COMSTOCK MEMORIAL 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE 
 
 COMSTOCK ENDOWMENT FUND, 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 JOHN HENRY COMSTOCK 
 
 AND THE 
 STUDENT MEMORIAL FUND, 
 
 GIFT OF STUDENTS IN ENTOMOLOGY 
 

 Date Due 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ~\ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RETURN TO 
 ENTOMOLOGY LIBRARY 
 
 Cornell University 
 Ithaca, N. Y. 
 
Part I. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS 
 
 CONTAINED IN THE 
 
 Jttufttttm of tfjf Ifconourafclc ©a0t=Jni>ui Company f 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 COLOURED FIGURES OF NEW SPECIES 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA, 
 
 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 
 
 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THIS ORDER OF INSECTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F.R.S. L.S. & G. S. 
 
 MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC, AND OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON, AND OF THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY 
 
 NATURE CURIOSORUM ; 
 
 CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND OF THE 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, &C. " 
 
 TO BE COMPLETED IN SIX PARTS. 
 
 iMmbon : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY PARBURY, ALLEN, & Co. 
 
 LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
^ b"4 
 
 ^ b(?5" 
 
 
TO THE 
 
 HONOURABLE THE COURT OF DIRECTORS 
 
 11>onoii i atilr ©ast SuTna €ompanv, 
 
 THIS WORK 
 
 IS, WITH THEIR PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, 
 
 BY THEIR GRATEFUL AND 
 
 OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 It is proposed, in the following work, to give " a descriptive Catalogue " of a series 
 of Lepidopterous Insects, which form part of a general entomological collection from 
 Java, contained in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Company. Of this 
 collection, and of the circumstances under which it was formed, a concise account is 
 offered to the public in the preface to the Annulosa Javanica. The details there 
 given, which are accompanied with many pertinent remarks on the nature of descrip- 
 tive Catalogues in general, would effectually supersede all further remarks on my 
 part, were it not necessary, on this occasion, to point out clearly the relation of the 
 present work to that undertaken, from the same materials, by the distinguished author 
 of the Horce Entomologicce. My highly respected friend, William Sharp Macleay, 
 Esq., having noticed with commendation that part of the collection which relates to 
 the metamorphosis of the Javanese Lepidoptera, I feel myself called on to give in 
 this place a more minute account of the nature of these materials, and to add to 
 the detads already given some further notices regarding the collection in general. 
 I am likewise desirous to declare, immediately at the commencement, the views by 
 which I propose to be guided in the present undertaking. 
 
 When the plan of the Annulosa Javanica was first communicated to the public, it 
 was the intention of the Author to include in his work all the orders of insects ; 
 and although his labours were in the first instance directed to the Coleoptera alone, 
 yet he announced, both in the notice originally circulated and in the title of the 
 work, that they consisted in an attempt to illustrate the natural affinities and analogies 
 of the insects observed in Java, without limitation to any particular branch of 
 entomology. It is not necessary, in this place, to show the interest and importance 
 of a work of so enlarged a scope, conducted by the author of the Horse Ento- 
 mological ; for these must strike every person engaged in similar pursuits, what- 
 ever may be his opinion regarding that work or the peculiar views which it exhibits : 
 the interruption of this enterprize, therefore, would have been a subject of deepest 
 regret, if it had not been accompanied with an event highly advantageous to the 
 distinguished author. While the second number of the Annulosa Javanica was 
 anxiously expected, the appointment of Mr. Macleay to the office of his Britannic 
 Majesty's Commissioner of Arbitration at the Havana was announced to the public. 
 The friends of Mr. Macleay, without exception, offered him their congratulations on 
 
 b an 
 
g INTRODUCTION. 
 
 an appointment, which enabled him to pursue a favourite science on a rich territory 
 of immense extent, as yet but very imperfectly explored, and on his advancement to 
 a station combining a liberal compensation of services with high respectability. Their 
 sentiments, as far as regarded Mr. Macleay, were purely congratulatory, yet the disap- 
 pointment occasioned by his removal, was to them, individually, a cause of unfeigned 
 sorrow. They considered the beneficial effects of his past labours on natural history, 
 and more immediately on zoology. A small association of members of the Linnean 
 Society had been recently formed, for pursuing with more immediate purpose zoo- 
 logical inquiries. This association, established with the entire sanction of the parent 
 Society, whose object embraces natural history in its whole extent, was under 
 particular obligations to Mr. Macleay, and viewed his departure with peculiar 
 solicitude. Its meetings, which had often been enlivened by a luminous exposition 
 of his views and by his affable instructions, were to be deprived of this advantage. 
 The opportunity of consulting his universal experience, in difficult and undetermined 
 points of affinity and arrangement, not only in entomology but in zoology generally, 
 was to be lost. But no individual belonging to this small association felt this 
 privation more strongly, or was more immediately affected by the event, than the 
 individual, whose province it now is to continue, a portion at least of the design 
 which Mr. Macleay had proposed to himself. The expectation of seeing the result 
 of my entomological labours in Java brought before the Public under the favourable 
 circumstances above mentioned, and receiving the illustration of the comprehensive 
 views of Mr. Macleay, had been an object of sincerest gratification ; and the suspen- 
 sion, if not the entire interruption of his original design, had caused me proportionate 
 concern. Several months elapsed before I was able to form any determinate 
 resolution. At length I was roused from my reluctance to engage, in any manner, in 
 a work, which had been commenced by Mr. Macleay with such distinguished ability, 
 by the consideration of the necessity of bringing the result of my labours before the 
 Public, however imperfectly I might accomplish it ; and it is now my business to 
 state explicitly, at the commencement, that the present undertaking, although com- 
 piled from the same materials, is not a continuation of the Annulosa Javanica; that it 
 does not in any way interfere with the plan of Mr. Macleay, but forms a distinct 
 work, in which I propose to give a Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects belonging 
 to the entomological collection made by me in Java. 
 
 But although I have so distinctly declared that the present undertaking is not a 
 continuation of the Annulosa Javanica, yet it will be conducted with a steady 
 reference to that work and to the Horag Entomological The plan of the former will 
 be my constant guide, and the comprehensive views detailed in the latter will afford 
 the means of regulating the arrangements suggested by the former, and of compar- 
 ing: 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 ing and correcting my mode of proceeding. Accordingly, my principal aim will be to 
 discover the natural affinities, and to follow them in the arrangement. Wherever 
 my materials are sufficiently extensive, I shall trace the series through its whole 
 extent, and endeavour to show, that in this department also, the principle so clearly 
 developed by Mr. Macleay is exemplified, in the succession or chain of affinities 
 returning into themselves or forming circles. In the series which will thus be sub- 
 mitted to my close examination, I shall endeavour to discover and point out the 
 typical forms which indicate the subdivisions and distinguish the groups. But as 
 it may be expected that, in a local collection, many forms must be deficient, and the 
 thread of affinities often interrupted, I shall carefully notice these interruptions, 
 with the design of supplying them, as far as necessary, from other sources of infor- 
 mation. The analogies existing between objects of distant or of neighbouring groups 
 will also be pointed out, wherever they may have been satisfactorily developed. 
 
 Mr. Macleay announced the Annulosa Javanica with the remark, that his plan 
 would be best understood by a perusal of the first number. I would make a similar 
 remark, but under circumstances, and with sentiments widely differing from those of 
 my respected friend. If some of the details which regard the metamorphosis of 
 Javanese Lepidoptera should be found novel and interesting, the arrangement will 
 perhaps be reviewed with severe criticism. But I would request that it be received, 
 at least provisionally, with indulgence, until I may have been enabled to add the illus- 
 trations which will follow in the course of the work, and untU it may have been sub- 
 mitted to a candid scrutiny, and to a careful comparison with the labours of others in 
 the same department ; especially with those of Cramer in the continuation by Stoll ; 
 those of Abbot published by Sir James Smith; those of Roesel, De Geer, Sepp, Hiibner, 
 and above all those of the " Theresianer." It will, at the same time, be considered, 
 that it is my lot to attempt an arrangement, in a great measure from my own ma- 
 terials, and under many disadvantages, as far as regards experience and means of 
 reference. Much of the knowledge and experience I require must be acquired by 
 study and comparison in the progress of the work. Mr. Macleay, on the contrary, 
 brought to his undertaking a minute acquaintance with entomology, and a confirmed 
 habit of investigation, the result of a calm examination of an extensive collection, and 
 matured by a severe and protracted course of study and meditation. I have already 
 expressed my opinion of the excellence of his views, and I shall have many opportunities 
 of repeating it. I may, perhaps, with peculiar propriety exercise the privilege of apply- 
 ing them, as far as my materials may enable me, as it may naturally be considered 
 to be a wish on my part, to make the catalogue of the Lepidoptera as conformable as 
 possible to the more detailed description of the Coleoptera. But there are difficulties 
 of a peculiar nature connected with such a design. A local collection, as above stated, 
 
 b 2 will 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 will necessarily be deficient in many forms; and these deficiencies can be supplied by 
 general experience only. In the series I am proceeding to examine and describe, it 
 will occasionally occur that the affinities may not be apparent, that the typical forms 
 may be deficient, or indeed that my endeavours to discover them may lead me into 
 mistakes, from want of experience and more extensive means of reference than I pos- 
 sess. Such mistakes, however, I natter myself, will be gradually developed and cor- 
 rected in the progress of the work, in proportion as my acquaintance with the subject 
 increases: I am persuaded, indeed, that they will be attributed to my own inexperience, 
 or to my want of information on the subjects under discussion, rather than to any thing 
 erroneous or defective in the principles developed by Mr. Macleay, with so much acute- 
 ness and force of reasoning, in the Horae Entomologicas ; for I have no hesitation in 
 declaring my opinion, that these principles not only give correctness to our views, but 
 have a very powerful tendency to promote the interest and importance of the study of 
 natural history. Their avowed object is to direct the mind to the plan of the creation 
 or to the natural system. With the same object continually in view, it will be my 
 endeavour to determine the disposition of the subjects submitted to my examination : 
 and while I wish to exercise a spirit of candid and unprejudiced inquiry, I shall, at the 
 same time, be ready to receive advice and to attend to instruction ; and I shall more 
 especially acknowledge, with due consideration, every candid and liberal remark that 
 refers to the system, or to the order in which the subjects have been disposed. 
 
 In conformity with the intimation expressed above, I proceed to those details 
 regarding the materials to be described in the following pages, which the favourable 
 notice in the Preface to the Annulosa Javanica has in some measure made necessary. 
 These materials consist, in the first place, of a regular series of nearly nine 
 hundred species ; and although not equally numerous in the different tribes, and by 
 no means complete in any of them, yet I am inclined to hope, that in the aggregate 
 they present a fair sample of the Lepidopterous productions of the island of Java. 
 In the second place, these materials consist of a series of drawings, representing the 
 metamorphosis of a considerable number of the species, accompanied with the per- 
 fect insects and chrysalides appertaining individually to the subjects delineated, 
 and with details concerning their food, number, and season. The former was made 
 at distant periods of time, and in very different parts of the island ; the latter was 
 procured, almost exclusively, in the two years immediately preceding the year of my 
 departure from Java, when I was settled in a fixed residence in the interior. 
 
 Mr. Macleay has already noticed the occasion of my early attention to insects- 
 and that I was, almost imperceptibly, led to the collection of these beautiful and in- 
 teresting animals during my botanical excursions. My first collections were hastily 
 made and imperfectly preserved : they were little more than preparatory attempts, 
 
 which 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which gradually led to skill in collecting, and to what is of greater importance in a 
 tropical country, to experience in preserving. I was, at the commencement, in 
 want of almost every convenience for the latter purpose. But these deficiencies were, 
 in a great measure, compensated by the richness of the districts through which I 
 travelled at this period ; and my early excursions afforded me many subjects which, 
 in subsequent periods, I sought in vain. I still observe, in the series arranged 
 in the Honourable Company's Museum at the India House, rare and solitary speci- 
 mens, which were obtained at the very commencement of my entomological career. 
 This I may date from Surabaya, the capital of what is called the north-east coast of 
 Java : and as this place will always be memorable to me in an entomological point 
 of view, I record it in these introductory remarks with grateful reminiscence. From 
 Surabaya I passed successively through the districts of Passuruwang, Malang, 
 Lamadjang, Pugar, and Blambangan ; districts which aggregately form the eastern 
 extremity of Java. From the capital of the last-mentioned province, Banyuwangi, 
 I made a short excursion to the island of Bali. The hills, mountains, and unculti- 
 vated plains of these extensive districts, contain inexhaustible entomological treasures; 
 and I have frequently, in the latter periods of my research, regretted my want of 
 leisure, skill, and facilities for collecting, at this period. During the present calm 
 review of my early peregrinations through Java, my imagination frequently returns 
 to these remote, and, at the period of my visit to them, happy districts, combining 
 the grandest natural scenery with the most delightful retreats of rural tranquillity 
 and comfort. 
 
 In the island of Madura, which extends parallel to the districts of Passuruwang 
 and Blambangan, I continued my research ; and here first observed several of the 
 more splendid oriental Papiliones, among which the most remarkable were P.Peranthns 
 and P. Agamemnon. But it is not my intention, on this occasion, to notice all the 
 places in the eastern extremity of Java which were interesting and productive, in 
 this point of view : several, however, may be recorded here with propriety, as 
 they will occasionally be referred to in the descriptive parts of the work. Having 
 terminated my researches in the neighbourhood of Surabaya, I gradually pro- 
 ceeded, in a western direction, to Samarang, the capital of the entire eastern por- 
 tion of the island, denominated by the Dutch, Java's north coast, or simply Java, 
 in contradistinction to Batavia. The geographical situation of Samarang is in 
 the middle of the island, at an equal distance from the eastern and western ex- 
 tremity. The Prowotto hills, about twenty miles south of this capital, belong- 
 to the most important entomological stations. I devoted a large portion of the 
 rainy season of 1809 to an examination of these hills, and increased both my 
 botanical and entomological collections. I next proceeded to the southern coast of 
 
 central 
 
g INTRODUCTION. 
 
 central Java, and advantageously employed some months in the districts of Pajittan 
 and Kalak, in which vegetation is luxuriant and insects proportionally abundant. 
 I here added a considerable number both of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera to my 
 collections. I returned by a northern route to the capital of Surakarta, the residence 
 of the Susuhunan or emperor of Java, the first in importance of the native princes ; 
 and as I here found an opportunity for carrying on my pursuits with advantage, I 
 formed a permanent residence. 
 
 Surakarta was, upon the whole, the most important station in my various researches 
 into the natural history of Java ; as, besides the facilities mentioned in the 
 sequel, I here obtained, after the conquest of the island, the support and patronage 
 of the Honourable East-India Company, by which I am also enabled, at this time, 
 to bring the Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects before the Public. This 
 capital is situated in an extensive plain in the middle of the island ; and a concise 
 description of it has already been given in the preface to the Annulosa Javanica. In 
 selecting here a fixed residence, my objects were, in the first place, to have a secure 
 depot for my collections, and secondly, to obtain the necessary facilities for visiting, 
 from time to time, the various districts in the middle of Java, belonging to the native 
 Princes, many of which were still almost entirely in a state of nature, and highly 
 interesting in regard to their natural history. 
 
 During the year 1813 I was engaged in a visit to the island of Banka and the 
 capital of Palembang, situated on the eastern coast of Sumatra. The mission, with 
 which I was honoured, in conjunction with the Resident, and the account of 
 my remarks which was required after my return, employed the greatest portion 
 of that year and of 1814, in consequence of which my entomological pursuits were 
 nearly suspended ; but early in the year 1815 I resumed them with renewed energy. 
 I had now acquired greater experience in collecting ; a number of natives had been 
 instructed for affording that assistance which in a hot climate was not only necessary, 
 but greatly conduced to the enlargement of my investigations. I was amply provided 
 with every convenience and facility for preserving what I had collected. Several 
 draughtsmen had likewise been trained, under my superintendence, for botanical 
 delineations, and the skill they acquired in those soon fitted them for the annulose 
 department. I was, therefore, enabled to enter upon a history of the Metamorphosis 
 of Javanese Lepidoptera : a design which had long engaged my anxious solicitude. 
 
 Although I did not, at this period, so fully conceive the paramount necessity of 
 an acquaintance with the metamorphosis of Lepidoptera, towards the establishment of 
 a natural arrangement, as I have been led to do in later periods, yet I was so strongly 
 impressed with its essential importance in attempting a complete history of insects, 
 that I commenced with a fixed determination to prosecute the inquiry with unremit- 
 ted 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 ted industry and zeal, to collect all the larva? of Lepidopterous insects which I might 
 possibly obtain, and to trace them through the various periods of their existence. 
 With this view, I fitted up a large apartment adjoining my residence with breeding- 
 cages and receptacles for chrysalides. At the commencement of the rainy season, 
 the period when in tropical climates the foliage of vegetables is renewed, I daily 
 went out in search of caterpillars, accompanied by the most intelligent of my native 
 assistants. The caterpillars thus collected were placed in separate breeding-cages, 
 and several of the assistants were instructed to provide daily, at regular periods, 
 the food the individuals required, and to secure the cleanliness of the cages. As 
 soon as the caterpillars were approaching to perfection a drawing was made of 
 them. The same individual which had been submitted to the draughtsman was 
 then separately confined, watched with the most diligent care, and as soon as it had 
 passed into the state of a chrysalis again made the object of the pencil. A determi- 
 nate number was carefully attached to the drawing and to the cage of the chrysalis. 
 As soon as the perfect insect had appeared and expanded its wings, it was secured, 
 set, and numbered in accordance with the larva and chrysalis. During this period 
 every possible solicitude was employed to prevent mistakes: the original series, 
 consisting of the perfect insects and the chrysalides obtained by this mode of proceed- 
 ing, and numbered in accordance with the collection of drawings made at the same 
 time, is now deposited in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Company, and 
 affords an authentic document of the accuracy of the details regarding the meta- 
 morphosis of Javanese Lepidoptera, which will be offered in the course of this work. 
 During this process, the food, the date of appearance, the peculiarities as far as re- 
 gards the abundance or scarcity of the species bred, were carefully recorded, with 
 the intention of forming a regular " Raupen Calendar," according to the plan of 
 Schwarz, as well as for the purpose of contributing to a general calendar of the Fauna 
 and Flora of the island of Java. But I have in this place to regret the want of 
 many details, which could only be supplied by a longer period of observation than was 
 allotted to me. 
 
 The process thus described, afforded likewise the means of obtaining in great 
 number perfect specimens of many of the Javanese Lepidoptera; and in this I 
 had in view, not only the extent and beauty of the collection, but particularly the 
 means of affording at a future period, by examination and dissection, a complete 
 history of this order of insects as found in Java. The advantages of this plan will 
 abundantly appear in the course of this work ; for I hope to be enabled to illus- 
 trate many generic characters, in detail, from specimens possessing all their parts 
 in a state of high perfection, and to contribute additional information on subjects, 
 of which a very unsatisfactory account has hitherto been published. My plan, as 
 
 before 
 
§ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 before observed, embraced all the Lepidoptera of Java, particularly those of the 
 central portions or the territory of the native Princes, and an essential part of 
 it was to undertake, from time to time, journeys to the hills, mountains, and 
 forests remote from the capital: during these excursions I was provided with 
 breeding-cages, materials for collecting and preserving, and accompanied by my 
 draughtsmen and native assistants. The excursions generally afforded new and 
 interesting subjects : in many cases the larvae and chrysalides were carried to my 
 residence, and there brought to maturity at their regular periods. Having con- 
 tinued this mode of research for two seasons, my labours were unexpectedly ter- 
 minated, by the transfer of Java to another European power. The disappointment 
 which this occasioned at the moment, arose principally from considerations of the 
 unfinished state of my research, and from the abridgment of my original design. 
 Although supported, in later periods, by a large portion of public liberality and 
 patronage, my progress had been very gradual, and had depended in the com- 
 mencement, in a great measure, on my own exertions. By a steady adherence 
 to the same object, I had provided an extensive establishment for prosecuting inquiries 
 of natural history in its various branches, among which the facilities above described 
 were not the least. I therefore regretted to have been obliged to abandon a pursuit 
 which had been an object of my early solicitude, and which soon after its commence- 
 ment had been postponed in consequence of the visit to Banka abovementioned. 
 These remarks were deemed necessary in order to account for the limited state of the 
 collection, since it by no means corresponds with the richness of the territory or the 
 length of my residence in the eastern islands. What is now offered to the public is 
 little more than a fragment of a more extensive undertaking, which was intended to 
 assemble, as far as, possible, a complete series of Javanese insects, and especially to 
 exhibit a comprehensive view of the metamorphoses of the Lepidoptera of the island. 
 The sentiments of regret occasioned by the abrupt and unforeseen termination of my 
 entomological pursuits, and the considerations arising from the unfinished state of 
 my collections, were heightened by similar disappointments in my pursuits in 
 botany and other branches of natural history, and my preparations for a departure, 
 of which I am now to give a concise notice, were undertaken with many discouraging 
 reflections. But a favourable series of events has in a great measure removed my 
 former apprehensions : and although I notice at the present period, perhaps more 
 forcibly, the unfinished state of my collections, and the deficiencies arising from 
 their abrupt termination, yet the success in bringing the entire result of my in- 
 quiries into a place of safety, without any considerable loss or damage during the 
 voyage, the favourable reception which I have met with in England, and the liberal 
 patronage which has been afforded to my endeavours by the Honourable Court of 
 
 Directors 
 
INTRODUCTION. 9 
 
 Directors of the East-India Company, have alleviated a disappointment, which, 
 under other circumstances, would have been peculiarly distressing and oppressive. 
 After the second season devoted to observing and delineating the Javanese Lepidop- 
 tera, it became necessary to prepare my collections for transportation to England. 
 
 During the inquiries which I made in the early part of my residence in Java, to 
 become acquainted with the best methods for securing what I obtained in my 
 excursions, I noticed the plan described by Le Vadlant, in his travels in Africa, for 
 the preservation of his entomological collections. It is the following : boxes or 
 chests carefully made of light wood, of a convenient portable size, are provided with 
 partitions or moveable shelves, each consisting of a simple board ; these are fitted at 
 the distance of two inches one from another, in grooves in the sides of the box, 
 in which they are made to slide with accuracy and facility, and are therefore re- 
 movable at pleasure. These boards or shelves have necessarily the exact dimen- 
 sions of the ends of the chest, and are placed in a vertical position : a small 
 vacancy is preserved between their lower extremity and the floor, and any object 
 detached by accident, falls to the bottom without causing further injury. Each 
 board or shelf, lined with cork or soft wood, supplies in some measure the place 
 of a cabinet drawer. When taken out of the box and placed on a table, it rests 
 securely and affords a plane surface, upon which insects may be fixed or examined 
 with perfect ease and security : it is returned into the box in an instant, which if 
 carefully made, when closed, secures most effectually the contents. A small quantity 
 of camphor, at the bottom, spreads its influence over the whole. One large box 
 may conveniently contain fourteen boards, answering the purpose of as many 
 drawers ; and being eighteen inches square, they have a manageable size. This 
 plan I resolved to adopt. In the early period of my pursuits, the boxes which I pro- 
 vided were made of light wood, and to their use I must ascribe, in a great measure, 
 the preservation of my collections. I found that they afforded a complete protection 
 against the ants and other destructive insects which abound in the Island of Java, 
 perhaps as much as in any other tropical region. They were peculiarly useful in 
 travelling, and possessed the advantage of affording a ready access and reference to 
 the subjects. As the ultimate object of my pursuits was to provide an extensive and 
 well-conditioned collection, which might be useful and instructive in England, I 
 had, soon after receiving the patronage of the Honourable East-India Company, 
 directed my attention to the provision necessary for its safety during a voyage. My 
 residence at Surakarta afforded me peculiar advantages in this point of view. Both 
 materials and workmen are here obtained, perhaps more readdy than in any other 
 part of Java. Boxes, according to the plan described, were therefore provided, of 
 more substantial materials than those employed in travelling, in proportion to the 
 
 c increase 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 increase of the collection. The wood of the Bombax pentandrum was employed for 
 lining the boards and securing the pins ; and I ascribe to an acquaintance with the 
 peculiar property of this wood, which renders it an effectual substitute for cork, the 
 preservation of the collection during its transportation. After having carefully packed 
 the subjects, every necessary precaution that suggested itself was used in securing the 
 boxes against accidents during the voyage. They were individually painted and co- 
 vered with oil-cloth. Each box was then placed in an outer case, made of the same 
 substantial materials, and secured in the same manner. By these various precautions, 
 and by the care which the collection received from the commander of the vessel 
 during the voyage, I enjoy the satisfaction of having brought the whole in safety to 
 England. 
 
 When I had formed the plan of undertaking the description of the Lepidopterous 
 Insects from Java, contained in the Museum of the Honourable East-India Com- 
 pany, I was naturally led, by the preparatory pursuits of which I have now given a 
 hasty sketch, to inquire, in how far an arrangement might be effected, which should 
 be founded primarily on their metamorphosis. The remarks which occurred on this 
 subject, in various parts of the Horse Entomological, tended to confirm and enlarge 
 my early and imperfect notions. It would be foreign to my present purpose to 
 follow Mr. Macleay in his copious details and remarks on this point, but on the 
 whole, they have encouraged me to persevere in the attempt. Thus, for instance, in 
 one place, he is led to " inquire into the possibility of being enabled to show that the 
 most distinguished among naturalists have united in expressing their conviction, 
 that considerations founded on metamorphosis must ultimately produce the most 
 natural plan of entomological arrangement ;" and to state, " that he thinks it may be 
 inferred, from a sketch he proposes to give of some of the most remarkable truths in 
 Natural History, that this proposition ought not to be deemed incapable of demon- 
 stration." Bearing in mind, therefore, this and similar remarks, I was anxious to 
 ascertain what information had already been brought before the public regarding 
 the metamorphosis of East- Indian Lepidoptera. My research, in this point of view, 
 however, afforded me no satisfactory result. I found, indeed, in the work of 
 Cramer, continued by Stoll, and in Abbot's Georgian Insects, published by Sir 
 James Smith, delineations of the larvae and chrysalides of many Lepidoptera of the 
 tropical countries of the new world ; but these were only useful for comparisons. 
 Subjects exclusively Indian, which alone were calculated to afford that precise infor- 
 mation which I was in search of, and which would likewise practically confirm the 
 faithfulness and accuracy of my own observations, did not occur to my research. I 
 was, therefore, I may say, almost necessarily restricted to my own materials and 
 remarks, and I determined to attempt their arrangement according to the principles 
 
 above 
 
INTRODUCTION. H 
 
 above detailed, even though I should obtain no other assistance of the same nature. In 
 forming this resolution, I likewise considered that the series of perfect insects which 
 had been arranged in the Museum at the India-House, soon after my arrival in 
 England, would be of considerable use in regulating my progress. As far as regards 
 this series, I would observe in this place, that in its formation I had enjoyed the 
 advice and co-operation of my friends, William Swainson, Esq., now residing at 
 St. Albans, and of Mr. George Samouelle, of the British Museum. Indeed, a 
 large portion of the first tribe had been arranged exclusively by the former gentle- 
 man. The attention which he had bestowed on this subject during a long period 
 of years, his general acquaintance with the arrangements of others, and his correct 
 views and general experience in entomological pursuits, afforded him advantages for . 
 such an undertaking which are seldom possessed by one individual : and I embrace 
 with peculiar pleasure the opportunity now afforded me, of thus publicly acknow- 
 ledging his assistance, and of expressing my personal obligations. 
 
 Having, therefore, a well-arranged collection of perfect insects before me, I com- 
 menced my work according to the principles above stated, by placing the larvae and 
 chrysalides, as far as I was able, in natural groups. It would, however, be foreign 
 to my present purpose to enumerate the result of my first attempts, and the means by 
 which I obtained, in my own opinion, more clear and correct views of the affinities of 
 this order, as far as they appear in the first stages of metamorphosis. I may remark, 
 however, with propriety, that these attempts laid the foundation for, and agreed 
 essentially with, that plan of arrangement, which I propose to adopt in that great 
 group, or tribe of this order which in the first part more immediately claims my 
 attention. Having completed this preliminary arrangement of my own materials, I 
 was naturally desirous of examining more in detad what had been done in the same 
 department by others with simdar materials, derived from different sources. This 
 led to a circumstance which has had a decided influence on my whole undertaking. 
 While I was prosecuting my inquiries on this subject at the Banksian Library, in the 
 course of last summer, a book was incidentally mentioned in conversation, by a 
 gentleman present,* which, I was informed, professed to be an attempt at an arrange- 
 ment of Lepidoptera, according to their metamorphosis. The title of the book was 
 new to me ; as it had been published without the name of an author, it had escaped 
 my research in my preparatory inquiries, and was not included in the list of books 
 which I had noted for occasional reference, although it was contained in the library, 
 
 and 
 
 * The author of the accurate and elegant Illustrations of the Genera of Insects found in Great Britain, &c.. 
 John Curtis, Esq. &c. 
 
 c 2 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and was only hidden from my observation by its anonymous title. But I made 3 
 diligent inquiry for a work, agreeing apparently in design with the plan which I had 
 formed for my own undertaking ; and by the kindness of A. H. Haworth, Esq., of 
 Chelsea, I was made acquainted with the Systematic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera 
 found in the Neighbourhood of Vienna [Systematisches Verzeichnis der Schmetter- 
 linge der Wienergegend, herausgegeben von einigen Lehrern am k. k. — Theresianum.) 
 On further investigation I found that it was the production of the united labours of 
 Messrs. Denis and Schieffermuller, two distinguished officers of high rank at the 
 court of Vienna, who from their charge in the Imperial Academy, are known in 
 Germany by the name of " Theresianer," and their book by that of " das System 
 der Theresianer." 
 
 On opening this book, I made a discovery which filled me with inexpressible delight. 
 Although the work was published more than half a century ago, I found, in the families 
 into which the larger subdivisions are distributed, clear indications of almost all the 
 genera that have been established in more recent periods, in the whole order of 
 Lepidoptera. In the tribe of Papilionidcp, I observed the genera accurately deter- 
 mined and circumscribed, almost without a single modification, as they are now 
 universally adopted ; and, to illustrate this statement, I proceed at once to the 
 following abstract of the families and species of the Linnasan genus Papilio, taken 
 from the body of the work, viz. 
 Familia A. Larv^: Tortriciformes. Papiliones Plebeji. — Urbicolce, L. Wiener Ver- 
 
 zeichnis 159. 
 Species enumerated by Denis and SchiefFermuller. Papilio Malvse, L. P. Tages, L. 
 P. Fritillum, Wien. Verz. P. Comma, L. P. Linea, Miiller. P. Brontes, W. V. P. Ste- 
 ropes, W. V. 
 
 Fam. B. Larvae Bombyciformes. Papiliones Heliconii, L.* W. V., p. 160. 
 
 Species : P. Apollo, L. P. Mnemosyne, L. 
 Fam. C. Larvae Variegate. Papiliones Equites, L. W. V., p. 161. 
 
 Species : P. Polyxena, W. V. P. Machaon, L. P. Podalirius, L. 
 Fam. D. Larvae Mediostriat^e. Papiliones Danai candidi, L. 
 
 Species : P. Cratsegi, L. P. Brassicae, L. P. Rapae, L. P. Napi, L. P. Sinapis, L. 
 P. Daplidice, L. P. Cardamines, L. 
 
 Fam. E. Larvae Pallidiventres. Papiliones Danai Flavi, W. V., p. 164. 
 
 Species: Sect. 1. Die Flugel ein wenig zugespitzt, indicating the Genus Gonepteryx of Dr. 
 
 Leach. P. Rhamni. 
 Sect. 2. Die Flugel ganz rund mit schivarzem Auszenrande. P. Palteno, L. P. Hyale, L. 
 
 Fam. 
 
 * As originally employed by Linnaeus. By Gmelin, Fabricius, &c. this name is applied to a different group. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 13 
 
 Fam. F. Larvae Subfurcatte. Papiliones Nymphales Gemmati, L. W. V., p. 165. 
 ' Species : Sect. 1. Mit vielen Aeugchen und stumpf gezahnten Fliigeln. P. Galathea, L. 
 P. Aegeria, L. P. Megfera, L. P. Msera, L. P. Dejanira, L. P. Ligea, L. P. Me- 
 dea, W. V. P. Jurtina, L. 
 Sect. 2. Mit vielen Aeugchen, aber ganz runden Fliigeln. P. Pyrrha, W. V. P. Medusa, W. V. 
 P. Hyperanthus, L. P. Arcanius, L. P. Hero, L. P. Pamphilus, L. P. Manto, W. V. 
 Sect. 3. Mit gezahnten Fliigeln und wenigen Aeugchen. P. Arethusa, W. V. P. Semele, L. 
 P. Avachne, W. V. P. Phsedra, L. P. Briseis, L. P. Alcyone, W. V. P. Hevmione, L. 
 P. Proserpina, W. V. 
 
 Fam. G. Larvae Cornut^:. Papiliones Versicolores, W. V., p. 170. 
 Species : P. Iris, L. P. Ilia, W. V. P. Jole, W. V. 
 
 Fam. H. Larvae Subspinos^:. Papiliones Maculatqfasciati, W. V., p. 172. 
 Species: P. Populi, L. P. Sibylla, L. P. Camilla, W. V. P. Lucilla, W. V. 
 
 Fam. I. Larvae Acutospinos^e. Papiliones Angulati, W. V., p. 174. 
 
 Species: Sect. 1. Die Fliigel fast nur gezahnt. P. Atalanta, L. P. Cardui, L. 
 
 Sect. 2. Die Fliigel zackicht. P. Io, L. P. Antiopa, L. P. Polychloros, L. P. Xanthome- 
 
 las, W. V. P. Vau album, W. V. P. Urticse, L. P. C Album, L. 
 Sect- 3. Die Fliigel ein wenig zugespitzt. P. Prorsa, L. P. Levana, L. 
 
 Fam. K. Larvae Collospinos^e. Papiliones Nobiles, L. W. V., p. 176. 
 Species: Sect. 1. Mit Silberstreifen. P. Pandora, W. V. P. Paphia, L. 
 Sect. 2. Mit Silbermackeln. P. Adippe, L. P. Aglaja, L. P. Niobe, L. P. Latonia, L. 
 P. Euphrosyne, L. P. Pales, W. V. P. Dia, L. P. Daphne, W. V. 
 
 Fam. L. Larv^; Pseudospinos^;. Papiliones Variegati, W. V., p. 178. 
 
 Species: Sect. 1. Die Unterseite der Hinterfliigel mit dreg weiszgelben und zwey oranien farbigen 
 Querbamdern. P. Phoebe, W. V. P. Maturna, L. P. Cynthia, W. V. P. Hecate, W. V. 
 P. Dictynna, W. V. P. Delia, W. V. P. Cinxia, L. P. Trivia, W. V. 
 Sect. 2. Mit zwey gelblicht weiszen und drey braungelben Querbcendern. P. Lucina, L. 
 
 The remaining families are placed in a distinct subdivision, comprizing the onis- 
 ciform (vermiform Nob.) larva? ; the chenilles cloportes, Reaum. 
 
 Fam. M. Larvae Oblongoscutat^e. Papiliones Rutili, W. V., p. 180. 
 
 Species: Sect. 1. Die Mannchen fast unbemackelt, die weibchen schivarz geflecket. P. Vir- 
 
 gaureas, L. P. Hippothoe, L. P. Chryseis, W. V. 
 Sect. 2. Beydes Geschlecht geflecket. P. Helle, W. V. P. Phheas, L. P. Xanthe, W. V. P. 
 
 Circe, W.V. 
 
 Fam. N. Larvae Gibboscutat.e. Papiliones Polyophthalmi, W. V., p. 181. 
 
 Species: Sect. 1. Die Unterseite der Unter Fliigel graulicht ohne rothgelbes Querband. P. Endy- 
 mion, W. V. P. Daphnis, W. V. P. Arion, L. P. Alcon, W. V. P. Acis, W. V. 
 P. Damon, W. V. P. Damaetas, W. V. P. Argiolus, L. P. Alsus, W. V. 
 
 Sect. 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Sect. 2. Die Vnterseite, besonders der Unter Fliigel mit einem oranienflechichten Querbande am 
 Untenrande. P. Corydon, Scop. P. Adonis, W. V. P. Alexis, W. V. P. Agestis,. W. V. 
 P. Argus, L. P. Aegon, W. V. P. Hylas, W. V. P. Battus, W. V. P. Amyntas, 
 W. V. 
 
 Fam.O. LARViE Depressoscutat^e. Papiliones Subcaudati, W. V., p. 185. 
 
 Species : P. Rubi, L. P. Betulte, L. P. Quercus, L. P. Pruni, L. P. Spini, W. V. 
 
 After this detail of the families into which the authors of the Wiener Verzeichnis 
 have divided the Linnasan genus Papilio, I add, in justice to them, the following 
 quotation from page 196, which shews clearly that they considered these families as 
 representatives of genera. " Unsre familien werden vielleicht fur das, was im 
 PflenzenreicJie die Gattungen sind, schicklich gelten h'dnnen." Our families will, per- 
 haps, properly represent the same which the genera do in botany ! Let us now 
 examine how this remark applies to the genera which are (almost universally) 
 admitted at the present period ; I request the reader to refer to the families above 
 enumerated. 
 Fam. A. represents the genus Hesperia. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. 
 
 iv. p. 33.) 
 Fam. B. represents the genus Doritis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, ibid. 
 
 p. 29.) 
 Fam. C. represents the genus Papilio. (See Ochsenh, Schmett. von Europa, ibid. 
 
 p. 28.) 
 Fam. D. represents the genus Pontia. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, ibid. p. 
 
 30.) 
 Fam. E. represents the genus Colias, and the first section indicates the genus Gonep- 
 
 teryx of Dr. Leach. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv. p. 31 and 32.) 
 Fam. F. represents the genus Hipparchia, and its various subdivisions. (See Ochsenh. 
 
 Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv. p. 19, &c.) 
 Fam. G. represents the genus Apatura. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. iv. 
 
 p. 19.) 
 Fam. H. represents the genus Limenitis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. 
 
 iv. p. 17.) 
 Fam. I. represents the genus Vanessa. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa vol iv 
 
 p. 16.) 
 Fam. K. represents the genus Argynnis. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa, vol. 
 
 iv. p. 14.) 
 Fam. L. represents the genus Meliteea. (See Ochsenh. Schmett. von Europa vol iv 
 
 p. 13.) 
 
 The last section of this genus comprises the Melitaea Lucina of Ochsenh, the 
 
 Papilio 
 
INTRODUCTION. 15 
 
 Papilio Lucina of Linnaeus mentioned above. The authors point out the distinctive 
 properties of this species in a note ;* they are of opinion, that it leads to the next 
 family. Their opinion is founded on the character of the pupa ; the larva had 
 escaped their research. This species has afforded the type of a new genus Nemeo- 
 bius to J. F. Stephens, Esq., who has thus confirmed the accuracy of the observation 
 of Messrs. Denis and Schieffermuller. 
 
 The remaining families M. N. and O. embrace the Lepidoptera with onisciform 
 larva? ; these constituted, according to the system of Fabricius, the genera Thecla 
 and Lycaena. Mr. Stephens has lately, in his Illustrations of British Entomology, 
 distributed them with more propriety into three genera, by which means, 
 
 Fam. M. represents the genus Lyccena. 
 
 Fam. N. represents the genus Polyommatus, and 
 
 Fam. O. represents the genus Thecla. 
 This abstract tends to show, in my opinion, that in the true Papilionidae, at least, 
 the metamorphosis affords most clear indications, not only of generic distinctions, 
 but also of a continuous natural arrangement. To illustrate the latter of these points 
 will, as has already been stated, be my object throughout the whole of the present 
 undertaking. As far as regards the former, it is evident that those genera, which are 
 now universally adopted, were clearly indicated as early as the year I776 ; and the 
 quotation above given proves that the authors considered their families as representa- 
 tives of genera. They appear to have been prevented from imposing appropriate 
 names, and from offering them to the public, by a deference to the authority of 
 Linnseus, which at that time was paramount, and any interference with which was 
 prohibited in them, apparently, by a sense of propriety, and by a modest reluc- 
 tance to impede the general improvement in nomenclature^, which had been just 
 accomplished by that remarkable man. Denis and Schieffermuller, therefore, framed 
 their system for the succeeding generation ; and we shall see in the sequel how 
 far their discoveries and suggestions were regarded. I shall, however, in this place 
 merely advert in a general manner to the history of the nomenclature of the 
 Papilionidee. Now it is well known that most of the names of the genera above 
 enumerated ware published in Illiger's Magazin der Insectenkunde, in 1807, as a 
 fragment of a large work of Fabricius, a Systema Glossatarum, which was found 
 in an unfinished state at the time of his death : for instance, the names Melitoea, 
 
 Argynnis, 
 
 * die letzte art (Lucina) unterscheidet sich wie man schon aus dem, was wir hier angesetzt haben, 
 
 bemerken wird, noch deutlicher ; vielleicht ist aber ihre Raupe mehr denen der drey folgenden Familien 
 ahnlich : wenigstens sah ihre Pupe, die wir einst an eine niedere Wiesenpflanze angehaeftet fanden, wie die 
 derselben aus. W. V. p. 179, Note. 
 
jg INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Argynnis, Vanessa, Limenitis, Apatura, Hipparchia, Lycarna, Thecla, Doritis, 
 Pontia, Colias, %c. are derived from the Syst. Glossar. above-mentioned. But 
 before this period the works of Schrank and Ochsenheimer had appeared, in which a 
 considerable advance had been made towards those determinations which are almost 
 exclusively ascribed to Fabricius : it will therefore be necessary, in the sequel* to 
 give a more detailed abstract of some of the divisions of Ochsenheimer. The genera 
 of Schrank are, on the whole, of a higher and more comprehensive description, and 
 many of them are equal in rank to the stirpes of Mr. Macleay ; but all his minor sub- 
 divisions are founded on the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, which are uniformly 
 referred to by him. I propose in the sequel to give an abstract of his subdivisions, 
 and I shall have frequent occasion to quote his authority. Various other writers point 
 out the estimation in which the Wiener Verzeichnis was held, especially in Germany, 
 and the manner in which it was received on the continent of Europe : of these I shall 
 here cite Cramer, Borkhausen, and Illiger. 
 
 Cramer's " Papillons Exotiques " was concluded soon after the publication of the 
 Vienna Catalogue. In the introduction to the fourth volume we find the following 
 passage : " II seroit a souhaiter que Ton pourroit suivre dans l'ordre du rang des 
 Papillons et des Phalenes exotiques et Europeens, le Systeme des Entomologues de 
 Vienne, un systeme qui, pour ce qui regarde celles a ailes farineuses de l'Europe, et 
 principalement dans la Famille des Sphinx, est de la dernieure exactitude." 
 
 Borkhausen, who commenced in 1788, and continued in the succeeding years, a 
 detailed description of the Lepidoptera of Europe, ascribes, in enumerating the 
 writers on this order, the greatest merit to Denis and Schieffermuller. Among other 
 commendations is the following: " not satisfied with an acquaintance with the 
 insect in its perfect state, they examined it also in the early stages of its existence ; 
 they compared the various caterpillars with the butterflies which are produced 
 from them, traced with indefatigable industry the plan of nature in these animals, 
 and discovered the resemblance which was invariably preserved in the structure 
 of species related to each other in affinity, in the different stages of their 
 existence." He also points out their success in a natural disposition of subjects, in 
 cases where the larva had not yet been discovered ; and declares that experience 
 had confirmed many combinations, established merely from the analogy of the perfect 
 insect. 
 
 Illiger, in his preface to a new edition of the " Vienna Catalogue," in which 
 copious descriptions and synonyms are added to the species, while many original 
 remarks of the first edition are omitted, declares that this work, at the time of 
 its appearance, had formed an epoch in entomology ; and that in 1801 it was still 
 considered as one of the most acute and instructive works ever published on Natural 
 
 History. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 17 
 
 History. He further declares, that the high estimation it had originally acquired 
 was not diminished, mentions the regard in which it was held by Fabricius, and 
 the use he had made of it, and states, that notwithstanding the labours of Knoch, 
 Hiibner, Brahm, Borkhausen, and others, its contents might be considered at the 
 present period a faithful epitome of our knowledge in this department of ento- 
 mology. 
 
 But no writer has so completely entered into the spirit, and applied the views of 
 the Vienna Catalogue, as Ochsenheimer, whose description of European Lepidoptera 
 is perhaps the most comprehensive that has yet been offered to the public. To show 
 this it would be necessary to analyse the whole, but such is not my present object ; 
 I shall only remark with regret, that in the latter portions of his system, he has in 
 many cases departed from the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, and has been led 
 into unsuccessful combinations, and the establishment of various genera which 
 cannot be approved; in the whole tribe of the Papilionidse he has however most 
 faithfully followed his guide; and the remarks contained in the preface to the first 
 volume, in which he declares his opinion of this work in general, are so pertinent, 
 that I shall extract them at large. " A complete and universal system of entomo- 
 logy, according to a common simple principle, is probably reserved for succeeding 
 generations ; in the mean time, it is the duty of the naturalist to seize whatever he 
 may be able to contribute towards the history of separate parts, and by this means 
 to facilitate future endeavours to complete the science. The authors of the Cata- 
 logue of Lepidoptera found in the neighbourhood of Vienna were not inattentive 
 to this while they were framing a system, which indeed comprises only a large portion 
 of the indigenous German Lepidoptera, but which, by the precision of the characters 
 employed, by the number of subdivisions, and by the fortunate disposition of affini- 
 ties, has obtained the reputation of the most acute and instructive work in this 
 department of entomology, and the justest claims on the gratitude of the present 
 and of succeeding generations. Considering the manifest insufficiency of single 
 characters to distinguish the perfect insects from the species most nearly related to 
 them, they recurred to the first stages of their existence, and by this means established 
 a mark of distinction, which, although common to all, is yet diversified in all, and 
 which affords the advantage of distinguishing with facility genera and species." 
 
 In giving, on this occasion, an abstract of several of the families of Ochsenheimer's 
 system, I wish to direct attention to the period when the first part was published ; 
 and although it was in the same year in which the sixth volume of Illiger's Magazin 
 der Insectenkunde appeared, it probably took place before the general promulgation 
 of the posthumous Systema Glossatarum of Fabricius, above-mentioned. 
 
 D Ochsenheimer's 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ochsenheimer's first family is named Schecken-Falter, Papiliones variegati ; 
 Scheindornraupen, Larvce pseudospinosce ; Schmetterlinge von Europa, vol. i. pp. 
 
 17 to 51. 
 
 This is precisely the character of Fam. L. of the Wien. Verz., p. 178 : and of eleven European 
 species enumerated by Ochsenheimer, seven are found here, viz. P. Phcebe, Maturna, Cynthia. 
 Dyctynna, Cinxia, Trivia, Lucina. This family is now admitted as a genus with the Fabrician 
 name of Melitjea. 
 
 The second family is marked Edel-Falter, Papiliones nobiles ; Halsdornraupen, 
 Larvce collospinosce ; Schmett. v. Eur. i., pp. 52 — 100. 
 
 This constitutes the Fam. K. of the Wien. Verz., p. 176: and of twenty European species 
 enumerated by Ochsenheimer, ten are contained in this catalogue, viz. P. Pandora, Paphia, 
 Adippe, Aglaja, Niobe, Latonia, Euphrosyne, Pales, Dia, and Daphne. This family is now dis- 
 tinguished as a genus with the Fabrician name of Argynnis. 
 
 The third family is marked Eckfluegelige-Falter, Papiliones angulati ; Scharf- 
 dornraupen, Larvce acutosphiosoe ; Schmett. v. Eur. i. pp. 101 — 134. 
 
 It agrees with the Fam. I. of the Wien Verz., p. 174 : and of twelve European species enume- 
 rated by Ochsenheimer, eleven are contained in this catalogue, viz. P. Atalanta, Cardui, lo, 
 Antiopa, Polychloros, Xanthomelas, Vau album, Urticce, C — Album, Prorsa, Levana. This family 
 now constitutes a genus with the Fabrician name of Vanessa. 
 
 The fourth family is named Bandirte-Falter, Papiliones fasciati ; Halbdorn- 
 raupen, Larvce subspinosce ; Schmett. v. Eur. L, pp. 135 — 149. 
 
 It constitutes the Fam. H. of the Wien. Verz., p. 172 : and of five European species enume- 
 rated by Ochsenheimer, four are found in this catalogue, viz. P. Populi, Sybilla, Camilla, Lucilla. 
 This family is distinguished as a genus with the Fabrician name of Limenitis. 
 
 The enumeration of these four families is sufficient to show, that the families of 
 Ochsenheimer and the genera of Fabricius, in this tribe, agree with the families 
 of the Vienna Catalogue, and both may be considered as derived from them. The 
 remaining families of Ochsenheimer's Papilionidas may be traced to the same source, 
 and the comparison will be found highly conducive towards obtaining distinct views of 
 the early merits of this catalogue. In the work of Ochsenheimer, each of the families 
 is preceded by a precise and well-defined descriptive character ; he considered them 
 indeed as genera, although he neglected the opportunity of imposing a name. In 
 the preface we find the following passage. " It has long been wished, and it has 
 also been attempted, to divide the numerous host of diurnal Lepidoptera into several 
 genera ; I therefore entertain the assurance of not venturing too much, when I 
 consider, and treat as a genus, each of the families employed in the sequel." In 
 the fourth volume, which contains a systematic arrangement of genera and species, 
 
 these 
 
INTRODUCTION. jg 
 
 these families appear with the generic names of Fabricius, with a few modifications 
 of Oehsenheimer himself. 
 
 From the preceding details it appears that the catalogue of the Lepidoptera found 
 near Vienna is held in high estimation in Germany ; and that the system it contains 
 has been adopted partially by Borkhausen and Illiger, and more generally by Schrank 
 and Oehsenheimer. It is less known in France ; but it is quoted with great distinc- 
 tion by M. Latreille; it has also been referred to in several instances by Mr. Haworth, 
 in his Lepidoptera Britannica. 
 
 I consider an acquaintance with the Wiener Verzeichnis of the first importance 
 in my present undertaking : the, information which it contains, and the numerous 
 instructive views which it affords, will greatly facilitate my progress ; and its families, 
 in most of the subdivisions, constructed exclusively according to the larvae, will 
 afford a constant standard for comparing my combinations, and correcting or con- 
 firming my views. But, independent of the merits of this work, as an abstract 
 or epitome of almost all that has yet been observed regarding the metamorphosis 
 of European Lepidoptera, it possesses excellencies of a higher order. Its decided 
 object is the establishment of a natural arrangement; and, in this point of view, I 
 consider it to have been, in the age when it was published, what the Horas Entomolo- 
 gical are at present. There is a constant reference to the plan of the Creator in the 
 structure of these animals. Whenever the authors indulge in any speculation, they 
 display uncommon acuteness and depth of thought ; and their unaffected modesty 
 most advantageously sets off their learning and ability. 
 
 Having concisely stated the occasion of the present work, and in a very cursory 
 manner described the materials from which it will be compiled, and the circum- 
 stances which influenced its commencement, I now proceed to some observations 
 on the principles of arrangement and subdivision which will be adopted. I have 
 already declared my intention of making the plan of the Annulosa Javanica my 
 guide, and of adhering, as far as may be consistent with the plan and conduct of the 
 present work, to the principles detailed in the Horas Entomologicae. In considering, 
 therefore, the primary divisions of this order, I direct my attention, in the first 
 place, to the former work, with this inquiry,— can the statement of Mr. Macleay 
 regarding the division of the order of Coleoptera be applied to the Lepidoptera 
 likewise ? Making use, therefore, of his own words, I ask, " if we gradually limit 
 our views, and descend from the consideration of the kingdom Animalia to the 
 department or sub-kingdom Annulosa, from this again to the class Haustellata, and 
 then to the order Lepidoptera, thus leaving each group for one of its component 
 minor groups, do we at length observe the last-mentioned, viz. the order Lepidop- 
 tera, to resolve itself into five minor groupes, or tribes ?" Now it appears to me, that 
 
 D 2 it 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 it will not be difficult for any entomologist, of very moderate experience, to refer most 
 of the Lepidoptera with which he may be acquainted to one of the following types 
 of form or divisions, viz. Papilionidce, Sphingidcc, Bombycidce, Noctuadce, and Phalce- 
 nidce. To give a precise definition of these groups individually is not my design at 
 present ; perhaps it would not be a task very easily effected, according to their 
 variations of metamorphosis. I propose that they be considered in this place 
 abstractedly, without any regard to a rigid distinction, but as familiar types of form 
 which may easily be called to mind. The designation of tribe will be applied to them 
 individually, agreeably to the system of subdivision above enumerated. But it may, 
 perhaps, be expected that I should give a comparative analysis of the divisions of 
 this order, generally employed in systematic works ; this will, however, be done with 
 more propriety, as occasionally suggested, in the progress of the work : of the 
 minor groups several will naturally find a place in the tribes above enumerated; the 
 situations of others, according to their metamorphosis, require various comparisons 
 and details, which I am not prepared at present to undertake. 
 
 I commence with some general remarks on the first tribe, the Papilionidas, agree- 
 ably to the order of subdivision which I propose to follow ; I shall then give a rapid 
 preliminary sketch of the other tribes ; after which I shall proceed to a more 
 detailed analysis of the Papilionidag, in which I shall consider the modifications 
 of the metamorphosis in connexion with the structure of the perfect insect. Now 
 I have to show, in the first place, that, in tracing the metamorphosis of the true 
 Papilionidse, which constitute the first tribe, and which comprizes the Lepidoptera 
 Diurna of Latreille, the genus Papilio of Linnaeus, the Falter or Tagschmetterlinge 
 of Ochsenheimer and the authors of the Vienna Catalogue, I have observed 
 several types of form, to which all the larvas and chrysalides which I have collected 
 myself, or which I have found described and delineated in the works of others, can 
 without exception be referred, viz. 
 
 First : a larva of a linear oblong form, attenuated at both ends, depressed or 
 cylindrico-convex, of a sluggish appearance, with short and scarcely perceptible feet ; 
 distinctly marked above with transverse striae. A pupa nearly smooth, or with 
 comparatively few protuberances, very obtuse at the anterior extremity, attached by 
 the abdomen, braced, vertically suspended with the head upwards or tending for- 
 wards in a horizontal direction. 
 
 Examples of this larva are given in the third plate, in fig. 11, 12, and 13, and on 
 the fourth plate both larva and pupa are figured in No. 1, 1. a. 2, 2. a. 3 3. a. 4 
 4. a. and 5, 5. a. The subjects represented will be referred to in the course of the 
 work. This is apparently the most simple form in the tribe of Papilionidse : it is 
 distinguished in the diagram with the name of vermiform. 
 
 Secondly .• 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 Secondly : a larva of a cylindrical form, generally swelled or thickened at the 
 fourth or fifth section of the body, attenuated towards the head and posterior extremity; 
 in the typical genera naked or covered with short, obtuse, fleshy protuberances ; 
 in the extreme genera, at the boundary of the neighbouring groups, covered 
 with a close silky down or with short scattered hair, most remarkably distinguished 
 by a furcula or forked tentaculum, situated between the head and neck, which may 
 be drawn back or thrust forward at pleasure. Pupa angulated and mostly tuber- 
 culated ; in the typical genera, and in those at the confines of the first group, 
 attached by the posterior extremity, braced, and vertically suspended with the head 
 upwards ; in the genera approaching the third stirps perpendicularly suspended, 
 according to the habits of that stirps. The caterpillar of this division is distin- 
 guished in the diagram as the Chilognathiform or Juliform type. 
 
 Examples: Plate iii, fig. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. Plate iv, fig. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
 11, 12, 13. By an oversight the pupa, both in this and in the former stirps, has 
 been placed in a vertical attitude, which the reader is requested to bear in mind ; 
 the natural attitude is exemplified in plate iii, fig. 1, a. % a. 3, a. 4, a. and 5, a. ; 
 but in some instances the head is downwards ; these will be pointed out in the 
 descriptions. 
 
 Thirdly : a cylindrical larva, strikingly characterized by its terrific or threatening 
 aspect, being covered with sharp, rigid, erect processes, often of great length, but 
 diversified in the different subdivisions, arranged in regular longitudinal lines along 
 the body of the larva, and beset with numerous diverging spines disposed in a verti- 
 cillate manner. It is distinguished by the designation of Chilopodiform or Scolopen- 
 driform larva. The attitude of the pupa is the reverse of that of the typical forms 
 in the two former divisions : it is attached by the abdomen, while the head is 
 directed perpendicularly downwards : in form it is greatly diversified. 
 
 Three examples only of this form are given with a view to show its general habit, 
 in plate iii, fig. 21, 22, and 23 ; the remaining modifications, which are numerous, 
 will follow connectedly on succeeding plates. 
 
 Fourthly : a lengthened cylindrical striated larva, somewhat smaller at each end, 
 apparently of an agile habit, naked, or covered with a slight down, having a head of 
 moderate size, armed with two erect spines, or provided with a moveable shield, 
 often of great size and beset with erect hornlike processes : but the chief charac- 
 teristic of this division consists in two very strongly marked lengthened filiform or 
 spinous appendages from the abdomen. The pupa is attached by the tad and sus- 
 pended perpendicularly as in the last division; it is in general terminated by two 
 points, of various form and length. The illustration of this division will be given with 
 that of the former in the course of the work. One specimen only is figured on the 
 
 diagram, 
 
gg , INTRODUCTION. 
 
 diagram to afford a comparison with the others, and to illustrate the denomination 
 of Thysanuriform, which has been assigned to it. See N. 24, Plate iii. 
 
 Fifthly : a cylindrical larva, nearly naked, with a very large head, often globular, 
 and attached to the body by a long neck ; characteristically distinguished from the 
 other subdivision by its bluntness and abrupt termination behind : the metamorphosis 
 resembles that of one of the divisions of the tribe of Phalsenidas, the pupa being 
 covered by a convoluted leaf. Hence in the Vienna Catalogue the name of tortrici- 
 formes is assigned to the larva of family A of the third great subdivision, which com- 
 prises this form. In the diagram in the third plate are exhibited two forms of this 
 larva ; one of the Erycinidse at the boundary of the fourth tribe, and one of the true 
 Hesperidae. In order to illustrate this preliminary sketch of the five types of form 
 of the metamorphosis of the true Papilionidae, I shall repeat the denominations which 
 will be more fully explained hereafter : thus the first division, according to the larvae, 
 has been named vermiform, the second juliform or chilognathiform, the third scolopen- 
 driform or chilopodiform, the fourth thysanuriform, and the fifth anopluriform. These 
 separate groups, agreeably to the plan of Mr. Macleay in the Annulosa Javanica, 
 will in future be denominated stirpes. 
 
 In the tribe of Sphinlgidce, I have distinguished the following types of form, which 
 afford characters to the subdivisions or stirpes. As the entire metamorphosis will be 
 detailed in the course of the work, I shall in this preliminary sketch give only a con- 
 cise notice of the larvae, without attempting their disposition in a natural order. We 
 observe, then, 
 
 First : a vermiform larva, sluggish, somewhat hairy, with a small retractile head, 
 and minute obscure feet. This larva, in the Wiener Verzei chilis, constitutes the Family 
 G of the genus Sphinx, p. 44, &c. Larva; phakeniformes, Scheinspinnerraupen, and 
 the perfect insect the Sphinges maculatoe, les Sphinx a comes de belier. Reaum. and 
 Geoffr. It deviates more than the other stirpes from the regular type of the sphin- 
 gidce, and if the stirpes are arranged according to the principles of Mr. Macleay, it 
 belongs to the aberrant groupes ; but the determination of its affinity remains for a 
 future investigation. Typical genus Zygoma of Fabricius. 
 
 Secondly : a, cylindrical larva more slender and elongated than in the other stirpes ; 
 it is generally without lateral ocelli, and in one of the sections it is somewhat downy ; 
 the head is globular, and the abdominal horn short and rigid; the latter does not 
 always exist, but in place of it is observed a specular mark. It comprises the families 
 E and F of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 43 and 44. The former is characterized as havino- 
 larvce elongate, Langleibraupen, the latter larvce subpilosce, Milchhaarraupen ; Sphinges 
 caudiberbes and hyalince. The Sesice of Mr. Haworth, in his Lepidoptera Britarmica, 
 including both divisions, lectce and denudata*, constitute this stirps. The perfect 
 
 insect 
 
INTRODUCTION. 23 
 
 insect has short wings, and the abdomen is terminated by a broad or depressed brush- 
 like appendage : in the latter group, Fam. F., the wings are transparent. The 
 typical genera are Macroglossum, Scop., and Sesia, Latr. 
 
 Thirdly : a larva with a head almost triangular and acuminate above ; the body 
 obliquely striated, generally with yellow, naked and somewhat rugose : the abdo- 
 minal horn of moderate size (smooth), generally marked with a peculiar colour. 
 The perfect insect of this division is strikingly distinguished by its angulated of 
 excavated wings. It constitutes the Fam. A of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 40 and 41. 
 Larvce acrocephalce, Spitzkopfraupen ; and the perfect insect the Sphinges angulatce. 
 Typical genus, Smerinthus. 
 
 Fourthly : a larva with an ovate truncated head, nearly naked and even on the 
 surface ; the abdominal horn lengthened, tuberculated, curved. The perfect insect 
 has entire lanceolate wings ; the abdomen is marked with oblique lateral strias. It con- 
 stitutes the Fam. B of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 41. Larvce amblocephalce, Stumpfkopf- 
 raupen, and the perfect insect the Sphinges fasciatce. Typical genus Acherontia : 
 species A, Atropos. 
 
 Fifthly .- a larva with a small globose head, pale lateral spots on the sides of the 
 body, or large ocelli behind the head, mostly with brilliant colours ; abdominal horn 
 generally simple. The pupa covers itself loosely with leaves. It comprises, as far 
 as I have been able to determine, the Families C and D of the Vienna Catalogue, p. 
 42 and 43. In the former, larvce maculatce, Flec/ceraupen, the perfect insects Sphinges 
 semijasciafce, have the abdomen marked anteriorly with abbreviated fascia? ; in the 
 latter, larvce ophthalmicce, Augenraupen, the perfect insects, Sphinges caudacutce, the 
 abdomen is very acute. Typical genera, Sphinx, Ochsenh. (in part) ; Deilephila, 
 Ochsenh. (in part). 
 
 These divisions do not embrace the genus Aegeria, and several other genera, com- 
 monly arranged among the Sphingidce : which, if my observations are correct, have 
 a different metamorphosis, and will probably, at least in part, find a place in the next 
 tribe ; but this remains for future discussion. 
 
 In the tribe of Sphingidce the division is comparatively plain and obvious from 
 various causes. The group itself is not very extensive, and being almost equally 
 .distributed through the temperate climes of Europe and through tropical countries, 
 its metamorphosis is, comparatively, well understood. The divisions are therefore 
 clearly determined, in the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, and I have found them 
 to apply so accurately to the results obtained with my own materials, that I have 
 adopted them, with a few slight modifications which are obvious at first sight. But 
 in the remaining tribes the metamorphosis is as yet not so perfectly known, at least in 
 tropical countries : the divisions are moreover very extensive, the affinities very com- 
 plicated, 
 
24 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 plicated, and often obscure, and the reference to the perfect insect does not, in many- 
 cases, clearly illustrate the series. I shall therefore, at present, attempt no more than 
 a preliminary enumeration of the most prominent types of form in the Javanese collec- 
 tion , illustrating them by a comparison with those families in the Vienna Catalogue 
 which I have been enabled to determine with accuracy. But the whole, as above 
 stated, is merely an imperfect preparatory outline ; and in the enumeration of the 
 groups, no arrangement according to natural succession is attempted. My object 
 is to point out the prominent forms, with a view to their relative disposal, in the course 
 of the work. I trust, however, when the groups shall have been analyzed in detail, 
 to be enabled, in most cases, to point out clearly the typical forms, from a com- 
 parison of the metamorphosis with the perfect insect ; and to dispose the stirpes 
 in a continued series returning into itself. 
 
 The first form indicating one of the stirpes of the tribe Bombycide, I have deno- 
 minated provisionally, after one of the families to be mentioned in the sequel, Fasci- 
 culata. I shall not attempt, in this place, a detailed description of its various modi- 
 fications ; this will follow more properly in the course of the work. Generally the 
 larva is covered closely with silky hairs, arranged in fascicles or tufts, often of unequal 
 length on different parts of the body, and always abruptly terminated. In some cases 
 these tufts are beautifully variegated in colour. This stirps is naturally subdivided 
 into two groups, one of which is exemplified in the genus Laria of Schrank {Liparis 
 and Orgy a of Ochsenheimer), the other in that of Arctia of Schrank, Eyprepia 
 of Ochsenheimer. But this must be understood with some modification as to species. 
 The families D, E, F, G, and H, of the Wiener Verzeichnis belong to this stirps. 
 The family E more particularly corresponds with the genus Arctia : the designation 
 according to the larva is Ursine (p. 52) Baerenraupen (hence the name arctia?') : 
 " Larva tuberculis in quolibet annulo decern, qua? plerumque pilis longis densisque 
 obtecta sunt." Fam. G illustrates the genus Laria : larva? Fasciculate (p. 54) Biir- 
 stenraupen. " Larva fasciculis erectis scopiformibus nonnullisque insuper tubercidis 
 pilisque brevioribus armata." This is more especially typical of the stirps. 
 
 Another stirps of the Bombycidas has a larva, which may with propriety be deno- 
 minated Verticillata. It consists of two principal divisions. In the first the typical genus 
 is Saturnia of Schrank, Ochsenh., &c. Phalama Attacus, Linn. : in the second the 
 genus Apoda of Haworth. The first comprises the Fam. B, larvae verticillata', and pro- 
 bably also the Fam. C, larva? tuberoses of W. V., p. 49 and 50. Larva in singulis anmdis 
 verrucis sex, pilis stellalim diver gentibus. Metamorphosis a terra remote, in folli- 
 culo pyriformi durissimo. The second comprises the Fam. U., W. V., p. 65. Larva- 
 pedibus baud conspicuis (Apoda Haw.) : in Europaeis limaciformibus, in Javanis 
 spinis rigidis praeditse, quae iterum spinulis verticillatis acutissimis instructs; sunt. 
 
 Metamor- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 25 
 
 Metamorphosis in folliculo ovato vel globoso duro. As an European example, I can- 
 only adduce the Apoda Tesludo, Haw. Lep. Br. p. 137 : in the Javanese collection 
 are contained numerous species, which are considerably diversified, and of most of 
 these the metamorphosis has been observed and delineated. 
 
 I place immediately after the stirps with verticillate larva another stirps, which 
 I have denominated Pilosa : although I have not attempted a natural succession in 
 this tribe, yet it appears to me that the structure of the folliculi or cocoons, with 
 other particulars, indicates a relation of affinity between these two stirpes. The first 
 typical genus may be considered to be Lasiocampa of Schrank : comprising part of 
 the genus Gastropacha of Ochsenheimer ; the genera Odonestis and Eriogaster of 
 Germar, also belong to this stirps. I shall not at present attempt to define the 
 relative limits of these genera ; but I must remark that, in my opinion, Ochsenhei- 
 mer deserves no commendation for deserting in the Lepidoptera Nocturna the plan 
 of adhering to the system of the Vienna Catalogue, with which he commenced ; 
 and for declining to adopt several generic names of Schrank, which represent the 
 structure of insects in the larva state, and among others Lasiocampa. Agreeably 
 to this view he expressly states, vol. iii. Preface, p. vi. : " For this reason I left 
 several names of Schrank, which were taken from the larvae alone, unemployed." 
 The families I, K, and L, of the W. V. belong to this stirps : Fam. I. p. 56, 
 Larva? Collaria? : Larva subhirsuta nucha incisura segmenti secundi et tertii ccerulea 
 aut fulva. Fam. K. p. 56, Larva? villosce : Larva segmentis tomento tectis. Fam. L. 
 p. 57, Larva? pilosa? : Larva elongata, mollis, tota lanugine tenui tecta, omnibus 
 strigarum fasciarumque coloribus pellucentibus. The latter may be considered as 
 typical of the stirps. 
 
 A fourth stirps of Bombycidaa I have likewise named after one of the families of 
 the Wiener Verzeichnis, Lignivora : it comprises the Fam. M, N, and O. In most 
 of these the larva is naked, or has but few loosely scattered hairs, as appears from 
 the characters of the families. Fam. M, Larva? Subpilosa?, p. 59. Larva mollis 
 (nigro variegata) nuda, punctis nigris solis fere pilis solitariis. Fam. N, Larva? Lig- 
 nivora? : Larva levis pilis rarioribus, mandibulis validis : (in ligno putrescente 
 victitat) p. 59. Fam. O, Larva? Radicivora?, p. 60 : Larva nudiuscula, capite tho- 
 raceque nitidis (sub humo degit), metamorphosis intra terram in tela oblonga granis 
 terreis commista). The typical genera are Pygasra, Cossus and Hepialus. The 
 metamorphosis of the Fam. O. has some resemblance to that of the genera Psyche of 
 Schrank and of Oiketicus of Guilding : and these appear to be allied to Hepialus, 
 &c, but the determination of their proper situation in the circle of Bombycidse re- 
 mains for future discussion. 
 
 In the last stirps of this tribe which I shall enumerate, the larva is greatly 
 
 e diver- 
 
26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 diversified in form ; but there is one character which exists in all the varieties, 
 from which it has been named Cuspidata : this consists in one or more points, or 
 lengthened tubercles, either at the extremity of the abdomen or on one of the 
 sections of the body. I have not ascertained whether all these various forms consti- 
 tute a connected circle, but their analysis will follow in the course of the work. 
 The typical genera are Cerura of Schrank and Stauropus of Germar, but the stirps 
 also embraces Notodonta, at least in part, and Aglia and Endromis of Ochsenheimer, 
 and the genus Bombyx as defined by Schrank. 
 
 The families R, S, and T, of the W. V., p. 62, 63, and 64, most properly 
 named, according to the larva, Gibbosce, Furcatce, and Cuspidata;, and part of 
 Fam. A, Larva; Sphingiformes, comprising the Bombyx Mori, belong to this stirps : 
 the latter appears to be connected in affinity with the stirps first enumerated ; but 
 as it is not my intention to trace the circular disposition of this tribe at present, I 
 have only transiently indicated several of the most obvious affinities. 
 
 The agreement between the forms of larvae which I have discovered in Java, 
 and those described in the Wiener Verzeichnis is so striking in the tribe of Bom- 
 bycidae, that I am induced to give in this place an enumeration of the families into 
 which the section of Bombyces or Spinner has been divided, as they will illustrate 
 most of the forms which will be described in the sequel. With one or two exceptions, 
 the same forms of larvae have, in this tribe, been observed in Europe and in Java. 
 The names employed are so characteristic, that I have selected from them those 
 which indicate the stirpes. 
 
 The families are the following, viz. 
 
 Fam. A. Larva; Sphingiformes. Fam. B. Larvae Verticillate. Fam. C. Larvee 
 Tuberoses. Fam. D. Larva; Nodosa;. Fam. E. Larva; XJrsince. Fam. F. Larvee 
 Cekripedes. Fam. G. Larve Fasciculate. Fam. H. Larvee Cristatce. Fam. I. 
 Larvee Collarice. Fam. K. Larvee Villosce. Fam. L. Larvae Pilos.e. Fam. M. Larva; 
 Subpilosce. Fam. N. Larve Lignivorje. Fam. O. Larva; Radicivora;. Fam. P. 
 Larvee Noctuiformes. Fam. Q. Larva; Geometriformes. Fam. R. Larva; Gibbosa\ 
 Fam. S. Larva; Furcata;. Fam. T. Larvae Cuspidate. Fam. V. Larva Limaci- 
 formes. 
 
 They naturally resolve themselves, according to the views adopted in this work, 
 into the following Stirpes, viz. 
 
 Bombycidjc. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 27 
 
 
 Stirpes. 
 
 Families Catalogi 
 Viennensis. 
 
 Exempla Typica. 
 
 
 LaRVJE FASCICULATE. 
 
 * D. G. H. 
 
 Laria, Schrank. 
 
 
 
 ** B. F. 
 
 Arctia, id. 
 
 Rj 
 
 Larvje Verticillatje. 
 
 * B. 
 
 Saturnia, id. 
 
 Q 
 
 
 ** U. 
 
 Apoda, Haworth. 
 
 »—i 
 
 Larvae Pilose. 
 
 I. K. L. 
 
 Lasiocampa, Schrank. 
 
 O 
 
 LARV.E LlGNIVORiE. 
 
 M. N. O. 
 
 Cossus, Fabr. 
 
 >-< 
 
 
 
 Hepialus, Schrank. 
 
 
 
 Psyche, id. 
 
 
 
 Oiketicus, Guilding. 
 
 O 
 
 Larvje Cuspidate. 
 
 * R. S. T. 
 
 Cerura, Schrank. 
 
 PQ 
 
 
 
 Stauropus, Germar. 
 Drepana, Schrank. 
 Notodonta, Ochsenh. 
 
 
 *=h 
 
 ** A. 
 
 Bombyx, Schrank. 
 
 In the determination of these stirpes T have availed myself, next to my own mate- 
 rials, of the families of the Vienna Catalogue, and the arrangement of the Lepidoptera 
 Bombyciformia made by Schrank in the second part of his Fauna Boica. The genera 
 here referred to have been established chiefly according to the larvae. Several of 
 them are of a very comprehensive nature, and will, in future, require subdivision : 
 but the names can always with propriety be applied to the families or sections. 
 They are judiciously chosen and highly descriptive, and should not unnecessarily 
 be supplanted by others taken from the perfect insect, as has been done, in various 
 cases, by Ochsenheimer. 
 
 In the two remaining tribes, the subdivisions which I am enabled to propose are 
 still less determinate than in the Sphingidas and Bombycidge. I shall therefore, at 
 present, give only a preliminary indication of the most prominent types of form, 
 which I have observed in the Javanese series of metamorphosis ; these I shall illus- 
 trate by a comparison with the families of the Vienna Catalogue : a more detailed 
 analysis both of the metamorphosis and of the perfect insect is required for limiting 
 the stirpes, and for indicating their relative disposition, according to the affinities 
 of the subjects which compose them. 
 
 In the Noctuid^, a term which I employ in a more extensive sense than is 
 usually done, I shall exhibit, as the type of one of the stirpes, the following form : 
 a larva cylindrical, smooth and naked, always obtuse behind, with a termination 
 either abrupt, or prominent and rounded. In some of the minor subdivisions, there 
 is, on one of the last segments of the body, an acute prominence with a broad base, 
 
 e 2 in 
 
gg INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in its disposition somewhat analogous to the horn of the Sphingidae, but very different 
 in form and appearance. The colours of this larva are generally green or brown ; and 
 in some of the subdivisions it is handsomely variegated : in all cases it is longi- 
 tudinally striated, but the striae vary in number and breadth : it is occasionally 
 marked with a single broad longitudinal lateral band; the surface is almost in all 
 cases dotted, and sometimes variegated with large distinct white spots. Several of 
 the forms in our series agree so strikingly with the families of the Vienna Catalogue, 
 that they deserve to be enumerated, as affording an illustration of the identity of this 
 stirps in Europe, and in the tropical regions of Java, viz. 
 
 Fam. H. Larva? Tenuistriatce, p. 72, No. 42, 55, &c. Javanese Metamorphoses ; ty- 
 pical genus Polia, Hubn. 
 
 Fam. M. Larva? Albilaterales, p. 77, No. 30, 36, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical genus Gra- 
 phiphora, Hubn. 
 
 Fam. N. Larva? Terricola?, p. 79, No. 46, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical genus Agrotis, 
 Hubn. 
 
 Fam. O. Larva? Largostriata?, p. 81, &c. No. 62, 157, 13, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical 
 genus Mamestra, Ochsenh. 
 
 Fam. P. Larva? Obliquostriata?, p. 83, No. 150, &c. Jav. Met. ; typical genus Hadena, 
 Schrank. 
 
 The Fam. B, which with great propriety has been named Bombyciformis, because 
 the larva resembles the verticillate stirps among the Bombycidae, belongs also to this 
 stirps, but not to the typical groups. The typical genus is Acronicta ; and the pecu- 
 liarity of the larva is noted by Mr. Curtis. It is also found in the Javanese series. 
 
 The distinguishing character of the larva of the next stirps of Noctuidaa which 
 I shall enumerate, although without any regard to its affinity, is its being attenuated 
 almost equally towards both extremities, and very slightly covered with a short down. 
 The name of Fusiformis is therefore with propriety applied to one of its subdivisions, 
 which constitutes the family C of the Noctuae of the W. V. This family embraces 
 several genera of the present systems ; as Lithosia, at least in part, and Eidepia of 
 Curtis, and Deiopeia of Stephens. I defer the analysis of its subdivisions to another 
 occasion. I shall then endeavour to examine the somewhat extraordinary combina- 
 tions of Schrank ; if they are correct, many of the Tinea? will be here arranged. 
 Schrank's genus Setina, comprises most of the species of the family with fusiform lar- 
 vae; and he unites in one family, which he denominates Lepidoptera Tineafformia, be- 
 sides Setina, the genera Nemapogon, Tinea, Setella, Harpella, Plutella, and Stigmella. 
 It remains to be ascertained whether these are indeed related by affinity, or whether 
 he has been guided in this disposition merely by analogical relations. The habit of 
 
 forming 1 
 
INTRODUCTION. qq 
 
 forming a case which belongs to many Lepidoptera with fusiform larva?, is likewise 
 observed partially in other tribes of this order. Among the Papilionidae it exhibits 
 itself in the Hesperidae ; among the Bombycidae in the stirps with lignivorous larvae 
 and in Psyche, and in the Phalaenidae, most evidently among the Tortrices. 
 
 The third stirps appears to be strictly oriental -, at least I have not found any family 
 agreeing with it in character in the Vienna Catalogue. The larva is cylindrical, 
 thinly scattered with short bristly hairs, abruptly terminated behind, and, as far as I 
 have observed, uniformly marked with transverse bands, of a brilliant, mostly yellow, 
 colour. In its metamorphosis it resembles some of the Bombycidae ; the folliculus is 
 irregularly hemispherical, and partially rests on the earth. The perfect insect is 
 generally marked with strikingly diversified colours, in which black, yellow, red, and 
 white, are contrasted. The antennae are lengthened and slender ; analogous to those 
 of several Papilionidae ; they also indicate an affinity to the last stirps of this tribe. 
 Numerous samples of this larva are contained in our series. 
 
 In another stirps the larva has a very decided character : it is still provided with 
 sixteen feet, but of the eight abdominal feet the two anterior are by far the smallest ; 
 there is a swelling and discoloration about the fourth segment of the body, and the 
 last segment but one rises in a protuberance which is terminated by two points. In 
 walking, the larva partially resembles those of the Geometrae, and approaches in 
 habit to the next stirps, but its attitudes are often more grotesque ; the head is 
 thrown back and the abdomen drawn inwards, so that it resembles a distorted letter S. 
 Many of the larvae resemble in colour the bark of wood. They are, in many in- 
 stances, fringed along the sides of the body, hence the family name in the W.V. Ciliatas. 
 They are very numerous in Java, and exhibit several apparently uncommon modifi- 
 cations. The perfect insect is distinguished by the striking colours of the posterior 
 wings, and by its habit of flying into houses at night. The Fam. X. Larva? Ciliata?, 
 and Y. Larva? Pseudogeometrce, pp. 90, 91, W.V., belong to this stirps, and the typical 
 genera are Catocala of Schrank, and Abrostala of Ochsenh. 
 
 The fifth stirps is distinguished, in the larva state, by having only twelve feet, 
 and by bending the back in walking in a greater degree than the fourth ; hence the 
 vulgar name of half loopers. Their metamorphosis resembles that of the typical 
 stirps of the next tribe. The perfect insect is well known by the silvery or golden 
 spots or marks on the upper wings. They are denominated Noctuce Metallica?, and 
 constitute the family Z, W. V. p. 91, Larva? Semigeometrce. The typical genus is 
 Plusia of Hubner. 
 
 Of the stirpes enumerated, the first, provisionally named Nuda, from the com- 
 plete nakedness of the larva in most divisions, is typical of the whole tribe. Schrank 
 proposes the name of Noctua, by preference, for the Fam. M and N of the W. V. 
 
 which 
 
30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which belong to it : and two other families, O and P, he has united into the genus 
 Hadena, which also belongs to the typical stirps. Another stirps is named Fusi- 
 formis ; a third from the transverse disposition of the marks Fascia ta ; a fourth 
 Ciliata, and the last Semigeometra. 
 
 It will appear more fully in the sequel that the families of the W. V. have, with 
 scarcely a single exception, been likewise observed in Java. 
 
 The passage from the last stirps of the Noctuidae to the first stirps of the Pha- 
 LiENiDiE, is one of the most gradual which we have yet observed. The tendency to 
 that character which so remarkably distinguishes the typical stirps of the fifth tribe, 
 has been indicated in the stirps alluded to, the Semigeometraa of the last tribe. In 
 the stirps which we are now considering, the habit of the larva is completely formed. 
 It has, like the former, twelve feet, but its mode of undergoing the change approaches 
 to that of the next stirps. It consists of the Fam. A of the Geometrce of the Vienna 
 Catalogue, named (larvae) Seminoctuaks. It constitutes the genus Phalcena, as 
 defined by Dr. Leach (Samouelle's Eritom. Comp. p. 252) ; the second sect, of the 
 genus Phalcena of Latreille ; Genera, vol. iv. p. 227 ; an d the genus Ellopia of 
 Treitschke's Cont. of Ochsenh. Schm. von Eur., vol. v. 2, p. 429. As typical spe- 
 cies, P. margaritaria, prasinaria and fasciaria, may be adduced. The family name of 
 Seminoctuales may with propriety be applied to the stirps. 
 
 The second stirps is typical of this tribe, and exhibits one of the most remarkable 
 groups in the whole order of Lepidoptera, whether we consider the perfect insect or 
 the larvae. The latter have only ten feet : their movement in walking being com- 
 pared to a loop, they are denominated loopers. Ingressus tanquam si longitudinem spi- 
 thameis metiaris. They exhibit various very striking modifications of attitude and 
 appearance, according to which they are named in the Vienna Catalogue ; and as 
 these also occur in the Javanese series, I shall enumerate several as types of the sub- 
 divisions of this stirps, viz. 
 
 Fam. B, W. V. p. 69. Larvce Stoloniformes. " Ad perpendiculum fere erecta quiescit." Gen. 
 Hipparchus, Leach ; Geometra, Treitschke. 
 
 Fam. C, W. V. p. 98. Larva Corticina. " Larva fere linearis, capite truncate- in cortice per 
 totum diem haerere solet." Gen. Biston, Leach ; Amphidasis, Treitschke. 
 
 Fam. D, W. V. p. 100. Larva Pedunculares. " Larva prascedentibus gracilior, fere linearis." 
 Gen. Boarmia, Treitschke. 
 
 Fam. E, W. V. p. 102. Larva Surculiformes. " Larva forma ramum seu surculum imitatur." 
 Gen. Aspitates, Treitschke. 
 
 Fam. F, W. V. p. 103. Larva Ramiformes. " Larva tam colore et longitudine quam tnber- 
 culis, verrucis aut mucronibus ramulo simillima." Gen. Geometra and Ouraptenjx, Leach; 
 Acana and Ennomos, Treitschke. 
 
 Fam. N, W. V. p. 114. Larva Signata. " Larva laete colorata." Gen. Abraxas, Leach; 
 Zerene, Treitschke. 
 
 All 
 
INTRODUCTION. 31 
 
 All these families, and several others which will be enumerated in their proper 
 places, afford indications for generic distinctions, which are confirmed by the genera 
 cited from Leach in Samouelle's Entomologist's Compendium. 
 
 I shall at present limit myself to a very general definition of the remaining stirpes 
 of this tribe ; their analysis will follow in the sequel, when I hope to be enabled to 
 compare, in a more satisfactory manner, the result of the observations which I have 
 personally made with those of Hiibner and others, who have illustrated the meta- 
 morphosis of this order. I find, however, as well in my, own materials as in the 
 arrangement of the Wiener Verzeichnis, that the remaining groups of Phalasnidae 
 are connected mutually one to the other, and to the two prominent groups 
 already enumerated by very evident affinities. I shall, therefore, consider these as 
 types of stirpes, and endeavour to show in the sequel that they complete the 
 circle of Phalaanidaa. Before indicating them, I shall extract a remark from the 
 work just mentioned, as it not only illustrates the views entertained by the authors 
 of these affinities, but also shows their constant endeavour to arrange their groups 
 in a natural succession ; to this they were led, by attending carefully to the meta- 
 morphosis of the insects. They place before the remark alluded to an apology for 
 deviating in their arrangement from the order of Linnaeus, who had separated the 
 Pyralides from the Geometry by the intervention of the Tortrices ; they then 
 proceed : " the reason which has induced us to make this alteration, is, that by this 
 means we believe we have adhered more closely to the regular connexion and 
 gradual passage which nature appears to have observed, and this both in regard of 
 the caterpillars and the perfect insects." They then describe the larva of one of 
 the groups, as far as they are acquainted with it, in the following words : " regard- 
 ing the larva of the Pyralides, we remark that many of them want the first pair of 
 the abdominal feet ; they move, therefore, in some measure, after the manner of the 
 Geometraa ; they have uniformly a slender body, and they live uncovered on plants."* 
 
 According to this intimation, I shall consider the PYRALiDiE as the group follow- 
 ing immediately after the Geometry, and representing one of the stirpes of the 
 Phalaenidae, but without at present defining its limits. In the Vienna Catalogue 
 
 they 
 
 * Wir setzen die Zunsler oder Lichtmuckcn vor den BlatlivicMern, und glauben nicht, dass es jemanden 
 leicht verwirren soil, obschon by Herrn Linnaeus die letztern vor jenen stehen. Die Ursache, die uns 
 zu dieser geringen Veriinderung bevvogen hat, ist, dass wir hiedurch den ordentlichen Zusamraenhang, und 
 sanften Uebergang, den die natur scheint beobachtet zu haben , mehr zu folgen glauben, und dieses 
 sowohl in Betrachte der Raupen als der Schinetterlinge. Die Raupen belangend, so mangelt vielen von 
 denen der Lichtmuchen ein Paar der Bauchfusze, sie gehen daher un wenig Spannerformigt, haben durchge- 
 hends einen schlanken Leib, und leben auf den Pflanzen ganz unbedeckt. W. V., p. 118. 
 
32 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 they are divided into two families, one of which is represented by the genus 
 Herminia, the other by Botys. 
 
 Following the same work, we are led by a natural succession to the Blattwickler 
 or Tortrices, which I shall consider as the fourth stirps of Phalaenidae : this is a 
 very extensive group, the character of which is indicated by the name. The larvae 
 in many cases are small, slender, mostly of a green colour, naked or slightly pilose, 
 very active, and provided with sixteen feet. They have the habit of contorting or 
 rolling the leaves on which they feed, and in which they undergo metamorphosis. 
 This character will again be referred to in the sequel : many of the peculiarities of 
 the larvae remain for future investigation. The authors of the Vienna Catalogue 
 express themselves very decidedly as to the natural affinity of the Tortrices to the 
 groups, between which they are now placed. They all greatly resemble each other 
 in their manner of undergoing their change, and no satisfactory characters for subdi- 
 vision have as yet been proposed. The whole stirps is at present represented by a 
 few genera, the limits of which are not defined. 
 
 The last group of the Phalaenidae, which is placed immediately after the Tortrices, 
 constitutes " die Schaben," or Tine^;. They constitute one of the most diversified 
 groups in the whole order. The caterpillars are generally small, and decrease to such 
 a degree as to become almost imperceptible : they have sixteen, fourteen, or even eight 
 feet. Their habits are also greatly diversified. No satisfactory subdivision has as 
 yet been established. Schrank has united under his Lepidoptera Tineaeformia as 
 well Lithosia, Eulepia, and Deiopeia, &c. as the true Tinece or Schaben : the former 
 constitute the stirps with fusiform larvae among the last tribe. In preliminarily 
 indicating the fifth stirps of the Phalaenidae, the Tinece, I shall adopt the views of the 
 Vienna Catalogue. In referring to various modern systems, we find the Tineaeform 
 Lepidoptera separated and arranged into distinct subdivisions : the true limits of this 
 group remain therefore for future determination. The affinity of many of the 
 Tineas to the Noctuidae and Seminoctuales, will probably lead us to the point in 
 which the circle of Phalaenidae is completed. 
 
 In reviewing this hasty sketch of the Phaljenid^e, it appears that this tribe 
 resolves itself into the following stirpes, viz. Seminoctuales, Geometrce, Pyralidce, 
 Tortrices, and Tineas : the latter stirps, according to the views of Dennis and 
 Schieffermuller, is again connected with the Seminoctuales. In the tribe, therefore 
 which we are now considering, the disposition of the stirpes according to their 
 natural affinities has been comparatively easy, from the indications afforded by the 
 authors cited ; while in the second, third, and fourth tribes, my attempt extended 
 no farther than to indicate the prominent forms or types, leaving the definition of the 
 stirpes and their arrangement according to their natural relations to the progress of 
 
 the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 33 
 
 the work. Indeed my object in this preliminary sketch, has rather been to point out 
 in a general manner at the commencement, the plan which I have projected for my 
 arrangement, than to limit or define the groups permanently. I trust, however, that 
 the confirmation afforded by the Wiener Verzeichnis to this first imperfect essay, will 
 obtain for it an indulgent reception, until a more satisfactory elucidation can be 
 afforded. 
 
 I have now traced the whole order of Lepidoptera in a rapid manner. I have 
 attempted to show that it consists of five tribes, and that in the metamorphosis of 
 each tribe, certain prominent or typical forms are manifested, indicating the subdi- 
 visions next in rank, which will be denominated, according to the plan of the Annu- 
 losa Javanica, stirpes. The gradual passage of one tribe into another, or the con- 
 nexion of these higher groups by a natural affinity, has been only superficially stated; 
 but it wall be sufficiently apparent, I trust, that in the disposition of these tribes, I have 
 attempted to follow the most gradual succession of nature ; and I shall leave the 
 proofs of this to the progress of the work itself. There is, however, one point re- 
 garding the connexion of the two principal tribes which presents itself for immediate 
 notice. If the position above advanced be conformable to truth, we are now enabled 
 to show with cogency, that the whole order of Lepidoptera constitutes a series 
 returning into itself. The satisfactory illustration of this point will be given with 
 greater advantages at the close of the work, when the subjects themselves shall have 
 passed in review, and can be appealed to ; and my present object will be chiefly to 
 show the point of connexion between the tribe first mentioned and the last, in which 
 the circle is completed. If we therefore return to the Papilionidae, we find the 
 stirps which recedes farthest from the typical character, to exhibit a decided tendency 
 towards the nocturnal Lepidoptera, both in its perfect state and in its metamorphosis; 
 this in both stages is indicated by their names, viz. Hesperida? in the former, Tortri- 
 ciformes in the latter. Nothing can more strongly prove this point than the following 
 description of the different stages, from the Vienna Catalogue : Fam. A (Papilionum) 
 Larva Tortriciformis ; Larva nonnullis Phalaenarum larvis persimilis ; subnuda ; 
 antice posticeque tenuior (subfusiformis) ; capite globoso paululum fisso ; in foliis 
 contextis habitare solet. Metamorphosis ad modum larvarum Tortricum, in tela. 
 Chrysalis similis phalgenarum pupis. A similar approach to the nocturnal Lepidop- 
 tera is exhibited by the perfect insect of the Hesperidge ; the body is generally short 
 and thick, the head large, the anterior wings when the insect is at rest expanded ; 
 the hinder tibiae provided with two pair of spurs, one in the middle the other at the 
 tip. They fly chiefly in the latter part of the day. Imago pedibus sex asquahbus ; 
 antennis brevibus ; corpore plerumque brevi crasso, capite magno. Sedens alas, impri- 
 mis posticas, suberectas gerit, In all these particulars the Hesperidse depart from the 
 
 f diurnal 
 
34. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 diurnal Lepidoptera. Now if we turn to the last tribe of this order, the Phalaenidas, we 
 find again in the stirps farthest removed from the typical group, or from the Geometry, 
 a stirps agreeing in many particulars with the Hesperidaa. The individuals belong- 
 ing to this group in the larva state, live in contorted or convoluted leaves ; hence the 
 name Tortrices is by preference applied to them. The perfect insect likewise re- 
 sembles the Hesperidaa, and this not only in such characters as are common to all 
 nocturnal Lepidoptera, but in several in which it deviates from them and approaches 
 the PapilionidiE ; of these I shall mention at present only the form of the an- 
 tenna?, and the distribution of the marks on the wings. On this subject striking 
 illustrations are afforded by several Javanese Papilionidas, which will be given in the 
 sequel ; preparatory to which, I shall at present only refer to the figure of one of the 
 insects on the second plate, fig. 1. genus Pelavia, where the reader will find most of 
 the characters of the Tortrices, viz. form of antennas, additional spurs to the posterior 
 tarsi, marking of the hinder wings, &c. in an insect, which Latreille, Cramer, 
 and other writers have arranged among the diurnal Lepidoptera. A reference to 
 Mr. Curtis's genera Peronia and Sarrothripus, will further illustrate this sub- 
 ject, which I shall pursue more at large in the analysis of the fifth tribe. But 
 there are various points of affinity, of a more general nature, between the 
 Papilionidse and Phalaenida?. Both tribes are in a greater or less degree diurnal 
 in their habits ; while the Hesperidas fly in the evening and many of the Phalaenidge 
 at night, we find that some of the typical insects of the latter tribe fly in the 
 day. The habit of carrying the wings erect when at rest, is likewise observed in 
 several of the typical Phalasnidae, while in the Hesperidas it is perfectly intermediate. 
 Many individuals, more removed from the point of contact of the two tribes, indicate 
 a partial approach either in their conformation or in their habits. Of these I shall 
 mention in this place two remarkable South-American Lepidoptera, now arranged in 
 the genus Helicopis of Fabricius, the Papilio Cupido and P. Gnidus of Linnseus. 
 
 I shall conclude this inquiry with some observations, which give me an opportunity 
 to introduce the only subdivision of Lepidoptera of any extent, which has not yet 
 been mentioned, and to adduce the confirmation afforded by the Wiener Verzeichnis 
 of the view I entertain of the union of the Phalaenidae and Papiliones. It is the a-enus 
 PteropJwrus of Fabricius, the Pterophores of Geoffroi. Regarding this remarkable 
 group, we find in the work just cited, p. 145, this observation": « We place the 
 Pterophores (or Geistchen) with Linnams, after the small nocturnal Lepidoptera • an \ 
 here they form the passage to the Papiliones, according to our opinion more oro 
 perly than in the disposition made of them by M. Geoffroi, after the Papilione 1 
 Sphinges and before the Bombyces .» This remarkable group, the true situation of 
 which I shall not attempt to investigate at present, greatly resembles the diurnal Le- 
 
 pidoptera, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 35 
 
 pidoptera, in various peculiarities of its metamorphosis. The larva is small, oblong, 
 sluggish, broad, and slightly hairy, and evidently allied to that of the Vermiform 
 stirps of the Papilionidae : the change takes place without any cocoon, the pupa being 
 suspended in the open air by means of two threads ; the perfect insect is strikingly 
 characterized by its plumiform wings, and long, slender, filiform antennae. M. 
 Reaumur coincides with the authors of the Vienna Catalogue, in placing this group 
 between the diurnal and nocturnal Lepidoptera. 
 
 In the concise enumeration of the stirpes of the Papilionida?, premised to the 
 general view of the subdivisions of this order, their analogical relation to certain 
 primary annulose forms was very generally indicated. It may be useful, there- 
 fore, to give some further details on this subject, to show its more immediate 
 bearing on my present inquiry, and to apply the analogy which directed Mr. Macleay 
 in the arrangement of the Coleoptera, in the same manner to Lepidopterous insects. 
 With this view I refer the reader to the sketch contained on the third plate, in which 
 the principal types of form of the larva? of this tribe are disposed in groups, in the 
 order in which Mr. Macleay has arranged the Ametabola in the Horse Entomological ; 
 vid. pp. 350 and 351 ; and I hope to be able to show hereafter, that the passage 
 from one group to the other is perfectly natural, that the affinities in this stage of 
 existence are continuous and uninterrupted, and that they constitute a series return- 
 ing into itself. The confirmation afforded to this position by the analogy of the 
 Ametabola, will be more fully developed in the course of the work ; and a final test 
 of its correctness will be supplied by the insect in its imago state. If it shall appear 
 that an adherence to the succession of the forms of larvae above described leads to a 
 natural disposition of the subjects of this tribe in the perfect state, the principle of 
 arrangement will be established on a firm basis. 
 
 Referring therefore to the diagram on the third plate, I request the attention of 
 the reader in the first place to that type, which for reasons soon to be stated, and 
 which indeed are obvious at first sight, I have denominated Vermiform. I desire 
 him further to proceed in a direction to the left hand to the Chilognathiform or 
 Juliform type ; this will lead him to the Chilopodiform or Scolopendriform type ; 
 then changing his direction and turning again towards the right, he meets the Thysa- 
 nuriform, and next to that, the Anopluriform type ; and thus by a connected series 
 he is brought back again to the Vermiform type with which he commenced. The 
 forms of the larvae themselves are familiar to all entomologists, who have paid any 
 attention to the metamorphosis of this order, and examples of them may be seen in 
 various entomological works, exhibiting Lepidoptera in their different stages of ex- 
 istence. Most of those which are represented on the sketch, have been taken as they 
 occurred, partly from the Javanese Collection and partly from works of science, 
 
 f 2 without 
 
g g INTRODUCTION. 
 
 without being designedly selected for this purpose. The names denning the stirpes, 
 as has already been stated, are the same which Mr. Macleay employs in the divisions 
 of his class of Ametabola, and they follow the same order in which they occur in 
 the Horse Entomologies:. (See p. 390, 392.) It is necessary, however, to state 
 clearly, that these names, applied to the groups of the larvae of the Papilionidae, are 
 merely indicative of analogies, or show that the larvae possess certain analogous rela- 
 tions to the forms enumerated. This cannot be better illustrated, than by the follow- 
 ing observation of Mr. Macleay ; in giving the analogous characters of Coleopterous 
 larva?, (pp. 422 and 423 of Hor. Ent.) he says : " in terming larvae Chilognathiformes 
 or CMlopodiformes, it is not meant that they are Scolopendrce or Iuli, or even near to 
 them in affinity, but only that they are so constructed, that certain analogical circum- 
 stances attending them strongly remind us of these Ametabola." 
 
 It may be proper, while considering this subject, to call the attention of the 
 reader more particularly to the class of Ametabola, as defined by Mr. Macleay, 
 with consummate ability, as it is one of the most remarkable groups in entomology, 
 especially, in regard to its analogical relations to other groups. This class not 
 only points out the natural order or succession of various minor subdivisions, 
 but it represents many of the annulose forms, in their simple or elementary 
 state. Thus, for instance, it exhibits the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in the first 
 stages of their existence. In illustration of this, I again refer to the Horse Ento- 
 mological p. 287, where, speaking of the Ametabola, the author remarks : " it is 
 not absolutely meant that these animals do not undergo metamorphosis, but that, 
 constructed on the same plan with the larva' of true insects, they are rendered 
 incapable by nature of completing their metamorphosis, and are able to perform the 
 offices of adult life in all the various stages of air incomplete change of form." 
 And then he proceeds to illustrate this remarkable arrangement of nature, by the 
 following observation : " such a species of imperfection is not unique, nor confined 
 to the Annulosa ; for the Ametabola have their prototypes among the Vertebrata in 
 the group Amphibia, where the genera Siren and Proteus are, to speak analogically, 
 animals left imperfect in the first stage of metamorphosis." Now, although in com- 
 paring the larvae of insects with the class of Ametabola, Mr. Macleay's remarks 
 admit of an application to various orders, yet it is evident, that, in making the 
 comparison alluded to, he had the larvaa of Coleoptera primarily in view, which 
 indeed first directed his attention more particularly to the Ametabola. 
 
 Regarding the larvae of Eepidoptera he expresses himself thus (p. 400) : " If 
 Lepidopterous larvaa sometimes imitate the more eccentric forms of the order 
 of Chilognatha (alluding to the Chenilles-Chportes, vermiform larvae), every one 
 knoxvs that their ordinary shape is that of an lulus." This indeed, as has been 
 
 stated, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 37 
 
 stated, is the typical form of the whole order. It will, however, appear from the 
 figures of larvae, contained on the third and fourth plates, and from the more 
 full details which will be given in the sequel, that their analogy to the Ametabola, is 
 much more clearly exemplified in the Lepidopterous than in the Coleopterous 
 larva?. The former are upon the whole much better known and more readily 
 observed ; and I trust their analogical relations will, on this account, be more satis- 
 factorily elucidated. I make this remark with full deference to Mr. Macleay's 
 superior merit, and with entire acknowledgment of his originality. It is very 
 evident that I was led to the observation of these analogical resemblances by the 
 study of his works, and the principle being once made known, its application and 
 extension became comparatively easy. Mr. Macleay himself acknowledges some 
 difficulties which presented themselves in completing the chain of these analogies, 
 and particularly states his want of accurate information regarding the Thysanuriform 
 larvae. Of the fifth group, indeed, he says, p. 285 : " I could form but little 
 judgment, as the larvae of it were but very imperfectly known." 
 
 It will appear, in the following pages, that numerous examples of all the types 
 enumerated in the Papilionidae have been observed in Java ; and it will be my endea- 
 vour, as I proceed, to extend my examination to all the larvae of this tribe, which 
 have been described and published, in order to illustrate the position that they can, 
 without exception, be reduced to the Jive stirpes enumerated, 'which are constructed 
 according to the plan of the orders of the Ametabola. 
 
 I have endeavoured, in the diagram contained on the third plate, to illustrate 
 by figures the order in which the stirpes succeed each other, and, finally, meet again 
 and complete a circle. It is necessary, however, to bear in mind that this illustra- 
 tion is very partial and imperfect. It has not been possible, in the present attempt, 
 to exhibit a great variety of forms, and to show the immediate connexion of the 
 stirpes, although, in several instances, the passage from one to the other is clearly 
 exemplified. My object has chiefly been, in the diagram, to show the maximum of the 
 development of each type, while the remaining illustrations exhibit the gradual passage 
 from one form to the other, which in most cases takes place, by an almost impercep- 
 tible variation. The diagram is intended to show those " typical eminences" on which, 
 in the beautiful illustration of this subject afforded by Mr. Vigors, the character is 
 most conspicuous, while the larva? and chrysalides disposed in a linear series, exhibit 
 the almost imperceptibly varying forms which lead along the " basal extremes " to the 
 neighbouring groups. 
 
 As I propose to give a tabular view of the divisions of the tribe of Papilionidee, 
 agreeably to the principles now developed, I shall recapitulate and somewhat 
 amplify the concise notices above given of the metamorphosis of this tribe, and 
 
 add 
 
38 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 add some details regarding the perfect insect. The first stirps in order has been 
 denominated Vermiform, and if my views are correct, it is the most simple, both in 
 the larva and imago state. In the circle of Ametabola, Mr. Macleay likewise con- 
 siders the vermes, which consist of the Epizoaria of Lamark and the Entozoa 
 Nematoidea of Rudolphi, as having the least complicated structure. The distin- 
 guishing characters of this stirps are an oblong body, attenuated at both ends, in 
 some cases depressed or slightly convex, in others cylindrico-gibbous, appearing to 
 consist of numerous scuta or shields, distinctly divided by transverse striae, having a 
 small retractile head, and very short scarcely perceptible feet, which are often 
 concealed by the projecting scuta of the body. This form evidently indicates a 
 strongly marked analogical resemblance to many of the vermes; but it is remarkable 
 that the character of the osculant group, in the neighbouring circle of Crustacea, 
 shows itself in many of these larvae ; this will suggest, in the progress of the work, 
 some important observations on the analogical relations of the other tribes of this 
 order. The genera among the Crustacea, in immediate contact with the Ametabola, 
 are Oniscus, Armadillo, and Asellus. The resemblance of the larvae of the vermiform 
 stirps to these is indicated by their familiar names : Onisciform larva?, Chenilles- 
 Cloportes, Asseljbrmige-Raiipen, &c. This larva occurs in Europe in the genera, 
 Potyommalas, Lyccena and Thecla, or in the Blues, Coppers and Hairstrealcs of our 
 British nomenclature ; and the three divisions of the Vermiform larva?, which are 
 established in the Wiener Verzeichnis, correspond with the groups indicated by these 
 genera. They constitute the families M, N, O, of that work, named according to the 
 modifications of the larvae : viz. Oblongoscutatce, Gibboscutatce, and Depressoscutatce. 
 I have observed in Java five varieties of the metamorphosis of this stirps, which 
 belong to the genera above-mentioned, and indicate some modifications of the 
 perfect insect ; they will be referred to and described at large in the course of the 
 work. They are represented in the order of their affinity on the fourth plate, in 
 figures 1, % 3, 4, and 5. They are more diversified in their external appearance 
 than the European larvae of this stirps hitherto observed, and the corresponding 
 modifications in the perfect insect will be the subject of future remarks. But 
 many observations are still required to complete the deficiencies in the series. 
 Of the subjects which are represented on the diagram, for the illustration of this 
 stirps, fig. 11, is taken from Sepp, and belongs to the genus Polyommatus, as now 
 defined; fig. 12 is from Abbot's Georgian insects, where it is named Papilio Favo- 
 nius ; (vol. i, p. 27, tab. xiv.) fig. 13 is from Esper, and belongs to the Papilio 
 Betulce of Linnaeus ; both the latter are now arranged in the genus Thecla. By the 
 agreement of the metamorphosis of these insects, in the most distant parts of the 
 world, in Europe, the Indian Archipelago, and North-America, the permanent 
 
 character 
 
INTRODUCTION. 39 
 
 character of this stirps is established. Many other confirmations may be found in 
 the works of Sepp, Abbot, Roesel, Esper, Cramer, and Hiibner. 
 
 The pupa of the Vermiform stirps, some of the peculiarities of which have already 
 been mentioned above, is strikingly illustrated on the fourth plate, in fig. 1, a. % a. 
 3, a. 4, a. and 5, a. By an oversight in the arrangement of the plate, the subjects 
 are given in a situation the reverse of that in which they are in general disposed. 
 This the reader is required to correct. In their natural attitude the anal part is 
 underneath, the head above. This pupa has upon the whole that attachment and 
 mode of suspension, which characterises the typical stirps : it is fixed by the tail 
 and secured in an erect attitude by a brace. Its chief peculiarities are an obtuse- 
 ness of both ends, especially of the superior, and comparatively an even surface. 
 
 I have already remarked, that the perfect insect corresponds with the larva, as 
 far as regards simplicity of form. In the Linnaaan arrangement the group we are 
 now considering forms the last of the divisions, and with the name of Plebeians of 
 the lowest rank, Plebeji rurales, terminates the series of diurnal Lepidoptera. 
 According to the observations of Mr. Jones, the structure of the wings, as far as 
 regards the nervures, confirms the comparative simplicity of this stirps. But 
 although diminutive in size, the Papilionidae with Vermiform larvae possess, in many 
 cases, a beauty of form and an elegance of colouring which is not exceeded by any 
 other insects of this order. Some of the exotic species of this stirps, belonging to 
 die genera Myrine, Helicopis, and Poly ommatus, are distinguished from the whole 
 tribe, by the caudal extremities of their wings. 
 
 In enumerating some of the more characteristic pecularities of the perfect insect, 
 I shall notice first the palpi : these are slender and of great length ; the covering of 
 scales or hairs on the basal aud intermediate joints is shorter and less in quantity 
 than in the other stirpes ; the third, or terminal joint, is directed forwards, compara- 
 tively of great length, and either naked or covered with minute scales. The genus 
 Myrine, belonging to the typical group, exhibits the greatest length of palpi that I 
 have observed in the whole tribe of Papilionidae : they extend to the middle of 
 the antennas. On the second and fourth plate the general character of the palpi 
 is exhibited ; viz. PI. ii, fig. 4, b. fig. 5, b. fig. 6, b. PI. iv, fig. 1, b, fig. 2, b. 
 fig. 5, b. 
 
 The antenna; in the typical genera are clavate ; their form is regular, being 
 small at the base, and gradually and uniformly thickened towards the extremity, 
 which is either obtuse, rounded, or terminated by a bristle. This form is strikingly 
 exhibited in the genus Myrine, and in the second section of the genus TJiecla : see 
 PL ii, fig. 5, c. fig. 6, c. PI. iv, fig, 5, c. In the genera Lyccena and Polyommatus 
 the antennae are multiarticulate, filiform at the base and terminated by a cylindrical, 
 
 compressed 
 
40 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 compressed club, which is rather abruptly inflected or bent outwards. This form 
 is exhibited in PL ii, fig. 4, c. PL iv, fig. 1, c. % c. and PL i, fig. 1, 2. 
 
 The anterior "dings are generally regular along the posterior margin, which is 
 either straight or slightly curved. The posterior wings are entire, dentated, or pro- 
 vided with one or more tails, the peculiar character of which consists in being 
 slender and linear ; in several genera the tails afford a very beautiful decoration. 
 
 The feet are slender, long, perfect in all parts, and alike in both sexes : the ante- 
 rior feet are never spurious, and although in one section of the genus Thecla, they 
 are somewhat shortened, yet all the parts are perfect. This partial abbreviation is 
 observed in Fam. M. of W. V. Larva oblongoscutata, where the imago is described : 
 " pedibas duobus anticis aliqaanto minoribus." The anterior feet are without any ap- 
 pendage, but the intermediate pair have on the thighs, in all genera as far as I have 
 observed, a short acute process, about the middle. The tarsi are small. The pecu- 
 liarities will be stated in the generic characters. The body is, on the whole, small, 
 slender, and compressed ; the proboscis either short or moderately elongated, and in 
 general provided with erect bristles towards the extremity. 
 
 The second stirps, which from the character it exhibits in the first stage of its 
 existence, is denominated Chilognathiform or Juliform, is the principal of the whole 
 tribe, and the larva is typical of the whole order of Lepidoptera. This has already 
 been stated in the general remarks on the analogical relations, between the metamor- 
 phosis of the Papilionida; and the class of Ametabola, where it appeared that the 
 Juliform habit of the larva of this order had already been pointed out in the Horae 
 Entomologicag. I therefore proceed at once to the description. The larva of this 
 stirps is generally characterized by smoothness of surface, cylindrical shape, and 
 great length of body : but it presents the following modifications of form, in 
 tracing which I shall commence at the confines of the Vermiform stirps ; here we find 
 it attenuated at both ends and transversely striated ; an example is given in the third 
 plate in fig. 14, belonging to the genus Colias, which, if my conclusions are correct, 
 determines the natural situation of this genus. Hence we pass, assisted by various 
 corresponding indications, in the other stages of the metamorphosis, to a regularly 
 cylindrical larva, in which the transverse strias are more obscure, and which is slightly 
 hairy and marked with numerous small dots, uniformly disposed along the sides of the 
 body. This group embraces the genera Pieris, Pontia, &c. In the typical groups, 
 which follow next in order, the larva has a swelling or distension about the fourth or fifth 
 segment of the body, from which it tapers more abruptly to the head, and in a gradual 
 manner towards the anal extremity. This typical group consists of the true Papi- 
 liones as more rigorously defined and arranged in the genus Papilio, exhibiting, how- 
 ever, several modifications of form, which will be pointed out in the sequel as types 
 
 for 
 
INTRODUCTION. 41 
 
 for further subdivisions or subgenera. The modification of larva which follows in 
 the series next to the typical group, presents a smooth surface, from which short, 
 naked, fleshy, obtuse tubercles arise ; as we proceed in the series towards the 
 boundary of the Chilopodiform stirps, we find the tubercles increasing in length 
 and produced to a point ; the form first mentioned is exhibited in the third plate, 
 fig. 17, and 17, a, and in the fourth plate, fig. 13, and 13, a ; and it passes by 
 very slow gradations to the second form, which in its larva state still preserves, 
 in a great measure, the character of the Juliform larva, from which it is often 
 distinguished with difficulty ; but if we refer to the pupa and to the perfect insect, 
 we find unequivocal indications of the next stirps. The subjects belonging to it 
 afford, according to the comparisons which I have made, a very natural transition, 
 which will be discussed at large in considering the Chilopodomorphous stirps. I 
 shall, therefore, merely state, that it consists of the genera Euplcea and Heliconia .- 
 to show this I refer to the illustrations which I have attempted in the regular series 
 of larvas on the fourth plate, and in the diagram, preparatory to a future analysis, 
 on the third plate. I shall, on the present occasion, point out the facts, and 
 leave the inferences to the reader. The larva of Eaplcea is represented only on 
 the third plate, in figures 6, 7> 8, 9, 10 ; it is placed here in order to admit of 
 a ready comparison with fig. 13 of plate iv, and fig. 17 of plate iii, belonging to 
 the genus Papilio, and with figures 18, 19, 20, in the diagram. The latter belong to 
 the genus Heliconia, and as I have not observed this family in Java, I have borrowed 
 the illustration of the larvas from the continuation of Cramer, by Stoll, where they 
 are found on the first plate in figures 4, 5, 6; fig. 4 being Heliconia Euterpe, fig. 18 
 of our diagram, fig. 5, Heliconia Amphione, fig. 19 of our diagram, and fig. 6. 
 Heliconia Thalia, fig. 20 of the diagram. 
 
 I may, on this occasion, point out to the reader an analogical resemblance, which, 
 if correct, confirms the disposition of Heliconia in this part of the Lepidopterous 
 circle ; it regards the larva immediately following the true Papilionidae in fig. 18 of 
 the diagram ; this appears to be analogous in habit to the genus Craspedosoma among 
 the Ametabola, which genus stands between the Chilognatha and Chilopoda. (See 
 Horae Entom., p. 351). The Heliconia; form an extensive group which, perhaps, is 
 exclusively confined to the equinoctial parts of the New World ; it is, in some mea- 
 sure, represented in India by Euplcea and Idea. The dissections of Heliconia, plate 
 iii, fig. 29, a, b, c, d ; of Euplcea, pi. iii, fig. 27, a, b, c, d ; of Idea, pi. iii> 
 fig. 28, a, b, c, d ; and of Acrcea, pi. iii, fig. 30, a, b, c, d ; which latter, accord- 
 ing to the form of the larva (fig. 21, pi. iii), is decidedly chilopodomorphous, afford 
 a further illustration, and, I trust, a confirmation of this statement. 
 
 One remarkable character of the larva of this stirps remains to be mentioned, 
 which affords an additional indication of the analogy to the Chilognatha among 
 
 g the 
 
4£ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the Ametabola. This is a bifid fleshy organ or furcula, situated between the head 
 and the first segment of the neck, which the caterpillar can protrude or retract at 
 pleasure, and either employ as a means of defence or as an osmaterium. I have to 
 regret that in the illustrations which I exhibit of the larvae of Javanese Papiliones, this 
 character is not always expressed in its full development ; while submitted to the 
 draughtsman this organ was naturally retracted, but there is sufficient evidence of its 
 existence in the individuals represented, and in fig. 13 of pi. iv, it is partially 
 protruded. In a figure, borrowed from Abbot, it appears in a state of complete 
 development. The analogy afforded by this organ to the Chilognatha is not obscure, 
 and will be more particularly referred to in the sequel. Another peculiarity of the 
 larva of the typical genera of this stirps, is the manner in which the head is attached 
 to the body : it is by the intervention of a very small articulation, so that the head, 
 when exserted, appears separated from the body. This peculiarity is introduced by 
 Ochsenheimer into the general character of the Papiliones; ; it is indicated by the 
 authors of the Vienna Catalogue in the following words : " Die Raupen haben den 
 kugelichten Kopf merHicher vom Leibe abgesondert." See p. 158. 
 
 The pupa or chrysalis of the Chilognathiform stirps, agrees in its attachment and 
 mode of suspension with that of the Vermiform stirps, but it has some peculiarities which 
 indicate a greater perfection. The caudal extremity is firmly attached by a few threads 
 or by a silky filamentose texture, which sometimes resembles a cord ; (See fig. 13, a, 
 pi. iv), while the anterior end is either free and detached, or leans slightly against 
 some support, (a wall, a tree, &c), in a perpendicular attitude, the thorax directed 
 upwards ; or it stretches forward nearly horizontally, being in both cases fastened and 
 supported by means of a thread passing as a brace across the thorax. It is naked 
 and angulated, but much diversified on the surface ; the tubercles, always regularly 
 disposed, vary according to the species ; it is terminated, in the typical forms, at 
 the upper extremity, by two processes ; those species, however, which are at the 
 confines of the Vermiform stirps, have only one short process, more or less acute : 
 as the series approaches the Chilopodomorphous stirps, we find the same mode of 
 suspension which prevails in that group ; the chrysalis is attached by the tail, while 
 the thorax is directed downward. An example of this is given in the fourth plate, 
 fig. 13, a. Here the pupa has a perpendicular direction ; but a fastening or brace 
 still exists, by which it may, in some instances, preserve a partially horizontal 
 attitude. 
 
 The imago or perfect insect of this stirps exhibits in the typical group the most 
 perfect production of the whole order. The beauty of many of the large Papi- 
 liones is- a subject of universal admiration: several of them are unrivalled in form and 
 colouring. The stirps, as limited by the larva, embraces several of the first divisions 
 made by Linnaeus in the genus Papilio ; the Equites and Dana/, and the Helkomi 
 
 stand 
 
INTRODUCTION. 43 
 
 stand at the immediate confines in the next stirps. The former, which have also 
 been named Nobiles, were divided into Equites Troes, and Achivi. But these 
 divisions rest entirely on artificial characters : it will appear in the sequel, that the 
 variations in the form of the larva, afford indications for subdivisions ; and they will 
 eventually supply a test of the accuracy of the principles followed : my observations, 
 however, are as yet very insufficient. The view which is given of the wings of 
 Lepidoptera, by Mr. Jones, in the Linnean Transactions, vol. ii., p. 63, &c, in 
 which the nervures are displayed, tends to confirm the perfection of the genus 
 Papilio. No general description can be given of the form of the wings, which would 
 apply characteristically to the whole stirps. In Colias and Pieris the anterior wings 
 are upon the whole triangular, and the posterior wings short and obtuse : in the 
 typical group the anterior wings have generally a slight curve in the exterior margin, 
 which renders them somewhat falcate, and the posterior wings are lengthened and 
 provided with tails, which are generally spatulate or contracted at the base. 
 
 The palpi, which in the Vermiform stirps are long, slender, naked, and projecting, 
 have in this stirps a very different character. In the typical group they are shorter 
 than the head, closely applied and concealed, by a very dense covering of long 
 bristly hairs. The third joint is very minute, and, in the genus Papilio, the palpi are 
 never exserted. In Colias, the situation of which, in the series, according to the 
 metamorphosis is at the confines of the Vermiform stirps, these organs possess a 
 moderate length ; but in Terias an evident diminution is apparent, and in the follow- 
 ing genera the decrease is more sudden. The Javanese series does not, however, 
 afford the means of tracing the gradual change of form from Myrina to Colias, 
 where these organs are most developed. The Polyommatus Phcedrus of LatreiMe, a 
 well-known Indian insect, which is also contained in the Javanese Collection, pos- 
 sesses a character intermediate between Myrina, of the Vermiform, and Colias of the 
 Chilognathiform stirps ; it appears to supply a natural connecting link. In the 
 genus Terias, which follows immediately after Colias, the basal and middle joints are 
 short, thick, and closely covered with scales, the terminal joint is minute, naked, 
 and slightly projecting. The character of the palpi of the typical group is exhi- 
 bited in various figures on the fourth plate ; the articulations here are short, compact, 
 closely beset with long hairs, while the last joint is not perceptible. The lateral 
 view of the perfect insects, given on the first plate, tends likewise to show the 
 comparative length, the position and attachment of the palpi in several genera. The 
 minute distinctions will be pointed out in the generic characters. 
 
 The antenna;, in the typical group, have that form, from which Linnasus con- 
 structed the character of the genus Papilio. They are multiarticulate and- marked 
 with defined rings at the joints, elongate, filiform at the base, thicker towards the 
 
 G 2 extremity 
 
44 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 extremity, which in the typical group consists of a cylindrical club attenuated at 
 both ends. The subdivisions of the stirps exhibit, however, several variations of 
 form according to their situation in the series. In Colias these organs are filiform at 
 the base and gradually and uniformly thicker towards the extremity, indicating in 
 this particular, an approach to the Vermiform stirps. In Fieris the club is more 
 suddenly swelled towards the extremity, which is compressed. In the true Papi- 
 liones the Javanese collection exhibits the following varieties : 1st. — antennae with 
 nearly uniform articulations, marked with distinct, prominent, annuli or rings ; plate 
 iv, fig. 11, c; 2d. — antennae with an oval compressed club, in which the annuli are 
 closely arranged or crowded ; plate iv, fig. 12, c ; 3d.— antennas with uniform length- 
 ened articulations and more obscure annular swellings ; plate iv, fig. 13, c. The 
 variations of form in the metamorphosis, corresponding to these characters, will be 
 pointed out in the descriptive part. 
 
 The feet in this stirps, are generally long and robust ; all three pair are perfect 
 and fitted for walking ; in the insects which constitute the typical species, the ante- 
 rior tibiae have near the middle a spine or short acute process, which is either naked 
 or partially concealed by hair. The first tarsus is on all the feet of great length, 
 and the claws are long, slender, naked, and in the typical group, exserted ; in the 
 subdivisions which approach the confines of the neighbouring stirpes, the claws pre- 
 sent various peculiarities. 
 
 In Colias the anterior feet are comparatively slender, but they are complete in all 
 parts. The posterior tibiaa have a single pair of spines only at their union with the 
 tarsi ; which character is common to all the stirpes of the first tribe, excepting the 
 Anopluriform. The abdomen is generally cylindrical, of considerable length and 
 attenuated at the extremity, but it is subject to several modifications of form ; in one 
 of the subdivisions it is provided with a hook at the extremity. In the female the 
 abdomen is generally ovate and contracted near its union with the thorax. The pro- 
 boscis in the typical species is very long and robust. The eyes are comparatively 
 large and prominent. 
 
 I proceed to the Chilopodiform oi-Scolopendriform stirps, restricting my remarks 
 at present to the notices required for the illustration of a general synoptic table of 
 the true Papilionidce, which is given in the sequel. In describing the Chilognathi- 
 form stirps I have already pointed out the characters in the genera Heliconia and 
 Euplcea, which, in their larva state, retain a striking affinity to this stirps. I there- 
 fore consider these genera as forming a natural transition from the Chilognathiform 
 to the Chilopodiform larvae. The genus Acrcea was originally arranged in our cabinet 
 after Euplcea and Idea, from considerations of the perfect insect ; this arrangement 
 is now confirmed by the character of the larva, and in proof of it, I refer the reader 
 
 to 
 
INTRODUCTION. 45 
 
 to the diagram ; he will observe that the larva of Acrcea naturally finds a place 
 between that of Heliconia and that of the typical ChilopodomorpJious larva ; Plate iii 
 diagram, fig. 21. The appendages arising from the body of the larva, which, in 
 Euplcea and Heliconia, were only simple and fleshy, are in the typical groups of this 
 stirps rigid and armed with transverse spines ; and the threatening or terrific appear- 
 ance, which is the distinguishing feature of this stirps, is now completely established. 
 It is this peculiarity which naturally and strongly reminds us of the Chilopoda or 
 Scolopendrce ; to which, among the Ametabola, they are related in analogy. It may 
 likewise be observed in this place, that these larva resemble the Scolopendraa in the 
 effects they produce, when their spines are accidentally touched : as in many 
 instances they cause an irritation or swelling, analogous to that which follows the 
 bite of a Centipede. The genera, in which this character exists, have already 
 been enumerated, as defined by the families of the Wiener Verzeichnis, the names 
 here applied are highly appropriate, and correspond with the gradual increase of the 
 peculiar character of this stirps. Thus the family L, Larva Pseudospinosa, consisting 
 of the genus Melitcea, has the spinose character in a comparatively small degree ; 
 in family K, Collospinosa, it is already more strongly marked, and from this we gra- 
 dually pass to the family I, in which the development of the spines is at its maximum, 
 and which has been denominated Acntospinosa ; it comprises the genus Vanessa, 
 which must be considered as the most perfect of the Chilopodiform stirps. This 
 genus contains some of the most beautiful Papiliones which are found in Europe, viz. 
 Vanessa? lo, Antiopa, Urtica?, Atalanta ; and many of the foreign species are of 
 exquisite form and beauty. The importance of this natural group was clearly 
 observed by Schrank, who from the character of the larva, constituted it a distinct 
 genus, with the name of Dornfalter (or thorn-butterfly) ; long before the promulga- 
 tion of the Systema Glossatarum of Fabricius, and the genera of Latreille. He has 
 applied to it by pre-eminence, the name of Papilio, thereby corroborating the position 
 to be stated in the sequel, and which is also confirmed by the analogy of the Ameta- 
 bola, that the Chilopodomorphous is one of the typical stirpes of this tribe. It 
 likewise confirms the true character of the Chilopodomorphous stirps, which, in its 
 larva state is most clearly distinguished from the next or Thysanuriform stirps ; 
 and attention to this statement is necessary, because, from considerations of the 
 perfect insect alone, these two stirpes have been united in one genus or family, by 
 most entomologists : whereas the character of the larva, as exhibited in the typical 
 subdivisions, points out an essential difference. 
 
 The union of the two stirpes is effected by several genera which have an interme- 
 diate character, One of these is Limenitis : it constitutes the family H of the 
 Vienna Catalogue. The typical character here gradually decreases in the larva 
 
 state, 
 
4 g INTRODUCTION. 
 
 state, as the name Subspinosa indicates. One of the subjects of the Javanese 
 series is very remarkable as an osculant or intermediate form ; it partakes both 
 of the character of the Thysanuriform and of the Scolopendriform stirpes : the pro- 
 cesses are without lateral spines and the body has in the anterior parts appendages at 
 the sides, which are also observed in the analogous group of LepismcE ; yet the perfect 
 insect greatly resembles the various species of Limenitis. This larva is represented 
 in the diagram, in fig. 23 ; but the indications which it offers, in a systematic point 
 of view, remain for future discussion. The family G, W. V. Larvce Cornuttf, com- 
 prising the genus Apatura, is near the confines of the Thysanuriform stirps. 
 
 The pupa of the Chilopodiform stirps is naked and angulated, and greatly 
 diversified on the surface in the different subdivisions : in some cases it is nearly 
 even, in others it is marked at regular distances with tubercles and prominences, in 
 others it is deeply notched or indented. The surface is occasionally ornamented with 
 shining lines and dots, or covered entirely with a golden lustre. The pupa is either 
 oblong or compressed, and attenuated posteriorly ; the capital extremity being round- 
 ed in some cases, obtuse in others, and generally terminated by two broad, compressed, 
 and somewhat diverging points. The pupa is generally suspended by the tail with 
 the head precipitous or directed downwards : from several drawings in the Javanese 
 series it would appear that the attitude is occasionally reversed, the head being 
 directed upwards, by means of a curve near the posterior extremity. The mode 
 of suspension is described in the Vienna Catalogue either as " gesturtzt" inverse 
 suspensa, or as " senkrecht" perpendiculariter suspensa. But it does not appear to 
 me, that either of these is intended to indicate that deviation from the usual mode 
 of suspension, to which I have alluded. 
 
 The perfect insect exhibits, in many of the typical species, a very peculiar 
 character ; the wings in these have a great expansion, the margins are angulated 
 or deeply indented with irregular notches, leaving a short oblique line at the extre- 
 mity. This character gradually decreases in degree until the borders terminate 
 with simple indentations. The sub-divisions of this group have been made 
 according to the development of this character. The appendages to the posterior 
 wings are generally triangular, broad at the base and accumulate ; differing in this 
 particular from the linear appendages of the Vermiform stirps, or from the appen- 
 dages of the Juliform stirps, which are generally contracted at the base. 
 
 No correct idea can be given of the palpi of the insects of this tribe, without 
 detailed illustrations, as they vary in the different groups : I shall therefore limit 
 myself to a few general observations. The dissections which are contained on the 
 third plate, of the genera Euplcea, Idea, Heliconia, and Aercva, prepare us for 
 that character which is exhibited in the typical species of this stirps. The palpi in 
 
 these 
 
INTRODUCTION. 47 
 
 these are not concealed as in the Papiliones, but project beyond the head : the third 
 joint distinctly appears, not naked as in the Vermiform stirps, but closely covered 
 with down. The basal and the second joints are generally broad and robust^ they 
 are covered with hair on all sides and are likewise beset underneath with long strag- 
 gling bristles, which give them that peculiar roughness, which in these organs is 
 characteristic of the stirps. In the typical species the third joints converge or are 
 bent towards each other, from each side, forming, in the language of Latreille a 
 rostellum. Near the extremity of the second joint, stands, in most cases, a tuft 
 of lengthened hair, which gives the extremity of the palpi, in a lateral view, a 
 forked appearance. This character exists in different degrees of development, in 
 the subdivisions of the stirps. I refer for illustration of it provisionally to the 96th 
 plate of Curtis's British Entomology, until the dissections shall have been given in 
 the progress of this work. 
 
 The antenna; of this stirps are of moderate length and filiform at the base, with 
 a club rising abruptly, near the extremity, which, in the typical species is broad 
 and compressed. In Argynnis it is nearly orbiculate, and has been compared with a 
 target or shield. In the sub-divisions which recede from the typical groups and 
 approach to the fourth stirps, the club, although still terminal, is very gradually 
 capitate or swelled. 
 
 The gradual change of character which takes place in the metamorphosis of the 
 second stirps as it approaches the confines of the third, has already been indicated : 
 the transition is confirmed by the structure of the anterior feet. Several of the 
 subjects which have been enumerated as situated near the union of the two stirpes, 
 have an intermediate character, which is illustrated on the third plate : I refer to 
 fiV. 29, d. and 28, d, the former exhibiting the anterior feet of Heliconia, the latter of 
 Idea. In both, these organs are abbreviated towards the extremity : the tarsi are 
 not distinguishable into five joints, but are united, and their situation is indicated by 
 several spines which are crowded together. But on entering the stirps fully, we 
 find the anterior feet, in both sexes, constructed on a different plan. They are not, 
 as in Colias, and in several genera of the Vermiform stirps. partially reduced in size ; 
 but they are spurious and imperfect. Both the femur and the tibia are of slender 
 dimensions, and the tarsus consists of a single member, which in the typical genera 
 possesses neither joints nor claws : they are moreover very hairy, and have been 
 compared to a tippet. Latreille, in his general remarks on this order, describes 
 them thus : Pedes antici submutici, interdum hirsutissimi, inflexi, pectori adpressi, 
 inde spicrii. The intermediate and posterior feet, in the typical group, are termi- 
 nated by claws and pulvilli with membranaceous pubescent bifid appendages at their 
 base. See Curtis's Br. Entom., plate %. 
 
 The 
 
4g INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The abdomen is long, slender, and compressed, in the section which connects this 
 and the second stirps ; it is somewhat shorter in the typical species, and more robust 
 and suddenly attenuated near the confines of the fourth stirps. The proboscis is 
 generally long and robust. 
 
 Thysanuriform Stirps. The characteristic mark of the larva of this stirps is an 
 appendage to the posterior part of the body, consisting of two rigid setae or spines, 
 pointing directly backward. These setae vary, indeed, in length and size, but their 
 existence, in the individuals of the stirps, is general and without exception. This appen- 
 dage has also been denominated a bifid tail or a furcula, from its forked appearance 
 in many cases ; it is more developed in some subjects than in others ; it likewise 
 varies in its consistence, colour, and mode of attachment. In some cases these 
 spines or setae are an immediate continuation of the substance of the larva, in others 
 they differ in colour and texture, and the union to the body is by an articula- 
 tion. This larva is peculiarly abundant in temperate regions; it unites, in the 
 European Fauna, more species in one group than any other form of larva. This will 
 appear by reference to the Wiener Verzeichnis, where the family named from the 
 larva Subfarcata, consists of twenty-three species, most of which are known in all 
 stages of their metamorphosis. Nearly one hundred European species are de- 
 scribed in systematic works. The Javanese series consists of a smaller number, 
 and among this there are several which deviate considerably from the regular 
 typical form. In the latter the larva is cylindrical, long, attenuated in a greater or 
 less degree at both ends, but upon the whole, thicker anteriorly : the form of the 
 head is greatly diversified, it is either simple and rounded, or depressed anteriorly 
 with two lateral erect setae or horns. In some cases the head is greatly distended 
 posteriorly, in form of a shield, which is moveable and crowned with four or more 
 horns, having serrate edges. Several of the larvae of this stirps have a tuft of hair 
 on the head and two transverse hairy ridges on the neck, in consequence of which 
 they have an analogical resemblance to the larvae of one of the stirpes of the Bom- 
 bycidae. Among the foreign individuals of this group, various very grotesque forms 
 are observed, and the lateral appendages are sometimes greatly developed. 
 
 The peculiarities of the larva of this stirps, and more especially the two setae or 
 caudal appendages, strongly remind us of the Thysanura, and the character of the 
 perfect insect confirms this analogy ; we find in the Lepidoptera which belong to it, 
 the long setiform antennae, which are mentioned by Mr. Macleay, Hor. Ent., p. 351, 
 as a peculiar property of the Lepismce ; their form is also, on the whole, more 
 elongate than that of the larvae of the other stirpes. 
 
 The pwpa of this stirps is smooth, shining, often handsomely varieo-ated with 
 colours, but never gilt : its form is subject to many modifications, being regularly 
 
 oval, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 49 
 
 oval, angular, curved, gibbous, triangular, with a pyramidical base and point, and 
 a few acute spinous processes near the middle. It is always attached by the tail and 
 perpendicularly suspended, the capital extremity, which is described as " gest'urtzt " 
 or directed downwards, is, with few exceptions, terminated by two points, which 
 are acute, approximated, or diverging. Figures of many of the European forms of 
 this stirps are given by Sepp and others. Stoll has likewise represented various 
 larvae and pupae, which afford a strong confirmation of its uniformity in all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 The perfect insects of this tribe are characterized by the prevalence of a brown 
 colour on the surface of their wings : although they have in temperate regions 
 generally an obscure exterior, many of the tropical species are exquisitely adorned 
 with a gloss of blue, of most transcendent brilliancy, which is spread over the sur- 
 face in various shades of intensity. Many examples of this occur in the insects of 
 the new world, and several of a similar character are likewise contained in the 
 Javanese series. Near the boundary of the third stirps, many individuals are 
 marked with waving lines or bands, which cross the wings from the extremity 
 towards the base. The insects belonging to this stirps are likewise, more than 
 all other diurnal Lepidoptera, ornamented with ocelli, by which nature appears to 
 have supplied in some measure that comparative deficiency in beauty, arising from a 
 want of brilliancy of tint. The ocellated subdivision of this tribe was named by 
 Linnaeus, Nymphales gemmati. The wings have in most cases their greatest 
 diameter from the exterior to the interior margins, by which means their extent is 
 in the direction of the body of the insect, or from the head towards the tail. They 
 are, in many cases, lengthened, in a posterior direction, to a short rounded tail, 
 the lateral margins being either uniform or irregularly indented. In the European 
 species the posterior wings are either simple, or provided with acute or rounded 
 denticulations. 
 
 The palpi of this stirps agree in general character with those of the last, but at 
 the confines of the fifth stirps they are more curved and ascending ; they rise 
 above the head and the third joint is naked and compressed. In the typical species 
 the bristles, arising from the basal and intermediate joints are more lengthened and 
 straggling, the palpi have in consequence a greater appearance of roughness and hairi- 
 ness than in the third stirps, and the tuft, at the termination of the second joint, is 
 greatly developed. The antenna? are filiform, with a slender very gradually incras- 
 sated club, which occupies a large portion of the entire length of this organ. In 
 the typical genera they are of a great length, and exhibit, as has already been 
 pointed out, one of the characteristic peculiarities of this stirps. The anterior feet 
 are small and hairy, with a single tarsal member : they possess the characters from 
 
 h which 
 
50 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which these organs have been termed spurious, in a higher degree than the anterior 
 feet of the Scolopendriform stirps. The intermediate and posterior feet agree in 
 most particulars with those of the former stirps of this tribe. 
 
 The abdomen is shorter, in proportion to the wings, than in the three former 
 stirpes ; in some individuals it is provided, in the male, at the sides and extremity 
 with fascicles of long silky hair, which extend themselves horizontally. The pro- 
 boscis is of moderate length and size. 
 
 In the synoptic view of the first tribe, this stirps is designated in the perfect insect 
 by the name of Maniola, which was introduced by Schrank ; it is, in my opinion, 
 more appropriate than that of Nymphales, which, by associating this stirps with the 
 former, tends to keep up the erroneous idea of their identity. 
 
 Anopluriform Stirps. — The larvae of none of the stirpes hitherto enumerated 
 exhibit an analogical resemblance to one or other of the orders of the Ametabola, 
 in a more striking manner than those of the last stirps. Every Entomologist is 
 acquainted with the larvae of the Hesperidce : they are characterized by a head 
 comparatively of excessive size, and by an abrupt termination posteriorly, or in other 
 words, by the entire absence of every thing like a caudal appendage. Who is not by 
 this form, strongly reminded of the Anoplura f Here is an absolute want of tail, 
 combined with a great development of the capital part of the insect. The form of 
 the common pediculus with its large fore-end and blunt abdomen, readily occurs to 
 the mind, and a similar external structure is exhibited by all Anoplura. At present I 
 shall not pursue this comparison, but referring to the Ametabola, as disposed in the 
 Horse Entomologies?, shall remark, that by following the order there pursued, we 
 have now completed the circle of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, namely that of 
 the Diurnal butterflies, or Papilionidce, strictly so called. The affinity between the 
 Thysanuriform and Anopluriform stirpes in the larva state, is partially illustrated in 
 the diagram on the third plate, by the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth figures ; the 
 same relation between the Anopluriform and Vermiform stirpes is likewise apparent 
 in the figures exhibited at the point of contact in the diagram. These affinities are 
 confirmed by various peculiarities in the perfect insect, which will be mentioned in 
 the proper place. The approximate disposal of the Plebeji urbicoli and the Plebeji 
 rurales, by systematic writers, may provisionally confirm this arrangement. 
 
 The metamorphosis of the Anopluriform stirps, in its pupa-state, exhibits a very 
 peculiar structure. The pupa is not, like that of the former stirpes, ano-ulated 
 naked, and suspended in the open air, but it is concealed by a follicuhts, or by a 
 covering of a convoluted leaf, and when separated it exhibits a smooth surface resembling 
 that of the nocturnal Lepidoptera. It has therefore been termed Torlric'form, and its 
 relation to one of the stirpes of the Phalamidce has already been pointed out. 
 
 The 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 51 
 
 The perfect insect of the Anopluriform stirps is, like that of the Thysanuriform 
 stirps, characterized by a predominance of a brown tint, but it wants the defined 
 ocelh of that stirps, and the markings exhibit great beauty and diversity of form, 
 The principal subdivisions that I have hitherto observed are the Erycince, the Uranice 
 and the true Hesperidce. The Erycince are a very remarkable group, and several par- 
 ticulars regarding them will be mentioned in considering the structure of the legs 
 in this stirps. The genus Urania is well known as containing several of the most 
 striking Lepidoptera, both as to form and beauty of colours ; but it appears to be 
 confined to the New World. In the Hesperidce contained in our collection, the colour 
 is almost uniformly of an intense brown, inclining to black ; the spots are white and 
 yellow, partially transparent, but not greatly diversified. The form of the wings is 
 comparatively simple ; the anterior wings are triangular, the posterior wings rounded 
 and entire, rarely lengthened or angulated. The most interesting peculiarities of the 
 Hesperidae by which they are related to the Phalamida;, have already been mentioned. 
 
 The palpi in the Anopluriform stirps are greatly diversified in the various subdivi- 
 sions, and depart more from one particular form of structure, than they do in the 
 other stirpes hitherto considered : they cannot therefore be defined by a general 
 description ; but they exhibit three principal modifications. In the true Hesperidce 
 the basal and intermediate joints are robust, broad, depressed, and occupy a large 
 portion of the head inferiorly, on each side of the proboscis ; they are closely 
 covered with hair or short bristles, which are in most cases truncated and even, 
 resembling the surface of a brush ; the second joint is abruptly truncated at the end ; 
 the third joint is naked, but of diversified structure; in some cases considerably 
 projecting and approaching the character of the Vermiform stirps, in others short 
 and nearly concealed by the brush-like covering of the second joint. In the genus 
 Urania, the palpi are lengthened, slender, having the second joint greatly compressed 
 and the third delicate, somewhat cylindrical and nearly naked. (Latr. Gen. Insector. 
 iv. p. 207). In the Erycince the palpi are characterized by shortness and by delicacy 
 of structure : one modification of them is represented on pi. ii. fig. 3, b. The 
 antenna; vary considerably in the different subdivisions ; in the true Hesperidas they 
 are filiform at the base with a decided fusiform club, of various proportionate length 
 and form, terminated by an elongated acute point, which is uncinate or hooked. 
 They are, in many cases, marked externally with transverse strias ; but I have not as 
 yet determined the extent and generality of this character, The abdomen, in the 
 typical species or true Hesperida?, is more robust than in the former stirpes of this 
 tribe ; its resemblance to that of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera has already been pointed 
 out. The proboscis is long, slender, and often partially concealed by the palpi. 
 
 The feet of the insects belonging to the Anopluriform stirps possess many pecu- 
 liarities which at present I am not prepared to describe at large ; but some remarks 
 
 H 2 on 
 
52 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 on the anterior feet cannot with propriety be omitted. These are again perfect, 
 being provided with five tarsi, and with claws as in the Vermiform and Juliform 
 stirpes. But there exists, at the confines of the Thysanuriform and Anopluriform 
 stirpes, an intermediate group, by which the transition from one stirps to the other is 
 most strikingly exemplified. This is the small group of Erycince. Here the anterior 
 feet are spurious in the male, and perfect in the female. For an illustration of this most 
 remarkable structure I refer the reader to pi. 11, where in fig. 3, the details of both 
 sexes are exhibited in the dissection ; fig. 3, e and f, exhibit the spurious feet of the 
 male, and fig. 3, g, the perfect feet of the female ; and the lateral view of the 
 perfect insect, fig. 3, a, shows the relative proportion and situation of the spurious 
 feet in the male, in a very striking manner. I consider it a fortunate circumstance 
 that my Eastern collection has enabled me to illustrate this point, and to show in a 
 satisfactory manner, the union of the two stirpes ; for the true region, not only of the 
 group of Erycince, but of the whole Anopluriform stirps, is the New World. While 
 I have discovered in Java three species of Erycince and about thirty-five species of 
 Hesperidce, the continent of America has hitherto afforded at least one hundred 
 species of the former, and an innumerable host of the latter. The details regarding 
 the Erycince, as observed in Java, will be given in their proper place in the work, but 
 I shall add in this place that the metamorphosis of this group, as far as it is yet known, 
 confirms the station assigned to it ; and the figure of the larva and chrysalis of Erycina 
 Midas, from the sixth plate of the continuation of Cramer, by Stoll, gives an 
 interest to the diagram, which I trust will meet with approbation. I shall only 
 transcribe the remark of Hoffmansegg on this group, contained in his remarks on 
 the Erycina Oppelii, in Wied. Zool. Magaz. T. i, No. 2, p. 95. " Erycina gehort 
 unstreitig, zu dem merckwilrdigsten das in der Entomologie angetrqffen werden kann." 
 
 I shall conclude these introductory remarks, with a recapitulation of the various 
 references to the illustrations of the metamorphosis and perfect insect of the Vermifotm 
 and Chilognathiform or Juliform stirpes, given on the plates belonging to the first 
 part, in order to exhibit them in a connected point of view. 
 
 Vermiform Stirps. 
 
 Metamorphosis ;\ larVa: P late iv > %■ *> 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 - 
 
 Lpupa: plate iv, fig. 1, a ; % a ; 3, a ; 4, a ; 5, a. 
 
 General form and habit, wi?igs, body, head, %c. : pi. i, fig. 1, Q, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 
 
 8, 9, 10, 11. Pl.ii, fig. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 Palpi : pi. ii, fig. 4, b ; 5, b ; 6, b. PL iv, 1, b ; 2, b ; 5, b. 
 
 / Antenna;: pi. i, fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. PI. ii, 4, c ; 5, c ; 6, c 
 
 PI. iv, 1, c ; 2, c ; 5, c. 
 
 Feet ■ $ ant6ri0r : pL "' fig - 4 ' e ; 5 ' e ' 6 ' e ' PL iv > 1. e ; 2, e; 5, e. 
 ' i middle : pi. ii, fig. 4, f. 
 
 Proboscis : pi. ii, fig. 4, d ; 5, d ; C, d. PI. i v , 1, d ; 2, d ; 5, d. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 53 
 
 Chilognathiform or Juliform Stirps. 
 
 {larva : pi. iv, fig. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. PI. iii, 1, 2, 3, 
 ^Mpa .- pi. iv, fig. 6, a ; 7, a ; 8, a ; 9, a ; 10, a ; 11, a ; 12, a ; 
 13, a. PI. iii, 1, a; 2, a ; 3, a ; 4, a ; 5, a. 
 £ (General form and habit, wings, body, head, &;c. PI. i, fig. 12, 13, 14, 15. 
 | Palpi: pi. iv, fig. 8, b; 9, b; 10, b; 11, b; 12, b; 13, b. 
 
 1-1 J Antennae ; pi. i, fig. 12, 13, 14, 15. PI. iv, 8, c; 9, c ; 10, c; 11, c ; 12, c; 13, c. 
 | \ r anterior*- pi. iv, fig. 8, e; 9, e; 10, e; 11, e; 12, e; 13, e. 
 
 £ ' I claws: pi. iv, 8, f ; 9, f- 
 
 £ tPro&osm: pl.iv, 8, d; 9, d; 10, d; 11, d; 12, d; 13, d. 
 
 All the preceding details are taken exclusively from Javanese insects, belonging 
 to the series arranged in the Honourable East-India Company's Museum. 
 
 In the diagram on the third plate, the object has been to illustrate the most pro- 
 minent forms of each of the five stirpes, several subjects have, therefore, been selected 
 from the works of Sepp, Abbot, and StolVs continuation of Cramer, 
 
 {Fig. 11. Polyommatus ? Sepp. 
 — 12. Thecla Favonius Abbot. 
 — 13. Thecla Betake Esper. 
 
 — 14. Colias Marcellina Stoll. 
 
 — 15. Pontia Brassicas Sepp. 
 
 I - 16. Papilio Ajax Abbot. 
 
 — 17. Papilio Polydorus Javan. Metam. 
 
 — 18. Heliconia Euterpe Stoll 
 
 — 19. Heliconia Amphione Do. 
 
 — 20. Heliconia Thalia Do. 
 
 — 21. Acraea Vesta Jav. Met. 
 
 — 22.*Biblis Leucothoe Do. 
 
 — 23. Genus allied to Limenitis... Do. 
 Thy sanuriform Stirps — 24. Melanitis undularis Do. 
 
 25, 25, a. Erycina Midas Stoll. 
 
 Chilopodiform Stirps 
 
 r — ~zo, %a, a. shi 
 Anopluriform Stirps £ _ ^ Hesperia 
 
 ? Jav. Met. 
 
 * In this species the spines are alternately long and short, in other respects it resembles the larvae of the 
 typical group. The genus Biblis is here applied strictly according to the views of Fabricius, who gives 
 Leucothoe as one of the typical species. M. Latreille has placed in the genus Biblis several insects, which 
 agreeably to the metamorphosis belong to different groups. 
 
 I regret that the plan of the diagram has not permitted me to exhibit various highly instructive forms, 
 but the most important will follow in the course of the work. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, 
 
 <$r. 85c. 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 The station of this order in the sub-kingdom of Annulosa, is clearly indicated in 
 the Horae Entomologicae. The Lepidoptera are here arranged in the class of 
 Haustellata, between the orders of Diptera and Homoptera. In the diagram which 
 exhibits a view of the classes of the Annulosa, they meet the order of Trichoptera, 
 and thus form a connexion between the classes of Haustellata and Mandibulata. 
 See Hor. Ent. p. 390. The relation of the Lepidoptera to the Homoptera is more 
 particularly pointed out in page 375 of the same work ; and that to the Diptera, in 
 page 379. I therefore refer the reader, for a more detailed exposition of Mr. 
 Macleay's views of the natural situation of this order, to the pages cited ; where the 
 analogy of the Lepidoptera to the other orders of Annulosa is likewise pointed out, 
 in a tabular view ; see page 392. 
 
 The Lepidoptera are chiefly distinguished from the other orders of Annulosa, by 
 their mouth, wings, and metamorphosis. The acute observations ofM. Savigny show 
 that the mouth is provided with lips, mandibles, and maxillae. The latter by their 
 union form the proboscis, and are thus described : mandibles, at their base, intimately 
 united with the lower lip, elongated, canaliculated, forming together by the union of their 
 plates, a tubular spirally-convoluted proboscis, which is concealed by the palpi. The 
 mandibles are very minute, distant, slightly or not at all moveable, and unfit for masti- 
 cation. There are four palpi, of which two are maxillary and two inserted at the base 
 
 of 
 
5 g DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 of the lower lip. The latter are denominated labial palpi. The wings, four in num- 
 ber, are membranaceous, more or less covered with minute imbricated scales. The 
 metamorphosis is technically termed obtect. 
 
 Observation. — The metamorphosis of this order is the most remarkable, the most diversified, and 
 the most intricate in the sub-kingdom of Annulosa. I have already stated my intention of deriving 
 from it the basis of my arrangement. It shall be my endeavour to analyze and follow its variations, 
 as my clew to a general subdivision of the whole order. In the first tribe the outline of a 
 subdivision has been sketched ; and I now submit it to the candid examination of Entomologists. 
 It might, perhaps, be expected, that I should, at the commencement, give a similar descriptive 
 and discriminating analysis of the metamorphosis of each tribe, in all its details; but, on this 
 subject, I must without reserve acknowledge my inability. In the first tribe, I had the advan- 
 tage of being guided by analogical relations ; and it appears to me that the stirpes of this tribe 
 exhibit types of the modifications which take place in the metamorphosis of the remaining 
 tribes. I shall observe, by way of illustration, that a similar state of things occurs among the 
 Mandibulata. We here find, in the metamorphosis of one order, the Neuroptera, types of the 
 diversified metamorphosis of the whole class. See Horee Entom., p. 433. But I am not pre- 
 pared, at present, to show how the same principle applies to the Lepidoptera in general, or to 
 analyze and describe the metamorphosis of each tribe, in the manner in which I have attempted to 
 elucidate the metamorphosis of the Papilionidce. This would lead me into the very mistake I am 
 anxious to avoid, and produce an artificial arrangement. It is true, there are many observations 
 in the Wiener Verzeichnis, which assist in forming a general system founded on metamorphosis; 
 and I have adopted them so far as I could with safety, and with the intention of pursuing them 
 in the course of this work. I have no hesitation in stating in this place, that the indications given 
 in the work just mentioned, lead to more accurate views on this subject than those generally found 
 in Entomological works. We are directed to attend not only to the number of the feet of the 
 larvae, but to analyze them with rigorous exactness, to notice every particular of their struc- 
 ture, viz. the deviation from the regular cylindrical form, whether ovate, fusiform, oblong, 
 depressed, &c. ; the form of the segments, whether merely annular or produced into scuta, &c. ; 
 the adventitious appendages to the head, sides, tail, &c. whether provided with a furcula, a 
 bicuspid anal appendage, &c. ; the diversified form of the head and its appendages ; the multi- 
 farious protuberances, excrescences, warts, and fleshy caudiform appendages; and particularly 
 the external covering, whether smooth, hairy, villose, spinous, with the various modifications of the 
 hairs and spines. It is probable, that as accurate observations are extended, these will assist in 
 affording clear indications for permanent subdivisions. But, in the present state of our materials, 
 I shall adhere to the excellent rules on this head contained in the Horse Entomologies. I 
 shall examine principally the variations in the metamorphosis, and endeavour to obtain from 
 them the indications of the higher groups. Wherever the modifications in the metamorphosis 
 are numerous, I shall endeavour to ascertain whether they lead to the establishment of genera 
 or further subdivisions. The first tribe affords an example of the assistance derived from a 
 minute acquaintance with the metamorphosis, in the determination of natural groups, whether 
 stirpes, genera, or further subdivisions. On this subject I have frequently referred to the 
 authors of the Vienna Catalogue. Next to these, Schrank has most closely consulted metamor- 
 phosis, in its various modifications, in his arrangement, and on its importance as a guide to minor 
 
 subdivisions. 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 57 
 
 subdivisions, he has the following ingenious observation : " Metamorphosis, in its larva state," 
 he says, " may, and I think must be, taken into the characters of genera, in the absence of other 
 sufficiently distinctive notices. Those Botanists who have derived their systems primarily from 
 Hie fruit, have nevertheless a regard to the Jlower, and by this means reciprocally elucidate existing 
 obscurities. Caterpillars are the flowers of the Lepidoptera. They are indeed not always present 
 when the perfect insects are before the examiner. But, is the case different with the Botanist ?" The 
 application is evident, and I shall conclude this observation with the following remark of the 
 author of the Horae Entomologicae. " As the knowledge of the whole life of an insect must make 
 us better acquainted with its nature than a mere description of one of its forms, in the same 
 proportion ought metamorphosis to outweigh every other principle of arrangement." Horae 
 Entom., page 448. 
 
 I proceed to the consideration of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, the Papilionice, 
 
 consisting of the Lepidoptera Dhirna of Latreille, the Tagschmetterlinge oder Falter of 
 
 Denis and Schieffermiiller, Ochsenheimer, &c. ; the genus Papilio of Linnaeus, Les 
 
 Papillaris Reaum., Geoff, &c. 
 
 Character of the Tribe: Metamorphosis: Larva provided with sixteen feet, elon- 
 gated, cylindrical, with a globose head, attenuated posteriorly, retractile, attached 
 by means of a contracted articulation, so as to appear in the typical species, when 
 exserted, disjoined from the body, of a slow, tardy habit. (It presents ^/we princi- 
 pal modifications of form.) 
 
 Chrysalis naked, angular, attached by the tail, but variously suspended ; in one 
 stirps only folliculated, or covered by a contorted leaf, in the same manner as 
 some of the Nocturnal Lepidoptera. 
 
 Perfect Insect : Antenna; composed of numerous articulations, slender at the base, 
 incrassated towards the tip, rarely filiform, but generally terminated by a club, 
 which is variously modified in the different subdivisions. Wings erect when the 
 insect is at rest, without hook at the margin of the lower wings ; in one stirps the 
 posterior wings only are elevated. Posterior tibia?, in most cases, with a single pair 
 of spurs at the tip only. They all fly in the day. 
 
 Character Tribus. Metamorphosis: Larva pedibas sedecim, elongata, cylindrica, 
 tarda ; capite globoso retractili ; exserto, a corpore disjuncto. 
 
 Chrysalis nuda, angulata, postice alligata, sed vario modo suspensa ; in stirpe anopluri- 
 formi subfolliculata Icevis, et Lepidopterorum aliquorum nocturnorum chrysalidi similis. 
 
 Imago : Antenna; mulliarticulata;, basi graciles, apice crassiores plerumque capitulate 
 aut clavalce, in paucis fliformes vel subsetacea- rel apice graciliore uncinato. Alas 
 insecto sedente erectce, inferiores retmaculo nullo. In stirpe anopluriformi ala> 
 posticce tanlum erectce vel suberectce. Tibiae postica- plerumque apice solo calcarato. 
 Volatus diurnus. 
 This tribe, according to the modifications of the larva, is divisible into five 
 
 stirpes or races, a connected view of which is given in the following Table. 
 
 i 
 
58 
 
 SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST 
 
 Stirps I. 
 VERMIFORM. 
 
 The reader is referred to the 
 diagram contained on the third 
 plate, where several of the 
 typical forms of the larvae of 
 the genera arranged in the 
 sixth column are represented, 
 with the view to illustrate the 
 second column. 
 
 ANALOGY, 
 to the class of Ametabola, Macleay. 
 
 VERMES. 
 Genera, 
 in the order of their affinity, illustrating the 
 analogy to the larvae of the Papilionidae. 
 Entomoda, 
 
 > Epizoarice, Lamarck. 
 
 Strongylus, }E**oxoa. Rudolphi 
 
 ,o, > Oni 
 3, J 
 
 Oniscus, 
 
 Armadillo, ^Oniscidce. 
 
 Porcellio, 
 (The three genera last enumerated have their 
 natural station between the Ametabola and the 
 Crustacea ; it is remarkable that the analogy is 
 more apparent in the osculant group of Oniscidce 
 than in many of the true Vermes.) 
 
 CHILOGNATHA. 
 Glomeris. 
 (As to the affinity between this genus and 
 Porcellio, see Horse Entom., p. 348.) 
 
 Stirps II. 
 
 CHILOGNATHIFORM 
 
 or 
 
 IULIFORM. 
 
 luLUS. 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS. 
 
 Larva, transversely striated, oblong, attenuated 
 at both ends, convex or cylindrico-gibbous, 
 in some cases depressed \ head small and re- 
 tractile ; feet short, and generally concealed 
 by the scutiform segments of the body. 
 
 Pupa, smooth, obtuse at both ends, attached 
 by the caudal extremity with the head up- 
 wards, and secured hi an erect attitude by a 
 brace. 
 
 Pupa, attached and suspended as in the Ver- ' 
 miform stirps, angulated, with two processes 
 at the anterior extremity. 
 
 Larva, elongated, cylindrical, attenuated at the 
 ends, somewhat distended about the fourth 
 segment, with the head attached by a small 
 articulation, appearing, when exserted, distinct 
 from the body, with afurcula or bifid, fleshy, 
 retractile organ, between the head and neck. 
 
 POLYDESMUS. 
 
 Craspedosoma. 
 (At the confines of the next order.) 
 
TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONIDiE. 
 
 59 
 
 PERFECT INSECT. 
 Antennje, clavate, very gradually and uni- 
 formly incrassated, or filiform and ter- 
 minated by a cylindrical compressed 
 club abruptly bent outward. 
 
 Palpi, with the third joint very long, 
 naked, and directed forward, the basal 
 and intermediate joints slender, elon- 
 gated, and sparingly covered. 
 
 Feet, mid-legs with a short spinous process 
 to the tibice, anterior legs perfect, rarely 
 slightly abbreviated. Claws minute, sin- 
 gle in the anterior feet of the male. 
 
 Wings, erect, when the insect is at rest ; 
 anterior wings oblong or triangular, p>os- 
 terior wings entire, dentated, or provided 
 with one or more linear or filiform cau- 
 dal appendages. Nervures simple, deli- 
 cate, discoidal areola not closed. — (Jones 
 in Linn. Trans., vol. ii. p. 63, &c.) 
 
 Abdomen, small, slender, and compressed. 
 
 Proboscis, moderately elongated, naked 
 or provided with transverse bristles at the 
 extremity. 
 
 Flight, comparatively slow. 
 
 Antenn.s, marked with prominent rings 
 at the joints, elongate, filiform at the 
 base, incrassated towards the club, 
 which is cylindrical and attenuated at 
 both ends, or oval, compressed with the 
 annuli crowded towards the extremity. 
 
 Palpi (in the typical group), shorter than 
 the head, the third joint very minute, 
 the basal and intermediate joints con- 
 cealed by a covering of bristly hair ; (in 
 the genera near the vermiform stirps 
 the third joint slightly projecting.) 
 
 Feet, long and robust, tibia of the ante- 
 rior feet, in the typical group, with a 
 short acute process near the middle ; (in 
 Colias slightly abbreviated.) Claws large 
 and robust. 
 
 Wings, erect, when the insect is at rest; 
 subfalcate, or simple and triangular. 
 Nervures strong and prominent, discoi- 
 dal areola closed, posterior wings cut 
 out to receive the abdomen, often pro- 
 vided with spatulate caudal appendages. 
 
 Abdomen, cylindrical. 
 
 Proboscis, long and robust. 
 
 Flight, strong and rapid. 
 
 NAMES, 
 descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub- 
 divisions, in their different states. 
 Sciiildfalter — Cupido — Schranlc. 
 Plebeii Rurales. Linn. 
 
 POLYOPHTHALMI. AldrOV. 
 
 Polyommatid.s:. Swainson. 
 
 LyciENiDiE. Stephens. 
 
 Les Argus, Geoffr. Blues. 
 
 Les Bronze's, Geoffr. Coppers. 
 
 Les petits portes-queue, Geoff. Hairstrealcs. 
 
 Larvce gibboscutatce. Fam. N, Wien. Verz. 
 
 Larva oblongoscutatce. Fam. M, W. V. 
 
 Larvce depressoscutatce. Fam. O, W. V. 
 
 Larvce contractce. Esper. 
 
 L,arvce onisciformes. 
 
 Assel fbrmige Raupen. ( 
 
 Chenilles Cloportes. 
 
 Papiliones (strictly so called). 
 
 Edelf alter — Pieris — Schrank. 
 
 Equites — Troes et Achivi.-* 
 
 Heliconii. >Linn. 
 
 Danai candidi. -' 
 
 Danai Flavi. Wien. Verz. 
 
 Parnassii. Fabr. 
 
 Larvce variegatce. Fam. C, W. V. 
 
 Larvce mediostriatce. Fam. D, W. V. 
 
 Larvce pallidiventres. Fam. E, W. V. 
 
 Larvce bombyciformes. Fam. B, W. V. 
 
 Larvce nudce. (Equites) Esper. 
 
 Larvce holosericece. | UeVlC0nii _ Esper 
 
 Larvce pilosce. J 
 
 Swallow-tails. 
 
 Black-veins. 
 
 Whites. 
 
 Clouded-yellows. 
 
 Brimstones. 
 
 Normal, 
 
 in the regular Lepi- 
 dopterous circle. 
 
 Petavia. 
 
 This genus, nearly re- 
 lated to Hesperia, 
 forms in our series 
 the transition from 
 the Anopluriform 
 to the Vermiform 
 stirps. 
 
 Polyommatus. 
 
 Lyc^ena. 
 
 Aberrant, 
 or departing from the 
 regular series, (and 
 genera of which the 
 affinity has not been 
 determined). 
 
 Symetha. 
 
 Thecla. 
 
 Myrina. 
 
 Colias. 
 
 Gonepteryx. 
 
 Terias. 
 
 Pieris. 
 
 Pontia. 
 
 Papilio. Leucophasia. 
 
 Sect. I. antennce ivith 
 
 prominent annuli. r ■ ■ ■ 
 
 1 _ Licinia. 
 
 Sect. II. antennce with 
 an oval compressed 
 club. Thais. 
 
 Sect. III. antennce 
 with obscure annuli. 
 
 Doritis. 
 
 Zelima. 
 
 i 2 
 
60 
 
 SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST 
 
 ANALOGY, 
 to the class of Ametabola, Macleay. 
 
 CHILOPODA. 
 
 Stirps III. 
 CHILOPODIFORM 
 
 OR 
 
 SCOLOPENDRIFORM. 
 
 SCOLOPENDRA. 
 
 LlTHOBIUS. 
 
 SCUTIGERA. 
 
 Stirps IV. 
 THYSANURIFORM. 
 
 THYSANURA. 
 
 Lepisma. 
 
 FORBICINA. 
 
 PODURA. 
 
 Smynthurus 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS. 
 
 Larva, cylindrical, with rigid filiform appendages, 
 (naked and few in number at the confines of the 
 last stirps, in the typical group numerous,) dis- 
 posed in longitudinal series along the body and 
 armed with verticilli of acute diverging spines. 
 
 Pupa, angular, oblong, or compressed, diversified 
 on the surface, even, tuberculated, or notched ; 
 the headcase obtuse, rounded, or tuberculated ; 
 ornamented with shining dots or lines, or entirely 
 covered with a golden lustre: suspended by the 
 tail, with the head precipitous or directed down- 
 ward. 
 
 Pupa, suspended as in the Chilopodiform stirps, 
 smooth, shining, often handsomely variegated with 
 colours ; variously modified as to form, oval, an- 
 gular, curved, gibbous, or triangular, with a py- 
 ramidical base and point ; terminated by two acute 
 points, which are either approximate or diverging. 
 
 Larva with a bifid tail orfurculafrom the posterior 
 part of the abdomen, consisting of two rigid seta: 
 or spines, pointing directly backward; having an 
 elongate cylindrical form, slightly attenuated at 
 both ends; head emarginate above or provided 
 with two erect seta; or points in some species 
 greatly distended posteriorly, forming a kind of 
 moveable shield, which is crowned above with 
 four or more membranaceous horns having ser- 
 rate edges. 
 
TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONIDiE. 
 
 61 
 
 PERFECT INSECT. 
 Antennje, filiform at the base, with a club 
 rising abruptly at the extremity, in the typi- 
 cal species broad and compressed, and in 
 one of the subdivisions orbiculate. 
 Palpi, with the basal and second joints broad 
 and robust, covered with hair and beset 
 underneath with long straggling bristles, 
 the third joint projecting beyond the head, 
 covered with down ; converging in the typi- 
 cal species and forming a rostellum or beak: 
 a tuft of long hair at the extremity of the 
 second joints. 
 
 Wings, erect in the resting insect : anterior 
 win"s narrow and greatly expanded, with 
 anaulated, scalloped, or deeply indented mar- 
 gins ; posterior wings with a deep abdomi- 
 nal groove, entire or dentated, rarely with 
 short, acute caudal appendages; : nervures 
 distinct : discoidal areola closed. 
 
 Abdomen, either slender and compressed, 
 or, in the typical group, robust and ab- 
 breviated. 
 
 Proboscis, long and robust. 
 
 Flight, strong and rapid. 
 
 Feet, intermediate and posterior, terminated 
 by claws and pulvilli with membranaceous, 
 pubescent, bifid appendages at their base: 
 anterior feet spurious and imperfect. 
 
 Feet, anterior as in the last stirps. 
 
 Antenna, filiform, surpassing in proportion- 
 ate length these organs in all other stirpes of 
 this tribe ; club slender. 
 
 Palpi, curved, ascending, with the third joint 
 naked, compressed, and rising above the 
 head. 
 
 Wings, generally of a brown colour, and, in 
 many species, adorned with a brilliant gloss 
 of blue and pre-eminently marked with large 
 ornamental ocelli appearing often on both 
 surfaces ; with the greatest expansion from 
 the anterior lo the posterior margin, or in the 
 direction of the body of the insect : hinder 
 wings, with a deep abdominal groove, en- 
 tirerdentated, or produced to a short round 
 point. Discoidal areola not uniformly closed. 
 
 Abdomen, short ; the male of some species 
 provided with fascicles of long silky hairs. 
 
 Proboscis, of moderate length and size. 
 
 Flight, slow. 
 
 NYMPHALIDiE. 
 
 NAMES, 
 descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub- 
 divisions, in their different states. 
 Do rnf alter — Papilio — Schrank. 
 Danai festivi. -. 
 
 Nymphales fhalerati. >Linn. in part. 
 Nymphales gemmati. -* 
 Heliconii. Fabr. 
 
 Swainson and Stephens, 
 in part. 
 
 Larvce acutospinosce. Fam. I, Wien. Verz. 
 Larvce pseudospinosce. Fam. L, W. V. 
 Larvce collospinosce, Fam. K, W. V. 
 Larvce subspinosce. Fam. H, W. V. 
 Larvce spinosce. Esper. 
 
 Papiliones angulati. Eckflugelichte Falter. 
 Papiliones variegati. SchecJcichte Falter. 
 Papiliones nobiles. Silberreiche Falter. 
 Papiliones multifasciati. Fleckstreifigte 
 Falter. 
 
 Lesargentes. Geoffr. Silver-spotted] Fritil- 
 Les damiers. Geoffr. Buff-spotted) laries. 
 
 Normal, 
 
 in the regular Lepi- 
 
 dopterous circle. 
 
 Euploea. 
 
 Idea. 
 
 Acr^ea. 
 
 Vanessa. 
 
 Cynthia. 
 
 Melit.s:a. 
 
 ArgynniS. 
 
 Biblis. 
 
 (Strictly as applied by 
 Fabricius.) 
 
 LlMENITlS. 
 
 Gen. Nov. Limenitidi 
 affine. 
 
 GENERA. 
 
 Aberrant, 
 or departing from the 
 regular series, (and 
 genera of which the 
 affinity has not been 
 ascertained.) 
 
 Heliconta. 
 
 Hetara. (?) 
 
 LlBYTHiEA. 
 
 Neptis. (? 
 
 Apatura. 
 
 Stutzfalter — Maniola— Schrank. 
 Nymphales gemmati. Linn, in part. 
 Nymphalidje. Swainson and Stephens Genus tf 0VUl 
 in part. 
 
 Larvce cornutce. Fam. G, Wien. Verz. 
 Larvce subfurcatce. Fam. F, W. V. 
 Larva bicaudata. Esper. 
 
 Paphia. 
 Amathusia. 
 
 Papiliones versicolores. Schielende Falter. Morpho 
 
 Randaugigte Falter. 
 
 Les changeants. Mus. Richt. 
 
 Les Grimpans. Geoffr. 
 
 Cethosia. 
 
 Brassolis. 
 
 Genus Novum. 
 
 Malanitis. 
 
 Hipparchia. 
 
 Nemeobius. 
 (Forming the transi- 
 tion to Erycina ?) 
 
02 
 
 SYNOPTIC TABLE OF THE STIRPES OF THE FIRST 
 
 ANALOGY, 
 to the class of Ametabola, Macleay. 
 
 ANOPLURA. 
 
 Stirps V. 
 ANOPLURIFORM. 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS. 
 
 Larva, with a head of excessive size attached to 
 the body by a long neck, abruptly terminated 
 behind and entirely deprived of a caudal ap- 
 pendage. (In some of the Erycince the head 
 of the larva has two erect spinous appendages 
 resembling those of theThysanuriform stirps.) 
 
 Pupa, concealed by afolliculus, or by the covering 
 of a convoluted leaf, resembling that of some of 
 the nocturnal Lepidoptera. 
 
 Pedicultjs. 
 
 NlRMUS. 
 
 Cecrofs. 
 
 Caligus. 
 
 This genus leads to Entomoda among the 
 Epizoarice, with which we commence the circle 
 of Ametabola. (See above, p. 58.) 
 
 In explanation of the second column of this table, which is intended to illustrate the analogies of the larva of the first tribe of Lepidoptera, I refer the reader 
 to pa"e 286 and to pages 350 and 351 of the Hora Entomologies. Mr. Macleay here traces the Ametabola from the Chilognatha to the Vermes ; hence to the 
 Anoplura- further to the Thysanura and to the Chilopoda, whence he returns to the Chilognatha and completes the circle. He therefore pm-sues a circular 
 course in a direction opposite to that of our table, but the succession of affinities is the same although here reversed. He commences with the Chilognatha ; from 
 these he proceeds to the most imperfect Annulose animals, with the following observation (p. 351). " Articulation is not very distinct in some of the Epizoaria 
 of Lamarck, but sufficiently so to lead us to the Caligi of Muller and the genus Cecrops of Dr. Leach." (This genus, although generally arranged among the 
 Crustacea, is placed by Mr. Macleay in the class o£ Ametabola; Lamarck had indeed already expressed a doubt as to its really being crustaceous.) " The genus 
 Cecrops by its general form, antenna;, structure of the feet, and want of posterior appendages, prepares us for the Anoplura. These we quit for the genus 
 Smynthirm of Latreille, and by means of it enter among the Thysanura. Some of these, such as the Lepismcr of Latreille, have an elongate form, long setil'orm 
 antenna;, various small appendages on each side representing false feet, together with articulated seta; terminating the posterior part of the body." " Thus," 
 continues Mr. Macleay, " we come to the larva state of the Chilopoda, or Scohpcndra of Linmeus, from which, bearing in recollection the form and structure 
 of the genus Craspedosoma of Leach, we return to the Chilognatha and complete the circle of Ametabola." 
 
 hi 
 
TRIBE OF LEPIDOPTERA, THE PAPILIONIMJ. 
 
 63 
 
 PERFECT INSECT. 
 
 Feet, anterior, at the confines of the 
 Thysanuriform stirps, in the group of 
 Erycina;, spurious in the male, perfect in 
 the female ; in the Hesperida: and Ura- 
 nia: perfect in both sexes ; hinder tibia; 
 provided with two pair of spurs, one 
 in the middle the other at the tip. 
 
 Antenn.i, diversified in the different 
 groups : in the Erycina; provided with 
 an oval club attenuated at both ends ; 
 in the Hesperida; filiform at the base 
 with a Jtisijvrm club, terminated by an 
 acute point, which is uncinate or hoohed ; 
 in the Urania; lengthened and filiform, 
 with a slender elongate club. 
 
 Palpi, in the Erycina; very short, scarcely 
 projecting beyond the head, third joint 
 very minute ; in the Hesperida; the basal 
 and intermediate joints broad, depressed, 
 and closely covered with hair or short 
 truncated bristles, the third joint naked; 
 in the Urania; lengthened and slender, 
 with the third joint delicate and nearly 
 naked. 
 
 Wings : in the resting insect the hinder 
 wings only are elevated : in the Hespe- 
 rida? the brown colour prevails, inclining 
 to black, and the wings are marked with 
 white or yellow semi-transparent spots ; 
 the anterior wings are mostly triangular : 
 the caudal appendages, of the posterior 
 wings, generally curved : discoidal areola 
 not closed. 
 
 Abdomen, short and thick. Head, large. 
 Eyes, prominent. 
 
 Flight, strong and rapid. 
 
 NAMES, 
 descriptive of the stirpes or of the sub- 
 divisions, in their different states. 
 Dickfalter — Ervnnis — Schranlc. 
 Plebeii Urbicoli. Linn. 
 Hesperides. Latr. 
 Hesferid^:. Leach. 
 
 Les Estropies. Geoffr. 
 Les Bourgeois. Seba. 
 Skippers and Grizzles. Haworth. 
 
 Larvje Tortriciformes. 
 AfterwicMerraupen . 
 
 Normal, 
 in the regular Lepi 
 
 dopterous circle. 
 Erycina. 
 
 Emesis. 
 Danis. 
 Lemonias. 
 
 Eurybia. 
 
 Hesperia. 
 
 Thymele. 
 
 Melius. 
 
 Pamphila. 
 
 Ismene. 
 
 Tamyris. 
 
 GENERA. 
 
 Aberrant, 
 or departing from the 
 regular series, (and 
 genera of which the 
 affinity has not been 
 determined). 
 
 Nymphidium. 
 
 Helicopis. 
 
 Urania. 
 
 Barbicornis. 
 
 (Ce nouveau genre 
 rapproche des Ura- 
 nies parses antennes 
 setacees, fait le pas- 
 sage de la tribe 
 des Papilionides 
 a celle des Hespe- 
 rides.) Latreille, 
 in Encyclop. Me- 
 thod., p. 705. Art. 
 Papillon. 
 
 In the third ^fourth columns, which exhibit a view of the metamorphosis and perfect insect, it has been my object to direct the attention rf the reader to 
 the^lrctel by marking them in italics; and some of the most prominent characters, which show the natural —ons from one stu.s to another, 
 are placed at the point of connexion and indicated by a brace. 
 
 In the//,* column I have given the first place to the names employed by SehranK, as his genera! division ^gg^^^L^ 
 his names is descriptive of one of our stirpes. I have also extracted in each stirps, the fam.ly names of the W.ener Vermchms, 
 highly appropriate But I have not attempted to introduce a., the names employed by authors for the subd.v.s.ons of the stirpes. 
 
 ^voured to arrange the genera according to their natural affinities, as far as my materials have enabled me : a, however in an 
 
 att^o^^^ 
 
 from other sources ; hut many de6ciencies remain to be supplied by future discoveries- 
 
64 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 VERMIFORM STIRPS. 
 
 Typical Character. 
 
 Larva, as to form, either ovate, oblong, cylindrical, or linear ; as to surface, convex, 
 gibbous, or depressed : always marked with prominent transverse striae or divided 
 into scutiform segments : most generally naked, in some cases villous, rarely 
 provided with lateral appendages : underneath smooth : having a small head and 
 minute feet, partially concealed by the abdominal segments. 
 
 Pupa, smooth, obtuse at both ends, attached by the caudal extremity by means of a 
 slight filamentous texture, secured in an erect attitude by a brace, the head being 
 directed upwards. 
 
 Larva forma ovata, vel oblonga, vel cylindrica, vel linearis ; superficie convexa, gibba, 
 vel depressa : semper tranverse striata, segmentis scutiformibus : nuda, vel nonnun- 
 quam pilosa, rarius appendiculis lateralibus instructa : subtus glabra : capite minuto, 
 pedibusque vix apparentibus. (Tota quoad habitum Onisco, Porcellioni, vel Epi- 
 zoariis similis.) 
 
 Papa nuda, utrinque obtusa, postice alligata, capite sursum spectante, Jilis collo et 
 abdomine circumligatis erectefere suspensa. 
 
 Observation. — The peculiarities of the perfect insect of this stirps have already been detailed in 
 pages 38, 39, and 40 of the Introduction ; they are likewise exhibited on the Synoptic Table. 
 I shall, therefore, not recapitulate them in this place. The regular order of the plan of Mr. 
 Macleay would require that I should proceed to the division of the Stirpes into Families ; but this 
 would require a more extensive examination of materials, and more numerous references and 
 comparisons, than I am enabled to undertake at present. I shall, therefore, defer the attempt to 
 a more favourable period. For my immediate purpose it is sufficient to state, that the. genera 
 Petavia, Polyommatus, Lycarna, Thecla, and Myrina, are individually representatives of Fami- 
 lies, for the precise subdivisions of which a general acquaintance with all the species hitherto 
 collected, and to be found in cabinets of Entomology, would scarcely be sufficient. 
 
 Genus 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 65 
 
 Genus POLYOMMATUS. 
 
 Papdionis — Plebeiorum ruraliura — species. Linn. Polyommati species. Latr. Polyom- 
 matus. Stephens' Synopsis of British Entomology, May 1827. Lycaense Species. Fab. 
 Papiliones, Fam. N. Larvae gibboscutatae. Wiener Verzeichnis, 181. Papiliones Polyoph- 
 thalmi. Aldrov. Les Argus. Geoffr. Cceruleae, Blues, or Arguses. Haworth. 
 
 Character. Larva gibboscutata, sublinearis, dorso elevato, capite parvo plerumque nigro. 
 
 Chrysalis oblonga vel ovata, nuda, maculis obscuris ; in nonnullis tuberculis acutis singulariter 
 notata, simias vultum simnlans. Tab. i, fig. 2, b. 
 
 Imago: Antenna filiformes, articulis intermediis longioribus, capitulo ovali, abrupte refracto, com- 
 presso, sulcato, vel concavo marginibus subinvolutis. 
 
 Palpi capite longiores, porrecti, assurgentes ; articulis basilari et intermedio nudiusculis, squamis 
 villisque sericeis tectis, hoc elongato, ultra medium capite soluto, tertio gracili, attenuato, nudo. 
 
 Proboscis palpis circa duplo longior. 
 
 Caput latiusculum, globosum. Oculi prominuli. Corpus gracile, compressum. Alee integerrimae, 
 alterius plerumque sexus cceruleas, alterius saepius brunneag, interdum striga macularum fulvarum 
 ad marginem posticum; subtus semper griseae, punctis seu ocellulis pluribus nigris saepius albo- 
 cinctis. Pedes omnes tarsis quinque, ultimo unguiculato: femora intermediorum, apicem 
 versus processu brevi, acuto, villoso instructa, tibiasque acetabulo ad ilium recipiendum exaratse. 
 Tarsi anticorum maris attenuati, setis lateralibus brevissimis vestiti, ultimo saepius ungue solitario 
 vel seta obscura terminali ; fceminae villosi, unguibus duobus parvis fortiter arcuatis lanugine 
 reconditis. Ungues et pulvilli posticorum parvi. 
 
 Character. Larva linear or oblong; in form more elevated and rounded than in the other 
 genera of this stirps, the back being, in the middle, cylindrico-gibbous. Chrysalis somewhat 
 oblong or ovate, naked with obscure spots ; in some cases singularly marked with short acute 
 processes, arranged so as to resemble the face of a monkey. Antenna of moderate length, 
 many-jointed, filiform and straight to the origin of the club, where they are suddenly 
 reflected or bent outward ; joints short and somewhat swelled at the base and apex, slender and 
 lengthened in the middle; club, constituting about one-sixth of the whole length of these 
 organs, ovate, compressed, or grooved in the middle, with the sides slightly involuted. Palpi 
 longer than the head, porrected, assurgent; basal joint short, closely applied to the head, second 
 joint lengthened, at the base adhering to the head, from the middle detached and curved upwards ; 
 both these joints being sparingly covered with minute scales and hairs; third joint slender, atte- 
 nuated, naked, stretching forward or assurgent (rarely surrounded with a tuft of bristles 
 arising from the extremity of the second joint). Proboscis, double the length of the palpi, 
 but varying in different species. Head rather broad. Eyes prominent. Body slender and 
 compressed. Wings: anterior simple and oblong; posterior entire and rounded, slightly grooved 
 for the reception of the abdomen : the upper surface of the wings almost invariably blue in 
 the male and brown in the female; the under surface in both sexes white or gray, and marked 
 with black ocellated spots surrounded with a white iris. Feet all invariably perfect and provided 
 with five tarsi; thighs of the mid-legs with a short, acute, often hairy, process, which is 
 received in a corresponding socket of the tibiae : tarsi of the fore-legs in the male attenuated, 
 
 k bearing 
 
(36 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 bearing at the sides short bristles, last joint mostly terminated by a single claw or by an obscure 
 spine; in the female the tarsi are covered with short villi, and the joint has two strongly curved 
 claws, which are concealed by tufts of short hair. The claws andpulvilli of the hind-legs are small. 
 
 * Wings somewhat elongated ; hinder wings entire, regularly rounded and elliptical. 
 Subgenus Pithecops. 
 1. Pjthecops Hylax. Alee supra saturate fuscce, postkee fimbria marginali argented ; fceminoe 
 anticrn macula discoided angulari alba : subtus canescenti-albce, strigis duabus arcuatis flavo- 
 fuscis, serie macularum fascidque marginali continud nigris ; anticrn punctis duobus costalibus, 
 posticce guttd apicali saturatdmaximd et interdum puncto anali obsoletiore nigris. (Expansio 
 alarum, lineae 10 — 14.) 
 
 Plate I, fig. 2 ; 2, a. 
 Hesperia R. Hylax. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 304. No. 152. 
 Polyommatus Hylax. MM. Latreille et Godart, Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 701. 
 Wings above, in the male, deep blackish brown, the colour being uniformly spread over the whole 
 surface to the border of the hinder wings which is silvery white ; a very delicate gray fringe inter- 
 rupted with brown, bounds the forewings : beneath white with a grayish-silvery gloss inclining 
 to blue, and the scales covering their surface large and rough; anterior wings, marked near the 
 costa, with two small irregular dots of an intense black ; hinder wings, at the posterior angle with 
 a large regularly circumscribed spot of the same colour; a minute dot is in some individuals 
 obscurely perceptible near their anal angle : somewhat beyond the disk both pair of wings are 
 traversed by a delicate, undulated, interrupted striga of reddish brown, exterior of this by a 
 broader continued fascia of the same colour, undulated at its outer edge ; next follows an in- 
 terrupted series of oblong spots, and finally a regular narrow marginal line of intense black, 
 exterior to which the wings are bounded by a silvery fringe : legs covered with lax villi of 
 silvery-white; tarsi surrounded by a black ring; body brown above and white underneath; 
 eyes uncommonly prominent, and bordered with white; antennae brown, annulated with white. 
 In the female the wings are somewhat broader, and the disk of the anterior pair is marked with 
 a rhomboidal white patch, more intensely coloured exteriorly. 
 
 There are four specimens of this insect, two of each sex, contained in the Honourable Company's 
 Museum. The species, although but little known, appears to have an extensive range ; Eastern India is men- 
 tioned by Fabricius as the native place on the authority of Dr. Koenig. The collection of A. H. Haworth, Esq. 
 contains a female specimen from Bengal. Another species was bred from the caterpillar, and the chrysalis 
 which produced it is represented on our first plate, fig. 2, b. The caterpillar feeds on a leguminous plant. 
 The only individual obtained passed into the pupa state before an opportunity existed of delineating it, and 
 I subsequently sought it in vain. The history of this species will be given after the description of Petavici, 
 at the close of the series. 
 
 In many essential points, the form of the palpi and antenna;, the peculiarities of the feet, &c. these insects 
 agree with the character of the genus Polyommatus, but their habit and aspect are very peculiar ; this 
 is owing to the great length and lateral expansion of the wings, to their comparative narrowness, and 
 to their being regularly elliptical and rounded in the anal region. The group to which this insect belongs, 
 forms in my opinion a distinct subgenus, to which I have given the name of Pithecops, from the peculiar 
 aspect of the chrysalis. Our insect, which is cited by Fabricius as " minima in hacfamilia" is represented 
 in the European Fauna, by the P. Alsus and by several other species which are described by Ochscnheimer 
 
 with 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 67 
 
 with " alee integerrimce ;" namely P. Lysimon, P. Pheretes, and P. Damon ; there are likewise indications of 
 other foreign species, as the individual figured by Mr. Donovan, which, although the same in form and habit, 
 appears to be specifically different from those in our collection : and the P. Hanno of Cramer probably 
 belongs to the same group. 
 
 ** Margins of the hinder wings at the anal extremity angular, and produced to a short rounded point. 
 
 Polyommatus stride sic dictus. 
 
 2. Polyommatus Ak asa. Alee utrinque albce, supra ad basin azureo irroratce marginibus exteriore 
 et posteriore fuscis, anticarum margins latiore : subtus serie punctorum margini postico paral- 
 lela ; anticce serie lineolarum submarginali, posticm arcu punctorum discoideo interrupto punc- 
 tisque tribus basilaribus fuscis. (Exp. alar. 1 uric.) 
 Plate I, fig. 1 ; 1, a. 
 Disk of the anterior wings and almost the whole of the posterior wings white above : base of both 
 pairs, and a broad belt along the anterior and posterior margins of the fore wings, blackish brown ; 
 hinder wings marked with a few scattered dots of blackish brown and surrounded by a streak of the 
 same colour, interior to which is an interrupted series of delicate brown lines : both pairs are covered 
 from the base to the disk with an azure irroration ; (and in one of our specimens the disk is marked 
 with an obscure curved fascia of brown :) beneath the milky white surface of the wings has the 
 following marks : towards the posterior margin of the anterior pair, a series of five short brown 
 lines is disposed in an interrupted curve, exterior to which a few faint marginal dots are 
 observed, and a short transverse streak arises near the costa and extends to the middle of the 
 disk ; on the hinder wings the marginal dots of a more intense tint are continued in a regular 
 series along the posterior margin ; the disk is pervaded by a very irregularly curved series of 
 about seven dots, commencing near the anterior margin, the first being disposed in pairs ; three 
 solitary distant dots are placed in the order of a transverse line towards the base. About eighteen 
 dots, in all, may be counted on the lower surface of the posterior wings. Antenna banded with 
 white. Thorax and abdomen agreeing with the adjoining tint of the wings on both surfaces. 
 As far as regards the habit, colour, and contour of the wings, this species agrees with the blues of our 
 nomenclature ; the antennae, however, depart in a small degree from the regular type, and give it a pecu- 
 liar aspect ; the club is strongly compressed and semi-contorted at its base, in consequence of which a 
 swelling appears at the point of union with the filiform portion, which is not usual in this genus. This 
 species is not abundant, and two specimens only are contained in the collection. In its physiognomy and 
 in the distribution of the markings of the lower surface, it resembles the P. Argiolus of the British Fauna. 
 
 3. Polyommatus Puspa. Aim supra maris azurece fusco marginatce, disco albo ; fceminse palli- 
 diores disco cinerascenti-fusco : subtus sericeo-alba, strigis duabus marginalibus serie punc- 
 torum intermedia fascidque maculari discoided fuscis ; posticce, ocellulis pluribus basilaribus 
 nigris albo cinctis duobus margini exteriore approximate, apicali insigniore. (Exp. alar. 1 
 unc. 1 — 4<lin.) 
 Wings above blue with a defined border of blackish brown, and a large white patch on the disk : 
 in the male a deeper tint extends from the base to the edge of the brown margin, varying 
 according to the direction of the light, being either intensely azure or diluted, and transmitting 
 a ground colour of brown ; in the female the blue colour is confined to the base. Underneath 
 
 k 2 the 
 
68 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 the wings are white with a blueish cast ; they have, on both pairs, along the posterior margins, 
 two parallel brown strigse, of which the interior is undulated, enclosing an interrupted series 
 of oblong brown spots, gradually assuming a deeper tint as they approach the anal angle : 
 interior of this follows a macular band, originating by two successive ocellate dots, from the 
 margin of the fore wings and extending in an irregular curve through both pair : the disk of 
 the fore wings bears a short curved streak, and a similar angular mark, but more obscurej stands 
 on the hinder wings : the latter are further marked, in their basal portion, with numerous black 
 ocellate spots bordered with white, of which five are more prominent; two of these stand near 
 the exterior margin, the apical one being larger and of a more florid tint; two, less conspicuous, 
 are disposed near the anal interior margin, and a fifth intermediate not far from the base. An- 
 tenna annulated with white. Tufts of grayish blue hairs at the sides of the thorax and abdomen. 
 
 This species is abundant. About twenty specimens are contained in the collection. It appears to be the 
 representative of the Lyccena Arion, in the eastern tropical regions. Among Indian species which have 
 recently been added to our systematic catalogues, it most nearly resembles the Pol. Duponchellii, from Timor, 
 described by MM. Latreille and Godart in the Encyclopedie : but it differs by the deep azure tint diffused over 
 its upper surface, and by the number and arrangement of the ocellated spots underneath. It forms a 
 natural transition, by its marks and habit to the next following genus. 
 
 Genus LYC^NA. 
 
 Papilionis — Plebeiorum ruralium — species. Linn. Polyommati species. Latr. Lycsena. 
 Stephens. Lycsenae species. Fab. Papiliones, Fam. M. Larva oblongoscutatse. Wiener 
 Verzeichnis, ] 80. Les Bronzes. Geoffr. Coppers. Haivorth. 
 
 Character. Larva oblongoscutata, oblongior quam in cseteris generibus hujus stirpis, lateribus 
 quasi impressa; plerumque pallide viridis, nuda aut pilis brevissimis tenerrimis tecta; capite 
 brunneo aut pallescente. 
 
 Chrysalis antice posticeque admodum obtusa, fuscescens. (Tab. iv. fig. 1 ; 1, a.) 
 
 Imago: Antenna filiformes, articulis intermediis longioribus, capitulo ovali subrefracto, saspius 
 compresso vel compresso-concavo marginibus subinvolutis. 
 
 Palpi capite longiores, parum porrecti, subassurgentes, articulis basilari et intermedio squamis 
 villisque elongatis tectis, secundo elongato ultra medium capite soluto, tertio gracili attenuate 
 nudo. 
 
 Proboscis palpis circa duplo longior. 
 
 Caput latiusculum. Oculi prominuli. Corpus gracile, compressum. ALc anticaj subelongata 1 
 angustse, posticse ad angulum analem productee vel caudatae ; cauda subfiliformi, in pluribus brevi, 
 abrupto : subtus saepius striga marginali aut maculis contiguis aurantiacis praxlita?. Pedes 
 omnes tarsis quinque ; femora eadem quae Polyommato ; tarsi anticorum maris attenuati ungue 
 solitario, vel interdum seta cornea terminali, spinisque rigidis accessoriis lateralibus ; fcemina? 
 semper unguibus duobus arcuatis villis brevibus interpositis. Ungues et pulvilli posticorum 
 parvi. 
 
 Character. Larva more oblong than in the other genera of this stirps, hence named oblongo- 
 scutata — elevated along the back, but laterally compressed, generally of a pale-green colour, 
 naked or covered with very short delicate hair ; head brown or yellowish. Chrysalis obtuse at 
 
 both 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 69 
 
 both extremities, of a brown colour. Antenna: filiform, of moderate length, straight to the 
 origin of the club, where they are rather suddenly refracted or bent outward; joints, short and 
 gradually thickening at the base and apex, slender and elongated in the middle ; club ovate 
 compressed, or grooved with slightly involuted margins. Palpi longer than the head, slightly 
 porrected ; basal joint and posterior part of the intermediate joint closely applied to the head, 
 anterior part of the latter and third joint bent upwards; basal and intermediate joints covered 
 solely with minute scales and lengthened hair; third joint short, slender, attenuated, and naked. 
 Proboscis nearly double the length of the palpi, but varying in different species. Head rather 
 broad. Eyes large and prominent. Body slender, compressed. Wings: anterior, rather 
 elongated and narrow, bounded by a regularly defined posterior margin ; posterior wings some- 
 what lengthened at the anal angle, (and dentated) or provided with short, filiform, abruptly 
 terminated tails. Feet invariably perfect in all parts. (In the Wiener Verzeichnis, the ante- 
 i-ior feet are described as somewhat reduced in size.) The tarsi of the fore leo-s, in the male 
 are attenuated, and terminated by a a single claw, or by a corneous bristle, which is met at 
 each side by a series of acute spines ; in the female there are two strongly curved claws partly 
 concealed by tufts of hair. The spine arising from the thighs of the mid-legs and the general 
 character of these, as well as of the claws and pulvilli, are the same as in Polyommatus. 
 This genus is illustrated, on the second plate, by the dissections of the Lyccena Roxus ; fig. 4 ; 4, 
 a; 4, b; 4, c; 4, d; 4, e; 4, f; and on the fourth plate by those of the Lyccena Elpis ; fig. 
 1, b; 1, c; 1, d; 1, e. The larva and chrysalis of Lyccena Mlianus are also represented on 
 the fourth plate ; fig. 1 ; 1, a. 
 
 It appears from a review of the generic characters of Polyommatus and Lyccena, that, if my views are 
 correct, the distinction depends primarily on the variation of the metamorphosis ; the larva, in the former 
 being regularly rounded or cylindrico-gibbous, in the latter more oblong and impressed at the sides : of the 
 latter the Javanese Collection contains one example ; I have been less successful in the discovery of the 
 former. Although our acquaintance with the metamorphosis of the subjects belonging to the two genera 
 now described, is still very imperfect, enough is known to confirm us in the expectation of finally obtaining 
 a natural arrangement, which can only be accomplished by a knowledge of the entire history of these 
 animals. In the antennae and palpi of these two genera, no tangible difference can be pointed out. The 
 distinction derived from the wings is more decisive ; in each of the genera these organs have a peculiarity of 
 habit, which, though not easily described in words, is readily seized by an experienced eye. The Blues 
 are altogether without tails, and their character is well preserved in the Oriental tropical regions, but it is 
 remarkable that in this part of the world, as far as I have observed, no true Coppers have been discovered, 
 which in Europe chiefly constitute the genus Lyccena. The feet and claws of Polyommatus and Lyccena 
 have not, as yet, been examined and described with the accuracy and minuteness which they require, and 
 I offer with diffidence the modifications which I have proposed, in the characters of these genera, to the 
 candid consideration of Entomologists. They are founded chiefly on the examination of Pol. Puspa and of 
 Lyccence Roxus and Elpis : of all these, numerous specimens have been submitted to repeated microscopical 
 observations, the result of which is that in the male the tarsi are attenuated to a point, provided at the sides 
 with rigid bristles, and terminated by a single claw, or by an obscure corneous spine ; while in the female the 
 last joint of the tarsus is uniformly broad, and the claws are partially concealed by lateral tufts of hair ; when 
 these are removed, two short claws become apparent, which are strongly curved. 
 
 In all the Indian species of Lyccena contained in our collection the posterior wings are entire, and they 
 are provided with short filiform tails, agreeing with the division D. /}• established by MM. Latreille and 
 
 Godart, 
 
70 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 Godart, in the genus Polyommatus. (Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix, p. 653.) They may be subdivided by- 
 artificial characters, into the following groups. 
 
 * Wings underneath with simple ocellate spots ; anal ocelli without metallic irrorations. 
 
 4. Lycjena Malaya. Alee suprd fusca plagd albd maximd mediand discoided : subtus sericeo-alba, 
 
 singula ad marginem posticum strigis duabus fuscis parallellis undulatis serie macularum inter- 
 media, pone medium fascia arcuatd in posticis submaculari ; antica punctis quatuor minimis 
 fuscis costm parallelis ; posticm punctis quinque aterrimis duobus majoribus guttqformibus altero 
 apicali altero anali tribusque minor ibus basilaribus in serie transversd. Exp. alar. 11 lin. 
 
 Wings above blackish brown, with a large white central area, extending obliquely from the middle 
 of the fore to the disk of the hinder wings: colour more intense on the fore wings, the posterior 
 mam-ins of which are surrounded with a delicate white fringe, which is continued along the 
 inner border of the hinder wings, by a series of elongated silky hairs : tails black, tipt with 
 white : underneath the wings are pure satin white ; anterior wings, near the costa, marked with 
 four regular, equi-distant, minute brown dots, and on the disk, with a short curved line : 
 towards the posterior margin follows a curved striga, consisting of short lineolae or arcs, 
 not touching each other, but disposed obliquely between the nervures ; then, parallel with the 
 margin, two narrow striga?, the interior one being undulated, including a series of oblong, 
 attenuated, dark brown spots : these strigas and dots are continued uniformly through the hinder 
 wings to the anal region ; anterior to these is an interrupted macular fascia, resembling the 
 curved band of the fore wings, but with broader lineolas ; then a short, transverse, discoidal 
 arc : the hinder wings are further marked beneath with five intensely black spots, two marginal 
 and three basal ; the former are large, regularly round, of an intense black tint, one is placed 
 near the outer, the other near the inner apical angle, opposite to the caudal appendage, being 
 separated from the anal angle by two small dots : near the base are three transversely disposed 
 equi-distant dots of an intensely black tint. 
 This species is comparatively scarce ; two specimens only are contained in our collection. In its habit and 
 
 markings it greatly resembles the individuals of the genus Polyommatus, and particularly the species last 
 
 enumerated. 
 
 ** Anterior wings underneath with an elongated oblique fascia at the base ; posterior wings, in 
 most cases, with metallic irrorations on the ocellate spots in the anal region. 
 
 5. L.YC.3ENA Roxus. Aim supra nigra, vittd obliqud latissimd albicante margine exteriore sinuato : 
 
 subtus alba,fasciis tribus nigris, prima continud obliqud basilari, secundd interruptd submaculari 
 pone discum, tertid marginali, in anticis continud serie macidarum albarum fretd, in posticis 
 lunidis nigris margini parallelis efformatd. Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 1 unc. lin. 3. 
 Plate II. Fig. 4 ; 4, a, b, c, d, e, and f. 
 Polyommatus Roxus. Latreille and Godart, Encycl. Method. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 659. 
 The male. 
 Wings above blackish brown, with a very broad band of yellowish white, situated on the posterior 
 edge, arising on the disk of the anterior, and passing obliquely over the disk and base of the 
 posterior pair ; marginal fringe grayish : underneath the wings are white, inclining to pale yel- 
 low, 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. yj 
 
 low, with abroad fascia of blackish-brown, extending from the middle of the costa of the fore 
 wings obliquely over the base of the hinder wings to the thorax; at the point where it meets 
 the costa commences a curved, irregularly interrupted macular fascia, consisting of diversified 
 spots and patches of blackish-brown ; exterior to this is on the fore wings a narrow brown margin, 
 regularly waving at its inner edge, bearing a row of oblong yellowish spots, which is continued 
 in the hinder wings by a series of uniform lunulas directed outwards, touching a narrow black 
 marginal streak and inclosing a series of white lineolas. Head, thorax, and body, deep blackish- 
 brown above, yellowish underneath ; abdomen banded with yellow at the sides : antenna 
 marked with delicate annuli. Tails filiform, black, tipt with white. In the female the transverse 
 band of the fore-wings approaches nearer to the costa than in the male, its posterior edge is more 
 deeply sinuated, and the hinder wings have an interrupted row of obscure yellowish lineolae, 
 parallel with the margin : the wings, in this sex, are also broader and more expanded, and the 
 abdomen is more robust. 
 
 The first notice of this species is given by MM. Latreille and Godart, in Encyclop. Method, article 
 Papillon, p. 659. Male specimens only had been examined by these authors. Hitherto this species has only 
 been found in Java : it occurs, in considerable numbers, in the skirts of large forests ; but from the great 
 delicacy of the wings it is not easily obtained in a perfect state. Our collection contains about sixteen speci- 
 mens, several of which are females. One of the latter is represented on our plate. This species departs 
 slightly from the regular type : the wings are proportionally narrow and of great lateral expansion : in its 
 habit and marking it is analogous to the genus Nymphidium of Fabricius, but it cannot, in our opinion, be 
 separated from Lyccena. The dissection contained in our second plate was prepared by Mr. Charles Curtis 
 with great care from a male, and affords an illustration of this particular form in the genus Lyccena. Fig. 4 
 and 4, a, exhibit the exterior peculiarities of the female ; fig. 4, b, palpi of natural size and enlarged ; 4, c, 
 antenna of natural size, and with the extremity enlarged to show the excavation of the club ; 4, d, proboscis 
 male of natural size : the latter as well as the antenna? and palpi are alike in both sexes ; 4, e, fore lea of 
 the male ; 4, f, mid leg, with the spinous process of the femur. 
 
 6. Lyosena Rosimon. Alee utrinque albce maculis sparsis margineque omni nigris : subtus vittis et ma- 
 culis basilaribus fasciisque marginalibus macularibus nigris ; singula insuper supra ad basin 
 caruleo-argentea, postica subtus maculis tribus angidi ani argenteis. (Exp. alar.l unc. 1 lin. 
 — 1 unc. 3 lin.) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Rosimon. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2, p. 71. No. 672. 
 Papilio Coridon. Cram. pi. 340. fig. C. D. E. 
 
 Polyommatus Rosimon. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 2. p. 658. 
 Wings above white, with a grayish-blue base, over which a brilliant silvery irroration, varying 
 according to the light, is thinly spread ; anterior margin of both wings blackish-brown, a border 
 of the same colour passing along the posterior margins, broader on the hinder wings, indented at 
 the inner edge, and bearing a regular series of white rings formed by crescents applied to each 
 other, the exterior being in many cases so obscure, that merely a series of lunules directed out- 
 wards is apparent : a very irregular series of square or oblong maculae passes along the inner 
 edge of the marginal border, and several maculae, more elongated, are scattered over the disk 
 and along the anterior margin of both wings. Beneath the wings are white ,- in the anterior 
 wings an oblique band of black extends from the base to the anterior margin, the interrupted 
 macular fascia and the transverse marks of the disk and anterior margins appear more promi- 
 nently 
 
72 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 nently on the lower surface ; and parallel with the posterior margin extend three rows of small 
 oblono- spots, of which three, in the posterior series, near the anal angle, are covered with a 
 blueish-silvery irroration. Bead, body, and abdomen, black above and white underneath, the 
 latter banded at the sides : antennae with white annuli. The female is of larger size, the pos- 
 terior border is broader, and the black colour is more intense. 
 
 This species extends through the southern regions of Asia and through the Eastern Islands. It is abun- 
 dant in Java, more than twelve specimens being contained in our collection. There are also individuals 
 from the continent of India in the Honourable Company's museum. It is found in Timor, according to the 
 notice of MM. Latreille and Godart : and Cramer mentions the coast of Coromandel as well as the Cape 
 of Good Hope as its habitation. The Banksian cabinet of Insects, preserved at the Linnean Society of 
 London, contains two individuals of Lyccena Rosimon, labelled by Fabricius himself; and the collection of 
 Mr. Haworth is likewise provided with several specimens. 
 
 7. Lyc/ena Plinius. Alx supra maris violacece nitore rubescente, fceminas albentes, limbo fusco in 
 posticis ocellato, disco maculis oblongis nigris, basi cceruleo irroratd : subtus albce strigis 
 duabus margini postico parallelis serie punctorum intermedia ; anticce fasciis fuscis oblique-trans- 
 versis vel dimidiatis repandis oblongis vel attenuatis maciddque subrotundd discoided ; posticce 
 regione anali maculis duabus viridi-argenteo irroratis, basi discoque omni maculis pluribus 
 difformibus fascidque exteriore margine postico radiatd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. — 13lin.) 
 Hesperia R. Plinius. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 284. No. 92. 
 Papilio Plinius. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure). 
 
 Polyommatus Plinius. MM. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 658. 
 Wings above, in the male, pale violet blue, with a purple reflexion, surrounded by a very delicate 
 brown border fringed with white ; beneath both wings are white and variegated (panachees) with 
 oblique transverse or semi-transverse bands irregularly sinuated at their edges, oblong or 
 tapering, of unequal breadth, and arranged in the following succession : at the base a broad 
 longitudinal band extends with a slight obliquity to the middle of the costa ; between this 
 and the interior margin is a triangular mark, and before this a transverse mark gradually 
 attenuated towards the costa ; an obscure evanescent band next extends from the exterior margin 
 to the disk, and immediately exterior to this, a prominent band gradually increasing in breadth 
 and terminated by a short point, passes over the disk; the band next in order is short, and 
 near its termination a nearly circular or oblong spot is placed ; two obliquely transverse bands 
 now extend from the costa half across the wing, the first being oblong, the other attenuated or 
 pyramidal: the posterior margin is bounded by two regularly continued strigas, the anterior of 
 which is broader and slightly waving, enclosing a series of oblong marks; these are continued 
 uniformly through the binder wings to the anal region, where the two last are of a deep black 
 tint, with a yellowish iris, and covered with greenish resplendent irrorations ; to the last a very 
 minute black spot at the extreme anal angle is applied : the marginal spot in the anterior apical 
 angle is more pronounced than the rest. The disk and base of the posterior wings are variegated 
 with very irregular oblong marks, with sinuated margins, tranversely arranged, the posterior 
 one being most conspicuous and decorated with acute radiant points directed to the margin. 
 The tails are very slender and grayish at the base; the antennce and abdomen banded. The 
 female agrees with the male in the disposition of the marks underneath, but the surface is 
 
 whiter, 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 73 
 
 whiter, the bands are more intensely coloured, and their edges more regularly defined. In the 
 upper surface this sex greatly resembles L. Rosimon : the borders of the wings throughout 
 are brown, bearing in the hinder wings a series of ocellate spots ; the surfaces of both pairs are 
 covered with transverse patches, and the blue tint, which is purely azure, is confined to 
 the base. 
 
 Our Collection contains two males and one female of this species in high perfection. In the female the 
 radiated band in the hinder wings is less distinct, but the marks generally are more pronounced. In the 
 upper surface this species is with difficulty distinguished from L. Rosimon. The comparison of two female 
 specimens contained in Mr. Haworth's collection, and of one preserved in the Banksian cabinet, has enabled me 
 to illustrate, in some measure, by an intricate description this hitherto imperfectly known species. In our 
 specimens the transverse bands are more interrupted than they appear in Donovan's figure. Several other 
 species, enumerated by systematic writers, belong to this small group, which is also found at the Cape of 
 Good Hope and in Brazil : the Papilio Lingeus of Cramer is from the former, and Mr. Haworth has one or 
 more species from the latter country. 
 
 8. LtcjENA Theophrastus. Alee supra, maris carulescenti-violacea limbo fusco ; fceminse singula 
 
 basi ccerulescentes, antica disco atro maculato, posticce serie macularum albarum oceUorumque 
 margini postico paralleld : subtus aJbae strigis plurimis macularibus atris ; postica insuper ocellis 
 quinque macular ibus aureis, penultimo puncto nigro freto, anali didymo. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 
 lin. fceminas.) 
 
 Hesperia R. Theophrastus. Fab. Ent. Syst, em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 281. No. 82. (The 
 
 female.) 
 Polyommatus Theophrastus. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 658. 
 Fabricius has described the female only, but in the Encyclopedie we have a delineation of the male also. 
 I have not examined the latter sex. The museum at the India-House contains a single female specimen, 
 derived from Dr. Russel, whose brother Claude Russell presented the result of his Entomological researches 
 to the Honourable Company ; it was probably from the coast of the Mediterranean. I have not found it in 
 Java. Mr. Haworth possesses two female specimens. In its upper surface it greatly resembles L. Rosimon 
 and Plinius ; the disk of the fore wings is strikingly marked with quadrangular black spots, the hinder 
 wings bear a continued series of white spots, and beyond that, a series of brown ocelli, parallel with the 
 hinder margin. This species is most clearly distinguished from the others belonging to this group, by a 
 series of ocellate spots, covered with aureous irrorations, along the posterior border of the hinder wings 
 underneath, of which the anal one is reniform or double, and the adjoining ocellus marked with a pronounced 
 black dot. 
 
 **'* Three continued strigae parallel with the posterior margin passing uniformly through all the wings 
 underneath ; hinder wings further marked with six, rarely seven, successive parallel strigte, and 
 with three anal ocelli, the posterior one large and regularly orbicular, the second transverse and reni- 
 form, the third at the extreme anal angle, small and obscure ; the large ocellus bordered internally 
 with an orange or rufous lunule, and externally with a silvery streak, the other ocelli united at 
 their inner edge by irrorations and a rufous band. 
 
 9. Lycjena iEtiANUS. Alee supra, lacteos limbo postico fusco : subtus canescenti-fusca: albo strigosce ; 
 
 strigis tribus continuis ad marginem posticum; antica insuper strigis quatuor in disco 
 
 L parol- 
 
74 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 pdrallelis postici interruptis, in paribus duobus interiore abbreviate) punctis tribus costce inter- 
 jectis; postica strigis sex, paribus prima basilari, secundo discoideo, tertio submarginali, intervatiis 
 strigarum interdum saturatioribus ; ocellis analibus tribus, exteriore maximo iride angusto annu- 
 lari, secundo subreniformi, interiore minima absque iride. (Expans. alar. 1 una 2—6 lin.) 
 Plate iv. fig. 1, Larva; fig. 1, a. Pupa. 
 Hesperia R. JElianus. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 280. No. 79 ? 
 Papilio Alexis. Stoll Suppl. a Cram. pi. 38. fig. 3 and 3, c. 
 Polyommatus JElianus. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Meth. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 654. 
 Wings above, in both sexes milk-white ; in the male the anterior wings have a narrow brown pos- 
 terior border, the hinder wings are surrounded by a delicate black striga, interior to which is an 
 obscure interrupted brown band, in which the large ocellate spot at the anal angle distinctly 
 shows itself; in the female the wings have a broad brown border, which in the fore wings is sim- 
 ple and more extended near the tip, in the hinder wings waving internally and bearing a series of 
 brown spots of a deeper tint towards the anal extremity ; these spots are enclosed individually by 
 two white crescents applied to each other from the opposite sides and forming a white ring, exte- 
 rior to which is a deep brown marginal streak, terminated by a grayish-brown fringe. Wings 
 underneath grayish-brown, varying in intensity of tint : anterior wings with seven, posterior wings 
 with nine, transverse white striga;, of which three are marginal, extending uniformly through both 
 pairs : the remaining striga; in the anterior wings are discoidal, regularly parallel, with a slight 
 inclination to the posterior apical angle, arranged in two pairs, the first, on the disk, short and 
 separated from the costa by three dots, disposed as the points of a triangle ; the second extending 
 nearly half across the wing, each with a dot at its contact with the costa slightly deviating from 
 the regular course. On reaching the middle of the wing these strigas are all abruptly terminated 
 at one of the longitudinal nerves, and each pair is continued by a single streak to the posterior 
 margin ; in consequence the striga; appear divided, resembling in some cases two successive 
 figures of the form of the letter Y. The posterior portions of the striga; have undefined, spreading 
 edges, and in many individuals the whole of the posterior portion of the wing is milky and 
 discoloured. Of the three marginal striga;, the interior is broadest and most prominent; reaching 
 the posterior part of the wing, its inner edge expands in a diffuse radiant border, gradually 
 mingling itself with the clouded milky surface ; the intermediate one is undulating, and com- 
 posed of a connected series of lunules directed outward; the exterior striga is continued, re- 
 gular, parallel with the margin, and exteriorly defined by a narrow black line, beyond which is 
 a grayish fringe: these marginal striga; preserve in the hinder wings the same character, until 
 they are partially interrupted in the anal region ; the surface of these wings is further marked 
 with six transverse strigae, disposed in three pairs, one near the base, a second across the disk, a 
 , third intermediate between this and the marginal ones; the basal striga; are delicate and regu- 
 larly transverse, with a slight curve at the interior margin; the discoidal pair is not continued 
 quite to the exterior margin, but has, at its commencement, a short intermediate lineola ; at the 
 interior margin.it is inflected inwards, so as to form, abruptly, an acute angle; the third pair 
 extends only half across the wing, having a short intermediate lineola at its posterior termination. 
 In both wings the ground colour assumes, in some individuals, between the transverse striga; a 
 deeper tint, so that these appear to be marked with broad, transverse, brown bands : but this is by 
 no means uniform : some of our specimens have these brown bands very distinct, in others, 
 . •-■:; equally 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. _, 
 
 /5 
 
 equally well preserved, the ground colour is uniform, and the white transverse strigee preserve 
 the character above described. In the anal region there are three ocellated spots; the largest, 
 situated on the posterior margin just without the caudal appendage, is ovate, bounded in- 
 ternally by a narrow orange crescent, and externally by a streak covered with greenish silvery 
 irrorations; at its internal edge is a reniform spot, intensely black towards the anal angle, sur- 
 mounted by a silvery lunule and a small orange crescent, aud touching at the extreme anal angle 
 a minute, dark coloured, blind ocellus : the tails are lenthened, slender, brown above, and 
 white underneath and at the extremity. The antenna are black and regularly fasciated' with 
 white externally ; the body pale blue above, white underneath. The larva and pupa are 
 figured on our fourth plate : the former feeds on the Butea frondosa, and was observed in the 
 month of February : numerous specimens of the perfect insect in high perfection, bred from the 
 larva, are contained in our collection. This species, according to the authors of the article 
 Papillon in the Encyclopedic, is also found in Timor. Stoll mentions, perhaps erroneously, 
 Surinam as the native place. 
 
 10. LyciENA Celerio. Ala, supra, maris azurece nitore argenteo, fcemina? dilutiores nitore 
 canescente, limbo latissimo nigro posticorum strigis tribus undulatis albis : subtus canescenti- 
 fuscce albo strigosm, strigis tribus marginalibus continuis ; anticai insuper strigis quatuor 
 mediis irnparibus, duabus interioribus costam non attingentibus singulis puncto interjecto, secundd 
 brevissimd quartet dimidiatd ; posticce strigis sex, duabus basilaribus completis, duabus mediis 
 ad angulum analem inflexis, duabus submarginalibus postice" abbreviatis ; ocellis analibus tribus 
 
 posterior e insigniore in tcenid aurantio-fuscd latissimd nidulante. (Expans. alar. 1 unc. 3 
 
 5 lin.) 
 Papilio P. R. Celerio. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 66. No. 625 ? 
 Papilio Celeno. Cram. pi. 31. fig. c. d. (the male.) 
 Polyommatus Celerio. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 654. 
 Wings above in the male, azure with a whitish silvery reflexion ; anterior wings with a narrow 
 blackish border along the posterior margin, gradually spreading and more intensely coloured at 
 the outer apical angle : the posterior wings have a delicate black marginal striga, narrowly 
 bordered with white along its internal edge, and, at the anal angle, interior to this, between the 
 caudal appendage and internal margin, a short undulated fascia of black: in the female the 
 azure tint is paler, shaded into brownish, and the wings have a broad brown posterior border, 
 which in the hinder pair is crossed by three white strigae parallel with the margin, the outer 
 being regular and continued, the next formed of crescents directed outward, the third undu- 
 lated : the surface of the ivings underneath is grayish brown with a rich silvery gloss, bearing 
 seven strigae in the anterior and nine in the posterior pair, of which three are marginal and 
 continued through both ; the anterior wings have besides, between the basal portion which is 
 plain, and the margin, four strigae of unequal length ; the first and second arise at a small dis- 
 tance from the costa, and two minute white dots, respectively opposed to each, stand in the 
 intermediate space ; the first striga passes across the surface to the interior margin, the second is 
 short and terminates exactly on the disk ; the third is united to the costa by a dot obliquely 
 applied and extends entirely over the wing; the fourth arises from the costa, and is regularly 
 continued half across the surface: in the posterior wings the striga? are regularly disposed in 
 
 l 2 pairs, 
 
76 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 pairs, two are basal more delicate than the others, reaching entirely across the wing and slightly 
 inflected at the interior margin ; the two next arise parallel to each other from the costa, pass 
 regularly across the disk and have a sudden angular inflexion inwards at the anal region, the 
 two following are somewhat broader, of a more vivid tint and terminate abruptly at the anal 
 ocelli, the exterior one being somewhat abbreviated. The anal region is ornamented with three 
 black spots; the largest, in the posterior margin, without the caudal appendage, is oblong, of a 
 very intense tint, disposed in a very broad rufous-orange crescent indented along its inner 
 curve : within it is a transverse reniform mark, the interior portion of which is more deeply 
 coloured, supplied with an orange crescent, and placed in contact with a small blind ocellus at 
 the extreme anal angle : the intermediate ocellus has internally and the large one externally, a 
 few silvery irrorations disposed in a short line. The antennae are rather obscurely banded along 
 their internal surface, the body agrees above in colour with the wings and the abdomen is 
 laterally banded. 
 
 11. LyCjENA Elpis. Alee supra diluti azureae, foeminae limbo latissimo nigro, posticarum strigis 
 tribus fuscis intermedid maculari : subtus canescenti-fuscce albo strigosce, strigis tribus mar- 
 gini postico parallelis ; anticae irsuper strigis quatuor mediis in paribus duobus, interiore 
 continuo intervallo brevi ab margine exteriore incipiente, arcuato-angulato ad marginem inte- 
 riorem ducto, pari exteriore ex lineolis interruptis efformato, costam attingente, dimidiato, 
 in disco imparl terminato ; ocelli anales tres, posteriore maxima iride latissimd trifidd, postici 
 tcenid argenteo irroratd, intermedio transverso oblongo-reniformi lobo exteriore obscuro altero 
 saturato, ocello interiore parvo punctulari scepius plied atari recondite. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 
 —8 lin.) 
 
 Plate 1, fig. 4. 
 Polyommatus Elpis. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 654. 
 
 Wings above, in the male, pale azure with a silvery somewhat lactescent gloss ; anterior wings with 
 a narrow blackish-brown posterior margin ; hinder wings with a broader border of the same 
 colour, consisting of three parallel strigae, one exterior narrow and continued ; the second 
 intermediate, composed of a series of oblong spots more intensely coloured towards the anal 
 angle ; the third and interior one broad, waving and evanescent : in the female the azure tint is 
 somewhat diluted ; the anterior wings have a very broad dark brown posterior border, stretching 
 obliquely to the middle of the costa, in the posterior wings the border has a blackish tint, and 
 the oblong spots of the intermediate series are encircled with white. Underneath the surface of 
 both wings is grayish-brown, and in well preserved individuals the tint is deeper, and a rich 
 silvery reflexion is spread over it; the anterior wings have seven, and the posterior ones nine 
 white strigae, three of which are marginal and agree with those of the two former species; on 
 the medial and submarginal portion of the anterior wings, are four white striga; arranged in 
 two pairs ; the strigae of the interior pair are continued, they arise, parallel to each other at a 
 small distance from the costa, pass in a somewhat angular curve across the disk, and come in 
 contact with the interior margin near the inner one of the marginal strigae : the next pair con- 
 sists of interrupted short linear fragments, arises from the costa, having near its point of con- 
 tact two or three small lateral dots, stretches half across the wing, and is terminated on the 
 disk by a short lineola, disposed intermediately between the two or along the interior striga. 
 
 The 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 77 
 
 The arrangement of these strigae is permanent and affords clear characters for a specific distinc- 
 tion. The hinder wings are marked between the base and margin with six ti-ansverse strigae, 
 agreeing generally with those of the two last described species Mlianus and Celerio, the only 
 apparent difference is that they are somewhat broken and interrupted in their course. The 
 anal ocelli are not in any degree different from those of L. Celerio. The thorax and anterior part 
 of the abdomen are covered with a grayish or light blue and silvery down : the sides of the 
 abdomen and the antennce are annulated. 
 Our collection contains one specimen of a variety on which a pure azure extends uniformly over 
 the upper surface. 
 
 12. Lycena Pavana. Alee supra maris violaceo-ccerulea; argenteo submicantes, fceminae satu- 
 rations marginibus exterior e et posterior -e fuscis : subtus canescenti-fuscce albo strigosce, strigis 
 tribus continuis ad marginem posticum ; antic e insuper in dimidio anteriore strigis quatuor 
 parallelis, pari interiore punctis duobus costce interjectis ; posticee strigis septem cequidistantibus 
 interruptis basilari obscurd; ocellis analibus tribus exteriore maxirno iride angustd rufd 
 postice' viridi argenteo irroratd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc.) 
 Wings above, in the male, pale violet-blue, which tint being almost equally diffused over a grayish, 
 brown ground, has, in a certain position, a pale silvery reflexion ; margin terminated by a very 
 narrow brown thread and a grayish fringe ; in the female a defined brown border extends along 
 the exterior and posterior margins of the anterior wings, on the base and disk the violet colour 
 is deeper than in the male, and the silvery gloss is more intense ; the hinder wings have a series 
 of dark brown spots parallel with the posterior margin, of which the penultimate one, opposite 
 the caudal appendage, has a deeper tint : these spots are bounded exteriorly by an intense 
 white thread, and interiorly by a series of obscure lunules directed outward. Underneath the 
 wings are grayish brown with a pale silvery reflexion, the anterior pair having seven, the pos- 
 terior pair ten white strigae, of which three are marginal, continued uniformly through both 
 pairs to the anal ocelli, and bounded exteriorly by a deep black thread. On the anterior wings 
 the medial portion is marked by two pairs of strigae, extending half across the surface, being 
 here terminated abruptly at one of the longitudinal nerves ; their direction is regularly trans- 
 verse and they are slightly undulated ; the interior pair is short, and arises at a small distance from 
 the costa ; in the intermediate space a small dot is regularly opposed to each striga ; the second 
 pair touches the costa and reaches regularly to the disk ; in the posterior portion of the surface 
 one striga opposed to each of these pairs, is continued parallel with the other to the interior 
 margin. In the hinder wings, the strigae, seven in number, are not arranged in pairs, but 
 follow nearly at equal distances, broken and interrupted by obscurer lines, without any curve 
 in the anal region : the basal one is minute, close to the thorax, and in some individuals very 
 obscure. Three ocellated spots of an intense black colour, but very unequal in size, are placed 
 in the anal angle at the posterior margin ; the exterior one is very large, regularly orbicular, 
 bounded interiorly, and at the sides by a very narrow yellowish brown iris, and exteriorly by a 
 crescent of silvery irrorations; adjoining to this is an excavated irregularly reniform spot, which 
 touches a minute ocellus at the extremity of the anal angle; the intermediate spot is marked 
 interiorly with silvery irrorations and a rufous crescent, and the extreme ocellus is also slightly 
 spangled. The tails are brown, tipt with white ; the body, brown above, and white underneath ; 
 the antenna brown, very obscurely banded with gray. 
 
 13. Ly- 
 
78 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 13. Lycjsna Atratus. Alee supra fceminse violaceo-azurece ; anticce disco albente marginibusgue 
 
 late nigricantibus ; posticm ad marginem serie punctorum nigrorum, strigisque alternis albis 
 et fuscis : subtus fitscce albo strigosce, strigis tribus continuis ad marginem posticum ; anticce 
 insuper sfrigis sex marginem non attingentibus, quartd et sextd brevioribus, punctis quatuor 
 in serie costw interjectis ; posticm strigis septem interruptis, lineolis alterni intermediis, ocellis 
 analibus tribus. (Exp. alar 1 unc. 3 lin.) 
 
 Papilio Atratus. Cram. pi. 365. fig. A. B. ? 
 Wings above, in the female, shaded with violet-blue from the base towards the margin, on a 
 brownish ground transmitting a white patch on the disk ; exterior and posterior margins of the 
 fore wings, dark blackish brown ; hinder wings along the posterior margin marked with a series 
 of oblong brown spots, enclosed by two undulated white threads, the interior one being bounded 
 by a deep brown fascia, and the exterior one by a blackish margin fringed with grayish brown. 
 Wings underneath brown, with a shade of silvery gray; anterior with nine, posterior with ten 
 white strigas, three of which are marginal extending uniformly through both pairs ; in the ante- 
 rior wings these strigae follow each other, after nearly equal intervals, from a small vacancy at 
 the base to the marginal series ; they do not arise in contact with the costa, but a small inter- 
 vening space is occupied by four marginal dots, in irregular succession, of which the two pos- 
 terior ones are most distinct ; the first three interior strigae are parallel and nearly regularly 
 transverse ; the fourth is very short ; the fifth extends across the surface with a slight obliquity 
 inwards ; the sixth terminates in the middle of the surface : in the posterior wings, seven trans- 
 verse strigae occupy the whole surface to the marginal series ; the basal one is short and obscure, 
 the remaining are broken, and a short lineola is placed in some cases, intermediately between 
 the successive strigas ; they have a very slight curve towards the anterior margin : there are three 
 anal ocelli, agreeing in character with those of the last described species ; one exterior, near the 
 margin large and regularly orbicular ; the next reniform, with a more saturated tint at the lobe 
 which touches the interior ocellus situated at the extreme anal angle, and more pronounced 
 than in the allied species ; the two anterior ocelli are connected by a short streak of silvery 
 irrorations covering their inner border, and bounded by a short rufous fascia. The antenna 
 and abdomen are obscurely banded with white : the thorax and the body anteriorly are covered 
 with gray hair. 
 
 14. Lycjena Nila. Aim supra maris cyanem, vel pro vario ad lucein objectu thalassino relucentes, 
 
 nitidissimm ; anticm limbo lato, posticm striga marginali nigrd : subtus flavido canescentes 
 strigis tenuissimis albidis pallidi aureis, tribus posticis continuis margini parallelis ; anticm 
 insuper strigis quatuor in paribus duobus ordinatis, anteriore brevissimo imo disco sito 
 altero submarginali ex lineolis interruptis subflexuosim transverse^ ducto, dimidio posteriore 
 infracto anticum versus spectante ; posticm strigis sex in paribus tribus, primo subbasilari altero 
 mediano tertio submarginali, omnibus ex lineolis parallelis interruptis efformatis ; ocelli anales 
 tres nigerrimi, exteriore maximo orbiculari iride angustd annulari rufd postici transversim 
 terminatd et tcenid argenteo-irroratd, intermedio reniformi lobo interiore saturatiore ocello interno 
 approximato, horum margine interiore lunuld irroratd etdenique tcenid rufdobducto. (Exp. alar. 
 14 lin.) 
 Wings above, pure deep blue with a rich metallic lustre, changing according to the light to a 
 brilliant sea-green ; anterior wings with a broad black posterior border stretching towards die 
 
 middle 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. jq 
 
 middle of the costa ; posterior, surrounded by an intensely black marginal thread ; fringe of 
 both pairs grayish brown, near the anal angle, at the caudal appendage a lunular-oblong black 
 spot, bordered externally by an obscure white thread extending to the anal angle : underneath 
 the wings are yellowish-brown with a straw-coloured shade and transversely marked, in the 
 fore icings with seven, and in the hinder wings with nine very delicate yellowish strigse covered 
 with a faint golden lustre ; three being marginal and continued through both pairs ; the anterior 
 wings are further marked, in the space comprised between the middle and the marginal series 
 with two pairs of strigae, one short consisting of two lines parallel to each other immediately 
 on the disk, the other extending across the whole surface in an angular curve, composed of 
 short lines somewhat flexuose between the longitudinal nerves, with a sudden inflection on the 
 disk, by which the posterior portion is directed towards the short pair ; viewed together as 
 arranged on the wing, these strigas exhibit a figure somewhat resembling the letter Y : the 
 surface of the hinder wings bears also three pairs of strigas ; the first at a small distance from 
 the base, the second in the middle stretching across the disk with a curve at the interior margin, 
 the third posterior to this and terminated at the anal ocelli ; they are individually composed of 
 parallel interrupted portions ; three ocellate spots are at the posterior margin near the anal 
 angle ; the exterior one large, nearly circular, abruptly terminated behind by a streak of silvery 
 irrorations and surrounded interiorly and at the sides with a narrow rufous iris ; intermediate 
 ocellus reniform, of a most intense tint on the lobe touching the extreme ocellus, which is larger 
 and more distinct than in the related species ; the two last ocelli are united at their internal edge 
 by a silvery lunule bordered with a rufous streak. Tails black, tipt with white; antenna: 
 obscurely banded, body, blackish above, white underneath. 
 
 The species last enumerated is strikingly distinguished from all others belonging to this group, by the 
 brilliant blue or sea-green tint on the upper surface : our collection contains two male specimens. 
 
 The species named Lyccena Atratus, although clearly distinct from the other species contained in this 
 catalogue, and, agreeably to my examination, from all the individuals enumerated in the 9th volume of 
 the Encyclopedic, cannot be identified with Cramer's figure of P. Atratus, without some uncertainty : it 
 agrees with that species in the arrangement of the subcostal dots, which afford a permanent distinction in 
 all the species of this section which I have examined, and in the direction and character of the strigse of 
 the forewings : but its final determination requires further comparisons. P. Atratus is cited in the Encyclo- 
 pedic, as the female of Pol. Celerio ; but since we have several individuals of both sexes of that species 
 from Java, and since P. Atratus possesses various characteristic peculiarities, I have been reluctant to 
 adopt that opinion. 
 
 Of Lyccena Pavana, a single pair, in perfect preservation, is contained in our museum ; this species is 
 readily distinguished by the regularly tranverse arrangement of the striga? in both wings. 
 
 The species first enumerated in this section have required, on account of their near resemblance and 
 similarity of upper surface, a more copious description than will generally be found necessary. Mlianus 
 and Celerio are two original names of Fabricius ; but his descriptions are not sufficient for the clear discri- 
 mination of the species at the present period. Some uncertainty therefore remains, as to the real 
 application of these names, to the species contained in this catalogue, and I have consequently annexed a 
 query. One specimen contained in the Banksian cabinet, with the name of Celerio, in the hand-wntmg 
 of Fabricius, belongs toMlianus of this catalogue and of the Encyclopedie. I have been more minute. 
 in the description of Lye. Mlianus, as it is subject to greater variations in the marks on which the 
 specific distinction is founded, than either Celerio or Elpis. My observations on this species are chiefly 
 
 founded 
 
80 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 founded on specimens in high perfection, obtained by allowing the larva to undergo its change. At least 
 twelve specimens are contained in the Honourable Company's museum. In the more simple specimens the 
 underside of the wings is of an uniform grayish tint, through which the transverse strigae are distributed ; 
 but there is a marked variety, in which the portion of surface included between the strigae has a dark or 
 brownish tint, and in this the wings appear as if marked with broad brown bands edged with narrow white 
 threads. This is the character of the Papilio Alexis of Stoll, which is cited in the Encyc. Meth. as a 
 Synonym of JElianus : but in the specimens of this variety, which are contained in our collection, the cha- 
 racter of the strigae and of the submarginal dots agrees with the description above given ; I have therefore 
 considered it a mere variety, and the correctness of this conclusion remains for future examination. 
 
 Of Lyccena Celerio about ten specimens are contained in the Honourable Company's museum in a perfect 
 state of preservation, but I did not succeed in discovering the larva. 
 
 Of Lyccena Elpis the collection contains at least fifteen specimens ; it appears to be, on the whole, the 
 most abundant of the three nearly related species. It is first named in the Enc. Meth., and described as a 
 native of Java, but the authors were unacquainted with the female. It has not before been figured ; the 
 illustration given on our first plate is not quite satisfactory, and I shall endeavour to afford a comparative 
 view of JElianus and Celerio as now defined and described. The anal ocelli agree in all the species arranged 
 in this section ; the three strigae parallel to the posterior margin extending through both wings, and the 
 strigae on the lower surface of the hinder pair having likewise the same character, with very slight modifica- 
 tions ; and the species can only be clearly discriminated by the markings of the lower surface of the anterior 
 wings, on which the specific character will eventually be founded. 
 
 **** Wings underneath bearing undulated or catenulated marks, consisting of single or of compound 
 parallel bands, of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, bounded by white marginal strigae : 
 posterior wings in many cases marked with prominent black dots ; anal ocelli often two in number, and 
 ■nearly of equal size. 
 
 14. Lyc«na Boetica. Ala supra maris pallide violacece nitore in fuscum vergente limbo fusco ; 
 posticm ocellulis analibus duobus nigris altero orbiculari altero oblongo angulum analem attingente ; 
 foeminae fuscce basi discoque argenteo irroratis, ocello anali postico saturatissimo iride sericeo-albd 
 insigni : subtus cinereo-flavicantes strigis tribus albis margini postico parallelis in posticis interiore 
 latiore et vividiore ; singulce insuper strigis undulatis quinatim fasciculatis, strigd intermedia alba 
 proximis fuscis latioribus marginalibtis tenuissimis albis ; horum fasciculorum in anticis tres, duo 
 in disco siti brevissimi, tertius submarginalis completus, in posticis duo completi insigniores, duo 
 insuper abbreviati, ad basin et in disco inter medii : ocelli anales duo in tcenii rufl transversa nidu- 
 lantes exterior e orbiculari postice lunula argentei cincto, altero oblongo puncto irrorato ad mar- 
 ginem posticum. (Exp. alar. unc. 1.) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Boeticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 789. No. 226. The female. 
 Hesperia R. Boetica. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. p. L p. 280. No. 77. 
 Papilio Boeticus. Esp. Pap. tab. 27. Suppl. 3. fig. 3. a. b. p. 319— tab. 91. cont 41. 6°-. 
 3. p. 181. Hubn. Pap. tab. 74. fig. 373. 374. mas. 375. fern. Ochsenh. Pap. Eu°r. 
 torn. 1. 2. p. 99. 
 Polyommatus Boeticus. MM. Latr. et Godt., Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 653. 
 Wings above, in the male, dull violet blue on a brownish ground colour, with a narrow defined 
 brown margin, and grayish fringe ; hinder ivings, bearing in contact with the posterior margin 
 opposite to the caudal appendage, a regularly orbiculate black spot, an oval one notched at 
 
 the 
 
' 
 
 Fig- 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 1 ; 1, a. Polyommatus Akasa. h. 
 
 2; 2, a. Pithecops Hylax. Polyommatus Hylax. Erie. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 701. 
 
 3 Thecla Epicles. Polyommatus Epicles. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 646. 
 
 4 Lycsena Elpis. Polyommatus Elpis. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 654. 
 
 5 Thecla Chitra. h. 
 
 6; 6, a. Thecla Vidura. h. 
 
 7 Thecla Longinus. Hesperia R. Longinus. Fair. 
 
 8 Thecla Narada. h. 
 
 9 Thecla Etolus. Hesperia R. Etolus. Fabr. 
 
 10; 10, a. Thecla Sugriva. h. 
 11; 11, a. Thecla Ravindra. h. 
 
 12 Terias Hecabe. Swainson. Papilio Hecabe. Linn. 
 
 13 Terias Drona. h. 
 
 14; 14, a. Papilio Arjuna. h. 
 
 15 Papilio Nox. Swains. Zool. Illust. 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 1; 1, a. Petavia Sakuni. h. Polyommatus Petavius. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 676. 1, b: 
 Palpi. 1, c : Antennae. 1, d : Proboscis. 1, e : Fore leg. 1, f : Hind leg. 
 
 2. Symetha Pandu. h. Male. 2, a: Female. Polyommatus Symethus. Enc. Meth. Hist. 
 
 Nat. ix. 675. 2, b : Palpi. 2, c : Antennae. 2, d : Proboscis. 2, e : Fore leg 
 of the male. 2, f : Fore leg of the female. 2, g : Mid leg. 2, h : Hind leg. 
 
 2, i : Lateral view of the abdomen of the male. 
 
 3 Emesis Drupadi. h. Female: 3, a. Male. 3, b: Palpi. 3, c: Antennae. 3, d: 
 
 Proboscis. 3, e : Fore leg of the male, somewhat magnified, with the hair removed. 
 
 3, f : Fore leg of the male in its natural situation. 3, g : Fore leg of the female. 
 4; 4, a. Lycaena Roxus. Polyommatus Roxus. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 659. 4. Female. 
 
 4, b: Palpi. 4, c: Antennae. 4, d: Proboscis. 4, e: Fore leg of the male. 4, 
 f : Mid leg. 
 
 5; 5, a. Myrina Jaffra. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 593. 5, b : Palpi. 5, c : Antennae. 5, d : 
 
 Proboscis. 5, e : Fore leg- 
 6: 6, a. Myrina Atymnus. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 594. 6, b: Palpi. 6, c: Antennae. 
 
 6, d : Proboscis. 6. e : Fore leg. 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 1. Papilio Polites : Larva; 1, a: Chrysalis. 
 
 2. Papilio Pamraon : Larva; 2, a: Chrysalis. 
 
 3. Papilio Memnon : Larva : 3, a : Chrysalis. 
 
 4. Papilio Cresphontes : Larva; 4, a: Chrysalis. 
 
 5. Papilio Pompilius : Larva ; 6, a : Chrysalis. 
 
 6. Euplcea Liminace : Larva ; 5, a : Chrysalis. 
 
 7. Euplcea Juventa : Larva; 7, a: Chrysalis. 
 
 8. Euplcea Plexippus : Larva; 8, a: Chrysalis. 
 
 9. Euplcea Chrysippus : Larva ; 9, a : Chrysalis. 
 10. Euplcea Midamus : Larva; 10, a: Chrysalis. 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 The figures from 11 to 26 are arranged in form of a diagram, which is explained on page 53 of 
 the Introduction ; they represent the larvas of the following insects : 
 
 11. Polyommatus -? } 
 
 12. Thecla Favonius > Vermiform Stirps. 
 
 13. Thecla Betulas ) 
 
 14. Colias Marcellina 
 
 15. Pontia Brassicas I Chilognathiform Stirps. 
 
 16. Papilio A] ax / b r 
 
 17. Papilio Polydorus ) 
 
 18. Heliconia Euterpe 
 
 19. Heliconia Amphione A 
 
 20. Heliconia Thalia \r<u-\ i-c c- 
 
 „, . -, r . > Chilopoditorm Stirps. 
 
 21. Acrasa Vesta i 
 
 22. Biblis Leucothoe J 
 
 23. Genus allied to Limenitis. ... 
 
 24. Melanitis undularis Thysanuri form Stirps. 
 
 27. Dissections of the Genus Euplcea : 27, a: Palpi. 27, b: Antennae. 27, c: Proboscis. 
 
 27, d : Fore leg. 
 
 28. Dissections of the Genus Idea : 28, a : Palpi. 28, b : Antenna?. 28, c : Proboscis. 28, d : 
 
 Fore leg. 
 
 29. Dissections of the Genus Heliconia: 29, a: Palpi. 29, b : Antennas. 29, c : Proboscis. 29, 
 
 d : Fore leg. 
 
 30. Dissections of the Genus Acrasa : 30, a : Palpi. 30, b : Antennae. 30, c : Proboscis. 
 
 30, d : Fore leg. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 1. Lycaena iElianus : larva. 1, a: chrysalis. The dissections were made from Lycaena Elpis : 
 
 1, b: Palpi. 1, c : Antennas. 1, d: Proboscis. 1, e: Fore leg of the male. 
 
 2. Thecla Jarbas : larva. 2, a : chrysalis. 2, b : Palpi. 2, c : Antennae. 2, d : Proboscis. 
 
 2, e: Fore leg of the male. 
 
 3. Thecla Appidanus : larva. 3, a : chrysalis. 
 
 4. Thecla Narada : larva. 4, a : chrysalis. 
 
 5. Thecla Longinus : larva. 5, a: chrysalis. 5, b: Palpi. 5, c: Antennas. 5, d : Proboscis. 
 
 5, e : Fore leg of the male. 
 
 6. Colias Scylla : larva. 6, a : chrysalis. 
 
 7. Colias Glaucippe : larva. 7, a : chrysalis. 
 
 8. Terias Hecabe : larva. 8, a: chrysalis. 8, b: Palpi. 8, c: Antennas. 8, d: Proboscis. 
 
 8, e: Foreleg. 8, f: Claw and membranaceous appendage of the anterior tarsus. 
 
 9. Pontia Coronis : larva. 9, a : chrysalis. 9, b : Palpi. 9, c : Antennas. 9, d : Proboscis. 
 
 9, e: Foreleg. 9, f: Claws and membranaceous appendage of the anterior tarsus. 
 
 10. Pontia Belisama : larva. 10, a: chrysalis. 10, b: Palpi. 10, c: Antennas. 10, d: Pro- 
 
 boscis. 10, e : Fore leg. 
 
 11. Papilio Arjuna: larva. 11, a: chrysalis. 11, b: Palpi. 11, c: Antennas. 11, d: Pro- 
 
 boscis. 11, e: Foreleg. This species affords one of the types of the first section in the 
 genus Papilio : antennae with prominent annuli. (See Synoptic table, p. 59.) 
 
 12. Papilio Agamemnon: larva. 12, a: chrysalis. 12, b: Palpi. 12, c: Antennas. 12, d: 
 
 Proboscis. 12, e: Foreleg. Type of sect, ii : antennas with an oval compressed club. 
 
 13. Papilio Amphrisius: larva. 13, a: chrysalis. 13, b: Palpi. 13, c: Antennas. 13 d: 
 
 Proboscis. 13, e : Fore leg. Type of sect, iii : antennas with obscure annuli. 
 
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Although the title exhibits a concise view of the object and proposed contents of this work, it may be proper, in accordance 
 with established custom, to give some additional details, explanatory of the materials whence it will be produced, the method 
 to be pursued in the treatment of the subjects, the extent of the work, and finally the mode of publication proposed. 
 
 The subjects which it will bring before the public are arranged in the Museum of the Honourable East-India 
 Company. They consist principally of a general series of Lepidopterous insects from the island of Java, accompanied 
 with an extensive set of drawings representing their metamorphosis, the history of which is detailed in the Introduction. 
 To this will be added various subjects contained chiefly in a collection of insects from Ceylon, presented by M. Jionville, 
 and in a smaller miscellaneous collection from continental India, presented by Claude Russell, Esq., the brother of 
 Dr. Patrick Russell. It is likewise my intention to include such additions as may be made from time to time to the 
 Museum during the progress of this work, from the territories of the Honourable Company in the Eastern World. 
 
 The work will be published in royal quarto, and consist of six parts, containing each about eighty pages of letter-press ; 
 the distribution of the subjects being the following : . 
 
 Part I. Introduction : detailing the outline of a general arrangement of Lepidopterous insects according to their 
 metamorphosis. Description of the first tribe or of the Lepidoptera Diurna. Stirps the first, with Vermiform Larva. 
 Genera Polyommatus and Lycana. 
 
 Part II. Conclusion of the Vermiform Stirps. Second Stirps of Lepidoptera Diurna with Chilognathiform or Iuli- 
 form Larvje. Third Stirps with Chilopodiform or Scolopendriform Larv.e. Fourth Stirps with Thysanuriform 
 Larvje. 
 
 Part HI. Fifth Stirps of Lepidoptera Diurna, with Anopluriform Larv.&. 
 Second Tribe of Lepidoptera or Sphingid^;. 
 
 Part IV. Third Tribe or Bombycid^e. 
 
 Part V. Fourth Tribe or Noctuid-E. 
 
 Part VI. Fifth Tribe or Phauenidje. 
 
 Each part will be illustrated by four plates consisting of highly finished engravings by artists of eminence. Three of these 
 will be coloured with accuracy and elegance ; the fourth more elaborate as an engraving will be given plain. A limited num- 
 ber of copies with proof impressions, and the whole of the plates coloured will be published at a proportionally advanced price. 
 
 The first plate is devoted to the illustration of new species, and such subjects will be preferred as are typical of the 
 groups defined in the progress of the work : they will be arranged, as faT as possible, according to their affinities. For the 
 second plate, those subjects will be chiefly selected which form types of genera ; and they will, in most cases, be accompanied 
 by dissections. On the third and fourth plates the history of the metamorphosis will be elucidated, and they will likewise 
 contain additional generic illustrations and dissections. The plates of the first part exhibit a specimen of the plan projected 
 for the whole ; and here may be added, that for the succeeding parts the materials are equally copious. 
 
 As to the plan of the descriptive part, a very concise outline can only be given in this place. The arrangement proposed to 
 be followed and the constitution of the higher divisions, namely of tribes and stirpes, are explained in the Introduction. These 
 are defined from a review of the whole order : but the sections indicated either in the stirpes or in the genera are provisional only, 
 as they are regulated by the extent of the collection. A detailed generic character is given in the Latin language ; this is followed 
 immediately by a somewhat amplified description in English. Every species is distinguished by the generic and specific name 
 at length. This is followed by a Latin description, in technical language, intended to exhibit a concise but accurate delineation 
 sufficiently minute to afford the means of precise discrimination from all other species. In the English description of new spe- 
 cies the object is to give a full history of the external character in all its details. It is not consistent with my present plan to give 
 specific characters according to the Linnean models : these belong, in my opinion, to works in which a general comparison of 
 species contained in extensive collections, enables the writer to define the characters with a precision and confidence which 
 cannot be obtained in the examination of a mere local collection. 
 
 The detailed specific descriptions will be followed, in most cases, by a series of miscellaneous observations. In these it is 
 my chief object to illustrate the history of those individuals, which I have traced through their various stages of existence, and 
 of which our collection contains representations in their larva and pupa states. The arrangement projected for this 
 work being founded primarily on the metamorphosis of the insects of this order, this part of the subject will be found to have 
 an important bearing on the whole. These observations will also afford the necessary explanations of the figures contained on 
 the third and fourth plates, and they will lead to the detail of the remarks made on the food »of the larva, the season of the 
 year when found, their abundance or scarcity, and to such other peculiarities as may have been noticed in Java. Under this 
 head I shall also give an account of the state of the collection regarding the materials from which the descriptions have been 
 made, with the view to illustrate many doubtful or imperfectly known species. The public or private collections in this 
 metropolis, in which the species described may have been observed, will also be indicated : and finally their range through 
 other parts of India : and in the whole of these miscellaneous observations, as well as in the generic and specific descriptions, 
 a principal object will be to render the work generally useful and Interesting to the British naturalist. 
 
 The parts will follow each other with every degree of expedition consistent with the preservation of the style of publica- 
 tion, in which the work has been commenced. Those preparatory arrangements which are inseparable from every under- 
 taking of this nature have in some measure retarded the first part, but the publishers are enabled to engage, with every pros- 
 pect of success, a regular continuation of the work : accordingly we announce the appearance of the second part early in July 
 next, of the third, at the commencement of the ensuing year, and of the remaining parts at intervals of six months. Accord- 
 ing to this plan, the whole will be completed within three years from its commencement. 
 
 Some objection may perhaps be made to the length of the Introduction and to the extent of the descriptions with which the 
 work commences. In explanation of the former I shall observe that a general plan having been sketched, and the limits of the 
 higher groups having been defined, the systematic details will be greatly abridged in future. Regarding the plan of the 
 descriptions, it will be obvious to the carefulobserver that the subjects which presented themselves at the commencement were 
 either new or imperfectly known, they therefore required a more copious detail than will be found necessary in less interesting 
 cases ; but I may be allowed to state clearly, that in the progress of the work, well known species will be introduced with a 
 very concise notice, and the descriptions throughout will be accommodated to the plan and extent of the work proposed at the 
 commencement of tins Prospectus. *^ *^ 
 
 T. H. 
 
Part II. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE 
 
 L.EPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS 
 
 CONTAINED IN THE 
 
 Mweum of tbe fttmoutaWe eaat^Jnirta (Kompany, 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 COLOURED FIGURES OF NEW SPECIES 
 
 AND OF THE 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA, 
 
 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS 
 
 f 
 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT C$F THIS ORDER OF INSECTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 THOMAS HORSFIELD, M.D. F.R.S. L.S. & G. S. , 
 
 MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC, AND OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON, AND OF THF, IMPERIAL ACADEMY 
 
 NATUR2E CORIOSORUM ; 
 
 CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, AND Of THE 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA, &C. 
 
 TO BE COMPLETEb IN SIX PARTS. 
 
 ?lo ntio it : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY PARBURY, ALLEN, & Co. 
 LEADENHALL STREET. 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 81 
 
 the inner edge and somewhat smaller, at the anal angle, and a series of evanescent blackish bars 
 parallel with the posterior margin ; in the female the violet colour is confined to the base and 
 disk of the fore wings, being covered with pale silvery irrorations, while the anterior and pos- 
 terior margins, and the base and disk of the hinder wings, are pure brown ; the anal ocellus in 
 the posterior margin of the latter is of an intense black tint, and surrounded by a regularly 
 defined narrow annular iris of a saturated silky white ; the extreme anal spot, as well as the ocelli, 
 forming the posterior series are surrounded by pale evanescent white rings ; a faint macular band 
 of dusky white also extends along the inner edge of the posterior series ; the base of the hinder 
 wings is covered with long silky hairs : underneath the wings, in both sexes, are gray with a 
 shade of Isabella yellow, and marked with three strigse, extending parallel with the posterior 
 margin through both pairs, the interior one being more pronounced in the hinder wings and form- 
 ing a broad white fascia ; between the marginal strigse and the base, the surface of the wings 
 bears successive slightly interrupted marks, consisting individually of several contiguous undu- 
 lated bands, of which the medial one is white, the next adjoining, on each side, brown, with a 
 tint somewhat more saturated than the ground colour, and the exterior ones very narrow and 
 white : of these compound marks there are three on the fore wings, the anterior one at a small 
 distance from the base, the second on the disk, the third near the marginal series; the two former 
 are very short, the latter extends entirely across the wing : the surface of the hinder wings bears 
 contiguous fascise similar to those on the fore wings, but touching each other by means of several 
 additional intermediate strigse : there are two anal ocelli corresponding in form and character with 
 those on the upper surface ; they are disposed on a transverse rufous-orange band, the posterior 
 one being bounded externally by a narrow silvery lunule, the other bearing a silvery speck on 
 the extremity which is directed to the other ocellus. Tails, dark above, gray underneath and 
 at the tip. Body above and underneath corresponding in colour with the wings. Antenna 
 brown annulated with white. 
 
 Our museum contains a single female, and seven male specimens collected chiefly in the cultivated districts 
 of the neighbourhood of Surakarta. The larva was once found, as far as I recollect, on a leguminous plant, 
 but from its similarity in habit to the larvae of other Theclce, its peculiarities were not noted. With the excep- 
 tion of Cynthia Cardui, which has a still wider range, this is the only indigenous Javanese species of diurnal 
 Lepidoptera, which is also found in Europe. From a careful comparison of individuals contained in Mr. 
 Haworth's and my own collections, and of its representation given by Hiibner, it appears, that in these 
 distant countries, the species agrees, in the most minute particulars, as far as regards markings and form, 
 but a slight diversity is observed in the colour. In the European specimens the under surface of the wings is 
 gray or brownish gray, the brown strigae are more saturated, the white marginal lines are more brilliant, and 
 the anterior marginal band is broader and of a purer white. In the Javanese specimens the ground colour 
 has a tendency to Isabella yellow, and the strigae are more faint and delicate. In size the specimens from 
 both countries entirely agree. 
 
 16. Lycsena Damoetes. Alee supra maris pallidd violacece limbo fusco ; fceminse fuscce basi discoque 
 cyaneis argenteo irroratis ; utriusque sexus ocelli anales duo insignes iride sericeo-albd cincti, 
 fiemina insuper serie posticd ocellorum obsoletorum cum serie interiore macularum cuneatarum : 
 subtus cinereo-Jlavicantes strigis tribus marginalibus interiore latiore et vividiore, singuke insuper 
 strigis undulatis quinatim fasciculatis, fascia interiore anticarum obsoletipre, loco ejus nonnun- 
 quam annulo obsoleto basilari ; posticce ocellis analibus duobus extus punctis aureis ornatis, 
 
 m exteriore 
 
8g DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 exteriore orbiculato lunula rufce insigni subjecto, interiore minore oblongo lunuld obsoletiore. 
 (Exp. alar. lin. 10-14.) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Damoetes. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 77. No. 707. 
 
 Hospitatur in Musseo Domini Banks, nunc in Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond. asservato, cum 
 inscriptione ipsius Fabricii. 
 
 Polyommatus Damoetes. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 680. 
 
 Papilio Damoetes. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) 
 
 This insect is so near Lyccena Boetica, that it was first introduced into this catalogue as a smaller 
 permanent variety of that species, peculiar to Java ; by the examination of the Banksian Cabinet of Insects, 
 however, I have been able to identify it with the specimen described by Fabricius, under the name of Pap. 
 Damoetes, as a native of New Holland. Our insect agrees closely with the specimen here preserved in size 
 and painting ; it is labelled with a ticket in Fabricius' own hand-writing, and his description leaves no doubt 
 as to the subject itself. The specimen is sufficiently perfect to exhibit its real character, the tails only have 
 been lost, and hence it has been described with " entire wings," and arranged in the corresponding section 
 in the Encyclopedie. In many specimens the painting, on both surfaces, agrees with that of Lye. Boetica, to 
 the minutest particulars ; a slight modification observed in some individuals is exhibited in the Latin descrip- 
 tion. We have, in our museum, four males and one female, perfect in all points. The tails are black and 
 tipt with white. In size, and in the appearance of the upper surface, our insect resembles Lye. Telicanus ; 
 the latter forms a natural passage to the following species, in which the catenulated character of the bands 
 is more distinctly exhibited. 
 
 17. Lycjsna Kandarpa. Alee supra maris pagind omni griseo violacece in certd luce argenteo 
 nitentes ; posticce puncto marginali ad basin caudce nigro ; fceminse de basi ad discum carvleo- 
 argenteo nitentes limbis latissimis fuscis, posticce serie ocellorum marginali, ocello ad basin caudce 
 saturatiore lunuld rufd cincto, ocellis exterioribus sensim pallidioribus arcubus angustis albis 
 intus inductis, ocello interiore oblongo emarginato strigd alba obtecto ; lunula circiter quinque huic 
 serie parallels ad marginem interiorem limbi dispositce et versus discum puncta aliquot obsokla, 
 in arcum : subtus pallidi griseo? strigis tribus marginalibus albis, fasciisque catenulatis satura- 
 tioribus albo marginatis ; strigd exteriore linece nigra marginali paralleld continud obsoletd, 
 interioribus duabus undulatis maculas oblongas includentibus, fasciis antkarum duabus altera 
 disooided brevi, altera posteriore completd, posticarum fascia anteriore basali tenuiori, secundd 
 discoided brevi, tertid submarginali in regione anali ex arcubus interruptis efformatd ; antica 
 insuper puncto marginali ad medium costce, posticce punctis duobus costalibus saturatis albo cinctis 
 intervallo brevi distinctis ; ocellis analibus quatuor, exteriore ad basin caudce maximo saturatis- 
 simo orbiculari postice aureo irrorato, abrupte truncato, intus et ad latera arm rufo maximo 
 inducto, ocellis interioribus obsoletis angustatis, intimo minuto, intermediis ovatis transversis 
 coadunatis in maculam reniformem, penultimo strigd auredornato, omnibus intus strigd mduhOu 
 albd et denique taenia rufd obsoletd marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2-3 lin.) 
 Wings above, in the male, pale violet blue, with a rich silvery reflexion, assuming in a certain 
 light a dusky grayish shade, the colour being uniformly distributed over the whole surface ■ 
 hinder wings marked exteriorly to the caudal appendage with an ocellate spot of a deep black 
 colour, surrounded anteriorly with a pale blue lunule; a very faint transverse brown marginal 
 bar, bordered with white, occupies in some individuals the space between this ocellus and the 
 extreme anal angle; the wings are all surrounded with a delicate black marginal thread and an 
 
 extreme 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 83 
 
 extreme grayish fringe: in the female the wings have a broad brown border, the blue colour 
 being brighter than in the male, covered with a silvery gloss, confined to the base in the hinder 
 wings, but spreading also over the disk in the fore wings; in the posterior wings the margin 
 bears a series of ocellate spots, increasing in intensity of tint towards the caudal appendage, 
 where the ocellus is intensely black and surrounded interiorly by a rufous crescent, the remain- 
 ing ocelli have narrow white semilunar borders within and transverse marginal lines without ; a 
 series of lunular white marks passes regularly along the inner border of the marginal ocelli and 
 a few obscure spots form an irregular arch across the disk. Underneath the wings are pale 
 whitish-gray, and marked with catenulated bands, consisting each of two parallel undulated 
 marginal threads of a brilliant white, including a broader fascia of a somewhat deeper shade than 
 the ground colour ; in the anterior wings a short fascia is placed transversely on the disk, the 
 next posteriorly extends entirely across the surface ; in the posterior pair three similar fasciae are 
 disposed in succession, the anterior one is composed of two narrow interrupted portions, the 
 second is short and stands transversely on the disk, the third is irregular and extends in an inter- 
 rupted course entirely across the wing and in the anal region is suddenly inflected and composed 
 of short arcs ; three white strigas pass in both wings parallel with the posterior margin, the 
 exterior one is obsolete and bounded by a brown marginal thread, the two next are waving, and 
 include two undulated bands of the ground colour resembling the adjoining catenulated bands ; 
 the exterior margin of the fore-wings has in the middle a minute ocellate spot with a white 
 annulet, and in the same margin of the hinder wings, near the costa, are two somewhat more 
 saturated ocelli, separated by a small intervening space ; in the anal region there are four ocelli, 
 the exterior one, near the caudal appendage, is very large, nearly round, of a deep black colour, 
 abruptly truncated and ornamented posteriorly with a streak of golden irrorations and sur- 
 mounted interiorly and at the sides with a large rufous crescent; the remaining ocelli are nar- 
 row and obscure, the interior one consists of a small dot at the extreme anal angle, and the 
 intermediate ones are ovate and united into a reniform spot, the penultimate one being orna- 
 mented with a streak of metallic irrorations; along their inner edge passes a white streak and 
 interiorly of this a faint waving rufous band. The thorax and abdomen agree above and under- 
 neath, in colour with the wings ; the eyes are bordered, the tails are tipt with white, and the 
 antennm are marked with white bands. 
 
 The Lyccena Kandarpa has, both in habit and in colour above, a great resemblance to Lyccena Boetica ; but 
 in the forewings the outer apical angle is more acute in both sexes, while the hinder wings are slightly 
 lengthened towards the anal extremity in the male, and more abruptly rounded in the female. Our insect 
 exhibits clearly the typical character of this section ; the bands on the lower surface imitate the appearance 
 of chains or necklaces, in consequence of the margins which are strongly undulated, and the base of the 
 hinder wings is provided with dark ocellate spots encircled with white ; these two marks, on which the 
 sectional character is founded, exist in all the remaining Javanese species of Lyccena. Four male and three 
 female specimens are contained in our museum, several of which are from the continent of India, and illus- 
 trate the range of this species in the old world : Mr. Haworth's collection contains a male specimen, agreeing 
 in all points with our insect, which was found in a box imported from Brazil. 
 
 18. - Lycsina Cnejus. Alee supra fceminae ad basin, anticce usque ad discum late cosrulece, argenteo 
 nitidce, limbis exteriore et poster iore fuscis ; posticce serie punctorum ocellatorum, ocellis duobus 
 analibus saturatioribus rufo annulatis, penultimo insigniore, omnibus postice abrupti terminatis ; 
 
 M 2 huic 
 
84, DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 huic serie parallele, ad marginem interiorem limbi, macula, quinque cuneata, acumine introrsum 
 spectante, in serie transversa ordinate : subtus cana in flavescentem vergentes, singula stigmate 
 brevi in disco fasciisque transversis catenulatis albo marginatis ; fascia in anticis dua margini 
 postico approximate tertia saturatior margini discoque intermedia, hac per alas posticas ducta 
 ex fragmentis brevibus et in regioni anali ex arcubus interruptis efformatur ; ocelli anales in 
 posticis duo insignes aquales nigerrimi circulo aureo-irrorato marginali cincti lunuldque aurantid 
 inducti ; punctis insuper quatuor nigerrimis albo annulatis, tribus in serie basilari digestis, 
 quarto marginali ad medium costa. (Exp. alar. 1 uric. 1 lin.) 
 
 Hesperia R. Cnejus. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 5. Suppl. p. 430. No. 100, 101. 
 
 Polyommatus Cnejus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 657. 
 
 The female. Wings above with a deep brown border ; a light blue tint with a bright silvery 
 reflexion is, in the hinder ivings confined to the base, in the fore wings expanded to the disk, but 
 entirely evanescent in a certain position towards the light; posterior border of the hinder wings 
 bearing a series of dark ocellate spots, of which two, at the anal angle, are of a deeper tint and 
 surrounded internally with bright rufous crescents ; the penultimate ocellus exceeds the last in 
 size and brilliancy of colour; all these ocelli are abruptly truncated behind, and the exterior 
 ones are surrounded internally with narrow white crescents ; a row of angular or wedge-shaped 
 marks of a brilliant white, having the points directed towards the disk, passes along the inner edge 
 of the marginal series ; the cilia are gray : underneath the wings are gray with a faint Isabella- 
 yellow shade; each pair is marked on the disk with a short transverse stigma, which in the hinder 
 ones is slightly curved; the anterior ivings have further three ranges of eaten ulated bands of a 
 brown colour, of which the two exterior are parallel with and adjoining the posterior margin, 
 being confined by the marginal strigas ; the third, in which the catenulated character is more 
 distinctly exhibited, is intermediate between the marginal series and the disk ; this is continued 
 through the hinder pair, where it is more curved and somewhat irregular and infracted in its 
 course; in the marginal series of ocellate spots, the interior ones form two strongly marked anal 
 ocelli; these are regularly round, nearly equal in size and brilliancy of tint, intensely black 
 encircled by a pale orange iris, bordered internally by a ring of yellow metallic irrorations, which 
 is partially interrupted at the internal edge ; the hinder wings have further, four ocellate spots of 
 an intense black colour with white iris, three of these are placed in a transverse series at the base 
 and a third, somewhat larger and more vivid, in the middle of the anterior margin close to the 
 costa. The thorax above has a blueish cast and is covered with delicate hairs, the abdomen is 
 brown ; underneath the thorax and legs are covered with a delicate pure white down and the 
 abdomen agrees in colour with the wings ; the antenna are banded with white. 
 
 A single female specimen from Java is contained in our collection. Mr. Haworth possesses two males ■ 
 the upper surface in these is uniformly pale violet blue, with a narrow grayish brown posterior border, and 
 two oblong black spots in the anal region, within the caudal appendage. 
 
 19. Lycjena Pandava. Ala supra fceminas omnes limbis latissimis fuscis cincta, antica ad disown 
 usque latd cmrula, argenteo irrorata, postica fuscescentes in disco, carulescentes tantum ad basin 
 serie ocellorum marginali, ocello anali penultimo saturation lunuld rufd intus cincto occllo inte- 
 riore angusto transversa didymo, strigd albd emarginatd inducto ; macula lunares 'alba circiter 
 quinque in ordine ad marginem interiorem limbi digest* : subtus flavescenti-cinerea nitore paUidd 
 
 fusco, 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 85 
 
 fiisco, fasciis catenulatis strigisque marginalibus saturatioribus, singula stigmate discoideo brevi, 
 pone discum fascid catenu'atd insigni in anticis continui ad marginem posticum subflexuosd, in 
 posticis interruptd arcuatd ; strigis marginalibus tribus albis posterior e lineari continud, interio- 
 ribus in anticis undulatis in posticis subflexuosis, quare in his macula subangulata in illis 
 macula oblonga fascias catenulatas marginales constituunt ; ocelli anales duo, exterior e maxirno 
 saturate arcu latissimo rufo inducto et lunula auratd extus pradito, altero oblongo, strigd rufd 
 transversd intus marginato annuloque aurato inter lore ornato ; puncta insuper in regime anali 
 nigra duo, altero ocellulis intermedia altero ad imum angulum analem sito ; punctis nigris albo 
 cinctis in dimidio interiore alarum quinque, duobus costalibus insignioribus, tribus in serie trans- 
 versd subbasilari, ocellulo penultimo obsoletiore. (Exp. alar. unc. 1 — lin. 13.) 
 The female. This species agrees in size and in the markings of the upper surface generally with 
 that last described ; a slight difference is afforded by the interior anal ocellus, which here consists 
 of two narrow, oblong, confluent spots, without rufous lunule, but bounded interiorly by an 
 emarginate white line ; the wedge-shaped marks along the inner border are replaced by a trans- 
 verse series of lunules : underneath the wings are yellowish-gray, with a very faint shade of 
 brown ; in the number and disposition of the markings our species also resembles Lycana Cnejus, 
 but it possesses a distinguishing peculiarity in the brilliancy of the white marginal strigas, and 
 in the greater breadth and deeper shade of the brown bands producing a striking contrast of 
 colours: on the disk of both pair stands a short transverse stigma; behind this follows a broad 
 catenulated band, regular in the fore-wings, with a few inflexions at the inner margin, but inter- 
 rupted and irregularly curved in the hinder wings ; the marginal white strigae, three in number, 
 are strongly pronounced ; the most exterior passes without undulations, in contact with the 
 brown marginal thread, through both pair ; the two anterior strigas are waving in the fore-wings 
 and flexuose in the hinder wings, embracing two series of catenulated bands, composed of oblong 
 spots in the former, and of angular ones in the latter; the posterior margin of the wing is 
 adorned with two anal ocelli ; the largest being placed exterior of the caudal appendage, and the 
 other in the space towards the anal angle ; an obscure black dot stands between them and ano- 
 ther at the extreme angle of the wing ; the exterior ocellus is covered internally by a very broad 
 rufous arc, slightly notched at each side ; a rufous streak is continued to the inner margin, being 
 of a more saturated lint above the interior ocellus ; a small exterior lunule of golden irrorations, 
 adorns the large ocellus, and the small ocellus has on the margin an interrupted golden ring; 
 there are five black spots encircled with white on the anterior portion of the hinder wings ; two 
 of these, of a more saturated tint, stand in contact with the costa, the remaining form a trans- 
 verse basal row, the penultimate spot being rather obsolete. The tails are slender and tiptwith 
 white ; the antennae brown with white rings and tip ; the thorax and body are brown above and 
 gray underneath, the former being covered with a blueish down and the latter annulated with 
 white. 
 
 A careful attention is required in the discrimination of the two species last described ; the most prominent 
 distinctions of the latter are, in the upper surface, the character of the internal anal ocellus, in the lower 
 surface, the breadth, intensity of tint, and general habit of the transverse bands, and particularly the basal 
 sub-ocellate spots of the hinder wings, which are five in number and disposed in a peculiar manner. I have 
 confirmed my views regarding the diversity of this species from the former, founded on the comparison of a 
 single specimen contained in our Museum, by the inspection of Mr. Haworth's collection ; an individual 
 
 here 
 
g Q DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 here contained, though not completely identical with our insect, proves that it must be considered specifi- 
 cally distinct from Cnejus. 
 
 20. Lyc,ena Parrhasius. Ala: suprd maris saturate violaceec pro vario ad lucem objectu in fuscum 
 variantes, limbis angustis fuscis albo fimbriatis ; posticce strigd marginali punctorum ocellato- 
 rum, punctis duobus pone caudam sitis insignioribus, arcu angusto rufo intus cinctis Knedque aM 
 postice marginatis, punctis exterioribus sensim obsoletioribus : subtus cana? squamis subargen- 
 teis obtecta, singulis in disco stigmate transversa, tunc fascia catenulata, in anticis continud in 
 posticis inlerruptd ; anticcc insuper fasciis duabus submarginalibus obsoletioribus, posticce in 
 serie marginali ocellis duobus, istis in pagind superiore adversis, insignioribus orbiculatis niger- 
 rimis in tcenid latd transversd aurantid nidulantibus, lunula argented extus inductis, intervallo 
 denique angulum analem versus, maculis duabus oblongis angustis strigd Jlavicante obductis, 
 freto • posticarum insuper puncta quatuor nigerrima albo cincta quorum duo basilar es tertium ad 
 marginem anteriorem quartum ad marginem interiorem in medio disposita. (Exp. alar. lin. 
 
 10—11.) 
 
 Hesperia E. Parrhasius. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 289. No. 108. 
 Papilio Parrhasius. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure). 
 
 Polyommatus Parrhasius. MM. Latr. et Godt. Eric. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 657. 
 Wings above, in the male, deep violet blue, varying according to the light, to dusky brown, with a 
 narrow brown border and white fringe ; hinder wings bearing on the posterior border a series of 
 ocellate spots abruptly terminated behind; commencing at the outer apical angle, the spots are 
 small and obsolete ; they gradually increase in size and intensity of tint, and exteriorly of the caudal 
 appendages two deeply saturated brown ocelli, surrounded internally by a narrow rufous crescent, 
 are disposed ; two small confluent spots, forming a faint emarginate transverse band, stand 
 between these and the extreme anal angle. Underneath, the gray ground colour is covered with 
 coarse scales of a silvery hue ; both wings are marked on the disk with a short transverse streak, 
 behind this is a catenulated band, stretching across the entire surface, which is nearly regular in 
 the anterior, but slightly infracted in the posterior pair; the fore u'ings have towards the margin 
 two somewhat obsolete catenulated bands, confined by the marginal strigse, and exterior to these 
 a dark marginal thread, which is continued through the hinder wings ; in the latter the series of 
 marginal ocelli corresponds with that of the upper surface, but is more pronounced, and the two 
 ocelli situated exterior of the caudal appendages, being regularly round and of an intense black 
 tint, are bedded in a broad orange fascia, and marked externally by a lunule of silvery irrora- 
 tions; between these and the extreme anal angle are two narrow, obsolete, oblong spots, bor- 
 dered internally by a faint yellow undulate streak ; the hinder wings are further marked with 
 four dots of an intense black colour, surrounded with a grayish ring, two of which are opposite 
 to each other and at an equal distance from the base, the third is placed near the middle of the 
 anterior, and the fourth near the middle of the posterior margin. The thorax and abdomen 
 agree, on both surfaces, in colour with the wings ; the tails are long, very slender, and tipt with 
 white; the antennae have a grayish extremity and white rings. 
 
 Our collection contains three male specimens of this species, and in that of Mr. Haworth I have examined 
 a female, agreeing, as far as can be determined, from the condition of the individual, with our insect : in 
 this female the colour above is brownish, and the submarginal line of ocellate spots is more distinct than in 
 the male ; the interior dimidial portion of the wing underneath has four black dots, agreeing in disposition 
 
 with 
 
LBPIDOPTERA. 
 
 87 
 
 with our specimens, and in the anal region two ocellate spots of equal size are also apparent. I conclude 
 with the remark that, regarding the three species last enumerated, I have used every means within my reach 
 to form a correct determination ; but they are so nearly allied to each other that further comparisons are still 
 required : several other species are found in collections, of similar habits, but each possessing an individual 
 peculiarity. No. 19 of our list, agrees upon the whole with the Parrhasius of systematic authors ; but I have 
 some apprehension that further comparisons of perfect specimens will prove it to be distinct from the 
 species described by Fabricius with that name. 
 
 Genus THECLA. 
 Papilionis — Plebeiorum ruralium-species. Linn. Theclae species. Fab. Polyommati spe- 
 cies. Latr. ^ Thecla. Stephens. Papiliones, Fam. O. Larvae depressoscutatas. Wiener 
 Verzeichnis, 185. Les petits Portes-queue. Geoffr. Hairstreaks. Haworth. 
 
 Character. Larva lineari-oblonga, dorso piano, depresso; tota pilis brevissimis teneris solitariis 
 obtecta (Tab. iv. rig. 3 et 4. Subgenus Amblypodia : Amb. Apidanus, Amb. Helm.) : vel inter- 
 dum fasciculis pilorum ad segmenta transversim ordinatis praedita (Tab. iv. fig. 2. Thecla Xeno- 
 phon) : capite parvo retractili. 
 
 Chrysalis oblonga, utrinque obtusa, vel antice gibba postice attenuata, nuda, lasvis, rarius trans- 
 verse scutata. (Tab. iv. fig. 2, a; 3, a; 4, a; 5, a.) 
 
 Imago : Antenna mediocres, strictas ; vel basi filiformes capitulo subabrupto, elongato, cylindrico- 
 ovali ; vel, de basi usque ad apicem sensim incrassata?, capitulo haud distincto, obtuso, rarius 
 acumine brevi praedito; articulis intermediis longioribus. 
 
 Palpi capite longiores, articulo basilari brevi, capiti adpresso, concavo, latiusculo, squamis densis 
 obtecto, villis elongatis paucioribus vel creberrimis, intersitis; articulo secundo elongato, stricto, 
 subassurgente, ultra medium capite soluto, apice truncato, undique squamis imbricatis teneris 
 arete obtecto, villis, in quibusdam crebris, interpositis ; articulo tertio abrupte imposito, porrecto, 
 oblongo vel subattenuato, nudiusculo vel lanuginoso, nonnunquam squamis tenerrimis obtecto. 
 
 Proboscis palpis magis duplo longior, apice ciliato, villis brevibus patentibus. 
 
 Caput breve, obtusum, latum. Oculi planiusculi, pube brevi arete obtecti. Corpus breve, atte- 
 nuatum. Ales anticae oblongae, breves, obtusse; posticas rotundatas vel subelongatae, appendiculo 
 anali et caudibus filiformibus vel rarius appendiculis brevibus obtusis subdentiformibus, instructae. 
 Pedes antici maris, tarsis articulo solitario, cylindrico, elongato ad latera spinoso, ungue brevi 
 obscuro, inflecto, vel omnino inermi, superficie plana verticali abrupte terminato ; fceminae 
 tar%is quinque, cylindricis, primp elongato, secundo, tertio, quarto brevibus, quinto subincrassato, 
 unguibus duobus brevibus arcuatis, villis densis reconditis, pulvillis plus minusve conspicuis, 
 appendiculis duobus filiformibus brevibus intermediis; pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu 
 conformes, singuli tarsis quinque articulatis, ultimo unguibus duobus minimis arcuatis sub pul- 
 vdlis et squamis fere occultatis; femora intermediorum eadem quae Polyommati. 
 
 Character. Larva linear-oblong, with an uniform depressed back, either covered with short, 
 delicate, solitary hairs, as in Amblypodia Apidanus and Helus (PL iv. fig. 3 and 4) ; or with tufts of 
 short bristles, arranged in transverse rows at the segments, as in Th. Xenophon (PL iv. fig. 2) ; or 
 entirely naked, as in Amb. Longinus (PL iv. fig. 5) ; in this species the larva has a peculiar charac- 
 ter, being distended anteriorly, excavated at the sides, contracted behind, and throughout trans- 
 versely swelled at tfoe segments : the head in all these subdivisions is small and retractile. Chry- 
 salis oblong, obtuse at both ends, or considerably swelled anteriorly and tapering towards the 
 
 posterior 
 
_ DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 8 
 
 ntV, „n the surface, in one subdivision only marked with prominent 
 posterior ^^^^^SLm of moderate length, straight, either filiform 
 transverse scut _lnjhpe 1 fect ^ ^ ^ slightly attenuated at both 
 
 at the base, T^*^^,^ in thickness from the base to the point without 
 ends; « «^ «^^ a short a L pt point (as in Amblypodia Lonainus, PL iv. fig. 5 
 )-Xt ^^"t^inallcasestLLges, *+i longer than the head; basal 
 ^thon concave, somewhat broad, applied to the head, closely covered wuh scales among 
 thich few or more numerous hairs are scattered; second joint long straight, beyond [the ^ 
 detached from the head, abruptly terminated, closely covered with minute scales, among wh ch 
 hairs are dispersed, varying in character, number, and density, in different specaes ; third joint 
 tending forwards, short, abruptly attached and smaller than the second, oblong or attenuated, 
 nearly naked, downy or covered with minute delicate scales. Probosns more than double the 
 length of the palpi, beset at the extremity with delicate patulous bristles. Head short, obtuse, 
 broad. Eyes moderately prominent, plane and covered with a delicate down. Wwgs : antenor 
 oblong, short, obtuse; posterior elongated with rounded margins or narrower towards the anal 
 extremity, slightly sinuated, tailed, and provided with an anal appendage, or bearing short, 
 oblong distinct lobes, resembling obtuse denticulations : discoidal areola not closed. Feet: ante- 
 rior, of the male, with a tarsus, consisting of a single cylindrical joint, with two lateral, and an 
 intermediate series of spines, longitudinally arranged underneath, either terminated by a single 
 claw or altogether obtuse, with an abrupt vertical warty surface at the extremity ; of the female, 
 with tarsi, consisting of five cylindrical joints ; the first long, the second, third, and fourth, 
 short, the fifth somewhat thickened and armed with two short strongly arcuated claws; two 
 short filiform appendages and a pulvillus, occupy the middle of the foot, the whole being 
 covered and nearly concealed from view by numerous short villi. The tarsi of the middle 
 and posterior feet are all provided with five joints, the terminal one being armed with two 
 claws, which, in the mid-leg, are concealed by the extreme scales ; and the femur of the same 
 leg has a short acute spine, as in Polyommatus and Lycama. 
 This genus is illustrated, on the fourth plate, by the metamorphosis of Thecla Xenophon ; fig. 2 ; 2, 
 a : of Amblypodia Apidanus ; of Amblypodia Narada ; fig. 3 ; 3, a : fig. 4 ; 4, a ; and of Ambly- 
 podia Longinus ; fig. 5 ; 5, a : on the same plate the dissections of Thecla Xenophon, fig. 2, b ; 2, 
 c ; 2, d ; 2, e ; and of Amb. Longinus, fig. 5, b ; 5, c ; 5, d ; 5, e ; are also given. 
 In the analysis of the Javanese species of Thecla I have continued the careful examination of the anterior 
 feet, with the view to determine the accuracy of my former observations on the genera Polyommatus and 
 Lyccena. As far as regards the peculiarity of these organs in the sexes, my researches have not only essen- 
 tially confirmed my former remarks, but they have led to the determination of two prominent types of form, 
 which are confirmed by other organs, particularly by the antennae. The genus has accordingly been divided 
 into two subgenera, the first comprising the true Theclce, with clubbed antennae, the second those species in 
 which the antennae gradually and uniformly increase in thickness from the base to the point without any 
 distinct club : the latter, from the structure of the feet, has been named Amblypodia. The metamorphosis, 
 as far as it has hitherto been observed, confirms these subdivisions ; aud the illustrations given on my fourth 
 plate (as referred to above) tend also to show the accuracy of the authors of the Wiener Verzeichnis. The 
 family O (p. 185), comprising the European Thecla, has been named Depressoscutata ; and this is also the 
 true character of the larvae of the Theclce found in Java. As far as regards the structure of the anterior feet 
 and the sexual modification of character assigned to them in the generic description, I have to state in this 
 
 place, 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 89 
 
 place, that the details are founded on a careful dissection of Theclce Jarbas, Xenophon and Epicles and of Ain- 
 blypodice Apidanus and Ccntaurus ; I have also partially extended my examinations to European species, and 
 as far as I have yet proceeded, I have been confirmed in my opinions. It is my intention to give the result 
 on a future plate : I shall therefore only add, that my dissections have led to a determination regarding the 
 individuals constituting the sexes in Thecla Quercus, the reverse of that of most English Entomologists : in 
 this I have been since confirmed by a reference to several Continental writers, particularly to Messrs. 
 Latreille and Godart, in the Encyclopedic and M. Ochsenheimer. 
 
 * Antenna capitulo cylindrico-ovali, utrinque manifesti attenuate : tarsi pedum anticorum 
 maris articulo solitario, cylindrico, ungue incurvo haud exserto. Larva unius modo 
 speciei hactenus a me observata est, nempe Theclce Xenophontis ; hoc vere depressoscutata, 
 et insuper fasciculis pilorum ad segmenta transversim ordinatis, prcedita est. 
 Alee posticce appendiculo anali cauddque solitarid munitce. 
 Thecla stricte sic dicta. 
 
 21. Thecla Kessuma. Aloe supra fceminas basi discoque alba; cosruleo-argenteo, prcecipue ad basin, 
 irroratce, postica; fusco nebulosa ; singulce limbis fuscis cano fimbriatis, in anticis latioribus in 
 posticis lined nigrd intus albo marginatd cinctis ; anticce insuper stigmate nigro in disco : subtus 
 fusco-canescentes albo strigosm, strigis tribus marginalibus intermedia ex maculis sagittatis 
 interiore ex maculis arcuatis efformatd ; anticce insuper strigis quatuor mediis, duabus interiori- 
 bus in ared intermedia parallelis strictis in area anali subundulatis oblique divergenlibus, strigd 
 tertid per totam paginam ductd undulatd ad marginem interiorem cum strigd interiore connexd ; 
 punctis tribus minutis albis in ared costali origins strigarum interjectis ; postica strigis quatuor 
 in paribus duobus, altero mediano subinterrupto in regione anali abrupte incurvato, altero subdi- 
 midiato ad strigem marginalem interiorem finito ; ocellis analibus duobus nigerrimis, exteriore 
 iride latissimd fulvd cincto, interiore in lobo anali sito et iride angustd annulari alba prcedito, 
 super quam taenia fulva intus aureo irrorata flexuosim ad marginem interiorem ducitur. (Exp. 
 alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.) 
 
 Anterior wings, in the female, above, bluish white, with broad exterior and posterior borders, and 
 a short oblique black stigma on the disk; hinder wings, variegated white and brown with nar- 
 rower borders, both pair being sprinkled at the base with a light blue silvery cloud of atoms, 
 spreading on the hinder wings along the interior margin ; fringe light gray, in the hinder wings 
 bordered within by a black thread, edged interiorly with white ; anal appendages black, sur- 
 rounded exteriorly with white, bearing at the inner edge a fulvous spot and a minute green 
 silvery lunule ; tails black and tipt with white : underneath the surface of the wings is brownish- 
 gray and marked with white striga?, three of which pass close to, and parallel with, the posterior 
 margin, through both pair, the intermediate striga, consisting of wedge-shaped marks, with the 
 points directed inwards, and the interior one of lunular marks ; the anterior icings have further 
 between the middle of the surface and the marginal series four striga;, two of which form on the 
 disk a short regularly parallel pair, with a fainter intermediate streak ; they are continued in 
 the anal area by two undulated slightly diverging striga; the third striga extends, slightly 
 waving in a gradual curve across the wing, being united posteriorly with the second, and the 
 fourth reaches in a uniform character, half across the surface ; between the origin of the three 
 posterior strigee and the costa stand three minute white dots; the hinder wings are likewise 
 
 k marked 
 
90 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 marked with four striga?, arranged in two pairs ; the anterior pair, consisting of partially inter- 
 rupted portions, crosses the middle of the wing, being suddenly curved inwards in the anal 
 region, and bearing a faint intermediate streak on the disk ; the posterior pair is more regularly 
 transverse, and terminates abruptly at its contact with the marginal series; there are two anal 
 ocelli, the largest, exterior to the caudal appendage, has in place of a pupil, an intensely black 
 orbicular spot, and is surrounded by a very broad fulvous iris ; the other occupies the anal 
 appendage itself, and is surrounded by a delicate narrow white ring, between these is a roundish 
 group of greenish silvery irrorations, and along one-third of the inner margin passes a narrow 
 fulvous streak, bordered with black and ornamented, as well as the inner edge of the anal 
 appendage, with a faint metallic striga. The body is brown above, with an obscure greenish tint, 
 and agrees underneath in colour with the wings ; the antenna are faintly banded with white; the 
 tails are long, slender, black, with a white extremity. 
 
 In the markings of the underside this insect resembles the Lycoence of the second section, particularly L. 
 Celerio and Elpis ; I have therefore placed it at the commencement of the genus ; but in all essential points 
 it it a true Thecla ; the club of the antennae, though not very prominent, is distinctly marked ; the anal 
 appendage is fully developed. A single female specimen is contained in our museum. 
 
 22. Thecla Malika. Alee posticce maris subelongata, margine apicali levissimi sinuato, dente 
 prominiUo rotundato ad basin cauda ; supra antica nigrce in certd luce cyaneo relucentes, posticce 
 saturate cyanece margine exteriore et canali abdomen recipiendo fuscis : subtus alba? in cozrulescen- 
 tem vergentes, antica limbo postico apiceque ochraceo fuscis ; singula liturd lata utrinque trans- 
 verse guadratd obliqud ante medium sitd, antica pone discum striga punctorum sex in medio 
 interruptd, posticce striga subconformi pone discum -ex maculis minutis subovatis in paribus 
 inaqualibus arcuatim per paginam ductd, macula interiore insigniore transversa ; tunc serie 
 tnaailarum ad marginem posticum striga undulatd interiore cinctd et denique ocelli anales duo 
 altera exteriore orbiculato nigro, in tanidflavd subundulatd marginali nidulante, altero in appen- 
 diculo anali sito fimbria alba cincto, maculdque virescente-argenteo irroratd ocellulis intermedia. 
 (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 1 lin. maris.) 
 
 Hinder Wings, in the male narrow and somewhat lengthened, with a slight oblong excavation alone; 
 the posterior margin, succeeded by an obtusely rounded tooth exterior of the caudal appendage ; 
 upper surface deep blackish brown, the anterior with a shade of dark blue from the base to the 
 middle, which only appears in a certain light, the hinder wings covered with a rich cyaneous tint 
 excepting the exterior and interior borders ; the latter is gray, and constitutes a canal to receive 
 the abdomen : under surface white with a bluish shade, and in the fore wings a yellowish brown, 
 somewhat cupreous posterior margin, spreading along the tip ; a short brown streak, transversely 
 truncated at each end, stands a little before the disk on each of the wings ; exterior to this the 
 fore wings bear a transverse striga of six or seven oblong subconfluent dots, which is interrupted 
 on the disk, the continuation from the medial area being somewhat posteriorly disposed ; a simi- 
 lar series is continued, at a corresponding distance from the base, through" the hinder wings, 
 consisting of oval dots disposed in interrupted and somewhat unequal pairs, passing in an irre- 
 gular curve across the wing, the terminal streak at the inner margin bein« transversely 
 disposed, oblong and larger than the others; along the posterior margin passes aperies of dots, 
 decreasing successively in size and strength of tint from the outer apical angle towards the caudal 
 appendage, being confined internally by an undulated brown band; of two occllatc spots in 
 
 the 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 91 
 
 the anal region, the exterior one is bedded in an irregular rufous patch, which has an undulated 
 interior margin, and tapers off at each extremity in a short striga; the interior one, situated on 
 the anal appendage itself, is surrounded by a white fringe, the intermediate space being occupied 
 by a greenish metallic spot, and the oblique portion of the anal angle is marked by a black stripe 
 covered by a branch from the rufous band. The body is dark blackish brown, the eyes are bor- 
 dered by a white streak; the antenna are black annulated with white and terminated by a grayish tip. 
 A single male specimen, in perfect preservation, is contained in our series : the narrowness and lengthened 
 
 form of the hinder wings, with a slight posterior excavation, as represented in the description, obtains also 
 
 in the two succeeding species. 
 
 23. Thecla Nasaka. Ala antica maris supra, nigra in certd luce ad medium usque cyaneo relu- 
 
 centes; postica subelongata margine apicali leviter sinuate- .- subtus cinerece limbo postico 
 
 ochraceo-fusco subnitente in anticis saturation ; singula notd brevi discoided ex lituris duabus 
 
 transversis, fascia insuper tenui fused completd albo marginata et striga tenuissimd flavd illius 
 
 medio innatd, in anticis recta, in posticis interruptd, in regione anali arcn flexuosim ad marginem 
 
 interiorem ductd ; appendicido ocellisque analibus duobus nigris, exteriore orbiculato saturatis- 
 
 simo maxima iride tenui rufd cincto, interiore oblongo punctis viridi-argenteis omnino tecto ; 
 
 striga denique irregulariter fexuosa, ortum ducens ab iride ocelli exterioris, oblique" per medium 
 
 ocelli interioris ad appendiculum analem descendit, et tunc ad unguium interiorem assurgit, lined 
 
 nigra, extus viridi argenteo irroratd, limbatd. (Exp. alar. 13 lin.) 
 
 Wings of the male, above, agreeing in colour with those of the species last described ; contour of 
 
 the hinder wings likewise similar : underneath gray with pale ochraceous-brown posterior borders, 
 
 spreading over the tip and more intensely coloured exteriorly; a narrow delicately striped band, 
 
 consisting of two parallel brown strigse edged with white and an intermediate yellow thread, 
 
 which is more distinct in the hinder wings, extends across the middle of both pair, being regular 
 
 in the former and somewhat interrupted in the latter, until it reaches the anal region, where it 
 
 passes, after an ahrupt curve, irregularly flexuose to the inner margin ; on the disk of each wing 
 
 stands a short transverse double litura; the anal appendage is oblong, black on the surface, 
 
 fringed with gray, and has adjoining to it, in the posterior margin, two ocellate spots of more 
 
 than usual size; the exterior one presenting a regularly orbicular black spot in place of a pupil, 
 
 and being bounded exteriorly by a narrow pale rufous ring, a more saturated narrow rufous arc 
 
 forming the interior iris ; this is continued in form of a narrow band in an oblique course through 
 
 the middle of the adjoining spot to the anal appendage, from whence it rises again for a short 
 
 distance along the extreme angle of the wing, being edged exteriorly by a black streak covered 
 
 with greenish silvery irrorations : an obsolete series of three successively paler black lunules, of 
 
 which the first is covered with a silvery crescent, stands exterior to the large ocellus in close 
 
 contact with the posterior margin. The head and body are brown above. The thorax is covered 
 
 with lax white hairs and the abdomen with shorter yellowish hairs underneath. The antenna 
 
 are banded with white and tipt with rufous. 
 
 A single male specimen in a perfect state is contained in our series. 
 
 24. Thecla Varuna. Ala suprd fusco-nigricantes, maris pagind omni prater apicem cyaneo 
 
 saturato fceminae glaucino nitentes : subtus fusca diluto cupreo relucentes et basin versus nitore 
 
 n 2 purpureo 
 
92 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 purpureo lavatce ; singula: serie rnacularum obsoletarum margini postico paralkld ; anticce 
 insuper pone medium fascia fused saturatd completd latd externa albo marginatd, angulum 
 analem versus attenuatd, stigmateque brevi in disco; postica fascid mediand latd subundulatd, 
 in regione anali arcuatd etflexuosim ad marginem interiorem ductd, utrinque strigd albd postice 
 saturation praditd, tanidque brevi discoided cum fascid completd connatd ; areold anali ocello 
 solitario maximo nigerrimo, intus rvfo lunulato, fretd ; maculdque orbiculatd atrd in appendi- 
 culum analem, spatio intermedio, strigdque tenui ad marginem interiorem nigris, punctis albis 
 irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.) 
 
 Wings above blackish brown, in the male with a saturated cyaneous, in the female with an indigo 
 blue or deep glaucous shining tint, which, in the fore wings, terminates obliquely at a small 
 distance from the outer apical angle, but in the hinder pair covers the whole surface, to a very 
 narrow posterior marginal thread; the anal appendage has a rufous ground, on which a black 
 spot is bedded, and is surrounded by a whitish fringe : underneath brown with a purple shade on 
 the basal portion and disk, and a slight cupreous gloss spread over the whole surface ; a broad 
 band of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, with a narrow exterior white edge, 
 passes behind the middle of the fore wings, tending slightly to the inner apical angle ; a similar 
 band pervades, slightly undulating the hinder wings, changing its direction in the anal region by 
 an abrupt curve, and tending in a flexuose manner to the middle of the inner margin ; it has a 
 narrow white edge on each side, which in the anal region becomes deeper and gradually changes 
 to a bright sulphureous yellow ; a very faint waving brown band passes exterior of these, parallel 
 with the posterior margin through both pair, to the ocellus in the anal region, and on the disk 
 of each pair stands a short longitudinally divided streak, resembling in character and colour the 
 principal band, being in the hinder wings parallel with, and in contact with its middle portion ; 
 a very large ocellate spot, having a deep black regularly orbicular pupil, and a narrow rufous, 
 almost completely circular iris, consisting at the inner edge of a more intensely coloured 
 arch, stands exteriorly of the tail ; the anal appendage is large oblong and transversely 
 attached, intensely black and surrounded by a very delicate alternately white and blackish 
 fringe; between it and the exterior ocellus is an obsolete black spot covered with minute white 
 dots, which are continued over a short attenuated black streak along one-third of the inner 
 margin : the antenna are banded and the tails are tipt with white ; the body agrees in colour with 
 the wings above, and the abdomen is yellow underneath. 
 
 We have three specimens, one male and two females, in our series : in the determination of the sexes, I 
 was guided by the structure of the anterior feet, as they appear under the microscope. The male has a 
 single incurvated terminal claw, the female has two minute curved claws, partly concealed by numerous 
 villi. In the form of the posterior wings and in the habit this species resembles Thecla Malika. 
 
 25. Thecla Epicles. Ala supra fuscce, maris violaceo micantes ; antica disco, postica limbo apicali 
 aurantio-fulvis, in mare ex lunulis approximatis efformato, fimbria albd nigro interrupt,! antico- 
 rum obsoletiore : subtus omnes late" sulphur ea, limbo apicali sanguineo, posticarum lunulis albis 
 intus marginato, maculisque cuneatis nigris in serie margini ala paralleld digestis ; postica 
 insuper puncto minuto nigro ante discum. (Exp. alar. lin. 13—15.) 
 Plate 1, fig. 3. 
 Polyommatus Epicles. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 646. 
 
 Wings 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 93 
 
 Wings above blackish brown, with a violet reflexion in the male, which is of a deeper shade towards 
 the base, the anterior bearing a large irregularly rounded rufous orange spot on the medial 
 areola, the hinder being marked with a posterior border of the same colour ; in the male the 
 medial spot is smaller, consisting of a transverse cloud, and in the posterior pair the border is 
 narrowed and undulated at the inner edge, being composed of confluent lunules; a narrow undu- 
 lated black streak passes along the posterior margin ; the fringe is white interrupted with black 
 at the nervures, and in the fore wings evanescent towards the outer apical angle; the female has 
 besides a short transverse black stigma before the disk of the fore wings, and in the hinder pair, 
 near the middle, a faint orange dash : underneath the wings are bright sulphureous yellow; both 
 pair have a sanguineous posterior border, which in the anterior wings is narrow and uniform, until 
 it approaches the inner apical angle, where it is terminated by a short black streak edged on 
 both sides with white ; in the posterior wings it is broader and ornamented internally by a series 
 of white arcs delicately edged on both sides with black; a series of small wedge-shaped black 
 spots, bedded in an oblong sub-marginal cloud of white irrorations, is arranged parallel with the 
 black marginal thread, which is confined by the extreme fringe ; a minute black dot stands 
 between the disk and base, and two more obscure ones are distantly arranged alono- the inner 
 margin ; the fore wings have besides a very faint series of brown lituras, and the hinder pair of 
 interrupted white streaks parallel with the post-marginal border ; the anal appendage is termi- 
 nated by a black spot and the tails have a white tip. The body is brown above and hoary under- 
 neath; the legs are alternately white and black; the antennce are black with delicate white bands 
 to the commencement of the club. 
 
 This species is not unfrequent in the acclivities near the confines of the extensive medial plain of Java. 
 
 Our museum contains eleven specimens, of which several are males. It was named and described by 
 Messrs. Latreille and Godart in the Encyclopedic, but the figure has not previously been given. The 
 anterior feet, of both sexes, have been carefully examined under the microscope, and confirm the details 
 given in the generic description. 
 
 26. Thecla Jarbas. Alee supra, maris sanguineo-fulvescentes, anticce limbis exteriore et posteriore 
 nervisque inter mediis, posticce strigd marginali tenuissimd nigris ; foeminas saturati testacea nitore 
 cupreo, limbis saturatioribus : subtics canescentes nitore glaucino, singulis liturd transversa fused 
 albo-marginatd in disco, fascidque insigni completd pone medium fuscescente albo marginatd in 
 posticis subundulatd in regione anali saturation flexuosim ad marginem interiorem ductd ; ocello 
 anali altera exteriore mediocri orbiculato lunula insigni aurantid intus inducto, altera maxima 
 appendiculo anali imposito annulo albo in forma fimbria circumscripta, plagd subrotundd nigri- 
 cante ocellis intermedia albo irroratd, strigd denique brevi obliqud attenuatd versus marginis 
 medium desinente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5-7 lin.) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Jarbus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 68. No. 648. Hospitatur nomine a 
 
 Fabricio ipso inscripto, in Mus. Soc. Linn. Lond. 
 Polyommatus Jarbas. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 646. 
 Papilio Jarbas. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) 
 Wings above, in the male, brilliant reddish brown, inclining to scarlet, the anterior with broad 
 blackish brown borders, more diffused towards the tip and the costal portion of the base, gra- 
 dually diminishing in breadth towards the inner apical angle ; medial nervures black and promi- 
 
 ment ; 
 
94 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 nent; hinder wings narrow and lengthened, the ground colour being uniformly diffused over the 
 whole surface to a very narrow black marginal thread ; anal appendages tipt externally with black, 
 and surrounded, within the brown fringe, by a white thread extending also towards the tail ; in 
 the female the wings are saturated testaceous with a slight cupreous lustre, the colour being 
 uniformly diffused over the surface, increasing in strength towards the margins, but without 
 denned borders : underneath the surface is satin-gray, with a faint glaucous cast, varying in 
 intensity of tint in different individuals ; on the disk of each wing stands a short oblong double 
 streak consisting of two parallel grayish brown lituraswith a medial and two lateral narrow white 
 lines ; between this and the posterior margin a more saturated brown band pervades both pair, 
 being nearly regular until it reaches the anal region, where, after a sudden flexure, it stretches 
 directly across towards the internal margin, being bordered with a white striga exteriorly in the 
 anterior and on both sides in the posterior pair, the tint becoming more intense as the band 
 approaches the anal region, having a bright silvery lustre in well preserved specimens ; the 
 extreme anal angle is ornamented with two regularly round deep black ocellate spots, the exte- 
 rior one being bordered internally with a brilliant orange lunule, the interior one, somewhat 
 larger in size, covering the anal appendage, and being surrounded by a delicate white ring 
 ciliated posteriorly; the intermediate space is occupied by a roundish group of greenish silvery 
 atoms, bedded on a blackish patch, which sends off obliquely a narrow streak towards the inner 
 margin. The body is testaceous brown above, gray underneath, and covered on both sides with 
 delicate silky hairs ; the antenna are annulated, the club has a ferruginous tip, and the tails are 
 black with a whitish extremity. 
 
 Our museum contains eleven specimens, of which five are females. 
 
 27. Thecla Xenophon. Ala supra maris fulvce in sanguineum vergentes, limbis omnibus fuscis, 
 anticarum latissimis, limbo exteriore singularum ad medium cum angulo abrupto dilatato; fcemina? 
 pagind omni unicolores brunnem .- subtus canescenti-fusca nitore cupreo-ferrugineo lavatee, liturii 
 brevi transversa simplici albicante fasco margindta in disco, fascidque insigni fuscescente com- 
 pletd pone medium extus albo marginatd, in regione anali saturation, hie utrinque striga argenteo- 
 nitente limbatd etfiexuosim admarginem interior em ductd ; ocellis analibus duobus, alter o exteriore 
 minore ovato transverso coeco, in plagd saturatiore fascial marginalis nidulante, absque iride 
 distinctd, altera appendicido anali ipso imposito maximo, dimidio exteriore striga albd ad ocel- 
 lum exteriorem productd et denique fimbrid nigra circumscripta; tcenid ocellis intermedid fused 
 transversa strigdque brevi obliqud angulo anali paralleld, albo irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc 2- 
 3 lin.) 
 
 Plate iv. fig. 2, Larva ; fig. 2, a. Chrysalis. 
 Hesperia R. Xenophon. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 272. No. 47. 
 Papilio Melampus. Cram. pi. 362. fig, G. H. (the male.) 
 Papilio Xenophon. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) 
 
 Polyommatus Xenophon. MM. Latr. and Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 640. 
 
 Wings above, in the male, deep fulvous inclining to red, the anterior having broad black borders on 
 
 all the margms, the posterior very narrow black marginal threads exteriorly and posteriorly, and 
 
 the nervures, in general, of the same colour ; near the middle the exterior border of both pair has 
 
 a sudden angular projection, from which the borders continue broader to the base ; in the female 
 
 the 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. gr 
 
 the surface of all the wings is uniformly deep brown ; the anal region has in both sexes, within 
 the extreme blackish boundary, a white thread, which encloses the anal appendage : underneath 
 the wings are grayish brown with a slight cupreous reflexion; the disk of each pair is marked 
 with a short oblique white streak, delicately bordered with brown, and intermediate between 
 this and the posterior margin, a saturated reddish-brown striga passes the surface of both pair, 
 being nearly straight in the anterior, and slightly interrupted in the hinder, until it approaches 
 the anal region, where it makes a sudden curve, becomes flexuose, and terminates near the mid- 
 dle of the interior margin ; it has a faint exterior edge of white, which, in the hinder pair, 
 increases in intensity to the anal region, where it is of a brilliant satin white, and accompanied 
 by a parallel interior striga of the same colour ; the anal appendage is entirely covered by a 
 round black spot ; an oblong spot of the same colour stands exteriorly of the tail, in a marginal 
 band of a more saturated tint than the ground colour, surrounded by a ferruginous ring, but 
 without a distinct iris ; a round group of white atoms occupies the space between this and the anal 
 appendage ; a brilliant white thread, commencing near the middle of the posterior margin, winds 
 along the anal region and appendage, being edged by the extreme brown fringe : body covered 
 with long delicate hairs, which are ferruginous brown above and grayish underneath; legs 
 banded alternately white and black ; tails black, tipt with white ; eyes with a pronounced white 
 edge posteriorly ; antenna annulated with white, the club being tipt with brown. 
 
 It may be useful to bring into one point of view, the discriminating characters of the two last nearly 
 allied species, and to annex a few remarks on their history. I have satisfactorily identified the species 
 named Jarbas, by the comparison of a specimen in the Banksian cabinet, marked with a ticket in Fabricius 
 own hand-writing. The prior name of Jarbas, which the ticket bears, and which is also found in the 
 Mantissa Insectorum, where the insect was first described, has been exchanged in the Entomologia Syst. 
 Emendata, for the more classical name of Jarbas, which had been applied to another species. The speci- 
 men preserved in the Banksian cabinet is a male, from Siam, and accurately agrees with the individuals 
 collected by me in Java. The species named Xenophon by Fabricius is distinctly figured by Cramer with 
 the name of Melampus (PI. 362. G.H.), and less accurately by Donovan in his Indian insects. The authors 
 of the Encyclopedie, in the description of the Diurnal Lepidoptera (Hist. Nat. ix. 646), cite the figure 
 of Cramer in illustration of Jarbas, but according to the preceding statements it should be referred to 
 Xenophon. In all descriptions hitherto given which I have seen, one sex only is delineated : I am now 
 enabled to illustrate both sexes, and by that means, through the comparison of numerous specimens of each 
 species, exhibiting the modifications peculiar to the sexes, to remove the ambiguity remaining in systematic 
 writers regarding these two species. 
 
 The peculiarities of Th. Jarbas are the following : it is at least one-fifth larger than Xenophon, the longi- 
 tudinal extent is also proportionally greater, and the general outline of the surface of the expanded insect 
 is more regularly triangular ; the ground colour of the upper surface, in the male, inclines to fulvous, the 
 exterior and posterior borders alone are brown, and the latter decreases gradually in breadth to the inner 
 apical angle ; the hinder wings are entirely without any black discoloration towards the base ; in the female a 
 saturated testaceous tint, with a slight cast of metallic yellow, extends uniformly over the surface, with a very 
 gradual increase of strength towards the margins. Several minute peculiarities of the under surface in each 
 species have been detailed in the preceding description ; and here I have only to note the brilliant orange lunule 
 over the exterior anal ocellus, which affords a permanent characteristic distinction to Jarbas. In Xenophon 
 the anterior wings are slightly rounded at the external apical angle ; the exterior margin has a very slight 
 sinuosity, which is too strongly expressed in Cramer's figure, and the general contour is somewhat broader 
 
 than 
 
g6 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 , i r .i - „ 1t1 ji,™ ; s mn re saturated, with less of a fulvous shade ; the 
 
 than in Jarbas } the ground colour of the upper surface is more saturdu: , „„ <lf „„;„ r 
 
 , , ■ i_ u a „n c ,M oa the interior, as well as the exterior and posterior 
 
 anterior wines are enclosed with borders on all sides, tlie mierioi, m r 
 
 border is dark brown ; the borders generally are broader, have a deeper tint, and the exterior costal projec- 
 tion is more prominent; the hinder wings have a large black spot in the middle of the exterior margin, 
 extending to the base, and gradually diffusing itself over the nervures ; on the under surface the exterior 
 ocellus is comparatively small, obsolete, oblong, or irregularly denned, bedded m a circular ring of the 
 marginal band, but never provided interiorly with a fulvous arch: the female has above an uniform deep 
 blackish brown colour without any yellowish shade. 
 
 Both species were occasionally obtained by breeding, but I have only preserved the details of Thecla 
 Xenophon. The larva feeds on Schmkdelia racemosa, and was found in considerable abundance. The larva 
 and chrysalis are represented on the fourth plate : fig. 2 ; 2, a. The drawings of the larva in our collection, 
 which were made at different periods of the age of the insect, vary in colour from yellow with a greenish 
 cast, to dark ferruginous brown, and at one period the lateral bands are very obscure. 
 
 The Hon. Company's Museum contains of Thecla Jarbas six male and five female specimens, and of Thecla 
 Xenophon seven male and six female specimens, most of which were obtained by breeding. 
 
 28. Thecla Nedymond. Alee supra maris nigra, anticce plagd cyaned mediand maxima angulatd, versus 
 marginem interiorem attenuatd, posticce limbo cyaneo apicali latissimo : subtus dimidiatim albce 
 acfuscce limite intermedia recto, dimidio apicali anticarwm ad medium strigd undulatd subdiviso, 
 plagd interiore ex rufo ferrugineo nitente saturatiore ; posticm in regione anali fascia breri 
 insigni transversa aterrimd notatce, utrinque puncto minuto accessorio ; angulo anali flavo, 
 ferrngineo maculoto, strigisque duabus obsoletis abbreviatis ejusdem coloris freto, maculisque 
 insuper quatuor nigerrimis difformibus ornato, exteriore ocellari, medio duplici ex lunulis duabus 
 oppositis, interiore brevi marginali ; omnibus nitide argenteo irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 4 lin.) 
 Papilio Nedymond. Cram. pi. 299. fig. E. F. 
 Posterior wings narrow and elongate, with a prominent notch in the anal region, whence they pass 
 in a regular curve to the inner angle, bearing the tail in the middle, and the anal appendage, 
 which is narrow, elongate, and contracted at the base, at the extreme point. Upper surface 
 black ; anterior pair with a deep cyaneous patch covering the whole discoidal area, broader ante- 
 riorly and gradually attenuated towards the interior margin ; hinder wings with a broad posterior 
 border of the same cyaneous tint, passing parallel with the margin over one-third of the entire 
 surface, with a regularly defined inner edge: underneath the wings are white with a silvery gloss 
 from the base to the middle and ferruginous brown posteriorly, the boundary between the basal 
 and apical portions being regularly transverse, extending from the middle of the costa over the 
 disk to the anal region ; the apical portion is almost equally divided in the anterior wings by an 
 undulating blackish striga, the inner portion being of a more saturated reddish brown tint; in 
 the hinder pair the dark portion decreases in breadth towards the anal region, and terminates in 
 a curve following the outline of the wings ; a deep black streak, regularly transverse and tending 
 to the inner margin, stands at a small distance from the anal curve, accompanied by a solitary 
 dot at each extremity; the anal region is either entirely ferruginous or clouded with the brown 
 ground colour of the apical portion of the wing, sending off two short evanescent ferruginous 
 strigee, parallel with the margin ; this region is likewise adorned with several irregularly defined 
 black marks, covered with rich greenish metallic irrorations ; the first of these is an ocellate spot, 
 exterior of the tail near the marginal notch, bearing a broad shining lunule, next follow two short 
 
 opposite 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 97 
 
 opposite transverse streaks, tending to the anal appendage, and finally a short narrow attenuated 
 line, parallel with the oblique portion of the anal angle ; the posterior margin is confined by 
 a black marginal thread, edged interiorly by a narrow white striga, which is more pronounced 
 at the internal angle; the surface of the anal appendage is black, the tails are tipt with white; 
 the body is black above, white underneath, the sides of the abdomen being annulated ; the antennae 
 are delicately banded, and the legs are marked with broad alternate rings of black and white. 
 
 39. Thecxa Chitra. Alee supra ferrugineo-fusca saturates subnitentes, anticce immaculate, 
 posticce plagd alba terminali in regione anali maculis duabus nigris fretd, exterior e punctis albis 
 irroratd ; subtus antica; fulvee basi dilutiore, stigmate obliquo flavo in disco, pone hoc fascia 
 arcuatd versus marginem interiorem saturatiore, ex lineolis confluentibus fuscis efformatd, 
 denique striga marginali tenui fused cano fembriatd ; posticce alba, limbo apicali latissimo fulvo, 
 versus regionem analem attenuato in strigam tenuem fiexuosim usque ad marginem interiorem 
 excurrentem ; lined obliqud brevi fiavicante tenuissimd discoided, tunc ad medium alee fascia 
 obsoletd ex punctis fuscis efformatd et in areola anali striga transversa aterrimd ad marginem 
 interiorem tendente punctoque solitario nigro in medio ejusdem marginis ; pone quam strigam 
 macula; quinque difformes nigerrima seriatim in limite regionis analis dispositce, prima ad 
 angulum exteriorem ortd oblongd, secundd cuneatd intus striga viridi-argented irroratd, tertid 
 subocellari annulo viridi-argenteo subjectd, quartd duplici ex lituris duabus oppositis cuneatis, 
 totidemque strigis intermediis viridi-argenteis, qidntd denique attenuatd margini interiori 
 approximatd et striga argented fere opertd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.) 
 
 Plate I, fig. 5. 
 Wings agreeing in form, longitudinal extent, and in the notch and anal appendage of the hinder 
 pair, with the preceding species ; surface above dark brown, with a very slight ferruginous lustre, 
 being paler on the disk and more saturated at the borders ; in the hinder pair the anal region 
 is covered by a broad white patch, confined posteriorly by a delicate black marginal thread and 
 bearino- two irregularly round black spots, the exterior one being dotted with white ; the anal 
 appendage bears a black dash, attenuated interiorly and marked laterally with a greenish silvery 
 line ; the extreme fringe of the hinder pair and the tails throughout being white : underneath 
 the anterior wings are fulvous, the hinder silvery white, with a broad fulvous posterior border, 
 attenuated towards the anal region, and continued by a narrow striga passing irregularly 
 flexuose to the inner margin ; the anterior wings are paler at the base, have an obscure yellowish 
 litura on the disk, behind this a curved brown striga, increasing in breadth and intensity of tint 
 towards the interior margin, and finally a black marginal thread ; the hinder have a very deli- 
 cate linear yellowish transverse streak on the disk, a medial band of brown dots, more saturated 
 near the costa, and continued at the inner boundary of the anal areola by a very deep black 
 broad regularly transverse streak, tending to the inner margin, and accompanied, a little above 
 its termination, by a solitary black dot ; the anal region is interiorly bounded by a series of 
 diversified marks, of an intense black colour, disposed in a simple curve ; it commences, near 
 the outer apical angle, with an oblong black streak touching a wedge-shaped streak with a 
 minute dash of green silvery irrorations at its inner extremity; this is followed by two large 
 irregularly defined black spots which also appear on the upper surface, the exterior one being 
 bordered at its inner margin by a crescent of silvery irrorations, the next divided into two 
 
 portions 
 
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 portions by the passage of the fulvous striga, bearing near the middle two silvery lunules 
 opposed to each other; the series is terminated by a black streak, extending in contact with 
 the fulvous band along the oblique portion of the inner margin, being nearly concealed by 
 a corresponding streak of silvery irrorations; the anal appendage is black, and surrounded by a 
 lax ciliated white fringe which is broader internally; the thorax and abdomen are brown 
 above and white underneath, the latter being banded at the sides; the feet are white annulated 
 with black ; the antenna are also delicately annulated, and the club has a broad white ring at its 
 base and a ferruginous tip. 
 
 The resemblance, in general habit, in the outline of the wings and in the characteristic marks of the lower 
 surface, between the two species last described, is so striking, as to cause an inquiry, whether, notwith- 
 standing the palpable difference in colour, they might be no more than different sexes of the same 
 species. A careful examination has however convinced me that this is not the case. In No. 28 the upper 
 surface of the hinder wings is without the least indication of the ocellate spots in the anal region ; in 
 the lower surface the fascia, dividing the posterior portion of the fore wings, has a different direction, and 
 in the hinder wings of the same species the dimidial portion has not any indication of a transverse discoidal 
 striga, whereas No. 29 has a very distinct transverse line on the disk of the same wings. Our collection 
 contains six specimens of Thecla Chitra and seven of Thecla Nedymond, which individually closely agree with 
 the description given of them. 
 
 It is my duty to caution the reader against confounding our 28th species with the Polyommatus Nedymond 
 of the authors of the Encyclopedic, and to state the reasons of my differing in this instance, from the learned 
 authors of that work. Our 28th species, according to my judgment, is distinctly figured on the 299th plate of 
 Cramer's work, with the name of Pcqrilio Nedymond. This specific name is applied, in the Encyclopedie, 
 to an analogous species, which is also described in this catalogue in the next subgenus in its proper section ; 
 and the authors of that work, perceiving some discrepancies between the latter species and Cramer's figure 
 of the former, point them out in a note. These discrepancies relate chiefly to the anal appendage and the 
 tails, and to the colours and markings of the anal region of the posterior wings underneath. Possessing 
 specimens of both insects, I have been enabled clearly to identify Cramer's figure with our 28th species ; 
 and the detail of the peculiarities of the analogous species, will afford the means of a distinct discrimination. 
 
 ** Antennae e basi usque ad apicem sensim incrassatm, capitulo haud distincto ; tarsi 
 pedum anticorum in mare articulo solitario inermi obtusissimo, superficie verticali abrupte 
 terminato : larva veri depressoscutata typum Jiujus generis exhibe?is in sectione prima 
 vel tertia illustratur. (Tab. iv. fig. 3 and 4.) 
 
 Subgenus Amblypodia. 
 
 f Cauda solitarid oblique divergente, cum appendiculo anali elongato connata. 
 
 30. Amblypodia Narada. Alee supra maris nigricanti-fuscce, plagd mediand maxima eyaned, vel 
 secundum aspectum ex purpureo fuscescente, ad basin usque extensd, limbis apicalibus angustis ; 
 fceminse dilutiores fuscescentes, plagd mediand azureo-purpured ex argenteo nitente limbis latio- 
 ribus cinctd : subtiis canescentes in mare saturatiores, striga communi fused obliqud ab angulo 
 apicali anteriore regionem analem posticorum versus ductd, extils colore saturation limbatd, 
 pagind omni huic striga: interiori, ad basin usque, fusco pidveridentd ; serie duplici intra 
 marginali ex lunulis obsoletis in posticis increscentibus nigro alboquc pulvemlentis, appendiculo 
 anali intus, cauddque medio obscuro albo notatis. (Exp. alar. ] una 6 lin.) 
 
 Wings 
 
LEPIDOPTERA: 
 
 99 
 
 Plate I, fig. 8. 
 Hlngs above, in the male, blackish brown, with a cyaneous patch on both pair, corresponding in 
 outline with the wings and covering the whole surface from the base to a regularly denned dis- 
 tance from the anterior and posterior margins, the tint varying in brilliancy according to the 
 direction of the light; in the female the ground-colour is paler, the blue patch has a light azure 
 tint with a purple reflexion, is less widely diffused, especially in the posterior pair, and the 
 borders are proportionally broad : beneath the surface of the wings is brown in the male, with 
 a glaucous reflexion and gray in the female, and the markings, although of the same character, 
 are less prominent in the latter sex ; a brown band, commencing at the outer apical angle of 
 the fore wings, passes obliquely through both pair to the anal region of the hinder, where it 
 forms a gradual curve and terminates at the middle of the inner margin, having the outer edge 
 regularly defined and of a deeper tint, the inner gradually evanescent; the whole surface of the 
 wing, from the band to the base, is speckled or irregularly mottled with blackish brown, and 
 on each pair a very obscure stigma is scarcely perceptible; between this band and the posterior 
 margin is a double series of obscure dotted lunules facing each other with their concavities, 
 which in the hinder pair is more distinct, with gradually diverging lunules ; the margins between 
 the nervures, the inner series of lunules, the anal appendage at its inner edge, and the tails are 
 clouded with whitish dots. The body is blackish above and brown or gray underneath : the 
 antenna; are almost uniformly brown to the tip, which is ferruginous. 
 
 Our museum contains one male and one female specimen, both in high state of preservation ; the former is 
 represented in the eighth figure of our first plate. It was obtained from the caterpillar by breeding : its 
 similarity, in the larva and pupa states, to Ami. Apidanus, will be pointed out in the subsequent remarks 
 on that species. Our insect exhibits, in the form of its hinder wings a marked peculiarity, on which a 
 section of this subgenus is founded ; the anal appendage being more lengthened than usual, and united with 
 the tail at the extreme angle of the wing. 
 
 ff Caudis duabus distantibus exteriore minore, appendiculo anali abbreviato. 
 
 31. Amblypodia Vivarna. Alee supra nigricanti-fuscee, maris plagd maxima medicaid in anticis 
 subquadratd in posticis triangulari, saturate' cyaned, nitente, vel secundum aspectum dbscuro 
 purpureo relucente ; fceminae pallidiores immaculatce : subtus fuscm glaucino lavatce, singula 
 pone medium strigd nigricante Jlexuosim arcuatd, ex lunulis appositis in posticis luteo margi- 
 natis efformatd ; anticce insuper, in area mediand lituris duabus transversis parallelis, punctis 
 tribus obsoletis costalibus et denique serie punctorum margini apicali paralleld ; posticce ante 
 basin lunula flavo marginatd una cum striga obsoleta transversim ordinatis, serieque margini 
 apicali paralleld ab angulo anteriore instar punctorum quatuor vel quinque in ordine digestis, 
 sequentibus lunulis totidem flavo marginatis ; pone lianc ad imum marginem macules lunares 
 obsoletius flavo punctulatee tres in ordine digestce, exteriore inter caudas media. (Exp. alar. 
 1 unc. — 1 unc. 4 lin.) 
 
 Wings above, in the male, deep blackish-brown, the anterior with a large oblong brilliant cyaneous 
 patch, the posterior with a triangular one of the same colour, varying in both according to the 
 direction of the light to obscure purple, being separated from the margins by a regularly defined 
 border of the ground colour, which is broader at the inner margin of the hinder wings where the 
 
 o 2 anal 
 
100 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 anal excavation has a grayish tint; in the female the whole surface is uniformly dark brown in 
 both pair: underneath, alike in both sexes, brown with a glaucous tint, the surface being also 
 marked with a few clouds inclining to a purple colour ; an irregularly arched and flexuose 
 streak, consisting of delicate lunules in close succession, passes through both pair ; in the 
 anterior pair it commences at the same distance from the costa and the inner margin, and after 
 a short curve at each extremity forms a large arch in the middle area tending towards the pos- 
 terior margin, in the hinder it winds over the surface in a serpentine course, and the lunules are 
 individually edged externally with pale sulphureous yellow ; the anterior wings have further two 
 short transverse liturae in the middle area before the disk, three obsolete marginal dots near the 
 medial portion of the costa, and finally a row of dots parallel with the posterior margin ; the 
 hinder wings have, near the base, a lunule edged with yellow and an obsolete waving litura 
 disposed in succession as a striga, then, behind the curved medial striga, a series parallel with 
 the posterior margin, commencing at the outer apical angle with four or five successive obsolete 
 dots, followed by as many lunules edged with yellow and continued in a flexuose direction to 
 the inner angle, and finally, at the anal termination of the wing, three semilunar marks, faintly 
 dotted with yellow, extending from the outer tail to the inner edge of the anal appendage. The 
 body is brown above and gray underneath, and the antennae have a brown tint to the ferruginous 
 tip, the rings having a very faint grayish discoloration : the inner tail, which exceeds the other 
 in length, is brown with a grayish tip. 
 
 This species differs from the former, as well as from the following, in the anal appendage and in the tails, 
 and on the indications afforded by these, minor subdivisions have been proposed which remain to be con- 
 firmed by the Lepidoptera of other countries. Our specimens are four males and one female. As far as I 
 have been able to observe, the anterior foot of the male is without claw and abruptly terminated by a vertical 
 surface, agreeing with the character assigned to this subgenus. 
 
 ttt Caudis tribus, intermedio elongate, lateralibus minimis dentiformibus : appendiculo anali brevi. 
 32. Amblypodia Apidanus. Ala supra maris omnes pagind totd saturate" purpurea, vel in certa 
 luce cyaneo resplendentes, limbis angustissimis nigris, posticarum in regione anali subundulatis, 
 canali abdomen excipiente cinerascente ; fceminte fuscce plagd maxima cyaned, vel alio aspectu 
 thalassino-argenteo nitente, de basi ultra medium extensd, limitibus singidis marginibus paral- 
 lelis: suhtus fusees canescente fasciatcc, margaritacece, anticarum apicibus posticarum pagind 
 feri totd nitore violaceo lavatis ; singula ad basin tmnid costali saturate' puniced oblongd attenu- 
 atd; antica fasciis tribus cinerascentibus, anteriore dimidiatd vel in forma stigmatis abrupti 
 abbreviatd, alterd pone medium sitd, tertid submarginali, his in area anali cinerascente evanes- 
 centibus; posticce basi totd saturate" fusca, tunc plagd latissimd transversa cinerascente violaceo 
 lavatd fascid insigni fused cano-limbatd fretd, in area costali simplici lata in mediana et 
 anali autem ex seriebus duabus oppositis efformatd, anteriore intemptd alterd continud fascii 
 posterior nigricante confluente et una cum ilia in arcum per paginam Mum ducta ; denigue intra 
 margmem posticum strigd nigricante flexuosa cano-limbatd, maculisque duabus distant^ 
 subocellanbus maris intus albo irroratis rarius punctis paucis inauratis omatis. (Exp alar 
 I una 5 — 10 lin.) v • t" • 
 
 Papilio P. R. Apidanus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 69. No. 658 
 Papilio Apidanus. Cram. pi. 137. fig. F. G. (the male.) 
 
 Papilio 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 101 
 
 Papilio Dorimond. Stoll, Suppl. a Cram. pi. 37. fig. 4 and 4 D. (The female.) 
 Polyommatus Apidanus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 652. 
 ftings above, in the male, covered on the whole surface, excepting a very narrow posterior black 
 marginal thread, with a saturated purple tint, reflecting in a certain light a cyaneous gloss, or 
 transmitting in another aspect the blackish ground colour with a faint livid lustre ; in the female 
 the wings are blackish brown, with a brilliant cyaneous patch, adorned with a rich silvery gloss of 
 a more intense tint at the base, and defined in both pair according to the outline of the wing, being 
 separated from the margin by a broad regular border of the blackish-brown ground colour. Under- 
 neath the wings are alike in both sexes ; the ground colour is deep brown with a reddish cast, and 
 marked with broad cinereous slightly yellowish bands, and with occasional pearly spots ; the tips of 
 the fore wings and the whole surface of the hinder, being covered with a purple reflexion ; the 
 wings bear individually, at the base, near the costa, an oblique attenuated streak of a deep crimson 
 shining tint ; the anterior have further three grayish bands, of which thefirst is abruptly terminated 
 before the disk, and often appears in the form of a short stigma, the two others are terminated 
 in the anal region at a small distance from the inner margin ; the exterior band is often unde- 
 fined and spreads diffusely to the margin ; in some specimens a few minute grayish dots stand 
 near the base ; in the posterior wings the basal portion is dark brown ; a broad cinereous band, 
 highly tinctured with purple, occupies the medial portion, bearing a compound brown band 
 faintly bordered with gray, consisting in the costal area of a short simple brown patch to which 
 two parallel bands are joined, the anterior being interrupted the posterior continued and united 
 with a deep ferruginous blackish brown band which passes in an arch across the disk ; exterior 
 of this are a few obsolete dots near the posterior margin being defined internally by a narrow 
 waving blackish striga; the dots towards the outer apical angle are very faint, but in the anal 
 region are two pronounced black subocellate spots, the exterior being placed between the tails, 
 and the other which is largest, at the extreme anal angle ; they are generally speckled with 
 white within and at the sides and in some cases adorned with a few silvery spots. The body 
 is deep blackish brown or purple above, and ferruginous brown and hairy underneath ; the 
 antenna are nearly throughout ferruginous brown ; the intermediate tail is narrowly tipt with 
 gray. The tarsi of the male are covered above with small, and of the female with large scales, 
 which appear pendulous under the lens. 
 
 Amblypodia Apidanus appears, agreeably to my observations, to be the most abundant species of this 
 section. Our museum contains at least sixteen individuals, three-fourths of which are females. Most of 
 these were obtained while I was carrying on my observations on the metamorphosis of Javanese Lepidoptera. 
 The larva feeds on the leaves of several species of Eugenia and Calyptranthes. It occurred not 
 unfrequently, and was from time to time undergoing its change in my breeding cages. Observing some dif- 
 ference in the individuals, which I ascribed to the difference of age, the subject was more than once 
 delineated ; the forms under which I observed it are represented in the third and fourth figures of the 
 fourth plate. On arranging my materials for publication, and examining them with more minuteness than 
 was practicable during a very extensive series of inquiries, I discovered our 30th species, Amblypodia 
 Narada, mixed with a large number of individuals of Arab. Apidanus, obtained by breeding, and designated 
 by the same mark. It now was manifest to me, that what I had considered, in the larva state, a mere variety 
 of form, owing to the age of the individual, was in reality a different species, modified in the perfect insect, 
 in the character of the wings and affording the type of a separate section in the subgenus. But, although 
 this fact was apparent, yet the general agreement of the two larvae, as well as the respective chrysalides, 
 
 confirmed 
 
102 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 confirmed the character of depressoscutata given to it in the generic description, in conformity with the 
 denomination originally employed in the Wiener Verzeichnis. I feel it my duty to make this candid state- 
 ment in this place, as it is not in my power to indicate, with entire certainty, which of the two larvae No. 3 
 and No. 4 of my fourth plate, belongs to Ami. Narada, and which to Ami. Apidanus; the indication I have 
 given in the explanation of the fourth plate is provisional, and requires a final confirmation. 
 
 33. Amblypodia Centaurus. Alee supra maris purpurea nitore in chalybeum vergente vel in alio 
 aspeciu violacecefusco relucentes, fimbrid et posticarum canali interim abdomen excipiente nigris ; 
 fceminae nigricantes, singula plagd amplissimd cyaned fulgidd ad basin mruginoso irroratd posticS 
 sensim pallidiore, limbis exterioribus anticarian latioribus : subtus anticce canescentes apicibus 
 submargaritaceis, plagd basali maxima extiis costam attingente intus appendiculo oblongo obliquo 
 attenuate cano-cincto stipatd; fascia mediand cano limbatl ad marginem inter ior em fractd 
 et fascia posticd intus evanescente saturate' fuscis ; in area mediana macidis duabus oblongis 
 et fascia brevi discoided saturate fuscis annulis strigisque margaritaceo nitentibus cinctis ; 
 in area anali macidis duabus obscuris basi connatis ; posticce obscure margaritaceo! violaceo 
 nitentes ad basin maculis pluribus difformibus cano marginatis in seriebus duabus ordinatis ; 
 tunc fascia insigni mediand cano limbatd bipartitd ramo anteriore interrupto, et denique fascia 
 apicali cum striga undulata carta intus limbata saturate fuscis ; macida ires nigerrima semiovata? 
 ad anqulum analem in serie margini postica paralleld confluentes, latissimo viridi-aureo irroratce, 
 imd puncto nigro fretd. (Exp. alar. 1 una 8 lin.-2 una) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Centaurus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 68. No. 646. 
 
 Hospitatur in Musao Domini Banks, Societati Linneanse Londinensi munifice donato, 
 
 nomine a Fabricio ipso inscripto. 
 Polyommatus Centaurus. MM. Lair, et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 658. 
 Wings above, in the male, bright purple inclining to azure, with a rich cyaneous gloss uniformly 
 spread over the surface assuming according to the light a livid cast varying to brown, sur- 
 rounded along all the margins by a narrow black thread, which is somewhat broader in the 
 anal region ; inner marginal canal for enclosing the abdomen gray with a silky down ; in the 
 female blackish brown with a large medial cyaneous patch, circumscribed in both pairs according 
 to the outline of the wing, broader along the exterior margin and gradually decreasing in 
 intensity of tint towards the posterior borders ; the medial area covered with a rich refulgence, 
 the base with a radiating verdigris cloud varying according to the direction of the light : under- 
 neath, ground colour of the fore wings cinereous, with a pearly somewhat violaceous cloud 
 towards the outer apical angle ; the basal portion, spreading near the costa towards the middle 
 of the wing, but evanescent in the anal area with an oblong dentiform obliquely diverging process 
 edged with gray, within which are two very obsolete brown spots ; then a defined medial fascia with 
 undulated marginal gray strigse abruptly infracted in the anal area, and a broad posterior border 
 evanescent internally, and in most individuals divided by a faint transverse grayish striga, dark fer- 
 ruginous brown; two dark oval spots, commencing at the base and successively larger, encircled with 
 pearly silvery rings, adorn the medial area, and are followed, on the disk, by a short broad band 
 edged with shining silvery lines ; hinder wings with a pearly ground colour, minutely dotted 
 with gray, and covered on the disk with a rich violet reflexion, marked at the base with two 
 transverse rows of oval or irregularly oblong spots of ferruginous brown, edged with oray, and 
 increasing in size as they recede from the base ; a very broad band of the same brown tint, 
 
 edged 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 105 
 
 edged with undulated gray strigce, consisting in the middle and anal areolets of two branches, 
 of which the anterior is interrupted, crosses the middle of the wing in form of an arch ; and a 
 very broad border verging to ferruginous passes along the posterior margin, being edged 
 internally by a waving line of a deeper tint; inner extremity of the margin, in the anal region, 
 ornamented with three oblong semi-ovate intensely black spots disposed at the extreme angle in 
 a uniform connected series, covered with rich golden irrorations inclining to green : thorax above 
 in both sexes, irrorated with a verdigris shade; abdomen brown; both these covered underneath 
 with a tawny down ; antennae nearly uniformly brown ; intermediate tail with a dull grayish tip, 
 lateral tails minute, obscure. 
 
 I have been enabled to identify this species with the Hesperia Centauries of Fabricius, by the examination 
 of a specimen contained in the Banksian Museum, bearing a ticket in his own hand-writing. It is closely 
 allied to the following, but its prominent distinctions are the pure purple tint of the upper surface of the 
 male, and the brilliant, pearly rings, enclosing the spots in the medial area of the fore wings of both sexes, 
 underneath. Besides other peculiarities which appear in the detailed descriptions, the markings are more 
 pronounced in our specimens of Centaurus, and the tints are more diversified. Our collection contains three 
 male and six female specimens of this very beautiful species which, as far as I have observed, has not yet 
 been figured. 
 
 34. Amblypodia Helus. Alee supra maris saturate azurece Icetissime argenteo-relucentes, lunula 
 
 ad appendiculum analem alba, fimbria canalique abdominali posticarum canis .- subtus canescenti- 
 
 fuscce, maculis fasciisque saturatioribus, lineis sordidi albis absque ullo splendore limbatis ; 
 
 anticai in area mediana maculis tribus, in serie ordinatis, interiore minore, exteriore latiore, 
 
 fasciam brevem mentiente, et in area anali, versus basin, macula duos oblique- dispositce ; pone 
 
 discum fascia ex maculis brevibus conftuentibus, in medio fracti, marginem interiorem non 
 
 attingente, et denique fascia apicali obsoletd cano-strigosd ; posticce ad basin maculis circiter sex 
 
 in serie duplici dispositis, tunc fascia dimidiatd submaculari arcuatd margine interiore termi- 
 
 natd ; pone discum fascia maculari completd arcuatim paginam percurrente, et denique fascia 
 
 obsoletd margini postico paralleld lineis undulatis obscuri canis limbatl ; in regione anali macula 
 
 tres nigerrimce exterioribus oblongo-lunaribus intimd ad angulum sitd subrotundj, omnibus strigd 
 
 undulati viridi-aured intiis limbatis. (Exp. alar. 1 tine. 10 lin.) 
 
 Papilio Helius. Cram. pi. 201. fig. F.G. 
 
 Polyommatus Helus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 652. 
 The peculiarities of this species, in the upper surface, are, a most brilliant azure tint, extending 
 uniformly over the whole, and reflecting a rich silvery lustre, similar to that of Morpho Adonis, but of a more 
 saturated hue ; in the lower surface the spots and bands are edged with delicate whitish rings and lines, but 
 without any pearly lustre or metallic gloss. The disposition and the character of the bands is also peculiar 
 in several points : they consist of confluent fragments, bordered by strongly undulated strigse, appearing 
 macular, and the medial band of the hinder wings is simple. 
 
 My account of this species is unsatisfactory, since we have but a single male specimen in our collection : it 
 is however in high perfection, and exhibits, unchanged, the rich brilliancy of the upper surface. The 
 figure of Cramer represents the marginal lines which confine the bands as they exist in our specimen. 
 
 35. Amblypodia Eumolphus. Alee supra, maris smaragdinx ex aureo Icetissime micantes ; anticcs 
 
 limbo apicali angusto atro margini prorsus parallelo, post'ece limbis omnbius latioribus atris : 
 
 fceminae 
 
104) DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 foeminae nigra singula plagd smaragdind aureo micante, anticarum ad discum externa, posti- 
 carum basilar i triangulari : subtus fusca in canescentem vergentes, maculis fasciisque saturatio- 
 ribus notata ; antica maculis tribus ovatis annulis sericeo-flavis margaritaceis cinctis, in area 
 mediana seriatim ordinatis, basilari minore, exteriore discoidali fasciam brevem mentiente, area 
 anali huic seriei contigud ddutiore maculisque duabus oblongis oblique divergentihus fretd ; tunc 
 pone discum fascid insigni marginem interiorem vix attingente strigis undulatis flavicantibus lim- 
 batd ad medium infractd, et denique fascid submarginali obsoleti strigis canescentibus marginatd ; 
 posticcB maculis circiter sex incequalibus cano-marginatis, prope basin in serie duplici ordi- 
 natis ; tunc fascid mediand insigni, in area costali lata simplici, in mediana autem et anali ex 
 ramis duobus parallelis undulatis efformatd, lineis canis limbatd ; tunc ad marginem posticum 
 fascid obsoletiore et denique ad imurn angulum analem maculis tribus oblongc-lunaribus contiguis, 
 interiore subocellari puncto aterrimo fretd, omnibus introrsum strigdundulatdviridi-aureofulgidl 
 marginatis. (Exp. alar. 1 una 7 lin. — 2 unc.) 
 
 Papilio Eumolphus. Cram. pi. 299. fig. G. H. (the female.) 
 Polyommatus Eumolphus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. ix. 652. 
 
 Wings above, in the male, deep emerald -green, with a rich golden refulgence, spreading over the 
 surface to a deep black border, which is narrow and regularly denned in the/ore wings, broader 
 and indented in the hinder wings ; in the female black, the greenish golden lustre being limited, 
 in the fore-wings to a medial patch extending to the base, and in the hinder to a triangular 
 spot occupying the basal areolet: underneath brown, in some individuals inclining to gray ; fore 
 wings, with a series of three successively larger dark brown spots in the medial area surrounded 
 with pearly shining rings, the first near the base being smallest, the exterior one on the disk 
 constituting a short broad band bordered with white undulated marginal lines; the contiguous 
 portion of the anal area marked with two oblong tapering obliquely diverging spots of the 
 same colour ; behind the disk follows a broad dark-brown complete fascia, broken in the 
 middle, with white undulated edges, and finally, parallel with the margin, a more obscure band 
 with paler grayish undulations; hinder wings with six or seven oval or irregularly round dark 
 brown spots, narrowly edged with gray, disposed in two successive interrupted row's near the 
 base ; next, a more prominent transverse band, of the same colour, simple and broad in the costal 
 area, subdivided into two parallel branches, in the medial and anal area; behind this an obsolete 
 band parallel with the margin, faintly undulated with gray, and succeeded in the anal region bv 
 three deep black oblong lunular spots, arranged in regular succession close to the margin, the 
 interior one being somewhat larger and marked with an intensely black subocellate spot, the 
 whole being confined along the inner edge by a waving emerald green band richly covered with 
 irrorations of a golden lustre. The body above agrees in colour with the adjoining portion of 
 the wings, and underneath is covered with a light gray down. The antenna are brown to the 
 middle and ferruginous towards the extremity. The intermediate tail is slender, tipt with gray s 
 and the lateral tails are very minute. 
 
 Cramer gives a distinct figure of the male of this species. Our collection contains one male and two 
 female specimens ; by these materials I have been enabled to point out clearly the difference between 
 Eumolphus and Helus, and to remove the doubt, expressed by the authors of the Encyclopedie, re^ardin^ 
 their distinctness as species. 
 
 36. 
 
36. 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 1rtl . 
 
 tftt Cauda solitarid longissimd .< appendiculo anali Uneari subelongato. 
 
 Amblypodia Sugriva. Ala supra maris oftw, anMea nemo costali extimo flavicante ad apicem 
 striolis inbus obliquis tenuissimi signato, posticm fascid apicali lata cyaned in saturate" thalassinum 
 variabili, unguium exteriorem turn attingente ; margine interiore ad basin fusco ultra medium 
 flavicante, areola anali cauddque fulvis, lunulis duabus nigris, alterd exteriore denti marginali 
 approximatd, alterd in appendiculo anali situ .- subtils ochraceo-fitscce fasciis maculisque satura- 
 tioribus brunneis, ex flavido tenuissimi limbatis ; anticce macula basali, stigmate brevi in disco, 
 fasciisque tribus latissimis, prima anteriore dimidiatd in area anali abruptd, alterd pone discum 
 completd unguium analem versus attenuatd margine postico insigniter undulatd, tertid angustiore 
 marginali subarcuatd ex maculis subcorifluentibus efformatd ; posticm macula ovali ad basin, 
 costs approximatd, tunc fascid maculari insigni irregulariter arcuatd, maculis juxta costam 
 subconfluentibus versus marginem interment per paria subdistantia ordinatis ; pone discum fascid 
 variegatd ex lunulis fuscis introrsum cano adnatis conflatd, paginam arcuatim percurrente parte 
 dimidid costali simplici anali vero duplici ; tunc strigd tenui completd fused subflexuosd, et denique 
 serie macularum oblong arum fuscarum, margini parelleld, maculis duabus in regions anali satu- 
 ratioribus subocellaribus atris, ad basin caudce utrinque dispositis, maculdque oblong a atrd in 
 
 appendiculo anali, seor sum strigd brevi viridi-aured irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 7 lin. Long. 
 
 ab apice costali ad append, anal. 1 unc. 3 lin : — ab apice costali ad extrem. caudse 1 unci lin.) 
 
 Extent of wing proportionally great in the longitudinal direction of the body ; hinder wings 
 narrow, gradually tapering to the anal extremity, with a single marginal notch near the base of 
 the tail. Wings above, in the male, black, the anterior with the extreme costal nerve yellowish 
 and marked near the apex with three delicate oblique black lines ; the posterior with a broad 
 cyaneous marginal band varying according to the aspect to saturated sea-green, terminating at 
 a small distance from the outer apical angle ; inner margin brown from the base to the middle, 
 then yellowish gray and in the anal region orange, which colour extends to the extremity of the 
 tail; there are two black lunules in the anal region, one exterior near the marginal notch, one 
 on the anal appendage : underneath ochraceous brown with spots and bands of a more satu- 
 rated colour bordered throughout with a delicate yellowish line ; anterior pair bearing an 
 oblong spot near the base, a short transverse stigma on the disk and three broad transverse 
 bands; the first, at a small distance from the base, dimidial, abruptly terminated at the anal 
 areola, the next a little beyond the disk, extending across the whole surface attenuated and 
 tending slightly to the inner apical angle, with an irregularly waving posterior margin ; 
 the third somewhat narrower than the former consists of adjoining spots and extends in a 
 gentle curve over the exterior portion of the wing ; the hinder wings have an oval spot near the 
 base in contact with the costa, then a broad irregularly interrupted band passing in an arch 
 across the surface, composed near the costa of subconfluent maculae, but on the disk and near the 
 inner margin of several successive pairs of distinct oval spots; behind the disk a series of brown 
 arcs margined with yellow forms a curved band which extends over the whole surface being simple 
 near the exterior margin, but consisting of a double series of parallel arcs more deeply tinctured 
 as they approach the inner margin ; beyond this follows a delicate brown thread which extends 
 flexuose across the entire wing, forming an inner boundary to a series of oblong spots close to 
 and parallel with the margin, which is continued in the anal region by two deep black ocelli, 
 
 p one 
 
IQQ descriptive catalogue. 
 
 one at each side of the base of the tail, an oblong spot of the same colour marking the anal 
 appendage, all these being adorned individually, at their internal edge, by a delicate streak of 
 greenish silvery irrorations. Body black above covered with a white down underneath : antenna, 
 black with a ferruginous tip, sprinkled with a beautiful snow-white powder underneath to the base 
 of the club, gradually increasing in intensity of tint exteriorly. Tails uniformly bright orange, 
 with a medial nerve of the same colour and a delicate fringe at the sides and tip of a paler tint. 
 
 This remarkable species affords the type of a peculiar subdivision. It has a single tail of excessive length, 
 while the anal appendage is narrow and linear. In these particulars as well as in the outline of the wings it 
 approaches the individuals of the first subgenus, the true Theclce ; the club of its antennae is also slightly 
 attenuated at the extremities, but in its markings it greatly resembles the species arranged in the third 
 subdivision of Amblypodia, particularly Apidanus and Eumolphus. Some uncertainty therefore remains as 
 to its true situation in the series and many intermediate forms are wanting to complete a regular succession 
 of affinities. 
 
 ■ [ | HI Caudis duabus mediocribus subcequalibus, dente marginali conspicuo : appendiculo anali 
 rotundato producto. 
 
 37. Amblypodia Vulcanus. Alee suprd fusca cano fimbriates maris violacece subnitentes ; anticas 
 striolis quatuor abbreviatis incequalibus undulatis fulvis, posticce plagd anali fidvd ocellis 
 duobus atris notatd, interiore lumdee argentece subjecto : sabtus sulphurece, fasciis latis fidvis, 
 seorsum strigd argented mediand interruptd ornatis linedque nigra subundulatd limbatis ; 
 fascia anticarum sex, duabus apicalibus completis margini parallelis exteriore inornatd, 
 tertid subdimidiatd, quartd completd in area costali strigd abbreviatd auctd, indeque extrorsum 
 bifida, quiixtd subdimidiatd in area anali abruptd, sextd basilari obliqud minima ; posticce fasciis 
 sex, duabus marginalibus, quarum exteriore interruptd, secundd completd arcuatim ad marginem 
 interiorem productd, tertid dimidiatd cum secunda ad medium juncta, quartd et quint I com- 
 pletis in regime anali subito inflexis, sextd angustd basilari corpori contigud ; regione anali 
 fulvdpunctis duobus ocellaribus aterrimis fretd. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 3 lin.) 
 
 Papilio P. R. Vulcanus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 66. No. 622. 
 
 Papilio Etolus. Cram. pi. 208. fig. E.F. 
 
 Polyommatus Vukanus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 644. 
 
 Papilio Vulcanus. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) 
 
 Hospitatur in Musaso Dom. Banks. 
 
 38. 
 
 Amblypodia Lohita. Ala supra sordidi fuscce canescenti-nebulosa, cano fimbriata-, maris 
 saturatiores ; anticce e basi ad medium, posticce pagind totd violaceo-micantes ; feminae fasciis 
 paginm inferioris obsoleti strigosce ; posticce insuper plagd anali triangulari fulvd, lunulis 
 duabus atris, intus argenteo-irroratis fretce ; lunula interiore major e subocellari, ap- 
 pendiculo ipso impositd .- subtils flava-, fasciis fulvis, in mare pimiceis, margine 
 simphcibus, singulis strigd mediand argented continud vel parum inten-uptd ornatis ■ 
 anticm fasciis septem, duabus marginalibus completis, exteriore inornatd, tertid et quart I 
 abbreviatis pone discum confluentibus, quintd completd angulum analem versus tendente, sextd 
 dimidiatd tcmid fused area analis dilutions terminatd, septimd basali minima; postica- 
 Jaseas sex, duabus exterioribus margini parallelis, secundd completd versus marginem Me- 
 
 norem 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 107 
 
 riorem arcuatim productd, tertid dimidiatd, quartd et quintd completis in regione anali 
 abrupte inflexis, sextd basilari abbreviatd ; regione anali late fulvd, punctis ocellaribus 
 duobus aterrimis fretd, exteriore caudis intermedio oblongo tcenid argented intus aucto, intimo 
 majore appendiculo ipso imposito angulari strigd argented brevi interiore ornato. (Exp. alar. 
 1 una 3 lin.) 
 
 39. Amblypodia Syama. Alee supra fuscce canescenti-nebulosae fasciis pagince inferioris obsolete 
 notata, angulo anali posticarum fulvo punctis duobus aterrimis freto, exteriore maxima subo- 
 cellari, singulis intus striold argented auctis ; maris area anali anticarum pagindque feri totd 
 posticarum violaceo micantes : subtus sulphurece, fasciis nigris strigisve argenteis intermediis 
 continuis vel interruptis ; antica fasciis sex, duabus marginalibus completis, exteriore inornatd, 
 tertid dimidiatd cui quartd brevissimd paralleld, quintd completd angulum analem versus 
 tendente dimidio posteriore dilatiore et denique attenuato, sextd dimidiatd tceniam fuscam 
 area analis attingente, liturd. insuper basali longitudinali atrd ; posticce fasciis quatuor, 
 marginalibus parallelis, exteriore abbreviatd interruptd, secundd arcuatim trans regionem 
 analem marginem inter iorem petente, tertid dimidiatd, quartd completd in regione anali 
 abrupte infiexd et ad marginem internum longe protensd, maculis insuper tribus in serie interiore 
 ordinatis singulis puncto centrali argenteo fretis et denique macula basali triangulari corpori 
 contigud ; regione anali Iceti fulvd punctis duobus aterrimis ocellatd interiore orbiculari 
 maxima appendiculo ipso imposito, singulis intia striolis argenteis auctis. (Exp. alar. 
 13 lin.) 
 
 Hospitatur in Mus. dom. Banks. 
 
 Two of the species last enumerated were united by Fabricius under the name of Vidcanus, as appears 
 from the Banksian Cabinet, now preserved at the Linnean Society, where our thirty-ninth species is marked 
 with a ticket in Fabricius' own writing, while the detailed description of H. R. Vidcanus, in the Entom. 
 System. Emmend. iii. p. 264 evidently depicts our thirty -seventh species, which has therefore a prior right 
 to that name. This species is also contained in the Banksian Cabinet. 
 
 The materials in the collection at the India-house, from Java and Continental India, have enabled me 
 clearly to discriminate three species, and I have endeavoured to exhibit the most prominent characters 
 of each. This discrimination does not rest on the examination of a single specimen, or of one sex only : of 
 No. 37, Amblypodia Vidcanus, we have four specimens : of No. 38, Amb. Lohiia, three, two males and 
 one female ; and of No. 39, Amb. Syama, two specimens, one of each sex ; most of these are in a perfect 
 state of preservation. I shall concisely sketch the peculiarities of each. 
 
 Amblypodia Vulcanus, No. 37, is prominently marked above, in the fore wings of both sexes, by 
 four short unequal waving striola of a fulvous colour : underneath, in the fore wings the third band 
 is short, tending towards and touching the second band; the fourth is complete and has, at the 
 costal extremity, a short accessary band, whence it appears to be bifid exteriorly ; in the hinder 
 wings the third band is dimidial and loosely united, behind the base, with the second; but the 
 most striking distinctive character of this species is a deep black marginal thread, which passes in 
 an undulated course along the edge of all the broader bands. 
 
 Amblypodia Lohita, No. 38, has the upper surface brown, slightly variegated with gray, espe- 
 cially in the female, and marked with a few obsolete bands, of a deeper tint: underneath the 
 
 p 2 bands, 
 
108 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 bands, comparatively with No. 37, are narrow, and wholly without any black marginal thread ; 
 the bands in the fore wings are seven in number, besides an obsolete angular basal spot, the 
 third and fourth are abbreviated converging approximate or confluent behind the disk; in the 
 hinder wino-s the third is dimidial regularly transverse and without any tendency to the second 
 marginal band: in the character of the fourth and fifth band this species agrees with the former 
 while both differ decidedly from the following. 
 
 Amblypodia Syama, No. 39, agrees in the upper surface with our last species : underneath the 
 wings are sulphureous-yellow and marked with bands of a black colour, while the intermediate 
 argentine strigaj are partially interrupted ; in the fore wings the third and fourth bands are 
 parallel; the third is dimidial deeply indented on each side in the middle; the fourth is greatly 
 abbreviated; the fifth is complete, someivhat distended in the middle and then tapering to a point, 
 having a general tendency to the inner apical angle ; at the base is a short longitudinal litura ; the 
 hinder wings have four bands ; the third, from the posterior margin, is dimidial, the fourth forms 
 a sudden curve in the anal region and then ascends along the whole course of the inner margin, until 
 it terminates at the thorax; interior of this are three oblong marks, individually ornamented with 
 a silvery dot, disposed in a regularly transverse series, and finally at the base, a triangular spot, 
 touching the thorax. 
 
 In ail these species the "wings of the male are adorned with a violet varying tint, spreading over the whole 
 surface of the hinder pair, but confined to the anal area of the fore wings. Underneath the transverse 
 bands are marked in all, with a continued or interrupted medial silvery striga. The two posterior bands art 
 always regularly parallel with the margin. In the distribution of the other bands, the third and fourth, in 
 the fore wings, present in each species a decided difference : and the minor modifications peculiar to each 
 are detailed in the Latin description. The abdomen, in all these species, is marked with distinct 3'ellow 
 bands ; the tails are long, slender, orange at their union with the anal angle, brown or black in the middle, 
 and white at the extremity. The brown antennce have a ferruginous tip, and very minute, close, dusky 
 bands on their filiform portion. These three species further resemble each other in the orange-coloured 
 termination of the anal angle, which is separated above from the adjoining portion of the surface, by a 
 regularly oblique boundary, but is gradually diffused, and of a brighter tint underneath, while both surfaces 
 are marked with two ocellate spots of intense black, the interior being round and lunular, slightly diversified 
 in the different species, and adorned by a short streak or arc of silvery irrorations, the exterior one, between 
 the tails, oblong, transverse, and surmounted at the inner edge, by a large oblong shining group of metallic 
 dots. 
 
 40. Amblypodia Rochana. Aim supra maris nigra, anticce plagd oblongd, postica plagd ambitui 
 ala subconformi ad basin profundi emarginatd secundum aspectum cyaned vel saturate thalas- 
 sino micante .- subtus badice, postica saturatiores in puniceum vergentes, ared anali anticarum 
 dilutiore posticarum cand; anticce ad basin lined attenuatd—, tunc in disco stigmate brevi—, pone, 
 medium fascia arcuatd ex macidis minutis cuneatis intermedia sagittatd introrsum longissime cus- 
 pidati et intra marginem strigd lunularum—, postica arcu humerali plagdque maximd basilar, 
 ■irregulariter oblongd, costam versus dilatiore rotundatd, ext&s profundi sinuatd intus appendiculo 
 lineari ad unguium rectum divergente aucld—, tunc strigd totam paginam arcuatim excurrenlc 
 ad costam e maculd oblongd oriundd, in disco notis cuneatis efformatd et versus marginem 
 interiorem bifidd—, postice denique strigd duplici maculas oblongas includente omnibus niUdi- 
 
 niveis .- 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 109 
 
 niveis : in regione anali tamid oblongd exteriore margini paralleld, macula orbiculari lobo anali 
 impositd striolisque ad marginem interiorem duabus aterrimis, taenia denique oblongd punctis 
 albis irrorata inter caudas media. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 lin.) 
 
 Jlii/gs above, in the male, black, the anterior with an oblong patch, the hinder with a large area 
 nearly circumscribed according to the outline of the wing, deeply notched at the base and sepa- 
 rated by a narrow curved border from the posterior margin, deep cyaneous blue, or reflecting 
 in a different light a beautiful sea-green lustre: underneath dark reddish brown, the hinder 
 covered with a shining bay reflexion ; the anal area paler and clouded, in the fore wings, 
 uniformly gray, and defined in the form of a regular arch in the hinder pair ; the surface of 
 both pairs bearing diversified marks of a beautiful shining silvery white, arranged in the following 
 manner : in the fore wings a narrow white line, attenuated towards the base extends near the 
 inner boundary of the costal area about one-third of the wing ; on the disk stands a very short 
 transverse stigma ; behind this follows a curved interrupted band of five wedge-shaped dots, of 
 which the intermediate one is greatly lengthened and sagittiform, and, near the posterior margin, 
 a gently curved striga of minute arcs : the hinder wings have a delicate dash at the inner 
 costal curve, then a very large oblong longitudinally disposed spot with irregularly defined 
 edges, narrow at its basal extremity, enlarged into a rounded head as it approaches the middle 
 of the costal margin, the exterior edge being deeply sinuated and the interior produced into a 
 lengthened process stretching at right angles to the disk ; behind this an irregular striga extend- 
 ing in an arch across the entire surface at the anterior boundary of the gray anal area, commenc- 
 ing near the middle of the costa with a large irregular dot, continued over the disk by four or five 
 wedge-shaped marks, and then passing in two slightly diverging acutely flexuose lines to the inner 
 margin; lastly near the hinder margin a double striga, the interior one undulated, enclosing a 
 few oblong reddish brown marks terminating near the external tail, all of a shining white tint, 
 beincr succeeded by a large oblong transverse patch of a deep black colour and a stripe closely 
 dotted with white, both which are regularly parallel with the posterior margin, while the anal 
 appendage itself is covered by a large circular black spot, and two marks of the same colour, 
 ed^ed with white, are disposed along the oblique portion of the inner margin. The body is 
 brown above and hoary underneath ; the antenna are uniformly brown to a short ferruginous 
 tip ; the black tails have a delicate medial line and a white extremity. 
 
 A single male specimen is contained in our museum. 
 
 41. Amblypodia Jalindra. Aim supra fcemmve fuscce, anticce immaculate, posticce pldgd lalissimd, 
 angulum apicalem anteriorem non attingente dilute' azured ex argenteo nitente, maculis tribus 
 oblongis submarginalibus interiore saturatiore adjectis ; appendiculo anali lunula viridi-argented 
 irrorato ; striga marginali Jimbridque niveis, lined aterrimd in regione anali flexuosd inter- 
 media : subtus basali parte dimidid lacted, apicali fused dilute violaceo fucatd, in anticis striga 
 undulatu mediand nived fretd, plagu apicali dilutiore angulo anali canescente, in posticis fascia 
 lata marginali albd, maculis oblongis obsoletis canis et in regione anali ocellis duobus maximis 
 orbiculatis aterrimis notatd, quorum exteriore lunula saturate fulvd introrsum radiatd, interiore 
 appendiculum analem ipsum occupante iride lata viridi-argented cincto ; macidd circulari punctis 
 argenteis irrorata ocellis intermedia; striolis duabus obliquis abbreviatis notdque angulari 
 
 formam 
 
110 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 formam V mentiente illis intermedia nigris, in serie marginem interiorem pelente ocellisque 
 paralleld digestis. (Exp. alar. 1 una 7 lin.) 
 
 Polyommatus Nedymond. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 634. 
 
 Wings above, in the female, pure brown, the anterior immaculate, the hinder with a broad oblong- 
 posterior band of a pale azure tint, varying according to the aspect to pale sea-green with a 
 silvery reflexion, bearing at the exterior edge three oblong black marks, of which the interior 
 one has the deepest tint, the whole being bordered externally by a white marginal line, separated 
 from the fringe of the same colour by an intermediate black thread which is flexuose in the anal 
 region ; the anal appendage bears a lunule covered with silvery sea-green resplendent dots : 
 underneath the basal dimidial portion of the surface is satin-white, the apical portion brown with 
 a slight violet shade ; the latter is further subdivided, in the anterior wings, by an intermediate 
 abbreviated undulated white striga, the posterior half being paler and the whole of the inner 
 apical angle gray ; in the hinder wings the marginal portion is white and marked with four obso- 
 lete gray spots, fainter as they recede from the outer apical angle ; the anal region is white and 
 bears two very large, strongly pronounced, intensely black circular ocellate spots, with an inter- 
 mediate round group of greenish silvery irrorations ; the exterior ocellus bears internally a broad 
 orange lunule spreading in a radiant manner towards the disk ; the second ocellus occupies the anal 
 appendage itself and is entirely surrounded by a narrow annidar iris of a pale green silvery tint ; 
 parallel with the ocelli three delicate black marks are arranged in a series, the intermediate one 
 forming an angular mark resembling the letter V, the lateral ones constituting two short oblique 
 striolse; a very faint oblique bifid streak stretches from the inner ocellus towards the anal 
 angle. The body is brown above and white underneath ; the antennce are brown with a ferru- 
 ginous tip and marked underneath with delicate bands alternately white and brown ; the tails 
 are white very delicately fringed at the sides, and marked longitudinally with a distinct black 
 medial line. 
 
 This highly beautiful species, originally described in the Encyclopedie, has not, as yet, to my knowledge 
 been figured in any work. I have already stated my reasons for applying the name of Nedymond, by 
 which it is designated in the Encyclopedie, to our 28th species (see above, p. 98) ; and I have, in the 
 preceding description, directed the attention of the reader to the markings on the under-surface, which 
 discriminate this species, by printing them in italics. Besides these particulars which relate only to colour 
 and painting, our insect differs likewise in form and belongs to a different section of this subgenus. The anal 
 appendage is rounded and the wings are provided with two tails. 
 
 42. Amblypodia Longinus. Aim supra maris cyanece argenteo-micantes, nitore saturato variabili, 
 limbis apiceque largissimo anticarum nigris ; fceminse sordide albce basi tantum azureo irrorata, 
 anticce limbis fuscis, posticce margine anteriore discoque fusco-nebidosis, seriebus insuper duabus 
 punctorum, margini apicali parallelis, slrigdque extimd nigris, macidis duabus area analis 
 oblongis insignioribus : subtus sericeo-grisece serie communi posticd ex arcubus minutis nigris in 
 anticis continud in posticis subflexuosd, notd insigniori angulari in regione anali plaga- 
 ocellulis intermedia oppositd ; anticce insuper striga obsoletd margini paralleld ex maculis 
 oblongis canis albido limbatis, posticce striga conformi gemind et deinde in regione anali ocellis 
 duobus atris altera exteriore minore orbiculari in plaga maxima fulva intus subquadrata nidu- 
 
 lantc 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 lante, altero maxima appendiculo anali imposito intus lunula fulvd extus strigd tenui argenteo- 
 irroratd anctd, plagd denique circular i punct is argenteis obsoletioribus aspersd ocellis intermedia. 
 (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 7 lin.) 
 
 Hesperia R. Longinus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. Suppl. p. 430. No. 77-78. 
 Polyommatus Longinus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist Nat. ix. 634. 
 Plate I, fig. 7. 
 Wings above, va. the male, cyaneous blue, with a saturated silvery reflexion changing according to 
 the light to sea-green, the borders throughout and the exterior dimidial portion of the fore 
 wings, defined by a boundary extending obliquely across the disk, being black, the inner exca- 
 vated margin of the hinder wings gray; in the female sordid white, all the wings with pale azure 
 silvery irrorations confined to the base, fore wings with broad brown borders, hinder pair 
 faintly clouded with brown and paler anterior margin, bearing two rows of minute black spots 
 parallel with the posterior margin and an extreme black thread ; the two interior spots of the 
 exterior series being larger more pronounced and succeeded by an obsolete brown lunule 
 on the anal appendage ; fringe throughout gray : underneath satin-gray with a common striga of 
 minute black arcs, beyond the middle, regular and disposed in close contact in the fore wings 
 flexuose and farther removed from the margin in the hinder pair, interrupted by a more con- 
 spicuous arc or angular mark in the curve at the anal region, opposed to the medial space 
 between the tails ; the fore wings have besides between the principal striga and the margin a 
 regular series of very obsolete oblong grayish spots faintly margined with white ; this is continued 
 in the hinder wings by a double series of the same kind with more distinct spots and fol- 
 lowed in the anal region by two intensely black ocellate spots, the exterior one near the marginal 
 notch being small regularly circular and bedded in a large fulvous patch with an abruptly 
 transverse interior edge, the other ocellus occupying the anal appendage, being oblong-trans- 
 verse, bordered internally by a fulvous lunule and ornamented externally by a narrow metallic 
 streak ; between these is a round group of delicate silvery irrorations on a hoary ground. The 
 tails are black with white edges and tips ; the antenna brown with a ferruginous tip, and marked 
 on one side with delicate transverse grayish dots. The body is covered with a bluish sea-green 
 down above and with delicate white hairs underneath. 
 
 Amblypodia Longinus deviates both in the larva and imago states from the species described in the third 
 section, which I consider as typical in this subgenus. The larva is considerably distended anteriorly, 
 excavated at the sides, contracted behind and transversely swelled at the segments (see Plate iv. fig. 5). 
 In the imago state the peculiarity chiefly exhibits itself in the antennae, which are abruptly terminated by 
 a short point (see Plate iv. fig. 5, a). In the character of the anal appendages and of the tails, the various 
 species arranged in this section generally agree, with the exception of Amblypodia Etolus ; but nothing is 
 as yet known of their metamorphosis ; and the investigation of the larva forms of this subgenus, which is so 
 much diversified in the imago state, deserves the closest attention of Entomologists in foreign countries. 
 
 Amblypodia Longinus is not unfrequent, and I obtained six male and five female specimens chiefly by 
 breeding: the larva feeds on a species of Loranthus, which grows parasitically in great abundance on the 
 Mango and other fruit trees surrounding the villages of the natives. The discoidal litura, represented in 
 the figures, does not appear in all our specimens. 
 
 43. Amblypodia Erylus. Alee supra, fuscce maris saturations, salvis linedmarginali singularum macu- 
 Idque discoided anticarum nigricantibus,cyaneo mutabili saturate micantes; fceminas canescenti-fus- 
 co nebulosce, fascid saturatiore communi pone discum, in posticis flexuosd et in regime anali plagd 
 
 abbreviatd 
 
112 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 abbreviate! alba conjunct J, ocellisque duobus aterrimis albo annulatis maculdquefuscescente in appen- 
 diculo anali; lined deniqw marginali nlbd undulatd in utroque sexu ; subtus argenteo-grisea, singula 
 liturd gemind discoided fascidque communi insigni, in anticis strictd, in posticis subinfractd, 
 in regioni anali flexuosd notdque angulari interstitio ocellarum oppositd rufescentibus, lineis 
 niveis utrinque limbatis ; intra marginem posticum strigd ex maculis oblongis obsolete fuscis 
 in anticis simplici completd, in posticis duplici dimidiatd in regione anali ocellis duobus 
 aterrimis fretd, altero exteriore lunidd aurantid intus obducto, altero appendiculo anali im- 
 posito, tamid albo-irroratd ocellis intermedia ; tunc strigd nived undulatd ad medium alee 
 extensd et denique lined atrd cano-Jimbriatd marginem legente. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 2 — 6 lin.) 
 Polyommatus Erylus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 633. 
 Wings above brown, in the male more saturated and covered with a very rich cyaneous blue lustre 
 which disappears almost entirely in a certain direction to the light ; a narrow border in both 
 wings and a large discoidal spot in the anterior pair always preserve the original ground colour 
 inclining to blackish ; in the female the tint is without blue lustre and slightly clouded with 
 grayish brown, a saturated brown band passes a little behind the disk through both pair, being 
 flexuose in the hinder and accompanied in the anal region by a subdimidial arched band con- 
 sisting of a series of confluent broad white spots ; behind this a very faint narrow band passes in 
 a curve across the whole wing, and close to the margin is a somewhat more distinct row of spots 
 originating at a small distance from the outer apical angle enclosed by two delicate white strigae 
 being continued in the anal region by two very large deep black ocelli, encircled by white rings, 
 while a fainter ferruginous spot covers the anal appendage ; the latter also appears in the male 
 and a brilliant white marginal thread winds in both sexes along the anal region, exterior to which 
 is a black marginal thread while the wings are uniformly terminated by a grayish fringe : under- 
 neath the wings are silvery-gray with a faint glaucous cast ; on the disk of each pair stands a short 
 double reddish-yellow litura ; behind this follows a more distinct and saturated common band of 
 the same colour, narrowly edged on both sides with brilliant snow-white lines, nearly straight with 
 an oblique outward tendency in the fore wings but slightly interrupted and flexuose in the hinder 
 wings ; then an angular mark resembling the letter V standing at the curve in the anal region, 
 from which a detached line passes obliquely to the inner margin, having a fainter line parallel 
 to it at the extreme boundary; between this band and the extreme margin passes a connected 
 series of obsolete brown marks which is complete in the fore wings and subdimidial in the 
 hinder pair, being followed in the anal region by two very large black circular ocelli separated 
 by an intermediate oblong group of white dots, which are crowded more distinct and brilliant 
 in an attenuated transverse streak adjoining the interior ocellus ; the latter occupies the anal 
 appendage itself and is bordered internally by a narrow white arc while the exterior ocellus is 
 surrounded by a very large orange lunule ; posteriorly both ocelli are bordered by a brilliant 
 white waving marginal line exterior to which is a black thread and gray fringe. Body brown 
 above, hoary underneath : abdomen marked laterally with white bands. Antenna brown with a 
 ferruginous tip, and delicate white bands along the filiform basal portion. Eyes covered with a 
 delicate ferruginous down and edged posteriorly with white. Legs covered with a white down 
 and marked with black bands. 
 
 This species occurred occasionally in my breeding-cages; as the larva was not delineated I conclude that 
 it is nearly allied in form and appearance to the other larva; of this genus. Our specimens are one male 
 and two females. The authors of the Encyclopedie have given the first description of this species. 
 
 44. AWBLYPODIA 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 113 
 
 44. Amblypodia Jangala. Aim supra brunnece immaculate, posticm margine interiore abdomen 
 
 excipiente sericeo-cano, appendiculo anali lunuld ferrugined freto strigdque posticd albd et denique 
 fimbria nigra cincto : subtus ferrugineo-fuscescentes nitore glauco in purpureum vergente lavatce, 
 area anali anticarum dilutiore ; singula liturd discoided gemind saturatd abbreviatd ; pone 
 discum strigd communi ex lineolis brevibus rectis eontiguis, in anticis strictd dimidiatd in posticis 
 ad marginem anteriorem fractd tunc undulatd et in regione anali interruptd creperisque canes- 
 centibus limbatd ; maculis ocellaribus duabus orbiculatis maximis saturati fuscis ferrugineo- 
 nitentibus, plagd clbo-irroratd distinctis, postice strigd nived margini paralleld circumscriptis ; 
 not is quatuor viridi-aureo nitentibus in serie ocellis interiore digestis, prima marginis medio 
 paralleld, secundd arcum formante super ocellum exteriorem, tertid angulari ocellis intermedia, 
 quartd attenuatd ab ocello interiore ad marginis medium fere prolatd. (Exp. alar. ] unc. 
 21 lin.) 
 Wings above uniformly dark brown, with a very faint varying purple reflexion ; inner margin of 
 the hinder pair silky gray ; anal appendage bearing a saturated ferruginous lunule and confined 
 exteriorly by a white arc, behind which is a delicate black line gradually evanescent towards the 
 marginal notch ; a gray fringe surrounds the margins of all the wings : underneath ferruginous 
 brown with a glaucous gloss changing to purple according to the direction of the light; anal 
 area of the forewings ferruginous gray ; disk of all the wings marked with a short double 
 brownish litura ; between this and the posterior margin follows a delicate but distinct brown 
 strica with a purple gloss, consisting of minute linear fragments which in the fore wings are 
 regular and contiguous, forming a slightly curved striga commencing at a small distance from 
 the costa and terminating at the anal area ; in the hinder pair this striga passes over the whole 
 surface, being broken at the costa, slightly waving in the middle region, and then passing, after 
 several interruptions, to the inner margin, being marked in the anal region exteriorly with 
 several whitish angular clouds ; the whole of the anal portion of the wing is covered with a 
 saturated ferruginous band continued obliquely to the anterior apical angle, regularly defined 
 interiorly, and bearing exteriorly at the margin two very large circular spots, ferruginous- 
 brown, varying to purple and separated by a group of white atoms : the inner edge is orna- 
 mented with four delicate emerald-green marks with a golden lustre, the first near the middle of 
 the margin being short and linear, the second forming a semicircular arc above the exterior 
 ocellus, the third opposed to the intermediate group of atoms being angular or resembling the 
 letter V, the fourth forming a minute lunule over the interior ocellus from which it is continued 
 one-third of the length of the inner margin ; exteriorly the anal region is bordered by a delicate 
 grayish thread, beyond which a brownish fringe extends along the wings. Body brown above, 
 pale ferruginous gray underneath, antenna brown with numerous white bands on one side, tails 
 black tipt with white. 
 A single female specimen is contained in our collection. 
 
 45. Amblypodia Vidura. Alee supra maris Icete azurece argenteo-relucentes nitore mutabili dilute 
 
 thalassino; anticce penicillo insigni sericeo-albo inflexo punctoque nigro in imo disco adpresso, 
 marginibus apiceque large atris limite interiore arcuato circumscriptis, posticm margine 
 apicali lunuldque in appendiculo anali nigris cano-fimbriatis, canali abdomen recipiente albo 
 villis sericeis canescentibus vestito : subtus canescenti-fuscm nitore pallide argenteo micdntes, 
 
 p f asci " 
 
U4 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 fascia communi mediand nived valde insigni strictd in regione anali posticarum attenuatd flexurd 
 tenui arcuatd et strigd obliqud ad tnarginem interiorem ductd ; tunc strigd communi nigricante 
 gracillimd ex lineolis abbreviatis conflatd, disco et margini postico intermedia, in anticis con- 
 tinud subarcuatd in posticis interruptd in regione anali flexuosd fasciam niveam legente et ad 
 marginem interiorem excurrente ; intra tnarginem posticarum in dimidio costali serie obsoletd 
 punctorum oblongarum strigis binis niveis amplexd ; dimidio anali vero maculis duabus 
 orbiculatis aterrimis maximis plagdque nigro irroratl intermedia freto ; ocello exteriore 
 plagd oblongd aurantid maxima intus quadratd obducto, altero appendiculo anali imposito intus 
 arcu niveo et strigd brevi obliqud ad marginem productd stipatd, strigd denique tenui nived cano- 
 fimbriatd secus marginem imum excurrente. (Exp. alar. 1 una 6 Jin.) 
 
 Plate I, fig. 6 ; 6, a. 
 
 Wings above, in the male, bright azure with a snowy refulgence spread as a delicate white powder 
 over the surface, while the ground colour assumes in a different aspect a pale sea-green cast ; 
 the fore wings are ornamented with a delicate white silky brush-like appendage, reflected and 
 closely applied to a blackish spot on the middle of the disk ; the margins are black, gradually 
 increasing in breadth to the tip, being separated by a curved boundary from the azure ground ; 
 in the hinder wings the posterior border is marked with a black thread extending to the anal 
 appendage, which bears besides a black lunule ; the extreme fringe is gray ; in the exterior 
 margin is a hemispherical denudated silvery spot, corresponding with a delicate brush of 
 lengthened hairs in the under side of the fore wings ; the interior border is covered with a delicate 
 whitish down, slightly fringed with gray : underneath the wings are grayish brown with a very 
 faint livid lustre; a strongly pronounced broad snow-white band passes in a straight line through 
 the middle of both pair to the anal region of the hinder wings, where it becomes narrower, 
 and after several minute curves, stretches obliquely to the interior margin ; between this and the 
 hinder margin is a very delicate blackish thread composed of small linear fragments, in close 
 contact, arranged in a regular curve across the fore wings, slightly interrupted and curved in 
 the hinder, forming in the anal region a delicate edge along the medial white band ; the hinder 
 wings are further marked within the posterior margin with a row of oblong spots of the ground 
 colour enclosed within a double series of white lunules, and continued in the anal region by 
 two very large circular black ocellate spots, the exterior one being surmounted by a large 
 oblong patch of a bright orange tint abruptly terminated at its contact with the black striga, the 
 interior one occupying the anal appendage, being covered internally with a white arc sending off 
 a short oblique line along the inner margin; the space between the ocelli is gray, irregularlv 
 irrorated with black and marked in the middle by an indistinct white lunule, a brilliant white 
 thread passes along the entire anal region, exterior to which is a continued black marginal 
 thread, and finally a grayish fringe. Body with a varying bluish or sea-green tint above, 
 covered with a yellowish down underneath ; antenna: brown, with a closely catenulated lateral 
 white line extending to the origin of the club, the tip of which is ferruginous; tails black with 
 a white tip and grayish fringe. 
 
 This species, as appears from a drawing in the possession of General Hardwicke, is also found on the 
 continent of India. In Java it is comparatively rare, a single male specimen was brought to England. 
 
L E P I D O P T E It A. 
 
 115 
 
 46. Amblypodia Etolus. Aim supra anticce nigra basi ccerulescente, posticee ccerulescentes 
 angulo apicali exteriore punctisque duobus analibus distantibus nigris : subtiis anticce testaceo- 
 
 fuscce salvd basi oblique definitd ccerulescente, strigis tribus saturatioribus, cmteriore abbreviatd 
 gemind discoidali, altera mediana insigni ad aream analem abrupte terminatd, tertid obsoletd 
 
 fere complctd margini apicali paralleld antici evanescente ; posticee pallidi ccerulescentes puncto 
 insigni aterrimo albo cincto versus basin ad costam sito ; tunc pone discum strigd tenui interrupts 
 ex lineolis ferrugineis et in regione anali ex notis nigris flexuoso-undulatis linedque interiore 
 obliqud ad marginem interior em tendente ; intra marginem posticum denique serie duplici ex strigis 
 
 ferrugineis juxta unguium exteriorem diffusis indeterminatis versus medium attenuatis, strigd 
 interiore in regione anali puncto oblongo nigro definitd, exteriore vero in eadem regione maculis 
 duabus maximis ocellaribus aterrimis tcenidque marginali albo irroratd intermedia efformatd ; 
 liturd insuper marginali attenuatd introrsum cuspidatd punctis viridi-argenteis irroratd ocello 
 interiori adnata; margine extremo lined atrd undulatd albo-fimbriatd limbato. (Exp. alar, 
 lin. 13.) 
 
 Papilio P. E. Etolus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 66. No. 620. 
 Polyommatus Etolus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist Nat. ix. 639. 
 
 Anterior wings above black with a bluish base, hinder wings light blue and silvery, with an 
 oblong abbreviated black patch at the outer apical angle and two circular distant subocellate 
 black spots in the anal region : underneath greatest portion of the surface of the fore wings 
 testaceous brown, separated by an oblique boundary from the bluish base ; surface marked with 
 a short double litura on the disk, a distinct abbreviated medial and a very faint almost com- 
 plete posterior band, all these marks having a more saturated brown tint than the ground ; 
 hinder wings pale blue, with a whitish lustre, bearing near the base, in contact with the costa, 
 a very distinct black dot enclosed in a faint white ring ; then, behind the disk, a very delicate 
 striga of interrupted ferruginous lineolae followed in the anal region by an irregularly flexuose 
 black line passing obliquely to the inner margin; posterior margin marked with a double series 
 consisting of two parallel ferruginous strigae, clouded and diffuse at the outer apical angle, 
 attenuated towards the middle of the wing, the interior of these strigae terminating by a distinct 
 oblong dot between the ocellate spots, the exterior bearing a small black dot at the middle of 
 the margin, after which follow in the same line two very large intensely black round ocellate 
 spots with an intermediate group of white irrorations, which are more thickly disposed and 
 covered with a greenish silvery cast on a black wedge-shaped dash at the edge of the inner ocellus, 
 having its point directed towards the disk. Body brown above, sparingly clothed with bluish 
 hairs, whitish and downy underneath ; antennae brown, delicately annulated with white to the 
 club, which is terminated by a ferruginous tip; legs banded alternately white and black. 
 
 Fabricius alone, as far as I have observed, has hitherto given a description of this species ; it is there- 
 fore important to confirm his very concise indication by the more detailed description of a specimen in 
 excellent preservation. Being peculiar in its sectional character, it is accordingly placed at the end of the 
 series described ; and it remains to be determined whether it be really a distinct type, or whether the 
 hiatus remaining may be supplied by intermediate forms. Several peculiarities in the form, painting, and 
 external habit of this species lead us to those insects which will be described in the next genus. 
 
 q 2 Genus 
 
-H(j ' DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 Genus MYRINA. Fab. Lair. 
 
 _. Larva ~) . 
 
 Character. chrysaUs j hactenus incognita. 
 
 Imago : Antennae mediocres, sensim incrassatas, capitulo cylindrico vix subarcuato, apice acuto ; 
 basin versus introrsum sulco leviter crenulato exaratse, articulis extremis parce setosis. 
 
 Palpi elongati, stricti, compressi, graciles, parum divergentes, antennis longitudine tertia parte 
 aequales; articulo basilari brevi, capiti adnato, fasciculo ovato ex villis sericeis vestitc; articulo 
 secundo elongato, oblongo, ultra basin capite soluto, assurgente, villis densis, teneris, aequalibus 
 deorsiim versis arete obtecto; articulo tertio teneri, oblongo, obtuso, recte porrecto, villis 
 brevissimis obsito. 
 
 Proboscis dilatatus, palpis longior, apice latere altero setis crebris brevibus munito. 
 
 Caput breve, obtusum. Oculi planiusculi, nudi. Corpus breve, acutum. Alee anticae oblongas, 
 obtusae; posticse versus regionem analem angustiores, subtruncatse, appendiculo anali brevi 
 caudisque rectis munitae. Pedes antici tarsis pro sexu diversis ; maris articulo solitario, cylindrico, 
 attenuato, obtuso, squamis minutis an nulatis arete obtecto, subtusque villis adsperso; fceminae 
 quinque-articulatis, attenuatis, squamulis minutis annulatim ordinatis vestitis, subtus setis 
 quoque adspersis, articulo primo tumidiore, extimo unguibus duobus minimis, appendiculis 
 utrinque lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio praedito, serie denique terminali villorum apicem 
 occultante : pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu unguibus duobus minimis, appendiculis 
 lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio muniti. 
 
 Character. The larva and chrysalis as yet unknown. In the perfect insect : Antenna of mo- 
 derate length increasing gradually in thickness to a cylindrical club which tapers to a short 
 point ; basal portion with an obsolete internal groove transversely crenulated, while the extreme 
 joints are marked with minute bristles. Palpi straight, compressed, slender ; measuring one- 
 third at least the length of the antennae : basal joint short, closely applied to the head, covered 
 by a tuft of delicate silky hairs ; second joint long, oblong, projecting far beyond the head, 
 gradually tending upwards, closely covered underneath with silky hairs uniformly pointing 
 downwards; third joint slender, oblong, obtuse, pointing forward, covered with a very minute 
 short down. Proboscis broad, longer than the palpi, with short bristles at the extremity. 
 Head short, obtuse. Eyes not prominent, even, naked. Body short, acute. Wings : anterior 
 oblong, obtuse; posterior, attenuated towards the anal region, abruptly truncated, with a short 
 anal appendage and straight tails following the direction of the wings. Feet: anterior of the 
 male, with tarsi consisting of a single, subcylindrical, attenuated, obtuse joint, covered with 
 minute scales, arranged in alternate rings of different colours, among which, underneath, stiff 
 bristles are also scattered; the extremity being blunt, incurved, without claws, but provided 
 with several stiff bristles : of the female, with tarsi consisting of five joints, the first thick and 
 long, the rest gradually attenuated to the terminal one, which has two minute lateral claws, an 
 appendage on each side, and an intermediate pulvillus, all which are concealed by a transverse 
 series of hairs ; the general hairy covering, and the bristles underneath, are similar to those of 
 the males: the mid legs and hind legs, in both sexes are also provided with two minute claws, 
 resembling in their appendages, pulvilli, and general structure the anterior feet of the female. 
 
 The illustrations given of this genus on the second plate of the first part, fig. 5, a ; 5, b ; 5 c ; 5 d • 
 5, e; are by no means complete; several points, particularly those relating t'o the' diversified 
 
 structure 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 117 
 
 structure of the tarsi in the sexes, were ascertained since the arrangement of the plates of the 
 first part for the engraver. These will be given in a future number. 
 
 The peculiarities of this genus and its relation to the genus next in order, will be pointed out after the 
 description of that genus. 
 
 * Alis posticis caudis tribus, intermedia longissimd, interiore mediocri, exteriore brevi 
 denti marginali udhaerente. 
 
 47. Myrina Ravindra. Alee anticce fuscce immaculate, maris saturatiores nigricantes ; posticm in 
 mare cyanece pulverulenta, vel in certa luce thalassino variabili micantes, relicto margine exteriore 
 lato, postico angusto lineari, albo-fimbriato fuscis ; in fcemina fuscce, limbo angusto postico sa- 
 turation ; utroque sexu maculis tribus atris in regione anali in serie marginali digestis, inte- 
 riore appendiculo anali impositd, in fcemina lunulis diffusis pallidi caruleis inductis, strigd 
 denique tenui nigra albo-fimbriatd marginem posticum legente : subtus anticce canescenti-fuscce 
 area anali ad basin dilutiore, maculis fasciisque saturatioribus tenuissime albo marginatis ; 
 macula interiore longitudinali in area mediana per tertiam partem pagina> extensd, altera trans- 
 versa costam non attingente ante discum sitd, tertid discoidali brevissimd ; tunc pone discum 
 fascia, ex striolis duabus diversa indolis conjunctis efformatd, exteriore simplici interiore dilatiore, 
 albo-limbatd ; intra marginem denique serie simplici completd recta lineolarum obsoletarum ; 
 postica alba afro insigniter maculatce ; maculis duabus basilaribus elongatis parallelis costam non 
 attingentibus, interstitio vero puncto oblongo versus costam tendente freto ; tunc in medio serie 
 triwn macularum lati interruptd duabus nempe exterioribus conformibus utrinque quadratis 
 tertid discoidali latiore ; pone discum serie costam non attingente ex maculis quatuor vel quinque 
 difformibus interiore elongatd insigniore versus discum anguli instar inftexd ad marginem in- 
 teriorem bifida ; pone hanc strigd tenui completd ex lunulis striolisque in arcum subftexuosum 
 per paginam totam ductd et denique serie maculari posticd intra marginem, maculis exterio- 
 ribus tribus linearibus obsoletis interioribus quinque difformibus aterrimis seriatis analibus 
 exterioribus oblongis, proximis hinc inde interioribus semilunar ibus maximis altera in appen- 
 diculo anali altera in sinu marginis ad dentem exteriorem sitd, quintd denique obsoletiore 
 intermedia, singulis secundum ordinem, strigis lunulis et plagd oblongd viridi-argenteo irroratis 
 inductis. (Exp. alar. lin. 11 — -17.) 
 
 Plate I, fig. 11; 11, a. 
 Anterior wings above brown, more saturated in the male, posterior wings covered in the male 
 with a cyaneous pulverulent glossy tint, varying according to the light to sea-green, increasing 
 in strength to the hinder margin; a broad exterior and a narrow posterior border are brown, 
 the latter having a snow-white fringe which also extends to the paler inner margin ; in the 
 female these wings are brown, with the exception of a few faint diffuse bluish lunules covering 
 three semilunar black spots, which in this sex, as well as in the male, are arranged along the 
 posterior boundary of the anal region : underneath the fore wings are grayish brown, with a 
 whitish anal area, and marked with dark brown spots and bands enclosed by very delicate white 
 edges; the first spot stands at the base in a longitudinal direction ; before this are two transverse 
 spots, the outer being very minute and occupying the disk ; behind this follows a complete band, 
 which is simple and slender exteriorly, but broad and margined in its interior dimidial portion ; 
 within the margin an obsolete series of interrupted lineolar fragments passes over the whole 
 
 surface ; 
 
jjg DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 surface ; the hinder wings are white, and marked on the base and disk with oblong black spots, in 
 the following manner: the two interior near the base are lengthened parallel with each other, 
 and bearing at their costal termination an intermediate black spot; near the middle, three 
 oblong spots abruptly terminated at each end form a widely interrupted series, behind which 
 follows another broken row of four or five spots, not extending to the costa, of which the 
 interior one is lengthened, hooked at its discoidal extremity, and bifid at the inner margin ; 
 beyond this a delicate black striga composed of lunules and minute lines passes in an arch over 
 the whole surface ; the posterior margin itself is lined with a macular series, commencing with 
 three exterior spots minute and simple, extending from the costa to the middle, beinc followed 
 in the anal region by five diversified intensely black spots, one at each extremity beino' simple 
 and oblong, the next adjoining internally on each side semilunar and large; of these one is 
 disposed on the anal appendage, the other at the marginal angle in the sinus, while the medial 
 space is occupied by an oblong spot placed at a small distance from the margin; they are indi- 
 vidually covered with greenish silvery atoms, corresponding in form to the spots to which they 
 are applied, and forming by their union an undulate band stretching along the inner confines of 
 the anal region. Body brown above, hoary underneath. Antennm brown with a ferruginous 
 tip, delicately crenulated with white along the lateral groove. Legs white, with distant black 
 bands on the tibia?, and numerous bands on the tarsi. Tails white, with a medial black striga. 
 
 This species greatly resembles Hesperia R. Lisias of Fabricius, of which a specimen is preserved in the 
 Banksian cabinet. A clear distinguishing character is however afforded by the fore wines which are 
 uniformly immaculate in both sexes. Our collection contains numerous male and female specimens In 
 the painting of the lower surface this species still preserves an affinity to the individuals of Amblypodia but 
 in essential characters it rigidly agrees with Myrina, as above defined. 
 
 ** Alis posticis caudis duabus denteque marginali prominulo ; caudd exteriort lonqissima 
 interiore mediocri. 
 
 48. Myrina Jafra. Ala supra fuscce maris cupreo saturate in violaceum vergente micantes • 
 anticce immaculatce, postica regione anali atrd, in mare maculis duabus niveis fretd, una. 
 marginali lunari insigni, altera interiore oblongd obsoletd ; infcemi?ia fascia nived insigni ex 
 maculis tribus oblongis connatis efformatd lunuldque insuper maxima ad marginem posticum ■ 
 subtus alba nitore diluto canescente lavata, anticce limbis exteriore etpostico striold tenuissimd 
 discoidali strigdque completd postica undulatd ex lineolis interrupts efformatd ferrugineis 
 striga denique maculari intra marginem obsoletissimd ejusdem color is ; postica pone discum striqd 
 tenuissimd completd nigra, e costa ad medium usque ex lunulis interruptis in regione anali vero 
 ex notis arcuatis toiiflati ; tunc striga tenui interruptd completd in arcum per totam paginam 
 ductd ; posticd denique intra marginem serie macularum ; maculis quatuor exterioribus oblongis 
 obsoletis, interioribus quinque inaqualibus aterrimis, extremis nempe linearibus, proximis maxi- 
 mis angulatis subocellaribus, alterd in sinu marginali altera in appendiculo anali dispositd 
 quintd oblongd transversd in spatio intermedia sitd, singulis in ordine lineolis extremis lunulis 
 plagdque intermedia viridi-argenteis irroratis. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5-7 lin.) 
 Plate II, fig. 5 ; 5, a. 
 Myrina Jafra. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. M&h. Hist. Nat. ix. 593. 
 
 JVings 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 H9 
 
 Wings above blackish brown, the male covered with a beautiful saturated cupreous gloss slightly 
 varying to purple ; the anterior pair immaculate in both sexes, the posterior with the anal 
 extremity black separated by a regularly transverse boundary, in the male marked with two 
 white spots, one large, lunulate and marginal, the other oblong, narrow, and exactly opposed to 
 the exterior one at the inner boundary of the anal region ; in the female a broad snow-white 
 band separates the anal from the middle region : it consists of three oblong spots, of which the 
 exterior one is narrow and passes obliquely towards the margin ; a very large lunule of the same 
 colour occupies at the margin the extreme space between the tails : underneath the wings are 
 white with a grayish shade covered with a slight lustre ; the anterior pair have the exterior and 
 posterior borders ferruginous, the tint being faint and diffuse interiorly but more intense in 
 contact with the margin ; a very delicate discoidal line, a complete undulated striga behind the 
 disk composed of interrupted lineolaa, and a very obsolete row of spots within the posterior 
 margin are of the same colour; the hinder wings have beyond the disk a very delicate black 
 striga composed at the costal extremity of interrupted lunules, and in the anal region of 
 arcuated marks disposed in regular succession ; then follows a delicate interrupted streak passing 
 in a curve over the entire surface of the wing, and exteriorly of this, just within the margin in 
 the costal extremity, a macular series of four oblong obsolete brown spots followed by five 
 diversified spots of an intense black tint pervading the anal region ; the extreme ones on each 
 side being linear, the next adjoining interiorly large, angular, subocellated, one of them being 
 situated in the marginal series near the notch, the other on the anal appendage ; the fifth, 
 which is oblong and somewhat removed from the margin, occupies the medial space of the anal 
 region ; these spots are all covered along their inner edge by marks corresponding to their 
 individual form of greenish silvery atoms, forming by their union an undulated streak passing 
 along the inner boundary of the anal region. The body above and underneath agrees in colour 
 with the adjoining portion of the wings; the legs are white with distant white bands, but the 
 tarsi are closely banded ; the antenna are brown, with a faint grayish crenulation along the 
 inner groove; the eyes are edged with white, and the palpi underneath are also white; the tails 
 are white with a black medial streak. Besides the distinctions already enumerated, the male is 
 marked above by a short white line at the extreme inner margin near the base, indicating the 
 interior attachment of a small brush-like appendage. 
 We have two male and four female specimens of this species, which was first made public in the 
 
 Encyclopedie. The authors of that work were acquainted with one sex only, which, agreeably to the 
 
 preceding details, was the female ; the distinguishing characters of the male are now, for the first time, 
 
 given. 
 
 Genus LOXURA. 
 
 Mykina. MM. Latr. et Godt. 
 
 Chakactei, %™ Us Jhactenus latent. 
 
 Imago : Antenna; breves, strict*, sensim incrassatae, capitulo apice acuto basin versus baud ma- 
 nifest distincto, sulco interiore longitudinal! obsolete crenulato, articulis exterionbus setis 
 minutis cinctis. . 
 
 Palpi longissimi, strict!, compressi, graciles, parum divergent^, antennartfm long.tud.ms dimidiam 
 partem sequantes; articulo basilar! brevi capiti adnato, villis brevibus senceis obtecto ; articu o 
 ' secundo 
 
120 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 secundo longissimo, oblongo, latere superiore subarcuato, ultra basin a capite solulo, oblique 
 assurgente, villis tenerrimis vestito ; articulo tertio mediocri, attenuato, subfalcato, vix nutante, 
 villis brevissimis obsito. 
 
 Proboscis dilatatus, palpis longior, apice latere altero setis crebris brevibus munito. 
 
 Caput breviusculum subrotundatum. Oculi mediocres, subprominuli, nudi. Corpus breve, atte- 
 nuatura, compressum. Alee anticae oblongae, obtusas, margine costali dilatato-arcuato ; posticae 
 subelono-ata?, angulum analem versus sensim attenuatas, appendiculo anali lateraliter producto, 
 ano-ulari, truncato; cauda solitaria oblique divergente. Pedes antici tarsis pro sexu diversis; maris 
 articulo solitario, elongato, cylindrico, obtuso, medio sulco obsoleto, transverso, exarato, 
 squamis minutis obtecto, subtus setis quoque adsperso; setis insuper nonnullis terminali- 
 bus erectis non exsertis munito; fceminas quinque-articulatis, articulo basilari subelongato, 
 reliquis attenuatis, squamulis minutis vestitis, subtus parum setosis, articulo extimo unguibus 
 duobus minutis, appendiculis utrinque lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio praedito, serie 
 deuique terminali apicem occultante : pedes medii et postici in utroque sexu unguibus duobus 
 minimis, appendiculis lateralibus et pulvillo intermedio muniti. 
 
 The two o-enera last enumerated, Myrina and Loxura, agree in various particulars ; we find them 
 accordingly united in the Encyclopedic, while the modifications of form which they exhibit, afford indica- 
 tions merely of sectional divisions, the type of one being Myrina Jafra, and of the other Myrina 
 Atvmnus. I originally adopted this view, as appears from the explanation of the plates of the first part ; 
 but the examinations which I instituted in the prosecution of my inquiry, and the analysis of numerous 
 specimens of each species, have convinced me that they are, according to our present views, perfectly 
 distinct. I therefore proceed now to the detail of the most distinguishing peculiarities of Loxura. The 
 Antenna are short, strict, more evidently incrassated towards the point than in Myrina, and provided at the 
 terminal joints with more distinct bristles. The Palpi are proportionally much longer, being full half the 
 length of the antennae ; the second and third joints differ both in form and direction, as appears from the 
 peculiarities which are minutely exhibited in the description and plate. The head is comparatively narrow, 
 and the eyes prominent. The hinder xvings in Loxura are lengthened, and regularly attenuated to a 
 narrow anal extremity; the anal appendage is angular, with a lateral projection and an abrupt posterior 
 termination : these luines are provided with a single tail, which passes off in an oblique direction. In the 
 essential structure of the tarsi of both sexes, Loxura agrees with Myrina ; these organs are however more 
 elongate in the former, especially in the male, and uniformly covered with minute scales, in which the 
 annular disposition is obscure. But the most important character required for the illustration of these 
 genera is still unknown ; I mean that exhibited by the metamorphosis ; but as Loxura Alymnus is found in 
 the Hon. Company's botanic garden at Calcutta, I hope to be enabled to add this illustration at a future 
 period. 
 
 Loxura is a very remarkable genus. It stands in our series near the confines of the Vermiform and 
 Chilognathiforrn stirpes, and the indications which it affords in point of affinity, are highly instructive. Its 
 relation to the genus, which in our catalogue immediately precedes it, appears, from the statements above 
 made, and from the illustrations given in our second plate ; and although the antenna; and palpi vary in 
 proportional length, they are very similar in form. , 
 
 I shall now direct the reader to those characters in Loxura which indicate the approach of the Chilogna- 
 thiforrn stirpes. The external habit resembles Colias ; the colour is spread over the surface in the same 
 manner, and varies but little in the different sexes; the margins are similar, and the metallic irrorations 
 existing in Myrina are no longer observed ; the markings underneath likewise are simple. The anterior 
 tarsi of the males, although essentially agreeing with Myrina in character, are mpre lengthened. The 
 
 form 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 121 
 
 form of the hinder wings and the direction of the tail indicates an affinity to Gonepteryx ; but this resem- 
 blance being founded entirely on an artificial character deserves not much notice. 
 
 There is, however, a considerable hiatus in the series which I am not enabled at present to supply ; and 
 it remains for future inquiry to determine whether the subjects already accumulated in other collections 
 will fill up the deficiency existing in ours, or whether the completion of the series depends on future dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 This genus is illustrated in the second plate ; fig. 6 ; 6, a ; 6, b ; 6, c ; 6, d ; 6, e. 
 
 49. Loxura Atymnus. Ala supra fulvce, colore saturatiore late aurantio, vel dilutiore in flaves- 
 centem vergente ; antica limbis exteriore et apicali saturate fuscis, coloribus limite intermedio 
 arcuato conjunctis, apice dilatiore ; postica limbo apicali pallidiore intus dilutiore evanescente, 
 vel pagind totd dilutiore Jlavescente, margine interiore productiore canescente villoso, appendiculo 
 anali albo-pulveridento : subtus ochraceo-flavicantes, colore opaco pulverulento aqualiter diffuso, 
 strigis quatuor fuscescentibus parallelis, duabus interioribus obsoletissimis, tertid communi ex 
 lunulis contiguis conflatd, quartd intra-marginali obsoletissimd scepius inconspicud ; appendiculo 
 anali punctis tribus lunaribus confluentibus fuscis albo-pulveridentis imo diffusion. (Exp. 
 alar. 1 unc. 2 — 6 lin.) 
 
 Plate II., fig. 6 ; 6, a. 
 Papilio P. B. Atymnus. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 70. No. 662. 
 Myrina Atymnus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 594. 
 Papilio Atymnus. Cram. pi. 331. D. E. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) 
 Hospitatur in Musaeo Domini Banks. 
 Wings above in both sexes fulvous, the intensity of the tint varying in different individuals, from 
 florid but not glossy orange to pale saffron yellow; anterior with the exterior and posterior 
 borders blackish-brown, the intermediate boundary being regular and passing in an arch from 
 the middle of the costa to the inner apical angle, leaving the greatest breadth at the tip : pos- 
 terior with a narrower and paler apical border, whose inner edge is slightly dentate and gra- 
 dually diffused in the ground colour of the surface, or entirely covered with a diluted yellowish 
 tint; inner margin dirty grayish and downy, lengthened in the direction of the anal appendage, 
 which is irrorated with dusky white : underneath covered with a yellow 1>chraceous pulverulent 
 tint which is uniformly diffused over the whole surface ; marked with four brownish parallel 
 strigse, the two interior ones being very obsolete and apparent only in fresh and well-conditioned 
 soecimens, the third extending over the middle of both pairs is the most distinct and composed 
 of darkish lunules in close succession, the fourth just within the margin is faint and interrupted; 
 the transverse anal extremity is marked with a brownish streak consisting of three confluent 
 spots, which are covered along the margin with whitish irrorations, the inner spot being diffused 
 over the rounded extremity of the anal appendage. The body is brownish above with a slight 
 admixture of yellow; the thorax bears delicate silky hairs; underneath these parts are covered 
 with a short close whitish down. The antenna are brown : tails pale fulvous with an obscure 
 brownish margin and a whitish tip. 
 
 This species is described by Fabricius, who indicates Siam as the native country, and the specimen from 
 which his description was probably made is still preserved in the Banksian Cabinet. Cramer has given a 
 Lure in which the most distinguishing organs, the palpi, are wanting. Donovan's figure does not give a 
 
122 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 correct idea of the form. It was therefore desirable to represent both surfaces with more accuracy, an 
 object I trust our figure has sufficiently attained. This insect is by no means unfrequent in Java. Our 
 collection contains at least eighteen specimens. The female, according to my observation, can be dis- 
 tinguished only by the structure of the anterior tarsi ; in colour and painting it differs not perceptibly from 
 the male. 
 
 50. Loxura Pita. Alos supra fceminsef idvce, colore saturato in aurantium vergente, anticce limbis 
 exteriore et apicali intus arcuatim circumscriptis, posticce limbo apicali fascidque obliqud ab 
 angulo apicali anteriore ad medium marginis interioris tendente ex maculis quatuor subcontiguis 
 efformata saturate^ fuscis ; margine interiore abdomen excipiente cano, appendicido anali albo 
 notato : subtiis ochraceo-flavicantes, colore pulverulento opaco cequaliter paginam totam obtegente ; 
 area mediand singularum arcubus minutis obsoletissimis fuscis notatd, in anticis sparsis in pos- 
 iicis seriebus duabus parallelis ordinatis, posterior e in regione anali saturatiore intus creperd 
 ■ albd limbatd ; tcenid denique marginali strigd alba intus auctd, punctoque ocellari in appendicido 
 ., . , , anali lunula albd stipatd fuscis. (Exp. alar. 15 lin.) 
 
 Wings above, in the female* fulvous, the tint being saturated and inclining to orange; anterior, 
 with the exterior and apical borders blackish brown, meeting the orange portion in a regularly 
 arched boundary line, extending from the middle of the anterior costa to the inner apical angle; 
 posterior, with the apical border and an oblique band composed of four contiguous spots extend- 
 ing from the outer apical angle to the middle of the inner margin, of the same colour; anal 
 termination of the apical border diffuse and evanescent internally and marked with a few obso- 
 lete white dashes ; inner margin excavated to receive the abdomen, gray : underneath ochraceous- 
 yellow, uniformly covered with an opaque pulverulent tint ; medial portion of the surface of both 
 pairs marked with numerous very minute and obsolete brown arcs, which in the hinder pair are 
 arranged in two parallel interrupted strigas, the posterior one increasing in distinctness towards 
 the inner margin, where it bears externally a lunular white cloud; extreme anal margin bearing 
 ; an irregularly diffuse brown stripe terminating in a distinct ocellate spot on the anal appendage; 
 the latter surrounded internally by a white lunule froni which an obscure striga passes over 
 theextreme anal region. Tails ferruginous brown, tipt with white : body brown above, pale 
 i yellowish underneath-: legs whitish, marked with numerous well defined black bands, which 
 are more crowded on the tarsi. 
 
 Loxura Pita closely agrees in a generic point of view with L. Atymnus : the antennae have the same 
 strictness and the palpi the same proportional length : the character of the tail is likewise the same. As a 
 species Loxura Pita is distinguished above by a deeper orange tint, by a broader border and by a transverse 
 macular band on the hinder pair : underneath the ocellate spot and the marks on the anal region are more 
 pronounced and the legs are distinctly marked with black bands ; the tail also is proportionally lengthened 
 and the wings are rather more expanded in breadth. 
 
 Our Museum contains a single female specimen in perfect condition. 
 
 Genus 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 123 
 
 Genus PHAEDRA. 
 
 Polyommatus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Hesperia. Fab. 
 
 Papilio. Cramer, Drury, Herbst. 
 
 „ Larva. 1 , 
 
 Character. J. hactenus latent. 
 
 Imago i Antenna breves, cylindrical, sensim extrorsum incrassatse, apice rotundato, inflexo, 
 acumine obsoleto, laterali ; articulis exterioribus verticillato-ciliatis, interstitiis transverse 
 sulcatis. 
 Palpi mediocres, graciles, compressi ; articulo basilari brevissimo, arcuato, capiti adnato ; articulo 
 secundo oblongo, porrecto ; his subtus pilis brevibus, sericeis, aequalibus, deorsum spectantibus 
 arete vestitis ; articulo terminali brevi, attenuato, holosericeo. 
 Proboscis brevissimus, tenuis. 
 
 Caput breve, obtusum, latum. Oculi planiusculi, pilis brevissimis parce conspersi. Corpus mediocre, 
 attenuatum. Alee anticse oblongae, posticae rotundato-obtusae, areola discoidali postice aperta. 
 Pedes antici tarsis pro sexu diversis ; maris articulo solitario, elongato, obtuso, un<nie acuto 
 abrupte inflexo terminato, sulcis quatuor transversis, obsoletis exarato, pilis holosericeis obsito ; 
 famines quinque-articulatis; articulo basilari elongato-ovato, tribus intermediis minimis orbi- 
 culatis, decrescentibus, ultimo ovali, unguibus duobus parvis, lateralibus, pulvilloque interme- 
 dio munito : pedes medii et postici, in utroque sexu, tarsis quinque-articulatis, singulis ungui- 
 bus duobus lateralibus, appendiculis et pulvillo intermedio instructis. 
 Character. The larva and chrysalis as yet unknown. In the perfect insect : Antenna short, cylin- 
 drical, gradually thickening to the extremity, which is rounded, obtuse, with an obscure late- 
 rally inflected, mamillary point; exterior articulations surrounded by minute bristles, while the 
 interstices are transversely sulcated or delicately wrinkled. Palpi of moderate length, slender, 
 compressed ; basal joint short, applied to the head ; second joint oblong, obliquely porrected ; 
 both these are densely clothed with silky hairs of equal length ; third joint short, attenuated, 
 tending forward, covered with a delicate silky down. Proboscis short and slender. Head short, 
 obtuse, broad. Eyes plane, very sparingly clothed with a short, scattered, down. Body of 
 moderate length, attenuated. Wings: anterior oblong; posterior rounded, obtuse; discoidal 
 cell not closed. Feet: anterior with tarsi differently constructed in the sexes; in the male con- 
 sisting of a single elongate, obtuse joint, terminated by an acute abruptly inflected claw, marked 
 with four very obsolete transverse grooves, which are concealed by the silky down investing the 
 tarsus; in the female with tarsi consisting of five joints; the first oblong-ovate, the three follow- 
 in" very short, orbicular and decreasing in dimensions; the fifth oval and provided with two 
 small lateral claws and an intermediate pulvillus : the tarsi of the middle and posterior feet have 
 all five joints, the terminal one being armed with two lateral claws, intermediate appendages, 
 and a pulvillus. 
 
 After the remarks which were made on the genus Loxura and on the indications afforded by it of the 
 evident approach of the Chilognathiform stirps, the introduction of another genus of the Vermiform stirps, 
 which does not contribute to supply those deficiencies indicated in the series, requires some explana- 
 tion. The individuals of the genus now defined with the name of Phaedra, possess in their perfect state a 
 complication of characters, partaking of several genera, besides certain peculiarities of their own. In the 
 structure of the antennae they agree upon the whole with Loxura ; and the palpi although shorter than in 
 
 r 2 that 
 
224 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 that genus, are constructed on the same plan ; whereas in the anterior feet of the male they resemble the 
 individuals of the first great subdivision of the genus Thecla, the Th. stride sic dicta. In the covering of the 
 underside of the wings, in their markings and in the abrupt termination of the hinder pair, they differ from 
 all the individuals of the genera Lyccena and Thecla. But our knowledge of the genus Phcedra is still 
 imperfect and until its character shall be fully illustrated by the discovery of its metamorphosis, which I 
 hope to obtain from our Indian researches, its present disposition at the extremity of the Vermiform stirps, 
 is only provisional. In the Encyclopedic the continental species of Phcedra is arranged in the fourth great 
 subdivision of the genus Polyommntus, comprising subjects with entire or slightly dentate wings ; several of 
 the species of the same section resemble our insect in the colour of the upper surface, although they have 
 nothing of the peculiarity which distinguishes the under side ; and they are all essentially different in a 
 generic point of view. 
 
 A very detailed dissection of our genus, in which the peculiarities of the perfect insect are distinctly 
 brought into view, has been prepared : this I hope to be enabled to introduce in one of the succeeding 
 plates of the Lepidoptera diurna. 
 
 51. Phaedra Terricola. Aim poslicce obtusm ; maris suprd ex aurantio fulvce, limbis exteriore et 
 posteriore apice largo anticarum fascidque tenuissimd marginali posticarum nigricanti-fuscis ; 
 foemina; fusees, singula plagu maxima discoidali alba : subtus sericeo-albce, pagind told singula- 
 rum colore opaco nitente squanmloso densi opertd, serie punctorum intramarginali strigdque 
 post-mediand obsoletissimis nigris. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 5 — 7 lin.) 
 
 Hesperia R. Phadrus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 307. No. 165. (The 
 male.) 
 
 Hesperia. R. JEsopus. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. loc. cit. No. 164. (The female.) 
 
 Papilio Cinyra. Cram. pi. 238. fig. C. (The male.) 
 
 Papilio Thetis. Cram. pi. 238. D. (The female.) 
 
 Polyommatus Plwdrus. MM. Latr. et Godt. Erie. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 675. 
 
 Hospitatur in Musaeo Domini Banks. 
 
 Hinder wings broad and obtuse with an abrupt regularly transverse posterior margin, gradually 
 rounded towards the outer apical angle : upper surface, in the male, fulvous with a deep orano- e 
 shade, having the exterior and posterior borders of the fore wings defined by a hemispherical 
 boundary which leaves a broad apex, and a narrow posterior marginal line of the hinder wings, 
 blackish brown; in the female brown, the wings being individually marked with a larcre oblon^ 
 white spot occupying the disk and adjoining portions of the surface : underneath both pair are 
 densely covered throughout with a milky-white glistening stratum of colouring particles, delicately 
 pulverulent or scaly in appearance, exhibiting when rubbed irregular patches of a brownish 
 ground ; in some specimens this stratum is uniform and immaculate ; others are very obsoletely 
 marked with a series of minute dots, just within the posterior margins, and with a very faint 
 common striga behind the disk, accompanied in some individuals by a parallel line towards the 
 middle of the wing, of a black colour. Body above brown, with lengthened fulvous hairs in 
 the male and brownish hairs in the female; underneath silky white: legs of the same colour 
 with very obscure orange bands towards the tarsal extremity. Antennae brown with an orange 
 tip. 
 
 This species appears to have an extensive range on the Continent : we have, from various parts of India, 
 five male and two female specimens. It was not observed in Java. The Banksian Cabinet contains one 
 
 male 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. , Qe - 
 
 male with the mark of Papilio R. Phaidrus, and two females with that of P. R. JEsqpus, in Fabricius' own 
 hand-writing. The decision of the authors of the Encyclopedic, above referred to, according to which 
 the P. R. Msopus of Fabricius is not a distinct species but the female of Phadrui, is confirmed by a 
 careful dissection which is intended for a future plate. 
 
 o2. Phjedra Insularis. Aim posticm regionem analem versus subattenuatm in unguium rotundatum 
 products, maris supra cupreo-fulvm, limbis exteriore et posteriore, apice largo anticarum fas- 
 cidque latd marginali intus evanescente posticarum nigris ; canali abdomen recipiente pallidiore 
 villis fuliginosis vestito : subtus sericeo-argentem glaucino lavatce stratu pulverulento paginam 
 Mam operiente, strigis duabus posticis tenuissimis undulatis completis, interiore saturatiore, 
 serie intramarginali punctorum minutorum punctoque solitario in medio marginis interioris 
 nigris ; singula; insuper striold carinatd discoidali obsoletissimd. (Exp. alar. 18 lin.) 
 Hinder wings gradually attenuated towards the anal region, with a slightly rounded inner apical 
 angle; upper surface (in the male) with a bright cupreous lustre inclining as the light varies to 
 reddish-brown ; exterior and posterior borders of the fore wings and posterior border of the 
 hinder wings black, in the former the intermediate boundary forms a bold curve leaving a broad 
 apex, in the latter the inner edge is slightly waving and evanescent ; the concave inner margin 
 which receives the abdomen is paler and covered with delicate hair of a sooty tint : underneath 
 satin-white, the colour being spread in an opaque pulverulent stratum uniformly over the whole 
 surface and covered with a silvery slightly glaucous gloss; behind the disk two very delicate 
 waving strigae of a blackish tint pass regularly over both pairs, the anterior being more pro- 
 nounced ; just within the hinder margin is a series of very minute black dots and near the 
 middle of the inner margin stands a solitary dot of the same colour ; on the disk the indication 
 of a transverse brownish litura is faintly observed, which however is more lengthened and dis- 
 tinct in the hinder pair. All the wings have along their posterior margin a grayish line. Body 
 and abdomen above glaucous inclining to brown with a lengthened down of the same colour ; 
 underneath yellowish white and pulverulent; legs of the same colour with obscure brown spots. 
 Antenna brown. 
 
 Two males in excellent condition have furnished the materials for the preceding description; the female 
 was not observed, and the history of this species remains therefore imperfect. The form of the hinder 
 wings indicates a sectional division in this small group. 
 
LEPIDOPTBRA. 12? 
 
 CHILOGNATHIFORM 
 
 OR 
 
 IULIFORM STIRPS. 
 
 Character. 
 
 Larva ehngala ; nunc cylindrica ; nunc utrinque cequaliter angustata vel medium versus 
 incrassata, convexa, dorso arcuata, antice conico-attenuata : superficie modb glabra, 
 omnino Icevis, vel antice clypeo maximo e summo dorso ad caput usque operta ■ modb 
 arete punctulata vel pilosa vel hirsuta vel appendiculis carnosis munita : caput «-lobo- 
 sum retractile corpori mediante articulo brevi junctum, exsertum subsolutum '.•' furcula 
 retractilis inter caput collumque media, perfections structural indicium, in generibus 
 stirpi vermiformi accedentibus baud obvia. (Larva, quoad habitum Iulo similis.) 
 
 Pupa nuda angulata, quoad formam valde variabilis, tuberculis seriatis numero ac 
 magniludine diversis ornata • antice modb acumine simplici terminata, modb bifida; 
 postice altenuaia, fulcro adnexa ; mediantibus filis collum abdomenque ligantibus 
 verticaliter vel oblique suspensa, capite sursum spectante. 
 
 Observation. — The larva of this stirps is in all the various forms in which it appears, of great 
 proportional length. Near the confines of the Vermiform stirps it is slightly attenuated at both 
 ends, marked with distinct transverse striae at the segments and covered with minute elevated dots. 
 This character it possesses in Colias (see PL iv. No. 6 and 7) and in Gonepteryx as figured by 
 Roesel (vol. iv. Tab. xxvi. 1. 2. 3.). In the division which follows in natural order, the larva is 
 regularly cylindrical, slender and closely covered with down or hairs: it exhibits this form in 
 Terias (see PL iv. No. 8), Pontia (PL iv. No. 9) and the allied genus Leucophasia. We have next, 
 in the Javanese series, a larva, slightly attenuated at both ends and gradually approaching the 
 character of the following group; it is figured on our PL iv. No. 10, and the species agreeing with 
 it, constitute the genus Pieris as applied in this catalogue. The group which succeeds to it and 
 which appears to be peculiar to northern regions, has an intermediate character, while it is at 
 the same time, quite anomalous in its pupa state. The principal genus in this group is Doritis : 
 
 the 
 
128 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 the form and covering of the larva resemble those of Pieris ; but now we have the first indication 
 of the osmaterium or of that retractile, bifid organ which characterises the typical group of 
 this stirps. Doritis, Thais, and the allied genera require however further examination ; and 
 this statement also requires the comparative illustration afforded by the perfect insect. 
 
 In following the series we have now arrived at the genus Papilio constituting a very extensive 
 croup, the individuals of which have not as yet been arranged accordingly to their true affinities. 
 The metamorphosis in the Javanese and Indian series, in our collection, exhibits the following forms. 
 First ■• a perfectly smooth larva, with nearly uniform surface, considerably distended about the fourth 
 or fifth segment of the body, with an elevated arched back from which it tapers rather abruptly to the 
 head and more gradually towards the anal extremity. Two examples of this form are contained in 
 the Javanese series : see PL iii. fig. 5 PI. iv. fig. 12. Secondly : a larva agreeing with the former in 
 outline of form, but being thicker, of a sluggish habit and marked anteriorly with a large clypeus or 
 shield, extending from the arched dorsal elevation to the head. It appears to be peculiar to tro- 
 pical climates and is found on both Continents; in the East-Indies it appears to be comparatively 
 abundant and four different modifications are represented from Java. The work of Smith and 
 Abbot exhibits several American forms of it. Thirdly : an elongated, cylindrical, comparatively 
 thick larva, very slightly attenuated at the extremities, with a smooth surface, from which naked 
 fleshy tubercles arise, varying in thickness and length in different species. Of this we have two 
 examples from Java, exhibited in the 17th fig. of the iii. and in the 13th of the iv. plate. Besides 
 these I am enabled to give a third Indian example of the third group, which was liberally commu- 
 nicated to me by General Hardwicke ; it is represented in the 1st fig. of the viii. plate. The indi- 
 cation which this larva affords of the gradual passage towards the Chilopodiform stirps has already 
 been indicated on the 41st page of the introduction ; and the details of the gradual variation of 
 form as they show the proximity of the next stirps, will be given in the sequel. The most striking 
 peculiarities of the pupa and of the perfect insect have been detailed in the introduction, p. 42, 
 43, 44 ; and on the Synoptic table ; the more minute modifications of form are given in the generic 
 characters. The subdivision of this stirps into families is reserved for another occasion. 
 
 Genus COLIAS. 
 
 Colias. Fab. Fair, Ochsenh. Curtis, Stephens, SfC. Papilionis — Danaorum candidorum species. 
 Linn. Papiliones: Danai flavi. Fain. E. Larva? pallidiventres. Wiener Verzeichnis, 164. 
 Clouded yellows. Haworlh. 
 Character. Larva cylindrica, gracilis, utrinque attenuata, obsolete transversim scutata, punctis 
 elevatis, minutis tenuiter annulata, rarius subtomentosa, lateribus striga laetiore ornatis : capite 
 parvo rotundato. (Tab. iii. fig. 14. Tab. iv. fig. 6. 7.) 
 Chrysalis glabra, subcompressa, obtuse angulata, supra carinata, medio subarcuata, antice mil- 
 crone solitario definita ; abdomine attenuate arete adnexo, filo mediano laxo recte aut hori- 
 zontaliter suspensa. (Tab. i v. fig. 6, a ; 7, a.) 
 Imago ■• Antenna mediocres, validae, abrupte truncatse : in sectione prima de basi ad apicem sensim 
 
 incrassatae; in altera ultra medium liliformem in capitulum elongato-obconicum products. 
 Palpi compressi, brevissimi, capiti adnati, penicillo clypei omnino reconditi, rarius apice 
 libero porrecti ; articulo basilari elongato, arcuato, nunc subtus squamis linearibus teneris, 
 radiatim patentibus vestito, nunc setis longis diff'usis hirsuto; articulo secundo oblcngo., pijis 
 
 aequalibus 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 129 
 
 *qualibus sericeis vestito, vel .setis laxis reflexis consperso ; articulo ultimo ovato vel subcylindrico 
 obtuso, senceo vel nudo, omniuo recondite ; nunc breviter exserto. 
 
 Proboscis longus, validus, spiralis. 
 
 Caput breve, villis crebris obsitum, penicillo intermedio porrecriore. OcuH mediocre* nudi, vix 
 puberul.. Thorax dilatatus. {Abdomen maris, articulo ultimo acute, subtus unco tenui incurvato ■ 
 va vis magnis, attenuatis, aduncis. Swainson's Zool. Blast. I.) Ate largse; antics oblonge 
 vel elongato-tngon*; posticaa rotundatas, sulco abdomen recipiendo concolore : areola discoidali 
 singularum clausa. Pedes graciles, elongati; antici in utroque sexu conformes ; tarsi singulo- 
 rum articulis qu.nque, basilar! elongate, reliquis subsequalibus, ultimo unguibus duobus, latera- 
 hbus, bifidis, brevibus, arcuatis, acutis, pulvilloque intermedio munito. 
 
 The genus Colzas, as at present limited in our systems, comprises two sections, which differ both in the 
 perfect insect and the metamorphosis. In the former the antenna are gradually and uniformly thickened 
 towards the tip ; the palpi are covered with short delicate bristles or scales of uniform length and disposition 
 and the third joint is somewhat lengthened and attenuated ; in the latter the antenna are filiform at the 
 base and swelled at the extremities into a perceptible club of a lengthened-ovate or obconic form, occupying 
 about one-third of the organ ; the covering of the palpi is less regular; lengthened, straggling hairs are 
 mixed with the villi and scales, and the third joint is small, round, and obtuse. The first is perhaps exclu- 
 sively a tropical form. The metamorphosis is exhibited in the sixth figure of our fourth plate, and Colias 
 Scylla of the following catalogue may be adduced as typical of the perfect insect. The antenna? and palpi 
 are beautifully illustrated in the fifth plate of Mr. Swainson's Zoological Illustrations. The latter appears to 
 belong to northern climates, and I refer to the 242d plate of Mr. Curtis's British Entomology, for the 
 peculiarities of this subdivision as far as regards the antennas and palpi. 
 
 In offering these remarks I have much pleasure in repeating the acknowledgment of the assistance received 
 from Mr. Swainson, more particularly in the arrangement of this genus ; and I trust I shall have his sanction 
 in applying to the second great division of the genus Colias, as a subgeneric distinction, the name of Eury- 
 mus, by which he designated this form about eight years ago in my private collection, and which I have 
 preserved in manuscript. The propriety of this separation appears further from the peculiarities of the 
 larva of Colias Hyale ; and we are greatly indebted to Mr, Curtis for the copy of it exhibited in his 242d 
 plate from Hiibner. Whoever will compare this with the larva of true Colias, as exhibited in our fourth 
 plate, will notice the gradual approach to the form of Pontia, which is confirmed by the perfect insect. 
 
 * Larva utrinqui attenuata, punctis elevatis minutis tenuiler annulata : antennce e bast 
 ad apicem sensim incrassata : palpi villis squamisque brevibus, teneris, cequalibus 
 obtecti, articulo ultimo ovato attenuato, nonnunquam subelongato. 
 Colias stride sic dicta. 
 53. Colias Pyranthe. Aim alba, supra maris limbis exleriore et posteriore anticarum, fceminae 
 limbo posteriore communi nigris ; anticce insuper notd discoidali nigra, in mare lineari trans- 
 versa minutd in fazmina orbicidari insigni : subtus cinereo-undidatce, puncto discoidali singu- 
 larum argenteo iride lilacind cincto. (Exp. alar. 2 unc. 3 lin. — 3 unc.) 
 Wings white above ; in the male, fore-wings with exterior and posterior borders, in the female, 
 both pairs with a common posterior border black ; anterior wings with a discoidal mark, 
 which is linear, transverse and minute in the male, large and oval in the female : under- 
 neath with numerous, close, transverse, cinereous undulations, and on each wing a minute, 
 argentine discoidal spot, surrounded by an irregular iris of a lilach tint. 
 
 s Papilio 
 
130 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Pyranthe. Linn. Syst. Nat. torn. 2. p. 763. No. 98. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Pyranthe. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 44. No. ]88. P. D. C. Nephte. Fab. 
 Ent. Syst. Em. torn. 3. pars 1. p. 190. No. 588. Papilio D. C. Gnoma. Fab. Spec. Ins. 
 torn. 2. p. 50. No. 217. (Mas.) Hospitatur in Mus. Dora. Banks. 
 Papilio Alcyone. Cram. PI. 58. fig. A. B. C. 
 
 Colias Pyranthe. MM. Latr. et. Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97. 
 Candor alarum supra in ccerulescentem subtus in virescentem vergens : anticee subtus dimidio 
 interiore immaculato; singulas striga distinctiore undulata inter discum marginemque poste- 
 riorem media. Puncta ocellaria paginae inferioris pallide argentea iride lilacina cincta ; nonnun- 
 quani vero, in mare, omnino desunt, vel rarius, praesertim in fcemina sesquialtera. Saccus 
 glandularis oblongus, subbasalis, opacus, pulverulentus, saturate sulphureo tinctus, discrimen 
 sexuale maris suppeditat; neuro exteriori areas discoidalis adhaerens, penicillo piano ex villis 
 sericeis elongatis efformato, e margine interiore alarum anticarum exserto occultatur : fcemina 
 discrepat limbo exteriore anticarum nigro, insigniore, apiceque dilatiore. Corpus supra villis 
 sericeis longis albis ornatur : antenna pallide lilacinas cinerascente pulverulentae. 
 This species, which was originally described by Linnaeus with the name of P. Pyranthe, has from its acci- 
 dental and sexual varieties received different denominations. Those occurring in the works of Fabricius are 
 judiciously analysed and disposed by the authors of the Encyclopedie. Cramer's figure represents that variety 
 of the male in which the under-side is without ocellate spots : our collection contains several individuals 
 of the same description. Two of our specimens, a male and female, are from Java, and more than twelve 
 of both sexes from various parts of continental India. The specimen of Gnoma preserved in the Banksian 
 cabinet, bears Fabricius' original mark. Donovan, in his Chinese insects, has figured the female. 
 
 54. Colias Phillippina. Alee supra alba, marginem versus flavido lavata ; anticm limbis exteriore 
 et posteriore punctoque medio nigris : subtus dilute flavicantes cinereo-undulata, serie maculari 
 distinctiore disco marginique postico intermedia ; anticce puncto ocellari solitario, posticce pimctis 
 tribus discoidalibus argenteis, singulis annulo lilacino cinctis. (Exp. alar. 2 i unc.) 
 Wings above white, with a yellowish tint exteriorly increasing in strength towards the margin ; in 
 the fore-wings the exterior and posterior borders and a round dot on the disk, are of an 
 intense black colour : underneath pale yellowish, with numerous transverse cinereous undu- 
 lations, among which a more distinct macular series passes between the disk and margin 
 through both pairs ; fore wings with a single, hinder wings with three argentine discoidal 
 spots, which are individually surrounded with a circle of a lilacine tint. 
 Papilio Philippina. Cram. pi. 361. fig. C. D. 
 
 Colias Philippina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 96. 
 This species greatly resembles Colias Pyranthe; it is however clearly distinguished by the ocellate spots 
 of the hinder wings underneath : the macular band of the lower surface is likewise more pronounced than 
 in that species, and the spots have a decided wedge-shaped form. The diffuse yellow border of the fore- 
 wings above is likewise, as far as appears from our materials, peculiar to this species. Our insect is also 
 closely allied to Colias Florella of Fabricius, found at Sierra Leone, of which a specimen is preserved in the 
 Banksian cabinet. 
 
 Colias Philippina was not found in Java: we have several Continental and Ceylonese specimens ; they 
 supply nothing to the history of this species. 
 
 55. Colias Glaucippe. Ala alba, supra antica dimidio apicali vivide fulvo, limbis exteriore et 
 
 posteriore 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 131 
 
 posteriore limite ?nediano flexuoso discum oblique' transeunte, serie intramarginali macularum 
 cuneatarum venisque apicalibus nigris, posticoe maris immaculate albidce, fceminse sordidi flavi- 
 cantes, limbo posteriore intHs argute' dentato serieque interiore punctorum nigris : subtus albm, 
 flarndo lavatce ; antica dimidio apicali, posticce pagind tota fusco cinereoque nebulosce, notis 
 saturatioribus infuscatee. (Exp. alar. unc. 2£ — 4.) 
 Wings white ; upper surface in the fore-wings with the apical half vivid fulvous, the exterior and 
 posterior borders, an oblique medial boundary passing flexuose across the disk, a series 
 of wedge-shaped marks parallel with the margin, and the exterior veins black; hinder 
 wings, in the male whitish immaculate, in the female dirty yellowish, the posterior border 
 with acutely dentated inner edge and a parallel series of minute dots of a black colour : 
 underneath whitish slightly tinged with yellow; fore-wings with the apical dimidial portion, 
 hinder wings with the whole surface delicately dotted and undulated with brownish-gray, 
 small clouds and patches, sprinkled with more saturated dots and marks, being irregularly 
 scattered over the surface. 
 
 Plate IV, fig. 7 ; 7, a. The larva and chrysalis. 
 Papilio D. C. Glaucippe. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 762. No. 89. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. 
 
 p. 45. No. 191. Hospitatur in Musaeo Domini Banks. 
 Papilio Glaucippe. Cram. pi. 164. fig. A. B. (The male) fig. C. (The female). 
 Pieris Glaucippe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 119. 
 
 It appears from the preceding list of Synonyms, that our species is arranged, in the Encyclopedic in 
 the genus Pieris. I found my present determination not only on the metamorphosis, which closely resem- 
 bles that of Colias, (as appears from the 6th and 7th figures of my fourth plate) but also on the character of 
 the perfect insect : the antennae agree in all points with those of that genus ; the palpi are very similar ; a 
 slight peculiarity which they present can only be exhibited satisfactorily by a dissection. 
 
 Colias Glaucippe is not unfrequent in Java, and various specimens were obtained by breeding. The larva 
 feeds on a species of Capparis, distinguished by the native name of Wanxvannan. Our museum contains 
 numerous specimens of both sexes from Java and from the continent of India. It has an extensive range 
 through intratropical India, and is found in most collections. Linnaeus gave an early account of it. 
 
 56. Colias Alcmeone. Alee supra alba, maris ad basin fascia lata sulphureo-fcavd discum versus 
 irregulariter laciniatd, anticee limbo exteriore apiceque tenuissimo, — foemina? limbis posticis sin- 
 gularum, exterior ibus anticarum, puncto insuper discoidali orbicular i nigris : subtus singula fla- 
 vicantes immaculatce. (Exp. alar. unc. 2\ — 2f.) 
 Wings above, in the male, white, with a broad common snlphureous-yellow Ijasal fascia, irregularly 
 laciniated along the edge which looks towards the disk ; anterior wings very narrowly edged 
 with black at the apex and adjoining portions of the margins; in the female, posterior 
 borders of both pairs, as well as the exterior costal border and a circular dot on the fore- 
 wings, black : underneath all the wings, in both sexes, yellowish and immaculate. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Alcmeone. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 44. No. 186. Hospitatur Mus. D. Banks. 
 
 Colias Alcmeone. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97. 
 
 Alee supra albae, fascia flava basali, in mare discum versus margine irregulariter sinuato abrupte 
 
 definita ; foeminas limbo communi postico dilatiore, intiis evanescente vel obsolete sinuato nigro, 
 
 apice nigricante alboque variegato ; costa margine angusto nigro-limbata, intra medium dilatiore, 
 
 s 2 processu 
 
132 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 processu attenuato discum versus tendente aucto. Saccus glandularis pulverulentus, in mare 
 nervo antico area; discoidalis adhaerens, penicillo piano ex villis elongatis sericeis patentibus con- 
 flato, egregie opertus. Subtus flavedine ad basin saturatiore ; alae anticag in area anali palles- 
 centes. Carpus flavide virescens, villis longis laxis concoloribus vestitum : antenna fuscae 
 apicem versus ferrugineo tinctas. 
 
 This species is very abundant in Java, and we have numerous specimens of both sexes. It is also con- 
 tained in our continental collections. Fabricius gives a distinct description of it in all his systematic works ; 
 it has not as yet been figured. 
 
 57. Colias Jugurthina. Alee supra alba, ad basin fascia lata discum versus evanescente jlavd, 
 
 limbo communi postico punctoque discoidali anticarum nigris ; apice nigricante alboque variegato, 
 costd limbo nigro basin versus in dentem dilatato - subtus straminece nitentes ad basin saturatiores 
 dimidio interiore anticarum albicante ; strigd maculari communi posticdfuscescente, singula insuper 
 puncto solitario discoideo obsoletojlavicante in anticis scepius deficiente. (Exp. alar. unc. 2J — 2f). 
 Wings above white, with a broad yellow fascia at the base, gradually paler towards the disk ; pos- 
 terior margins of both pairs and a discoidal spot of the fore-wings black, while the apex is 
 paler and variegated with irregular spots of the ground colour; costal border also black, 
 and spreading towards the base to a dentiform process, which sometimes touches the dis- 
 coidal spot ; underneath straw-coloured yellow and shining, the base being more saturated' 
 while the interior portion of the fore-wings is nearly white ; a macular series of obsolete 
 brown spots passes behind the disk through both pairs, while each wing has in the middle 
 of the disk a single obscure yellowish dot, which is sometimes wanting in the fore wings. 
 
 Papilio Jugurtha. Cram. pi. 187. fig. E. F. 
 
 Papilio Statira. Cram. pi. 120. C. D. 
 
 Papilio Crocale. Cram. pi. 55. C. D. 
 
 Colias Jugurthina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 96. 
 
 I have found it difficult in the comparison of a very extensive number of specimens, to discriminate this 
 species from its neighbours in the series, and I admit it with some uncertainty regarding its real distinctness. 
 The specimens in our collection agreeing with the character above given are all females, and it remains to 
 be determined whether they are not mere varieties of the 56th or 58th species. In several male specimens, 
 which resemble those of C. Alcmeone in all other points, a very faint discoidal spot is however observable. 
 I have followed the authors of the Encyclopedie in the appropriation of the synonyms. We have specimens 
 agreeing with the individual figures of Cramer above cited : but those of P. Crocale and P. Statira, are 
 most strongly marked. The dot of the under-surface of the hinder wings is in many cases sesquialterous ; 
 and this confirms the affinity to the next species. 
 
 58. Colias Hilahia. Ales suprd maris alba, fascid latd sulphured discum versus irregidariter 
 
 laciniatd, marginibus ad apicem tenuissimi nigro-limbatis ; fceminas pagind totd, nonnunquam 
 dimidio basilari tantum, latiflavce, anticce limbis exteriore et postico, puncto discoidali serieque 
 obsoletd intramarginali macularum cuheatarum, ex apice discum versus obliqui divergente nigris ; 
 posticm limbo posterior e continuo vel interrupto maculari nigro : subtus in utroque sexujlavce vel ex 
 pallide) stramineo micantes ; anticce puncto discoidali solitario flavido velochraceo, posticce puncto 
 sesquialtero vividi argenteo micante insigniore, singulis circulo simplici aut duplici circumscriptis 
 vel in macula diffusa lilacina velferruginea nidulantibus. (Exp. alar. unc. 2\ — 2f ). 
 
 Winffs 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 133 
 
 Wings above in the male, white, with a broad common sulphureous-yellow basal fascia irregularly 
 laciniated along the edge which looks towards the disk, the extreme borders being very deli- 
 cately edged with black at the tip; in the female, the entire surface or in some cases the basal 
 portion alone bright yellow ; the fore-wings (in this sex) having the exterior and posterior 
 borders, a discoidal spot and an obsolete series of wedge-shaped marks passing obliquely 
 from the apex towards the disk black, while the hinder wings are confined by a continued 
 or interrupted border of the same colour : underneath in both sexes yellow, or covered with 
 a pale stramineous yellow shining tint; fore-wings with a single pale yellowish or ochra- 
 ceous discoidal spot ; hinder pair with a sesquialterous spot, larger in size and of a bright 
 silvery tint ; these spots being individually surrounded by a single or double ring, or entirely 
 bedded in a broad spot of a lilach or ferruginous tint. 
 Papilio Hilaria. Cram. pi. 339. fig. A. B. (The male.) 
 
 Colias Hilaria. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 97. (The male.) 
 Papilio Catilla. Cram. pi. 229. fig. D. E. (Variety of the female.) 
 Papilio D. C. Catilla. Fab. Ent. Syst. torn. 3. pars. 1. p. 209. No. 656. (The female.) 
 Colias Catilla. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 95. 
 Mas supra cum specie antecedente omnino convenit : fcemina tinctura gaudet laniore paginam 
 totam operiente vel quandoque variat limbo postico saturatiore vel etiam flavedine ultra 
 medium evanescente. Subtus alae maris ex albicante flavescunt vel nitore stramineo-argentino 
 sunt lavatas; fceminae vero lastissime flavas pulverulentae, versus marginem posteriorem serie 
 macularum cuneatarum fuscarum signantur, maculis violaceis insuper sparsis ; notae discoi- 
 dales in utroque sexu numero ac dispositione aequales in mare circulo tenuiorelilacino cinguntur, 
 in fcemina ambitu duplici tenui vel diffuso indeterminato complexas, in posticis interdum in 
 plaga maxima profunde sinuata e disco ad costam oblique extensa ferruginea nidulant. Hasc 
 varietas a Cramero, loco supra, citato delineata, in musaeo nostra hospitatur egregie asservata. 
 Saccus glandularis maris penicillo sericeo opertus sicut in congeneribus adest. Pectus virescens : 
 abdomen flavidum, pilis longis laxis sericeis canescentibus vestitum : antenna e saturato violaceo 
 in fuscescentem variantes. 
 
 The proposed union of two species, the Colias Hilaria and C. Catilla of Cramer, which are kept distinct 
 by the authors of the Encyclopedie, is founded on the examination of a very numerous series of specimens. 
 In all these the male exhibits an uniform character, and is clearly distinguished by the glandular sac above 
 described, and its covering, which consists of a beautiful silky brush protruded from the inner edge of the 
 anterior wing near the base. 
 
 I have endeavoured to indicate clearly the characters by which the preceding species are distinguished ; 
 in the upper surface they all greatly resemble each other, and, as in all species of this genus, we must be 
 directed in the discrimination of them by the markings of the under-side. This species is extremely abun- 
 dant : we have at least forty specimens exhibiting all its varieties. The under-side of the female in 
 many cases, assumes a light, stramineous, shining tint, resembling that of the male. 
 59. Colias Scyixa. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 95. 
 Plate IV, fig. 6, Larva ; fig. 6, a. Chrysalis. 
 Papilio D. C. Scylla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. No. 95. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 47. 
 No. 203. (The female). Papilio D. C. Cornelia. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 21. No. 229. 
 
 (The male.) 
 
 Papilio 
 
!34 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 Papilio Scylla. Cram. pi. 12. fig. C. D. Sulz. Ins. edit. Roem. tab. 15. fig. 6. (The male.) 
 Papilio Scylla. Donov. Ind. Ins. (with a figure.) Hospitatur in Mus. D. Banks. 
 
 This species is very uniform in its markings : the sexes are very clearly distinguished on the upper sur- 
 face ; they agree underneath, with this modification, that the marks of the female have a more saturated 
 tint and are more diffuse. Colias Scylla presents no prominent varieties : the description given of it in the 
 Encyclopedic is quite satisfactory, and requires no explanatory details. The male is provided, as in the 
 allied species, with a glandular sac near the base of the hinder wings, and with a corresponding brush-like 
 covering protruded from the inner margin of the fore-wings. The metamorphosis is represented on our 
 fourth plate, fig. 6 ; and 6, a. The larva feeds on various species of Cassia, particularly on the Cassia fistula 
 and C. obtusifolia, and in this habit, it agrees with the C. Pyranthe, according to Dr. Koenig and with the 
 P. Senna of Linnaeus figured by Abbot. It is, however, occasionally found on other plants : it is extremely 
 abundant, particularly in the early part of the rainy season, after the renewal of the foliage of these plants. 
 I must, however, remark, that the various species of Colias contained in this catalogue resemble each other 
 so closely in the larva state, that the distinction of species is extremely difficult. The greatest number of 
 specimens obtained by breeding belong to the species now described ; but in examining the series put up in 
 Java in illustration of the drawings prepared during the progress of this research, I now observe several speci- 
 mens of Colias Jugurthina and Colias Alcmeone, a circumstance which shows their near resemblance in 
 the larva state. Among these specimens is contained that remarkable variety of Colias Jugurthina, figured by 
 Cramer with the name of Papilio Crocale. 
 
 * * Larva lineari-cylindrica, subtomentosa : antenna; basi ultraque medium filiformes, 
 capitido elongato-ovato vel obconico : palpi setts villisque longis diffusis hirsuti, articulo 
 ultimo obovato, obtuso. 
 
 Subgenus Eurymus. Swainson. 
 
 Observation.-^- This form appears to be confined exclusively to extratropical regions ; no individuals 
 belonging to it are contained in our collection. Mr. Swainson gives Colias Hyale as the type of 
 this subgenus, and I refer again to Mr. Curtis's distinct illustration contained in his lxi. No. pi. 
 242 : the larva evidently leads to the next modification of form. 
 
 Genus TERIAS. 
 
 Terias. Swainson. Zool. Must. iv. pi. 22. Papilio. Linn. Fab. &c. Pieris. Latr. 
 Character. Larva lineari-cylindrica, gracilis, utrinque obtusa, obsolete transversim scutata, villis 
 
 brevibus hirta, striga pallida laterali signata : capite parvo, obtuso, obscuro. (Tab. iv. fig. 8.) 
 Chrysalis glabra, recta, subcompressa ; supra carinata, arcuata, utrinque attenuata, mucrone solitario 
 
 definita. (Tab. iv. fig 8 ; 8 a.) 
 Imago : Antenna mediocres, graciles, basi filiforines, apicem versus sensim in clavam, elongato-fusi- 
 ' formem, subcompressam abeuntes. 
 Palpi brevissimi, articulis inferioribus latis, compressis, capiti adnatis, basilari subelongato, squamis 
 
 brevissimis sequalibus arete vestito ; articulo secundo paululum breviore, extus rolundato, undique 
 
 squamulis minutissimis villis interspersis dense obtecto ; tertio minuto, attenuato, nudo, porrecto. 
 Proboscis elongatus, validiusculus. 
 
 Caput breve, nutans, alarum arcu costali subreconditum; postice thoracis crista transversa margi- 
 natum. 
 
LEPIDOPTER A. 
 
 135 
 
 natum. Oculi mediocres, nudi. Thorax dilatior; antice et ad latera crista subarcuata, ex pilis 
 erectis sericeis ornatus. (Abdomen elongatum, gracile, in maribus sex-articulatum, articulo 
 ultimo duobus uncis approximantibus ; valvis latis, incrassatis, truncatis, aduncis. Swains.) Aim 
 largae; anticse oblongae, obtusae, margine costali tboracem versus fortiter arcuato; posticee latae, 
 rotnndatae, sulco abdomen excipiendo pallescente : areola discoidali singularum clausa. Pedes 
 graciles, elongati : antici in utroque sexu conformes; tarsi singulorum quinque-articulati ; articulo 
 basilari elongato, reliquis subsequalibus, ultimo unguibus duobus minimis, bifidis et pulvillo 
 intermedio instructo. 
 
 This genus was first established with great judgment by Mr. Swainson, in the fourth number of his 
 Zoological Illustrations ; and I am very happy to be enabled to add to the character there limited from the 
 perfect insect, a complete representation of the metamorphosis of Terias Hecabe, the species which is adduced 
 as the type of the genus, and to illustrate it by a careful dissection. See Plate iv. fig. 8 ; 8, a ; 8, b; 8 c • 
 8, d ; 8, e ; 8, f. It is here placed between Colias and Pontia ; and an inspection of the plate will show that 
 this is its natural situation. Terias resembles Colias in the form of the chrysalis and in several properties of 
 the perfect insect, particularly the structure of the palpi, and the form and painting of the wings; the larva, 
 on the contrary, and the antennae, have a much nearer relation to Pontia. I must however state, that these 
 remarks apply exclusively to the Oriental group of which T. Hecabe is the type : the American species I 
 am unacquainted with, and they appear to possess some peculiarities. Of the genus Terias as above defined, 
 we have five species from Java: they greatly resemble each other in colour, painting, and external character, 
 but I trust the following details will sufficiently elucidate their specific peculiarities. 
 
 60. Tekias Hecabe. Alee supra leelissimi flavce, Umbo communi postico nigro, in anticis lato 
 costam versus arcuato attenuate, juxta marginem interiorem transversim definite, in area mediana 
 sinu recto profundo exciso ; in posticis angustiore margini prorsus parallelo, intus denticidato ; 
 fimbria communi flavescente : subtus flavce ; singulis notd discoidali fused annulato-ovatd 
 irregulari subgemind ; anticce insuper ad basin notis duobus minutis, exteriore subangulari ; 
 posticce notis minutis tribus subannulatis basilaribus fuscis, fascidque arcuatd marginali late' 
 interruptd ex notis subflexuosis conflatd : fcemina fascia anticarum accessorid insigni dimi- 
 diatd apicali violaceo-fuscd a mare manifeste discrepat. (Exp. alar. une. 1| — 2.) 
 
 Wino-s above bright yellow, with a common posterior border of a black colour, which is very 
 broad in the fore-wings, passes in an arch towards the middle of the costa, is abruptly 
 transverse near the interior margin, the middle being deeply excavated in the direction of 
 the nervures and marked with a medial tooth, pointing towards the disk ; in the hinder- 
 wine's the border is narrow, parallel with the margin and denticulated at its inner edge ; 
 all the wings are confined by a common extreme yellowish marginal thread : underneath 
 vellow each pair on the disk with a brown annular-ovate irregular mark, transversely 
 divided in the middle ; fore-wings bearing besides, near the base, two minute marks, of 
 which the exterior is angular, hinder-wings with several brown delicate sub-annular cha- 
 racters at the base, and a very obsolete series of widely interrupted clouded or sub-flexuose 
 spots passing at a small distance from the posterior margin in an irregular arch across the 
 disk. 
 
 Plate I. fig. 12. (The female). Plate IV. fig. 8; 8, a. The larva and chrysalis. 
 
 Papilio 
 
136 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOG UE. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Hecabe. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 763. No. 96. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 42. 
 
 No. 178. Cram. pi. 124. fig. B. C. Sulz. Ins. edit. Roem. tab. 15. fig. 7. 
 Pieris Hecabe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 134. (In Mus. D. Banks.) 
 
 This is one of the most common diurnal Lepidoptera, having a wide range through intratropical Asia and 
 the Eastern Islands. We have specimens from various parts of India. Those from Java were chiefly 
 obtained by breeding and are in high perfection. The larva feeds on the Mschynomene Sesban, and is found 
 abundantly from January to April. The specimens, in whatever country collected, agree closely in their 
 markings, and present no varieties : the distinctive mark of the female, as above indicated, is, as far as my 
 observation extends, permanent, and it is confirmed by the habit of the body. One of the varieties indicated 
 by the authors of the Encyclopedie is described in the sequel as a distinct species. 
 
 61. Terias Sari. Alee supra sulphurece, limbo communi postico nigro, in anticis ad apicem 
 
 largissimo ultra medium costce arcuatim attenuato, ad marginem interiorem recti transversa, in 
 area mediana sinu simplici prof undo exciso extiis oblique intus recti clejinito ; limbo posticarum 
 discum versus evanescente : subtus lati sulphurece, singulis notd discoidali lineari-annulata 
 subsimplici ; anticce plagd apicali maxima quadratd violaceo-fusca, macula oblongd obliqud 
 nigricante intra angulum apicalem interiorem versusque basin signo tenui solitario Jlexuoso ; 
 posticce notis duabus sub-obsoletis basilaribus, macula obscurd fusco-irroratd ad medium costce 
 ordineque macularum obsoletarum intra marginem posticum. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.) 
 Wings above sulphureous, with a common posterior black border, which in the fore-wings is very 
 broad at the apex, whence it passes in a gradual curve beyond the middle of the costa ; at 
 the interior margin it is regularly transverse, and in the medial area it is excavated by a 
 deep notch having an oblique flexuose exterior, and a regular longitudinal inner edge : in 
 the hinder-wings the border is parallel with the posterior margin, having its inner edge 
 gradually evanescent : underneath bright sulphureous, each wing bearing a simple linear- 
 annulated mark on the disk ; fore-wings with a large quadrangular violaceous-brown spot at 
 the apex, a smaller oblique blackish mark near the inner apical angle, and a delicate 
 flexuose character of the same colour, near the base; hinder-wings with two obsolete sub- 
 annular basal characters, an obscure brownish cloud near the middle of the costa, and a very 
 obsolete series of clouded wedge-shaped marks within the posterior margin. 
 
 This insect is distinctly indicated in the Encyclopedie. In that work it is considered as a variety of Terias 
 Hecabe. But it appears from the preceding remarks, that in an extensive series of more than forty specimens 
 of the latter insect, no variation is observed but that arising from the distinction of the sexes. I therefore 
 consider the indication alluded to as a confirmation of our species : according to my research it is clearly dis- 
 tinguished from T. Hecabe, by the breadth and interior outline of the posterior border of the fore-wings above, 
 as well as by the large quadrangular apical spot and the peculiarity of the markings underneath. Our col- 
 lection contains a single specimen in high perfection. 
 
 62. Terias Tilaha. Alee supra, sulphurece, antica limbo posteriore ad apicem largissimo intus 
 
 subcpqualiter sinuato obliquo, e medio costm versus angulum apicalem interiorem externa, lim- 
 boque interiore lato margini parallelo nigricanti-fuscis ; postica limbo apicali, intus obsolete 
 dentato evanescente ejusdem coloris : subtus pallide sulphurece ; singulec not a discoidali lineari- 
 annulata 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 137 
 
 annulatd characteribusque paucis basilaribus obsoletissimis fuscis ; anticce margine interiore 
 pallidi nigricante limbatce. (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 lin.) 
 Wings above sulphureous ; fore-wings having the posterior border of a black colour, very broad 
 at the apex, with a nearly regularly sinuated inner edge, extending obliquely from the 
 middle of the costa towards the inner apical angle ; a regular border along the inner 
 margin being of the same tint,- hinder wings with the posterior border obsoletely 
 dentated within and subevanescent, also blackish brown: underneath pale sulphureous; 
 each wing with a linear- annulated mark on the disk, and a few very obsolete characters 
 near the base brown; fore-wings having the interior margin bordered with a blackish 
 stripe. 
 
 Manifeste discrepat haec species a praecedente limbi apicalis margine interiore subregulariter sinuato 
 fasciaque nigricanti-fusca marginem interiorem legente. Note paginae inferioris discoidales et basilares illis 
 speciei praecedentis apprime conveniunt ; alas tamen pallidiores sunt et marginem posticum versus immacu- 
 latae ; in imo margine series interrupta punctorum minutorum nigrorum et in anticis, intra angulum 
 apicalem exteriorem, striga obsoleta notarum fuscarum, 
 
 63. Terias Harina. Alee supra pallidi sulphurece, Umbo apicali communi nigricante, in posticis 
 
 obsoletissimo, ante medium marginis desinente, in anticis saturatiore ad apicem latiore leviterque 
 sinuato : subtus immaculatcs fcavido-nitentes basin marginemque versus saturatiores. (Exp. 
 alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.) 
 Wings above pale sulphureous with a common posterior border of a blackish colour, which in the 
 hinder pair is very faint and not continued beyond the middle of the margin, while in the 
 fore-wings it has a deeper tint, and is slightly notched near the apex : underneath pure 
 yellow, somewhat shining, more deeply tinctured at the base and apex, and entirely 
 immaculate. 
 
 Differt haec species a Pieride Licinia Fabricii cui simillima, alis supra sulphureis, subtus omnibus imma- 
 culatis, corporeque flavido. 
 
 Alee posticae canali abdominali albido : antennae fuscae extiis crebre albido-crenulatae. Thorax flavidum 
 villis sericeis subcanescentibus ornatum ; abdomen albidum. Subtus tota immaculata, flavido laeto nitens. 
 Exemplar unicum, attamen perfectissimum, in Musaeo nostro hospitatur. 
 
 64. Terias Drona. Alee supra leeti flavee, basi atomis fuscis irroratce, limbo communi postico 
 
 nigricanti-fusco, e violaceo subnitente, intus argute' et eequaliter sinuato, anticarum dilatiore posti- 
 carum versus marginem interiorem attenuato ; singulce cinereo-flavido fimbriata : subtus flavee, 
 anticce notd solitarid transversa tenui discoidali, posticae notd lineari-annulatd discoidali, 
 punctis circiter tribus basilaribus sparsis fuscis, serie denique intramarginali ex maculis diffor- 
 mibus oblongis et cuneatis fusco-pidverulentis. (Exp. alar. lin. 18 — 21.) 
 Plate I, fig. 13. 
 Wings above bright yellow, irrorated with minute brown dots at the base, with a common blackish 
 brown, slightly violaceous and shining posterior border, equally and acutely sinuated at 
 the inner edge, broader in the fore-wings, gradually attenuated in the hinder pair towards 
 the inner margin, near which it disappears ; the fringe of all the wings being pale cinerous 
 yellow: underneath yellow; fore-wings with a delicate solitary transverse discoidal mark, 
 
 T hinder 
 
138 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 hinder pair with a linear annulated mark on the disk, about three minute scattered dots 
 near the base, all of a brown colour; finally within the posterior margin an irregular series 
 of oblong and wedge-shaped clouds of delicate brown irrorations. 
 
 Terias Drona nostra Papilioni Smilaci, insecto Nova? Hollandiae a Dom. E. Donovan depicto, valde 
 similis est, differt tamen alis posticis ad paginam superiorem limbo apicali distincto et sinuato, etiamque 
 notarura inferiorum numero, colore ac distributione. Exemplaria tria in Musaeo asservantur. 
 
 Genus PONTIA. 
 
 Pontia. Fab. Ochsenh. Curtis, Stephens, §-c. Pieris. Latr. Schrank. Papilionis — Danaorum 
 candidorum species. Linn. Papiliones : Danai candidi. Fam. D. Larvae mediostriatas. 
 Wiener Verzeichnis, 162. Whites. Haworth. 
 Character. Larva lineari-cylindrica, gracilis, utrinque vix subattenuata, pilosiuscula, strigis 
 ornata longitudinalibus, laetioribus obscurioribusque alternantibus, striga dorsali insigniore ; 
 segmentis obsoletis ; capite parvo, rotundo. 
 Chrysalis glabra, angulata, antice mucrone solitario, breviusculo vel elongato munita, mod6 
 laevis, modo tuberculata, dorso carinato ; tuberculo anteriore pectorali solitario, breviusculo; 
 lateralibus utrinque patentibus, insignioribus ; postice adnexa, filoque mediano erecte fere 
 suspensa. 
 Imago : Antenna mediocres vel rarius subelongatae, e basi ultra medium filiformes, clava obconicS, 
 
 obtusa, subcompressa vel subfusiformi definitae. 
 Palpi subcylindricae ; breves vel mediocres ; parallels porrecti vel subdivergentes; articulis infe- 
 rioribus supra squamis minutis tecti, subtus pilis setosis, laxis, diffuso-patentibus, alternatim 
 longis brevibusque, subfasciculatis vestiti ; articulo basilari robustiore, elongato, postice 
 arcuato, capiti adpresso, ultra medium soluto ; articulo secundo mediocri, oblongo vel 
 ovato, porrecto, subassurgente ; articulo tertio magnitudine et forma valde variabili; nunc 
 gracili, attenuato, secundum longitudine superante, modo orbiculato, minimo, obtuso, squamis 
 teneris pilis interspersis vestito. 
 Proboscis longus, gracilis. 
 
 Caput breve. Oculi mediocres, nudi. Corpus : thorace subdilatato-convexo, antice et ad latera, 
 fasciculis pilorum ornato; abdomine gracili, subelongato, postice in mare saepius penicillato. Alee 
 anticcB oblongse, breves, margine postico recto, vel subelongatae, apicem versus attenuatae, in 
 angulum productse, margine postico obliquo : posticce obtusa;, rotundatae, rarius angulum 
 analem versus subattenuatas. Pedes graciles, elongati ; antici in utroque sexu conformes? 
 tarsi singulorum quinque-articulati ; articulo basilari elongato, sequentibus subtequalibus, 
 ultimo unguibus duobus, brevibus, lateralibus, bifidis, pulvillo intermedio appendiculisque 
 exterioribus muni to. 
 
 The extensive genus above described, with Colias and Terias which precede, and Pieris which follows, 
 as well as the genera Gonepteryx of Leach, and Leucophasia of Stephens, were all originally included in a 
 single subdivision of the genus Papilio of Linnaeus. The paleness of tint by which the individuals of this 
 group are generally characterized, suggested the designation of Danai Candidi, to which the name of Whites 
 has been accommodated in the English nomenclature. From this group, which at the time of its limitation 
 was tolerably natural, the genus Colias was separated as early as the year 1776, by the acute authors of the 
 Wiener Verzeichnis. They were led to this judicious separation by their extensive researches regarding the 
 
 metamorphosis 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 13g 
 
 metamorphosis of Lepidoptera, in which they noticed the peculiarities that distinguish this group from 
 the Whites. The name of Danai Jlavi, in our nomenclature clouded Yellows, was accordingly assigned 
 to the family of Pallidiventres ( Seitenstreifraupen ) , which, as has been shown in the introduction, p. 14, 
 is the representative of the genus Colias. As science advanced, further subdivisions became necessary. 
 Mr. Swainson noticed the peculiarities of the Papilio Hecabe of Linnaeus, and from it and its associates 
 defined the genus Terias : and both Mr. Curtis and Mr. Stephens agree in confirming the distinctness 
 of the genus Leucophasia, of which Pontia Sinapis is the type. The observations which will be made in the 
 sequel, will clearly show the ground on which the genus Pieris rests. After all these subdivisions, the genus 
 Pontia, as now defined, does not consist of an assemblage of uniform species ; in the limited Indian series 
 contained in our collection, Jive distinct types of form are comprised, on which as many sectional distinc- 
 tions are founded. The characters of the sections are chiefly derived from the modifications of the antennae, 
 palpi and outline of the wings. The metamorphosis, as far as its more minute modifications have 
 hitherto been discovered, has also been consulted ; and the pupa affords a very clear discrimination, 
 in two of the sections. The peculiarities of the nervures of the wings confirm, as far as I have yet observed, 
 the subdivisions now proposed, but I have not been enabled to follow this character into more minute varia- 
 tions, by a comparison of all the species in our own collection, which thus remains for a future enterprize. 
 Each of the sections is designated by a proper name derived from the typical species, which will provisionally 
 characterize the group as a patronymic, until the further accumulation of species shall indicate the 
 necessity of raising the sections to the rank of subgenera. 
 
 * Palpi capite breviores, clypeo penicillato reconditi ; articulo basilari longissimo, secundo 
 mediocri, orbiculato, tertio ovato, minutissimo. Antenna graciles, elongatce, clavd tenui, 
 subfusiformi. Aim anticm apice subrotundato. Valeria. 
 
 65. Pontia Valeria. Alee supra virescenti vel ccerulescenti-albidce, maris limbo communi postico, 
 costali anticarum venisque nigris ; fceminas limbis latioribus ad discum extensis, in ferrugi- 
 neum vergentibus, venis dilatatis serieque posticd communi punctorum, interiore macularum 
 oblongarum albarum : subtiis maris lactece glaucino-nitentes nervis obscuris nigris, limbo obso- 
 letissime' fusco-irrorato ; fceminae canescenti-fuscce nitore violaceo ; anticce basi saturatiore, 
 posticm cinerascenti-fiavce, singulis punctis maculisque pagince superioris notatce venisque 
 latioribus. (Exp. alar. unc. 2 — 3.) 
 
 Wings above, in the male, greenish or bluish white, with a common posterior border, the costal 
 border of the fore wings and the nervures of a black colour; in the female grayish white or 
 yellowish, with broader borders along the margins generally, which spread to the disk and 
 assume a blackish-brown tint, the nervures being throughout more diffuse ; this sex bears 
 near the hinder margin and parallel with it a regular series of white dots, extending through 
 both pair, and within the same, tending towards the disk, a less regular series of oblong 
 longitudinal spots of different sizes, of the same colour : underneath the wings are cream- 
 coloured with a glaucous gloss in the male, and marked with delicate black nervures, while 
 the posterior border of the fore-wings appears only in a strong light, the wings bearing 
 towards the margin at the nervures clouds of obsolete brownish irrorations ; in the female 
 the wings are grayish brown with a faint violet lustre ; the fore-wings having a more satu- 
 rated tint near the base, the hinder being grayish yellow, while in all the wings the nervures 
 are broader and the dots and spots of the upper surface are distinctly apparent. 
 
 t 2 Papilio 
 
J40 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 Papilio Valeria. Cram. pi. 85. fig. A. (Variety of the male.) 
 Pieris Valeria. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 154. 
 Our collection contains four male and four female specimens from Java. We have also several continental 
 specimens, in which, however, the sexual distinction is less apparent. The latter possess that peculiarity 
 assigned to this species in the description given of it in the Encyclopedie, having a series of white dots in the 
 marginal border of the fore-wings, while our description represents the insect agreeing strictly with Cramer's 
 figure, which is considered as a variety by MM. Latr. and Godt., having in the male a simple posterior 
 border in all the wings. Our insect possesses another peculiarity, the colour inclining more to bluish than 
 to greenish-white. The remarkable difference in the painting of the sexes is also to be considered in the 
 description of our species. In the female the border is undefined spreading over the entire disk, and even 
 to the base, while the intermediate white patches are slightly covered with brown irrorations, over which, 
 towards the base, a saturated yellowish or grayish shade is thickly spread. Indeed the female assumes 
 the external habit of an Euplcea ; but in the modifications of the nervures it closely agrees with the male. 
 Bearing in mind these peculiarities of the Javanese insect, it remains for future inquiries to determine 
 whether it be not specifically distinct from the continental species. 
 
 * * Palpi capite longiores, articulis exterioribus subcequalibus, ultimo gracili, attenuate. 
 Antenna elongates, clavd subfusiformi, acuta. Alee breves ; anticce orbiculato-rotun- 
 datce. Nina. 
 
 66. Pontia Nina. Aim nivece tenerce nitidce ; anticce utrinque macula maxima mediand ante discum 
 sita subangulatd apiceque pagince superioris obliquo nigricanti-fuscis ; postica immaculata : 
 subtus anticce margine costali basi apiceque glaucino-cinereo irroratce ; posticce pagind totd 
 cinereo-viridi nebidosce, strigis tribus undulalis distinctioribus. (Exp. alar. lin. 16 — 19.) 
 Wings snow-white, somewhat glossy and of a delicate texture, anterior having on both sides a large 
 subangular mark in the medial area a little behind the disk, with the obliquely defined apex 
 of the upper surface blackish brown ; hinder-wings immaculate : underneath fore-wings 
 with the costal margin as well as the apex and base irrorated with ash-gray; hinder-wings 
 having the whole surface delicately variegated with the same tint, slightly verging to green; 
 three more distinct undulated strigse passing at regular distances parallel with the posterior 
 margin across the whole surface. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Xiphia. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 43. No. 180- Mant. Ins. torn. 2. 
 
 p. 20. No. 204. Hospitatur Musaeo Domini Banks, a Fabricio ipso sic inscripta. 
 Papilio D. C. Nina. Fab. Ent. Syst. em. torn. 3 pars 1. p. 194. No. 604. 
 Pieris Nina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 162. 
 
 Haec species a Papilione Alcesla Crameri nisi cauta comparatione distingui non potest : differt tamen alis 
 omnibus brevioribus magis abrupte rotundatis ; ut et notis sequentibus : anticarum nempe macula discoidali 
 obscure fusca, nitore hyalino prorsus carente ; posticarum pagina tota cinereo nebulosa in virescentem vero-ente 
 strigisque tribus distinctioribus undulata. 
 
 A specimen of this insect, preserved in the Banksian cabinet at the Linnean Society, is marked with a 
 ticket bearing the name of Papilio Xiphia in Fabricius' own handwriting. It also appears with this name 
 both in the Species Insectorum and in the Mantissa, but in the Entomologia Systematica Emmendata 
 published at a period subsequent to those works, we find the name of Nina applied to this insect, in order to 
 prevent a « double emploi " of one name in the genus Papilio, Xiphia having previously been given to one of 
 the Nymphales. 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 141 
 
 The specimen in the Banksian collection agrees closely with those I brought from Java, where it is by 
 no means unfrequent. Our insect may easily be confounded with the Papilio Alcesta of Cramer, from the 
 Coast of Guinea, to which the name of Narica is applied both by Fabricius and the authors of the Ency- 
 clopedic. I have endeavoured in a preceding note to point out the distinction. 
 
 ### Palpi articulo ultimo subabbrevialo. Antennae breves ; clavd ovatd, obtusd, compressd. 
 Alee anticce rotundatce. Chrysalis antrorsum longi-attenuata, medio arcuata, absque 
 appendicidis lateralibus. Mancipium. 
 
 67. Pontia Amata. Alee supra dilute' testacece, basi saturatiore ex colore lateritio fulvescente, 
 
 limbo nigricanti-fusco, punctorum duplici serie : subtus virescentes, puncto ocellari medio. 
 (Exp. alar. lin. 17—20). 
 
 Wings above pale testaceous, assuming a reddish brickdust slightly fulvescent tint at the base, with 
 a blackish brown border bearing a double series of dots of the ground colour : underneath 
 greenish yellow with a black discoidal dot. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Amata. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. torn. 3. pars 1. p. 202. No. 633. (The male.) 
 Pap. D. C. Ciprosa. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. torn. 3. p. 203. No. 634. (The female.) 
 Papilio Calais. Cram. pi. 53. fig. C. D. PL 351. A. B. fig. C. D. (Variety of the 
 
 female.) Mus. Dom. Banks. 
 Pieris Amata. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 131. 
 Ten specimens from various parts of Continental India are contained in our collection. 
 
 68. Pontia Danae. Alee utrinqui albee ; anticee parte dimidid posticd obliqud nigra, ad apicem late 
 
 chermesind, infoemina serie insuper transversa punctorum; posticee limbo continuo vel interrupto 
 nigro : subtus cnticae apicem versus fulvescentes, taenia arcuatd dimidiatd saturatiore punctis 
 quadratis seriatis nigricantibus fretd ; utrinqui ad discum puncto nigro ; posticee strigd post- 
 mediand moniliformi punctoque discoidali fulvis nigro-irroratis. (Exp. alar.l unc. 9 lin — 2 unc.) 
 Wings white on both sides ; anterior having the extreme dimidial portion, separated by an oblique 
 boundary line black, the apex being covered with a broad crimson patch defined according 
 to the outline of the wing, which in the female bears a transverse row of black dots: hinder 
 pair with a continued or interrupted posterior border of a black colour : underneath fore- wings 
 fulvescent towards the apex, with a more saturated curved dimidial band, bearing a series 
 of quadrangular blackish dots; and a round discoidal spot on both surfaces; hinder pair 
 with a regular row of dots beyond the middle, and a spot on the disk of a fulvous colour 
 irrorated with black. 
 
 Papilio D. C. Danae. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 22. No. 233. Mus. Dom. Banks. 
 
 Papilio Danae. Donov. Ind. Ins. (With a figure.) 
 
 Papilio Eborea. Cram. pi. 352. fig. C. D. E. F. 
 
 Pieris Danae. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 124. 
 We have four specimens of this insect. 
 
 69. Pontia Titea. Alee albas; anticce maris supra apice fulvw, margine crenulato punctoque 
 
 postico nigris ; fceminse apice dilutiores, fascia arcuatd costali punctoque discoidali nigris ; 
 postica serie maculari marginali nigra in fcemina insigniore : subtus anticas basi sulphurea 
 apice fulvescentes strigd costali arcuatd nigra in famiina saturatiore ; posticee maris fascia 
 
 pone 
 
142 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 pone medium interruptd obsoletissimd fused ; fceminas pagind totdfulvo-griseo-ntiargaritaceoque 
 nebulosae fascid mediand ferrugined insigniore. (Exp. alar. lin. 18 — 21.) 
 Wings white ; anterior in the male above with a fulvous tip, the crenulated margin of which and a 
 posterior dot being black ; in the female, apex pale inclining to fulvescent, and marked with a 
 curved band, which as well as a dot on the disk is also black ; hinder pair with a macular 
 band of the same colour, which is more distinct in the female : underneath fore-wings 
 sulphureous at the base and fulvescent at the tip, with an arcuated black costal striga, 
 which is more saturated in the female; hinder pair in the male with a very obsolete inter- 
 rupted brown band beyond the middle, while in the female the entire surface is clouded 
 with delicate fulvous, gray, and pearly marks, a more saturated ferruginous band consisting of 
 two interrupted portions occupying the middle of the surface. 
 Papilio Aurora. Cram. pi. 299. fig. A. B. C. D. 
 Pieris Titea. MM.Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 124. 
 We have specimens of both sexes, collected chiefly in the neighbourhood of Madras. Query : should this 
 species be united with the P. Eucharis of Fabricius? A specimen ot the latter in the Banksian Museum 
 possesses no obvious distinction. 
 
 **** Palpi articulo terminali gracili, attenuate, secundo longitudine insigniore. Antenna 
 subabbreviatce, clavd elongato-ovatd, obtusd. Alee anticce oblongce, apice obtuse ongulato, 
 margine posteriore recto. Chrysalis processu antico distincto, appendiculis lateralibus 
 prominulis, acutis, patentibus. Pontia. 
 
 70. Pontia Mesentina. Aim albce, (foeminae basin versus flavescente lavatce), limbo postico com- 
 
 muni nigro albo-maculato ; anticce utrinque fascid costali incurvd nigra: subtus postica flavas 
 fusco venosce. Enc. Meth. (Exp. alar. unc. 2| — 2f. 
 Wings white, (in the female with a yellow tint spreading to the base), the posterior border in both 
 pairs black spotted with white ; anterior marked on both sides with a short arched costal 
 band; underneath hinder pair yellow, with strongly pronounced brown nervures. 
 Papilio D. C. Aurota. Fab. Ent. Syst. Em. torn. 3. pars 1. p. 197. No. 614. 
 Papilio Mesentina. Cram. pi. 270. A. B. (The male.) 
 Pieris Mesentina. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 130. 
 The metamorphosis of this species was observed by Maj. Gen. Thomas Hardwicke, who, with his accus- 
 tomed liberality, communicated to me an excellent drawing of the insect in all its states. The larva is long, 
 slender, slightly attenuated at each end, and longitudinally marked with bands of different colours. Along 
 the middle of the body is on each side a yellow, and beneath this a black abdominal band : the band along 
 the back is green. The whole surface of the larva is covered with delicate whitish hairs. In other respects 
 it agrees with the character given in the generic description ; and the pupa exhibits in great perfection the 
 peculiarities which belong to this section. 
 
 This insect was not found in Java. Numerous specimens have been sent to our museum from the coast of 
 Coromandel. 
 
 71. Pontia Marianne. Aloe supra ccerulescenti seu flavescenti-albce ; anticce apice (medio fu/voj 
 
 nigra : subtus singula flavidce, puncto ocellari medio strigdque moniliformiposticd. Ent. Meth. 
 (Exp. alar. unc. 2|.) 
 
 Wings above bluish or yellowish white ; fore-wings with a black apex, which is covered to within 
 
 a small 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 143 
 
 a small distance of the margins with a fulvous patch : underneath all the wings yellowish, 
 bearing in the middle a solitary and towards the posterior margin a continued regular series 
 of ocellate clots. 
 
 Papilio Marianne. Cram. pi. 217. fig. C. D. E. 
 Papilio D. C. Sesia. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 47. No. 206. ? 
 Pieris Marianne. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 120. 
 Several male specimens, imperfectly preserved, have been sent to our museum from the Coromandel 
 Coast. Donovan gives a figure representing the upper surface of P. Sesia. 
 
 72. Pontia .ZEnippe. Alee flavce ; anticce supra apice late nigro fascid fiava seu fulvd : subtus 
 
 singula punctis ocellaribus serie posticu digestis, punctoque discoidali anticarum nervo transversali 
 intersecto. (Exp. alar. unc. 2. lin. 2 — 4.) 
 Wings yellow ; the anterior above with a broad black apex marked with a yellow or fulvous band : 
 underneath a posterior series of ocellate dots passes through all the wings, while the fore- 
 wings have besides a dot on the disk, which is intersected by the transverse nervure. 
 Papilio D. C. Mnippe. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2. p. 48. No. 207. 
 
 Papilio Mnippe. Cram. pi. 105. flg. C. D. pi. 157. fig. C. D. pi. 229. B.C. (A variety.) 
 Pieris Mnippe. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 120. 
 This insect was not observed in Java, but various specimens from Continental India are contained in our 
 museum, among which is a variety resembling in its upper sm-face the insect figured on Cramer's 229th 
 plate. Although the peculiarities of our 71st, 72d and 73d species are detailed with considerable perspicuity 
 in the Encyclopedie, their discrimination requires some attention, in consequence of their resemblance in 
 habit and painting. Having examined the specimen of Pap. D. C. Sesia of Fabricius contained in the 
 Banksian Cabinet, I have been induced to annex the synonym of that insect to the P. Marianne of Cramer ; 
 and from a similar examination of the P. Rhexia, 1 have to state, that I cannot discover any difference 
 between that insect and P. Pirene as described in the Enc. Meth. 
 
 73. Pontia Pirene. Alee fiavce ; anticce supra apice (medio fulvo) nigrm : subtus singula puncto 
 
 medio fusco. Enc. Meth. (Exp. alar. unc. 2£) 
 Wings yellow ; the anterior above with a black apex, bearing in the middle a fulvous patch : 
 underneath all the wings have a brown dot on the disk. 
 Papilio D. C. Pyrene. Linn. Syst. Nat. 2. p. 762. No. 86. 
 Papilio Pyrene. Cram. pi. 125. A. JB. C. 
 
 Pieris Pirene. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 120. 
 Our specimens, two in number, are from Continental India. 
 
 74. Pontia Venilia. Ala flavce; anticce supra plagd mediami fulvd, margine punctoque discoidali 
 
 nigris ; fceminae plagd fulvd ampliore, serie insuper posticd macularum fiavarum cuneatarum ; 
 basi cinereo-irroratd ; postica limbo posteriore nigro : subtus singula? puncto centrali nigro : 
 foeminse inposticis serie postmediand maculari fused cinereo-irroratd. (Exp. alar. unc. 2£.) 
 Wings yellow ; anterior pair above with a large medial fulvous patch, the border and a discoidal 
 spot being black ; in the female the fulvous patch is more extensive, and spreads towards the 
 base, which is irrorated with gray, and the posterior margin bears a series of yellow wedge- 
 shaped spots ; hinder wings in both sexes with black posterior border : underneath all the 
 
 win^s 
 
144 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE. 
 
 wings are marked with a black dot in the middle ; the female having in the hinder pair a 
 widely interrupted macular band of a brown colour irrorated with gray. 
 Pieris Venilia. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 121. 
 The great similarity of the species last enumerated has already been pointed out : they are however clearly 
 discriminated in the preceding description, in which I have followed the authors of the Encyclopedie, but 
 not without subjecting each to a close examination. Pieris Venilia is first described in the work just cited ; 
 it appears to be, in Java, the representative of the three former. Our collection contains a single pair in 
 perfect preservation. 
 
 75. Pontia Judith. Alee subconcolores ; anticce albce, venis limboque nigris ; posticce flavce, limbo 
 
 nigro, unguium analem versus aurantiacce. (Exp. alar. unc. If — 2£.) 
 Wino-s agreeing in colour on both sides; anterior white with black nervures and posterior border; 
 hinder pair yellow, with black border; the anal angle and its immediate confines having a 
 more saturated orange tint. 
 
 Papilio D. C Judith. Fab. Mant. Ins. torn. 2. p. 22. No. 230. 
 Papilio Judith. Donov. Ind. Ins. (With a figure.) Mus. Dom. Banks. 
 Pieris Judith. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 121. 
 This is, in Java, one of the most abundant species of Pieris. The specimens in our collection are 
 numerous, diversified as to size, but agreeing in colouring and markings. 
 
 76. Pontia Coronis. Alee suprd albce, limbo postico communi nigro, anticarum dilatiore albo- 
 
 macidato venisque distinctioribus : subtus virescenti-grisece venis latioribus subconfluentibus 
 fascidque posticd fuscis, ferrugineo vel griseo-irroratis pulverulentis ; posticce macula basali ad 
 costam attenuatd triangulari insigni saturatissimd fulvo-pulverulentd (Exp. alar. 1 unc. 10 
 lin. — 2 unc. 3 lin.) 
 Wings white above, with a common posterior black border, which is broader in the fore-wings and 
 spotted with white, the nervures also in these being more pronounced : underneath greenish- 
 gray with broader spreading subconfluent nervures covered with opaque ferruginous 
 irrorations, and a posterior band of a brown colour; hinder wings at the base with a deep- 
 fulvous triangular mark extending attenuated along the costa, its covering being opaque 
 and pulverulent. 
 
 Plate IV, fig. 9 ; 9; a. The Larva and Chrysalis, 
 Papilio D. C. Coronnis. Fab. Spec. Ins. torn. 2 p. 45. No. 193. 
 Papilio Coronis. Cram. pi. 44. fig. B. C. 
 
 Pieris Coronis. MM. Latr. et Godt. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. p. 132. 
 The metamorphosis of this species is distinctly represented on our fourth plate. In the chrysalis an 
 excellent illustration of this organ, as modified in the present section, is afforded. Our specimens, many of 
 which were obtained by breeding, are numerous ; they exhibit no variation in the markings, and but little 
 in their colouring ; in a few individuals the posterior wings have underneath a grayish tint, and the basal 
 mark is obscure and whitish, but in no single instance have the wings a yellow tint. In the species next 
 following, the whole surface of the hinder wings underneath is covered with an uniform brio-lit yellow 
 colour, and the triangular basal mark, which is so prominent in the Pieris Coronis, is entirely wanting ■ and 
 as our collection contains more than twelve specimens, which all essentially agree amono- themselves and 
 with Cramer's figures of P. Evagete, I have introduced that species with his original denomination. All our 
 specimens are from Continental India. 
 
1 
 
 Fig. 
 
 
 2, 
 
 2, 
 
 a. 
 
 3; 
 
 3, 
 
 a. 
 
 4, 
 
 4, 
 
 a. 
 
 5 
 
 5, 
 
 a. 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 % 
 
 a. 
 
 8 
 
 8, 
 
 a. 
 
 9 
 
 9, 
 
 a. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 Papilio Macareus. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 76. 
 
 Neptis Vikasi. h. 
 
 Paphia Periander. Papilio Nymphalis Periander. Fab. 
 
 Paphia Franck. Nymphalis Franck. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. Suppl. 825. 
 
 Aconthea (Gen. Nov. h.) Lubentina (the male). Papilio Nymphalis Lubentina. Fab. 
 
 Aconthea Alankara. h. 
 
 Melanitis Dusara. h. 
 
 Hipparchia Medura. h. 
 
 Hipparchia Makuta. h. 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 1 Idea? Gaura. h. 
 
 2 Ariadne (Gen. Nov. h.) Coryta? Papilio Coryta? Cram. PL 86. fig. E.F. 
 
 3 ; 3, a. Paphia Schreibers. Nymphalis Schreiber. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. Suppl. 825. 
 
 4 Paphia Paralekta. n. 
 
 5 ; 5, a. Morpho Odana. Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 445. 
 
 6 Morpho ? Celinde (the female.) Enc. Meth. Hist. Nat. ix. 446. 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 1. Vanessa Asterie : larva. 1, a: chrysalis. 1, b: Palpi. 1, c: Antenna?. 1, d: Proboscis. 
 
 1, e: Fore leg of the male. 1, f: Fore leg of the female. 1, g: Mid leg. l,^h:;Last 
 joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified, showing the claws, appendages, &c. 1, i : 
 Appendage separated. 
 
 2. Vanessa Laomedia : larva. 2, a : chrysalis. 
 
 3. Vanessa Orithya : larva. 3, a : chrysalis. 
 
 4. Cynthia Cardui, from Java : larva. 4, a : chrysalis. 4, b : Palpi. 4, c : Antenna;. 4, d : 
 
 Proboscis. 4, e: Fore leg of the male. 4, f: Foreleg of the female. 4, h: Last joint 
 of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 5. Phalanta (Gen. Nov. h.) Argynnis Phalanta. Enc. Meth. 259 : larva. 5, a: chrysalis. 5, b: 
 
 Palpi. 5, c: Antennas. 5, d: Proboscis. 5, e: Fore leg of the male. 5, f: Fore 
 leg of the female. 5, g : Mid leg. 
 
 6. Ariadne Coryta ? h : larva. 6, a : chrysalis, 6, b : Palpi. 6, c : Antennas. 6, d : Pro- 
 
 boscis. 6, e : Fore leg of the male. 6, f : Fore leg of the female. 6, g : Mid leg. 
 6, h : Terminal joints of the fore leg of the female magnified. 
 
 7. Limenitis Sibilla : larva. 7, a : chrysalis. (According to Roesel.) 
 
 8. Neptis? H. (Limenitis Auct.) Populi: larva. 8, a: chrysalis. (According to Roesel.) 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 9. Neptis Aceris ? (from Java) larva. 9, a : chrysalis. 9, b : Palpi. 9, c : Antennae. 9, d : 
 Proboscis. 9, e: Fore leg of the male. 9, f: Fore leg of the female. 9, h: Last joint 
 of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 10. Amathusia Phidippus: larva. 10, a: chrysalis. 10, b: Palpi. 10, c: Antennae. 10, d: 
 
 Proboscis. 10, e : Fore leg of the male. 10, f : Fore leg of the female. 10, h : Last 
 joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 11. Morpho? Celinde: larva. 11, a: chrysalis. 11, b: Palpi. 11, c: Antenna. 11, d: 
 
 Proboscis. 11, e : Fore leg of the male. 11, f: Fore leg of the female. 11, h: Last 
 joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 1. Papilio dissimilis : larva. 1, a: chrysalis. (From General Thomas Hardwicke's series of Indian 
 
 Drawings.) 1. b: Palpi. 1, c: Antennas. 1, d: Proboscis. 1, e: Foreleg. 
 
 2. Acrasa Violas: larva. 2, a : chrysalis. (General T. Hardwicke.) 
 
 3. Biblis Leu cothoe: larva. 3, a: chrysalis. 3, b: Palpi. 3, c: Antennas. 3, d: Proboscis. 
 
 3, e : Fore leg of the male. 3, f : Fore leg of the female. 3, h : Last joint of the 
 tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 4. Biblis Procris : larva. 4, a : chrysalis. 4, b : Palpi. 4, c : Antennae. 4, d : Proboscis. 
 
 4, e: Fore leg of the male. 4, f: Fore leg of the female. 4, h: Last joint of the 
 tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 5. Apatura Iris: larva. (According to Roesel.) 5, a: chrysalis. (According to Stan dish ; 
 
 MS. Brit. Mus.) The dissection from Apatura Lasinassa. 5, b : Palpi. 5, c : An- 
 tennas ? 5, d: Proboscis. 5, e: Fore leg of the male. 5, f: Fore leg of the female. 
 
 5, h: Last joint of the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 6. Aconthea primaria. h. : larva. 6, a : chrysalis. 6, b : Palpi. 6, c : Antennae. 6, d : Proboscis. 
 
 6, e: Fore leg of the male. 6, f: Foreleg of the female. 6, h: Last joint of the tarsus 
 of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 7. Paphia Athamas : larva. 7, a : chrysalis. 7, b : Palpi. 7, c : Antennas. 7, d : Proboscis. 
 
 7, e : Fore leg of the male. 7, f : Fore leg of the female. 7, g : Mid leg. 
 
 8. Melanitis undularis : larva. 8, a : chrysalis. 8, b : Palpi. 8, c : Antennas. 8, d : Proboscis. 
 
 8,e: Fore leg of the male. 8, f : Fore leg of the female. 8, h : Last joint of the tarsus 
 of the mid leg magnified. 
 
 9. Hipparchia Leda : larva. 9, a : chrysalis. 9, b : Palpi. 9, c : Antennas. 9, d : Pro- 
 
 boscis. 9, e : Fore leg of the male. 9, f : Fore leg of the female. 9, h : Last joint of 
 the tarsus of the mid leg magnified. 
 
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The, Zarv<& &- ChrysaJj.J*.r diumvln/ J ' CJj.in -Java,. 
 The- Eifsecdans ' fy CM. Curtis. 
 
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 .ZonJ.cn,. Published br P.ir/utn . JJ.h:n X / ° I. f ui,:h:-nd,,iJ.l dtwt I>,;:".l.lii2^. 
 
The object and extent of this work, the materials whence it is produced, the 
 treatment and distribution of the subjects, and the design and arrangement of the 
 illustrations afforded by the plates, have been distinctly detailed in my original 
 prospectus. It was further stated that the parts would follow each other with 
 every degree of expedition consistent with the style in which the work had been 
 commenced ; and a prospect was held out of publishing the successive parts at 
 intervals of six months. 
 
 In Conducting the second part, every exertion has been made to adhere to this 
 engagement ; twelve months have, however, elapsed since the publication of the 
 first part. The drawings, dissections, and engravings have occupied more than one 
 half of this "period, and the remainder has scarcely been sufficient for the com- 
 pletion of the colouring of the.plates in the style in which they are offered. It is 
 therefore incumbent on me, respectfully to inform the honourable patrons of this 
 work, as well as my friends and the public at large, that the remaining parts will 
 individually require, one year, on an average, for their completion. The third part, 
 now in progress, will accordingly be published in the course of the year 1830, with 
 every expedition consistent with my plan. 
 
 It is also my duty to state, in anticipation of any objection which might arise to 
 the work, from the extent and copiousness of the characters and descriptions, 
 that a modification has been adopted in the second stirps of the Diurnal Lepi- 
 doptera, by which I am enabled to obtain every degree of brevity and conciseness 
 required for the completion of the work within the limits proposed. In the 
 Vermiform stirps I thought it advisable to adhere to the form originally adopted 
 in the descriptions of the numerous novel and interesting subjects it contains ; 
 but in commencing the Chilognathiform stirps, I have adopted the following modi- 
 fications. The generic character is given in Latin alone : yet although the detailed 
 English translation is dispensed with, the explanatory observations and historical 
 remarks will be continued after the model of the Vermiform stirps. In the Latin 
 technical character of the species, a greater degree of conciseness is employed, 
 and a more or less literal translation is added in place of a free and copious 
 English . description. Species already well known and clearly described are 
 given with the name, and several of the most important synonyms. New species 
 if necessary, will be illustrated by concise Latin remarks. The miscellaneous 
 observations containing the history of those individuals traced by me throuo-h 
 their various stages of existence, and of which our collection contains repre- 
 sentations in their larva and chrysalis states, as well as the peculiarities I have 
 noticed in Java, regarding their relative abundance or scarcity, their food 
 habits, and season of appearance, will be continued as heretofore ; and the object 
 will be perpetually kept in view, of rendering the work generally useful and inte- 
 resting to the British naturalist. 
 
 T TJ