Cornell University Library OS 111.M11 Bible side-lights from the mound of Geze 3 1924 028 593 030 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028593030 BIBLE SIDE-LIGHTS THE DEVELOPMENT OF PALESTINE EXPLORATION By FREDERICK JONES BLISS, Ph.D. Price 6/= net. Tbe measure ot interest taken in tbis subject in our own country may be ganged by the history of the Palestine Exploration Fund. Dr. Bli^, who here tells the story ol the movement from the earliest times, has the twofold qualification of scholarship and practical experience in Palestine explora- tion ; the results of the latter having been already published in a work that is well imown to all students of the subject. In the present volume Dr. Bliss maizes no attempt to oifer a detailed account of the results of this prolonged research. What he aims at is to tell the wonderful story of the quest as a whole — "the shifting point of view of travellers from age to age ; the displacement of the Classic Geographer by the credulous pilgrim ; the gradual evolution of the pilgrim into the man of science" — these are some of the prominent subjects with which Dr. Bliss has dealt. The story is one of wider human interest, and does not belong exclusively to archaeology or any of the numerous sciences ttiat are its handmaids. LONDON : HODDER AND STOUGHTON BIBLE SIDE-LIGHTS FROM THE MOUND OF GEZER A Record of Excavation and Discovery in Palestine By R. A. STEWART MACALISTER M.A., F.S.A Director of Excavations, Palestine Exploration Fund WITH ILLUSTRATIONS ' Tbou bast made of a cifji an heap ; of a defenced cUd a ruin." — Isaiah xxv. 2 HODDER AND STOUGHTON PUBLISHERS LONDON ". 22?3 Printed in 1906, JjD'Pv Butler and Tanner, The Sehuood Printing Works, Frome^ and London CONTENTS PAGE Prologue ...... 1 CHAPTER I Gezer — Its Site and History . ■ 7 CHAPTER II The Horites 41 CHAPTER III The Iniquity of the Amorite . , 53 CONTENTS PAam CHAPTER IV The Home of Rebekah ... 83 CHAPTER V The Golden Calf .... 109 CHAPTER VI Achan's Spoil ..... 12i CHAPTER VII The Death of Samson . . . 127 CHAPTER VIII The City Walls .... 141 CHAPTER IX The Cbaftsmen of Judah . , , 149 vi CONTENTS FAGE CHAPTER X The Rebuilding of Jericho . . 165 CHAPTER XI The Maccabean Conquest . . 175 Epilogue 197 APPENDIX The Previous Work of the Palestine Exploration Fund .... 203 Index . ...... 225 Index of Scripture References . . 231 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Frontispiece — The Trench across the Western End of the Mound TAOINa FAOE Fig. 1. The Mound of Gezer at the Con- elusion of the Excavation . 7 „ 2. General View of a Section of the Excavation .... 8 „ 3. Scarab of Amenhotep III . 10 „ 4. A " Brazen Serpent " . .10 „ 5. One of the Boundary Inscriptions 23 „ 6. Two Modern Gezerites . . 27 „ 7. Assyrian Contract Tablet (first face) ..... 33 „ 8. Assyrian Contract Tablet (second face) 33 „ 9. Cave-dwellers' Pottery . . 45 ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FAOINQ PAGE Fig. 10. The " High Place " of the Cave- dwellers .... 46 S5 11. " Crematorium " of the Cave- dwellers .... 50 5t 12. Standing Stones of the High Place of Gezer 50 JJ 13. Altar found at Taanach . 55 14. The Seventh Stone in the High Place 59 )> 15. The Laver .... 65 99 16. The Sacred Cave 69 )J 17. Skeleton of a Girl sawn asunder 73 J) 18. Sacrificed Infant buried in a Jar 73 3) 19. Figure of the " Two-horned Astarte" .... 96 99 20. Baking Oven .... 96 9J 21. 'Ain Yerdeh, the principal Spring near Gezer .... 85 J> 22. Waterpots found in ancient Cis- terns ..... 86 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAOING Fig. 23. Stone Trough from a Cistern Mouth .... 88 99 24. Large Jar from a Granary at Gezer ..... 90 J» 25. Diagram of a Gezerite House, Restored .... 92 99 26. Lamp in Form of a Bird 92 99 27. Stone Quern .... 98 )3 28. Corn Grinder .... 98 J9 29. Bronze Spear-heads, etc. 100 3> 30. Gold Earrings .... 103 . J5 31. Limestone Seal 103 99 32. Stone Amulets 103 J? 33. Figure of the Cow Divinity 104 3J 34. Bronze Pin and Brooches . 104 5S 35. A " Household God " . 106 5? 36. The " Tongue of Gold " . 106 >J 37. Foundations of a House showing Column Bases 136 99 38. Portion of the two City Walls . 141 99 39. Bastion of Bacchides xi 142 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FAQE Fig. 40. The same Bastion, with a corner removed to expose the Solo- monic Tower . . . 144 „ 41. Jarhandle Stamps . . . 157 „ 42. Foundation Sacrifice . . 169 „ 43. Lamp and Bowls, a symbol of Foundation Sacrifice . . 171 „ 44. The Imprecation of Pampras . 171 „ 45. Votive Altar . . . .176 „ 46. The Castle of Simon Maccabaeus 192 „ 47. Syrian Bath Establishment at Gezer 196 Xll PROLOGUE \ N objection to the work of the -^ ^ Palestine Exploration Fund has not infrequently been stated in words such as these : " However interesting the researches of the Society may be to geographers or anthropologists, the plain Bible student, who is not concerned with abstract science, derives little or no benefit from them ; and they do not help him to an explanation of any difficulties that may meet him in his reading." This objection might very simply be answered by pointing out the far-reaching interdependence of facts, which make it B.S. I I PROLOGUE impossible to assert definitely that any given scientific truth, stored up in the Quarterly Statement of the Society, will not at some time prove of importance even to the non-scientific reader. But another answer is offered in the following chapters, in which an attempt is made to show that, while recording scientific facts as fully and accurately as possible, the Society and its officers are by no means blind to the immediate claims of the Bible student. One single under- taking of the Palestine Exploration Fund — the recently closed excavation of Gezer — ^is adopted as a text on which to base the essay, and a series of Biblical inci- dents or passages are chosen and studied with special reference to the light which, it is claimed, the results of the excavation have thrown upon them. PROLOGUE It need scarcely be said that this is not the final memoir on the Gezer excava- tions. That work is in active prepara- tion ; but publication is necessarily de- layed by the magnitude of the task. Ten thousand descriptions of specific objects, three thousand drawings, five hundred photographs, and about two hundred plans have to be classified, and a selection from them prepared for press, befoi'e the labour is complete. This book is merely an earnest — a few sheaves selected from a great harvest. GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY H .S I ? CHAPTER I GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY /^N the boundary line separating the ^^ foot-hills of the Judean moun- tains from the fertile maritime plain, which was occupied during neariy the whole of the Old Testament history by the Philistines ; and about five miles south-east of the modern town of Ramleh ; there rises a long low mound, rendered conspicuous by a modern two-storey house erected on its summit. This is the mound which conceals the ruins of the ancient town of Gezer {see fig. 1). If the reader could have visited the hill any time between June, 1902, and 7 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY August, 1905, save when the winter rains or summer heats made work impossible, he would have viewed some such scene as is represented in fig. 2. At the bottom of a deep trench, cut straight across the hill, would be a crowd of labourers, some with picks loosening the earth, others with peculiar adze-like hoes scraping it into baskets ; while a ceaseless proces- sion of boys and girls, filing backwards and forwards, carried away the baskets thus filled, and emptied their contents on to a rapidly growing " dump-heap." He would notice that the area in which the work was carried on was all subdivided into small compartments by low walls, crossing one another rather irregularly, exactly as is shown in the figure. These little compartments, he would learn, are the floors of rooms, and the low walls 8 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY are the foundations of partitions. As he watched, possibly the foreman might bring for his inspection a small object of interest that had just been found by one of the labourers when sifting the earth before basketing it away : it might be a scarab of Amen-hotep III {see fig. 3), adding its testimony to that of the other objects already found among the houses, which experience had taught the excavator were to be assigned to the date of that monarch — say about 1450 b.c. If the visitor should return a day or two later, he would find a change. The labourers would still be at work in the same pit ; but the walls would have completely disappeared. If he should ask the cause of this, he would be told that after they had been carefully meas- ured, planned, and, if of special interest, 9 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY photographed, they had been removed, in order to find what was underneath them. And if he should remain by the pit a certain length of time, he would see, as the work advanced, one stone appearing here and another there, till gradually a second series of walls, in style resembling the first but of a plan entirely different, would be exposed before him. So the process would continue from day to day and from week to week, till at last the rock at the core of the hill was reached. When the entire rock surface at the bottom of the pit was exposed, a second pit was begun, unless under the accumu- lated earth a rock hewn cave or cistern were discovered, which would of course require to be emptied. The history of the growth of the great mound of earth — ^in some places as much 10 I — '• FIG. 3. SCAHAB WITH NAME OF AMENHOTEP III AND TWO OTHERS M ABOUT THE SAME PERIOD, C. 1450 B.C. FIG. 4. A BRAZEN SERPENT. GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY as forty feet in depth — ^which to-day covers the rock and marks the once flourishing and important city of Gezer, is the same here as in the other ancient cities of Palestine. Defence was a neces- sity in the times when every city was a unit whose hand was against all its neighbours — a state of society re- flected in the record of the Ganaanite cities, each with its own king, which Joshua subdued, and even more prom- inently in the Tell el-Amarna Tablets. The city therefore, like that used as an illustration in Matthew v. 14, was set on a hill when it was founded, the steeper and more unscaleable the hill the better. Sanitary precautions are but little heeded even in the modern Orient, and there is no reason to believe that there was any restraint in the ancient cities against II GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY flinging rubbish of all sorts into the narrow winding causeways by which they were intersected. It was nobody's busi- ness to clear away garbage, which was thus allowed to accumulate and to decay. The houses were built of rude stones, hardly if at all dressed, and cemented together with mud. This mud the rains of winter would little by little wash out of the crevices into the adjacent streets. By these and similar processes the level of the streets would from year to year become perceptibly raised. Moreover, badly built huts, such as formed the majority of the habitations in the city, could not be expected to stand for any considerable length of time ; they fell before long into ruin, sometimes suddenly. A very remarkable illustration of this was found in the Austrian excavations of 12 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY Tell Ta'anuk (the Taanach of Deborah's Song, Judges v. 19). The ruins of a fallen house were unearthed, and under them were the remains of the persons who had been killed by the accident. They were a Ganaanite mother and her five children, aged from about sixteen to about four. From the knife in the mother's hand, and the food-vessels round about, she had evidently been preparing the domestic meal when the tragedy took place. On her skeleton were her ornaments and amulets still in their places, and on the wall was fixed the image of the goddess whom the ill-fated family had regarded as their patron. It may seem strange that no attempt was made by the contemporaries of this household to uncover and remove the bodies ; but so it was. This leads me to 13 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY notice that it was not the rule completely to clear away the ruins of a house when it decayed and fell. The loose debris may have been taken up to use again, but the foundations, which must have been partly concealed by the accumulation of rubbish in the streets, were allowed to remain. The new house was built over the ruins of the older habitation, and with no reference to its plan. No town coun- cil existed to make regulations affecting the permanence of thoroughfares ; the site of the city was apparently a common, not subdivided into allotments under private ownership ; so that the builder of a new house might even block up or divert a street, if it so pleased him. If a dweller in a European city could return to earth and revisit his old home, say two hundred years after his death, 14 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY he would be perplexed by the change of architectural style that had taken place in the meanwhile. He would, however, find the churches and other ancient public buildings more or less as he remem- bered them ; and with these as land- marks he woiild before long recognize the thoroughfares to which in his life- time he had been accustomed, though probably there would hardly be a single house that had not been rebuilt, or at least radically altered. The case of a resident in an ancient Palestinian city, returning in the same manner, would be different. No unwonted architectural developments would meet his eye ; he would find his great-great-grandchildren occupying huts exactly similar to those in which he and his contemporaries had dwelt. But it would strike him at first 15 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY sight that the city-crowned hill was a trifle higher than in the days when his daughter used daily to climb it with her waterpot from the spring in the valley ; and as soon as he entered the city gate he would be hopelessly bewildered. In his day the city had been a maze of narrow crooked causeways and blind alleys, which however he knew perfectly. On his return he would find a new labyrinth, to which he had no clue, substituted for the old. And even if by some chance there were a palace, or other building of a more permanent character, which had lasted from the city of his recollection, it would give him no help towards finding his way through the entirely altered lanes that surrounded it. In dealing with the remains of an ancient «ity such as Gezer, therefore, we may i6 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY think of the different series of founda- tions, one above the other, as being like a set of bookshelves. The analogy is not quite perfect, for the change of level did not take place over the whole city at the same time, except in the not infre- quent case of its being totally destroyed by an enemy and afterwards entirely rebuilt. For practical purposes, how- ever, the bookcase illustration serves very well. In the top shelf will be written, for those who have eyes to read them, the records of the last inhabitants. The history, manners, customs, and be- liefs of their immediate predecessors find illustration in the shelf next below. So we proceed to the bottom shelf, where we learn what we may regarding the ancient people who were the first to dwell on the site we are examining. B.S. 17 2 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY Let us now apply these principles to Gezer, and endeavour, so far as the material at our disposal permits, to recon- struct its history. At the outset, how- ever, an important question presents itself ; namely, how do we know that the mound in which we are digging is the veritable site of the city with which it has been identified? Fortunately we are able to assert the identity of our mound and Gezer with an assurance that would be highly indiscreet in the case of many other identifications of Biblical sites that have been suggested from time to time. The discovery of Gezer is due to the distinguished French Orientalist Professor Charles Clermont- Ganneau, and its story is one of the most interesting of the romances of modern archaeology. i8 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY The site of this famous ancient city had been forgotten in modern times, and the guesses that had been made at its identi- fication were random and futile. One day Professor Clermont- Ganneau happened to be engaged in the study of Mujir ed-Din, a mediaeval Arab historian. He came upon a passage describing a raid made by certain Bedawdn on the coast- plain of Palestine, and their subsequent sup- pression by the governor of Jerusalem. The historian stated that the governor's lieutenant had preceded him, starting from the town of Ramleh ; that some hours later, the governor, following his lieu- tenant from Ramleh, advanced as far as " the Mound of Jezar," and on arriving there heard the shouts of the combatants at Khuldeh. The thought at once struck the scholar that Jezar exactly represented 19 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY the Hebrew Gezer, the Arabic soft J taking, as usual, the place of the Hebrew hard G ; and the question occurred to him whether the site of the lost city were not to be found in the place thus designated. He was obliged to postpone the inves- tigation of the question till an opportun- ity should arise for visiting the district, as no map till then published showed "Tell el-Jezar" marked upon it, though the other two places mentioned, Ramleh and Khuldeh, were indicated. In the fol- lowing year Professor Glermont-Ganneau was in the Holy Land, and commenced his research. The conditions of the problem were that the site to be found must be between Ramleh and Khuldeh, and within earshot of the latter place. Inquiry at these two known points very soon enabled Professor Clermont-Ganneau 20 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY to find the mound, which still preserved its traditional name among the local peasantry ; and the scholar's practised eye at once saw that this mound was the rubbish heap covering a large and im- portant city. His previous investigations had shown him that if Gezer were situated in the region indicated by the Chronicle of Mujir ed-Din, it would answer all the geographical requirements that the various known events in the history of the city impose. He felt justified therefore in announcing that the long-lost site had at last been recovered. The announcement was met with some scepticism. It was remarked by the president of the French society before which Professor Clermont-Ganneau made his statement, that if some inscription were forthcoming, mentioning the name 21 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY of the city, the identification would com- mand more respect. The discoverer very naturally replied that such a demand was unreasonable ; for in any case Pales- tine had proved a country remarkably poor in ancient inscriptions, and the chance that such an inscription should be preserved at the very place where it was required was exceedingly remote. But the mound of Gezer has a peculiar- ity, which it displayed throughout the whole period of the excavation recently closed. It is essentially a mound of sur- prises ; and it commenced, even at that early period in the history of its investiga- tion, to display this pleasing character- istic. In 1874 Professor Glermont-Gan- neau was once more in Jerusalem, and he became known to the inhabitants as a collector and investigator of antiquities. 22 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY A peasant from the neighbourhood where the mound is situated brought him a paper on which he had rudely copied an inscrip- tion cut on a rock in the district. As might be expected, the unlettered copyist was unable to make an accurate or even an intelligible transcript ; but the French scholar took a note of the place in order to examine the original whenever occasion should arise. In due time he visited the inscription, which was cut on a rock out- crop about three quarters of a mile east of the foot of the hill of Gezer (see fig. 5). It proved to be in two languages ; one part in Greek reading : OF ALKIOS — this being probably the name of the governor under whose auspices the in- scription was engraved ; the other part in Hebrew, reading : 23 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY THE BOUNDARY OF GEZER. Subsequently other inscriptions were found, apparently marking out an en- closure of land surrounding the hill, and affording the unhoped-for corroboration of the identification suggested three years before. It is not too much to say. that of few Biblical sites is the identity so definitely assured as is that of Gezer. We may therefore without hesitation return to the point where we digressed, and trace out the history of Gezer, knowing that it is in very truth the history of the mound now known as Tell el-Jezar. The name of the city does not appear in the Biblical record until the time of Joshua. For the long stretch of history anterior to the Israelite conquest we 24 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY must rely on extra-Biblical sources. These are very meagre, and do not carry us back further than Thothmes III, that is, about 1500 b.c. Yet the excavation has revealed that behind this date there stretches for Gezer a further period of some 1,500 years, concerning the life of which written history is absolutely silent. For it cannot have been much later than 3000 b.c. when a primitive race of men first realized that the bare rocky hill (as it then was) would be a suitable dwelling-place. This tribe was a cave- dwelling race, and the hill already had many natural caves hollowed in it, which were capable of being added to or enlarged if required, even with primitive tools, owing to the softness of the limestone. Water, the first necessity of life, was in abundance. The three primitive modes 25 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY of livelihood — hunting, pasturing, and agriculture — could be practised here bet- ter than in many places ; for the rocky hillsides west and south of Gezer afford cover to a great variety and quantity of game ; they also bear a scanty but sufficient crop of vegetation, and are to- day in the spring-time black with herds of the native sheep and goats ; and the fields north and west of the hill are of extraordinary fertility. Further, for de- fence — another prime necessity in early days — the hill is admirably fitted. It is steep and not easy to climb ; and being fairly high it commands a wide prospect, so that the approach of enemies can be seen and prepared for. For perhaps five hundred years this primitive race occupied the hill ; then they were driven out by a stronger and 26 3 -Y- \ GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY more civilized people. This was the first of the successive waves of Semitic immi- gration which have ever since been beat- ing on Palestine. Canaanites, Israelites, Arabs — all probably much alike in body, in mind, in habits, and in language — have successively inhabited the mound through the centuries. The modern in- habitants, typical specimens of which are shown in fig. 6, must greatly resemble their ancient predecessors in general appearance. At about the same time the influence of a nation, yet greater than the Early Semites, began to make itself felt in Gezer. This was Egypt, then at the height of the glories of her " Middle Empire." Many scarabs and other ob- jects, referable to this period, were found in the lower strata of the mound, showing 27 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY that intercourse of some kind was carried on between its inhabitants and the great empire of the Nile. But, so far as they have been discovered, the monuments of Egypt itself remain silent regarding any event accounting for this intercourse, and its nature must for the present be regarded as obscure. Gezer was [captured by Thothmes III, and the bare record of the fact, in the inscription which that king left behind in the Temple of Karnak, is the earliest written reference to the city that has yet been found. More interesting is the information to be gleaned from three letters found among the great collection of tablets recovered some years ago at Tell el-Amarna in Egypt, which, as has so often been said, constitutes the " For- eign Office " correspondence of Kings 28 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY Amen-hotep III and IV, about 1450 b.c. From these we learn that Gezer, like the rest of the Palestinian cities of the time, was under the suzerainty of the Egyptian Pharaoh, being governed by a " king " named Yapakhi, who was answerable to the Egyptian monarch. Three letters from the collection were written by Yapakhi himself, and consist of petitions addressed to the king for assistance against the nomadic tribes that were a constant menace to safety in those days — as indeed they still are in some districts — who were pressing hard on the inhabitants of the city. There are letters, on the other hand, written from other cities (such as Jerusalem), which make complaints against Gezer, and accuse it of being disaffected towards the Egyptian overlord. Abd- khiba, king of Jerusalem, is especially 29 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY bitter. He complains that the Gezerites, leagued with the men of Lachish, have invaded his own territory and done him much injury. As the best means of revenging his personal wrongs, he en- deavours to turn the Pharaoh's atten- tion towards the hostile city, and invokes the strong arm of Egypt against it. The records are again silent for about 200 years — a silence broken only by the solitary mention of Gezer on the famous " Israel " stele of Meren-Ptah — and the written history recommences with the books of Joshua and Judges. There is no record of a formal siege of Gezer at the time of the Israelite conquest ; but the king of Gezer and a detachment of men came to the assistance of Lachish when Joshua was besieging the latter city, and paid for their interference with their 30 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY lives (Josh. x. 33). When the land was divided among the tribes, Gezer was allotted to the Levites (Josh. xxi. 21) dwelling in the tribe of Ephraim (Josh, xvi. 3) ; but as was the case in several of the strong cities of Palestine, the conquest was partial only : the Ephraimites drave not out the Canaanites that dwelt in Gezer ^ (Josh. xvi. 10 ; Judg. i. 29). In the days of David the Philistines, that mysterious people of whom we have heard so much and know so little, first appear on the scene in connexion with Gezer. It would appear as though the city were at the time actually in their possession, for, in 1 Chronicles xx. 4, we read of a fight at Gezer between the men of David and the Philistines ; and in 1 The Biblical quotations throughout this book are taken from the Revised Version. 31 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY 1 Chronicles xiv. 16, Gezer is mentioned as the terminus of the pursuit of the Phihs- tines by David after the battle of Rephaim. Probably he stopped the pursuit at this point because the fugitives had reached their own territory. The Canaanites, however, still lingered on in Gezer till the reign of Solomon. When Solomon celebrated his marriage with the daughter of the king of Egypt, the Pharaoh went up and took Gezer, and burnt it with fire, and slew the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and gave it for a portion unto his daughter, Solomon's wife (1 Kings ix. 16). This incident teaches us that Solomon's dominion did not extend westward so far as Gezer, as the Pharaoh would hardly have treated a possession of his ally and son-in-law in such a fashion. If it be asked why the Pharaoh destroyed 32 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY the city, the answer probably would be that Gezer had too easily commanded the great coast-line trade route from Egypt to Babylon, and probably the Ganaan- ites had from time to time compelled caravans to pay toll to the city as they passed. We must here notice two interesting objects discovered at Gezer, as they are so far the only known written documents yet discovered that bridge the gap between Solomon's repair of the city and the events in which Simon Maccabaeus was the principal actor. These are a pair of contracts relating to the sale of property, drawn up in Gezer in the Assyrian lan- guage and character, and written on clay tablets. Both are unfortunately imperfect ; but enough remains to enable us to deter- mine their purport. The first (figs. 7,8), B.s. 33 3 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY which is dated 649 e.g., ^ relates to the sale of the estate of one Lu-ahe by two men, Mar- duk-eribaand Abi-eriba : theestate included the slave Turiaa and his family, but the rest of the inventory is lost. The vendors give a guarantee that the persons sold shall be free from certain specified diseases for a hundred days, and from other de- fects for all time. An assurance is given of the completion of the transaction, and a definite agreement concluded, that any action in a court of law regarding it would be void. One interesting fact that we learn from this tablet is given us by the list of witnesses, which includes the name of the governor of Gezer, Hur- wasi. This is an Egyptian name, and it indicates that the handing over of Gezer as a dowry to Solomon's wife did not 1 Or perhaps 651. 34 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY necessarily imply handing it over to Solomon. It was the wife's dowry, the revenues from which were set apart for her maintenance and well-being, the equivalent of the " money " of Laban's daughters which they complained that their father had quite devoured (Gen. xxxi. 15). It remained in the hands of the Egyptian princess, and the Egyptians took care that it did not pass out of their grasp after her death. Thus we explain the existence of an Egyptian governor of the city in 649 B.C. The second tablet is even more frag- mentary. It preserves the name of Nethaniah, a Hebrew resident, and relates to the sale by him of a field. It is about two years later than the first tablet. The chief interest in thesB two tablets lies in the evidence they give of an Assyrian 35 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY occupation of Gezer in the time of Ma- nasseh : evidence that may ultimately be found to have some bearing on the story of the capture of Manasseh himself by the Assyrian captains (2. Ghron. xxxiii. 11). This occupation was so strong that even Egyptians and Hebrews con- formed to the procedure and adopted the language and legal forms of the Assyrian garrison. A word may be said regarding the history of the city in post-exilic times. It had varying fortunes during the wars of the Jews and the Syrians, being captured about the year 160 b.c. by Bacchides, the Syrian general, and fortified and held by him for a year; and afterwards recap- tured by Simon Maccabaeus, the great high priest, who fortified it and built for him- self a dwelling-place within its walls. The 36 GEZER— ITS SITE AND HISTORY discovery of this dwelling-place was one of the rewards of the excavation. The history of Gezer in the Roman, Crusader, and Arab periods, interesting though it be, does not fall within the scope of this book. 37 THE HORITES CHAPTER 11 THE HORITES Chedorlaomer . . . smote . . . the Horites in their mount Seir (Gen xiv. 6). The Horites also dwelt in Seir aforetime, but the children of Esau succeeded them (Deut. ii. 12). As he did for the children of Esau, which dwelt in Seir, when he destroyed the Horites from before them (Deut. ii. 22). 'npHE three verses quoted at the head- ■*■ ing of this chapter embody the tradition that in the land of Edom there dwelt, before the Semitic descendants of Esau, a race known as Horites. Of this people nothing is known, and the genealogies in Genesis xxxvi. 20, which give the sons of Seir the Horite and the dukes that came of the Horites, throw 41 THE HORITES no light upon them. The only fact that we can learn about them is derived from their name, which is supposed to mean " cave-dwellers," and which thus gives a hint as to the level of their civilization. It was hardly to be expected that ex- cavations conducted at Gezer, west of the Jordan, would have any light to throw on a race so definitely located east of the Dead Sea. That this was the case was one of the many surprises which the mound proved to have in store. Of course it must be understood at the outset that it is not claimed that actual remains of the Horites themselves were unearthed in the excavation; but that the race to be described in this chapter was con- nected with and was similar to them in race and civilization is highly probable. The primitive race whose remains were 42 THE HORITES unearthed at Gezer were a small but muscular people. It is curious in this connexion that in Deuteronomy ii. 12 they seem contrasted with the Emim and Anakim, who were accounted Rephaim, or giants : the passage appears almost to imply that the Horites were not in- cluded under this classification. Certainly the aborigines of Gezer were not giants, their average height being but an inch or two over five feet. They dwelt in caves, hollowed in the soft rock of the mountain — some wholly natural, others partly enlarged, others apparently entirely artificial. These caves were irregular chambers (occasionally groups of chambers, two or three in number, connected by narrow doors) from twelve to thirty feet, more or less, across. Usually they were entered by a door in 43 THE HORITES the roof, from which a rock- cut flight of steps led down to the floor of the cave. In a few cases some attempt had been made to carry off rain-water by a channel round the mouth of the entrance, but in the majority it must have run in unchecked throughout the rainy season, and formed large pools on the floor of the cave. In one cave a cistern had been cut for the purpose of collecting and storing the rain- water that thus penetrated. There was not the slightest attempt at decoration of any sort on the cave walls. The furniture of the caves was of the simplest and most primitive description. Of course objects made of wood, skins, or other perishable substances, have neces- sarily disintegrated long ago, and nothing can be said about the articles in these materials that may have been in use. 44 THE HORITES The pottery (fig. 9) was of the rudest possible description, moulded by hand and sometimes decorated with roughly painted red or white lines. Metal seems to have been unknown. Knives and other cutting implements of flint were employed, and fine examples were sometimes to' be found ; the majority, however, were but roughly flaked. An important item in the furniture of these primitive dwell- ings was a quantity of smooth round stones, which probably served a variety of purposes. One would be used as a pot- ter's palette, and was still stained with the red paint that had been ground upon it for applying to the vessels to be decorated. Others, found to be smooth on one side, would have been used for polishing or rubbing. Others, again, may have been used for hearth or heating stones ; and 45 THE HORITES others were probably stored for missiles in case of wild beasts, or other undesirable intruders, finding their way into the cave. The religion of the cave-dwellers is a difficult and obscure subject. Our prin- cipal information on this question comes from a pit about the middle of the mound. Here the rock-surface was found to be completely covered with saucer-like inden- tations (fig. 10), between eighty and ninety in number, and with a few larger vats. Underneath this rock-surface were two large caves. Of these, one, which bore evident marks of having been cut out with flint tools, was an extensive cham- ber approached by a staircase. It was divided into two parts by a partition, and was well adapted for the per- formance of the mysteries of religious medicine men, or whatever equivalent 46 ■■;■ . 'v ^.'I'A^ii-h ^: 'M THE HORITES of these functionaries existed among the primitive race we are describing. The other cave is yet more interesting. It is a low irregular excavation, in the roof of which is a funnel-shaped per- foration. A broad shallow channel is cut in the upper surface of the rock leading into this perforation. Within this channel an animal might be placed for slaughter, the blood being allowed to trickle through the hole in the roof of the cave. The cave was probably regarded as the habitation of earth-gods, to whom the blood was poured out as a sacrifice. The pouring out of blood as well as other liquids as offer- ings is a famihar idea : a well known instance is David's pouring out the water of Bethlehem unto the Lord (1 Ghron. xi. 18) ; the blood of the sacrificed 47 THE HORITES bullock was to be poured out beside the altar (Exod, xxix. 12); and Jeremiah, in vii. 18, and again xliv. 17, refers to the pouring out of drink offerings to various divinities. It is a curious and suggestive fact that in the cave, underneath this orifice, were found a number of pig bones. This seems to indicate that the cave-dwellers sacrificed the pig in their religious rites — a fact that has some bearing, probably, on the aversion with which this animal was regarded by the Semites who suc- ceeded them in the occupation of the country. The swine was unclean (Lev. xi. 7), and Isaiah speaks with horror of eating swine's flesh (Ixv. 4) and sacrificing swine's blood (Ixvi. 3). The cave-dwellers disposed of the dead by cremation. In this they were sharply 48 THE HORITES distinguished from the Semites who fol- lowed them ; among the Arabs of to- day the notion of burning the body of the dead is^abhorrent. ("May God burn the sinners who burn the dead, " said an old Arab to me inside the great columbarium at Beit Jibiin, on being informed of the purpose of the loculi in its sides). Burn- the dead is only twice mentioned ^ in the Old Testament, and each time in very special circumstance — in the case of the bones of Saul (1 Sam. xxxi. 12), which were burnt to save them from indignity ; and in Amos vi. 10, where there is a refer- ence to burning after a plague. But the cave-dwellers had set aside a cave as a place for cremating the bodies of their 1 Excluding penal and sacrificial cases, such as that of Achan (Josh. vii. 25), or human victims offered as a burnt sacrifice. B.s. 49 4 THE HORITES deceased companions. Like most of the other caves, it is irregular and low- roofed, and has a flight of rock-cut steps giving access to it. Its entrance is shown in fig. 11. It is distinguished from the others, however, by a chimney, at the foot of which were lying heaps of cal- cined ashes when the cave was first opened. The greater part of the surface of the floor was strewn over with ashes of human bodies, mingled with very rude pottery of the cave-dwellers' types. Thus the excavations enable us to form for the first time what not improbably is a fair conception of the Horites — a race which seems to have been little more than a name even to the Biblical writers. 50 ni:. 11. " CEEMATOEIUJl " OF THE CAVE-DWELLERS. , V? >^*,^ ^ -f^ riG. 12. STANDING STONES OF THE HIGH PLACE OF OEZER. THE INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE CHAPTER III THE INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE Th& iniquity of the Amorite is not yet full (Gen. XV. 16). TN his address at the Annual Meeting of the Palestine Exploration Fund, on 14 July, 1905, Professor George Adam Smith, reviewing the results of the ex- cavation of Gezer, said that they were " not more illustrative in anything than " in the exhibition they afford of the " primitive religious customs which Israel " encountered upon their entry into Pales- " tine, and which persisted in the form "of idolatry and the moral abominations " which usually accompanied this up to 53 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE " the very 'end of the history of Israel " upon the land." One of the most important discoveries made during the three years' campaign Was that of the High Place of Gezer, the largest early Palestinian sanctuary yet unearthed. It enabled us to form a clear picture of the nature and disposition Of these shrines ; and from the discoveries made within its precincts it is easy to understand why, in an age of greater enlightenment, the worship of the High Place was so fiercely denounced. The essential features of the High Place would be : — (1) The Altar ; (2) The Standing Stones and Asherah ; (3) The Laver for ceremonial washings ; (4) The Sacred Gave ; (5) The Depository for refuse ; 54 FIG. 13. -4LTAE FOUTSTD AT TAANACH. INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE and to some extent all of these were illus- trated by the discoveries at Gezer. (1) The Altar. Nothing at all re- sembling a stone altar was discovered within the precincts of the sanctuary ; but it is not necessary to suppose that the altar was a permanent structure. It is evident from all we can learn or deduce from the hints given us about early worship that simplicity was aimed at, and that the primitive altar was a mere heap of earth, or at most a pile of stones. The altars erected to Jehovah by the Israelites, before the centralization of worship at the Temple, were of this elementary description. Exodus xx. 24 prescribes that altars should be made of earth, or if of stone, that the stone should not be hewn. In the Austrian excavation of Taanach, 55 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE an extraordinary altar was discovered of haked earthy ornamented with figures of animals in relief (fig. 13). Nothing like this has been found at Gezer, or indeed anywhere else ; but it indicates the material of which the Gezer altar prob- ably was made. ^ Some distance to the south of the great row of pillar-stones presently to be de- scribed, there was a bank of earth, about 11 feet in length, through which it was excessively difficult to cut, as the earth seemed to have been baked very hard ; for a long time it resisted the picks of the workmen. Embedded in this earth bank were a number of human skulls, much injured and broken ; the rest of the bodies ^ The accompanying illustration is from a photograph kindly put at the disposal of the Palestine Exploration Fund by Dr. Sellin, the director of the excavation at Taanach. 56 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE were not to be found. It is not impos- sible that this bank was actually the earthen altar of the High Place of Gezer. That a Canaanite altar should consist of a heap of human heads covered with earth is a new idea, though it is not inherently improbable; for it is evident from the excavations that the Canaanites showed an Aztec-like disregard of the value of human life. With the skulls were deposited a number of cow-teeth. (2) The Standing Stones (fig. 12) form one of the most imposing monuments that survive from ancient Palestine. They are eight in number, but there have been ten, the stumps of two which have been broken remaining at the north end. They stand in a line due north and south, and range in height from 10 feet 6 inches to 5 feet 5 inches. 57 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE They are unhewn blocks, simply set on end and supported at the base by smaller stones. Commencing with the southernmost, we may describe in order their most interesting characteristics. The first is a gigantic pillar which cannot be encircled by less than four people clasping hands. The second is comparatively insignificant, being the smallest of the whole series. It may, however, have been the most sacred of all the stones — possibly because it was the oldest. The indication that suggests this is the existence on its top of certain smooth spots, that look exactly like the worn places polished by the kisses of devotees on stones in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and other places of pil- grimage in Palestine and elsewhere. The kissing of the images or other represen- 58 FIG. 14. THE SEVENTH STONE OF THE HIGH PLA.OE. INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE tations of the divinity, such as these pillar- stones will presently be shown to be, was and is a rite common to almost all heathen worships. Compare all the knees which have not bowed unto Baal, and every mouth that hath not kissed him, in 1 Kings xix. 18, and the reference in Hosea xiii. 2 to the kissing of the calf-images in the Israelite shrines. The third and fourth stones are com- parable, but inferior, in size to the great block with which the series commences. The fifth and sixth are comparatively small and insignificant. The seventh (fig. 14), which is rather larger, is of greater interest. It is the only stone of the row which differs in its composition from the rest. The other pillars were hewn from th,e local rock : this stone displays characteristics that show that it must have come from 59 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE some other site. A groove has been cut on its face, apparently to prevent a rope by which it was dragged from slipping. From the nature of the rock, it is possible that this stone came from Jerusalem ; in that case it was probably a sacred stone that stood in the corresponding High Place of the Jebusites, which was cap- tured, perhaps in a successful raid, and set up in the Gezer temple as a war- trophy. In this connexion it is interest- ing to recall the fact that the evidence of the Tell el-Amarna tablets indicates a hostility between Gezer and Jerusalem at the period of this temple ; and that later, King Mesha of Moab boasts, in his triumphal inscription, of having set up just such a trophy. The passage on the inscription of Mesha is obscure, but the interpretation which seems 60 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE most probable runs thus : " The king of " Israel built for himself Ataroth, and " I fought against the town and took " it, and put to death all the people of " the town, and I removed thenee the "altar-hearth (?) of Dodah (name of a " god ?), and I dragged it before Ghemosh " (the Moabite god) in Kerioth." Later he says "Ghemosh said to me, Take " Nebo against Israel : and I went by " night and fought against it . . . and I took "thence the altar-hearths (?) of Jehovah " and I dragged them before Ghemosh." These passages seem to indicate a custom of seizing some heavy stone furniture of the holy place of a conquered town, and erecting it in the sanctuary of the con- queror. Some such custom may also explain the strange advice of Hushai to Absalom, and the latter's equally strange 6i INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE acceptance of the advice (2 Sam. xvii. 13, 14). It is possible, therefore, that the stone shown in figure 14 once stood in the High Place of the Jebusites, which would no doubt have been on the Moriah where Solomon afterwards built the Temple. If with this may be identified the "land of Moriah" of Genesis xxii. 2 (which is, of course, open to doubt), it is quite admissible to believe that at the foot of this stone in its original position the author of Genesis located the attempted sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham. The eighth stone of the series is more shapely than the rest, and is peculiar in that it stands in a hollowed stone socket. It is flanked by the stumps of the two broken pillars. These three stones are divided from the remainder by a wide in- terspace, no doubt with intention. Ten, 62 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE seven and three are all numbers that seem to have had a certain sanctity among the Western Semites, and cases illus- trating this are not wanting in the Old Testament. We cannot enlarge on this sub- ject at present, but must content ourselves here with referring to the article " Number ' ' in RsiStmgs' Dictionary of the Bible. It can- not be an accident that the ten stones of our High Place are divided into two groups containing seven and three respectively. The erection of pillars like these as symbols and representatives of the divinity was a custom common to all Semitic races, not excepting, in their early stages of development, the Hebrews themselves. Jacob erected such a pillar in consecrating a place where the Lord had appeared to him, and specially named it the House of God (Gen. xxviii. 22). Even in the Temple 63 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE of Solomon there were two sacred pillars, named Jachin and Boaz (1 Kings vii. 21) ; and Hosea, picturing the Israelite cap- tivity, says the children of Israel shall abide many days without king, and without prince, and without sacrifice, and without pillar, and without ephod, or teraphim (Hos. iii. 4). Special charges were laid on the Israelites to destroy the pillars of the Canaanites whom, they supplanted {break in pieces their pillars : Exod. xxiii. 24), and the erection of a pillar to Jehovah was forbidden in the Deuteronomic legislation (xvi. 22). There can be no doubt that with the pillar there was associated an Asherah, whatever that may exactly have been. Without occupying space here in the profitless discussion of a very obscure subject, we may content ourselves with 64 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE noting that the most generally received theory is that it was a wooden pillar erected as a representative of a sacred tree. For details regarding the asherah reference may be made to the article on the subject in Hastings' Bible Dictionary. The Old Testament contains numerous references to the asherah (in the Authorized Version under the name " grove "). Thus, Gideon cut down the asherah beside the altar of Baal (Judg. vi. 25, 28); and in summing up the sins of the Israelites which led to the captivity, the author of the Book of Kings includes their setting up pillars and asherim upon every high hill and under every green tree (2 Kings xvii. 10), an illustration, by the way, of the tree worship from which the asherah is com- monly supposed to have taken its origin. (3) The exact position of the asherah B.s. 65 5 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE in the Temple of Gezer with respect to the supposed altar and the row of pillar- stones is a subject of uncertainty ; for, of course, being made of timber, it would have long since perished in the damp climate of Palestine, if indeed it were not destroyed by some reformer. It was at first thought that a square block of stone beside the row of pillars (fig. 15), with a rectangular hollow cut in the top, was the socket in which the asJierah stood. This may have been the case ; but the probabiUty is at least equal that this block was a laver intended for ablutions. On the whole the supposed socket appears rather too large' to have contained a wooden post of any likely size. I The practice of ceremonial ablution was ^ The stone block measures 6 feet 1 inch by 5 feet by 2 feet 6 inches, and its socket 2 feet 10 inches by 1 foot 11 inches by 1 foot 4 inches. 66 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE a necessary preliminary to taking part in religious worship among the Semites, and is maintained by the modern Muham- madans as it was by the Hebrews in their own worship.^ A similar laver was found in the Semitic temple recently investigated by Professor Petrie in the Sinai Peninsula, but in this case the brim was narrow. In the Gezer example the brim of the receptacle is broad, probably to allow of a person sitting upon it to wash his feet. (4) The Sacred Cave^was situated just east of the northern end of the row of pillar stones, and it is probable that the existence of this cave was the cause which led to the choice of the site on which the High Place was estabhshed. The cave originally consisted of two separate cham- 1 Exod. XXX. lS-21, cf. Heb. ix. 10. 67 INIQUITY OF THE AMORITE bers, each of them at one time residences of cave-dwellers, with independent en- trances and probably with no internal communication between- them. When dis- covered, however, the smaller cave was found to have been carefully closed by large blocks placed against the door inside, so that it was turned into a secret cham- ber. A narrow crooked tunnel was then opened between the two chambers. This tunnel was just wide enough to " wriggle " through : it was short, so that any sound made in one chamber was distinctly audible in the other ; but it bent in the middle, so that it was not possible to see through it. This arrangement is evidently well suited for the giving of oracles, a boy being sent to the inner chamber before the inquirer was admitted to the outer. Far less credulity than is displayed by the 68 via. 16. THE SACRED CAVE (GROUND-PLAN). , .*'> ■^^^) ; V 'if ■ y s» • in- c> o H O J ' o \** 6 "'^ -/J i- EH O U o Q Li^ziJ^;- i/iv^ THE CITY WALLS events. By excavation we can be brought into personal contact with Bibhcal heroes, and can see and touch structures which they built and inhabited. B.S. 145 10 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH CHAPTER IX THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH The records are ancient. These were the potters and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah : there they dwelt with the king for his work (1 Chron. iv. 22, 23). T N the last chapter we briefly illus- -^ trated how excavation can illustrate the Biblical history. In this we shall bring forward a striking instance of the light it throws on the Biblical text and its interpretation. The second, third and fourth chapters of 1 Chronicles, containing the genealogy of the tribe of Judah, have long been recog- nized as a passage of peculiar difficulty. 149 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH The names seem to have suffered in copy- ing, and their mutual connexion is not clear. Moreover, some of the names being those of cities — Hebron, Ziph, Eshtemoa, Gedor and the rest — ^it had become a matter of agreement among critics, unable to ex- plain these as genealogies of men, that the passage is rather to be treated as a genealogy of tribes and communities ; and that when, for example, we read in chapter ii. 42 " Mareshah, the father " of Hebron," we are not to understand a genealogical relationship between two men, but a statement that the town of Hebron was inhabited by a colony from the town of Mareshah at some unknown period of history. This interpretation, though gen- erally received as being the most satis- factory, is involved in an inextricable tangle of anachronisms and discrepancies ; 150 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH and it was admitted that for the full understanding of these difficult chapters more Ught from the monuments must be awaited. Though desired, this light was hardly expected ; yet it has come from recent excavations, and we now know something definite of the proper names mentioned in the genealogy. We know that the names are those of men, not of cities ; we know the period at which they lived ; we know that the genealogy is a definite record of physical relationship, not a vague catalogue of migrations of com- munities ; and we are in a position to check the successive errors of copyists, which have made the passage obscure. These errors exist, but they are by no means so wide and far-reaching as had been supposed. 151 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH The section on which a bright light has been thrown is more especially 1 Ghron. iv. 16-23. The sources which are at our disposal for correcting the Hebrew text are two-fold — the Greek version, com- monly called the Septuagint, which was made from a Hebrew text earlier than that which we now possess ; and a series of jar-handles bearing names and devices stamped upon them, which have been discovered in recent excavations. It is impossible here to enter fully into the technical details of the corrections of scribal errors in this passage which these independent sources of information enable us to make. They have been fully dis- cussed in a paper by the present writer, " The Craftsmens' Guild of the Tribe of " Judah," published in the Palestine Ex- ploration Fund Quarterly Statement for 152 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH 1905, pp. 243, 328. Their nature can best be shown by exhibiting the passage in parallel columns, showing the render- ings of the existing Hebrew text, and the corrected text ; alterations in the latter are indicated by italics. Hebrew Text Corrected Text And the sons of Jehallelel ; Ziph, and Ziphah, Tiria, and Asarel. And the sons of Ezrah ; Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon : and she bare Miriam, and Shammai, and Ishbah the father of Eshtemoa. And his wife the Jewess bare Jered the father of Ge- dor, and Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, And the sons of Jerahmeel ; Ziph, and Ezrah,Tindi, and Asarel. And the sons of Ezrah ; Jether, and Mered, and Epher, and Jalon : and Ezrah had another wife whose name was Miriam, and Miriam bare Sham- mai, and Shehaniah the father of Eshtemoa. And his wife Ha-Jehu- dij'ah bare Jered the father of Gedor, and Hebron the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah. And these are the sons of 153 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH which Mered took. And the sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of Naham, were the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maacathite. And the sons of Shimon ; Am- non, and Rinnah, Ben- hanan, and Tilon. And the sons of Ishi ; Zo- heth, and Ben-zoheth. The sons of Shelah the son of Judah ; Er the father of Lecah, and Laadah the father of Mareshah, and the famihes of the house of them that wrought fine linen, of the house of Ashbea ; and Jokim, and the men of Cozeba; and Joash, and Saraph, who had dominion in Moab, and Jeshubi - lehem. And the records are ancient. These were the potters, and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah : the scarabaeus, which they adopted in apostasy. And the sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of Naham, were Dalilah the father of Keilah, and Shimon the father of Amnon, and Menahem the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maa- cathite. And the sons of Shimon ; Amnon, and Rinnah, Abd-hadad, and Tilon. And the sons of Ishi ; Zoheth, and Ben-zoheth, The sons of Shelah the son of Hodiah ; Er the father of Lecah, and Laadah the father of Micah, and the families of the house of Obed- Thebez, of the house of Ashbea, and Jokim, and the men of Cozeba, and Joab son of Seraiah who had dominion in Moab and returned to Beth-Lehem. And the 154 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH there they dwelt with records are ancient. the king for his work. These were the potters, and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gedor : there they dwelt with the king on his pro- perty. It may fairly be claimed that of these two columns the corrected text is the more coherent. A genealogical tree can be constructed from it, which is an im- possibility in the case of the uncorrected text : see the Quarterly Statement, 1905, p. 333, where the relationship between the persons mentioned is tabulated. The following names have been found on the seals and jar-handles above mentioned : Ziph, Ezrah, Shebaniah, Hebron, Soco, Menahem, Abd-Hadad, and Micah. Of the two long passages inserted in the text, one (" and Ezrah had . . . Miriam ") is 155 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH a conjectural emendation of my own, to fill up a gap whose existence has long been recognized: the other ("Dalilah . . . " Menahem ") is 'inserted from the Greek version. Specially striking is the light thrown on the obscure reference to " Bith- " iah daughter of Pharaoh, " which has been a puzzle to every generation. No one could explain what connexion Bithiah had with the genealogy, and how a Hebrew person of no apparent importance came to marry an Egyptian princess. It is now suggested that this passage was an obscure way of hinting that the persons mentioned adopted the " scarabaeus " for their coat of arms, for we have found it on their seals. The scarabaeus is an Egyptian religious emblem, and this is what the chronicle means by the " Daughter of "Jehovah [the meaning of Bithiah] daughter 156 CS Iz; H w H D? O &* c c 03 Pi o O ^ o fe 1^ ■w W c t< ^ o t3 & s ■w -fj H S H o CO w c CO rg i Sh ^g J=I §s 2 hW ID C5 SS U THE' CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH " of the king of Egypt." It is an allusive method of description in accordance with Hebrew methods of expression. And to establish the connexion yet more closely, in the case of four potters we find not only the name as it appears in the list (ex- actly in two ; in the other two the copyists of the genealogy have introduced slight modifications) and the scarab, but also the words " for the king " on the seal stamped on the jar- handle, recalling the sentence with which the passage quoted closes (fig. 41). But for a further analysis of the corrections proposed, and their justi- fication, reference must be made to the paper already alluded to, where also the following deductions are set forth: — (1) That the genealogy is that of a family called from an ancestor named Menahem the Menuhoth, who owned as 157 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH their ultimate founder Caleb, son of Jephunneh, and who are mentioned in 1 Chronicles ii. 52, 54. (2) That they inhabited a region south of Hebron, and there followed various crE^fts, principally pottery-making (1 Chron. iv. 14, 23). (3) That the family was first brought to the notice of the king of Judah in the early part of the reign of Joash : one of their number, Memshath (written Mare- shath), who lived in that reign being the first of the clan whom we find under royal patronage. It is suggested that he first attracted notice in connexion with the work of the restoration of the Temple under Joash (2 Kings xii. 4-16). (4) That Shebaniah son of Ezrah was a person of considerable importance in the days of Uzziah, and was steward of the 158 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH royal estates at Garmel mentioned in 2 Chronicles xxvi. 10. (5) That under the righteous kings, Amaziah, Jotham, and Uzziah, the hea- thenish symbol used as a coat of arms by the family was suppressed in public documents. And that in the name Abd- Hadad we can trace the influence of Ahaz, who was introducing the worship of Hadad and the other gods of Syria just about the time when this person was born, according to the chronological scheme deduced from the pedigree (2 Ghron. xxviii. 23). (6) That in the days of Hezekiah a raid of the wild, semi-barbarous tribe of Simeon took place on the territory of this family (1 Chron. iv. 39), and that they were compelled to seek another home. That they chose the south of Moab or 159 THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH the north of Edom, and, driving out in their turn the worn-out remnant of the Amalekites, they settled there, and Hved in a sort of semi-independence (ib. iv. 22). (7) That after the return from the captivity they were estabhshed in Beth- Lehem, and under the name of Pahath- Moab (i.e. " the governor of Moab") assumed a position of considerable im- portance under Ezra and Nehemiah (Ezra ii. 6, viii. 4, x. 30 ; Neh. iii. 11, vii. 11, X. 14). Here then are seven statements all recorded in, or legitimately to be deduced from, the Biblical history ; but they were isolated, and no one without a clue would have thought of connecting them. This clue was missing. A small basket-full of jar-handles, with their potters' names stamped upon them, was unearthed by i6o THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH excavation and collected together. The stamp of a potter may be interesting as an archaeological curiosity ; it may de- light a philologist or a palaeographer by displaying a peculiar name or a peculiarly shaped letter, but it can hardly be ex- pected to teach us much of historical value. Yet how precious seems the historical message of these humble jar- handles ! We gather from them that the genealogies in the Book of Chronicles are just what they pretend to be — a record of the lives and relationships of human beings — and do not call for explanation by means of the ingenuity that has been expended upon them. They have taught us that one of the most difficult and obscure passages in the whole Bible is not, after all, seriously corrupt — such errors as it contains being no more than B.S. l6l II THE CRAFTSMEN OF JUDAH what we might expect from a document founded, in the first instance, on " ancient records " which were probably torn and partly illegible, and transmitted to us by a long chain of copyists ; and they have enabled us to correct these errors. They have given us the links whereby we can connect a number of scattered Biblical passages, seemingly independent of one another ; and have brought into historical view men, in their own day of importance and influence, whose very names later generations had forgotten. 163 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO CHAPTER X THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO In his days did Hiel the Bethelite build Jericho : he laid the foundation thereof with the loss of Abiram his firstborn, and set up the gate thereof with the loss of his youngest son Segub (1 Kings xvi. 34). ^ I ^HE above is the rendering of the Revised Version of this passage. The Authorized Version, which reads " in Abiram " and " in Segub," if not so definitely intelligible in English, is closer to the language of both the Hebrew and the old Greek version. The expression is ambiguous — perhaps purposely so — but it is open to the inter- pretation that these sons were offered by Hiel as a sacrifice, to avert any ill-luck 165 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO there might be lingering about the accursed site, and to secure good fortune for the inhabitants of the new city. Indeed, it is just possible that the meaning of the Hebrew particle, translated " in " by King James' translators, and " in the "loss of" by the revisers, here means "on," "upon," and that the statement is more definite than appears at first sight : — Upon Abir am his firstborn he founded it, and upon Segub his youngest he set up its gates. With this interpretation we have, as has often been suggested, an instance of the wide-spread custom of offering victims, human or animal, at the foundation of a building. The custom was observed by the Aztecs of Mexico ; it is still found among various tribes in Africa, Borneo, i66 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO Oceania, and India ; even in Christian countries of Europe it is not unknown, as witness the legends of the infant walled up in Liebenstein Castle, and the church on lona, built over the living body of Columba's companion, Oran. In coun- tries where the advance of civilization has made human sacrifice impossible, animal sacrifice even yet takes its place, and examples of dogs having been buried under church walls are not unknown, just as in Muslim countries the sacrifice of a sheep accompanies the commence- ment of any important building. The reason underlying the superstition no doubt is either the propitiation of earth-spirits, or the hope that the spirit of the victim will itself become a guardian of the spot. But as just hinted there may have been a special reason in the case 167 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO of Jericho. A tradition must have been preserved that when Israel entered the promised land Joshua had solemnly cursed the site of this, the first city captured by him; had set it apart as a place to be unoccupied and utterly devoted ; and had indicated the sacrifice offered by Hiel as the penalty which infraction of the tabu would involve (Josh. vi. 26). If it can be shown that foundation sacrifices were offered in Palestine as well as in the other countries above men- tioned, it may be regarded as confirmatory of this interpretation of Joshua's prophecy and Hiel's fulfilment of it. And the necessary evidence is now forthcoming from Gezer, with a remarkable confirma- tion from the German excavations at Megiddo. In a very ancient house at Gezer, built i68 Li O cr u < V / .-: , THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO into a space left vacant at the corner, was found the skeleton of an aged woman, having two food vessels deposited with her. {fig. 42). The position of the skeleton relative to the walls left no doubt that they were placed there at the same time, and that Hhe woman was buried under the house in order to bring luck to its dwellers. The bones showed that the whole of the victim's right side had been crippled and distorted by some rheumatic affection : it appears as though she had been selected for im- molation because she was a useless mem- ber of the community. In another house, belonging to a rather later date, was found outstretched in the middle of a chamber the skeleton of a man. Here again bones and walls evi- dently belonged to the same period. Here again a useless member of the community 169 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO seems to have been sacrificed, for the man had lost his left hand. In the German excavations of Megiddo there was found under a tower the skele- ton of a young girl, perhaps some fifteen years of age, deposited in such a way as to leave no doubt that it was essentially connected with the foundation of the building. That these cases are not very common seems to show that the human victim was not offered, in Palestine, on every occasion, but only under exceptional cir- cumstances such as those of Jericho. We cannot find a trace of the practice else- where in the Bible. Infant victims were also offered — ^more often indeed than older children or adults. Numerous cases were found of infants, buried in jars, underneath or in the corners 170 1 M p i i M ''^ pi i^ 1 w V ■1 iM^ypH jpM 1 Wd 1 1 f '\i u. JW 1LLLLL_ 8 9i , ,1C FIG. 43. T.41\rp AND BOWLS, A SYMBOL OF FOUNDATION SACEIFICE. FIG. 44. — THE IMPEEOATION OF PAMPEAS. THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO of the houses. With some a symbol of the sacrifice is deposited — a bowl which probably contained blood or grape juice, typical of blood ; and a lamp, typical of fire. This is interesting, for in later epochs, when human sacrifice had fallen into disfavour, the human victim was omitted altogether, and the lamps and bowls alone took its place, as a symbolic reminiscence of the more savage rite (fig. 43). The Vikings of the North Sea used to sprinkle their galleys with human blood ; and, in unconscious remembrance of the custom, we still break a bottle of wine over a ship at her christening. The ancient Semites believed that human blood must wet the foundations of a house to give it stability and prosperity ;' and, in unconscious remembrance of the belief, 171 THE REBUILDING OF JERICHO the modern peasant of Egypt buries the bodies of children who have not survived their birth inside the walls of his house. The discoveries at Gezer and Megiddo link these modern customs with the curse that Joshua pronounced and Hiel incurred. 173 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST CHAPTER XI THE MAGGABEAN GONQUEST In those days he encamped against Gazara, and compassed it round about with armies : and he made an engine of siege, and brought it up to the city, and smote a tower and took it. And they that were in the engine leaped forth into the city ; and there was a great uproar in the city ; and they of the city rent their clothes, and went up on the walls with their wives and children, and cried with a loud voice, making request to Simon to give them his right hand. And they said. Deal not with us according to our wickednesses, but accord- ing to thy mercy. And Simon was reconciled unto them and did not fight against them : and he put them out of the city, and cleansed the houses wherein the idols were, and so entered into it with singing and giving praise. And he put all uncleanness out of it, and placed in it such men as would keep the law, and made it stronger than it was before, and built therein a dwelling-place for himself (1 Mace. xiii. 43-48). T HOUGH not within the compass of the Old Testament canon, and ^76 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST therefore rather outside the limits set in this book, the discoveries bearing upon the incident graphically described in the above extract have been so remarkable that they cannot well be passed over in silence. The events which led up to this capture of Gezer (Gazara is its Greek form) may be briefly summarized. Antiochus IV began his reign over Syria in 175 b.c. Greek influences in custom and religion had been insidiously affecting the upper classes in Palestine, despite the opposition of the Puritan party. A remarkable votive altar, found at Gezer, bearing on one side a dedication to Heracles, and on the other side the name Jehovah in its Greek form, is a tangible witness to this fact (fig. 45). Antiochus endeavoured to foster these foreign tendencies through the 176 FIG. 45. — VOTIVE ALTAR. THE MAGCABEAN CONQUEST instrumentality of Joshua (or Jason, as he called himself), the renegade brother of the High Priest, who through Anti- ochus' influence himself obtained that office. In B.C. 171 he was supplanted by another paganising Jew, Menelaus ; his endeavour to reinstate himself was treated by Antiochus as a revolt, and was followed by the spoliation of Jerusa- lem, the profanation of the Temple, and the active persecution of all who endeav- oured to maintain the ancient Jewish rites and worship. An order was issued that in every village a heathen altar was to be set up. This order was resisted at the village of Modin, not far from Gezer, by Mattathias, an aged member of the priestly family. He slew both the royal commissioner and the first Jew who endeavoured to worship at the altar B.S. 177 12 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST which was erected. Immediately, under the leadership of Mattathias, a revolt broke out through the country. On the death of Mattathias, in b.c. 166, the leader- ship passed to his son Judas, surnamed Maccabaeus (a word of uncertain meaning), who headed the Jews for the five follow- ing years in their resistance to the pagan tyrant. We cannot follow at length his fortunes in the struggle, nor those of his brother Jonathan who succeeded him after his death at Elasa in b.c. 161 ; but it is in point for our present purpose to notice that at the beginning of the latter's leadership the city of Gezer, together with sundry other strongholds, was occupied and fortified by Bacchides, the general of the Syrian army. Soon after, the first war came to an end, and for four years there was peace, during which, how- 178 THE MAGCABEAN CONQUEST ever, the heathen retained hold of Gezer. In B.C. 153 war was renewed, the imme- diate cause being Jonathan's partisanship in a dispute for the now vacant Syrian throne. It would lead us too far from our subject to retell the story of the compli- cated miUtary and diplomatic events of the next ten years ; let it suffice to say that at the end of this period Jonathan found himself a prisoner in the hands of Tryphon, an officer of Alexander Balas, whose claims to the throne of Syria Jonathan had originally espoused. Simon, Jonathan's last surviving bro- ther, took his place as leader of the Jews. He had already distinguished himself by the capture of Joppa and Beth-zur ; now he had only to meet and repulse Tryphon, in the first year of his leadership, 179 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST to end the war. That done, he set him- self to strengthen the country and to expel any foreign influences that might weaken it, strategically or morally. With this in view, he first paid attention to the heathen garrison still in Gezer, and the passage at the head of this chapter is the story of its capitulation. His son John he left as governor of the city ; he himself went to Jerusalem to take office as High Priest. In 135 he, with two of his sons, was murdered by his own son-in-law, who aimed at supremacy ; but the messengers sent to Gezer to add John to the victims were themselves slain, and John suc- ceeded to the High Priesthood. A passing reference in a letter written by the Roman Senate to John, preserved by Josephus, 1 is the only literary indica- ^ Antiquities of the Jews XIII . ix. 2. i8o THE MACGABEAN CONQUEST tion we have of the restoration of Gezer to the Syrian power, a fact illustrated, however, by the excavations, to which it is now time to turn. As a specimen of the process of excava- tion, and of the " trial and error " methods that, in interpreting results, have to be followed, I shall cast the account of the discoveries bearing on these historical events into a narrative, rather than into a descriptive, form, such as has hitherto been adopted in this book. In the summer of 1904 the work was concentrated on the ancient cemeteries round the hill. These, of course, produced the richest " plunder," and in consequence the bakhshish account was high. But the Syrian peasant is never satisfied. One or two of them hit on the scheme of hold- ing back from a handful of beads or i8i THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST similar objects a few specimens, to pro- duce whenever a day should come on which luck did not favour them, thereby- ensuring that their wages would receive a regular increment every day. This, of course, was utterly destructive of any scientific record of the contents of the tombs. It is, however, difficult to train new and untried workmen, and a labourer that knows his business properly is not to be lightly dismissed. I therefore established a " penal settlement " for the culprits ; that is to say, I set them to trace the line of the city wall, a task which would give me the information I required, and which there was every reason to suppose they would find com- paratively profitless. Part of this work was done by means of trenches and part by tunnels. 182 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST One day the wall, which was being traced along the south side of the mound, from east to west, and which had been followed for nearly six hundred feet, came to a sudden stop. The gap might have been at a gateway, or else a ruined section ; I was not perfectly satisfied with either explanation, and in any case it raised a question to be investigated. The men were therefore transferred to the west end of the wall, which had already been found in one or two places, and instructed to follow it eastward. Once more they came to a stop. There was thus a space in the middle of the south side, about three hundred feet in length, in which not a trace of the wall could be found. Trenches were cut at right angles across the line of the wall at various points in this gap, to search 183 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST for stones or foundations ; but in every case they gave no result. At the eastern termination of this gap the end of the wall butted against the end of a building, of which two or three courses only were exposed in the tunnel. At the foot of this building there seemed to be a causeway of stones. The masonry was much better than any- thing else on the mound, and on that account my first idea was that it could not be of the same date as the rude walls of which, at all periods, the ancient city was built. It appeared to be a castellated structure, with projecting towers ; and I felt inclined to identify it with the Crusa- ders' castle of Mont Gisart, which was erected on this hill, but of which no re- mains have yet been found. As soon as the work on the tombs was ^184 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST finished, it became an obvious duty to follow the clue thus offered : to expose this building, whatever it might be, com- pletely ; and at the same time to try and find what had become of the city wall. An area was therefore marked out in the usual way, including the gap in the wall and the castellated structure, and the digging commenced. A very short time was enough to dispose finally of the Crusader castle theory : the associated antiquities could not possibly have been used by mediaeval European knights. After a little further work it was found that south of and facing it were the foundations of a precisely similar, but much more ruinous, castellated wall, and that between these ran a pave- ment of cobble-stones, mounting up to the city. It now became clear that this 185 THE MAGCABEAN CONQUEST carefully built structure was a large gate, spanning a road leading into the town, which road passed over the line of the city wall ; but still there was no trace of the wall itself. At the same time a fresh puzzle pre- sented itself. Some ten feet north of the line where the wall should have been, was a second wall, parallel with it. This I sup- posed at first to be the inner, older city rampart, which is found everywhere in the mound inside the outer wall ; but I was not satisfied with this theory. The wall was thinner than usual ; the foundations did not go down deep enough ; and it was difficult to explain the com- plete destruction at this point of the later outer wall, and the comparatively uninjured condition of the much more ancient inner. And when a totally un- i86 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST expected gate made its appearance, in the inner wall, elaborately built of well squared stones, with an independent cause- way of its own leading out of the city, and associated with late pottery, the problem became even more exacting. It was about a month after the excava- tion at this spot began that the solution of these problems presented itself to me. The practice of publishing a periodical account of the excavations has been deprecated by some writers, apparently on the ground of the incompleteness and want of finality which must necessarily characterize each individual report. But this trifling demerit does not outweigh the advantages of the practice. Not only is it the obvious duty of the Society to keep the subscribers informed of the progress of the works to which they 187 THE MACGABEAN CONQUEST contribute, but the excavator himself receives a most valuable mental stimulus from the mere process of putting a con- nected account of his discoveries on paper. In the case of the perplexing discoveries just mentioned, their true meaning was revealed to me when, on a quiet November evening in the camp, I was drawing a plan of them for the follow- ing number of the Quarterly Statement. The following train of argument pre- sented itself to my mind : — (1) Here are two gates, side by side, each leading in and out of the city : query, what is their mutual connexion ? (2) They are obviously contemporary, for both are associated with Maccabean pottery, and are on the same archaeological level. (3) Therefore, as both are of Maccabean i88 THE MAGGABEAN GONQUEST date, the wall in which is the second gate cannot be the ancient inner city wall, for that was covered up and forgotten long before the Maccabean period. (4) Therefore the wall in which this gate is found, though on the line of the inner city wall, is independent of it — a fact also indicated by its narrower pro- portions. As it is obviously north of the line of the outer wall, it is independent of that also. Therefore it cannot be a city wall at all. This conclusion is also in- dicated by the intrinsic improbability of two contemporary city gates being so close together. (5) If this wall be not a city wall, it must belong to some important building, such as a castle ; and that castle must have been under the control of some person who had the right of passing 189 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST through it into and out of the city at any time. ^ Such a person can only have been the military governor of the city. (6) Here then we are led to a gover- nor's castle of the time of the Maccabees. This irresistibly recalls the " house " built by Simon after his capture of the city. Is it not likely that Simon would have adapted this castle, rather than build another, had it been already in existence when he took the city ? and that a governor later than Simon would have adapted Simon's own building ? It is most improbable that two governors' castles belonging to the same period should exist in the one city. Thus I was led to the conclusion, quite unexpected when I began, that I had actually before me the dwelling-place of Simon Maccabaeus. Viewing the wall 190 THE MAGCABEAN CONQUEST in this new light, one difficulty was solved at once — ^it was clear what had become of the 300 feet of the outer city rampart. Siinon's siege-engine had begun the damage — and it was a striking fact that, just where the wall was ruined, a natural terrace in the hill- side made this the most suitable place round the whole hill for manipulating a battering ram — and the breach had been completed in the course of building the castle. Evi- dently it was resolved to fill the breach, not with a length of blank wall, but with a citadel ; and the stones were removed from the length of superseded wall to supply materials for the new structure. This conclusion was, of course, as yet only a probable working hypothesis, which, like the Crusader castle idea, might with further research have to be 191 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST abandoned. The first thing to do, evi- dently, was to look for the inner city wall, in order to demonstrate its existence apart from the wall that had now become so interesting. This was done: a deep trench was dug, and the ruins of the inner wall were found far below and quite distinct from the wall in question. Then it remained to clear out the castle, chamber by chamber, in order to see whether evidence of the theory were forthcoming. The result was at first disappointing. It soon became clear that the castle had been looted thoroughly before it was ruined and covered over, and it seemed as though it were going to remain obstinately silent about its former occupier. But once more the unexpected , hap- pened. The evidence was found, not by 192 H ^1 H J- THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST the careful workmen in the chambers, but by one of the basket-girls, whose quick eye fell upon some marks on a fragment of stone lying on a little heap beside the outer wall. She brought it to me, and I saw that it was a Greek inscription, rudely scratched in an almost illegible cursive hand. Several hours of patient study were required before the writing could be deciphered. But the labour was well repaid. This little block of limestone, a fragment of a larger building stone, with its rough scribble upon it, proved of thrilling interest. It called up the picture of Simon, with his victorious Jewish follow- ing, marching against the city and besieg- ing it ; of the panic-stricken Syrians — isolated now, after the repulse of Tryphon — crowding on the wall, cringing for B.s. 193 13 THE MACCABEAN CONQUEST their lives to the great High Priest. The strokes of the battering ram once more rang on the walls, the tower fell, and the men in Simon's siege- engine leaped into the city. The zealous leader proceeded not to sack, but to purify the city. Heathen families were turned out of their houses, that household gods might be sought for and destroyed ; idols were overturned, and the city subjected to a general purging. The pagan Syrians were dispossessed, and their places taken by those " who would keep the law." Of course the Syrians did not take this spoliation tamely ; yet feeling them- selves too weak and unsupported, they feared to resist the conqueror. But one of them, Pampras by name, did more than harbour resentful feelings. He endeav- oured to wreak his revenge on Simon in 194 THE MACGABEAN CONQUEST secret by the methods of magic. Just as witches in old time — and even to-day in remote regions — revenge themselves on enemies by maltreating an image of them, in the expectation that the injury will be transferred to the living person, so Pam- pras thought he would blast Simon by arranging that a curse against him should be built into the very walls of his house. He managed to get access to one of the building stones, scratched his imprecation, and departed satisfied (fig. 44). The stone was duly built into the wall, and it was this stone that I held in my hand. The inscription ran : — {Says) Pampras : may fire pursue Simon's palace ! Here we have the first contemporary reference to any of the Maccabees, and the missing proof that the building was 195 THE MACGABEAN CONQUEST actually the castle that Simon built and John his son inhabited (fig. 46). When the Syrians recaptured Gezer, they probably razed the fortress of their arch-enemy. Certainly it was found plundered and ruined to the foundations. Over part of it was found built a very remarkable bath system, consisting of seven chambers containing basins, a fur- nace for heating water, and also rooms set apart for plunge and even douche baths. The floors were all paved with cement, and a drain was provided for carrying the waste water away (fig. 47). This later Syrian occupation, however, did not last long. By the time of Christ, about a hundred years later, the site of the ancient city of Gezer was finally ruined and deserted. 196 CI m o EPILOGUE T N the very last week of the excavation, ■*• when the permit was on the point of expiry, a few graves of a very remarkable cemetery were discovered. The stature of the bodies in the tombs was unusual for Palestine, where men of great height are exceptional : in one case the stature would have been anywhere remarkable. We seemed almost on the point of coming into contact with the Philistine giants whom David's men slew at Gezer.^ But the Government permit expired, and we were regretfully compelled to leave this suggestive field of work unexamined. 1 1 Chron. xx. 4. 197 EPILOGUE Palestine exploration is as yet in its infancy. The labours of Robinson, Tobler, Wilson, Gonder, Clermont-Gan- neau, Schumacher — to name but a few — have given us a topographical foundation on which to work ; but we are only beginning to learn what surprises await us under the surface. It is true that till now there has been but one " Moabite Stone " ; but assuredly there are others awaiting the spade of the excavator. In one sense, however, it is to be feared that the end of Palestine Explora- tion is in sight. Those great foes to science, the wealthy collector and the curio-hunting tourist, after doing irrepar- able injury to Egypt by raising a brood of unscrupulous dealers and marauding natives, have in recent years turned their attention to Palestine, and already the 198 EPILOGUE damage done to ancient tombs and other remains in the country is incalculable. Every day pages are being torn from the book of history which is written in the ancient remains of the country — pages whose contents we shall never know, and which so long as the world lasts will never be replaced. The work of exploration and recording must be done now. Even while the reader peruses these words, some ignorant native may be breaking into a tomb, in search of saleable gold and glass, and so disfiguring an inscription that would settle some vexed Biblical problem. Wanting this inscription the problem may remain unsolved to the end of time. As soon as a new permit can be obtained from the Imperial Ottoman Government, it is hoped that the work of excavation 199 EPILOGUE in Palestine will be resumed. Surely the Palestine Exploration Fund should not plead in vain for support in aid of its efforts to preserve some record of these precious, fast-perishing relics — relics of a past that appeals to all who value the Bible as a volume of literature, as the record of a history, or as the Word of God! 200 THE PREVIOUS WORK OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND APPENDIX THE PREVIOUS WORK OF THE PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND 1865. On 22 June, 1865, a public meeting was held in Willis's Rooms, London, under the presidency of the Archbishop of York, at which it was re- solved to constitute a Society to be called " The Palestine Exploration Fund " for the scientific investigation of the Holy Land. The chairman, in his opening address, indicated that there were three guiding principles which were essential to the success of the project. These were — (1) That the work undertaken must be con- ducted on strictly scientific principles ; 203 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE (2) That the Society should as a body abstain from controversy ; (3) That the Society was not to be a specifically reUgious Society. In other words, that every possible precaution should be taken to ensure the accuracy of the recorded observations in every department of the Society's work ; that the Society as a body should take no responsibility for the deductions and arguments of individual contributors ; and that it should take no part in religious controversies. These principles have been carefully observed by the Fund in all its undertakings. The leading spirit in the foundation of the new Society was Mr (afterwards Sir George) Grove, the versatile and in- defatigable contributor to Smith's Bible 204 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND Dictionary, and editor of the great Diction- ary of Music and Musicians. 1865-6. No time was lost in sending out an exploring expedition, which left for Palestine in the end of the year of the Society's foundation. The leader was Captain (afterwards Sir Charles) Wilson, whose recent death all interested in the purposes of the Palestine Exploration Fund must deplore. Captain Wilson had already (1864) distinguished himself in Palestinian research by his detailed study of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and by his great survey map of Jerusalem, prepared at the time when the Baroness Burdett-Coutts had proposed a scheme for bringing water to the Holy City. In this first expedition of the Society a considerable amount of preliminary work was done : including the preparation of 205 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE the first authoritative sections of the surface of the country ; a reconnaissance of its central region ; the investigation of the synagogues at Tell Hum (Capernaum) and other places in Galilee ; the settlement of some geographical questions previously unsolved or disputed; the measurement and delineation of a large number of churches, castles, mosques, etc. ; and cer- tain excavations at Damascus, Shechem, and Jerusalem. 1867. In the following year it was resolved, as the centre of interest in Palestine is, naturally, Jerusalem, to de- spatch a party to determine all that could be discovered touching the vexed ques- tions of Jerusalem topography. This expedition was under the direction of Lieutenant (now Sir Charles) Warren. It occupied three years, from 1867 to 206 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND 1870. If Warren's expedition did not accomplish all that was expected of it — for the controversies which it was hoped once for all to settle are still acute — it nevertheless revolutionized most of the theories that till then were held respect- ing the ancient topography of the city. Warren's work formed the foundation on which all who devote themselves to the inexhaustible subject of Jerusalem must base their own investigations. During these years was found the Moabite Stone, one of the greatest arch- aeological discoveries ever made in any country ; the stone tablet from Herod's temple, with a Greek inscription warning Gentiles against entering the sacred en- closure, was also discovered. 1870-1. These years were distinguished by the adventurous journey made across 207 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE the Desert of the Exodus by two dis- tinguished Arabic scholars, Professor Pal- mer, afterwards murdered in the Sinaitic Peninsula, and Mr Tyrwhitt Drake, who died in 1874 at the early age of twenty- eight from the malaria of the Jericho valley, where he was at the time engaged in the service of the Society. In this journey, which the travellers accomplished alone and disguised as natives, a con- siderable number of the stations referred to in the history of the wanderings of the Israelites were located, and other important discoveries and observations were made. A word must here be given to the labours of M. Clermont- Ganneau, now Professor of the Institut de France, who at that time was in Jerusalem in the French Diplomatic Service, and who did 208 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND much valuable work on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund in the early seventies. The results of this work have been collected by the Society into two handsome volumes, so that it is un- necessary to allude to them here at length ; we must not, however, omit to notice his identification of the site of Gezer, with the recent excavation of which the present book is more directly concerned. 1872-80. In 1872 the magnum opus, to which all the preceding work was to a certain extent preliminary, was seriously begun. This was a detailed ordnance map of the whole country. It occupied the full attention of the Fund for many years. The survey party was first com- manded by Captain Stewart and Mr Tyrwhitt Drake ; but the former was invalided almost at the beginning, and B.S. 209 14 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE the latter died, as already mentioned, in 1874. Their places were taken by ColonerConder, whose name is a household word among all interested in BibHcal researches ; and Lieutenant Kitchener, now Lord Kitchener of Khartoum. The work was temporarily interrupted by a murder- ous attack made on the party by the natives of Safed in June, 1875 ; but it was shortly afterwards resumed, and the map was completed in 1880, eight years after its commencement. In the following years seven large quarto volumes were published, containing all the archaeo- logical, zoological, and other observations made during the survey. We cannot here pause to analyse or describe the scope of the work ; it will be sufficient to quote the words of Sir Walter Besant, the late secretary of the Fund : " Nothing 210 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND " has ever been done for the illustration " and right understanding of the his- " torical portions of the Old and New " Testaments, since the translation into " the vulgar tongue, which may be com- " pared with this great work." 1881. In 1881 the companion survey of Eastern Palestine was commenced by Colonel Gonder. The political conditions, however, were at the time unfavourable to such work in that region, and it was soon found necessary to abandon the undertaking, the results of which, so far as they had gone, were published in 1883. Some important identifications, including that of Kadesh, were made during the few weeks in which Colonel Conder was allowed to work in the country east of Jordan. 1883-4. Though, as is perhaps natural, 211 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE topography and archaeology have been the principal fields in which the Society has worked, it has never been forgetful that there are other equally important fields which come within its scope. One of these branches of investigation is the geology of the country, and with this in view a party, under the leadership of Professor Hull, was sent out in 1883. The complex geology of the district be- tween the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Akabah was for the first time system- atically worked out by this expedition. 1885-90. For the five years from 1885 to 1890 the Society continued to publish in the Quarterly Statement regular reports and investigations, contributed by residents in Palestine and others, though no formal expedition was under- taken. Among the contributors may be 212 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND mentioned Dr Schumacher, well known for his detailed surveys of different dis- tricts in Palestine ; Canon Tristram, the late eminent naturalist; Dr Merrill, United States Consul at Jerusalem, and leader of an American survey expedition, which independently did good work east of the Jordan ; and Dr Conrad Schick, who for over fifty years resided in Jerusalem, and made a close study of all its many problems. Among the discoveries of these years may be mentioned that of a reservoir, by many identified with the Pool of Beth- esda, and the famous " Alexander " sar- cophagus at Sidon. 1890-92. Hitherto the work of the Palestine Exploration Fund had mainly consisted of surface observations, accom- panied here and there by comparatively 213 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE insignificant excavations.^ The year 1890 marks an era in the history of its work. In this year for the first time it obtained an Imperial firman for excavating one of the four or five hundred tells, or mounds of rubbish, in which the cities of the IsraeUtes and of the other ancient races of Palestine lie concealed. The selection fell on Tell el-Hesy, the Biblical Lachish ; and the director chosen was Dr Flinders Petrie, the eminent excavator of Egypt. Dr Petrie held the firman for a few weeks only, during which time he determined the main details of the strati- fication of the mound, and laid down the principles on which objects found in Palestinian mounds may be dated. He was succeeded in the work by Dr Fred- 1 Excepting, of course, Warren's work at Jeru- salem. 214 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND erick Bliss, who till 1901 was the repre- sentative of the Society. The excavation of the site of Lachish first revealed what a wealth of material was awaiting the spade of the digger in the mounds of Palestine. Beside the un- earthing of many individual objects of interest — chief among which was the famous cuneiform tablet, the first to be found in Palestinian soil — the main lines were determined on which the investiga- tion of an ancient Palestinian city must be carried out. 1894-97. After the completion of the work at Lachish the Society again turned its attention to Jerusalem, and Dr Bliss, with the assistance of Mr Archi- bald Dickie as architect and draughtsman, worked there for three years. The work was not so richly supported as Warren's 215 i PREVIOUS WORK OF THE work had been, in the early years of enthusiasm ; but still a large amount of systematic research was carried on, and many important discoveries were made, chief among which was the course of Nehemiah's wall, and the church built by the Empress Eudocia over the Pool of Siloam. 1898-1900. In 1898 Dr Bhss, assisted by the present writer (who succeeded Mr Dickie as architect), commenced an important series of excavations in the Hill Country of Judaea. Four mounds were partially excavated, including the probable sites of Azekah, Gath, and Mareshah (the city of the prophet Micah). An immense amount of material was unearthed ; among the most important was the first Ganaanite High Place ever found, and an inscription of Arsinoe. 216 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND 1902^. In 1901 Dr Bliss resigned his connexion with the Fund. In 1902, after the completion of the memoir on the previous season's excavation, the examina- tion of Gezer, identified some thirty years before by M. Clermont- Ganneau, was commenced under the author's direction. It is unnecessary here to describe this work, as some of its principal results are detailed in the preceding pages. During this period of activity, the work of the Society had continued to profit by the labours of investigators other than its official representatives. The Quarterly Statement of these years contains a most valuable series of papers and descriptions of new discoveries. We may mention, as a small selection from this mass of mate- rial, the brilliant articles on archaeological subjects by M. Clermont - Ganneau ; Dr 217 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE Masterman's researches and observations on the level of the Dead Sea ; Mr Balden- sperger's accounts of the daily life of the modern inhabitants ; Mr Hanauer's col- lections of folklore ; the late Dr Glaisher's papers on meteorology ; the description of the wonderful painted tombs at Beit Jibrin, found by Drs Thiersch and Peters ; and Miss Gladys Dickson's re- markable discovery of the tomb of Nicanor of Alexandria, an eminent benefactor to Herod's temple. In an appendix to this book will be found a classified list of all the publications issued directly by the Palestine Explora- tion Fund, or under its auspices ; so that the reader who may wish to learn further details concerning the results of any of the researches that have been briefly summarized in this chapter will know 218 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND where to find the information he is seeking. In the present work we have confined ourselves to one task only — the recent exploration of Gezer — and have considered it entirely from the point of view of the Bible reader. Even from this standpoint much that might be said has, from considerations of space, been omitted. For the present we have passed over in silence all the lessons the mound has to teach regarding the general history of civilization, art and religion. AS a pendant to the foregoing brief account of the activities of the Palestine Ex- ploration Fund, we subjoin a classified and priced catalogue of the works that have been pub- lished directly by itself or under its auspices, in which the results of the researches of its officers, 219 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE supporters and contributors, are set forth in full :— I. History of the Society and Record OF ITS Work and Progress. The Quarterly Statement. Issued quarterly to subscribers from April, 1869. (2s. 6d. each part). Index to the Quarterly Statement, 1869- 92. (2s.). Besant, Sir Walter, Thirty Years' Work. (3s. U.). Our Work in Palestine. (Out of print). The City and the Land ; Seven Lec- tures on the Work of the P.E.F. (3s. M.). Harper, The Bible and Modern Dis- coveries. (Is. Qd.). II. Wilson's Expedition. Published in letters issued to sub- scribers. (Out of print). III. Warren's Expedition to Jerusalem. Warren, Underground Jerusalem. (Out of print). The Recovery of Jerusalem. (Out of print). Jerusalem volume in the Survey Me- moirs. (Out of print). 220 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND IV. Palmer and Drake's Exploration. See The Quarterly Statement for 1872. Palmer, Desert of the Exodus. V. Ganneau's Researches. Clermont-Ganneau, A rchaeological Researches in Palestine. (2 vols. £5 5s.). VI. The Survey of Western Palestine. Map of Western Palestine, 1 inch to the mile. (26 sheets and port- folio, £3 3s. ; single sheets, 2s.). For smaller Maps founded on the Survey see the official list issued by the Society. Relief Map, f inch to the mile. (£13 13s.). Smaller Relief Map, 6^ miles to the inch. (£6 6s.). Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine. (3 vols. 4to. Out of print). Name Lists in Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine. (1 vol. 4to. Out of print). Special Papers in Memoirs of the Sur- vey of Western Palestine. (1 vol. 4to. (Out of print). 221 PREVIOUS WORK OF THE Jerusalem in Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine. (1 vol. 4to. Out of print). Tristram, Flora and Fauna of Pales- tine. (£3 3s.). Gonder, Tent Work in Palestine. (6s.). Armstrong, Names and Places in the Old and New Testaments, and their Modern Identification. (6s.). VII. The Survey of Eastern Palestine. Gonder, The Survey of Eastern Pales- tine. (£3 3s.). Heth and Moab. (6s.). VIII. The Geological Survey. Hart, Fauna and Flora of Sinai. (£2 2s.). Hull, The Geology of Palestine. (£1 Is.). Mount Seir. (Out of print). IX. The Tell-el-Hesy Excavation. Petrie, Lachish. (Out of print). Bliss, A Mound of many Cities. {6s.). X. Dr Bliss' Excavations at Jerusalem AND in Judaea. Bliss and Dickie, Excavations at Jeru- salem. (12s. 6d.). Bliss and Macalister, Excavations in Palestine. (£2 10s.). 222 PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND XI. Dr Schumacher's Surveys. Schumacher, Across the Jordan. (Out of print). The Jaulan (6s.). Ahila, Pella, and Northern Ajlun. (6s.). XII. Miscellaneous Works on Palestinian History and Antiquities. Conder, The Tell Amarna Tablets. (5s.). Syrian Stone Lore. (6s.). Warren, The Ancient Cubit, (bs. 6d.). Conder, Judas Maccabaeus. (is. 6d.). Besant and Palmer. The City of Herod and Saladin. (Is. 6d.). Conder, The Latin Kingdom of Jeru- salem, 1099-1291 A.D. (75. 6d.). Beha ed-Din, The Life of Saladin. (9s.). The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims^ Text Society. (13 vols. £10 10s.). Le Strange, Palestine under the Mos- lems. (16s.). Thiersch and Peters, Painted Tombs at Marissa. (£2 2s.). The Office and Museum of the Palestine Exploration Fund are at 38, Conduit Street, London, W. 223 INDEX Ablution, Ceremonial, 66 Abd-Khiba, 29 Accumulation of Debris, 10, 11 Achan, 49, 121 Ahaz, 75, 111, 159 Alkios, 23 Altar, 55 ; at Taanach, 55 ; Votive, from Gezer, 176 Altar-hearths, 61 Amaziah, 159 Amulets, 104 Anointing of stones, 72 Antiochus IV, 176 Arabs, 27, 37 Asherah, 64 Assyrian Occupation of Gezer, 35 Astrate, Worship of, 77 ; two-homed, 77 Azekah, 216 Bacchides, 36, 144, 178; bastion of, 144 Baths, Syrian, 196 Besant, Sir Walter, 210 Beth-El, 113 B.S. 225 Bethlehem, 160 Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, 156 Bliss, Dr. Frederick, 215 Boundary Inscriptions of Gezer, 23 Brazen Serpent, 76 Bread, 102 Calf, Golden, 109-117"; Origin of Worship, 112 ; Shrines of, erected by Jeroboam, 113 Camel Food, 93 Canaanites, 27 ; Condition of society among, 11 Capture of Gezer by Thothmes III, 28 ; by Solomon's father-in-law, 32, 144; by Simon Maccabaeus, 180 ; by the Syrians, 181, 196 Cave-dwellers, 25, 41-50 ; their physical characters, 43 ; their habitations, 43 ; furniture, 44 ; pot- tery, 45 ; flint knives, 15 INDEX 45 ; religion, 46 ; sacri- fices, 47 ; disposal of the dead, 48 Children, sacrifice of, 73, 170 Cisterns, 84 Clermont-Ganneau, Prof. Charles, 18, 19,21, 22, 208 Conception of Deity among the Israelites, 114 Conder, Col., 210 Contract tablets from Gezer, 33 Contrasts between Euro- pean and Palestinian Cities, 15 ; between ancient and modern Palestine, 86, 97 Copyists, Errors of, 151 ; materials for their cor- rection, 152 Corn-grinders, 102 Cow-figures from Gezer, 115 Cremation, 48 Crusaders, 37, 184 Dan, 113 David, 31 Destruction of Antiquities in Palestine, 198 Dowry of Wives, 34 Drake, Mr. Tsnrwhitt, 208, 209. Eastern Palestine, survey of, 211 Egypt, influence of, 27 ; the bull divinity of, not identical with the golden calf, 116 En-Dor, witch of, 69 Ephraimites, 31 Evil Eye, 104 Excavation, methods of, 8, 181 ; of Megiddo, 168, 170 ; of Taanach (see Taanach) ; of Lachish, 214 ; at Jerusalem, 206, 215 ; in Judsea, 216 ; of Gezer, 217 First-born, devotion of, 74 Foundation sacrifices, 166; in Palestine, 168 Gath, excavation of, 216 Genealogies in 1 Chron., 149 Geological Survey work in Palestine, 212 Gezer, position of, 7 ; cap- tures of (see Capture) ; High Place at, 64 ; ex- cavation of, 217 Golden Calf (see Calf) Granaries, 93 Grove (see Asherah) Grove, Sir George, 204 226 INDEX Herod's temple, inscrip- tion of, 207 Hezekiah, 159 Hiel, 165 High Place, at Gezer, 54 ; sacred cave in, 67 ; wor- ship in, described by- Isaiah, 71 Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 58, 69 Horites, 41-50 ; con- trasted with Rephaitn, 43 Household gods, 13, 98, 105 Houses, Palestinian, 95 Hurwasi, 34 Hushai, his advice to Absalom, 61 Joash, 158 Joshua, 24, 30 Josiah, 75 Jotham, 159 Judaism, Pagan influences upon, 176 Judsea, excavations in (see Excavations) Kamak, inscription at, '28 Elissing of stones and images, 58 Kitchener, Lord, 210 Laban, 84, 94, 98, 104 Lachish, 30 (see also Excavation) Laver, 66 Identification of site of Gezer, 18, 209 Implements, bronze, 103 Isaac, sacrifice of, 62, 74 Israelites, 27 ; their con- ception of Deity, 114 Jachin and Boaz, 64 Jacob, 63, 72 Jarhandles, inscriptions on, 152-5, 160 Jericho, 165 Jeroboam, 112 Jerusalem, excavations at (see Excavations) Maccabees, Revolt of, 177 (see also Simon Mac- cabaeus) Magic, sympathetic, 195 Manasseh, 36, 75 Mareshah, excavation of, 216 Meat, preparation of, 101 Megiddo (see Excavation) Memshath, 158 Meren-Ptah, state of, 30 Mesha, King of Moab, 60, 74 Methods of excavation (see Excavation) 227 INDEX Moabite stone, 60, 207 Moleoh, 75 Nethaniah, 35 Numbers, Sacred, 63 Objection to work of Palestine Exploration Fund answered, 1 Oracles, 68, 69 Ornaraents, 104 Ovens, baking, 102 Pahath-Moab, 160 Palace of Simon Macca- baeus, 36, 181 Palestine Exploration Fund, objection to work of, answered, 1 ; museum of, 123 ; Quarterly State- ment, 2, 152, 155, 188; history of, 203-219 ; foundation of, 203 ; con- stitution of, 203 ; pub- lications of, 219-223 ; office of, 223 Palmer, Professor, 208 Pampras, imprecation of, 194 Petrie, Professor Flinders, 67, 214 Philistines, 31, 128 ; triumph sbng of, 128 ; temple of, its structure, 129 ; tombs of, 197 Pillars, 57 ; meaning of 63 ; erection of, for- bidden, 64 Position of Gezer, 7 Pottery, 100 Presents given to Rebekah, 92 Querns, 103 Raid of Simeonites, 159 Rebekah, 83-106 Refuse of sacrifices, re- ceptacle for, 71 Rephaim, 43 Romans, 37 Sacred numbers, 63 Sacrifice among cave- dwellers, 47 ; of swine, 48"; of Isaac, 62, 74; of children (see Children) ; refuse of, 71 ; foundation, 166 ; human, symbolic- ally represented, 171 Samson, 127-138 Saul, 49, 69 Sawing asunder, 76 Seals, 104 Seir, 41 Semitic immigrants, 27 Sepulchre (see Holy Sepulchre) Serpent, brazen, 76 Shebaniah, 158 228 INDEX Simeonites, raid of, 159 Simon Maccabaeus, 33, 36, 179 (see also Captiire, Palace) Smith, Professor G. A., 53, 77, 116 Solomon, 32, 111, 143 Stewart, Captain, 209 Stones, standing (see Pillars) : Superstitions, 104, 105, 195 Survey of Western Pales- tine, 209 ; of Eastern Palestine, 211 ; Geolog- ical, 212 Swine, sacrifice of, 48 Symbolical representation of human sacrifices, 171 Syrians, capture of Gezer by (see Capture) Taanach, ruin of a house at, 13, 105 ; altar fovmd at, 55 Tablets, contract, from Gezer, 33 Tell el-Amama letters, 11, 28,60 Tell el-Hesy (see Lachish) Tell el-jezar, 19, 24 (see also Gezer) Thothmes III, 26, 28 Tombs, Philistine, 197 Tongue of gold, 122 Towers, 143 Trophy, pillar stone set up as, 60 Troughs, 91 Uzziah, 159 Walls, city, 141-145 Warren, General Sir Charles, 206 Water, methods of draw- ing and carrying, 88 Wedge of gold, 122 Wells, 85 Western Palestine, survey of, 209 Wilson, General Sir Charles, 205 Witch of En-Dor, 69 Women, separation of, 97 Writing, 33, 101 Yapakhi, King of Gezer, 29 229 INDEX OF SCRIPTURE REFERENCES PAGE PAGE Gen. xiv. 6 . . 41 Lev. xi 7 . . . . 48 XV. 16 . . 53 xviii. 21 . . . 75 xxii. 1 . . 74 XX. 2 . . . 75 2 . . 62 Deut. i. 28 . . . 141 xxiv. 16 . . 85 i . 12 . . 41, 43 24 . . 83' 22 . . . 41 28 . . 97 xvi. 22 . . . 64 47 92. 104 xxviii. 54, 5( 5 . 104 57 . . 97 Joshua vi. 26 . . . 168 xxviii. 18 . . 72 vii. 21 . . . 121 22 . . 63 - 25. . . 49 xxix. 3 . . . 85 X. 33 . . 31 XXX. 14 . . .105 xvi. 3 . . 31 xxxi. 15 . . 35 10. . 31 19 . . . 98 xxi. 21. . 31 XXXV. 4 . . .105 Judges i. 29 . . 31 14 . . 72 V. 19 . . 13 xxxvi. 20 . . 41 vi. 25, 28 . . 65 Exod. xiii. 13 . . . 75 XVI. 24 . . 128 XX. 18, ] 19 . . 110 26 . . 129 24 . . . 55 29 . . 137 xxiii. 24 . . 64 30 . . 127 xxiv. 14 . . 110 1 Sam. vii. 3, 4 . . 77 xxix. 12 . . 48 xxviii. 7-2 5 . 69 XXX. 18- 21 . . 67 xxxi. 12 . . 49 xxxii. 4 . . 109 2 Sam. xvii. 13, U I . 62 231 INDEX 1 Kings vi. 16 vii. 2 . 21 ix. 16 xi. 33 xii. 25-33 xiii. 1 xvi. 34 xix. 18 xxii. 22 2 Kings iii. 27 xii. 4-16 xvi. 3 xvii. 10 24 xviii. 4 xxi. 6 xxiii. 10 1 Chron. ii. 52, 54 iv. 14-23 152, 39 xi. 18 xiv. 16 XX. 3 4 PAGE 69 137 64 32, 143 77 113 115 165 59 70 74 158 75 65 110' 76 75 75 158 149, 158, 160 169 47 32 76 31, 197 2 Chron. xxvi. 10 . xxviii. 23 xxxui. 11 Ezra ii. 6 . viii. 4 X. 30 . Neh. iii. 11 vii. 11 X. 14 . Isa. viii. 19 Ivii. 5 . Ixv. 4 . Ixvi. 3 Jer. vii. 18 xliv. 17 Hosea iii. 4 X. 1-6 xiii. 2 Amos vi. 10 Micah vi. 7 1 Mac. ix. 52 xiii. 43-48 Matt. v. 14 Heb. ix. 10 xi. 37 PAGE 159 159 36 160 160 160 160 160 160 70 71 48 48 48 48 64 115 115 49 75 144 175 11 67 76 Sutler &• TaHH€r Tht Stlwood Printing Works Frame and London