MV5EVMoFTHEAnER.lCAN INDIAN.' imiMiJJiiNiJ iiMjjirimjjMjj»iiiMiiiijiiiMill.lu.lliiiliiijniainil]lij|li|lllll{lp]lipMii|jiiiiiiiBirliiilii,iiii,iiiMilMii^iLjh^ FFLBBERICK W. HODGE CiO/Ll-ECTl«i Huntington Free Library Native American Collection *A CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924104077544 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE PORTION OF THE COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE BITREAU OF ETHNOLOGY DURING THE FIELD SEASON OF 1881 BY "WILLIAM HENRY HOLMES [EXTEACT FROM THE THIRD ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOtOGYl FASHINGTOISr GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 188 5 - SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION- B DEB AU OP ETHNOLOGY. ILLUSTRATP]D CATALOaUE PORTION OF THE COLLECTIONS MADE BY TOE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY DURING THE FIELD SEASON OF 1881, WILLIAM H. HOLMES. 427 CONTB]yTS, Page. Introductory 433 Collections from Jackson County, North. Carolina 434 From the Cherokee Indians 434 Articles of stone 434 Articles of clay 434 Vegetal substances 435 Animal substances 437 Collections from Cooke County, Tennessee 438 Prom the fields at Newport 438 Articles of stone 438 From a mound on Pigeon Eiver 440 Articles of clay 440 Collections from Sevier County, Tennessee 442 The MoMahan Mound 442 Articles of stone _ 442 Articles of clay 443 Objects of metal 446 Objects of shell 446 Animal substances , 453 From the iields of Seviervillc 453 Articles of stone 453 Articles of clay 456 Collections from Eoane County, Tennessee 457 Mound at Taylor's Bend 457 Articles of stone '. 457 Articles of clay , 457 Objects of shell 458 From iield at Taylor's Bend 458 Articles of stone 458 Vicinity of Kingston 460 Mound at Niles' Ferry 461 Mounds near Paint Eock Ferry 461 Fragments of pottery 461 Objects of shell 462 Collections from Jefferson County 463 Mound on Fain's Island 463 Articles of clay _ 463 From the fields of Fain's Island 465 Articles of stone 465 Objects of shell 466 Animal substances 466 Collections from Mississippi County, Arkansas 468 Pemissicott Mound 468 Chickasawba Mound 468 Mounds in Carson Lake Township 468 429 430 CONTENTS. Collections from Mississippi County, Arkansas — Continued. Page. Mounds at Pecan Point 469 Articles of clay 469 Field graves and fields in vicinity of Pecan Point 470 Articles of stone 470 Articles of clay 471 Collections from Arkansas County, Arkansas 476 Mounds at Arkansas Post 476 Articles of clay 476 Field graves about Menard mounds 477 Articles of stone - 477 Articles of clay 479 Objects of metal 485 Animal substances 485 Collection from Monroe County, Arkansas 486 Mound at Lawrenceville 486 Articles of clay 486 Mounds at Indian Bay 487 Articles of clay 488 Collections from Ohio 490 From mounds and fields 490 Articles of stone 490 Articles of clay 491 Human remains 491 Collections from Oregon 492 Articles of stone 492 Collections from Kentucky 493 Collections from Missouri 495 Articles of clay 495 Collections from other States 507 Collections from Peru 508 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 116. — Stone implement, Tennessee 439 117. — Sections of earthen vessels, Tennessee 440 118. — Earthen vessel, Tennessee 444 119. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 447 120. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 447 121. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 448 122. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 448 123. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 449 124. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 449 125. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 450 126. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 450 127. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 451 128. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 452 129. — Stone implement, Tennessee 454 130. — Stone implement, Tennessee 454 131. — Stone implement, Tennessee 455 132. — Stone implement, Tennessee 455 133. — Stone implement, Tennessee 456 134. — Stone implement, Tennessee 459 135. — Stone implement, Tennessee 459 136.— Shell head, Tennessee 462 137.— Shell bead, Tennessee 462 138.— Shell bead, Tennessee 462 139. — Earthen vessel, Tennessee 464 140. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 466 141. — Shell ornament, Tennessee 466 142. — Stone implement, Arkansas 470 143. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 471 144. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 472 145. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 473 146. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 473 147. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 474 148. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 474 149. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 475 150. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 476 151. — Stone implement, Arkansas 477 152. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 478 153. — ^Earthen vessel, Arkansas 479 154. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 479 155. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 480 156. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 480 157. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 481 158. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 432 159. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 160. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 431 432 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 161. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 482 162. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 483 163. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 483 164. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 484 165. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 484 166. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 485 167.— Earthen vessel, Arkansas 486 168.— Earthen vessel, Arkansas 487 169. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 488 170. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas 489 171. — Earthen vessel, Arkansas.- 489 172. — Method of plaiting sandals 493 173.— Method of plaiting mat 493 174. —Earthen vessel, Missouri 495 175. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 496 176. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 497 177. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 497 178. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 498 179.— Earthen vessel, Missouri 498 180. — Earthen vessel, Missouri .' 499 181. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 499 182. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 500 183. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 500 184. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 501 185. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 501 186. —Earthen vessel, Missouri 502 187. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 502 188. — Earthen vessel, Missouri ■. 502 189. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 503 190. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 504 191. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 504 192. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 193. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 194. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 505 195. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 196. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 197. — Earthen vessel, Missouri 506 198. — Wooden mask, Peru 509 199.— Stone net-sinker, Peru 510 200. — Copper fish-hooks, Pern 510 ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF A PORTION OF THE ETHNOLOGIC AND ARCH^OLOGIC COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE BURHAU OF ETHNOLOGY DURING THE YEAR 1881. By William H. Holmes. COLLECTION MADE BY EDWARD PALMEE, IIT NOBTH CAKOLINA, TENNESSEE, AND AKEANSA8. INTEODUCTOEY. Mr. Palmer began his explorations early in July, 1881, and continued with marked success until the end of the year. He first paid a visit to the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, and collected a large number of articles manufactured or used by this people, besides a number of antiquities from the same region. Prom Carolina he crossed into Tennessee, and began work by open- ing a number of mounds in Cocke County. In September he opened a very important mound, which I have named the McMahan Mound. It is located in the vicinity of Sevierville, Sevier County. Afterwards mounds were opened on Pain's Island, at Dandridge, and at Kingston, In September he crossed into Arkansas and made extensive explora- tions at Osceola, Pecan Point, Arkansas Post, and Indian Bay. It has devolved upon the writer to examine and catalogue this fine collection. In preparing the catalogue the plan of arrangement already adopted by the Bureau has been carried out; that is, a primary classification by locality and a secondary by material. The descriptions of specimens are taken from the card catalogue pre- pared by the writer on first opening the collection, and will be given in full, excepting in cases where detailed descriptions have been furnished in separate papers, either in this or the preceding Annual Report. Cuts have been made of a number of the' more interesting specimens. The localities are named in the order of their exploration. 433 3 ETH— 28 COLLECTIONS FROM JACKSON COUNTY, NOKTH CARO- LINA. OBTAINED CHIEFLY FROM THE CHEKOKEE INDIANS. ABTICIE8 OF STONE. 62953. A aiiiall disk of dark-gray slate, IJ inches in diameter and ii inches in thickness. The form is symmetrical and the sur- face well polished. The sides are convex, slightly so near the center and abruptly so near the circumference. The rim or peripheral surface is squared by grinding, the circular forin being accurately preserved. This specimen was obtained from an aged Cherokee, who stated that it had formerly been used by his people in playing some sort of game. It seems not improbable that this stone has been used for polishing pottery. 62952. A small subglobular pebble used as a polishing stone for pot- tery. 62954. A polishing stone similar to the above. This implement was seen in use by the collector. 62947. "A hemispherical stone, probably used as a nutcracker. 62944. A stone implement somewhat resembling a thick, round-pointed pick, 4J inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. It is per- forated exactly as an iron pick would be for the insertion of a handle. The perforation has been produced by boring from opposite sides ; at the surface it is five-eighths of an inch in diameter, and midway about three-eighths. The material seems to be an indurated clay or soft slate. The collector suggests that this specimen was probably used for smoothing bow-strings or straightening arrow- shafts. 62949. Eight aiTow points of gray and blackish chalcedoiiy. 62950. Pipe of gray, indurated steatite, of modern Cherokee manu- facture. 62951. Pipe of dark greenstone, highly polished. It is well modeled, but of a recent type. 62888. Grooved ax of compact greenish sandstone ; found near Bakers- ville, N. C. ARTICLES OF OLAT. Obtained from the Southern Band of Cherokees, Jackson County, North Carolina. The manufacture of pottery, once so universally practiced by the At- lantic coast Indians, is still kept up by this tribe, rather, however, for 4;!4 HOLMES.] FROM THE CHEROKEE INDIANS. 435 the purpose of trade than for use iu their domestic arts. The vessels are, to a great extent, modeled after the ware of the whites, but the methods of manufacture seem to be almost wholly aboriginal. 63070. A handled m^ig or cu]) of brownish ware. The form is not abo- riginal. It is comi)osed of clay, tempered, apparently, with pulverized shell. The surface has a slight polish produced by a polishing implement. The height is 4J inches and the width nearly the same. 63068. Large flat-bottomed bowl, 6 inches in height, 11 inches in diam- ter at the top, and 8 at the base. Although made without a wheel, this vessel is quite sj'mmetrical. The thickness is from one-fourth to one-half of an inch. The material has been a dark clay paste with tempering of powdered mica. 63066. A three-legged pot, with spherical body, resembling very closely in appearance the common iron cooking pot of the whites. The rim is 6 inches in diameter, and 1 inch high. The body is 9 inches iu diameter. Two handles are attached to the upper part of the body. The form is symmetrical and the surface highly polished. The polishing stone has been used with so much skill that the eiiect of a glaze is well produced. The materials used were clay and pulverized mica. The color is dark brown. 63067. A strong, rudely made vessel shaped like a half cask. The walls are about one-half an inch in tliickness. The surface is rough, the polishing stone having been very carelessly applied. 63068. A flat-bottomed bowl symmetrical in shape but rudely finished. TESETAl SUBSTANCES. 63063. Basket sieve said to be used to separate the finer from the coarser particles of pounded corn. The coarse meal thus obtained is boiled and allowed to ferment. This is used as food and is called cottnawhana. The sieve is made of split cane carefully smoothed; some of the strips are dyed red and others browii. A simple ornamental design is worked in these colors. The opening is square, with rounded corners, the sides measuring M inches. The depth is 5 inches. The bottom is flat and loosely woven. 63072. A bottle-shaped basket, with constricted neck and rectangulur body, used by the Cherokees' for carrying fish. Height, 11 inches; width of mouth, 4 inches; diameter of body, 6 inches. It is made of strips of white oak or hickory, one- fourth of an inch in thickness. 63073. Basket made of strips of white oak intended for the storage of seeds and for other household uses. The rim is about 5 inches in diameter; the body is 8 inches in diameter, the base being rectangular aud flat, 436 COLLECTIONS OF 188t. 63074. Basket, made of cane, used-for storing seed. 63076. Two baskets, made of cane, probably used for household pur- poses. They are neatly ornamented with simple designs, produced by the use of colored strips. The rims are oval in shape, and the bases rectangular. The larger will hold about half a bushel, the snjialler about a gallon. 63077^ Small basket with a handle, made of splints of white oak. Yel- low strips of hickory bark are used to ornament the rim. Other colors are obtained by using bark of different trees, maple, walnut, etc. 63078. Small cup or dish carved from laurel or cucumber wood. It is very neatly made. The depth is about 1 inch ; the width 5 inches. 63064. Large spoon, carved from laurel or cucumber wood, used by the Cberokees in handling the connawhana, or fermented meal. The carving is neatly done. The heart-shaped bowl is 6 in- ches in length, 4 in width, and about 2 in depth. The han- dle is 12 inches long, and is embellished at the end by a knob and ring. The knob is carved to represent a turtle's or snake's head. 63065. A smaller spoon similar in shape to the above. 63087. A large, five-pronged fork carved from the wood of the Magno- lia glau: a (?). It resembles the iron forks of the whites. 63088. A small, three-pronged fork of the same pattern and material as the above. 63080. A wooden comb made in imitation of the shell combs used by white ladies for supporting and ornamenting the back h.iir. The carving is said to have been done with a knife. Oon- siderable skill is shown in the ornamental design at the top. The wood is maple or beech. 63089. A walnut paddle or club, used to beat clothes in washing. 63059. Bow of locust wood, 5 feet long, one-half an inch thick, and IJ inches wide in the middle, tapering at the ends to 1 inch. The back of the bow is undressed, the bark simply having been removed. The string, which resembles ordinary twine, is said to be made of wild hemp. The arrows are 40 inches in length. The shafts are made of hickory wood and have conical points. Stone and metal points are not used, as the country abounds in small game only, and heavy points are considered unnecessary. In trimming the arrow two feathers of the wild tutkey are used ; these are close clipped and fastened with sinew. 63057. Blow-gun used by the Oherokees to kill small game. This speci- men is 7 feet in length, and is made of a large cane, probably the Arundinaria macrosperma. These guns are made from 5 to 15 feet in length, the diameter in large specimens reach- ing 1^ inches. HoiMEs I FROM THE CHEEOKEE INDIANS. 437 63058. Arrows used with the blow-gun. The shafts, which are made of hickory wood, are 2 feet in length and very slender. The shooting end has a conical point; the feather end is dressed with thistledown, tied on in overlapping layers with thread or sinew. The tip of down completely fills the barrel of the gun; and the arrow, when inserted in the larger end and blown with a strong puff, has a remarkable carrying and penetrating power. 63085. Thistle-heads, probably the Cniaus lanceolatm, from which the down is obtained in preparing the arrows of the blow-gun. 63061. Ball-sticks or racquets made of hickory wood. Eods of this tough wood, about 7 feet long, are dressed to the proper shape, the ends having a semicircular section, the middle part being flat. Bach is bent and the ends united to form a handle, leaving a pear-shaped loop 6 inches in width by about 12 in length, which is filled with a network of leather or bark strings sufiSciently close to hold the ball. 63061. Ball, IJ inches in diameter, covered with buckskin, used with the racquets in playing the celebrated ball game of the Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians. ANIHAL SUBSTANCES. 03071. Shell, probably a Unio, used by potters to scrape the surface of clay vessels ; seen in use. 63081. Comb made of horn. The teeth are 2 inches in length, and have been made with a saw. It is used in dressing the hair. 63085. Charm made of feathers and snake rattles ; worn on the Lead or on some part of the costume. 63082. Awl of iron set in a handle of deer's horn. COIiLBCTIONS FROM COCKE COUNTY, TENNESSEE. FEOM FIELDS NEAR NEWPOET. ABTieiES OF STONE. 62752. Grooved ax, 8 inches in length, 3J in width, and about I in thick- ness ; one side is quite flat, the other convex. The material is a banded schistose slate. 62758. A fine specimen of grooved ax, 7 inches in length, 4 in width, and IJ in thickness. The groove is wide and shallow, and is bordered by two narrow ridges, which are in sharp relief all the way around. The material appears to be a greenish- gray diorite. 02759. A grooved ax, 6 inches long, 3^ inches wide, and 1 inch thick. This specimen is similar to the preceding, the groove being deeper on the lateral edges of the implement, and the upper end less prominent. It is made of a fine-grained gray sand- stone. C2753. Fragment of a grooved ax, of gray slate. The groove is shal- low and irregular. 62754. Celt of compact gray sandstone, somewhat chipped at the ends. It is 6J inches in length by 2^ in width and I J in thickness. One face is flat, the other convex. The sides are nearly par- allel. A transverse section would be sub rectangular. - 62755. Fragment of celt, 3 inches in length by 2 in width and about IJ in thickness. The material is a fine grained sandstone or a diorite. 62756. A long, slender celt, very carefully finished, 7'inche8 in lengthy 2 in width, and less than 1 in thickness. The material is a very compact gray slate. It has apparently been recently used as a scythe-stone by some harvester. 62757. Fragment of a small, narrow celt, both ends of which are lost. Material, gray diorite. 62760. Heavy celt of gray diorite, 8 inches in length by 3 in width and 2J in thickness. 62702. A pestle of gray diorite, with enlarged base and tapering top, 5J ihches in length and 3 inches in diameter at the base. 62751. A pestle of banded schistose slate, 15 inches in length, and 2J inches in diameter in the middle, tapering symmetiically toward the ends, which terminate in rounded points. 436 HOLMKfi.l STONE IMPLEMENTS OF TENNESSEE. 439 62763. A ceremonial (?) stone resembling somewhat a small broad- bladed pick, the outline being nearly, semicircular. It is pierced as a pick is pierced for the insertion of a handle. It is 2J inches in length, 1^ in width, and three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The material is a soft greenish mottled serpentine, or serpentinoid limestone. Fig. 116. Fig. 116. 62761. A pierced tablet of gray slate, 4 J inches long, IJ inches wide, and half an inch thick. The two perforations are 2|^ inches apart ; they have been bored from opposite sides, and show no evidence of use. Nine notches have been cut in one end of the tablet. It has been much injured by recent use as a whetstone. 02764. Cup stone of rough sandstone, having seventeen shallow cup- like depressions, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter. The stone is of irregular outline, about 10 inches in diameter and 4 in thickness'. 02765. A large pipe of gray steatite; the bowl is square and about 3 inches in length by 1 in diameter. The stem end is 4 inches in length and three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The bowl has a deep, conical excavation. The same is true of the stem-end also. 440 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. MOUND AT THE JUNCTION OF THE PIGEON AND FRENCH BROAD EIVEES. ARTICLES OF ClAY. 62870. The mound from which these fragments were obtained was lo- cated 3 miles from Newport. It was 12 feet square and 6 feet high. The original height was probably much greater. The pottery was. mixed with ashes and dSbrls of what appeared to be three fire-places. No human remains were found. The fragments are not numerous, nor do they indicate a great variety in form. There is, however, considerable variety in decoration. Material. — The clay is generally gray or dark-reddish gray in the mass, and is apparently quite siliceous or sandy, numerous grains of quartz being visible. There is generally a sprinkling of finely-powdered mica, but no«hell matter can be detected. When much weathered the surface is quite gritty. Form.-r-The leading form is a round-bodied, pot-shaped vase. There is one small hemispherical bowl. The outlines have been quite sym- metrical. The mouths of the pots are wide, and the necks deeply con- stricted. The lip or rim exhibits a number of novel features. That of the larger specimen, of which a considerable segment remains, is fur- nished on the upper edge with a deep channel, nearly one-half an inch wide, and more than one fourth of an inch deep. First section, Fig. 117. Others have a peculiar thickening of the rim, a sort of collar being added to the outside, below, giving a triangular section. This is about 1 inch in width, and is thicker Third section. Fig. 117. "1 Fig. 117. The walls of the vessels are usually quite thin. The bottoms were probably round, or nearly so. Ko fragments, however, of the lower parts of the vessels were collected. There is but one example of handle, and this presents no unusual features. Middle section, Fig. 117. Ornamentation. — The ornamentation is in some respects novel. The double or channeled rim of the larger specimen, the mouth of which has been 13 or 14 inches in diameter, is embellished with a line of flut- ings, which seem to be the impressions of a hollow bone or reed. HOLMEB.] POTTERY OF .TENNESSEE. 441 The whole exterior surface is embellished with a" most elaborate orna- mental design, which resembles the imprint of some woven fabric. If a woven fabric has not been nsed, a pliable stamp, producing the effect of a fabric, has been resorted to. The fact that the sharply concave portions of the neck are marked with as much regulnrity as the convex body of the vessel, precludes the idea of the use of a solid or non-elastic stamp. Thepattern consists of groups of parallel indented lines, arranged at right angles with one another, the puzzling feature beingthat there is no evidence of the passing of the threads or fillets over or under each other, such as would be seen if a woven fabric had been used. The outer surface of the triangular collar peculiar to many of the pots has been decorated with a herring-bone pattern, made by impressing a sharp implement. The handle in one case is similarly ornamented. This handle has been added after the figure previously described was impressed upon the neck of the vessel. One small fragment shows another style of indented or stamped pattern, which consists of series of straight and curved lines, such as are characteristic of many of the vessels obtained from the Gulf States. A small fra'gment of coal-black ware is entirely smooth on the outside, and indicates an unusually well finished and symmetrical vessel. An- other shows the impression of basket-work, inwhich a wide fillet or splint has served as the warp and a small twisted cord as the woof. One interesting feature of this vessel is that from certain impressions ou the raised ridges we discover that the vessel has been taken from the net mold while still iua plastic state. Still another reddish porous fragment has a square rim, which is or- namented with a series of annular indentations. COLLECTIONS FROM SEVIER COUNTY, TENNESSEE. THE MCMAHAN MOUND. On the west fork of tbe Little Pigeon River, at Sevierville, on a rich bottom, 125 yards from the river, is a celebrated mound, the owners of which have for years refused to have it opened. Mr. Palmer spent several days in trying to obtain permission to open it, and was about leaving in despair, when the owners finally yielded, not, however, without requiring a number of concessions on the part of the collector, which concessions were put in the form of a legal document. This mound is 16 feet high and 240 feet in circumference. Three feet below the surface, a stratum of burnt clay, 15 feet wide by 30 long, was reached. This has probably formed part of the roof of a dwelling. Beneath this was a bed of charcoal 4 inches thick. In this bed rem- nants of cedar posts fiom 2 to 4 inches thick and 1 to 2 feet in length were found. Below this was a stratum of ashes, covering a limited area to the depth of 4 feet. Surrounding this, the earth contained fragments of numerous articles used by the inhabitants, while beneath came 4| feet of earth, in which numerous skeletons had been deposited. The bodies had been interred without order, and the bones were so in- termingled, and so far decayed, that no complete skeletons could be col- lected. Beneath the layer of bones came a second deposit of ashes, 2 feet thick by 2^ feet in diameter, and beneath this a mass of red clay, 18 inches in thickness. In the earth surrounding the ashes and clay, a number of skeletons were found ; these were in such an advanced stage of decomposition that only a few fragments of skulls could be preserved. Three feet below the second layer of bones, the undisturbed soil was reached. Two boxes of bones were collected, the well-preserved crania num- bering about twenty. A great many interesting specimens of the implements, utensils, and ornaments of the mound-builders were obtained. The following catalogue includes everything of interest: ABTI0LE8 OF STONE. 62787, 62792, 62778, 62769, 62784j 62788. Numerous specimens of arrow- points, flakes, cores, and rough masses of gray and black chalcedony, obtained partly from the mound, and partly from the soil surrounding it. 442 HOLMES] OBJECTS OF STONE AND CLAY PROM TENNESSEE. 443 02793. A somewhat conical object of black compact graphite. The flatish base is nibbed off in au irregular way, as if in grind- ing down for use as a pigment. 62790. Fragment of bammerstone of gray micaceous sandstone, 5 inch- es long by 3 inches in diameter. It was found associated with the upper layer of skeletons. 62808. Pipe carved from gray marble. The bowl is symmetrically shaped, and resembles a common clay pipe. It is about ] J inches in, height and 1 in diameter. The stem part is about one-fourth of an inch in length. Found with the up- per layer of skeletons. 62786. A perforated stone tube, 1^ inches long and three-fourths of an inch in diameter. It is probably the upper part of a pipe bowl. 62794'. A large number of minute quartz pebbles, probably used in a rattle or in playing some game of chance. Found with the skeletons in the mound. 62798. Three glass beads, found 4 feet below the surface of the mound. One is a bright blue bead of translucent glass. One is opaque, resembling porcelain. The third is of blue-^ray glass, and has three longitudinal stripes of brown, underlaid by bands of white. All are cylindrical in shape, and are from three-eighths to half an inch in length, and about one- fourth of an inch in diameter. ARTICLES OF OIAT. The collection of pottery from this mound is of much interest. There is but one entire vessel, but the fragments are so plentiful and well preserved that many interesting forms can be restored, and a very good idea of the ceramic work of this locality be formed. Form. — I have spent much time in this examination of these fragments, and have assigned each to the form of vessel to which it belonged. Where large pieces are preserved, especially if the rim is included, we have little trouble in reconstructing the entire vessel, without fear of being seriously wrong. The lower parts of the bodies of all forms are round or slightly flattened, and but a small fragment of the rim is needed to tell whether the vessel was a bottle, pot, or bowl. I find, however, that the forms merge into each other in such a way that a complete graduated series can be found. Of first importance, are the round or globular vases with more or less constricted necks. Ornamentation. — The inside of all forms is plain with the exception of accidental markings of the fingers. The rim is square, sharp, or round on the edge, and sometimes slightly enlarged or beaded on the outer margin. A collar is attached to many forms, which at the lower edge overhangs. It is added to the body with the rim, or as a strip after- 444 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. ward attached. It is often notched or indented with a stick, bone, or reed, or with the fingers. - The necks of vases and pot-shaped vessels have a great variety of handles, knobs, and ornaments. Some of the latter seem to be atro- phied handles. In some cases a low horizontal ridge, from 1 to 4 or more inches in length is placed near the rim, in place of the continuous collar. In other cases a narrow, crescent-shaped ridge is attached, the points reaching down on the shoulder, the arch lying upon the neck. Still others have one or moife handles which connect the rim with the neck or shoulder of the vessel, leaving a round or oblong passage for a cord or vine. These handles were added after the vessel was completed. They are never ornamented. In one case an arched handle, like the handle of a basket, connects the opposite sides of the rim. This' is the only entire ma. 118. v.essel recovered from the mound. It was associated with the upper layer of skeletons. Diameter 4^ inches. Fig. 118. The body of these vessels is sometimes quite plain, but is more fre- quently covered with cord markings. These, with one or two excep- tions, seem to be made by a series of fine cords, approximately parallel, but without cross-threads of any kind. There is little uniformity of arrangement. In the upper part, and about the base of the neck, the indented lines are generally vertical. On the bottom they are quite irregular, as if the vessel, in making, had been rolled about on a piece of netting or coarse cloth. The cords have been about the size of the ordi- nary cotton cord used by mrchants. Oue exception is seen in a fragment of a large, rudely-made vase, in which we have the impression of a fabric, HOLMES.] POTTERY OF TENNESSEE. 445 the warp of which, whether wood or cord, has consisted of fillets more than one-fourth of an inch in width, the woof being fine cord. This is what is frequently spoken of as the earrof-corn impression. No incised or excavated lines have been noticed in these fragments of pot-shaped vessels. Some of the most elegant vessels are without up- right necks. The upper or incurved surface of the body is approxi mately flat, forming, with the lower part of the body a more or less sharp peripheral angle. The base is- rounded, and, so far as we can judge from the examples, the bottom is slightly flattened. Vessels having ver- tical or flaring rims are generally somewhat more shallow. The incurved upper surface is often tastefully ornamented with pat- terns of Incised or excavated lines which are arranged in groups, in vertical or oblique positions, or encircle the vessel parallel with the border. One specimen has a row of stamped circles, made by a reed or hollow bone. Bowls of the ordinary shape are variously decorated. In one case we have on the outside of the rim, and projecting slightly above it, a rudely-modeled grotesque face.* A notched fillet passes around the rim, near the lip, connecting with the sides of this head. In another case a rude node is added to the rim. The only bowl hav- ing a flaring rim is without ornament. We have only one fragment of a bowl in which the body has been marked with cords. - Gomposilion. — ^The clay used in the pottery from this mound is gen- erally fine in texture, and of a light-gray color. Many of the fragments have been blackened by burning subsequently to their original firing, and some may have been originally blackened with graphite. The prevailing colors seen in the fragments are yellowish and reddish grays. The percentage of powdered shell used in tempering has usually been very large, forming at times at least half the mass. The flakes of shell are very coarse, being often as much as one-fourth .of an inch in diame- ter. In many cases they have been destroyed by burning, or have dropped out from decay, leaving a deeply pitted surface. Pipes. — There are a number of i)ipes in the collection, most of which were found near the surface of the mound. In some cases they resem- ble modern forms very closely. The most striking example is made of a fine-grained clay, without visible admixture of tempering material. The color is a reddish gray. It is neatly and symmetrically formed, the surface being finished by polishing with a smooth, hard implement, and shaving with a knife. The bowl is 2 inches high, and the rim is bell shaped above, with a smooth, flat lip, one-fourth of an inch wide. The diameter of the opening is nearly 2 inches. The base is conical. The Stem part is one-half an inch long and one-half an inch in diame- ter. The bowl and stem are both conically excavated. Another specimen is made of clay mixed with powdered shell. The bowl is cylindrical, being a little larger at the rim, which is ornamented 446 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. with rows of punctures. Tbe elbow is ornamented by a rosette of in- dented lines. The mouth piece has been broken away. OBJECTS OF METil. 62797. One of the most iiistrnctive finds in this mound is a i)air of brass pins, of undoubted European manuiacture. The collector makes the statement, with entire confidence in its correct- ness, that they had been encased in the earth at the time of the interment of the bodies. One was associated with the upper and the other with the lower layer of bones. In size and shape they resemble our ordinary brass toilet pin. The head is formed of a spiral coil of wire, the diameter of which is about one-half that of the shaft of the pin. It is also stated by the collector that an iron bolt was found in the lower stratum of bones. This object was unfortunately lost. 62795. A small brass cylinder, found 3 feet 7 inches below the surface of the mound. The thin sheet of which the coil is made is about 1 inch square. The edges are uneven. It was proba- bly used as a bead. OBJECTS OF SHELL. Few mounds have rivaled this in its wealth of shell ornaments. En- graved gorgets cut from the body of the Busycon perversum and large pins from the columellae of the same shell are especially numerous and well-preserved. Large numbers of beads and unworked sbells were also found. All were intimately associated with the skeletons. While many of the specimens are well preserved, we find that many are in an advanced stage of decay, and unless most carefully handled, crumble to powder. Similar shell ornaments are found in mounds in other parts of Tennes- see, as well as in neighboring States. These have been pretty fully described in the Second Annual Eeport. 62830-62839. These pins are all made from the Busycon perversum. Tbe entire specimens range from 3 to 6 inches in length; two are fragmentary, having lost their poiuts by decay. The heads are from one-half to 1 inch in length, and are generally less than 1 inch iu diameter. They are somewhat varied in shape, some being cylindrical, others being conical above. The shaft is pretty evenly rounded, but is seldom symmetrical or straight. It is rarely above one-half an inch in diameter, and tapers gradually to a more or less rounded point. The groove of the canal shows distinctly in all the heads, and may often be traced far down the shaft. In a number of cases the surface retains the fine polish of the newly finished object, but it is usually somewhat weathered, and frequently . HOLMES. ] OBJECTS OF SHELL PROM TENNESSEE. 447 discolored or chalky. These specimens were found in the mounds along with deposits of human remains, and generally in close proximity to the head ; this fact suggests their use as orpaments for the hair. 62840-62843. A number of saucer-shaped shell gorgets, the upper edge being somewhat straightened, the result of the natural limit of the body of the shell. Two small holes, for suspension' 1 occur near the upper margin. The diameter ranges from 3 to 6 inches. Fig. 119. Fig. 120. In studying the design the attention is first attracted by an eye-like figure near the left border. This is formed of a series of concentric circles, and is partially inclosed by a looped band about one-eighth of an inch in width, which opens downward to the left. This band is occupied by a series of conical dots or depressions, the number of which varies in the different speci- 448 COLLECTIONS OF M881. mens. The part of the figure inclosed by this band repre- sents the head and neck of the serpent. To the right of the eye we have the mouth, which is usually shown in profile, the upper jaw being turned upward exhibiting a double row of notches or teeth. The body encircles the head in a single coil, which appears from beneath the neck on the right, passes around the front of the head, and terminates at the back in a pointed tail armed with well defined rattles. The spots and scales of the serpent are represented in a highly con- ventionalized manner. riG. 121. Fig. 122. Shell gorgets with engraved designs representing the rattlesnake. 62841-G2845. The handsome specimen given in Fig. 124 is in a very good state of preservation. It is a deep, somewhat oval plate, made from a Busycon perversum. The surface is nicely polished and the margins neatly beveled. The marginal zone is less than half an inch wide and contains at the upper edge two perforations, '^hich have been considerably abraded by the cord of suspension. Four long curved slits or perfora- tions almost sever the central design from the rim ; the four SHELL GORGETS FROM TENNESSEE. 449 narrow segments that remain are each ornamented with a single conical pit. The serpent is very neatly engraved and belongs to the chevroned variety. The eye is large and the neck is ornamented with a single rectangular intaglio figure. The mouth is more than usually well defined. The upper jaw is turned abruptly backward and is ornamented with lines peculiar to this variety of the designs. Fig. 123. (62841.) Fig. 124. (62845.) Shell gorgets with engraved designs representing the rattlesnake. The body of the serpent opposite the perforations for sus- pension is interrupted by a rather mysterious cross band, consisting of one broad and two narrow lines. As this is a feature common to many specimens, it probably had some important of&ce or significance. 62847-62848. Mask-like shell ornaments. By a combination of engrav- ing and sculpture a rude resemblance to the human features is produced. The objects are generally made from large pear- 3 ElH 29 450 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. shaped sections of the lower whorl of marine univalves. The lower portion, which represents the neck and chin, is cut from the somewhat constricted part near the base of the shell. Fig. 125. (62348.) Mask-like object of shell. while the broad outline of the head reaches the first suture at the noded shoulder of the body whorl. The simplest form is shown in Fig. 325. A more elaborate form is given in Fig. 126. Fig, 126. (C2347.) Mask-like object of shell. These objects are especially numerous in the mounds of Tennessee, but their range is quite wide, examples having been reported from Kentucky, Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas, and smaller ones of a somewhat different type from New York. In size they range from 2 to 10 inches in length, the width being considerably less. They are gen- erally found associated with human remains in such a way SHELL GOEGETS FROM TENNESSEE. 451 as to suggest their use as ornaments for the head or neck. There are, however, no holes for suspension except those made to represent the eyes, and these, so far as I have ob- served, show no abrasion by a cord of suspension. Their shape suggests the idea that they may have been used as masks, after the manner of metal masks by some of the ori- ental nations. Fig. 127. — Shell gorget with engraving of a curious human figure. I 62846. Engraved shell. Fig. 127. This very interesting object has been fully- described in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau. The figure is so obscure that considerable study is necessary in making it out. 62930. Engraved shell, Fig. 128. This remarkable specimen has already been described in the Second Annual Eeport of the Bureau. The engraved design is certainly of a very high order of merit, and suggests the work of the ancient Mexicans. 62816-62822, G2824, 62826, 62828, 62829. Shell beads discoidal and cylin- drical in form, made chiefly from the columellse and walls of marine univalves. 62825. Shell bead made by grinding off the apex of a large Oliva hi- plicata. (?) 62827. Beads made from Marginella (?) shells. 452 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 62825, 62827, 62850-G2857, 62782. Species of shell found in the mound, some with the skeletons, others near the surface. Fig. 128. — Shell gorget with engraved design repres entmg two fighting figui'es. The following genera and species are provisionally deter mined : Unio multipUcatus. Unio ovatun. Unio crassidens. Vniq pictorum. Marginella (?). Ollva (?). lo spinosa. Trypanostoma anthonyi. Anculosa subglobosa. Busycon perversum. 62823. A tooth-shaped fresh water pearl, found with the skeletons. HOLMES.) STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM TENNESSEE. 453 AMMAL SDBBTAN0E8. 62861. Fragments of deer- horn found near the surface of the mound. 62858. An implement of unusual form, made from a flat piece of bone, found with the skeletons in the mound. 62859, 62860. Bone implements, needles and pertbrators, some of which are well preserved and retain the original polish ; others are in a very advanced stage of decay. Three boxes of human bones (not numbered). PROM THE FIELDS AT SEVIERVILLE. ARTICLES OP STONE. 62770. A small grooved ax, formed of a coarse textured stono, resem- bling diorite. It is 4^ inches in length and 2J in width. The head is rounded and the cutting edge much battered. The groove is wide and shallow, and the bordering ridges prominent. The blade thins out quite abruptly. Presented by J. B. Bmert. 62772. A celt 6f inches long, 2J inches wide, and 1 inch thick. The ma- terial is a compact, blue-gray, banded slate. The sides are straight and a transverse section is somewhat rectangular. Both edges are sharpened, and are very, neatly beveled and polished. Presented by W. P. Mitchell. 62771. A small celt of compact greenish slate; one face is flat, the other convex. It is neatly made and perfectly preserved, the broader end being oblique and sharp. It is 3J inches in length. 62777. A rude, much-battered celt of coarse sandstone or diorite. it is 4 inches in length by 2 in width near the cutting edge. The top is somewhat conical. 62774. A large unsymmetrical celt made of coarse yellowish sandstone; one side is much battered. The cutting edge is round and dull. It is 9 inches in length by 5 in width near the broad end and is 1^ inches thick. 62785. A knife-blade-shaped object, apparently a fragment of a winged ceremonial stone. The whole surface is smooth and shows no evidence of use. It is made of fine-grained gray slate. It is 2 inches in length by five-eighths in width. 62775. A bell-shaped pestle made of yellowish gray quartzite. The surface has been evenly roughened by picking, but has be- come slightly polished on parts most exposed when in use. The base part is subrectangnlar in section, and the bottom is slightly but evenly convex. The upper part, which has been shaped for convenient grasping by the hand, is evenly 454 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. rounded at the top. Height, 4 J inches; width of base, 3 J inches. 62766. A well-formed globe of gritty sandstone. The surface is rough- ened or granular. It is 2J inches in diameter. 62789. Portion pf an oblong hammer stone, 4 inches in length by 3 in diameter in the middle part. One end has been much re- duced by use. It is made of some dark, much decomposed, crystalline rock. 62768. A symmetrical sandstone ring, 2 inches in diameter and three- fourtlis of an inch in thickness. The perforatipn is about five-eighths of an inch in diameter. The surface is rough- ened by picking. Fig. 129. 62767. A symmetrical, neatly finished disk of light gray quartzite. It is 4^ inches m diameter and IJ inches in thickuess at the circumference, and less than 1 inch thick at the center. 62869. An hour-glass shaped tube made of gray hydro-mica schist, which resembles very compact steatite. It is 5J inches long, 2 inches in diameter at the widest part and 1^ inches at the narrowest part. The most restricted part near the middle is girdled by a ridge or ring, on the circumference of which seventy or eighty shallow notches have been cut. Thexierforation is much enlarged at the ends, giving cup- like cavities. The walls are thin near the ends and quite thick near the middle, the passage being hardly more than one-quarter of an inch in diameter. The markings on the inside indicate that the excavation has been made by a goug- ing process, rather than by the use of a rotary perforator. OBJECTS OF STONE FROM TENNESSEE. 455 62776. A boat shaped ceremonial stone of banded slate, 3 inches long, 1 inch wide, and 1 inch deep. From the side the outline is triangular, the two lines of the keel forming almost a right angle. From the top the outline is a long, pointed oval, as seen in the illustration. Fig. 131. Fig. 131. The trough-shaped excavation is more rounded in outline, and is three-fourths of an inch in depth. Perforations have been made near the ends of this trough ; these seem to be somewhat abraded on the outside by a cord of suspension or attachment which has passed between them along a groove in the apex or angle of the keel. 62868 An amulet or charm of dark-greenish rock, probably a serpen- tine, carved to represent a bird's head. The more highly riG. 132. polished parts are quite dark, while freshly cut Hues are whitish. The head is graphically represented, tlie bill, the eye, and nostril being well shown. A stand-like base takes the place of the body of the bird. Around this, near the bottom, a groove has been cut for the purpose of attaching a string or securing a handle. In dressing the surface some implement has been used that has left file- like scratches. Fig. 132 represents this object natural size. 456 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. 62773. Fragment of a stone disk or wheel that has lines cut upon it resembling in arrangement the grooves of an ordinary mill- stone. Diameter, 6 inches; thickness, 2 inches. This is probably not an aboriginal work. 63186. A banner-stone of unusual shape, made of gray slate. The cut, Fig. 133, represents this object three-fourths natural size. The perforation is one-half an inch in diameter, and is quite symmetrical. The entire surface is well polished. ABTICLES OF CLAY. A few specimens of potsherds were collected from the fields about Sevierville. Most of these are identical in every way with thepotteryof themound, but three examples are of a totally different type. The material of these Is a fine sandy clay, tempered with a large percentage of finely pulverized mica. The forms of the vessels cannot be made out. The outer surfaces were ornamented by a stamped pattern of small square or lozenge- shaped figures, a number of these together were apparently formed by a single stamp. Among the fragments we have half a dozen disks, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter, worked from ordinary potsherds. A small rudely mod- eled figure of a bird was also found with these fragments. There were also masses of indurated clay, which seem to have been used for chinking purposes. COLIiECTIOlSrS PROM ROANE COUNTY, TEIfKESSEB. MOUND AT TAYLOE'S BEND. This mound is situated three hundred and fifty yards from the French Broad Eiver, on the farm of Mr. William Harris. It is 10 feet high and nearly 50 feet in circumference. Its summit has been cultivated for many years, and, the height has doubtless been much reduced. Immediately under the surface soil a heavy bed of ashes and charcoal was reached, which at the border of the mound was only a few inches thick, but at the center was about 3 feet thick. In this stratum were found a few implements, and fragments of pot- tery, and two very much decayed skeletons. A part of one cranium was preserved. The mound beneath this stratum was composed chiefly of loam, with some sand in the center, and contained nothing of interest. ABTI0LE8 OF 8T0NE. 62885. A needle-like implement, made of a soft black stone that may be cannel coal. It is 3J inches in length, but is not entire. The shaft is a little more than one-fourth of an inch in diam- eter, is nearly round, and tapers to a symmetrical point. The surface is highly polished. It was found in the stratum of ashes. ABTI0LE8 OF CLAI. ' 62890, 62892-6. A considerable number of fragments of pottery was found in the stratum of ashes. Form. — Vases of the wide-mouthed, round-bodied variety are represented, also a number of hemispherical bowls. One large fragment representing a vessel with rounded bottom was found. 8ize. — The pot- like vases have been quite large, the mouths being as much as 14 inches in diameter. The larger bowls have been 10 inches or more in diameter. Others are smaller. The walls of some of the larger vessels have been half an inch in thickness. Material. — Classified by material, there are two varieties, one is composed of the usual clay and pulverized shells, the latter being coarse and exceedingly plentiful; the other has no shell material, but in its place an admixture of sand and small quartz pebbles. 457 458 COLLECTIONS OP IStJl. Ornamentation.— The iuside is plain as usual, and many of the fragments bave no exterior ornament. There are two varieties of surface markings; one consists of impressions of basket work, which, indicate a broad series of fillets bound together by small twisted cords of grass or bark ; the other appears to have been made by an open net-work of fine cords, which have been quite irregularly arranged. OBJECTS OP SHELL. 62898. A shell piu made from the columella of a large univalve. The original polishes still preserved. The head is round and small, and the shaft 2 inches in length. Found in the stratum of ashes. 62899. Two species of shells, lo spinosa and Pleurocera conradii (?), ob. tained from the stratum of ashes. COLLECTIONS FROM THE FIELDS AT TAYLOR's BEND. ARTICLES OF STONE. 62883. A lot of arrow points, spear points, and knives, having a wide range of shape and size. A serrated specimen is 3 inches in length, and is made of yellowish striped chalcedony. One is made of white translucent quartz, and others of dark gray and black chalcedony. 62881. A stone disk, 1 J inches in diameter and three-eighths of an inch thick. It is of gray sandstone, nicely smoothed. The edge is rounded and the sides slightly convex. 62882. Two stone disks similar to the preceding, but smaller. 62878. A small, thick, nearly symmetrical celt, 2J inches in length, IJ inches in width, and one-half of an inch thick. The edge is rounded in outline and well sharpened. The beveled areas are narrow and stand at an angle of 30° with each other. It is widest at the edge, tapering above to a conical point. The material is apparently a compact greenish diorite. 62877. A small celt similar to the preceding in form and material. It is 3J inches long, and if inches in width near the cutting edge, which is considerably battered. 62875. A curved celt of considerable interest, made of a greenish dio- rite. It is 8 inches in length, 2J inches wide near the cutting edge, and about 1 inch thick. It tapers toward the apex to IJ inches in width. A transverse section would be a sharp oval. A longitudinal section showing the thickness of the implement gives a bow like figure, the median line of which would deflect nearly half an inch from a straight line. noi,MK6.] OBJECTS OF STONE FROM TENNESSEE. 459 62876. A celt, 3 J inches in length, of the usual form, made of a green- ish diorite. 62874. A grooved ax of gray sandstone, 5 inches long, 3 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. The groove is' deep and well rounded. FIG. 134. and has two bordering ridges in high relief. The head is low and conical, and, the blade narrow and rectangular. The surface has originally been quite smooth, but is now some- what battered. Fig. 135. 62871. A cylindrical pestle of gray diorite (?), 11 inches long and 2 inches in diameter. The general surface is rough, the points being smoothed by use. 460 COLLECTIONS OF I88L 62879. A perforated tablet, made of gray, chloritic schist, 2^ inches long by 1^ inches broad, illustrated in Fig. 134. The sides are notched in aVaythat gives a dumb-bell like outline. The ends are almost square. Series of notches have been cut in the terminal edges. On one of the lateral margins rude notches and zigzag lines have been engraved. In the middle of the plate there is a circular perforation one-fourth of an inch in diameter. Midway between this and the ends are two other perforations, one being circular and one eighth of an inch in diameter, and the other lozenge or diamond shaped and nearly one-fourth of an inch in width. These show no evidence of wear. The surface is uneven, though somewhat polished. It has probably been used for straight- ening arrow shafts and shaping strings. 62880. Fragment of a perforated tablet carved from gray slate. It has been broken transversely near the middle, through a perfor- ation which has been about one-eighth of an inch in diam- eter. The remnant is 2 inches in length and IJ inches in width at the perforation. One side is plain, the other has a design of plain and zigzag lines. The edges are beveled and notched. See Fig. 135. VICINITY OF KINGSTON. On the farm of Mr. M. Biss, three miles from Kingston, on the Tennes- see River, a mound was opened which was so located as to overlook the river, and at the same time guard the approach from two pieces of pro- jecting wood. It was 11 feet high, 29 feet wide on the top, and 45 feet in diameter at the base. It was composed entirely of clay. Three feet from the surface six very much decayed skeletons were found, no parts of which could be preserved. The bodies seem to have been dex)osited without definite order. No objects of art were obtained. Opposite Kingston, on the Clinch River, are three mounds, located on the farm of T. N. Clark. They are all small, and, with the exception of two much decayed skeletons and a single arrow point, contained nothing of interest. On the farm of S. P. Evans, three miles below Kingston, are three groups of mounds. The first contains five mounds; the second, a little higher up, has the same number, while the third has but two. They are all built of clay, and seem to be without remains of any sort. OBJECTS OF STOxNE'FROM TENNESSEE. 461 MOUND AT NILES' FERRY. On the farm of J. W. Niles, at this point, is a large mound that has the appearance of a Creek or Cherokee ball-ground. It was flat on the top, and had an area of If acres. The height was 15 feet. In outline it was somewhat triangular. This mound was also constructed of clay, and contained nothing of interest. In the fields, near by, human bones, pottery, stone implements, beads, etc., are frequently plowed up. From this locality the following specimens were collected: 62957. Arrow heads and knives of gray and black chalcedony. 62955. Uiiworked TJnio shells. 62956. A number of shell beads of usual size and form. MOUNDS NEAR PAINT EOCK FERRY. About three hundred yards from the Tennessee Eiver, at Paint Eock Ferry, is a large mound 40 feet in height, and covering an area of about about two acres. Permission could not be obtained t,o open the mound, on account of the crop of corn that covered it. Near its base, on opposite sides, were two smaller mounds. One of these was 5 feet high and 10 in diam- eter, and contained a stone grave. The body which it contained had been laid on the ground and covered a foot deep with earth. A flat rock had been laid upon this, and slabs of limestone set on edge all around. The inclosed space was 4 feet in width by 5 in length. Earth had been used to cover the cist and form the mound. About this mound were scattered many slabs of stone which had been plowed up during previous years; and it is stated that human bones and various objects of art have, at different timps, been brought to light. A short distance from the large mound, and near the river bank, is another mound on which a barn has been built. Several hundred yards from the river, in a meadow, is a thi]:d mound, less than half as large as that first mentioned. The owner would not allow it to be disturbed. Still another mound, near by, was oval in outline, 28 feet long, by 20 wide, and 12 high. It was composed of clay and contaiued nothing but a few pieces of pottery. 62939, 62940, 62945. Fragments of pottery from the mounds at Paint Eock Ferry. OBJECTS OF SHELL. Fig. 136. I'm. 137. 462 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 62935,62937. Shell beads, buttons, and pendants, made from marine shells. A neatly made pendant is 1 inch in diameter and one-sixth of an inch thick. Near the edge are two small perforations for suspension, and at the center is a conical pit, encircled by a shallow incised line. Beside this, there are a number of buttons of similar shape, which have single per- forations at the center. Some of the smaller beads seem to have been painted red. Figs. 136, 137, and 138. 62936. Fragment of a large Busycon perversum. 62942. Teeth of the bear, and possibly of the horse fotind near the surface of one of the mounds. Fig. 138. COLLECTION'S PROM JEFFEESOTiT COU]S"TT. MOUND ON pain's ISLAND. This inouus*" ?^ Fig. 158. Fig. 159. 63115. An oblong, shallow basin. Wide, flat handles have been added to the rim at the ends of the vessel ; one of these is pierced. Length 8f inches, width 4 inches, depth 2 inches. Color dark gray. Fig. 161. Fig. 160. Fig. 161. HOLMES.] POTTERY FROM ARKANSAS. 483 63103, 63101, 63169, 63176, 63116, 63199, 63098. Plain bovls of ordinary composition and appearance. Fig. 162 is a good example. Diameter 9 inches. Fig. 162. 63096. A handsome bowl of dark ware. The body is ornamented with an incised design, which consists of a eomewhat disconnected running scroll. The bottom is flat. Diameter 8J inches. Fig. 163. Fig. 163. 63109. A bowl of dark porous ware, very nicely made. The rim is ornamented at one side with a grotesque head, representing some wild animal, probably a panther. The ornament on the opposite side takes the place of the tail of the animal. Diameter of bowl 8 inches. Fig. 164. 63028, 63046. Fragments of many vessels, chiefly of black porous ware, among which are a number- of handles representing the heads of birds and quadrupeds, also the fragments of a ves- sel which restored give the vase shown in Fig. 165. The designs are red on a yellowish ground. Diameter 5J inches. 484 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 63107. A large vase modeled to represent a grotesque human figure. It is painted with designs in red and white, the ground color Fig 164. being a reddish yellow. The figure has a kneeliug posture. The hands are upraised against the shoulders, with palms Fig. 166. turned forward. Height, lOJ inches; width of shoulders, 8 inches. Fig. 1G6. POTTERY PROM ARKANSAS. 485 63090, G3054, 63095. Fragments of pottery having incised designs, sim- ilar to the dark ware already described . A few of these frag- ments have been worked into rude disks. Fig. 166. OBJECTS OF MEIAI. 62048. A thin plate of copper, probably intended for a pendent orna ment, as two perforations have been made at one end. It i^ rectangular in outline, and has suffered much from cor- rosion. 63113. A fragment of galena ore. ANIMAL StBSTANCES. 63142. Fragment of a needle-like perforator. A conical perforation has been made toward the larger end. The point has been lost. 63047. A cubical fragment of bone, the sides of which have been squared by cutting or grinding. COLLECTION FROM MONROE COFNTT, ARKANSAS. MOUND AT LAWEENCEVILLE. On the farm of Dauiel Thompson, near Lawrenceville, the remains of ancient habitations are of frequent occurrence. The fields have been cultivated for many years. In one case a bed of clay 8 inches thick, and covering an area of many hundred feet, was discovered near the surface; this is supposed to be the remains of the roof of a house. Associated with it were a number of objects, among which were five very interesting specimens of pottery. AKTICLES OF CLAT. 63151. A large bottle-shaped vase of red and white ware. The upper part of the neck is lost. The body is encircled by an orna- mental design in white, upon a red ground, which resembles a rudely drawn Greek fret. The diameter of the body is 9 inches; the height has been 11 or 12 inches. 63152. A fine bottle-shaped vase, resembling the preceding; very nand- some, and in a remarkably good state of preservation. It also has a design in red and white. The original color of the 48(3 H0LMES.1 POTTERY FROM ARKANSAS. 487 vase has been a dull reddish yellow. The neck is red, the body is ornamented with four red and four white figures, which extend from the neck to the base of the vessel. These belts of color are separated by bands of the ground- color of the vessel. Height 12 inches. Fig. 167. 63153. A small rude cup of gray clay, without decoration. Diameter 4 inches. 63154. An egg-shaped vessel, made in imitation of a gourd. The mouth of this vessel is a small round opening on the side, near the pointed end. The base is somewhat flattened. Height 5 inches. Pig. 168. Fig. 168. 63155. A minute cup, 1^ inches in diameter. The rim is encircled by a series of rude notches. MOUNDS AT INDIAN BAY. A large mound 30 feet high and 250 feet long is located on the farm of Mr. A. Spencer, near Indian Bay. Our collector, however, could not obtain permission to examine it. At the edge of Indian Bay corpora- tion is another large mound, used as a cemetery by the white residents. In a field near by were two small mounds about 3 feet in height and 30 feet in circumference. In one of these, two feet beneath the surface, a skeleton was found, near the head of which three earthen vessels had been placed. Prom the other small mound a very interesting collection of pottery was procured, much of which was in a fragmentary condition. 488 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. From these fragments a number of vessels have been reconstructed. These are given in the following list: ARTICLES OF CLAY. 63046. A bottle-shaped vase of dark, grayish-brown ware. The neck is quite high and slender, and the body globular — a little elongated above. The rim and collar are ornamented with incised notches. Height, 10 inches. 63171. A large symmetrically shaped vase or jug of a grayish yellow color. Eestored from fragments. The body of the jug is globular, the neck slightly flaring, the rim being notchedx)n the outer edge. The ware is coarse and rough. Height, lOJ inches. 63156, 63163, 63164, 63173, 63174. Fragments of vessels similar to that last described. 63191. A low wide-mouthed vase of dark gray compact ware. The neck is decorated by two series of lines, which cross and re- cross the neck in such a manner as to form diamond-shaped figures. They are deeply incised. The rim is notched, and has three small nodes on the outer margin. The body is covered with an ornament produced by pinching the clay while in a soft state. Height, 6J inches; diameter, 9 inches. FlQ. 169. 6316.9. A very large wide-mouthed vase, the body of which is conical below. The rim and neck are ornamented in a manner very similar to the one last described. Height, 16 inches; diam- eter, 19 inches. Fig. 169. HOLMES.] POTTEKY FKOM ARKANSAS. 489 63028, 63029, 63030, 63164, 63166, 63167. Fragments of vessels similar to tlie one last described. 63192, 63195, 63196. Three small vsesels restored from fragments ; two of these resemble deep bowls with flaring rims./ The lip is notched on the outer margin. The other has an upright, slightly constricted neck, ornamented with a band of rude indentations. Diameter, 6| inches. Fig. 170. 63161. A shallow bowl of yellowish gray ware, ornamented with irregu- lar notches about the rim. Diameter, 9 inches. 63197, 63162, 63185. Bowls similar to the preceding. 63194, 63160, 63168.' Large bowls with flaring rims. 63176. A very deep bowl. Fragmentary. 63189. A large, handled cup or ladle of yellowish clay. The bowl part is 6 inches in diameter.^ The extremity of the handle has been lost. Fig. 171. riG. 170. 63157, 63,158. Large portions of the bodies of two vessels of unusual shape. I'M. 171. COIiLECTIOIf FROM OHIO. FROM MOUNDS AND FIELDS. Daring the year 1881 small collections of stone implements and arti- cles of pottery were forwarded to the Bureau by Dr. Wills De Haas. Most of these are, however, without record, excepting of the most general character. The majority appear to have been obtained from Warren County, at or in the vicinity of Fort Ancient. ARTICLES OF STONE. 65613. Spear points or knives of gray chalcedony. Three are very sharply pointed, and have probably been used as perforators. Average width 1 inch, average length 2J inches. 65615. Lot of rudely chipped arrow or spear points of grayish chal- cedony. Notches quite shallow. 65616. A lot of medium-sized, rather heavy arrow points of gray chal- cedony. 65017, Lot of neatly shaped, deeply notched spear and arrow points, averaging about 1 inch in width, and ranging from 2 to 3 inches in length. Made of gray chalcedony. 65618. Lot of arrow points, spear points, and knives of various sizes and shapes. Material same as the preceding. 65619. Lot of rudely finished knives and spear points, mostly wide and heavy, some being almost circular in outline. Material same as the preceding. 05620. Lot of large knives and spear points of variously colored chal- cedony. 65621. Knives and flakes of chalcedony. 65722. Large lot of long, triangular knives or spear points, made of gray and reddish mottled chalcedony. They average about 2J inches in length, and 1^ in width. 65623. Large lot of flakes and fragments of gray and dark chalcedony or flint, left from the manufacture of implements. 65434-05451. Celts and fiagments of celts of greatly varied size and shape, made of a grayish, speckled rock, resembling diorite. 65429-65430, 65431. Medium-sized,groovedaxesof ordinary forms. One is made of diorite (?), the others of gray rock resembling sand- stone. 05420-05428. Yery large grooved axes of greenish dioriteC?). The largest is 9J inches long, 5 inches wide, and 3 inches thick. 490 iioLMEB.) Antiquities fIjom oHio. 49] 65450. Short heavy pestles with broad bases and conical tops, made of gray diorite or sandstone. Diameter of bases from '2^ to 4 inches. Height from 3 to 6 inches. 65448. A long, heavy, cylindrical pestle. 65464-65492. Eound, oblong, and flattish pebbles, comprising several varieties of stone, used as hammer-stones, nutcrackers, &c., varying from 1 to 6 inches in diameter. The sides of many are flattened or hollowed out by use. 65463. Fragment of cup stobe, made of coarse sandstone. On one side two cavities remain ; on the other, three. These are about IJ inches in diameter, and about ou6-half an inch in depth. 65449. A grooved stone implement, made from a large pebble of coarse gray stone. The groove about the middle has evidently been made for attaching a handle. The upper lobe has been con- siderably reduced by picking, and the base, which would correspond to the edge of an ax, has been worked quite flat. Length of lower part 4J inches. Height of implement 3 inches. ARTICLES OF CLAI. 65484. A number of small fragments of pottery of ordinary varieties. COIiliBCTION FROM OREGON. ABTIOLES OF STONE. The following articles were forwarded to the Bureau from John Day River, Oregon, by Captain Bendire: 64102-04113. Arrow-points, knives, and flakes of obsidian, agate, etc., from Indian graves on John Day Eiver. 04125-04139. Fragments of stone implements, including celts, cylindri- cal pestles, etc., mostly of compact, eruptive rock. 64127. Pipe of gray sandstone, shaped very much like an ordinary straight cigar-holder; 3 inches long, and 1 inch in di- ameter at the larger end. Obtained from an Indian grave on John Day Eiver. ^ 64126. Fragment of a pipe-stem (?) made of soft black stone, apparently a chloritic slate. A very neat, ornamental design has been engraved upon the cylindrical stem. 64129. Fragment of an ornament carved from greenish sandstone. 492 COLLECTIONS TROM KENTUCKY. A small collection of ancient relics, obtained from caves in the vi- cinity of Mammoth Oave, Kentucky, was presented to the Bureau by Mr. Francis Klett. With this collection were a number of articles of stone, some of which were probably obtained from the fields of the same region. 87276. Fragments of gourds. Fig. 172. 87277. Two very beautifully knit or plaited sandals. The fiber used has probably been obtained from the inner bark of trees. The combination of threads is shown in Fig. 172. A small piece of matting from the same place is shown in Fig. 173. f IG. 173. 493 494 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 27278. Two bundles of charred sticks and reeds. 27280-27283. Spearheads of chert or flint. 27284. Stone knife. 27285. Flake knife. 27286. Small spear heads. 27287. Flint knife. 27288. Arrow heads. 27289. Same; small and thin. 27290-27293. Stone awls or perforators. 27294. Leaden bullet. 27295. Pieces of pottery. COIjLECTIOlSrS FROM MISSOURI. ARTIG1E8 OF VIAT. A fine collection of earthen vessels was purchased for the Bureau from Mr. J. T. Couden, of Morrow, Ohio, through the agency of Dr. Wills De Haas. Few facts in regard to them have been furnished, excepting that they were taken from graves in the vicinity of Charleston, Mo. They resemble so closely the well-known types of Missouri pottery that it is safe to conclude that they were obtained from ancient graves and mounds in the locality named. The numerous cuts accompanying this section are intended for sub- sequent use in a general treatise on the works of the Moundbuilders. This ware is generally of the dark gray or black variety, hand- smoothed, or but slightly polished, and tempered with pulverized shells. A few examples are yellowish-red in color. Some of these have been 495 496 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. painted red or have been ornamented with designs in red. In one case white paint has been used. The prevailing form is a bottle-shaped vessel, the neck being fre- quently high and slender, and the body globular or subglobular. The base is nearly always slightly flattened. 65556. An efiQgy vase of unusual form. The body is subrectangular. The upper part or neck is lost, but has doubtless been mod- eled to representthe humanflgure, as thefeet remain attached to the shoulder of the vessel. The color is yellowish gray. Diameter, 5 inches. Fig. 174. -<• . 4np . ■* ^ - "^ Fig. 175. 65603. An eflBgy vase of the dark ware. The body is globular. A kneeling human figure forms the neck. The mouth of the vessel occurs at the back of the head — a rule in this class of vessels. Is is finely made and symmetrical. 93 inches high and 7 inches in diameter. Fig. 175. HOLHBS.] POTTERY FROM MISSOURI. 497 65595. Effigy vase representing a kneeling or squatting human figure, moderately well modeled. The exterior surface is painted red. Height, 7 inches; diameter, 5 inches. The locality is not known with certainty. 65604-65607, 65611, 65612. Efflgy vases of human figures. Sizes, me- dium to small. The body below the waist is hemispherical, and the legs are not indicated. Fig. 176. Fig. 176. 65597. Effigy vase, representing an owl. The body is globular. The wings are indicated at the sides, and the legs and tail serve as a tripod when the vessel is placed in an upright position. The head is quite grotesque. This is a usual form in the Middle Mississippi district. Height, 8 inches; width, 5 J inches. 65608. Small example, resembling the preceding. 65601, 65596. Vases with globular bodies; the necks represent an owl's head. Size, medium. 65605. A small vase similar to the above, but having a human head. 65558. A minute vessel modeled to represent a bird, the opening or Fig. 177. mouth being on the under side of the body; length, 2 inches. Fig. 177. 3 ETH 32 498 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. 65599, 65602, 65604, 65610, Bottle-shaped viises, with globular or flattish bodies and grotesque tops. The rounded heads are armed with a number of nodes or horns, but no features are shown. The largest is 7 inches in width by 7 in height. Fijr. 178. Fig. 178. 65598. Similar vase of medium size. The top is modeled to represent the curved stem and neck of a gourd. Fig. 179. Height 7 inches. FlQ. 179. POTTEEY FEOM MISSOURI. 499 65600. Vase similar to the above. The top representing a gourd with short conical neck. Four lines are drawn from the stem down th'e sides which represent the natural markings of the gourd. Height, 5J inches ; diameter, 5J inches. Fig. 180. 65555. A two-storied vessel, the lower part being a cup of flattened globular form.' The upper 'part is similar in size and shape, but is modeled to represent a univalve shell, the apex being represented by a large node surrounded by six smaller nodes, and the base or spine by a graceful extension of the rim. The groove or depression that encircles the vessel between the upper and lower parts of the body is spanned by two minute handles. Height, 5 inches ; width, 4J. Fig. 180. Fie. 181, 500 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. 65543, 65551, 65552, 65554, 65573. Small bowls or cups, made in imita- tion of shell vessels, the noded apex occurring at one side, and the more or less pointed beak at the opposite side Fig. 181. Another similar specimen with hemispherical body is given in Fig. 182. Length, 6 inches. Fig. 182. 65542, 65545, 65550. Small vases with wide mouths, the rim and should- ers of which have the heads and extremities of frogs, modeled in relief. Fig. 183. Diameter, 6 inches. FIG. 183. 65539, 65541, 65544, 65546. Low, wide-mouthed vases or bowls, modeled about the rim to represent sunflsh. A vertical view is given in Fig. 184. 5 inches in length. 65579. A small bowl, the rim of which is embellished on one side with the head of a panther, on the other side a flattish projection which resembles a tail. BOLHSS.] POTTEEY FROM MISSOURI. 501 65580. A small bowl, having upon the rim a human head, the face of which is turned inward. On the opposite side is the usual flattish projection. Fig. 185. Diameter of bowl 5 inches. Fig. 184. 65578. Small bowl, the rim of which is embellished with the head of a fox or wolf; at the opposite side is the usual tail. Fig. 185. 65576, 65577, 65581, 65585. Bowls of various sizes, the rims of which are ornamented with the heads and tails of birds. No. 65576 is an unusually fine example. Besides the features described it has been further embellished by four incised lines which encircle the rim, forming a loop on the opposite sides as seen in Fig. 186. Bowl 9 inches in diameter. 65553. Small bowl, the rim of which has been embellished by four pairs of nodes. Fig. 187. Diameter, 6 inches. 502 COLLECTIONS OP I88l. 65547. A small globular cup of dark ware which has four large nodes about the rim. Between these on the sides of the vessel, four ornamental figures have been painted in red, these con- sist of an inner circle occupied by a cross, and an exterior circle of raj's or scallops. Height, 2 J inches ; width, 3 J inches. The rim has been perforated for the purpose of suspension. Fig. 188. riG. 187. Fis. 188. 65487, 65512, 65514, 65519, 65521, 65523, 65525, 65531. Bottle-shaped vases. The bodies are generally globular. A few are coni- cal above, while others are much compressed vertically. Some are slightly ridged about the greatest circumference, while all are slightly flattened on the bottom. The necks are slender and long, being about equal to the body in height. They are generally narrowest in the middle, expanding trumpet-like toward the mouth, and widening more or less abruptly toward the shoulder below. In a few cases a ridge or collar encircles the base of the neck. The exterior surface is generally quite smooth, but never polished, although a polishing implement seems to have been used. HOLMES.] POTTERY FROM MISSOURI. 603 The largest is 9 inches in height and 7 inches in diameter. No-. 65501 has a very tasteful incised design, encircling the shoulder as shown in Fig. 189. Diameter 6J inches. Fib. 189. 65520. Vase similar to the above in form, bnt with the addition of a base or stand, 1 inch high and 3 inches in diameter at the 65486. Same, with the base divided into three parts, forming a kind of tripod, the legs being flat. Fig. 190. Height, 9 inches. 65513, 65526, 65530, 65532, 65539. Bottle or jug shaped vases, resem- bling the preceding, but having wide, short necks. Fig. 191 illustrates a typical form. Height, 4J inches. 65485. A vase similar to the above, but of yellowish gray ware, deco- rated with a design in broad red and white lines. Height, 6 inches ; width, 6 inches. Height of neck, 2 inches; width, 3 inches. 65538. Similar to the above in shape, but with flattish body, and pecu- liar in having; tvfo small handles or ears at the base of the neck. Fig. 192. Diameter, 5 inches. 504 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 65548, 65561, 65562, 65564, 65569, Small cups, with low, wide necks, and globular or subglobular bodies, having two handles or ears which connect the lip with the shoulder. I'lQ. 190. POTTERY FROM MISSOURI. 505 65572. A cup like the above, with four handles. 65563, 65565, 65568. Small cups similar to the preceding, but ha.ving a variety of indented ornaments about the shoulder and upper part of the body ; these ornaments consist of wide vertical lines, or of encircling scalloped lines. Pigs. 193 and 194. Di- ameter of each, 4J inches. Pig. 192. 506 COLLECTIONS OP 1881. 65570. Has six nodes aboat the circumference, and a scalloped figure of three incised lines encircling the vessel above them. The handles have oblique incised lines upon the outer surface. 65588, 65590. Bowls with scalloped rims. The largest is 9 inches in diameter and 3 inches in height. Fig. 195. Fig. 195. 65574, 65575, 65586, 65587, 65591, 65593. Plain bowls, of various sizes, and somewhat varied shapes. Figs. 196 and 197. Drawn one-half the real size. Fig. 196. Fis. m. COLIiBCTIONS PROM OTHER STATES. 65447. Stone implement of unusual form. It may be described as a flattish cylinder tapering slightly toward the ends, which are truncated. In one end a hole has been bored one-half an inch in diameter and three-fourths of an inch deep. A nar- row, shallow groove encircles the implement near the middle. The material is a grayish slate. The form is symmetrical and the surface quite smooth. Pound upon the surface in Hamilton County, Indiana. 65353. A copper knife or poinard, with bent point. Found by Edward Daniels while digging a cellar at Eipon, Wis. 65352. A handsome vase, shaped like a bowl with incurved rim, ob- tained from a mound on the farm cf A, C. Zachary, in Mor- gan County, Georgia. The incurved surface above has an ornamental design of incised lines resembling the Greek fret. The most expanded portion of the vessel is encircled by a raised band, which is neatly ornamented with notches. The lower part of the body is shaped like a bowl with a flattened base. Diameter 9i inches. Presented by J. C.C.Blackburn. 507 COLIiBCTION FROM PERU, SOUTH AMERICA. A number of interesting articles were presented by Mr. G. H. Hurlbut. These were obtained from ancient graves in the vicinity of Lima by an agent sent out for the purpose by Mr. Hurlbut while the city was in- vested by the (jhilian army. Details of their occurrence were conse- quently not obtained. A study of this collection leads to the belief that all the specimens are from one interment, that is, the grave of a single individual. The fact that there is but one skull, one mask-like idol, and but a small number of articles of each of the classes represented, tends to confirm this supposition. 65377. Skull retaining the scalp and hair. The latter is long, coarse, and black. The lower jaw is missing. 65376. A mask-like wooden figure, the face being somewhat above life- size. Fig. 198. It is of a form not unusual in Peruvian graves. The features are fairly well shown. The eyes are formed by excavating oval depressions and setting in pieces of shell. First, oval pieces of white clam-shell are inserted, which represent the whites of the eye ; upon these small cir- cular bits of dark shell are cemented, representing the pupils. Locks of hair have been set in beneath the shell, the ends of which project, forming the lashes of the eye. The back head is formed by a neatly-rounded bundle of leaves, held in place by a net-work of coarse cord. The edges of the wooden mask are perforated in several places ; by means of these the back head, some long locks of fine flax which serve as hair, and a number of other articles have been attached. Upon the crown a large bunch of brilliantly colored feath- ers has been fixed ; behind this, extending across the top of the head, is a long pouch of coarse white cloth in which a great number of articles have been placed — little packages of beans and seeds, rolls of cloth of diflerent colors and textures, minute bundles of wool and flax and cords, bits of copper and earth carefully wrapped in husks, bundles of feathers, etc. Encircling the crown are long, narrow bands or sashes, one of which is white, the others having figures woven in brilliant colors. The ends of these hang down at the sides of the fece. Attached to one side of the mask by long stout cords is a pouch of coarse cotton cloth resembling a tobacco-bag. It is about 6 inches square. Attached to the lower edge of this is a fringe of long, heavy cords. To the opposite side a HOLHEB.] ANTIQUITIES FROM PERU. 509 net is suspended, in which had been placed innumerable arti- cles, probably intended for the use of the dead — a sling, made of cords, very skillfully plaited ; bundles of cord and iii!! "iil Fig. 198. flax; small nets containing beans, seeds, and other articles ; copper fish-hooks, still attached to the lines, which are wound about bits of cornstalk or cane ; neatly-made sinkers , wrapped in corn-husks, together with a variety of other arti- cles. 510 COLLECTIONS OF 1881. 65380,65382. Sinkers of gray slate, shaped somewhat like a cigar, one or more groves partially encircling the ends. These were carefully wrapped in corn-husks. Fig. 199. 65383, 65384. Two copper fish-hooks and the cords to which they are at- tached. The hooks pierce the ends of the bit of cornstalk about which the cord is wound. ,Fig. 200. FlQ. 199. 1 Fig. 200. 65387. A sling, 4 feet long. The extremities consist of a single cord, the middle part of 4 heavy, compactly-plaited cords. 65389. Head-bands of coarse fabrication, having figures of red, yellow and white. 65391. A large piece of cloth, possibly a mantle, made by piecing together fragments of highly- colored cloths. 65390. A large piece of gauze-like white cotton fabric. 65385, 65386. Small nets containing a variety of articles. 65386, A head ornament of red feathers, skillfully attached to cords.