ „ „ 30,801 
 
 97,735 
 
 <^o 
 
A typical new street of an industrial town. The houses are built forty or more to the acre, and in 
 this instance the frontages are i 2 feet only. 
 
 A street at Hampstead Garden Suburb. 
 
□ 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 u 
 
 o 
 
 a, 
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 h 
 
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 3 
 
 en 
 
 C3 
 
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 o 
 
 j3 
 
 o 
 
During the year the Society, as Agent, also raised direct for the 
 various Societies in membership : — 
 
 Shares . . . . i,8io 
 
 Loan Stock . . 21,768 
 
 On Mortgage . . 97,575 
 
 121,153 
 
 Total amount raised in 1912 . . . . 218,888 
 
 From June, 1907 (when the Society was registered), to December 
 31st, 191 1, the total sum raised direct in Shares, Loan Stock, and 
 on Mortgage for the various Societies was .. ,. ..651,269 
 
 There was invested in Co-partnership Tenants Limited up to the 
 
 same date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,110 
 
 890,379 
 
 Grand Total .. .. .. .. 5^1,109,267 
 
 Continued progress was made in 191 3, the total paid-up capital of Co-partnership 
 Tenants Ltd. on September ist being : — Shares, ,£76,960 ; Loan Stock, ^224,520 ; a total 
 of ^301,480. 
 
 In the development of the work the Co-partnership Tenants Housing Council has 
 rendered considerable assistance, and under its guidance much of the educational and 
 social work is fostered on the various estates — the activities being chronicled in Co-part- 
 nership, the penny monthly magazine of the movement. It also organises the Co-partnership 
 Festival which is held annually on one or other of the co-partnership estates — EaUng, 1912, 
 and at Hampstead, in July, 191 3 — at which a Flower Show, Choral Contests, a Pageant, 
 displays by children living on the estate, and other features demonstrate the advantages of 
 these co-partnership suburbs both in their effect on the individual and on the general welfare 
 of the community. 
 
 Below, particulars are given of the estates affiliated to Co-partnership Tenants Ltd., 
 that fact alone being an assurance of the exercise of forethought and prudence in develop- 
 ment. Details which are common to all estates have been omitted for the sake of brevity. 
 In every case, of course, the owners are a society of public utility, the maximum dividends 
 being 5 per cent. 
 
 ANCHOR TENANTS LTD. (LEICESTER). 
 
 The Anchor Tenants Ltd., Leicester, own forty-eight acres a mile and a half from the 
 boundary of the town ; and since a start was made in 1908 eighty-four houses and three §hops 
 have been built, and there is a population of about 360 residents. Ten houses are allowed 
 to the acre. The vital statistics for the estate are very striking ; there was only one death 
 in four years, and the birth-rate is thirty per thousand. Rents range from 6s. to los. 9d. 
 including rates, which are at 4s. 8d. in the pound. The streets are tree-planted with grass 
 margins. Roads have been formed and sites plotted for another sixty houses. Provision 
 has been made for a larger playing ground, comprising about three acres, part of which has 
 been levelled and re-turfed for a cricket pitch. 
 
 E 51 
 
BRENTHAM GARDEN SUBURB (EALING). 
 
 The Brentham Garden Suburb, as the estate of the EaHng Tenants Ltd. is now called, is 
 the oldest of the ventures connected with Co-partnership Tenants Ltd. Various portions 
 of land have been acquired since 1902, and the estate now consists of sixty-three acres. 
 Its easy access to London, the new Brentham Station having been opened close at hand, 
 gives every reason for expectation that the whole area will soon be built upon. The roads 
 
 EALI71C te;ia;it5 umtD 
 
 DKETlTHATn E5TATE. 
 EALI71C. 
 
 flKEA - SSacres 
 HOUSES- 10 iJeracvE 
 RENTS- 6|6d-te€l|t 
 
 EKtlftL HoirlES RDJOINIMG tiTHTC 1|[6<L b ItfSd. 
 
 are forty feet wide, and all are tree planted. At present|50o^houses are built out of 700 
 anticipated, and there is a population of about 2,000 out of the three to four thousand 
 expected. The houses are limited to twelve to the acre. The maximum rent is 21s. and 
 the minimum 6s. 6d., the rates, which are extra, being 6s. 8d. in the £. A block of twenty- 
 four small flats has also been completed and tenanted, with rents from 6s. 6d. per week 
 inclusive of rates, taxes, and lighting. The Institute, opened by H.R.H. the Duke of Con- 
 naught, provides excellent facilities for social intercourse. It contains a large bilhard room, 
 hall for social purposes^ reading room and library ; and connected with it, the Society has 
 
 52 
 
reserved twelve acres of recreation grounds. These facilities are much appreciated by the 
 residents, and full advantage is taken of them. Other open spaces are reserved for ad- 
 ditional gardens, etc. 
 
 BURNAGE. 
 
 Manchester Tenants Ltd. have completed their Burnage estate of eleven acres, their 
 136 houses giving accommodation to 500 people. Rents vary from 5s. 3d. to lis. 6d., the 
 rates, which are extra, being 8s. 4d. in the £. The society has made its roads of twenty-two 
 feet and eighteen feet, and has planted the whole of these with trees and provided grass 
 margins. Application is now being made to the local authority for them to take over the 
 roads. 
 
 FALLINGS PARK TENANTS. 
 
 Fallings Park Garden Suburb Tenants have so far developed 8| acres of their estate, 
 which is one-and-a-half mUes from Wolverhampton. At the rate of twelve houses to the 
 acre, seventy-five have been erected since June, 1907. The rents range from 4s. 6d. to los. 
 inclusive. The rates are 9s. 4d. in the £. Thirty-six feet roads are in use, and these are 
 planted with trees. 
 
 GARDEN CITY TENANTS. 
 
 The Garden City Tenants Ltd. was the society whose inception led to that combination 
 of garden city principles with co-partnership methods which has revolutionised both 
 movements, and has brought into being the enormous structure of Co-partnership Tenants 
 Ltd. Thirty-nine acres have been developed, and 322 houses providing accommodation for 
 1,600 people. Twelve houses to the acre are allowed ; but the generous garden space 
 provided and the charming open greens, which are such a feature of the estate, reduce the 
 total number of houses to 322. The rents range from 4s. 6d. a week to £61 a year, rates, 
 which are 4s. 9d. in the £, being extra. 
 
 GRETA HAMLET. , 
 
 Greta Hamlet, Keswick, is the property of Derwentwater Tenants Ltd., who started 
 with 2^ acres in 1909, and have practically covered this area. The roads are made twenty- 
 four feet and twelve wide, and are planted with grass and garden margins. 
 
 HAMPSTEAD HEATH EXTENSION TENANTS LIMITED. 
 
 Hampstead Heath Extension Tenants Ltd. was registered on the 25th March, 1912, and 
 was formed to develop some of the finest sites on the Hampstead Garden Suburb, over- 
 looking and bordering on the eighty acres of the Hampstead Heath Extension. On this 
 area houses of varying rentals are being erected, mostly of the larger type. Some of these 
 houses have frontages to the Heath while overlooking the Hampstead Golf Course and 
 Turners Wood at the rear. The land is situated within a few minutes' walk of the old 
 Spaniard's Inn, and other historical spots associated vidth the neighbourhood. 
 
 S3 
 
TWENTY-FIVE ACRES OF LIVERPOOL GARDEN SUBURB AS IT 
 MIGHT HAVE BEEN. 
 
 The plan shows how the land could have been laid out to comply with the minimum 
 requirements of the Liverpool Corporation's Acts, with 41 houses per acre. 
 
 TWENTY-FIVE ACRES OF LIVERPOOL GARDEN SUBURB AS IT IS. 
 The first part of the Estate, showing eleven houses per acre. 
 
 54 
 
THE HAMPSTEAD TENANTS SOCIETIES. 
 
 Hampstead Tenants Ltd. has perhaps had the greatest amount of publicity directed 
 to it owing to the visit of the King and Queen and other members of the Royal Family, as 
 well as statesmen from all parts of the world. The first two Co-partnership Societies formed 
 on the Hampstead Garden Suburb have developed the whole of their area and now an 
 additional 380 acres have been taken for development by kindred societies. 
 
 . Hampstead Tenants Ltd. started in May, 1907, and its first houses were opened by 
 Sir William Treloar (then Lord Mayor of London) in October of the same year. The 
 buildings comprise 271 houses, a block of shops with flats over, and fifty-four Homes for 
 Old People, the whole population being about 1,200. The rents of the Homes are as low 
 as 3s. 3d. per week, and the houses are let, mostly at weekly rentals, from 6s. upwards. 
 
 Second Hampstead Tenants Ltd. has developed its thirty-nine acres (exclusive of roads 
 and common open spaces), having 377 houses, a block of shops with flats, seventy-six work- 
 men's flats, and another block of larger fiats, altogether housing about 1,900 people. This 
 Society commenced operations in the autumn of 1909 and, hke the Hampstead Tenants 
 Ltd., has the whole of its property fully let. Rents range from ss. 9d. per week to ^£130 
 per annum, exclusive of rates. 
 
 HARBORNE TENANTS. 
 
 Harborne Tenants, Birmingham, have now developed the whole of their fifty-four acres, 
 which is situated only 2| miles from the centre of the city. Since September, 1907, 499 
 houses have been built, with a present population of 1,600. The character of the site 
 presented great difficulties on this estate, and the way they have been overcome proves the; 
 soundness of the idea. Nine acres of land have been given up to allotments and playgrounds. 
 The vital statistics show a death-rate of four per thousand, and birth rate of forty, and there 
 has been no infantile mortality from the commencement. With rates at 8s. 2d. in the £, 
 houses with from one-tenth of an acre of garden are let as cheaply as 4s. per week, including 
 rates, and the rentals go to ^40 a year without rates. Two and one-eighth miles of roads 
 have been made, and have been planted with trees and have grass margins, while the estate 
 has provided 2J miles of gas and water mains. The local authority has so far taken over 
 694 yards of road. 
 
 LIVERPOOL GARDEN SUBURB. 
 
 Liverpool Garden Suburb Tenants Ltd. have so far the biggest co-partnership 
 estate, having taken from Lord Salisbury 180 acres of his Childwall estate, of which 
 thirty acres are being proceeded with. Since July, 1910, 260 houses have been built, 
 from ten to twelve to the acre, and it is anticipated that this number will grow to 
 1,800, housing nearly 7,000 people. One acre in every ten is set aside for open spaces. 
 The rents range from 5s. 7d. a week to ^31 a year, the rates, which are extra, being 
 8s. 5d. in the £. The roads are of varied construction. They are planted with trees and with 
 grass margins, and the widths vary between thirty-six, fifty, sixty and eighty feet. In 
 addition to the buildings a recreation ground containing bowling green and tennis courts 
 has been laid out, and a children's playground has been provided. The estate has appealed 
 strongly to those anxious to see better conditions of housing in Liverpool, and in his annual 
 
 55 
 
report the Building Surveyor for the City of Liverpool has testified to the advantages of the 
 Liverpool Garden Suburb and said that " the beneficial effect on the character and well- 
 being of the people who live in such delightful surroundings, in which the provision of 
 sunlight and pure air, and other sanitary necessities of healthful living are so admirably 
 secured, must be incalculable." 
 
 OAKWOOD TENANTS LIMITED. 
 
 The latest of the Co-partnership Tenant Societies on the Hampstead Garden Suburb is 
 that of the Oakwood Tenants Ltd., registered in January, 1913. This Society has already 
 over 100 houses in hand and will continue the pohcy of the Hampstead Tenants Ltd. and 
 the Second Hampstead Tenants Ltd., of building houses at rents ranging from 7s. per week 
 to £So per annum exclusive of rates. The land acquired occupies some of the pleasantest 
 sites on the fringe of the two woods which have recently been included in the Suburb area. 
 
 SEVENOAKS TENANTS. 
 
 Sevenoaks Tenants Ltd. has its land split up in three different parts of the town ; but 
 on the 6|- acres which it has been able to acquire some excellent housing has been provided. 
 A start was made in 1904 and the area is now developed, eighty houses having been built. 
 About an acre of woodland playground near 34 houses has been set aside, and land is hired 
 close by for small holdings. Rents are from 4s. gd. to 12s. 6d., rates inclusive. Additional 
 land has been obtained at Kemsing upon which six houses have been erected, and efforts are 
 being made to do something for the neighbouring villages. 
 
 STOKE-ON-TRENT TENANTS. 
 
 Stoke-on-Trent Tenants Ltd. owns 38 acres, of which ten have been developed. 
 This Potteries Garden Village, close to the newly-formed borough of Stoke-on-Trent, is 
 providing an excellent example of the co-operation of all sections of the community. Since 
 April, 1910, about ninety-five houses have been built at ten to the acre. One-tenth of the 
 estate is set aside for open spaces, and allotments are provided. The rents are from 5s. a 
 week to £60 a year, rates being los. The widths of the roads, all of which have trees and 
 grass margins, vary from twenty-four to seventy feet. The estate as already planned has 
 been adopted into and forms part of the proposed town planning Scheme prepared for the 
 Borough Council by Mr. A. Burton, A.M.LC.E., the Borough Surveyor of Stoke-on-Trent, 
 which includes a large area adjoining the estate and extending from Harpfield to Trent Vale. 
 The main avenue through the estate, which is being constructed seventy feet wide between 
 the boundaries and 100 feet between the houses, will be linked up with the main arteries 
 of the scheme. 
 
 56 
 
RURAL CO-PARTNERSHIP. 
 
 In order to promote Co-partnership housing in rural districts a Rural Co-partnership 
 Association has been formed with similar objects to the Co-partnership Housing Council. 
 A business department has been formed, known as the Rural Co-partnership Housing Trust 
 Limited, with which are affiliated several societies engaged in building, these being Datchet, 
 Bucks, 30 acres ; Otford (Kent), 160 acres ; Petersfield (Hants), 33 acres ; Somersham 
 (Hunts), ijI acres ; Hadleigh (Suffolk), 7^ acres ; Budleigh (Devon), 4 acres. There are 
 other societies in process of formation as far apart as Bridge-of-Weir and St. Mawes, 
 Cornwall. 
 
 One of the societies has put up a pair of brick cottages at a total cost of ^£232, including 
 all extras, pumps, paths, fencing, gates, and fees for plans and supervision. The accom- 
 modation consists of a living-room 12 ft. by 12 ft., scullery 8 ft. by 7 ft., pantry 6 ft. by 
 3 ft., and three bedrooms, one on the ground floor alternately usable as a parlour. The 
 largest bedroom is 12 ft. by 12 ft., and the smallest io| ft. by 8^ft. A novel arrangement 
 was made with the contractor, under which his percentage fees, instead of increasing with 
 the amount of the contract, increased according to the extent to which he was legitimately 
 able to lessen the cost. 
 
 The Council is following the true method of co-partnership and the tenants take up 
 three ^^i shares, paid for by instalments of a penny a week, with a preliminary payment of 
 IS. a share, and it is interesting to notice that security of tenure is given to the tenant, 
 and this tenancy passes to his family after him so long as the conditions of membership 
 are fulfilled. This meets one of the difficulties often raised in connection with co-partnership 
 tenancy and does away with the fear of a tenant being victimised in consequence of some 
 temporary difference of opinion. 
 
 BRIDGE OF WEIR. 
 
 At Bridge of Weir, a town of some 2,500 population near Glasgow, having one or two 
 factories, the intention is to afford the industrial employees a much needed opportunity of 
 getting into touch with garden and agricultural environment. The housing conditions of 
 many wage earners in Scotland are of a primitive kind, and it is hoped that once a model 
 society is successfully established in Lanarkshire, the example set will be followed elsewhere. 
 
 DATCHET. 
 
 This society has now nearly completed its building of twenty-eight cottages, and some 
 of the tenant members are in. All the land is under cultivation. There are some seventy 
 allotment tenants, additionally to the house tenants. The total cost of land and cottages 
 will work out at nearly jf8,ooo. Lord Rothschild is President of the society, which has 
 powers under its rules to form a co-operative trading society and probably at an early date 
 will add this development to the existing organisation. 
 
 57 
 
HADLEIGH. 
 
 The society formed for this district has purchased its land and is building its first 
 cottages. The inclusive cost per cottage, counting all extras, will be {,1^0. They will be 
 built in pairs and have not less than a quarter of an acre of land attached. Rents will be 
 4s. 3d. inclusive of rates, and the accommodation will include five rooms, scullery and pantry. 
 The society has twelve cottages for its first scheme, the estimated cost of land and building 
 being ^2,000. 
 
 OXFORD. 
 
 This society has made much progress and is well forward with its building programme. 
 Various tenant members are already housed and the estate has been subdivided into 
 holdings, and is under varied cultivation. The brook has been utilised for a water supply 
 on the ram system. The services of a Danish agriculturist have been secured to exemplify 
 on the estate Danish expert methods of small farming. Schemes for an agricultural co- 
 operative society and a credit bank are under consideration. 
 
 PETERSFIELD. 
 
 The society has purchased thirty-three acres of suitable and well situated land, and is 
 about to build for its first scheme eighteen cottages, which are already bespoken by tenant 
 members. Each cottage will have not less than a quarter of an acre of land as garden. The 
 estimated cost of land and cottages totals £6,000. Lord Selborne is President. 
 
 ST. MAWES. 
 
 • 
 The scheme at St. Mawes, Cornwall, is to meet the need of fishermen and others of the 
 labouring classes for better cottages with some land attached. Owing to the increase in the 
 number of visitors to this fishing village there is a danger of the poorer inhabitants having 
 their cottage accommodation curtailed. 
 
 SOMERSHAM. 
 
 Seventeen and a quarter acres of good fruit land have been purchased, and building 
 begun. The contract price for the cottages in pairs, including all extras, paths, wells, 
 fencing, etc., is ^134 5s. Not less than half an acre of land will go with each cottage. All 
 the tenants earn their living by agricultural work. The society will continue building until 
 the demand for cottages and land is met, and if necessary, steps will subsequently be taken 
 to secure further land. The estimated cost of land and houses for the first scheme is /3,300. 
 
 S8 
 
THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT AND 
 HOUSING REFORM 
 
 It is somewhat remarkable that the wave of housing enthusiasm that is sweeping 
 throughout the country has to a very large extent left almost entirely untouched a 
 movement supposed to be progressive in character. 
 
 The co-operators of the United Kingdom, with their unrivalled and compact organisa- 
 tion, their vast resources of capital, and exceptional facihties for gauging the housing 
 requirements of their 2^ million members, have, comparatively speaking, done very little 
 towards meeting the needs of their members in this respect. The housing that has been 
 undertaken falls very far short of what the Garden City and Garden Suburb movement 
 claims as a standard of working-class housing, and lacks the foresight and comprehensive- 
 ness that jpne might have expected. 
 
 The latest statistics published are as follows : — 
 
 Co-operative Societies who have building departments ... ... 413 
 
 Money lent to members for the purchase of their houses ... ... ^6,532,000 
 
 Number of houses so built ... ... ... ... ... ... 32,000 
 
 Money spent by Societies on houses built and afterwards sold to 
 
 members ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... j^i, 232,000 
 
 Number of houses so built and sold ... ... ... ... ... 5,577 
 
 Money spent by Societies on building houses let to members ... ^1,839,000 
 
 Number of houses so let ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,530 
 
 Total — 46,707 houses at a capital cost of ... ... ... ... ^^9, 603, 000 
 
 The Co-operative Garden City Committee, of Halton House, Holborn, E.C., is an 
 organisation of Co-operators formed in 1908 for the purpose of improving the housing con- 
 ditions in the Co-operative movement, and giving technical advice and assistance in the 
 matter of capital raising, planning of estates, etc., to those societies desirous of setting on 
 foot housing undertakings of an improved character. One of the principal members of the 
 organisation is Mr. Aneurin Williams, Chairman of First Garden City Ltd., while Mr. F. W. 
 Rogers, hon. secretary, has a wide inside knowledge of the movement on both its propa- 
 gandist and practical sides. 
 
 In the first few years of its existence the committee's energies were largely confined to 
 work of a propagandist character, but lately one or two definite garden suburb schemes 
 have been initiated that are a distinct improvement on typical co-operative housing 
 undertakings. 
 
 The Co-operative Garden City Committee are hoping that five or six other co-operative 
 societies with whom they are in negotiation, and to whom they have supplied schemes of 
 estate planning, will soon be engaged in the building of co-operative garden suburbs, which 
 will both act as a stimulus to the co-operative movement and help to remove the reproach 
 of bad housing that seems to have fallen upon it. 
 
 59 
 
CHIPPING NORTON. 
 
 A scheme of development for a twelve acre Co-operative Housing Scheme at Chipping 
 Norton is also in hand which will involve the erection of houses to let at rentals as low as 
 4s. 6d. per week inclusive. 
 
 WOKING. 
 
 The most recent example is an admirable scheme of nine acres that is being evolved 
 in connection with the Woking Co-operative Society Ltd., and known as the Horsell 
 Estate. Only eight houses will be erected to the acre, and these when built will be let to 
 the members of the Woking Society at rentals ranging from 7s. 6d. to los. per week. 
 
 Mr. H. Clapham Lander, A.R.LB.A., the hon. advisory architect to the Co-operative 
 Garden City Committee, has been responsible for the plan of development. At the present 
 time one-third of the Estate has been developed, with buildings completed and roads made. 
 The President of the Local Government Board recently inspected the Garden Suburb and 
 expressed himself favourably towards it. When completed, the whole scheme will cost 
 about ^20,000, a proportion of the capital required having been obtained from the Co- 
 operative Wholesale Society at 3|- per cent., and the remainder will either be found by the 
 Woking society itself or obtained from the Public Works Loan Commissioners. 
 
 60 
 
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT 
 
 ABROAD 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 So far as the continent of Europe is concerned, Germany has made by far the most 
 substantial progress, thanks to the devoted enthusiasm of the cousins KampflFmeyer and 
 of Adolf Otto, who between them have borne the chief burden of the organisation. 
 
 There are difficulties to contend with in Germany which are unknown in England, 
 and, considering these, the progress which has been made is remarkable, and last year's 
 success was very gratifying. One thing which makes the work more difficult is the fact that 
 many of the banks and institutions which lend money on mortgage for the building of 
 ordinary houses will not do so for cottage property, and it is only provincial labourers' 
 insurance institutes (Landesversicherunganstalten) which will lend any considerable sums, 
 up to 75 or even 90 per cent, of the value of land and houses. These excellent terms are 
 obtained chiefly in the western and southern parts of the country. In some of the eastern 
 parts — Berlin, for example — money cannot be obtained because, the flat system being 
 almost universal, cottage property is not considered sufficient security. The Prussian 
 Government, however, will advance money on second mortgage to co-partnership societies, 
 among the members of which must be a good number of officials. 
 
 It will be seen, therefore, that, as was found in England, the progress of the movement 
 depends largely on the question of money, but there is also the difficulty that because of 
 the opposition of many landowners to the improved methods of housing the people, most 
 of the Corporations object to the new plans. Nevertheless, in both eastern and western 
 Prussia progress is being made, although only one example exists — that of the Garden 
 Suburb Ratshof, near Konigsberg. A number of towns in that district have, however, 
 made application for the travelling exhibition of the Association to be shown in their 
 towns, and as a result of this, prehminary work has been started. 
 
 Germany suffers perhaps more than England from the unwarranted use of the term 
 Garden City, and there are a number of schemes unconnected with the Association of which 
 it is apparently impossible to obtain particulars. The chief difficulty operating against 
 greater progress is the land difficulty, which often makes it impossible to proceed, and 
 added to this is the road problem. Almost everywhere the municipal authorities insist on 
 wide expensive thoroughfares, even for residential districts, despite the universal testimony 
 of the newer school of Town Planners, who have learnt the lesson of the narrow metalled 
 surfaces adopted at Letchworth and elsewhere. The ideal plans, therefore, have frequently 
 to be abandoned, and for example the requirements at the new Berlin Garden Suburb prevent 
 altogether the erection of labourers' cottages. The Government favours the proposed plan, 
 
 61 
 
but can do nothing in face of the corporation, which insists on having the same broad 
 streets as those which carry the traiSc of Berlin. 
 
 In addition to issuing a monthly magazine (Gartenstadi), with a circulation of 5,000 
 copies, a number of excellent books have been issued, which are among the best literature 
 issued in connection with the whole movement. Each year large parties of municipal 
 representatives, architects, engineers, and educationalists are brought to England to study 
 the movement at first hand. 
 
 The biggest and the most important of the German schemes is that of Hellerau, near 
 Dresden, in which, in the past four years, nearly eight million marks have been invested. 
 The second big estate is the Garden Suburb, Stockfeld, near Strassburg, a very interesting 
 scheme, which provides also small homes for poorer famihes. This scheme was made 
 possible by the assistance of the Corporation of Strassburg, which has sold land to the 
 Association cheaply and has guaranteed a sum of two million marks for building purposes. 
 Further, there is the Garden Suburb of Margaretenhohe, near Essen, which may be described 
 as the German Bournville, being conducted under a trust similar to that instituted by Mr. 
 George Cadbury. It was founded by the widow of the late Mr. Krupp. 
 
 Both Stockfeld and Margaretenhohe are being built by only one architect each, while 
 in Hellerau a number of the best architects in Germany have been assigned certain quarters 
 to plan and build, in order to secure the best result. 
 
 A very interesting community on pure co-partnership lines is the Garden Suburb of 
 Wandsbeck, near Hamburg, where an estate has been bought from the Corporation and 
 where already, in the third year, more than 200 houses are ready. The Corporation of 
 Altona, who in the past year has sent its Lord Mayor and a number of officials to England 
 to study the Garden City question, will lease land to the same association for an estate for 
 30,000 people, and in order to fulfil its programme for the whole district of Hamburg and 
 its environs, the various co-partnership associations have united into one large organisation. 
 For this work the Prussian Government has advanced a good deal of money. 
 
 After some very hard work, the Garden Suburb of Karlsruhe has begun building 
 operations, and forty houses are inhabited. The same appHes to Niirnberg. Th^Mannheim 
 Garden Suburb is being built on municipal land let on lease. The Garden Suburb of 
 Marienbrunn, which is also leasehold on municipal land, will have the first portion com- 
 pleted early in the Spring, when the Leipsig International Building Exhibition will be 
 opened, of which for the summer it will form a part. 
 
 During the past year large and small co-partnership associations have been founded, 
 and estates have been secured at Aachen, Bonn, Gera, Hamm, Dortmund, Aschersleben, 
 Liegnitz, Frankfurt-a-0., Halle, Skopau, Thorn, Allenstein, Danzig, etc. 
 
 In the case of Munich, where much was hoped for, it has been found impossible to 
 proceed, although a well-wisher gave the Corporation of Munich a sum of 200,000 marks 
 to start. It has been found, however, that the questions of incorporation, traffic, sewerage, 
 etc., were too difficult to surmount. 
 
 A much more important scheme is the Garden Suburb near Berlin, founded by the 
 members of the German Association Committee. 150 acres have been secured. Already in 
 Berlin-Britz a Co-partnership Society is building cottages and small tenements on very 
 expensive ground, where usually the huge German tenements would have been built, and 
 have thereby given a very useful example to the community. 
 
 Hiittenau, near Essen, is of much interest, inasmuch as the two communes of 
 Blankenstein and Welper have given a guarantee to the Insurance Institute for the whole 
 of the capital required, and this is endorsed by the Rural District of Hiittenau. In this 
 
 62 
 
case both the money for the purchase of the land and for the building of the houses has been 
 advanced. 
 
 The following tabulates the estates in Germany : — 
 
 Altona (Hamburg). — Provision for 30,000 people. Municipal assistance. 
 
 Gross-Berlin. — Society three years old. 150 acres secured, and thirty-five houses have 
 been built with the assistance of the Government, which has advanced the necessary money 
 on second mortgage for this first stage. A second sum of M.200,000 has been secured for 
 the second batch of houses. 
 
 Giistrow, in Mecklenburg. — Existing town of 18,000 inhabitants, largely agricultural. 
 Started by a manufacturer (Herr Dettmann) on 3 hectars. To be extended and handed 
 over to the community. 
 
 Hellerau, near Dresden. — 140 hectars purchased in 1908. 200 dwelUngs completed, as 
 well as factories and institutions. 
 
 Hoffengarten (Magdeburg). — 65 morgen. After one year 400 inhabitants. System 
 of purchase of freehold by inhabitants, with power of repurchase by society in a number 
 of eventualities. 
 
 Huttenau. — Founded 1909 in consequence of the growth of one large firm. 400 
 morgen. Supported officially by the two communes concerned, who have agreed to the 
 carrying out of one plan. 166 houses built in 1910-11. 
 
 Karlsruhe. — 12 hectars. Building begun July, 191 1. Forty houses ready. 
 
 Marienbrunn (Leipsig). — ^Land leased by municipality. The first section constitutes 
 part of the Leipsig International Building Exhibition and includes some interesting 
 garden architecture. 
 
 Margaretenhohe. — Started in 1906. An endowment of 1,000,000 marks by Mrs. Krupp. 
 50 hectars for 15,000 to 18,000 inhabitants. Gardens 70 to 300 qm. 
 
 Mannheim. — Society founded 1910. Town granted 40 hectars. First groups now 
 ready. 
 
 Miinchen-Perlach. — ^A project to lay out 80-85 hectars for 12,000 to 13,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Neumiinster. — too hectars. To provide houses for well-paid artisans, with four or 
 five rooms at 5,000 to 6,000 marks, with good gardens, the average size of plots being 
 700 qni. By the spring of 1912, 75 houses completed. 
 
 Nilrnberg. — In 1908 chose 65 hectars of State land. In 1910 began with 4 hectars, 
 having obtained a municipal loan of 20,000 marks ; 74 houses now ready. 
 
 Ratshof bei Konigsberg. — Society built tenement houses from 1895 to 1906. In 1906 
 bought 200,000 qm. for single houses, of which 5 1 have been built. 
 
 Stockfeld (Strassburg). — Scheme initiated by Municipality, which handed over 
 123,930 qm. to a society to develop. 170 detached, 280 semi-detached houses. Many 
 arrangements for self-government and life of community. 
 
 Waridsbeck (Hamburg). — Started in 1910. 4I hectars. 150 houses completed by 
 summer, 1912. 
 
 Associations have been formed for co-operative housing at Rostock, Tilsit, Plaiien, 
 Chemnitz, Bonn, Aachen (Aix la Chapelle), Dortmund, Halle, and Erfurt. At Gera a 
 society with a limited dividend is building houses on Garden City lines. 
 
 A word should be added as to the most excellent housing work which has been accom- 
 plished by the firm of Krupp's for the benefit of their workpeople. Some forty thousand 
 people, all the families of their employees, are housed in the fourteen village settlements 
 provided for them at rents much below those charged in the district and in surroundings 
 superior to anything provided in the German Empire. One of the most attractive of 
 
 63 
 
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 64 
 
the villages is Altenhof, designed, as its name suggests, for the old people, pensioners of 
 the firm. There are 600 inhabitants, who live rent free and receive a pension of from ^3 to 
 j£4 a month. Merely to enumerate the advantages provided for the firm in the way of 
 social and educational advancement, as well as of material benefit, such as savings' banks 
 — where a generous bonus is added to the employees savings — and co-operative societies 
 would occupy more than the whole space devoted to this section. As a social and housing 
 scheme there is nothing in the world in any way comparable to the work at Essen. 
 
 Close by, but unconnected with the Krupp colonies, is Margaretenhohe, the "last 
 word " in artistic development and building. The work of an architect who is an artist to 
 his finger tips, promoted by a generous lady who believes in restoring the love of real beauty 
 to a class long divorced therefrom, it is one of those things which no description will do 
 adequate justice to. It should be seen by everybody who wishes to appreciate the possi- 
 bilities of development which is unstinted in reasonable resources and uncramped by 
 architectural prejudices. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 The French Garden City Association was the first founded outside England, dating 
 from the year 1904, after a visit to Letch worth and the attendance of some meetings by 
 Monsieur Benoit-Levy, who has from that time been the secretary and treasurer of the 
 Association and responsible for the greater part of its activities. Among the founders were 
 Senateur M. d'Estournelles de Constant and Professor Charles Gide, names of world-wide 
 repute. 
 
 Although, so far, the Association has not been able to proceed with the work of 
 building on Garden City or Garden Suburb lines, they have influenced the creation of a 
 model mining village of Dourges and have taken an active part in the scheme for the 
 acquisition and preservation of the fortifications. This project, which was drawn up by 
 Monsieur Dausset, the general reporter for the Budget of Paris, has been accepted by the 
 Paris Municipality, and now awaits the sanction of Parliament. The fortifications, which 
 are of an average of 125 metres wide and are 33 kilometres long, are the property of the 
 ^tate, who have offered them to the City for one hundred million francs. The Association 
 is now organising a campaign in support of purchase. 
 
 Largely through Monsieur Levy groups of workers for the Garden City movement have 
 been formed in a number of European cities and assistance has been given in the forming 
 of Associations in other places. In Luxemburg, Italy, Roumania, Bohemia, and Turkey, 
 groups have been formed, and it was only the occurrence of the war which prevented the 
 Turkish Association under Niazi Assim Bey being formed. The objects and methods of 
 these various groups, etc., however, are not on all fours with those elsewhere, and it is not 
 easy to determine to what extent the real garden city ideal is advocated. 
 
 An enormous amount of literature has been issued, the Association working not only 
 for Garden City ideas properly, but assisting with many other social schemes such as 
 Industrial Welfare, which in England are the affairs of individual associations. Monsieur 
 Levy has written a large number of well illustrated books dealing with the Garden City 
 movement, and recently has, in three excellent volumes, dealt with the whole movement 
 with detailed information of the principal schemes in England. 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 Dr. Max Ermers (XIX Springsiedelgasse 21, Vienna), well known as a writer upon 
 artistic and architectural subjects, is organising a Garden City Association for Austria and 
 
 65 
 
has already gathered round him a number of enthusiastic adherents, many of whom accom- 
 panied him last year on a trip of inspection to England. The difficulties to contend with 
 in the country are numerous, but it is hoped that before long active propaganda will be 
 proceeding throughout the empire. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 M. Charles Didier, who has for many years carried on the propagandist work in 
 Belgium, acting as secretary to the Belgian Garden City Association, sends the following 
 particulars regarding the movement in his country : — 
 
 " The number of people in this country who are interested in Mr. Howard's wonderful 
 conception is infinitely more numerous than one might believe, and that grand social 
 movement, 'The Garden Cities,' is followed intimately and with the greatest sympathy by 
 all those who concern themselves with the great political questions of our day and, above 
 all, of industrial countries like our own. 
 
 " Unfortunately, I have to make a confession of our lack of success in Belgium. On 
 several occasions my friends and I have tried to realise that dream of a Garden City, of a 
 simple Garden Village even, and every time we have failed, but I hasten to add that that 
 failure does not apply in any way to the idea, for everybody, without distinction of party, 
 finds it superb. 
 
 " In this country we find ourselves face to face with conditions as to land tenure, etc., 
 which really in a measure make the Garden City unreaHsable in Belgium. But Mr. Howard's 
 idea has none the less a very sensible echo in Belgium, and it has strengthened very much 
 the sense of the absolute necessity of remedying in a definite manner the overcrowding of 
 the towns." ' 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Mr. D. de Clercq, of Bloemendaal, who has succeeded Mr. Bruyn as the secretary of 
 the Dutch Garden City Association, has during the past few years given a large number 
 of lectures on the Garden City movement and has collected a good deal of literaAre and a 
 number of lantern slides. He has arranged to translate this book into his native language. 
 He reports : — 
 
 " I very much regret to say I cannot give very good news of the movement in Holland. 
 We have tried several times to start a society for actual work, but although we have got a 
 few people together, we have not been able to go further. It seems that Holland is not yet 
 ready for the movement, the reason being perhaps that we have here only a few big towns, 
 and hundreds of small towns and thousands of villages, with cheap houses and gardens, 
 while the rich people have their country seats quite close to the great towns. I have 
 lectured a good many times on the subject and a number of people have taken interest in 
 the movement. We intend to continue our lecturing and our propaganda, and by the 
 translation of your books into Dutch, we shall be able to instruct people in the great idea 
 for which you have been responsible." 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Several efforts at reformed housing have been made in Italy, but these have been 
 made chiefly upon the old lines of tenement dwelHngs. Near Milan a trial has been made 
 with cottages, and this issaid to be upon Garden City fines. Repeated appfication, however, 
 has failed to elicit any information as to whether the scheme is on genuine fines, or is another 
 of the pseudo-garden cities which can be found in practically every European country. 
 
 66 
 

 Some German Experiments : i, Nuremberg ; 2, Margaretenhohe ; 3, Hcllerau. 
 
1903-1913- 
 
 _.^_-...Uti«.>-,.. ^ 
 
 Nothing could illustrate more vividly the change which the Garden City 
 movement has effected in regard to the question of housing than the above 
 views. The first is a picture of Woodfield Avenue on the estate of the 
 Ealing Tenants Ltd., the first houses erected by the society before it was 
 influenced by the Garden City movement. The second is Fowler's Walk, 
 on the newer portion of the estate. 
 
HUNGARY, 
 
 Dr. Elemer Kovats, of VI. Andrassy-ut 60, Budapest, has been responsible for the 
 initiation of a Garden City Association for Hungary, which has decided to issue a periodical 
 dealing with the subject. The organisation has only just come into being, but it has con- 
 siderable promises of support. 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 The PoUsh Garden City Association was founded by Dr. Dobrzynski in 1909, at 
 Warsaw, and in connection with this a further society was formed, called " The Society for 
 Permanent Dwellings," with the object of preventing speculative building. This body has 
 obtained the sanction and approval of the Emperor of Russia. In 1910 an important 
 exhibition was held with the idea of securing support for the movement, and at the end of 
 that year an estate of 210 acres on the Vistula was acquired for the establishment of a 
 Garden Suburb. The estate was planned by Mr. Bernouilli, an active member of the German 
 Garden City Association, whose work as an architect has won much praise, axid architects 
 are now at work on the houses, which will be both detached and in blocks. The cheapest 
 house, which will be a two-storey one with four rooms and a garden, will cost 2,600 roubles 
 . (about ^£270). The Association has issued a number of publications and given many 
 lectures. A translation has been made of Mr. Ebenezer Howard's book Garden Cities of 
 To-morrow, and this has had a good circulation in the Russian language. In 1912 a further 
 society was formed called " New Warsaw," with the object of permanently continuing the 
 propaganda. The office of the Association is at Faubourg de Cracovie, 66, Warsaw. 
 
 The garden suburb of New Warsaw has been approved by the authorities, and a new 
 electric tram service has been provided to connect the new suburb with the old town. A 
 great deal of good is expected to come from the establishment of this garden suburb, which 
 is primarily due to the devoted labours of Dr. Dobrzynski, one of the founders of the new 
 International Association, and a sincere exponent of Garden City principles. The necessity 
 for the work may be judged from the fact that with a population of 900,000 people, Warsaw 
 possesses only 7,000 houses — one to each 130 people. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 With M. Dimitri von ProtopopofI and M. Alex Bloch as correspondents, a group of 
 workers has been got together in St. Petersburg, and it is hoped that practical steps will 
 shortly be taken for the establishment of a Garden Suburb. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 A Spanish Garden Cities Association was founded in 1912 by Mr. C. Montoliu, who now 
 acts as Secretary. It bears the name Sociedad Civica La Cuidad Jardin, and has a similar 
 scope to those of other countries. In addition to giving many lectures, the Association 
 has taken part in preliminary steps towards the establishment of a Garden Suburb at Bar- 
 celona, and has issued many publications, Mr. Montoliu having been very active in dissemi- 
 nating information. The registered office of the society is in Barcelona, Calle de Urgel, 187. 
 
 67 
 
^J.Jt^em/^ nro/ceia'f/'opfgae. 
 ^/rze fo_^/m faridy. 
 
 .11,.. QpgrT!TQ«-«-"-'..iu; I....I i.'i-.g «r^ — C^^rn^ 
 
 1 *M^^^™v * fftlTrT^ 
 
 Q 
 
 t 
 
 »^/^ fz/ggerfeo ffeameaf for 
 
 MiA Jerroce/j^oac^ fojormojejpare,aifii 
 OorJen/ oerioeem 
 
 MM ^1 
 
 ^J. /7e/aoa^/eff;/2^ je/aiaefocQea^a/'r/ 
 oJfema/ely mckjjorcoara fo/ecare Joe 
 
 These illustrations, prepared by Mr. H. Clapliam Lander, demonstrate some of the principles of Town Planning 
 
 in Garden Cities and ^nhnrh ^ 
 
THE INTERNATIONAL GARDEN CITIES AND 
 TOWN PLANNING ASSOCIATION 
 
 The International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association was formed on August 
 22nd, 1913, in order to strengthen the international movement for the extension of the 
 knowledge of the principles laid down by Mr. Ebenezer Howard in his book Garden Cities 
 of To-morrow. 
 
 President — ^Mr. Ebenezer Howard. 
 
 Chairman — ^Mr. G. Montagu Harris. 
 
 Hon. Secretary — Mr. Ewart G. Culpin. 
 
 Offices — 3, Gray's Inn -Place, Gray's Inn, London, W.C. 
 
 Committee — ^The Committee consists of representatives of affiliated Societies in the 
 following countries : — 
 
 Hungary 
 
 The United States 
 
 Canada 
 
 Australia 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 Japan 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Norway 
 
 France 
 
 Holland 
 
 Germany 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Austria 
 
 Spain 
 
 Russia 
 
 Italy 
 
 Poland 
 
 Roumania 
 
 69 
 
A REMARKABLE EXAMPLE OF TOWN PLANNING ON A HILLSIDE. 
 This estate has been laid out on Town Planning lines by Mr. Raymond Unwin, F.R.I.B.A., and Mr. George Bell, 
 A.M.I.C.E., Borough Surveyor of Swansea. The contours are shown at 5 feet distances. The top plan shows how 
 
 this would woric out in actual development. 
 
THE GARDEN CITIES AND TOWN PLANNING 
 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 President — The Hon., Mr, Justice Neville. 
 
 Chairman of Council — Cecil Harmsworth, M.P. 
 
 Chairman of Executive — George L. Pepler, F.S.I. 
 
 Hon. Treasurer — Francis E. Fremantle, F.R.C S. 
 
 Hon. Solicitor — Herbert Warren. 
 
 Hon. Auditors— W. B. Peat & Co. 
 
 COUNCIL. 
 
 *E. R. Abbott. 
 
 Thomas Adams. 
 
 Professor S. D. Adshead (Liverpool). 
 
 H. Colin Allen. 
 tj. H. Barlow (Bournville). 
 
 Mrs. S. a. Barnett. 
 *J. Stanwell Birkett, M.A. 
 tEDGAR L. Chappell (Cardiff). 
 
 Rt. Hon. Lord Charnwood (Lichfield). 
 *tHAROLD Craske (First Garden City 
 
 Ltd.). 
 *tC. M. Crickmer, F.R.LB.A. 
 tWM. Dalziel (Glasgow). 
 
 David Davies, M.P. 
 
 George M. Ll. Davies. 
 
 Dr. Walter E. Ll. Davies. 
 *W. R. Davidge, F.S.I. 
 *Warwick H. Draper, M.A. 
 tA. E. Franklin (Social Welfare 
 
 Association.) 
 *Francis E. Fremantle, F.R.C.S. 
 *tBERNARD Gibson (M.P.G. Assn.) 
 
 G. P. GoocH, M.A. 
 
 H. D. Harben. 
 *G. Montagu Harris, M.A. 
 *Ebenezer Howard. 
 
 Professor H. S. Jevons. 
 
 * Executive Committee. 
 
 Philip T. Kenway. 
 *H. Clapham Lander, A.R.I.B.A. 
 tH. J. Leaning (London Society). 
 
 Bryce Leicester (Liverpool). 
 tF. Litchfield (Co-partnership-Teaants 
 Ltd.). 
 
 T. Alwyn Lloyd. 
 *R. 0. Moon, M.D. 
 
 Rev. C. Moor, D.D. 
 
 J. S. Nettlefold (Birmingham). 
 
 Miss E. M. Nickoll. 
 *G. L. Pepler, F.S.I. 
 
 Assheton Pownall. 
 
 Miss J. Reckitt. 
 tGEORGE Rose (Liverpool). 
 tG. W. Rousham (Hampstead Garden 
 Suburb Trust Ltd.). 
 
 F. Rowntree, F.R.LB.A. 
 tJ. F. Roxburgh (Edinburgh). 
 
 A. S. Soutar, L.R.I.B.A. 
 
 Raymond Unwin, F.R.LB.A. 
 *F. Childe Warren. 
 *Herbert Warren. 
 
 Aneurin Williams, M.A. 
 *Glynne Williams. 
 
 J. Fischer Williams. 
 
 R. A. Yerburgh, M.P. 
 
 ■\ Representative Member. 
 
 71 
 
Secretary and Offices — 
 
 EWART G. CULPIN. 
 
 3, Gray's Inn Place, London, W.C. 
 
 BRANCH AND AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Bolton — ^W. M. Farrington, Borough Hall, Bolton. 
 
 East London — J. Threadkell, 17, Clarissa Road, Chadwell Heath. 
 
 Edinburgh — Geo. Deas Cowan, 31, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. 
 
 Glasgow — J. M. BiGGAR, 180, West George Street, Glasgow. 
 
 Letchworth — R. W. Tabor, Letchworth. 
 
 Liverpool — F. Gray Wallis, 16, Cook Street, Liverpool. 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne — F. W. Shields, Newcastle. 
 
 South Wales — Edgar L. Chappell, 3, Pembroke Terrace, Cardiff. 
 
 Foreign Correspondents. 
 
 Austria — ^Dr. Max Ermers, Glatzgasse 5, Vienna, XIX. 
 
 Belgium — Charles Didier, rue Armand Campenhout, Brussels. 
 
 Canada (Halifax) — R. M. Hattie, 27, Coburg Road, HaHfax. 
 
 Canada (Montreal) — ^W. H. Atherton, Ph.D., City Improvement League, 
 62, Beaver Hall Hill. 
 
 Canada (Regina) — R. E. A. Luck, Secretary, City Planning Association. 
 
 France — G. Benoit-Levy, ii, rue Malebranche, Paris. 
 
 Germany — ^Adolf Otto, Schlachtensee, bei Berlin. 
 
 Holland — D. de Clerq, Bloomendaal. 
 
 Hungary — Dr. Elemer Kovats, vi, Andrassy-ut 60, Budapest. 
 
 Japan — Mr. Masao Ito, Osaka Higher Commercial School, Japan. 
 
 Norway — T. Schlytter, Christiania. 
 
 Poland — Dr. Dobrzynski, Faubourg de Cracovie 79, Warsaw. 
 
 Roumania — Emil Guirgea, Strade Lueger, 10, Bucharest. 
 
 Russia — Dimitri von Protopopoff, 14, Kabinetskaja, St. Petersburg. 
 
 Spain — ^M. Montohu, Musee Social, Calle de Urgel, num. 187, Barcelona. 
 
 United States — Dr. E. E. Pratt, 192, Claremont Avenue, New York City. 
 
 72 
 
The Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 
 Association. 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND RULES. 
 I.— Title. 
 
 The name of the Association shall be " The Garden Cities and Town Planning 
 Association." 
 
 II.— Objects. 
 
 The objects of the Association are : — 
 {a) To promote Town Planning. 
 
 Q>) To advise on, draw up schemes for, and promote Garden Cities, Garden 
 Suburbs, and Garden Villages. 
 
 (f) Housing and the improvement of its sanitation. 
 
 {d) The collection and dissemination of information as to the above. 
 {/) The education of public opinion in these matters. 
 (/) The influencing and promotion of legislation. 
 
 (g) The improvement of local bye-laws. 
 
 III. — Membership. 
 
 The Association shall consist of a Central Society and Branches. The Central Society 
 shall comprise : (a) Honorary Fellows ; {b) Members ; and (c) Delegate Members. 
 
 Honorary Fellows shall be elected at General Meetings on the nomination of the 
 Council, for services rendered to the ideals of the Association. 
 
 Members shall pay a minimum subscription of 5s. per annum. 
 
 Delegate Members shall be the representatives of Societies approved by the Council, 
 in respect of whose membership such Society shall pay a minimum subscription of los. 6d., 
 and such members shall be Members of the Council, and shall otherwise have the same 
 powers and rights as ordinary members. Each such Society may send one Delegate 
 Member. 
 
 IV. — Management. 
 
 I. Council. 
 
 («) Composition. — The management of the Association shall be vested in a Council 
 of not more than fifty members, of whom thirty shall be elected annually. The remaining 
 twenty Members shall include ex-ofjicio Members, representatives of Branches and Delegate 
 Members, and the Council may at any time fill up any vacancies by co-option. 
 
 {b) Election. — Fourteen days before the Annual General Meeting the Secretary shall 
 send by post to each Member a form inviting nominations for the Council and Officials of 
 the Association. The names so nominated shall be submitted to the Annual General 
 
 73 
 
Meeting for its selection. The Council shall elect its own Chairman at its first meeting 
 after the Annual General Meeting. 
 
 (c) Meetings. — -The Council shall meet quarterly. Special meetings may be called 
 by the Secretary with the authority of the Chairman or on the application of not less than 
 ten Members of the Council. Seven shall form a quorum. 
 
 2. Executive. 
 
 (a) Appointment. — ^At its first meeting after the Annual General Meeting the Council 
 shall elect from its members an Executive Committee of not more than fifteen members. 
 
 (b) Powers. — Subject to the authority of the Council, the Executive Committee shall 
 exercise all powers necessary for the management of the Association, and shall appoint a 
 Finance Committee, and may at its discretion appoint sub-committees, composed either 
 of its own members or other members of the Association, with or without other persons, 
 for the advancement of the purposes enumerated in Rule II., and for any other purposes 
 such as Prospecting and Planning, Legal and Parliamentary, Housing and Public Health, 
 Architecture and Building, Agriculture (including Small Holdings and Allotments),, 
 Engineering (Roads, etc.). General Purposes and Finance, Women's Organisation Com- 
 mittee, Joint Committees with First Garden City Limited, and similar companies, Foreign 
 Tours, Lectures, and otherwise as it may think fit. Casual vacancies shall be filled bv co- 
 option. 
 
 3. Special Committees. 
 
 The Council shall have power to appoint such other Committees as it thinks fit, and 
 to co-opt on such Committees persons who are not Members of the Association. 
 
 v.— Officials. 
 
 The Association shall have a President, Vice-Presidents and Treasurer, who shall be 
 elected at the Annual General Meeting, or in default thereof, by the Council. The Chairman 
 of the Executive shall be appointed by the Executive. The Executive shall be empowered 
 to appoint a Secretary and such other officials as may be necessary. «, 
 
 The President and the Honorary Tresisurer shall be ex-officio Members both of the 
 Council and of the Executive. The Chairman of the Council and Executive and the 
 Honorary Treasurer shall be ex-officio Members of all Committees. 
 
 VI. — Branches. 
 
 Whenever the Executive thinks fit, and upon the application of residents in any 
 locality, the Association shall recognise a Branch for such locality, if not within the area 
 of any Society already constituted, which should be aifihated to the Association upon the 
 following terms : — 
 
 1. That the Branch will subscribe to the principles of the Association as set out in 
 the official handbook, and will undertake to conform to those principles. 
 
 2. That each Branch shall pay an annual sum to the Association amounting to 20 
 per cent, of the gross subscriptions, this to entitle the Branch to the following benefits : 
 
 («) A copy of the journal free for each subscriber of 5s., and other literature at trade 
 
 prices. Journals to be supplied in bulk. 
 Q)) Services of a Lecturer, if required, on the payment of out-of-pocket expenses, 
 
 and the help and advice of the central organisation. 
 {c) Each Branch shall be entitled to send one representative to act on the Council 
 
 of the Association, and one Delegate to the General Meeting for any number of 
 
 members up to 50, two up to 100, and one for each additional 100. 
 
 74 
 
3- The Central Association is not to be debarred from receiving subscriptions direct 
 from any person in the district of the Branch, whether a Member of the Branch or not, 
 and such person subscribing direct to the funds of the Association shall have direct repre- 
 sentation, according to General Rules 3 and 4. 
 
 4. That the Association will not accept any financial responsibility in respect of any 
 Branch. 
 
 5. That Garden Cities and Town Planning shall be recognised by each Branch 
 as its official organ, to which local information should be supplied. 
 
 6. No Branch shall be recognised as such until it has received the Certificate of 
 Membership from the Council. 
 
 7. A copy of the audited accounts, and list of local subscriptions for the previous 
 twelve months shall be sent to the Central Office not later than January 14th each year. 
 
 VII. — Accounts. 
 
 No accounts shall be paid unless and until they have been authorised or passed by 
 the Finance Committee. 
 
 VIII. — Annual General Meeting. 
 
 An Annual General Meeting shall be held at such date, hour and place as the Executive 
 may appoint, after giving not less than fourteen days' notice by post to each Member. 
 
 IX. — Special General Meeting. 
 
 The Council may, at any time, and shall, upon a written requisition sent to the Secre- 
 tary by Twenty Members, call a Special General Meeting of the Members, giving not less 
 than seven days' notice by post, stating the purposes of the Meeting. At such Meeting 
 fifteen shall form a quorum. 
 
 X. — Annual Report. 
 
 At the Annual General Meeting a report by the Council on the transactions of the 
 Association and an audited statement of accounts shall be presented for adoption. The 
 report and accounts shall apply to the year ending December 31st. 
 
 XI. — Alteration of Rules. 
 
 These Rules may be altered at the Annual General Meeting or at any Special General 
 Meeting convened in due form for that purpose. At least fourteen days' notice of any 
 proposed alteration must be given to the Secretary, and such proposed alterations must 
 be set out in the notice convening the meeting. 
 
 75 
 
H- - — -'.. ar- o" 
 
 
 Main road lOO feet wide, metalled only for 35 feet. 
 
 j!(3'0'>!t-5'0-;(---8' o"- 
 
 100 -o" 
 
 80 feet roadway, with 35 feet metalled and 22 feet devoted to grass margins. 
 
 50 feet roadway with :8 feet metalled but a minimum of 82 feet 
 between the buildings 
 
 50 feet roadway without grass margins 
 which will be constructed ^ly in the 
 case uf widenings to certain existing roads. 
 
 42 feet roadway with 18 feet metalled but a minimum 36 feet roadway with 18 feet metalled but a minimum 
 of 72 feet between the building lines. of 72 feet between the building lines. 
 
 20 feet roadway with 8 feet metalled but a minimum 60 feet roadway on an embankment showing 2 ft. 6 ins, 
 of 72 feet between the building lines. allowance on either side beyond the boundary lines. 
 
 TYPES OF ROADS ADOPTED FOR THE HARBORNE-QUINTON TOWN PLANNING 
 
 SCHEME. 
 
The Town Planning Act. 
 
 It has been announced that schemes have been prepared by local authorities 
 and submitted to the Local Government Board for approval in the following cases : — 
 
 Birmingham Corporation. — The Quinton, Harborne and Edgbaston Town Planning 
 Schemes relating to an area of about 2,320 acres in the city. (Now finally approved.) 
 
 Birmingham Corporation. — The East Birmingham Town Planning Scheme relating to an 
 area of about 1,442 acres in Aston, in the eastern part of the city. 
 
 Rochdale Corporation. — The Rochdale Town Planning Scherne (Marland) relating to an 
 area of about 43 acres in the borough. 
 
 Ruislip-Northwood Urban District Council. — ^An area of about 5,906 acres in the urban 
 district and in the parish of Rickmansworth (rural) in the rural district of Watford. 
 
 In the following additional cases the Board are stated to have given 
 authority for the preparation of schemes by local authorities : — 
 
 Bournemouth Corporation. — An area of about 202 acres in the Boscombe East and South- 
 bourne Wards of the borough. 
 
 Bournemouth Corporation. — An area of about 223 acres in the Southbourne Ward of the 
 
 borough. 
 Blackburn Corporation.- — An area of about 887 acres in the borough and in the rural district 
 
 of Blackburn. 
 
 Carshalton Urban District Council. 
 
 Cheadle and Gatley Urban District Council. — 471 acres. 
 
 Chesterfield Corporation. — A small area of about 64 acres in the borough. 
 
 Ellesmere Port and Whitby Urban District Council.— An area of about 3,539 acres in^the 
 
 urban district and in the rural district of Chester. 
 Finchley Urban District Council. — ^An area of about i',044 acres in the urban district. 
 Halifax Corporation. — ^An area of about 877 acres in the Ovenden and Illingworth Wards 
 
 of the borough. 
 Halifax Corporation.— An area of about 749 acres in the Warley, Copley, Illingworth, 
 
 Ovenden and Pellon Wards of the borough. 
 Hanwell Urban District Council.— An area of about 198 acres in the urban district. 
 Leeds Corporation. — Six acres. 
 
 Liverpool Corporation.— An area of about 88 acres near the eastern boundary of the city. 
 Liverpool Corporation.— An area of about 1,220 acres in the city and in the urban district 
 
 of AUerton. 
 Luton Corporation.— An area of about 4,266 acres in the borough and in the rural district 
 
 of Luton. 
 Much Woolton Urban District Council.— An area of about 993 acres in the urban districts 
 
 of Much Woolton, Little Woolton, and AUerton, and in the rural district of Whiston. 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne Corporation.— A small area of about 53 acres in the city and in the 
 
 urban district of Gosforth. 
 
North Bromsgrove Urban District Council. — An area of about 554 acres in ttie urban 
 district. 
 
 Oldbury Urban District Council. — An area of about 1,763 acres in the Warley portion of 
 the urban district. 
 
 Prestwich Urban District Council. — 1,900 acres. 
 
 Richmond (Surrey) Corporation. 
 
 Scarborough Corporation. — A small area of about 40 acres in the borough. 
 
 Sheffield Corporation. — An area of about 488 acres at Greystones and Bannerdale in the 
 city. 
 
 Sheffield Corporation. — ^An area of about 97 acres at Sandygate in the city. 
 
 Sheffield Corporation. — An area of about 624 acres at Firth Park, Wincobank and Shire 
 
 Green in the city. 
 Southport Corporation. — An area of about 2,848 acres in the borough. 
 Stockport Corporation. 
 
 Stoke on-Trent Corporation. — An area of about 83 acres in the borough. 
 Sutton Coldfield Corporation. — An area of about 6,378 acres in the borough. 
 
 Twickenham Urban District Council. — An area of about 1,860 acres in the urban districts 
 of Twickenham, Heston and Isleworth. 
 
 Walthamstow Urban District Council. — An area of about 1,530 acres in the urban district. 
 
 Warrington Corporation. — An area of about 1,456 acres in the borough. 
 
 Wirral Rural District Council. — An area of about 5,742 acres, consisting of the parishes of 
 Great Sutton, Little Sutton, Childer Thornton, Hooton, and Eastham. 
 
 Wirral Rural District Council. — An area of about 3,431 acres, consisting of the parishes of 
 Heswell-cum-Oldfield, Gayton, Pensby, and Barston. 
 
 Wirral Rural District Council. — Two areas of 4,526 acres and 3,013 acres. 
 
 Applications for authority to prepare schemes have been made by: — 
 
 Hazel Grove and Bramhall Urban District Council. • 
 
 Hunslet Rural District Council. 
 
 Halifax No. 3 Scheme. 
 
 Ham Urban District Council. 
 
 Newton-in-Makerfield Urban District Council. 
 
 Sheffield Corporation No. 6 Scheme. 
 
 Bridlington Corporation. 
 
 Doncaster Rural District Council. — Over 5,000 acres. 
 
 In the following case the Local Government Board have given authority to a 
 Corporation to adopt with modifications a scheme proposed by owners of land : — 
 Middleton Corporation. — An area of about 300 acres in the borough. 
 
 In one case, that of an application from the Corporation of Rochester relating to 
 a very small area, the Board were unable to give the authority asked for as the land 
 was for the most part held by the Secretary of State for War, and being Crown lands 
 could not be included in a town planning scheme. 
 
 Preliminary notices have been given under the regulations by the following 
 local authorities with a view to application being made to the Board for authority to 
 prepare schemes, viz.: — 
 
 78 
 
Acton Urban District Council. 
 
 Barnet Valley Urban District Council. 
 
 Barrow-in-Furness Corporation. 
 
 Bristol Corporation. 
 
 Chesterfield Corporation. 
 
 Doncaster Rural District Council (No. 2). 
 
 Finchley Urban District Council. 
 
 Hull Corporation. 
 
 Middlesbrough Corporation. 
 
 Nelson Corporation. 
 
 Shrewsbury Corporation. 
 
 Willesden Urban District Council. 
 
 It is probable that notices have been given in many other cases. 
 
 Other cases in which proposals for schemes are under consideration. — In 31 other 
 cases the Local Government Board reported in November last that information 
 in their possession would seem to indicate that the consideration of the matter by 
 the local authority has reached a stage practically equivalent to a decision to proceed 
 with a scheme. Since then other authorities have been reported in the press as 
 taking preliminary steps. The following is a list of authorities reported to have 
 proposals for schemes under consideration : — 
 
 Allerton Urban District Council. 
 
 Barnes Urban District Council. 
 
 Bath Corporation. 
 
 Beckenham Urban District Council. 
 
 Bentley Urban District Council. 
 
 Birmingham Corporation. — Three areas. 
 
 Bolton-upon-Dearne Urban District Council. 
 
 Bredbury and Romiley Urban District Council 
 
 Caerphilly Urban District Council. 
 
 Cheadle and Gatley Urban District Council. 
 
 Cleckheaton Urban District Council. 
 
 Colne Corporation. 
 
 Coventry Corporation. 
 
 Croydon Corporation. 
 
 Croydon Rural District Council. 
 
 Denton Urban District Council. 
 
 Doncaster Corporation. 
 
 Greenford Urban District Council. 
 
 Grimsby Rural District Council. 
 
 Hailsham Rural District Council. 
 
 Hendon Urban District Council. 
 
 Heston Isleworth Urban District Council. 
 
 Huddersfield Corporation. 
 
 79 
 
Kingston-upon-Hull Corporation. 
 
 Lincoln Corporation. 
 
 Little Bebington Urban District Council. 
 
 Little Woolton Urban District Council. 
 
 Maidens (The) and Coombe Urban District Council. 
 
 Manchester Corporation. 
 
 Mansfield Corporation. 
 
 Merton Urban District Council. 
 
 Mexborough Urban District Council. 
 
 Middleton Corporation. 
 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne Corporation. 
 
 Otley Urban District Council. 
 
 Portsmouth Corporation. 
 
 Ripon Corporation. 
 
 Rotherham Rural District Council. 
 
 Scarborough Corporation. 
 
 Sedgley Urban District Council. 
 
 Sheffield Corporation. 
 
 Shoreham-by-Sea Urban District Council. 
 
 Smethwick Corporation. 
 
 Southall-Norwood Urban District Council. 
 
 Southgate Urban District Council. 
 
 Stockport Corporation. 
 
 Stoke-on-Trent Corporation. 
 
 Surbiton Urban District Council. 
 
 Sutton (Surrey) Urban District Council. 
 
 Tynemouth Corporation. • 
 
 Wallasey Corporation. 
 
 Wallsend Corporation. 
 
 Warrington Rural District Council. 
 
 Yeovil Corpyoration. 
 
 York Corporation. 
 
 In numerous other cases the question of preparing a scheme is under considera- 
 tion without any definite steps being decided upon, and in this connection the 
 following cases may be mentioned : — 
 
 Birkenhead Corporation. 
 
 Bispham with Norbreck Urban District Council. 
 
 Bognor Urban District Council. 
 
 Bolton Corporation. 
 
 Brixham Urban District Council. 
 
 Buckhurst Hill Urban District Council. 
 
 Burnley Corporation. 
 
 Bushey Urban District Council. 
 
 Christchurch Corporation. 
 
 80 
 
Darfield Urban District Council. 
 
 Eastry Rural District Council. 
 
 Enfield Urban District Council. 
 
 Epsom Rural District Council. 
 
 Epsom Urban District Council. 
 
 Esher and the Dittons Urban District Council. 
 
 Exeter Corporation. 
 
 Gosport and Alverstoke Urban District Council. 
 
 Hale Urban District Council. 
 
 Harrogate Corporation. 
 
 Heme Bay Urban District Council. 
 
 Hessle Urban District Council. 
 
 Irlam Urban District Council. 
 
 Leek Urban District Council. 
 
 Little Crosby Urban District Council. 
 
 Margate Corporation. 
 
 Newport (Mon.) Corporation. 
 
 Northwich Urban District Council. 
 
 Ormesby Urban District Council. 
 
 Ossett Corporation. 
 
 Rotherham Corporation. 
 
 Sidmouth Urban District Council. 
 
 Stanley Urban District Council. 
 
 Stourbridge Urban District Council. 
 
 Stratton and Bude Urban District Council. 
 
 Stretford Urban District Council. 
 
 Thornton Urban District Council. 
 
 Thurnscoe Urban District Council. 
 
 Wath-upon-Dearne Urban District Council. 
 
 Wakefield Corporation. 
 
 Wembley Urban District Council. 
 
 Wetherby Rural District Council. 
 
 Weymouth Corporation. 
 
 Wrexham Corporation. 
 
 It will be seen that the names of several local authorities occur in more than one 
 of the foregoing lists, and in these cases the entries refer to different schemes. 
 
 There can be little doubt that many other authorities are contemplating town 
 planning schemes. The City of Sheffield alone has ten schemes under consideration. 
 
 8( 
 
H- 
 
 Garden Cities & Garden Suburbs. 
 
 Et 
 
 131 
 
 Q One of the chief difficulties in the 
 development of estates is that of secur- 
 ing the necessary financial assistance. 
 
 Q[ If intending residents can be enabled to pur- 
 chase their dwellings, the difficulty is largely 
 overcome. 
 
 The 
 
 Co-operative Permanent 
 Building Society 
 
 has made a SPECIALITY of this business, and 
 has rendered valuable assistance in the develop- 
 ment and completion of many Garden Cities 
 and Suburbs. 
 
 ITS METHODS ARE CLEAR AND SIMPLE. 
 
 ITS SETTLEMENTS ARE PROMPT. 
 
 ITS TERMS ARE REASONABLE. 
 
 ITS FUNDS ARE AMPLE. 
 
 (\ Consideration will be given to all inquiries and 
 information supplied free of charge. 
 
 PROSPECTUS, FORMS, AND FULL PARTICULARS MAY BE OBTAINED FROM 
 
 G. C. DEPT., 
 
 22, RED LION SQUARE, LONDON, W.C. 
 
 TB,.c.«o.P.: Tl^ CENTRAT.. ARTHUR WEBB, P.C.I.S., S^an^^^. 
 
 =0 
 
DO YOU WANT A GOOD INVESTMENT AT 4 J PER CENT ? 
 
 We can use Additional Capital with advantage in the 
 provision of Cottages on this Estate. We are now 
 booking further houses to TENANT 
 INVESTORS before we have com- 
 menced to build them. By investing, 
 however small an amount, you will 
 be helping a good scheme of 
 Healthy Town Plan- 
 ning and Housing. 
 
 Extract from "Garden 
 Cities and Town Planning 
 Magazine" ; 
 
 " Tenants are entering into possession 
 of their houses on a Co-partnership basis 
 which provides some new features of interest." 
 The harmonious co-operation of the Tenant, with a 
 financial interest in the estate, is the best possible secu- 
 rity that your investment will be a good one. 
 
 You can invest in Loan Stock at 4|% from £10 and in multiples of £10. 
 
 Address: SECRETARY, 
 
 SUTTON GARDEN SUBURB LIMITED, 
 1, WOODEND, SUTTON, SURREY. 
 
 No Agents 
 
 The Pioneer Garden Suburb 
 
 ^ (EALING TENANTS LTD.). 
 
 FREEHOLD PROPERTY DEC, 1912, ^218,000. 
 
 Paid-up Capital - - Shares, ^27,500. 
 
 Loan Stock, ^52,000. 
 
 Affords a means for safe and progressive investment, and is now requiring further 
 
 Capital for development. 
 
 LOAN STOCK invested in multiples of £10 receives 4| per cent, per annum 
 
 Interest (payable half-yearly, June 30th and December 31st). 
 
 LOANS for short or long periods, withdrawable on notice received, at 3 to 4 per 
 cent. Interest, according to amount and term of notice required. 
 
 Send a Post Card to " G.C," Ealing Tenants Limited, 1, Winscombe Crescent, Ealing, for illustraied booklet and 
 
 particulars of investments. 
 
THE MODEL COTTAGER 
 HOUSING SPECIALITY 
 
 FOR 
 
 GARDEN CITIES and MODEL VILLAGES 
 
 KITCHEN VIEW. 
 
 GREAT ECONOMY IN SPACE, 
 COAL AND LABOUR ■ NO 
 FROZEN PIPES ■ NO RISK 
 OF EXPLOSION ■ NO STEAM 
 PRESSURE. 
 
 DETAILS, SPECIFICATION, AND 
 ESTIMATES SUBMITTED FREE. 
 
 SUPPLIED TO 
 
 LETCHWORTH GARDEN CITY 
 BOURNVILLE • PORT SUNLIGHT 
 HIGHAMS PARK • SWANSEA 
 NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ■ SHEFFIELD 
 HEREFORD -MANCHESTER- GIDEA 
 PARK & BELFAST GARDEN VILLAGES 
 
 HIGHEST AWARD 
 ROYAL SANITARY INSTITUTE. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 SCULLERY VIEW. 
 
 CORNES & HAIGHTON 
 
 T....: ENGINEERS AND MANUFACTURERS, ,__, 
 coxT«.»Lo»no» 240, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON, W.C '^° =°- ^^^^ 
 
 CARDIFF SHOWROOMS: 55, sr. mary street, works : NELSON AND COLNE. 
 
ALL ABOUT 
 TOWN PLANNING. 
 
 For advice and assistance about Town Plan- 
 ning, for, Literature, Lantern Slides, Photos, etc., 
 readers should apply to the Secretary, 
 
 GARDEN CITIES AND TOWN PLANNING 
 
 ASSOCIATION, 
 
 3, GRAYS INN PLACE, W.C. 
 
 The Association which brought about the 
 creation of Letchworth Garden City, and has 
 since promoted other schemes for model residen- 
 tal areas, exists solely for : — 
 
 (a) To promote Town Planning. 
 
 (3) To advise on, draw up schemes for, and 
 promote Garden Cities, Garden Sub- 
 urbs, and Garden Villages. 
 
 (c) Housing and the improvement of its 
 
 sanitation. 
 
 (d) The collection and dissemination of in- 
 
 formation as to the above. 
 
 (e) The education of public opinion in these 
 
 matters. 
 
 (_/") The influencing and promotion of legis- 
 lation. 
 
 (g) The improvement of local bye-laws. 
 
 Advice and assistance is given without charge 
 or fee, the Association being an honorary body, 
 deriving its income solely from private subscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 Landowners, Municipal Officers or Private 
 Individuals interested in the promotion of any 
 scheme designed in the public interest are invited 
 to communicate with the Secretary. 
 
 The Association is entirely non-partisan and 
 non-sectarian. 
 
 It provides free lantern lectures all over the 
 Country, and is the oldest orginisation working 
 for the better Housing of the people combined 
 with Modern Town Planning. 
 
 Write for particulars to : — 
 
 EWART G. CULPIN, 
 
 Secretary, Garden Cities and Toivn Planning tAaociation, 
 
 3, GRAYS INN PLACE, LONDON, W.C. 
 
 Every Town Planner 
 
 and everybody connected with 
 Garden City, Garden Suburb, 
 or Garden Village Schemes, 
 
 SHOULD READ 
 
 Garden Cities 
 
 and 
 
 >> 
 
 Town Planning 
 
 A monthly illustrated maga- 
 zine containing articles by 
 the chief authorities on every 
 phase of the movement. The 
 only publication dealing ex- 
 clusively with these important 
 matters. 
 
 Editd by Em art G. Culpin. 
 PRICE, THREEPENCE MONTHLY. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 P. S. King & Son, 
 
 Orchard House, Great Smith St., S.W. 
 
 EDITORIAI, AND 
 ADVERTISING OFFICES: 
 
 3, GRAY'S INN PLACE, W.C. 
 
 GARDEN CITY PRESS UMITED, PRINTERS, LETCHWORTH.