Cornell University Library QE 131.A15 New Year announcement of the Bureau of g 3 1924 003 948 969 NEW YEiR 4NNOUI3>CEME|fT THE BUREAU OF GEOLOGf AND MINES SSOtJRI. .gEFFERSON CITYnJAlUARY i, 1900. JNO. A. OALLAHER, State Qwldrgist. JEFlBSSON'OITT, MOj: TKipUKK PMJiTIKa COMPAirr, STAT:I^ PMNTBR8 AND BINDERS. Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003948969 NEW YEAR. ANNOUNCEMENT THE BUREAU OE GEOLOGY AND MINI MISSOURI. JEFFERSON CITY, JANUARY i, 1900. JNO. A. QALLAHER, State Qealogist. '^^^'^ JBFFEKSON CITY, MO.: TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANT, STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS. IS'OO. 3) BOARD OF MANAGERS. His Excellency, LON V. STEPHENS l^resldent Hon. O. A. CRANDALL Vlee-Presldeut Hon. LEWIS M. EDMSEY, T Hon. G. W. B. OAEEETT, I Associate Members Dr. JOHN S. LOGAN, J JNO. A. GALLAHER State Geologist NEW YEAR ANNOUNCEMENT. To Eis Excellency, Lon T. Stephens, President, the other Honorable Mem-, hers of the Board of Managers and the Public: That all, who read and think and are in any way interested in the geology or mineral resources of Missouri, may share equally in the val- uable information collected in the field, I beg to submit this New Year Announcement. When I started on field work, some two years ago, the geological record (sedimentary rocks) of Missouri had never been differentiated, described and named. The Silurian, Devonian and Subcarboniferous sections, between the Magnesian Lens and the Coal Measures, had been much discussed and thus made somewhat familiar objects to a com- paratively few people. But the ten (10) Cambrian and eight (8) Silu- I'ian members of the Magnesian Lens had never been differentiated, described and named. Neither had the twenty-nine (29) Coal horizons of the Lower, Middle and Upper Coal Measures been differentiated, described and named. I have been two years making a personal reconnoissan'ce of the -State and differentiating its rocks, so that I could proceed logically in the delineation of its geology. Very many readers will, I trust, appre- ciate both the importance of that work and the unselfish effort re- quired to make it exhaustive. The rocks are now differentiated, by their individual lithologic and fossil characters, but another season of active field work will be required to get the exact boundaries of the areas in which some of the most important rocks are now the surface rocks. Then, we will have gotten the requisite data for Reports on -Structural and Economic Geology; as well as, the essential data for de- lineating the Vertical Zones and for an up-to-date Geological Map of Missouri. In the meantime, all of the publications of former State Geolo- gists, books and maps alike, that contained anything of practical value, have been distributed. Realizing the importance of proceeding logically, it was the original intention of the Board of Managers that J should complete my personal reconnoissance of the State and collect all of the required data, before publishing any Reports or Maps. But the demand for definite information, about the geology and mineral resources of Missouri, is growing so rapidly I have been ordered to discontinue field work for the present and get out a Preliminary Re- port this winter. Pending that, my desk is flooded each day with polite requests for specific information, which doubtless belongs to the public, as much as to the individual. And that is the explanation I have to offer for this prelude to the foi'thcoming Preliminary Report. I cannot undertake to convey to the public, all of the valuable information I have collected in the field, through individual letters. Neither can I do justice to such an extensive correspondence while preparing the Report. OUR GREAT COUNTRY ROCKS. Commencing with the Primordial Base of our geological record, the rocks involved in it are chiefly granite, gneiss and mica-schist; with the dyke rocks, pegmatite, diabase and porphyry, characteristic of such country. That the topography of our Primordial base is sharply de- flned, or rugged, is a fact of great economic importance. As will be shown hereafter, an acute knowledge of the basal topography helps us to analyze the local structure and determine the subdrainage zones, wherein our greatest ore bodies have been concentrated. In the Primordial areas of Wayne, Madison, Iron, St. Francois and Ste. Genevieve counties, in which the granite rocks have been de- nuded of their sedimentary covering, the same general conditions ob- tain under which rich metal veins are found in other countries. The only reason, I can conceive, why those areas of granite country rock have not been explored for true fissure veins, is because they were not situated in some more romantic or windy country. To say the least, they are very old rocks, on which has doubtless stood a vertical mile of ore-bearing rocks, that have been resolved info their con- stituent elements and carried away to the sea floor; or precipitated in the fissures and other cavities in these ancient bed-rocks. Again, the innumerable dykes of diabase, pegmatite and porphyry suggest that if there really are such things as sublimation veins, they ought to be found in the granite country of Southeast Missouri. If the money that has been wasted on the proverbially barren porphyry had been judiciously expended in searching for metal veins in the granite, it is moi'e than probable that rich deposits would have been found. A few iron-ore concentrations, in the upper surface of por- phyry is about all of value that has been found in that sort of coun- try. Porphyry talus has, it is true, in some cases, served as a receptacle for lead and copper ores that have been derived from decomposed or weathered-out limestones. Some of my readers vi^ill doubtless de- mur to this proposition. They^ have a right to do so, if they like, for I am no oracle; but merely a close observer of nature — of men as well as rocks. However, I am not ready yet to argue that question to a finish, but merely call your attention to this conclusion; that all of our ore bodies are water concentrations, pure and simple. Neither hot water concentrations, nor salt water concentrations; but com- mon cold water concentrations of the metallic elements of decomposed or reconstructed rocks. The maternal function of this cosmic body which we call Earth ' precludes the possibility of purely metallic masses having been thrown up from below. Furthermore, when it is known that all of our great ore bodies occur in the once open structure of certain country rocks and are resting on practically impervious floors, it will devolve on the other side of the house to show at least one place in the Earth through which these ore bodies in Missouri have been thrown up. The Earth is evolving some seventy-four chemical elements with which we are more or less familiar. Everything in nature has a phys- iological function to perform, because it is a part of an organized living whole. Knowing that Earth's water and atmosphere are the vehicles in which are diffused or suspended the essential elements of organic life, that our bodies are not only made up of those ele- ments but continually renewed by them, as well as all of the myriads of forms and individuals of animal and vegetable life, is it not rea- sonable to suppose that Earth's water and atmosphere have to be renewed? Call to mind that this entity which we call life and cling to so tenaciously would cease in five minutes, were it not for the -one element, oxygen, that is suspended in the atmosphere. The first essential element of organic life is cosmic light, de- rived from the Sun. Co-operating with our Imperial Motor, the Sun, our cosmic mother. Earth, evolves the other essential elements; and that is a part of the Synthetic Method, the Physiology, of Nature. Moreover, if everything in nature has a function to perform, for what purpose are the three or four hundred active volcanoes sending out continuous streams of gases and vapors? Earth's maternal func- tion is the key to the whole problem. Her elements are diffused in her water and atmosphere, metals and metalloids alike, and are after- wards concentrated into economic bodies. As I proceed with the de- lineation of what I have observed in the field, please keep this funda- mental fact before you. On that Primordial base of granite, gneiss and mica-schist, trav- ersed and diversified, as it is, by dykes and bosses of diabase, peg- matite and porphyry, rests the famous Magnesian Lens of Missouri. The plane of contact between the Primordial base and the Magnesian Lens is essentially rugged. Manifestly, because the topography of the base is sharp and the lower members of the Lens represent the first Paleozoic sediment deposited on the floors of valleys and basins, in the rugged surface of the Primordial base. THE MAGNESIAN LENS. The Magnesian Lens of Missouri is essentially unique. It has; not an exact equivalent in North America. It is made up of eighteen (18) individual members, the lower ten (10) of which have been differ- entiated as Cambrian and the upper eight (8) of which belong in the Lower Silurian. Sharp granite peaks, porphyry dykes and pegmatite bosses stand up in places, one thousand feet above the common level of the Primordial base and the areas between have been filled up with Cambrian and Silurian deposits. Hence we have contacts, at various, angles, between the Cambrian and First Silurian limestones on the one hand and granite, gneiss, mica-schist, pegmatite or porphyry on the other. CAMBRIAN SECTION. Our Missouri Cambrian Beds have been divided into two sections, viz: Lower and Upper Cambrian. The Lower Cambrian, including the Basal sandstone, consists of five members: First — The Basal sand- stone is a fine-grained, pure white, quartzose sandrock about fifty feet thick, in the central zones of the Primordial valleys, and a variable conglomerate along its outer margins; where its materials were de- rived directly from the granites and porphyries. Second — The White Lead (leed) or First limestone rests conformably on the Basal sand- stone. It is usually a white, intensely crystalline and cavernous rock, varying in thickness between ten and fifty feet. This is the horizon or country rock, of some of the greatest disseminated ore bodies in the known world. Third — The Dead Rock or Second limestone is an exceedingly fine-grained rock,' varying in thickness between ten and one hundred and fifty feet. It carries no ores except in the form of vertical fissures or "feeders." Fourth — The Black Lead (leed) or Third limestone is usually a very dark colored coarsely crystalline and cavernous rock, varying in thickness between five and twenty feet. Fifth — The Massive Crystalline Cap-rock or Fourth limestone is a very cavernous rock that has undergone vast reconstruction. Its structure is gnarled and cavernous, but the ore bodies lie mainly in the White and Black Lea:ds or First and Third limestones. This massive crystalline Cap-rock of the Lo-wer Cambrian varies in thickness be- tween two hundred and fifty and three hundred feet. Hence the average total thickness of Lower Cambrian is about four hundred and fifty feet. Persistent sheets or thin lenses of Lingulella shales, at the top and bottom of the Black Lead, will be described in the forthcom- ing Reports, along with six or seven other fossil horizons in the Cam- brian. tThe Upper Cambrian consists also of five members: First — The Lower Green Shales (greywackes) about twenty feet thick and includ- ing some thin layers and isolated lenses of argillaceous limestone. Second — The Lower Mud-rock, about twenty feet thick. Third — The Upper Green Shales (greywackes) about twenty feet thick and also containing some thin layers and lenses of argillaceous limestone. Fourth^The Upper Mud-rock, an argillaceous limestone, about forty feet thick and yielding some good dimension building stone. Fifth — The last or Siliceous Cap-rock of the Upper Cambrian section is about one hundred and fifty feet thick. Right here, I would like to impress upon the mind of the reader, the very important fact, that this last named Siliceous Cap-rock of the Upper Cambrian is the only siliceous limestone in our whole Cam- brian section. The other Cambrian limestones, under it, make abso- lutely no cherts, no drusy quartz, or other siliceous products. This Siliceous Cap-rock is unique in two particulars; it makes vast quan- tities of convoluted cherts and drusy quartz and it weathers in tall narrow columns. In fact, its weathered faces or cliils have much the same appearance as the columnar structure of basalt. The Upper Cambrian is about two-hundred and fifty feet thick and our whole Cambrian section, including the Basal sandstone, is about seven hundred feet thick, in the areas already explored. These rocks will, of course, be more minutely described and their characteristic fossils given in the forthcoming Preliminary Report. Mr. D. K. Greger, late of the New York Survey, and a very enterprising Paleontologist, has been with me, in the field, since Sept. 1st and has rendered in- estimable assistance. The scientific world will doubtless be surprised to learn that we have already located six or seven different fossil horizons, .a dozen or more different genera and two or three dozen different species, in the Cambrian Beds of Missouri. Moreover, these fossil horizons are literally packed, in certain zones, with well preserved fa'^sils. Indeed, fossils are very abundant in both the limestones and the 8 sliales. Parts of two or three hundred individual Trilobites have been found in one small slab of this Cambrian limestone. Well pre- served Brachiopods and Gasteropods occur abundantly in the lime- stone at different horizons. LOWER SILURIAN. Our Lower Silurian section of the Magnesian Lens consists of eight members; four Infusorial sandstones and four Magnesian lime- stones, in alternate succession, described and named as follows: — 1st, the Roubidoux or basal sandstone with an average thickness of about fifty feet; 2nd, the First Silurian limestone with an average, thickness of about four hundred feet; 3rd, the St. Thomas sandstone with an average thickness of about fifty feet; 4th, the Second Silur- ian limestone with an average thickness of about two hundred feet; 5th, the Moreau sandstone with an average thickness of about fifty feet; 6th, the Third Silurian limestone with an average thickness of, about three hundred feet; 7th, the St. Peter sandstone with an aver- age thickness of about fifty feet; 8th, the Fourth Silurian limestone with an average thickness of about two hundred feet (same as Swal- low's First Magnesian). Add to this the Black River and Trenton lime- stones and the Hudson River beds, and you have a complete section of our Lower Silurian. First — The Roubidoux, or basal sandstone of the Lower Silurian, is usually a pure white quartzose sandrock, varying in thickness be- tween ten and two-hundred feet. Roubidoux rests unconformably on all of the upper members of the Cambrian, from the top of the Sili- ceous Cap-rock down to the Massive Crystalline Cap-rock of the Lower Cambrian. Indeed, the under surface of Roubidoux is seen in many places projecting down into old ditches or eroded channels in the upper surface of the Massive Crystalline Cap-rock of the Lower Cam- brian; with all of the Upper Cambrian section missing. This fact suggests a very long interval of time and a very considerable erosion of the Cambrian surface before the Roubidoux sandstone was de- posited. This remarkable contact, together with the radical differ- ences in lithologic and fossil characters of the rocks below and above it, makes a deeply-marked divisional plane between our Cambrian and Silurian sections. The Roubidoux sandstone, barring its numerous Fucoid casts, is not unlike the St. Thomas, the Moreau or the St. Peter sandstone. All of them are massive and false-bedded in places, all of them are thin bedded and stratified in places. All of them are soft and friable in places, all of them are homogeneous quartzites in places. All of 9 them are oolitic quartzites in places, all of them are iron-stained, brown or red in places. And last, but not least, all of them are equally persistent. Inasmuch as it is always present and a very conspicious bench- mark, around the Cambrian areas now recognized in eighteen (18) dif- ferent counties, the Roubidoux sandstone is one of the most impor- tant rocks in our geological record. Its Fucoid casts and its geological relations are, however, its only constant characters, so far observed, in Missouri. Second — the First Silurian limestone rests conformably on Rou- "bidoux sandstone and has an average thickness of about four hundred teet. It is the second great sedimentary country rock, or ore-bear- ing horizon in the Magnesian Lens; and it is the surface rock over large areas in thirty different counties. Its immense thickness and the constancy of its characters make it the greatest individual rock in our geological record. It is the most siliceous limestone in the Mag- nesian Lens; and next to the crystalline limestone of the Cambrian it has undergone most reconstruction. In fact, its gnarled and cav- ■ernous structure so closely resembles that of the Cambrian limestones that either, of them is' easily mistaken for the other. However, when characteristic fossils cannot be found and geolog- ical relations are obscured, there are certain characteristic cherts in this rock that are absolutely constant. Indeed, its cherts are bet- ter witnesses to its identity than its fossils. First, because its fos- sils are mostly obliterated and hard to find; and when found, they are not unlike the fossils in some of the other magnesian limestones above it. Second, because its cherts are always present and bear certain in- dividual charaicters that do not occur in the cherts of any other rock. Such things will, of course, have to be brought out by the photog- rapher. It is impQssible to describe the individualities of these dif- ferent cherts with any words in the English language. It may seem surprising to the casual observer, that by close and persistent obser- vation, the eye can be trained to recognize the siliceous concretions {cherts and drusy quartz) of any rock in our geological record, but it is nevertheless true. The cherts of each and every limestone are stamped with some individual character that remains in them until they are reduced to atoms. When I think of the magnitude of the First Silurian limestone — of the magnificent Greer Spring in Oregon County, the Jumping Spring in Carter, the Blue Spring in Shannon, the Meramec Spring in Phelps, and the Bennett Spring in Laclede, all flowing out of its dark 10 and mysterious caverns, I am almost persuaded that it is the greatest rock in the world. But when I think of the deep serene of the Eound Spring and the weird splendor of Cyclop's Cave, exquisite gems of the Cambrian of Shannon, and more than all, of the wild Niangua and the laughing Ha Ha Tonka with its matchless freaks and inspiring scenery, in the Cambrian zone of Camden, I am at least constrained to say that our Cambrian rocks have no parallels, in mineral wealth or scenic beauty, outside of this unique Magnesian Lens of Missouri. I have now described two of the three great country rocks of Missouri, viz : the First Cambrian (bottom limestone of all) and the First Silurian limestone. You will now have to excuse me for hurry- ing up the column, or vertical section of our sedimentary rocks, about ten or twelve hundred feet, to our third great country rock (with reference to age) known as the Burlington-Keokuk or Carthage lime- stone. It is the second member of our Subcarboniferous section (Bed- Rocks of the Coal Measures) about two hundred and fifty feet thick in its greatest development and rests on the first member of that section, the argillaceous Chouteau Beds. Burlington-Keokuk or Carthage limestone has two alternating^ aspects or typical phases; it is typical Burlington at one place and typical Keokuk at another. But it carries certain constant characters,, lithologic and fossil, under all conditions of occurrence. It is the wall rock, or country rock, of all those rich ore bodies now being mined in the Spring River Valley, in Southwest Missouri. You now have brief descriptions of the three great country rocks- of Missouri. These are the most crystalline and cavernous rocks in Missouri — occurring, not consecutively, but in the ord^r named, witk reference to age. In other words, they are several hundred feet apart in a vertical section, and for that reason, are the surface rocks of dis- tinctly different areas. ORE BODIES AND HOW DISTRIBUTED. Briefly stated, the ore bodies in the First Cambrian limestone are chiefly lead, nickel and cobalt (sulphides) disseminated in the bedding seams and porous texture of this country rock, in wide zones;, and copper ores deposited at its contact with porphyry, pegmatite- or granite. The ore bodies in the First Silurian limestone are chiefly lead, zinc, iron, copper and barium (sulphides, sulphates, oxides and carbonates) deposited in clay-blankets and in vertical fissures. The ore bodies in the Burlington-Keokuk or Carthage limestone are chiefly lead, zinc and cadmium (sulphides, silicates and carbonates) deposited. 11 in reconstructed channels or narrow zones, on lines of fissure, coin- cident with original joint structure in the country rock. With one or two exceptions, all of the paying mines in Missouri are located in the (one time) open structure of one or the other of the above described, three great country rocks. There is, towards the bottom of the Second Silurian limestone, between a cotton rock floor and a true limestone roof, a certain persistent chert bed, which, makes a proper receptacle for water concentrations, when the beds- are all tilted and the chert bed has the requisite open structure. But these requisite conditions,, in the Second Silurian limestone, seem, so far, to have been rarely developed. There are hundreds of mineral prospects and occasionally a small rich deposit in all of the intervening rocks between the First Cam- brian, the First Silurian and the Carthage limestones, but there are no extensive or lasting deposits save one, found in any of them. Mani- festly, for the simple reason that they have not the requisite structure. Open structure is evidently an essential condition for large water con- centrations of metallic elements. In other words, there must have been, at some time, open structure or suitable receptacles, in the present surface rocks, for the concentration of metallic elements, derived from the rocks that have been decomposed and removed. Otherwise, they surely would not now be found under conditions so- suggestive of water concentrations. In short, it is simply wasting time and money to explore for rich deposits of metallic ores, in the close textured, stratified and undisturbed argillaceous cotton rocks of the Second, Third and Fourth Silurian limestones, or in the Mud-rocks and Clay-shales of the Chouteau Beds. Where there is loose structure in the upper sur- face of any one of these rocks, such as dislocations, old canyons, clay- blankets and sinks, it is well enough to prospect, when you have noth- ing else to do. But it is absurd to expect deposits of such magnitude as are found in either of the three great country rocks. And I feel that it is my duty to insist that people quit digging and drilling in the un- disturbed, stratified beds of the intervening rocks where there could not possibly have been a deposit of any importance, for the want of room. If those "unselfish" and "all-knowing" seers, who are continually urging the inexperienced to go deeper and "throw their money at the birds," would "ring-off" or find other employment, their own brains might have a chS,nce to act. The brains of the inexperienced pros- pectors would at least have a chance to act before they have thrown all of their money away. When you have struck solid, undisturbed,. 12 stratified beds in any of these roclcs — even the two great country rocks after the Cambrain — it is time to stop and reflect. You have to sinlc through stratified Cambrain beds to reach the ore-bearing member. In southwest Missouri you have, sometimes, to sink through the lin- ■crystalline, blue, Upper Burlington-Keokuk, cap-rock, to reach the open structure in the crystalline country rock. Outside of these two exceptions, you are simply throwing away your time or money when you dig or drill in the solid, unaltered and undisturbed stratified beds of any other rock. Another fundamental fact, which I want to impress on the mind of the reader, is this: Each one of our three great country rocks rests on a practically impervious floor. This fact suggests that one of the essential conditions for large water concentrations is, primarily, that the impervious floor should lie in the form of a basin or trough; wherein the subdrainage, through the open structure of the country rock, will naturally flow by converging lines towards a central zone in the trough or basin. That calls to mind: the matchless disseminated lead deposits in the Cambrian valleys of Big River and its tributaries, in St. Francois County; the great fissure deposits in the First Silurian in the Mera- mec Valley, in Franklin County; the marvelous accumulations of ores and gangue-minerals in the reconstructed channels of the Burlington- Keokuk in the Spring River Valley, in southwest Missouri. However I will have more time and space and better facilities for describing these rocks and discussing the essential structure in each for great economic deposits, in the forthcoming Preliminary Report. Still more time and exhaustive data for naaking them simple and easy in the later Reports on Structural and Economic Geology, with cross-sec- tions, delineated in vertical zones, and a Geological relief Map, for adjuncts. I simply want to say here and now, to those who are besieging me for definite information in detail, along this line, digest what I have said in this paper and let your own brains act — get into the right structure in one of the three great country rocks, if you want to find n great ore body; or if you are not living on one of these rocks and want to dig near home, get into the kind of structure I have described in the other rocks in which smaller ore bodies are found and dig or •drill and keep at it until I have had time to finish my report. Hoping the information herein contained may help to solve the problems that fire now worrying many good people, I am now begging to be let alone, ii month or two, while ]>reparing a Report that will still further sim- plify the subject. I have recognized Cambrian country in eighteen (18) different counties, viz: Morgan, Camden, Dallas, Laclede, Shannon, Carter, Reynolds, Wayne, Bollinger, Perry, Ste. Genevieve, Madison, St. Fran- cois, Jefferson, Washington, Crawford, Dent and Iron. I have recognized First Silurian Country in thirty different coun- ties, viz: Benton, Morgan, Miller, Camden, Dallas, Laclede, Pulaski^ Texas, Phelps, Maries, Cole, Osage, Gasconade; Franklin, Crawford, Dent, Shannon, Oregon, Ripley, Butler, Carter, Reynolds, Iron, Wash- ington, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Bollinger, Wayne and Mad- ison. I have recognized ore-bearing Burlington-Keokuk in twenty one different counties, viz: Moniteau, Cooper, Saline, Pettis, Benton, St. Clair, Hickory, Cedar, Polk, Webster, Wright, Christian, Stone, Mc- Donald, Green, Lawrence, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Barry and Newton. With emphasis on the last named seven counties, because they lie in the original Spring River Invert. I mean by that — the subdrainage lines from the Magnesian Lens into the open structure of the Burling- ton-Keokuk, before the development of the Rocky Mountains, have never been reversed. The Magnesian Lens has been relatively let down but the subdrainage of the Spring River Valley has not been reversed. While I shall go on contending that these ore bodies are all cold water concentrations of metallic elements that were once diffused mainly in the different members of our Magnesian Lens, I .will try to show that in the three great country rocks only, are to be found the requisite cavernous structure resting on the impervious floors of troughs and basins and, therefore, exposed from time immemorial, to the recon- structive operations of both surface and subdrainage. It was for the ultimate purpose of demonstrating such fundamental facts as these that the special appropriation for core-drilling was made by the 40th General Assembly. This great Magnesian Lens, or "Mother Lode," whence all or most of the metallic elements, in our great ore bodies, have been derived, by the decomposition or reconstruction of its rocks, is a decidedly unique mass. It has been known by the popular name of "Ozark Up- lift." But, with reference to the later development of the Rocky Mountains, it is better named the Magnesian Lens of the Ozark Range. The Ozark Range is an unevenly developed upward fold beginning in Lake Superior and ending in southwestern Texas. In other words, it is a continuation of the eastern axis of our Primordial Continent. "Ozark Uplift" carries with it a radically wrong impression. It is, in fact, rather a down lift than an uplift. The difference in the altitudes of the highest and lowest places in Missouri is little more' 14 than one thousand feet, or about half the thickness of the Magnesian Lens. The Ozark Range must have been, one time, relatively higher ■and more sharply defined than it nov^ is. The vrell known fact I hat the later development of the Rocky Mountains lifted the floor of an inland sea into land surface and inclined it towards the center of the Missis- sippi Basin, is suggestive of some very great alterations. The contour ■of the Ozark Range must have been greatly modified and the drainage lint-s of west-central Missouri must have been reversed. Howbeit, the unique character of the Magnesian Lens is due to -other things entirely. It is manifestly a local lens, ending wedge- like in all directions, save in the narrow sinuous ridge, or deep-seated upward fold, in which some of its later rocks occur all the way to Lake Superior. The eighteen members of this Magnesian Lens al- ready named and partially described, are, altogether, a rare combina- tion, without an exact equivalent in North America. It is a fundamental fact that we reason only by analogy. Know- ing, as we do, that certain forms of marine life, plant and animal, take for their food certain elements directly from the water, and that the organic acids which they give back are very active reagents, we nat- urally conclude that a vast aggregation of these forms in some quiet spot in the ocean, would produce, in the course of time, a vast ac- -cumulation of heterogeneous organic products and other rock min- erals, on that spot in the sea floor. If that spot should be sometime relatively raised into land surface, by the subsidence of other areas in the sea floor, which is the most logical explanation of emergence, would you not expect something unique in the rocks of that area? We have just such conditions of deposit in the three great sar- gasso seas of the present time. In those three great filtering areas of the present ocean, we have vivid illustrations of the conditions and j)rocesses by which our unique Magnesian Lens was doubtless formed in early Paleozoic time. Now, with the metallic elements diffused in the rocks, it is not difficult to understand that, by the decomposition of part and the reconstruction of all, these marvelous ore deposits might easily have been concentrated from the diffused state into economic bodies. Indeed, it is so simple and logical that it must be so. The human mind cannot conceive anything so logical as the Synthetic Method of Nature. I will, therefore, say to our inexperienced prospectors, quit listen- ing to the silly theories of "old experienced miners," quit looking for "^'blow-outs," "upheavals," and "volcanic eruptions" in Missouri. Quit looking for impossibilities anywhere; but give Great Nature a reason- able chance. Never look backwards for perfection, but look always 15 ahead. Human perfection is never behind the procession, but always in front of it. Get into one or the other of the three great country roclis, look for the kind of structure in it that I have described as pe- culiar to it, and dig in the kind of ground in which rich ore bodies are found elsewhere. Let your own brain act, if you ever expect to be a successful miner, and dig or drill as your own common sense may sug- gest. Having thus outlined the scope of the forthconSing Preliminary Report, I will say further that Mr. C. E. DeGroff, an expert field pho- tographer, was in our party during the months of October, November and a part of December, and with our assistance photographed some of the most instructive exposures of all our Missouri rocks, from the granite base up to the basal sandstone of the Coal Measures. Our plan is to continue this feature of the work, under favorable condi- tions, until we have two or three good exposures, and they as widely separated as possible, of each important rock in our geological record. Then, with our whole vertical section differentiated, in its natural order of occurrence, in suitable colors, each member named and de- scribed by its lithological and fossil characters, and further empha- sized by photographs of two or three of its best exposures, it will be an easy matter for the student or the prospector to follow any one of these rocks, as it occurs throughout all vertical zones and geological maps that will be hereafter published. More than that, he can go into the field, recognize the rocks and work out for himself the stru'",- tural and economic geology of his own locality. Then, the Geological Survey of Missouri will have accomplished the fundamental part of the great educational work for which it was established. CORE-DRILLING. It is now generally known throughout the State that the Fortieth General Assembly made a special appropriation for core-drilling, to be expended at the discretion and under the supervision of the Geo- logical Survey. But how and where and for what specific purpose, it is to be used, is not generally known. Therefore, the public is en- titled to at least a brief explanation. Having found, in my personal reconnoissance of the State, that millions of dollars are being thrown away annually on experimental drilling and digging for water, oil, gas, coal and the various metallic ores, in the most improbable rocks or structure for such things to exist in paying quantities, it occurred to me that, with a small ap- propriation for the express purpose of demonstrating that those things 1() do exist in great abundance in certain rocks and certain kinds of structure, millions of dollars might be saved to an enterprising class of people and billions of mineral wealth brought to the light. In the meantime, such experimental core-drilling would supply data, for scientific use, that cannot be otherwise obtained. I had already recognized Cambrain country in a dozen or more counties in South Missouri. I had already recognized a probable gas zone in Cass, EaJ?, Carroll, Livingston, Grundy and Mercer counties; an important coal zone and probable oil zone under it, in Caldwell, Daviess and Harrison counties; a probable coal zone of great local im- portance in the Platte Valley; a probable coal and oil basin in Holt county. Making, in all, a dozen or more unexplored Cambrian zones in South Missouri and the four zones in North Missouri, just described; none of which have ever been explored to any considerable depth. The probable gas zone mentioned is merely a continuation of the same arch or upward fold, in the same rocks, in which the lola gas wells are situated. This fold is apparently well developed about Belton, in Cass county, rising again in Ray county and extending in a broken line far in|;o Mercer County. If gas should jae found in paying quantities, at any point in that zone, it would be an easy matter to trace it in either direction to points where it might be utilized to greater ad- vantage. In the probable oil zone which lies in Caldwell, Daviess and Har- rison counties, there are two sharply defined local basins. Being sit- uated, as they are, in the regular coal measures, those sharply de- fined local basins are almost certain to contain coal beds of great economic value, which would be demonstrated by core-drilling even though oil should not be found in paying quantities under them. I have, however, personal knowledge of the fact that oil (not black bi- tuminous but genuine petroleum) does occur in the zone just men- tioned. If explored to a greater depth and with reference to local structure, it seems quite probable that oil deposits of great value might be located. In the Platte Valley is a sharply defined invert or trough in which the Leavenworth coal lies and is now being worked extensively both in Kansas and Missouri. It would be the most logical thing conceiv- able for the Leavenworth coal to extend, in isolated productive lenses, on the fioor of that trough, to the Iowa line. And there are reasons for believing that some other horizons than that of the Leavenworth coal might be found productive. I mean, of course, thick enough for profitable mining. 17 Finally, the most pronounced basin of all lies near Forest City, in Holt County. But a very deep hole would be required to explore it. Now, if the unexplored Cambrian country, in the sixteen other South Missouri counties, should be found to contain a few zones of disseminated lead, as rich and extensive as those now being worked in Madison and St. Francois, or, should large copper deposits be found which is quite probable, it would be a great saving to Missouri, to have those ores smelted at home or with home fuel. To further simplify this core-drilling proposition, I will say it is a well known fact, that the core-drill cannot be used sucessfully in the reconstructed channels of the Burlington-Keokuk or country rock of southwest Missouri. The only deep-seated ore bodies in the First Silurian are deposited in narrow, vertical fissures, from three to ten feet wide. What practical man would think of going out with a core- drill to look for a fissure? Having found a fissure, only the pick and shovel or the churn-drill can be used successfully in that kind of ground. On the other hand, oil, gas, coal and disseminated lead are de- posited in wide horizontal zones and there are no physical reasons why they should not be explored sucessfully with a core-drill. The disseminated lead deposits in our Cambrian limestones are practically inexhaustible. Therefore, if once demonstrated that one or more of those unexplored Cambrian areas contain rich deposits of dissemi- nated lead, the Managers of B. B. lines need not have any fears that it will be quickly exhausted. The zones of disseminated lead now known to exist in (/ambrian country will not be exhausted in a thou- sand years ; even though they should be worked three times as rapidly as they are now being worked. They are doubtless the most extensive ore bodies and the safest mining propositions in the known world. Further than that, I cannot afford to go, in this announcement. I would not have the people of Missouri think this Survey either su- percilious, erratic, arbitrary or ungrateful, for the whole amount of the special appropriation. But I cannot go further into the details of this matter, for the simple reason that we want to make the best possible contracts for core-drilling; and should we make contracts for drilling, we will have to make contracts with the land owners, by which they will be compelled to pay half of the cost of drilling, in case it should be a failure, and the whole cost of drilling in case the object sought is found in paying quantities. G— 2 18 This core-drilling proposition is, of course, a new departure in this country. It is not a new departure in some other countries, in- habited by a very progressive people. However, it was an original proposition, a new departure, with us; for we had not then been ad- vised of the fact that it is the only method by which the three Aus- tralian governments are developing the mineral resources of that great country. In as much as it was a new departure with us, we wanted to make sure that it would prove to be a wise departure. Hence we could not afford to act hastily, and my personal reconnoissance of the State had not been finished, until the annual meeting of the Board of Managers in December, 1899. In the meantime, while we were busy with other work and could not keep up with correspondence, the newspapers reported us in such a way as to make the impression on the people that all they had to do was to invite us to come and drill, at the expense of the State, where- ever they might suggest. Think of it — millions thrown away each year, drilling and digging in barren ground and the State going out to drill on the same kind of propositions. I am proud to say that some of the best business men in Missouri are active members of the Board of Managers of this Department. Therefore, when the special appropriation has been expended and the smoke has cleared away, we cannot for many reasons, afford to have it said truthfully that we have developed private property or made in- dividuals rich at the expense of the State. Now, there can be but one logical conclusion; while there is no law compelling this Survey to expend that appropriation, we will either go free-handed about this matter and expend it where we think it will do the most for the de- velopment of the mineral resources of Missouri, and for the specific purpose for which it was intended, or else, we will leave it in the State Treasury. Having thus eliminated everything but the four zones, indicated, in North Missouri and the Cambrian country in South Missouri, we are ready to receive bids for core-drilling to depths of 1000 to 3000 feet in North Missouri; and we are ready to receive bids for core-drilling to depths of 300 to 600 feet in the Cambrian limestones of South Missouri. Bids to be opened at the next regular Board Meeting, Second Tuesday in February, 1900. The Board reserving the right to reject any or all bids and to award separate contracts, or not, as.it may elect. After the bids have been opened and contracts awarded (if any contracts shall have been awarded) and before any drilling is done, on the part of the State, special surveys will be made and the land owners notified that the Geological Survey will assume one-half of the 19 risk of demonstrating the existence of oil, gas, coal or metallic ores {as the case may be) in paying quantities in the ground selected by the Oeological Survey. Then, if the land owners, individual or corpora- tion holding, under lease or option, the ground selected by the Geo- logical Survey, shall' respond by entering into such a contract as shair have been approved by the Attorney General of Missouri, core-drilling will proceed as rapidly as practicable under the then existing condi- tions. The Geological Survey will not be "open to conviction;" neither will it be looking for opportunities to divide losses. On the contrary, it will be looking with all of its might for the exact places wherein the logical method of nature might have made such deposits, regard- less of personal, political or any other influence. In short, the Survey will be looking for opportunities to make the other fellows pay for the drilling; and by that method, to get a large amount of drilling, a large amount of valuable information for scientific use and the best possible results, for the public money expended. If we should be successful in one or more of these localities, in each field, the information thus gained would have a positive value and could be utilized in other like localities. If we should fail in all of them, the information gained' by the experiment would still have a negative value which might be utilized to some advantage in other localities. However, I have a conviction that, if there is in this world, any one thing which God loves more than all others, it is an honest effort. Wishing you all a happy and prosperous New Year, I remain, Yours sincerely, > JOHN A. GALLAHEE. PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. SURVEY OF 1853 TO 1862. Schmidt. Chapters XXIX to XXXII treat similarly of the Lead Deposits of Central Missouri, pp. 503 to 577, also by Dr. Schmidt. Chapter XXXIII contains rules for the development of Iron Ore Deposits and Notes on the Metallurgical Properties of Mis- souri Iron Ores, pp. 578 to 600, by A. Schmidt. Chapter XXXIV is on the Dead Re- gion of Southeast Missouri, pp. 601 to 637, by J. R. Gage. Chapter XXXV is on the Iron Ore of the same region, pp. 638 to 671, by P. N. Moore. Appendices A. B. C and D are brief papers on the "History of Lead Mining in Missouri," on "Lead Mines in Upper Louisiana," on "Metallic Statistics," and on "Mineral Springs of Missouri." Appendix B contains results of analyses of ores, fuels and minerals, pp. 672 to 734. Edition Exhausted. SURVEY OF 1876 TO 1879. CHAS. P. WILLIAMS, ACTING STATE GEOLOGIST. Industrial Eeport on Lead, Zince and Iron, together with notes on Shannon county and its copper deposits, by Chas. P. Williams, Ph. D.,. Acting State Geologist, Jefferson City. 1877. pp. 183 and xvi, 11 illustrations. EUiLion ExhauaLtid. PUBLICATIONS OF RECENT SURVEY. BIENNIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REPORTS. 225 Plates, 13 Pages, 6 Diagrams. All Editions Exhausted. 1. Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geology and Mines, to the Thirty-sixth General Assembly. 2. Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geology and Mines, to the Thirty-seventh General Assembly. 3. Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geology and Mines, to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly. 4. Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geology and Mines, to the Thirty-ninth General Assembly. 5. Biennial Report of the State Geologist, transmitted by the Bureau of Geology and Mines, to the Fortieth General Assembly. BULLETINS. (Series discontinued.) 470 Pages, 13 Plates, 11 Figures. No. 1. Administrative Report; Coal Beds of Lafayette County;- Building Stones and Clays of Iron, St. Francois and Madison counties; Preliminary Catalogue of Fossils occurring in Missouri. No. 2. Bibliography of Geology of Missouri. No. 3. Clay, Stone, Lime and Sand Industries of St. Louis City and County; Mineral Waters of Henry, St. Clair, Johnson and Benton Counties. 23 No.4. Description of Lower Carboniferous Crinoids of Missouri. No. 5. Age and Origin of the Crystalline Bocks of Missouri; Clays and Building Stones of Certain Western-Central Counties Trib- utary to Kansas City. VOLUME I. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON COAL. By Arthur Winslow. 227 Pages, 1 Plate, 131 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Coal Measures. Chapter II. Coal Beds. Chapter III. Coal Industry. Chapter IV. Systematic Description of Coal Beds. Appendix A. Coal Mining in Thin Beds. Appendix B. Coal Operators of Missouri. VOLUME II. IRON ORES. Br Frank L. Nason. 366 Pages, 9 Plates, 62 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Ores of Iron. Chapter II. Iron Ores of Missouri. Chapter III. Specular Ores of the Porphyry Region. Chapter IV. Red Hematites of Missouri. Chapter V. General Geology of the Ozark Uplift. Chapter VI. Specular Ores of Sandstone Region. Chapter VII. Limonite Ores. Chapter VIII. Introduction of Iron Ore Localities. Chapter IX. Specular Ores in Sandstone. Chapter X. Limonites. Chapter XI. Red Hematites. Appendix A. Iron Ore Deposits of Northeastern Arkansas. Appendix B. Historical and Statistical Sketch of Iron Industry. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME III. MINERAL WATERS, By Paul Schweitzer. 256 Pages, 34 Plates, 11 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Origin of Mineral Waters. Chapter II. Analysis and Composition of Mineral Waters. Chapter III. Therapeutics of Mineral Waters. 24 Chapter IV. Mineral Waters of the State. Chapter V. Muriatic Waters, or Brines. Chapter VI. Alkaline Waters. Chapter VII. Sulphatic Waters. Chapter VIII. Chalybeate Waters. Chapter IX. Sulphur Waters. Chapter X. European and Missouri Waters Compared. Appendix A. Relation between Grains per Litre and Grains per Gallon. Appendix B. Additional Analyses of Missouri Mineral Waters. Appendix C. Bibliography of Mineral Waters. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME IV. PALEONTOLOGY (PART I.) By Chaeles Eollin Keyes. 314 Pages, 34 Plates, 9 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Introduction. Chapter II. Sketch of Missouri Stratigraphy. Chapter III. Biological Relations of Fossils. Chapter IV. Protozoans and Sponges. Chapter V. Hydrozoids and- Corals. Chapter VI. Echinoderms : Echinoids and Asteroids. Chapter VII. Echinoderms: Cystids and Blastoids. Chapter VIII. Echinod-erms : Crinoids. Chapter IX. Worms and Crustaceans. Appendix. Stratigraphic Catalogue of Missouri Fossils. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME V. PALEONTOLOGY (PART II.) By Charles Eollin Keyes. 320 Pages, 22 Plates, 2 Figures. Contents : Chapter X. Polyzoans. Chapter XI. Brachiopods. Chapter XII. Lamellibranchs. Chapter XIII. Gasteropods. Chapter XIV. Cephalopods. ' Chapter XV. Vertebrates. Apendix. Synonymic Indexical List of Fossils of Missouri. Edition Exhausted. 25 VOLUME VI. LEAD AND ZINO DEPOSITS (SECTION 1.) Br Arthur Winslow. 381 Pages, 12 Plates, 71 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Historical Sketch of Lead and Zinc. Chapter. II. Lead and Zinc and their Compounds. Chapter III. Distribution and Conditions of Occurrence of Lead and Zinc. Chapter IV. Lead and Zinc Deposits of Foreign Countries. Chapter V. Lead and Zinc Deposits of the United States. Chapter VI Industry and Statistics of Lead and Zinc. Chapter VII. History of Mining in Missouri. Chapter VIII. Physiography of the Mining districts. Chapter IX. General Geology. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME VII. LEAD AND ZINC DEPOSITS (SECTION II.) By Arthur Winslow. 401 Pages, 28 Plates, 196 Figures. Contents : Chapter X. General Geology. Chapter XL Geological History of Southern Missouri. Chapter XII. Ore Deposits. Chapter XIII. Industry and Statistics of Lead and Zinc. Chapter XIV. Mines of the Southwestern District. Chapter XV. Mines of the Southeastern District. Chapter XVI. Mines of'the Central District. Appendix A. Study of Cherts of Missouri, by E. O. Hovey. Appendix B. Methods of Analysis, by J. D. Robertson. Appendix C. List of References. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME VIII. ANNUAL REPORT, FOR 1895. By Charles Rolltn Keyes. 406 Pages, 30 Plates, 16 Figures. Contents : 1. Organization and results of a State Geological Survey, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 2. Crystalline Rocks of Missouri, by Erasmus Haworth. 3. Dictionary of Altitudes, by Curtis Fletcher Marbut. 4. Characteristics of the Ozark Mountains, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 5. Coal Measures of Missouri, by Garland C. Broadhead. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME IX. AREAL GEOLOGY. 432 Pages, 4 Folio Maps, 25 Plates, 53 Figures. Contents : 1. Areal Geology and its Relations to other Geological Work, by Charles Rollin Keyes. 2. Report on the Higginsville Sheet, in Lafayette county, by Arthur Winslow. 3. Report on the Bevier Sheet, including portions of Macon, Randolph and Chariton counties, by O. H. Gordon. 4. Report on the Iron Mountain Sheet, including portions of Iron, St. Francois and Madison counties, by Arthur Win- slow, Erasmus Haworth and Frank L. Nason. 5. Report on the Mine la Motte Sheet, including portions of Madison, St. Francois and Ste. Genevieve counties, by Charles Rollin Keyes. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME X. SURFACE FEATURES. 534 Pages, 22 Plafes, 24 Figures. Contents : 1. Physical Features of Missouri, by Curtis Fletcher Marbut. 2. Formation of Quarternary Deposits, by James E. Todd. 3. Bibliography of Missourd, by Charles Rollin Keyes. VOLUME XL CLAY DEPOSITS. By H. a. Wheeler. 622 Pages, 39 Plates, 15 Figures. Contents : Chapter I. Introductory. Chapter II. Geological Occurrence of Clays. Chapter III. Chemical Properties. Chapter IV. Physical Properties. Chapter V. Plasticity. Chapter VI. Shrinkage. Chapter VII. Fusibilify. 27 Chapter VIII. China-ware Clays. Chapter IX. Flint fireclays. Chapter X. Plastic fireclays and Firebrick Industry. Chapter XI. Potters' or Stoneware Clay and the Stoneware In- dustry. Chapter XII. Shales of Missouri. Chapter XIII. Terra Cotta, Roofing-tile, Sewerpipe, Draintile and Flower-pot Clays and Industries. Chapter XIV. Paving-brick Clays and Industry. Chapter XV. Building Brick Clays and Industry. Chapter XVI. Burnt Ballast Clays and Industry. Chapter XVII. Prospecting for Clays. Chapter XVIII. Sampling and Analyzing Clays. Chapter XIX. Tables of Tests and Analyses. Chapter XX. Bibliography. Edition Exhausted. VOLUME XII. AREAL GEOLOGY. By Shepard & Bkoadhead, 1,000 Pages, 5 Folio Maps, 6 Plates, 13 Figures. Contents : Board of Managers 2 Letter of Transmittal 3 Contents 4 List of illustrations 5 The Geology of Greene county (E. M. Shepard) 13 Report on the Clinton Sheet (C. F. Marbut) 237 Report on the Calhoun Sheet (C. F. Marbut) 105 Report on the Lexington Sheet (C. F. Marbut) 193 Report on the Richmond Quadrangle (C. F. Marbut) 249 Report on the Huntsville Quadrangle (C. F. Marbut) 369 Report on the Geology of Boone county (G. C. Broadhead) . . . 373 Report on the Ozark Uplift and Growth of the Missouri Palaeozoic (G. C. Broadhead) 389 From the foregoing it will be seen that the editions of all publi- cations of this Department are now exhausted, except Vols. I, X and XII of the recent Survey and very few copies of these are left in the office. C.u. ^^ 6^cJ4^iY;^,^i,y^n