WHO' -THE-Y WERE Lv ii/-..,^ ^ tt.eT Din '"'^"Y DID IT 1 3 S' o CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library D S70.S62 A.E.F. 3 1924 027 816 770 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027816770 THE A. E. F. SERvicto» Supply ©g. w. j. &co. OisTsicTOf Paris GlN("*L Ht*0(|U*l)TlR& Camouflagi StcnoN RtStRVtMftLLtT THE A. E. F. WHO THEY WERE WHAT THEY DID HOW THEY DID IT BY WILLIS ROWLAND SKILLMAN FORMERLY OF 7Stb DIVISION, U. S. ARMY PHILADELPHIA GEORGE W. JACOBS & COMPANY PUBLISHEJIS Copyright, 1920, by George W. Jacohs & Company 3X1 7^56 ' AW rights reserved Printed m U. S. A. TO MY MOTHER FOREWORD We all have hobbies. Some of us who have been in the service have developed a hobby for "ducking" details (i. e. avoiding work), others for concocting new rumors to spread among the more credulous of our "buddies." My partic- ular hobby has been to accumulate, not guns and helmets, but facts and figures. During the twenty months I have been in the Army, I have been stocking my little note-book with bits of information about army organization, divisions, insignia, casualties, dates, awards of medals, and a dozen other subjects of interest to soldiers. While in the dugouts, billets and hospitals in France and in the demobilization camps in the United States, my little scrap book often came into prominence during arguments and discus- sions, and many expressed the wish that they had the items of my little book in some permanent form. One "buddy" said, "Why not let your scrap book be a scrap book for us all?" Acting upon this suggestion, I decided to rearrange the information of my little book, verify it, add new items of interest, and explain in terms any civilian 7 8 FOREWOED can Tinderstand the system by wMcli the American Army accomplished its work in France. As a re- sult of this work, I have gathered together for the boys of the A. E. F. and their hundred million American friends the following facts, figures and reminiscences. If the pages of this little book bring a clearer conception of the Great War and of the work of the American Expeditionary Forces: if the insignia call to mind the achievements of each division: if the reminiscences bring back a bit of the good fellowship of the old days, my little book shall not have failed in its mission. Philadelphia, November, 1919. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT In compiling this little volume every available safeguard lias been used to insure the accuracy of the facts, figures and insignia contained there- in. The author begs to offer grateful acknowl- edgment to the following persons who have gen- erously assisted him: To Colonel C. W. Weeks and Mr. E. S. Thomas of the Historical Branch of the Army War College for valued assistance and suggestions. To Major J. M. Swing, Assistant to the Chief of Staff, for certain records and reports and helpful suggestions. To Mr. Aaron Rachofsky and his assistants in the War Department News Bureau and to Mrs. B. B. McCliment of the Adjutant General's of- fice, for tables of statistics, data on divisions, and other valuable information. To the Stars cmd Stripes, that most excellent paper of the A. E. F., for several tables indicated in the text. Finally to my publishers for their generous as- sistance and suggestions in the preparation of this book. 9 10 PEEFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT If despite precautions, error is discovered within the pages of this book or any insignia has been omitted the author will consider it a personal favor to be advised of such inaccuracy in order that correction may be made in subsequent edi- tions. Willis R. Skillman. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE A Soldier's Survey of the World War 13 How the War Started — Notable Dates in the His- tory of the War — ^Nations Engaging in the World Conflict — Men in Arms and Casualties of the World War— Extent of Front Line Held by the Various Na- tions—The Cost of the War. CHAPTER II America's Part in the World War 23 Why the United States Entered the War — ^Ameri- can Red Letter Days in the World War — Army Or- ganization — Growth of the Army and Sources of Growth — America's Losses in the World War — Greatest Strength of U. S. Forces in Important Wars — ^U. S. Casualties dn Important Wars — A. E. F. Battle Losses Compared with Battle Losses in the Civil War. CHAPTER III System of Command 37 Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces — ^How an Offensive Battle Is Fought — The Zone Sys- tem — The Three Armies — The Nine Army Corps — Troops Engaged in Actual Combat — The Twelve Greatest Engagements of the American Forces — Prisoners and Guns Captured by American Troops. CHAPTER IV The American Divisions 58 The Division as a Fighting Unit — Strength and Equipment of a Division — Organization and Work of a Division — Brief Histories of the American Di- ll 12 CONTENTS FAOE visions — Statistics of Battle Deaths and Prisoners by Divisions — Replacements to American Divisions — Distinguished Service Crosses Awarded to Divisions — ^Kilometers Advanced by Various Combat Divisions. CHAPTER V The Branches of the Service 114 Increasing Complexity of Military Work — Growth of the Army by Branch of Service — ^Work and In- signia of the Following Branches of the Service: Infantry and Machine Gun Battalions; Engineer Corps; Artillery, Field and Coast; Ammunition Train; Medical Department; Quartermaster Depart- ment; Ordnance Department; Signal Corps; Cavalry; Air Service; Motor Transport Service; Tank Corps; Chemical Warfare Service; Other Branches — ^Battle Deaths by Branch of Service — ^D. S. C. Awards by Branch of Service. CHAPTER VI Abmt Honors and Symbols 147 Medals and Awards in the A. E. F. — Foreign Medals and Awards — OfiBcers' Insignia of Rank — Pay of Officers and Enlisted Men — Chevrons, Service and Wound Stripes, Brassards and Hat Cords — Army Brieflets. CHAPTER VII Reminiscences 163 Famous Initials — French that Every Soldier Knew — Confidential Guide (What Not to Feed the Returned Soldiers) — General Orders (Revised) — Lest We Forget — ^Rumors — Familiar Expressions — Comfy Hospital— Who Won the War? APPENDIX Units Comprising the Division 180 Index 185 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Shoulder Insignia of the U. S. Army (Colored) Frontispiece FAOINQ PAQE General Pershing 36 Chart Sho'wing Coordination of Military Forces at the Time of the Grand Allied Offensive of Sept. 26, 1918 40 Diagram of Battle Formation 44 Map Showing Where the Twelve Greatest Battles Were Fought 56 CoUar Insignia of the Branches of the Service .... 114 Officer's Insignia of Kank 150 Chevrons 152 13 CHAPTER I A soldier's survey of the world war When the Serbian student fired the automatic pistol that killed the Archduke of Austria-Hun- gary, the world little realized that this assassi- nation was the spark which was destined to kindle the greatest military conflagration in history. The world little realized on that June day that five weeks later Europe would be aflare with war, and that within a little more than four years twenty-eight nations would have taken up arms. It little knew that war or war work would be the occupation of more than eighty per cent of the population of the world; that war would be car- ried to every continent, and that war would be waged on or under every sea; that war debts amounting to more than two hundred billion dol- lars would be accumulated; that more than seven million men would be slain in battle, and that seventeen million more would be wounded or would die of disease. Such has been the cost of the World War — a war in which autocracy was destined to be 13 14 THE A. E. F. crushed and the forces of liberty and democracy triumph; a war in which the race of competitive armaments would be run to the finish ; a war which would give birth to the League of Nations, the world's first bond of nations mutually agreed to enforce peace. Herewith are presented in chronological order the most important events of the World War. NOTABLE DATES IN THE HISTORY OF THE WAR 1914 June 28 Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand as- sassinated at Sarajevo. July 23 Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia. July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. July 29 Austria attacks Serbia. July 31 Russia orders general mobilization. August 1 Germany declares war on Russia. August 2 Germany sends ultimatum to Belgium de- manding free passage for troops across Belgium. August 3 Germany declares war on France. August 4 ...... Germany invades and overruns Belgium. August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany. August 6 City of Liege falls. August 6 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. August 10 France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12 Great Britain declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. September 6 . . . . French stop Germans at Marne. October 10 Antwerp falls. November 5 Great Britain declares war on Turkey. December 24 ... . First German air raid on England. THE A. E. F. 15 1915 January 1 to February 15 . . Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians. April 23 Germans first use poison gas. May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk ; 1^34 lost, (114 Americans). May 23 Italy declares war on Germany. August 4 Germans take Warsaw. October 12 Edith CaveU executed. October 13 Bulgaria enters war allied with Central Powers. 1916 February 22 .... German drive for Verdun begins. May 31 British win Jutland battle. July 1 Allies begin Somme offensive. September 14 British first use tanks. October 24 French stop Verdun drive. December 19 Allies reject German "negotiated peace" offer. 1917 January 31 Grermany announces "unrestricted" subma- rine warfare. April 6 United States declares war on Germany. Aug^t 15 Peace proposals of Pope Benedict revealed. August 28 United States rejects Pope's peace proposal. September 20 British defeat Germans at Tpres. October 24 to December 1 . . . Great German- Austrian drive into Italy. November 22 to December 13 ..Cambrai offensive; Cambrai taken Novem- ber 26. December 2 . . . . German counter-attack compels British to give up one-fourth of ground gained in Cambrai offensive. 16 THE A, E. F. December 7 . . . . United States declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. December 8 British capture Jerusalem. December 14 ... . German armistice with Russia effective. 1918 January 5 President Wilson announces "14 peace points." February 5 Troop ship Tuscania torpedoed (loss, 101) . February 6 Allied naval forces bombard Ostend. March 21 German drive on Amiens starts. March 29 German "mystery gun" kills 75 in Paris. April 4 Germans start Channel port drive. May 5 Austrians start drive on Italy. May 27 Germans start drive on Mame. June 1 Germans cross Mame, 46 miles from Paris. July 15 Last German offensive ; up Mame toward Paris. July 18 Foch counter-offensive begins. August 2 French retake Soissons. August 20 French advance between Gise and Aisne. August 30 Germans driven across Somme. September 8 . . . British regain positions lost in March. September 12 . . . First AU- American offensive at St Mihiel. September 26 . . . Americans begin Argonne offensive. September 29 . . . Americans smash Hindenburg line. September 30 . . . Bulgaria surrenders to the Allies. October 1 French take St. Quentin. October 5 . i . . . Germans abandon Lille. October 21 ..... Allies cross the Oise. November 1 . . . Turkey surrenders. November 3 . . . Austria surrenders. November 6 . . . Allies advance along line from Belgian borders to the Meuse. Americans occupy Sedan. THE A. E. F. 17 November 10 ... Kaiser and Crown Prince flee to Holland. November 11 . , . Germany signs the armistice. 1919 April 29 League of Nations completed and unani- mously adopted as part of Peace Treaty. May 7 : Peace treaty submitted to Germany. June 28 Germany signs Peace Treaty. The events wMch liave just been recorded eventually drew twenty-eight nations to take part in the World Conflict. What nations these were, what their population was at the last census, and the date on which they entered the war is re- corded in the following table. NATIONS IN WOELD WAR POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTEEED WAR Allies Nation Population Date Entered War Serbia 4,600,000 July 28, 1914 Russia 182,182,600 August 1, 1914 France 39,601,509 August 3, 1914 British Empire ... 437,947,432 August 4, 1914 Belgium 7,571,387 August 4, 1914 Montenegro 520,000 August 9, 1914 Japan 56,860,735 August 23, 1914 Portugal 5,957,985 March 9, 1915 Italy 36,546,437 May 24, 1915 San Marino 10,000 May 24, 1915 Roumania 7,508,009 August 27, 1916 18 THE A. E. F. NATIONS IN WOELD WAR (Continued) POPULATION AND DATE EACH ENTERED WAB Nation Allies Population Date Entered War TTnited States 103,500,473 April 6, Cuba 2,406,117 April 7, Panama 386,891 April 7, Greece 4,821,300 July 2, Siam 6,000,000 July 22, Oberia 2,060,000 August 4, China 320,620,000 August 14, Brazil 24,628,429 October 26, Guatemala Nicaragua Costa Bica Hayti Honduras 2,092,824 April 21, 700,000 May 7, 425,000 May 24, 2,030,000 July 12, 592,675 July 19, 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1917 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 Total Population Allied Nations. .1,249,559,803 Central Powers Nation Population Date Entered War Austria 29,193,293 July 28, 1914 Germany 67,812,000 August 1, 1914 Turkey 21,247,000 November 5, 1914 Bulgaria 5,517,700 October 14, 1915 Total 123,769,993 Total Population of the Allied Nations 1,249,557,803 Total Population of the Central Powers 123,769,993 Grand Total 1,373,328,796 World Population (1910) 1,692,000,000 THE A. E. F. 19 In addition to the 24 nations which were allied against the Central Powers, the following nations severed diplomatic relations but did not declare war: Bolivia San Domingo Ecuador Uruguay Peru Of the twenty-eight nations which severed diplo- matic relations fourteen took some part in the great struggle centered in Europe. Nine of these nations suffered casualties. Which nations these were ; how many men each nation had under arms ; how many of the men of the various nations died in battle ; and the total casualties of each nation, are shown in the following table: MEN IN ARMS AND CASUALTIES OE THE WOELD WAR Allies Men in Died in Total Anns Battle Casualties United States 3,670,088 48,369 289,710 British Empire 7,500,000 ^ 706,700 3,049,991 France 6,000,000 1,385,300 4,000,000 Italy 5,000,000 460,000 2,000,000 Belgium 350,000 102,000 300,000 Serbia and Montenegro. 300,000 100,000 200,000 Roumania 600,000 100,000 300,000 Russia 14,000,000 1,700,000 5,000,000 Total Alli es 37,425,888 4,602,369 15,139,692 1 Includes British Navy. 20 THE A. E. F. Central Powers Men in Died in Total Arms Battle Casualties Germany 11,000,000 1,600,000 4,000,000 Austria 7,500,000 800,000 4,500,000 Turkey 1,500,000 250,000 750,000 Bulgaria 1,000,000 100,000 200,000 Total Central Powers. 21,000,000 2,750,000 9,450,000 Grand Total 58,425,888 7,352,369 24,589,692 Figures unofficial except for the British Empire, France and the United States. In comparing the part that the various allied nations had in holding the front line of the West- em Front against the Germans and Austrians, the following two tables are interesting, the first showing the extent of the American front in kilo- meters, the second showing the rate of increase in per cent of the front held hy the United States during the last year of the war. KILOMETERS OF FRONT LINE HELD BY ARMIES OF EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 Belgian French British U.S. Total January 31 37 520 187 10 754 April 30 37 580.5 133 51.5 802 June 30 37 591.5 133 92.5 854 July 30 37 511.5 148 109.5 806 August 30 37 422.5 140 145 744.5 September 30... 46 414.8 133 132.2 726 October 30 24 398.9 110 127.1 660 November 11.... 40 354.75 113 134.25 642 THE A. E. F. 21 PER CENT OF TOTAL FRONT HELD BY ARMIES OF EACH NATION AT DIFFERENT DATES IN 1918 Belgian French British U.S. January 31 5 69 25 1 April 30 5 72 17 6 June 30 4 69 16 11 July 30 5 63 18 14 August 30 5 56 19 20 September 30 6 58 18 18 October 30 4 60 17 19 November 11 6 55 18 21 COST OF THE WAR The following figures of war expenditures, kindly furnished by Leonard P. Ayres, Colonel, General Staff, Chief Statistics Branch, give the limits within which the correct figures will fall. The first column gives the total cost of conducting the war up till April 30th, 1919. The second col- umn gives the total loans to Allies. All figures are in billions of dollars. War Expenditures United States 22 Great Britain & Colonies. . . 36-40 France 24-28 Russia 18-20 Italy 12-14 Germany 37-39 Total 149-163 Loans to Allies 9 7 2 18 22 THE A. E. F. The cost of the war can also be approximated by showing the public debt. Public Debt Allies Central Powers $145,000,000,000 $45,000,000,000 The war expenses of the United States amounted to about one million dollars an hour. The total cost of the war to all nations has re- cently been estimated at one hundred and eighty- five billion dollars. CHAPTER II / amebica's part in the WOBU) wab When the conflagration of war broke out in Europe in the summer of 1914, few Americans realized how deeply the vital interests of the United States would become involved in the struggle. On first appearances, the war seemed to be purely a European affair, a breaking out of the sore of militarism that had been festering in the heart of Europe for a score of years. At first, there seemed little reason for America to depart from her traditional policy of letting Europe settle her own difficulties, and in those early days few indeed were those who felt that America should then plunge into the war. Within a few months, however, the issues of the war began to clarify ; the rumors as to the German outrages in Belgium and France were proved to be based on terrible truth ; the whispering of Ger- many's world ambitions grew into the rumble of war as Germany's Mexican and Japanese plots w^ere dragged to light. When American citizens were murdered on the high seas by German sub- 23 24 THE A. E. F. marines, and American ships were sunk, the war clouds grew darker and more menacing. When, in the early days of 1917, Germany announced her policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, thereby tearing up the basic international law of the freedom of the seas and flinging the fragments into the face of civilization, the flash of fire touched the Western hemisphere. America un- sheathed her sword and plunged into the fight for Civilization, for Democracy, for International Decency. The stirring events that preceded and followed America's declaration of war are here recorded in chronological order. AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1914 August 4 President Wilson declares neutrality of United States. 1915 February 10 U. S. sends note holding German Govern- ment to strict accountability if any U. S. vessel is destroyed or any American citi- zens lose their lives. May 7 Lusitania torpedoed and sunk. 114 Ameri- cans lose their lives. December 4 United States demands recall of Captain Karl Boy-ed (Naval Attache) and Cap- tain Franz von Papen (Military Attache). Recalled Depember 13. THE A. E. F. 25 AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR (Continued) 1916 March 24 French steamer Sussex sunk; 80 lost. June 3 National Defense Act passed. 1917 January 19 Cable to German Ambassador intercepted, re- vealing German plot to embroil the U. S. in war with Mexico and Japan. January 31 Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare within specified zones. February 3 United States severs diplomatic relatione with Germany; Bernstorff dismissed. April 6 United States declares war on Germany. April 8 Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with United States. April 9 American flag carried into battle at Vimy Ridge by Gunner Wm. G. Clancy, serv- ing with Canadians. May 4 American destroyers begin cooperation with British Navy in the war zone. May 8 Base Hospital Unit No. 4 sailed for France. May 18 Selective Service Act signed. May 28 General Pershing and Staff sail for France aboard Baltic. June 5 10,000,000 Americans 21-31 years register for selective military service. June 26 First American troops reach France. July 20 Drawing at Washington of numbers for first army under selective service. October 23 First American artillery shot fired by Bat- tery C, 6th F. A. (1st Division), in Lune- ville sector, Lorraine. October 24 Americans take position in front lines, near Sommerville; 1st Battalion of 26th Inf., 26 THE A. E. F. AMERICAN RED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1918 (Continued) 1st Div., under command of Major Theo- dore Roosevelt, Jr. November 3. ...First American battle casualties: Corporal Gresham; Privates Enright and Hay kiUed. November 17. ... 101st Engineers, 26fch Division, aid British troops to repulse German attack near Cambrai. December 7 United States declares war on Austria-Hun- gary. 1918 January 12 U. S. steamship Nyanza sinks a German submarine. February 5 Troop ship Tuscania carrying United States troops torpedoed. 101 lives lost. March 1 Americans repulse German attack near Toul. March 21— April 6 Somme defensive.^ March 28 General Pershing puts United States Army under orders of Foeh. April 1 42nd Division takes over 4 kilometer front in Baccarat sector. April 9 — 27 Lys defensive.^ May 27— June 5 Aisne defensive^ (Chemin des Dames and northeast of Rheims). June 2 Submarines off New Jersey coast sink 10 vessels. June 9 — June 13 Montdidier-Noyon defensive.^ June 20 U. S. Troops of Sanitary Corps arrive in Italy. 1 Designated by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. ' THE A. E. F. 27 AMEEICAN EED LETTER DAYS IN THE WORLD WAR 1918 (Continued) July 15— July 18 Champagne-Marne defensive.^ July 18r- Aug. 6 Aisne-Mame offensive.^ Aug. 5 U. S. Troops land at Archangel. Aug. 8— Nov. 11 Somme offensive.^ Aug. 15 U. S. Troops take position in Vladivostok, Siberia. Aug. 19— Nov. 11 Ypres-Lys offensive.^ Aug. 18— Nov. 11 Oise-Aisne offensive.^ Sept. 12 — ^16.... St. Mihiel offensive.^ Eirst All- American operation. Sept. 26— Nov. 11 Meuse-Argonne offensive.^ Sept. 29 Americans smash Hindenburg line. Oct. 24^ Nov. 4 Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy.^ Oct. 11 U. S. transport Otranto torpedoed. Nov. 6 Americans capture Sedan. Nov. 11 Germany signs armistice. 1 Designated by General Pershing as one of the twelve greatest engagements of the American Expeditionary Forces. These were the more important events of America's participation in the World War. The complete victory came largely as a result of the work of the American Armies. The system of organization by which they attained their end, is described in the following pages. 28 THE A. E. F. AEMY ORGANIZATION All the military forces ^of the United States are under the control of the President, who is Com- mander-in-Chief of the Army and the Navy. The administration of the Army is directed through the Secretary of War who is responsible to the President. Assisting the Secretary of War are the Chief of Staff and the various other officers of the General Staff. The thousand needs of the Army are provided for through the direction of the General Staff. The Adjutant General's Department has charge of the records, orders and correspondence of the Army; the Inspector General's Department re- ports on proficiency and fitness of troops for service; the Judge Advocate General's Depart- ment is in charge of legal affairs of the Army and its chief as Provost Marshal General of the Army had charge of the administration of the draft laws passed by Congress. In addition to these three departments are the Ordnance, Quartermaster, Engineering, Signal Corps and Medical Depart- ment, etc., which directly serve the fighting branches of the Army. The fighting branches of the Service, known as "the line," formerly consisted of the Infantry, the Field Artillery and the Cavalry, and these THE A. E. F. 29 were generally spoken of as the fighting units. In the present war, with the introduction of many new means of offense and defense, the term "fight- ing units" has come to be applied to the Division, the Army Corps or the Army that participated in Actual Combat. The Divisions were generally first trained in the large camps and cantonments in America. The Air Service, Motor Transport Corps, Hos- pital Units, Tank Corps and other special units received training at various smaller special camps in America. After reaching France, these aux- iliary units were combined with the divisions to form the larger fighting units of the army corps and the armies. When the United States declared war on Ger- many, the immediate task was to raise an adequate army; to provide for its housing, its training, its equipment, its medical needs and health, its amusements and recreations, and finally for its participation in the actual fighting operations. Less than two hundred thousand men were in the military service of the United States when war was declared. When the armistice was signed, more than three and a half million men were serving with the colors. The following table shows the growth of the Army between April Gth, 1917, and November 11th, 1918: 30 THE A. E. F. Strength of the Army in the United States and in the Expe- ditionary Force on the First of Certain Months Date In United States and Foreign Possessions In the American Expedi- tionary Forces Total 1917 April 1 190,000 July 1 480,000 September 1 646,000 November 1 996,000 1918 January 1 1,149,000 March 1 1,386,000 May 1 1,529,000 July 1 1,384,000 September 1 1,425,000 November 1 1,672,000 20,000 45,000 104,000 176,000 253,000 424,000 996,000 1,576,000 1,993,000 190,000 500,000 691,000 1A00,000 1,325,000 1,639,000 1,953,000 2,380,000 3,001,000 3,665,000 The following table shows the growth of the Army according to source : Size of Army April 6th, 1917 190,000 No. of voluntary enUstments (estimated) . . 360,000 No. entered through National Guard (esti- mated) 379,000 No. inducted through selective conscription. 2,801,000 Per cent of total 5.1 9.6 10.2 75.1 No. in Army November 11th, 1918 3,665,000 100.0 A third way of showing the increase is by means of the following table : THE A. E. F. 31 Number and Per Cent of Soldiers Coming from Each State and from Foreign Possessions ^ (Inducted through all sources.) State Num- Per ber of cent of Troops total New York 328,000 9.5 Pennsylvania ..275,000 8.0 lUinois 232,000 6.7 Ohio 185,000 5.4 Texas 155,000 4.5 Michigan 123,000 3.6 Missouri 115,000 3.3 Massachusetts .114,000 3.3 California 102,000 3.0 New Jersey 95,000 2.8 Indiana 93,000 2.7 Iowa 92,000 2.7 Wisconsin 87,000 2.5 Minnesota 86,000 2.5 Georgia 79,000 2.3 Oklahoma 76,000 2.2 Kentucky 72,000 2.1 North Carolina. 71,000 2.1 Tennessee 70,000 2.0 Alabama 67,000 1.9 Virginia 67,000 1.9 Louisiana 62,000 1.8 Kansas 59,000 1.7 Arkansas 59,000 1.7 Mississippi ... 58,000 1.7 West Virginia. . 52,000 1.5 South Carolina. 49,000 1.4 State Connecticut Maryland Nebraska Washington . . . Montana Colorado Florida South Dakota. . Oregon North Dakota. . . Maine Idaho ■Rhode Island . . Utah Dist. Columbia. New Hampshire New Mexico . . . Wyoming Arizona Vermont Delaware Nevada Porto Rico Hawaii Alaska Num- Per ber of cent of Troops total 44,000 1.3 43,000 43,000 39,000 34,000 31,000 31,000 28,000 26,000 25,000 22,000 17,000 16,000 16,000 13,000 12,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 16,000 6,000 2,000 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .5 .2 .1 Total 3,441,000 100.0 1 Report of the Secretary of War, 1918. 32 THE A. E. F. To provide for the housing of the Army, sixteen tent camps located principally in the South, were set up for the use of the National Guard divisions, and sixteen cantonments with wooden barracks were built at various places throughout the country for the use of the National Army divi- sions. The building of these camps and canton- ments in record time, each with a capacity of 40,000 men, was one of the great achievements of the war. The tent cities cost approximately four million dollars each ; the sixteen cantonments were built at an average cost of thirteen million dollars each. For the training and leadership of the new army, oflBcers were greatly needed, and to meet this demand four officers' training schools were conducted and then a continuous school system was organized. More than fifty-seven thousand commissions were granted to those who completed the work of the first three schools. The task of providing suitable amusements and recreations for the army in training was in the hands of the Commission on Training Camp Activities. Theaters were erected at each of the camps, and the Commission and various war work organizations put forth every effort to make the camp life as pleasant and interesting as possible. Intensive training schedules usually calling for THE A. E. F. 33 forty-four hours of drill or duty a week were fol- lowed in all of the camps. Altogether the train- ing, equipment, and organization was such as to enable the men to enter battle activities very shortly after their arrival overseas. AMERICA'S LOSSES IN THE WORLD WAR War Department Statistics of May 15th, 1919 A. E. F. Killed in action 34,145 Died of wounds 14,224 Died of disease 23,276 Died of other causes 4,602 Total dead 76,247 Taken prisoner 4,774 Missing in action 3,937 Wounded 204,743 U.S. Total 32,737 1,756 34,145 14,224 56,013 6,358 34,493 110,940 4,774 3,937 204,743 Grand total 289,701 34,493 324,394 The figures for the A. E. F. include 1,483 marines killed in action plus 4,461 other casual- ties, a total of 5,944 casualties among the marines. The losses in the Army total 318,400. The figures for prisoners include fifteen prison- ers reported held by the Bolshevjki, of whom four are recorded released. Of those held by the Central Powers, the records now show 284 died during internment and 74 status doubtful. 34 THE A. E. F. The total casualties shown do not represent in- dividuals, but casualties reported; as most of those who died of wounds were first reported wounded, and in many cases men have been wounded more than once. NAVAL LOSSES The following table shows the number of American merchant vessels destroyed by the en- emy during the war from August 3rd, 1914, to November 11th, 1918, giving the method of de- struction and the number of lives lost. Torpedoed Mined Gunfire, etc. Total Lives Lost 51 7 87 145 776 In addition to these numbers, 44 ships of the United States Navy were lost during the war, with a total loss of 678 lives. In comparing the greatest strength of the United States Army in the World War with the greatest strength of our Army in previous wars, the following table will be of interest. STRENGTH OF UNITED STATES FORCES IN IMPORTANT WARS Greatest Total Troops Wars Strength Engaged Revolution 1775-1783 61,641 ^ 395,858 War with France 1798-1800 4,593 « 1 Includes 6,000 French troops. ^ 2 Includes naval forces. THE A. E. F. 35 War with Tripoli 1801-1805 .... 3,330 « War with Great Britain 1812- 1815 382,766 2 509,808 " War with Mexico 1846-1848... 100,454 116,029 Civil War 1861-1865 Northern Forces 1,000,516 2,683,749 Southern Forces 756,000 1,000,000 Spanish-American War 1898. . . 252,433 277,904 World "War 1917-1918 3,670,888 4,800,000 2 2 Includes naval forces. The statistics of greatest strength as given above should not be confused with the statistics of total troops engaged. The second column includes total enlistments, where one man might enlist two, three or more times. In comparing the casualties of the United States in the World War with casualties in earlier wars the following table may be of interest. Direct comparisons are difficult, because in the earlier wars of the United States different systems of re- cording casualties were in use : CASUALTIES IN IMPORTANT WARS Killed in Battle Revolution 3,225 War of 1812 1,877 Mexican War 4,102 Civil War Northern.. 67,058 Southern.. 77,000 ^ Spanish- American 6,271 World War 48,369 1 Approximate figures. Wounded Total Casualties 5,795 9,020 1 4,000 1 5,877 1 39,197 41,299 144,317 541,375 1 150,000 1 600,000 1 17,642 28,227 204,743 324,394 36 THE A. E. F. Considerable interest centers about the losses sustained in the great engagements of the recent war as compared with losses in other great Ameri- can wars. General March, Chief of Staff, in his press interview of April 12, 1919, furnished the following data: CASUALTIES IN GREAT AMERICAN BATTLES Chickamauga 28. per cent. Shiloh 24. per cent. - Murfreesboro 23. per cent. Gettysburg 20. per cent. Argonne-Meuse 18.3 per cent. ■ m 1"^ ^ f^^ i \ 1 ' -'ivi^f ,, » \, ' L##©^ f L ^ x^ .1K3 General Pershing CHAPTER III SYSTEM OF COMMAND Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces All. the troops in Europe were directly under the control of General John J. Pershing, who was Ck)minander-in-Chief of the American Expe- ditionary Forces. General Headquarters were maintained at Chaumont and at these Head- quarters originated all the orders which directed the activities of the two million troops in France. To direct the activities of the fighting forces, three Armies were organized- An American Army is commanded by a lieutenant general, and consists usually of three Army Corps plus about thirty auxiliary units. The most important of the auxiliary units are the Army and Headquarters Troops, a regiment of Pioneer Infantry, Field Artillery brigade, a squadron of Cavalry, a regi- ment of Engineers, an Air Park with pursuit bombing and observation groups. Tanks, an Army Regional Replacement Depot, Quartermaster and Ordnance depots, Telegraph Battalions, Post- 1 ' 37 38 THE A. E. F. offices, Remount Squadrons, Base Hospitals and numerous small units. An American Army at full war strength contains approximately 400,000 men. Next to the Army, the largest fighting unit is the Army Corps. Nine Army Corps were or- ganized as part of the three Armies of the A. E. F. Each Army Corps is commanded by a major gen- eral, and consists of five or more divisions plus about twenty-five auxiliary units. In an offensive three divisions are usually used in the front lines and one or two divisions are held in reserve. The auxiliary units of an Army Corps include Corps Troops and Corps Headquarters Troops, a Pio- neer Infantry and an Engineer regiment, a troop of Cavalry, an Artillery park and corps Artillery, a Balloon company and an Aero squadron, Corps Military Police, a Motor Supply Train, Ordnance and Motor repair shops, mobile veterinary hos- pitals, ambulance companies and field hospitals.^ The war strength of an Army Corps is approx- imately 120,000 men. The smallest and most mobile fighting unit of the Army is the division. It contains approxi- 1 other auxiliary units are anti-aircraft machine-gun and anti- aircraft artillery battalions, a remount depot, a bakery com- pany, a troop transport train, a telegraph battalion, a field signal battalion, a photo section and a sales commissary tmit. THE A. E. F. 39 mately 28,000 men, with a Division Headquarters troop, two Infantry Brigade Headquarters, four Infantry regiments, three Machine-Gun battalions, one Field Artillery brigade Headquarters, three Field Artillery regiments, one Trench Mortar battalion, one Engineer regiment, one Field Signal battalion, one Train Headquarters, two Military Police companies, one Ammunition train, one Supply train, one Engineer train, one Sani- tary train with four Ambulance companies and four Field Hospitals, Quartermaster corps and Ordnance units, and a number of small detach- ments. The relationship of these units in the Army or- ganization is shown by the accompanying illus- tration. The Argonne-Meuse offensive was one of five great offensives launched on the 26th of September, 1918, at the command of Oeneral Foch, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies. He passed his order to General Pershing; Gen- eral Pershing passed the order to the Commander of the First American Army; the Commander of the First Army passed the order to the Com- mander of each of the three corps of the First Army; the Commander of each of these corps gave the order to the General in command of each of the three front line divisions in each Army Corps. By this distribution of orders, therefore, at the 40 THE A. E. F. appointed hour the attack was simultaneously launched by nine divisions assisted by the auxiliary units of the three Army Corps and the First Army. Another way of showing the interrelation of the various organizations is afforded by the fol- lowing description : Eow cm Offensive Battle is Fought Preparations for an offensive begin several weeks before the initial attack is made. Vast dumps of reserve food and munitions must be brought up to places where they wiU be available ; troops must be brought in; guns and artillery of all kinds must be placed and hidden; tanks and balloons must be brought forward, and all these movements and preparations must be made under the cover of darkness, as the success of an attack depends largely upon the element of surprise. If the attack is scheduled for daybreak, the ar- tillery barrage is usually laid down at about two A. M. with the field artillery firing on the area in front of our trenches in order to demolish enemy trenches and fortifications, cut the barb-wire and cause the enemy to withdraw. At the same time the heavy artillery directs its fire on the back areas of the enemy territory in an effort to pre- vent reinforcements or munitions being brought flRqcnne:- OIhuse:- "ITsomt Chart Showing Co-ordinatiox of Militaey Forces THE A. E. F. 41 forward, and to destroy ammunition dumps and hostile artillery. The artillery usually sends over three kinds of shells — shrapnel, gas and high explosives. At the hour of the infantry attack, which is often called the H. or the zero hour, the barrage is lifted and becomes a rolling barrage, i.e., the range of the artillery is lengthened and the shells fall fur- ther and further back into the enemy territory. As the barrage is lifted, the tanks snort forth from their camouflage or through the smoke screen that has been thrown up and go bobbing across No Man's Land, flattening the barb wire for the Infantry advance and directing their fire against hostile machine-gun nests. After the tanks have advanced a little, the order "Up and at 'em" is passed along, and the doughboys go over the top, not in mass formation, but in thinned lines which are known as waves. The first wave goes forward a certain distance and then "flops" and opens fire on the enemy, then the second wave follows and then the third. The first wave then makes a second advance and the others follow according to a prearranged plan. The machine- gunners of each regiment advance with the In- fantry and set up their guns at the first oppor- tunity. The Trench Mortars direct their fire against hostile machine-gun nests, and the 42 THE A. E. F. Machine-Gun battalions, attached to the Infantry brigade making the advance, fire on the enemy if visible, or hold themselves ready to repulse a possible counter-attack by the enemy. Behind the machine-guns, artillery is keeping up its fire, and with the coming of daylight it is no longer directed by rockets and flares sent up by the infantry, but by the balloons which have risen high in the air behind the artillery. The balloons are the eyes of the artillery and they observe the effect of its fire, record hits, and advise the commander of artillery. The heavy artillery now lessens its fire and the aeroplanes enter the battle. Observation and photographic planes go over the enemy lines to o])serve the movement of reserves, the fortifica- tions of the enemy and the result of the barrage. Fighting or pursuit planes endeavor to keep the enemy planes from crossing our lines and making observations, or they go across the enemy's line to set fire to their observation balloons which are directing the fire of the enemy artillery against our advancing troops. While our aeroplanes are away, perhaps chasing a decoy, another hostile plane will soar across the lines, and despite the fire of machine-guns, anti-aircraft guns and ar- tillery will swoop down on one of our observation THE A. E. F. 43 balloons, set it on fire and speed back across the lines. As a result of this a battery of artillery is temporarily silenced and the doughboys may ad- vance for a while without the protection of this barrage. When the infantry reach their objective, usually near the limit of artillery protection, they estab- lish a line in captured trenches or dig-in and hold the line against counter-attacks until the artillery can be advanced and the attack go forward again. While the infantry is advancing or digging in, there is great activity behind the American lines? The medical men follow the infantry, giving first aid to the wounded, carrying them to the dressing stations or to the field hospitals — ^if snipers are not too plentiful and the shelling is light. If the line of advance is still swept by machine-gun fire the wounded may be placed in shell holes or in other protected places, or they may remain where they fell until they can be carried back under cover of darkness. The engineers of the division, as- sisted by the engineer and the pioneer infantry of the corps, start work on the shell torn roads, searching for mines, building bridges and filling shell holes so that the roads can be made passable. Over heavily shelled, rough, wooded or swampy areas, the rate of advance depends largely upon 44 THE A. E. F. the speed with which the roads can be made suffi- ciently passable so that artillery and ammunition and food can be rushed forward. Meanwhile the Signal Corps men are laying new wires or repairing the old wires where ruined by shell fire ; military police are taking prisoners to the examining stations; the trucks are endeavor- ing to bring munition and supplies forward; the ambulances are taking wounded to the rear; the heavy railroad artillery is laying new tracks ; the field artillery and balloon men are preparing their new forward positions. With shells falling, hos- tile aircraft often soaring overhead, the whole battle area from front to rear is a scene of activity. During the night the wounded are taken into the dressing stations or field hospitals, and the dead are brought in, identified and buried. The infantry brigade, which has been in reserve, moves forward and relieves the brigade which has advanced during the day. The wagon trains move forward with their kitchens and supplies; the Signal Corps work with their rockets and flares ; the artillery move forward and take a new position. At the appointed hour, the barrage is laid down and all the sinews of war are set for another attack. The plan of battle described and illustrated Sketch Showing Location of Units of an Army Corps IN Offensive Battle Formation THE A. E. F. 45 in the accompanying sketch is roughly the plan followed in the Argonne-Meuse, the offensive with which the writer is most familiar. Other offen- sives may vary widely in details because of a different terrain, hut the offensive outlined above illustrates the tactical principles employed and gives an idea of general battle formation. The Zone System From front to rear the fighting area is roughly divided into three belts: between the front lines and about five miles in the rear, the area is known as the Zone of Advance ; from five miles to twenty- five miles back is known as the Advance Sector; and behind this the country is commonly called the Back Area, but officially known as the Inter- mediate Area. All other territory occupied by the Americans, with the exception of special areas such as General Headquarters, District of Paris and the various training areas, is designated as the "S. 0. S." (Service of Supply). The divisions in combat occupy the front lines, the various army corps troops operate within the Zone of Advance and forward to the Front lines, and the army troops and army units usually operate within the Advance Sector and forward to the Front Line. Field hospitals are usually lo- 46 THE A. E. F. cated within the Zone of Advance ; evacuation hos- pitals within the Advance Sector, and base hospitals in the Intermediate Area or S. Q. S. The Advance Sector is the most forward zone or district that has adopted an insignia. Within this area are most of the railheads and advance ord- nance and quartermaster dumps. Here are lo- cated most of the fields for aero- planes used in the fighting opera- tions. Here also are stationed evacuation hospitals and regional replacement depots. The more forward parts of the area are subject to shell fire from the larger guns of the enemy, and the railheads and aeroplane fields of the zone are favorite goals for the night flying enemy bombers. The insignia adopted by this sector is a Lorraine Cross in red on a field of blue surroimded by a black circle, the white letters "A. S." on either side of cross denoting "Advance Sector." The General Headquarters of the A. E. F. was ©located at Chaumont. It was here that General Pershing and his staff had their oflSces, and it was here that all the general orders originated and the general exeou- THE A. E. F. 47 tive functions of the A. E. F. were performed. Near General Headquarters, at Langres, was held the largest officers' training school of the A. E. F. The insignia of the General Headquarters is a circle divided horizontally with three equal sec- tions of red, white and hlue, the white in the center. The District of Paris, like the S. O. S., is an area under a special command. Brig.-General Wm. W. Harts is in command of the District. The District contains several of the most noted American hospi- tals in France, and the headquar- ters of most of the war work or- ganizations. Large Quartermas- ter Ordnance storehouses are also located here. Military po- lice and Marines, acting as military police, com- prise a considerable proportion of the resident military population. The officers, nurses and soldiers of this district are authorities on air raids and the work of "Big Bertha," During hostili- ties and for a long period following the armistice, the District of Paris was a forbidden area for the vast majority of the enlisted men of the A. E. F. The insignia of the District of Paris is a white fleur-de-lys on a pennant-shaped field of black. 48 THE A. E. F. The region of the S. 0. S. (taking its name from the organization known as the Service of Supply) was the most extensive of any of the areas in France. The S. O. S. w'as under the command of Major General Harbord, with headquarters at Tours. The area was subdivided into eight Base Sections corre- sponding to the eight ports which the Amer- icans used in bringing men and material into France. In the S. O. S. are all the wharves, the storehouses, the debarkation (later embarka- tion camps), many replacement camps, base hos- pitals, American railroad centers, American prison camps, etc., etc. The population of the S. 0. S., including those in hospitals, camps, etc., varied from 700,000 to over a million men. The speed and efficiency with which men, material and munitions were brought from the ports to the fighting areas was a very large factor in the American victories. The insignia is a conven- tionalized monogram of the letters "S. 0. S." in blue on a field of red which is horizontal at the bottom, rounded at the top and larger at the top than at the bottom. The Central Records Office was located at Bourges. In busiest times more than 10,000 THE A. E. F. 49 enlisted men were employed here locating lost service records, compiling vital statistics, and keeping records of the names and careers of every man in the A. E. F. The central post-office was also located at Bourges. The insignia is a shield sur- mounted by an eagle, both in- closed in a diamond of blue. The eagle is of gold, and on the shield are silver bars. The Three Armies All the combatant troops of the A. E. F. were under the command of one of three armies. Brief histories of these three armies are presented herewith. FIRST ARMY The First Army was organized August 10th, 1918, and was under the command of General Pershing until October 12th, when Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett took over the com- mand. Until September 23rd, the Army held the front from Toul to St. Menehould, but on that date it was concentrated in the Argonne sector. In both the St. Mihiel and Argonne-Meuse offensives, the First Army was composed of the First, Third and 50 THE A. E. F. Fifth Corps. After the armistice, the First Army- was composed of the First, Fifth and Eighth Corps with Army Headquarters at Bar-sur-Auhe. The insignia of this Army is a block letter "A" of black cloth, four inches high, three inches wide. Special markings for Engineers, Q. M, C, Ord- nance, Medical and other departments are pre- scribed to be worn under the cross bar, between the two legs of the "A." SECOND ARMY The Second Army was formed October 10th, 1918, and was put under the command of Lieu- tenant General Eobert Lee BuUard on October R* 12th. This Army took over the eastern part of the Toul-St. Mene- hould front from the First Army. Its sector was considered quiet until November 10th, when an offensive " movement was started. Prior ta the armistice, the Second Army was composed of the Fourth, Sixth and Seventh Corps, and covered the sector from Toul to the Argonne. This Army was to conduct the Metz offensive scheduled for November 14th, 1918. After the armistice, the Second Army was com- posed of the Sixth and Ninth Corps with Head- quarters at Toul. THE A. E. F. 51 The insignia of the Second Army is a block figure "2" divided into two equal color bands, red above and white below. THIRD AEMY The Third Army was organized as the Army of Occupation on November 14th, 1918, and is com- manded by Major General Joseph T. Dickman. It is com- posed of the Third, Epurth and Seventh Corps, with Head- quarters at Coblenz. The insignia of the Third Army is a white letter "A" centered in a red circle O, the whole on a background of blue. The colors red, white and blue represent the national colors, and the "A" and "0" stand for Army of Occupation. The Nine Army Corps As the fighting troops are divided first into armies, the Armies are in turn divided into Army Corps and auxiliary units. The Army Corps are again composed of divisions and auxiliary units. Brief histories of the nine Army Corps organized inthe A. E.F. follow: FIRST CORPS The First Corps was organized January 20th, 52 THE A. E. F. 1918, and was commanded by Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett (then Major General), Major Gen- eral J. T. Dickman, and Major General W. M. Wright. At the opening of the Meuse-Argonne of- fensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was composed of the 28th, 35th, 77th, 82nd and 92nd Di- visions. At various times 17 divisions have been attached to the corps for operations. The insignia of the First Corps is a brown circle superimposed on a larger white circle. SECOND CORPS The Second Corps was organized February 22nd, 1918, and was commanded by Major General George W. Read. This corps, which was composed of the 27th and 30th Divi- sions during a greater part of the war, operated with the Fourth British Army south of Cambrai and with the Second British Army around Ypres. The insignia is an eagle and a lion with a Roman "II" between them, in white on a blue field. The combination of the American eagle and the British lion symbolizes the associations of the Second Corps with the British Army. THE A. E. F. 53 THIRD CORPS The Third Corps was organized May 8th, 1918, and was commanded by Lieutenant General R. L. BuUard (then Major General), Major General W. M. Wright and Major General J. L. Hines. At the time of the Argonne- Mense offensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was com- posed of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 33rd and 80th Divisions. Eighteen different divisions operated with the corps at one time and another during this offen- sive. The insignia of the Third Corps is a three- pointed star, the center triangle, formed from the base lines, being in white, the points in blue. FOURTH CORPS The Fourth Corps was organized June 20th, 1918 and was commanded by Major General J. T. Dickman and Major General Charles H. Muir. At the time of the Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th, 1918, the corps was composed of the 2nd, 5th, 42nd, 78th, 89th and 90th Divi- sions. Twenty-five divisions were used in the corps' operations at different times. 54 THE A. E. F. The insignia of the Fourth Corps is a circle divided into four segments by diameters crossed at an angle of 90 degrees, the up and down opposed angles being in white, the opposed angles at the sides being in blue. FIFTH CORPS The Fifth Corps was organized July 10th, 1918, and was under the command of Major General W. M. Wright, Major General George H. Cam- eron, Major General C. P. Sum- merall. At the time of the Ar- gonne-Meuse offensive the corps was composed of the 29th, 32nd, 37th, 79th, and 91st Divisions. At various times 18 divisions operated with the corps. The insignia is five triangles with a common focus forming a regular pentagon. General oflS- cers wear gold triangles and piping on white back- ground. Corps staff officers have all triangles blue on white background, with gold piping. Offi- cers of corps troops have lower base triangle in varied colors to denote arm of service, other triangles blue on white background, with piping in varied colors to show arm of service. Enlisted men wear same insignia as officers, but without piping. THE A. E. F. 55 SIXTH (X)EPS The Sixth Corps was organized August 1st, 1918, and was commanded by Major General Omar Bundy, Major General Charles C. Ballon (com- manding 92nd Division, the only division in the Corps before the armistice), and Major General Adelbert Cronkhite. After the armistice, the Corps was com- posed of the 92nd, 88th, 7th, 28th, 5th and 33rd Divisions. (These divisions operated with other Corps before being attached to the Sixth Corps.) The last two days of combat, the corps started activity in the Vosges. The insignia of the Sixth Corps is a white figure "6" in a blue circle two inches in diameter. SEVENTH CORPS The Seventh Corps was organ- ized August 20th, 1918. It was commanded by Major General W. M. Wright, Major General Omar Bundy and Major General Wil- liam G. Haan. It was composed of the 6th, 81st and 88th Divisions in the Vosges sector. The insignia of the Seventh Corps is a figure "7" in white on a blue shield. 56 THE A. E. F. EIGHTH CORPS The Eighth Corps was organ- ized November 29th, 1918, and is commanded by Major General Henry T. Allen. It is composed of the 6th, 77th and 81st Divi- sions. The insignia is the figure "8" in white on octagonal background of blue. NINTH COEPS The Ninth Corps was organ- ized November 26th, 1918, and is commanded by Major General Joseph E. Kuhn. It included the 33rd, 35th, 88th and 79th Di- visions. The insignia is a monogram design embodying the Eoman numeral "IX" set in a circle, the design in red on a dark blue circular background. It may be of interest to know the number of division, corps, army and S. O. S. troops that took part in actual fighting. The following table ap- peared in the Army and Navy Journal, March 15th, 1919. )(FRtb e ?^ ^ T ;% ~ ,(Ch!:rboi.w(| JCoLOonc lb _. CflMBRin % 'Bonn /^^^-^:^J^'i^a^«V^ OBLLtlTi "l^tnnts \Vc.R*Rti-ttr( PARIS Metz »lUf\nn6 DT.fiftZAIRE. f^riQtns xrtflnTta pLn'RocHtLiL RocMcrourr 1 o IvCHflTtnuRouA CHflUMOiST ,«9SSIJ4 # ,^ ^ <% n 25 50 73 IM bftina ^'ExwontiE ^%l TboLostd'i jimg % .•J I riflRSLiLLe. \6©aTi,IRlR(a(f11EA(f^ ^EA Map Showing Where the Major Engagements of the A. E. F. Were Fought THE A. E. F. 57 Number of U. S. Troops That Took Part in Actual Fighting Division Troops (including replacements) 1,100,000 Corps and Army Troops 240,000 Service of Supply 50,000 Total U. S. Troops taking part in action against the enemy 1,390,000 The Twelve Greatest Engagements of the American Expedi- tionary Forces as Designated by General Pershing in Orders of the American Expeditionary Forces 1. Somme Defensive March 21 — ^April 6, 1918 2. Lys Defensive April 9— April 27, 1918 3. Aisne Defensive (Chemin des Dames and Northeast of Rheims) May 27— June 5, 1918 4. Montdidier-Noyon Defensive June 9 — June 13, 1918 5. Champagne-Marne Defensive July 15 — July 18, 1918 6. Aisne-Mame Offensive July 18 — August 6, 1918 7. Somme Offensive August 8 — November 11, 1918 8. Oise- Aisne Offensive August 18 — November 11, 1918 9. Ypres-Lys Offensive August 19 — November 11, 1918 10. St. Mihiel Offensive. . .September 12— September 16, 1918 11. Meuse-Argonne Offensive September 26— November 11, 1918 12. Battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy October 24— November 4, 1918 The map on the following pages indicates by number the location of the greatest American en- gagements listed above. In their various engagements, the American forces captured 44,934 prisoners, and over 14,000 guns, howitzers and trench mortars, CHAPTER IV THE AMERICAN DIVISIONS The Division as a Fighting Unit The World "War will differ from other wars in American history in that its achievements will be written in terms of divisions rather than in terms of regiments as was usually the case in the Civil War and other great wars. In modern warfare, the inter-dependence of the different branches of the service is greater than ever before. Infantry cannot successfully fight without the aid of artillery, machine-guns, signal arrangements, and the dozen other forces neces- sary to make an attack. The vast number of men used in modern warfare cannot be foraged in a war-ruined country, nor can the enormous quanti- ties of ammunition necessary be carried by man or beast. To meet these conditions, every modern army is made up of divisions. The numbers vary from about 14,000 men per division in the French and German armies to about 28,000 men in each American Division. The division is always an or- 68 THE A. E. F. 59 ganized unit — aboat half Infantrymen, one-fourth Artillery, Trench Mortar and Max;hine-Gun men, and one-fourth units which assist the others by building roads, bridges, providing signal com- munications, ammunition, supplies, hospital and ambulance accommodations, etc. In the division every unit is directly dependent upon another, and it has been this inter-dependence which has largely developed divisional spirit and has made the divi- sion the modem fighting unit. "With the exception of the Regular Army Divi- sions, most of the divisions were organized and trained at some particular camp in the States; each division went overseas as a division; finished its training in France usually as a division, and in practically all the engagements except the earliest ones, fought as a division. An Army is an ever changing unit; an Army Corps may have a dozen different divisions com- posing it within a month, but a division is as nearly stable a unit as is known in modem war- fare. Because of the interest which centers about the division, the following table showing the organi- zation may be instructive. Minor changes are constantly being made, but the table below is approximately correct. 60 THE A. E. F. WAR STRENGTH OF AN AMERICAN INTANTRY DIVISION No. No. No. Total of Name officers men strength units in unit in unit all units 1 Division Headquarters 42 105 147 1 Headquarters Troop 3 122 125 2 Infantry Brigade Headq'rt'rs 5 20 50 4 Infantry Regiments 114 3,720 15,336 3 Machine Gun Battalions 16 377 1,179 1 Field Artillery Brigade Hdqrs 9 54 63 3 Field Artillery Regiments 72 1,710 5,346 1 Trench Mortar Battalion 5 172 177 1 Engineers' Regiment 51 1,646 1,697 1 Train Headquarters and Mili- tary Police 15 359 374 1 Ammunition Train 38 1,295 1,333 1 Engineers' Train 2 82 84 1 Supply Train 16 485 501 1 Sanitary Train 51 900 951 2 Sanitary Squads 2 26 56 1 Field Signal BattaUon 15 473 488 Total strength of Division 27,907 EQUIPMENT OF A DIVISION 75 pieces of field artillery 72 machine-gnins 19,000 rifles 192 automatic rifles 220 rounds of ammunition carried for each rifle in the di- vision 8,000 pistols or automatic revolvers 480 trench knives THE A. E. E. 61 7,000 horses and mules 1,000 wagons 750 motor vehicles 320 cycles The net length of a complete division moving in column of route is approximately 20 miles. Organization and Work of a Division An Infantry Division is commanded by a Major Greneral. Assisted by his staff he directs the work and activities of the division. The enlisted men attached to Division Headquarters are men whose training enables them to be of greatest value to the staff officers. These men care for the greater part of the "paper work" of a division, including compiling of payrolls, statistics of casualties, divi- sional records, etc. Attached to Division Head- quarters is a post-office detachment and the Ord- nance and Quartermaster men who conduct the Divisional Supply Dump. The men of the Head- quarters Troop are the mounted orderlies of the staff officers. Others run the staff cars, serve as dispatch bearers and do important guard duty. , The chief aim of a division is to make the work of the Infantry effective, and the special direction of the Infantry is in the hands of two Brigadier Generals, each commanding an Infantry brigade composed of two Infantry regiments and Brigade 62 THE A. E. F. Headquarters. The immediate commander of each of the two Infantry regiments is a Colonel. Each regiment contains 12 "Line" companies of 250 men each, a machine-gun company, a supply company, and a Headquarters company which con- tains the regimental band and small detachments of bombers and salppers, signal corps men. Trench Mortar men, intelligence men, pioneers and medi- cal men. The Infantry-men (or Doughboys) are armed with rifles and automatic revolvers, and sometimes with automatic rifles and hand gre- nades. It is the doughboys who make the "hop- over" (i.e. go over the top), and it is the doughboys who do the hand to hand fighting, suffer the greatest losses, endure the most severe hardships, win the most medals, and to whom is justly accorded the greatest credit in time of battle. There are three Machine-Gun Battalions at- tached to each division; one is attached to each Infantry brigade, and one is attached to division Headquarters. In an offensive, part of the machine-guns are advanced with the Infantry, while other machine-guns are placed in reserve to break up a counter-attack and protect the In- fantry. The machine-gun has been one of the most effective of the newer weapons extensively used in the present war. THE A. E. F. 63 The Artillery of a division normally consists of two regiments of light Artillery shooting three- inch shells and one regiment of heavy Artillery shooting 3.8-inch shells or larger. These three regiments are brigaded together and are com- manded by a Brigadier General. In the present war, practically all of the American Field Ar- tillery used the famous "French 75" which shoots a shell nearly three inches in diameter. The Field Artillery is usually stationed from a half mile to five miles behind the Infantry. It is chiefly used to destroy fortifications and, by means of the bar- rage, to drive the enemy back before the advance of the Infantry. The Trench Mortar Battalion of a division is attached to the Artillery brigade. It is especially useful in destroying trenches and in blowing up machine-gun emplacements. The Engineers of a division are divided into bridge builders, road makers, etc. In performing these duties, they have a most important part in battle operations. Sometimes an Infantry ad- vance is not possible until the engineers have bridged a stream or a swamp. Often the rate of the advance of the Infantry is dependent upon the speed with which the Engineers make shell-torn roads passable so that Artillery, ammunition and supplies can go forward. Because of the iqa- m THE A. E. F. portance of their work, the Engineers are often working nnder heavy shell fire. On several oc- casions during the war, American Engineers dropped their tools, seized their rifles and turned the tide of battle. The trains of a division are in charge of a Colonel who is known as Commander of Trains. The Ammunition Train, Supply Train and Sani- tary Train have Lieutenant Colonels as their im- mediate commanders, and the Colonel has direct command of Train Headquarters and the Military Police. In battle operations, the Military Police have three specific duties: they convey prisoners from the Front lines where they were captured by the Infantry to the Divisional intelligence and examin- ing post, and thence to the temporary prison pen. The second task is picking up stragglers, ex- amining suspicious persons and directing walking wounded to the first aid stations. The third and perhaps most important duty is keeping the roads clear and traflSc moving according to changing priority orders. This work includes enforcing orders as to one-way traffic and shuttle roads, or- ganizing forces to move mired trucks, etc. The cross-roads where the M. P. 's have their posts are favorite targets for the enemy's guns. The en- listed men of Train Headquarters serve as M. P. 's THE A. E. F. 65 in emergencies and do the Headquarters work for the various Trains. The Ammunition Train consists normally of four wagon companies and four truck companies. This very important unit carries rifle ammunition to the Infantry, and shells to the Artillery. Usually, the moving of ammunition is accom- plished under cover of darkness, but in the big offensives the ammunition trucks are kept going day and night. The Supply Train of the division is entirely mo- torized and carries rations and forage from the dumps as far forward as it is possible to go. The work of these trains^ traveling over miry and sheU torn roads and often under shell fire, is dangerous, hard and important work. The small Engineers Train is usually attached to the Engineers regiment and is kept more than busy hauling supplies, etc. The Sanitary Train of a division consists of four field hospitals and four ambulance com- panies. The wounded are brought from the bat- tlefield to these hospitals where the wounds or first aid dressings are inspected. Here the pa- tients generally receive their injection of anti- tetanus serum, emergency operations are per- formed, and then the wounded are sent back in the ambulances to the evacuation hospital, and trans- ee THE A. E. F. ported from there by train to a base hospital. Eed Cross doctors frequently assist the regidar Army physicians in this work. The wonderful and merciful work of these units cannot be praised too highly. Although the Field Signal Battalion is one of the smaller units of a division, its work is of great interest and importance, because wi^ih the Signal Corps rests largely the couimunication of the division. In many cases the Signal Corps men work ahead of the Infantry, laying telephone wires. By utilizing telephones, telegraph, buzzer system, wireless, pigeons, fireworks and motor cycles, the lines of communication between the Infantry and the Artillery and their branches and Headquarters are kept open and working, and through the cooperation of all the units, the divi- sion is maintained a highly efiScient responsive fighting machine. The success of this cooperation between the dozen units which comprise a division is reflected in the official histories of the divisions recorded in the following pages : At the signing of the armistice, fifty-five American divisions had been organized, forty full divisions had come across seas, and parts of three more were in Europe, Of the divisions which THE A. E. F. 67 came across seas, thirty engaged in actual combat. According to the original plan, the divisions de- veloped out of the Regular Army were numbered 1-20 and called Regular Army Divisions. The divisions developed out of the National Guard were numbered 26-42 and were called National Guard Divisions. The divisions formed from the men who entered under selective conscription were numbered from 76 up and called National Army Divisions. On August 5th, 1918, by order of the Secretary of War, these distinctive titles were abolished. "United States Army" became the only official designation of all divisions and or- ganizations. BRIEF HISTORIES OF THE AMERICAN DIVISIONS (Compiled from Official Records.)^ FIRST DIVISION The First Division was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, June 27th, 1917. Commander, Briga- A I dier General Frank Parker. Acti\d- iH I ties : Somerville sector, ten kilometers I I southeast of Nancy, October 21st to B I November 20th, 1917; Ansanville sec- ^^ J tor, January 15th to April 3rd, 1918; Cantigny sector, April 25th to July 7th (battle of Cantigny, May 28th to 30th; Soissons operation, Marne counter-offen- sive, July 18th to 24th; Sazerais sector, August 7th to 24th ; St. Mihiel operation, September 12th and 13th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, October 1st to 12th; operations against Mouzon, November 5th and 6th; operation south and southwest of Sedan, November 7th and 8th ; march on Coblenz 1 First published Official Histories of the American Divisions ftppeared in Btwrs and Stripes of January 19th, 1918, and subse- quent issues. 68 .THE A. E. F. 69 bridgehead, November 17th to December 15th, 1918. Prisoners captured total: 165 oflBcers, 6,304 men. Guns captured: 343 pieces of artillery, 1,350 machine guns. The total advance against resistance, 31 kilometers. The casualties: Bat- tle deaths, 4,204, wounded 19,141. Total 23,345. D, S. C. awards total 300. Division insignia is a design with the crimson figure "1" on khaki background, chosen because the numeral "1" represents the number of the division and many of its subsidiary organizations : also, as proudly claimed, because it was the "First Division in France ; first in sector ; first to fire a shot at the Germans ; first to attack ; first to con- duct a raid; first to be raided; first to capture prisoners ; first to inflict casualties ; first to suffer casualties ; first to be cited singly in General Or- ders ; first in the number of Division, Corps and Army Commanders and General Staff oflBcers pro- duced from its personnel. " SECOND DIVISION The Second Division was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters were established in France October 26th, 1917. Commander, Major General John A. Lejeune. Activities: Verdun 70 THE A. E. F. and Toul-Troyon sectors, March 15tli to May 14th, ^^^^^^^ 1918 ; sector northwest of Chateau- ^^V^^H Thierry (almost continuous heavy Pj^^3 fighting), May 13th to July 9th; ^M ^^^^m Soissons sector, Mame counter- y^^^^ offensive, July 18th to 20th; Mar- ^^^r bache sector, August 9th to 24th; St. Mihiel sector and operation, September 9th to 16th; Blanc Mont sector and advance in Cham- pagne, September 30th to October 9th; Argonne- Meuse offensive, October 30th to November 11th, 1918. Prisoners captured: 228 oflBcers, 11,738 men. The number of guns captured: 343 pieces of ar- tillery; 1,350 machine-guns. The total advance on front line, 60 kilometers. Battle casualties: Deaths, 4,419. Wounded 20,657. Total 25,076. There were 664 D. S. C. awards. The insignia of the division is an Indian head with background star and shield, with colors vary- ing according to unit. It is the creation of a truck driver who practiced on the side of his truck with such success that the design he had drawn evolved into the insignia of the division. This division differs from the other combatant divisions in that half of its Infantry personnel was made up of the 5th and 6th regiments of the United States Marines. • THE A. E. F. 71 THIRD DIVISION The Third Division was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Division Headquarters arrived in France April 4th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier General Preston Brown. Activities: Chateau-Thierry sector, May 31st to July 30th (battle operations May 31st to June 4th and July 15th to 30th) ; St. MLhiel sector (corps reserve) September 10th to 14th ; Argonne- Meuse offensive, September 30th to October 27th ; march on Ehine, November 14th. Prisoners captured: 31 oflScers, 2,209 men. Guns captured: 51 pieces of artillery, 1,501 ma- chine guns. Total advance on front line was 41 kilometers. The casualties : Battle deaths 3,102. Wounded 15,052. Total 18,154. D. S. C. awards total 233. The insignia of this division is three white stripes diagonally superimposed upon a square field of royal blue. The three stripes are sym- bolic of the three major operations in which the division participated — the Marne, St. Mihiel and the Argonne-Meuse. The blue field is a symbol for those who have died. 72 THE A. B. F. FOURTH DIVISION (Ivy Division) The Fourth Division (Ivy) was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, May 17th, 1918. Commander, Major General Mark L. Hersey. Activities: Marne counter-offensive, July 18th to 21st (brigaded with 6th French Army), vicinity of Noroy and Hautevesnes; Vesle sector (almost continuous heavy fight- ing), August 2nd to 12th; St. Mihiel sector, near Watronville-Treseauvaux (in reserve) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 25th to October 19th. Prisoners captured: 72 officers, 2,684 men. Guns captured: 44 pieces of artillery, 31 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line 24% kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,587. Wounded 11,596. Total 14,183. D. S. C. awards total 66. The insignia of this division is four green leaves of ivy superimposed upon a diamond of olive drab. The four leaves represent the number of the division. THE A. E. P. 73 FIFTH DIVISION The Fifth Division (Diamond) was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. It arrived in France May 1st, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Hanson E. Ely. Activities: Anould sector, June 15th to July 16th; St. Die sec- tor, July 16th to August 23rd; St. Mihiel operation, September 11th to 17th; Argonne-Meuse offensive, Oc- tober 12th to 22nd; Argonne-Meuse offensive (second time in), October 27th to No- vember 14th. Prisoners captured: 48 officers, 2,357 men. Guns captured : 98 pieces of artillery, 802 machine- guns. Total advance on front line : 29 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,908. Wounded 7,- 975. Total 9,883. There were 163 D. S. C. awards. The iasignia of this division is a red diamond. It was selected at the suggestion of Colonel Charles A. Meals — "the ace of diamonds." SIXTH DIVISION The Sixth Division was organized as a branch of the Regular Army. 74 ' THE A. E. F. It arrived in France July 23rd, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Walter H. Gordon. Ac- tivities : Gerardmer sector, September 3rd to Oc- tober 13th ; Argonne-Meuse offen- sive (First Army Corps Ee- serve), November 1st. Casual- ties : Battle deaths 97. Wounded 479. Total 576. There were 10 D. S. C. awards. The insignia of this division is a six pointed star of red cloth, with a blue figure "6" super- imposed. SEVENTH DIVISION The Seventh Division was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. It arrived in France August 11th, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Edmund Wittenmyer. Activities : Puve- nelle sector, Lorraine, October 9th to 29th; Puvenelle sector, extend- ed, October 29th to November 11th, 1918. Prisoners captured: One oflScer, 68 men. Guns captured: 28 machine-guns. Total ad- vance on front line, % kilometer. Casualties: Battle deaths 302. Wounded 1,516. Total 1,818. D. S. C. awards total 30. THE A. E. F. 75 The insignia of this division is two triangles in black on red base. This design is supposed to have developed out of the numeral seven, one nu- meral up, and the other down and reversed, mak- ing two triangles. EIGHTH DIVISION (Pathfinder) The Eighth Division, known as the Pathfinder Division, was organized as a branch of the Eegular Army. Its Divisional Headquarters reached France November 2nd, 1918. Commander, Major Gren- eral E. A. Helmick. The insignia of this division is the head of an Indian warrior in black on orange background bounded by circle of blue. NINTH DIVISION The Ninth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Sheridan, Montgomery, Alabama with Commander Major General Willard A. Holbrook. No insignia was adopted. 76 THE A. E. F. TENTH DIVISION The Tenth Division was organized as a Eegular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas under Major Gen- eral Leonard Wood, The insignia of this division is a yellow Eoman numeral "X" within a yellow circle, the whole on square background of blue. ELEVENTH DIVISION (Lafayette) The Eleventh Division, called the "Lafayette Division," was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Meade, Annapolis Junction, Md., under the command of Major General Jesse Mc. I. Carter, The division insignia is a representation of the head of Lafayette in blue on a red disc. TWELFTH DIVISION (Plymouth) The Twelfth Division, known as the Plymouth Division, was organized as a Regular Army Divi- THE A. E. F. 77 sion. It was training at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., at the time the armistice was signed, under the command of Major (xeneral Henry P. McCain. The insignia of this division is a yellow square on end containing two triangles of blue. Superim- posed on the center of tft square and touching the two triangles is the number " 12 " in red, a yellow star above and below the numeral. THIRTEENTH DIVISION The Thirteenth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Lewis, American Lake, Washington, un- der the command of Major Gen- eral Joseph D. Leitch. The insignia of this division is a red horseshoe on a circular background of blue. Within the horseshoe is a black cat, under the cat the number "13" in red. FOURTEENTH DIVISION (Wolverine) The Fourteenth Division (Wolverine Division), was organized as a Regular Army Division. At 78 THE A. E. F. the time the armistice was signed, it was in training at Camp Cus- ter, Battle Creek, Mich., under the command of Major General Grote Hntcheson. The insignia is a black wolve- rine on a yellow disc with a black rim superim- posed on a green shield, FIFTEENTH DIVISION The Fifteenth Division was organized as a Eegu- lar Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Logan, Houston, Texas, under the command of Brigadier General Guy V. Henry. There is no insignia. SIXTEENTH DIVISION The Sixteenth Division was organized as a Eeg- ular Army Division. At the time the armistics was signed, it was training at Camp Kearny, Linda Vista, California, under the command of Major General Guy Carleton. No insignia was adopted. SEVENTEENTH DIVISION The Seventeenth Division was organized as a Regular Army Division. At the time the armis- THE A. E. F. 79 tice was signed, it was training at Camp Beaure- gard, Alexandria, Louisiana, under the command of Brigadier General Henry C. Hodges, Jr. No insignia was adopted. EIGHTEENTH DIVISION (Cactus) The Eighteenth Division, known as the Cactus Division, was organied as a Eegu- lar Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Travis, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, under the command of Brigadier General George H. Estes. The insignia of the Eighteenth Division is the figure "18" in white superimposed on a green cac- tus plant, under which is written "Noli me tan- gere" — "Do not touch me." NINETEENTH DIVISION (Twilight) The Nineteenth Division, "Twi- light Division," was orgknized as a branch of the Regular Army. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa, under 80 THE A. E. F. the command of Brigadier General Benjamin T. Simmons. A few signal corps and engineer and other units that trained with this division saw service overseas. The insignia of this division is a white letter "'G" on a black triangle superimposed on a red disc, the whole on a black square. TWENTIETH DIVISION The Twentieth Division was organized as a Reg- ular Army Division. At the time the armistice was signed, it was training at Camp Sevier, Greenville, South Carolina, under the command of Major General Harry F. Hodges. No insignia was adopted. TWENTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Yankee Division) The National Guard of New England, known as the Yankee Di- '^BJPfc\ vision, was trained at Camp jTJ/ Greene, Charlotte, N. C, and ar- v.iHB7 rived in France September 28th, 1917. Commaijders, Brigadier General Frank E. Bamford and Major General H. C. Hale. Activities : Chemin des Dames sector, February 6th to March 21st, 1918; La Reine and Boucq sector, April 3rd to THE A. E. F. 81 June 28th ; Pas Fini sector (northwest of Chateau- Thierry), July 10th to 25th (battle operations July 18th to 25th) ; Rupt and Tryon sector, September 8th to October 8th (St. Mihiel operation, Septem- ber 12to to 14ith) ; Neptune sector (north of Ver- dun), October 18th to November 14th (Argonne- Meuse offensive). Prisoners captured: 61 officers, 3,087 men. Guns captured: 16 pieces of artillery, 132 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line : 37 kilo- meters. The casualties: Battle deaths 2,168. Wounded 13,000. Totdl 15,168. D. S. C. awards total 229. The insignia of this division is a dark blue "YD" monogram superimposed on diamond of khaki cloth. The initials represent the nick-name of the division, which, since its arrival overseas, has been known as the "Yankee Division." TWENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION The National Guard of New York, sometimes known as the "Empire Division," trained at Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, S. C, and ar- rived in France May 10th, 1918. Commander, Major General John F. 'Eyan. Activities : East Poperinghe line, Belgium (four battalions at a time), July 9th to September 3rd; Dickebush sec- tor, Belgium, August 24th to September 3rd (op- 82 THE A. E. F. eration of Vierstrast Eidge, August 31st to Sep- tember 2nd) ; Hindenburg line, France, September 24tli to Octo- ber 1st (operation at Canal tun- nel, Bellicourt and east, Septem- ber 27th to 30th) ; St. Souplet sec- tor, October 12th to 20th (Selle river, October 17th) ; Jonc de Mer Bridge, October 18th ; St. Maurice Eiver, October 19th to 21st. Prisoners captured: 65 officers, 2,292 men. Total advance on front line, 11 kilometers. Cas- ualties: Battle deaths 1,791. Wounded 9,427. Total 11,218. D. S. C. awards total 130. The insignia of this division is a black circle with red border, with monogram NYD superim- posed — New York Division — and seven red stars. The stars represent the constellation Orion, and were chosen in honor of Major General O'Eyan, who has commanded the division during the last seven years. TWENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Keystone) The National Guard of Pennsylvania (Key- stone Division, sometimes known as the "Iron Di- vision") trained at Camp Hancock, Augusta, Ga., and arrived in France May 18th, 1918, Com- THE A. E. F. 83 manders Major General William H. Hay and Major Gen. Chas. H. Muir, Activities: Sector southeast of Chateau-Thierry (corps reserve), June 30th to July 31st (battle operations, July 15th to 18th and July 28th to 30th) ; Vesle sector, August 7th to September 8th (almost continuous heavy fighting) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th to Octo- ber 9th ; Thiaucourt sector, October 16th to November 11th. Prisoners captured: 10 officers, 911 men. Guns captured : 16 pieces of artUlery, 63 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 10 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,531. Wounded 13,746. Total 16,277. D. S. C. awards total 58. The insignia of this division is a keystone of red cloth. TWENTY-NINTH DIVISION (Blue and Gray) The National Guard of Maryland, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia and District of Columbia (Blue and Gray Division), trained at Camp Mc- Clellan, Anniston, Ala., and arrived in France June 27th, 1918. Commander, Major General Charles G. Morton. Activities: Center sector, Haute, Alsace, July 25th to September 22nd^ 84 THE A. E. F. Grand Montagne sector^ north of Verdun, October 7th to 30th. Prisoners captured: 2,187 oflScers and men. ^^^'~-v. Guns captured: 21 pieces of ar- ^M \ tillery and 250 machine-guns. ^^^L \ Total advance on front line: ^^1^^ i seven kilometers. Casualties:' ^^H| J Battle deaths 940. Wounded ^K^ 5,219. Total 6,159. D. S. C. awards total 150. The insignia of this division is a blue and gray design copied from the Korean symbol of good luck. The colors represent the union in arms of the North and South. THIRTIETH DIVISION (Old .Hickory) National Guard of North and South Carolina and Tennessee, known as the Old Hickory Divi- sion, was trained at Camp Sevier, Greenville,, S. C, and arrived in France, May 24th, 1918. Commander, Major General Edward M. Lewis. Activities: Canal sector, south of Ypres (under own command), August 17th to September 4th; Gouy-Nauroy sector, September 23rd to October 2nd (battle op- THE A. E. F. 85 erations) ; Le Cateau sector, October 16th to 20th (battle operations). Prisoners captured: 98 oflScers, 3,750 men. Guns captured: 81 pieces of artillery, 426 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 20% kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,652. Wounded 9,429. Total 11,081. D. S. C. awards in this division total 177. The insignia of this division is a monogram in blue — the letter "0" surrounding the letter "H" with three "X's" (Roman numerals for 30) form- ing the cross bar of the letter "H," all on a ma- roon background. This design is a tribute to An- drew Jackson, ' ' Old Hickory. ' ' THIRTY-FIRST DIVISION (Dixie) The Thirty-first Division, known as the "Dixie Division," the National Guard of Alabama, Flor- ida and Georgia, was trained at Camp Wheeler, Macon, Georgia, and Divisional Headquarters ar- rived in France, October 5th, 1918. Commander Major Gen- eral Le Roy S. Lyon. The Divi- sion was at Brest when the armistice was signed. The insignia of the Thirty-first Division is ^ 86 THE A. E. F. conventionalized design of the letters "QD" in bright red on a blue background. THIRTY-SECOND DIVISION (Iron Jaw) The National Guard of Michigan and Wiscon- sin, known as the Iron Jaw Division, the Red Ar- row Division, also named by the French "Les Ter- ribles ' ' — ^was trained at Camp MacArthur, Waco, Tex., and arrived in France February 20th, 1918. Commanders: Major General William G. Haan ^^0 and Major General R. L. ^^^W Howze, Activities: Alsace J l^ front, May 18th to July 21st; , ^Mm^ Fismes front, July 30th to ^^^ August 7th (advance from the Ourcq to the Vesle) ; Soissons front, August 28th to September 2nd (battle of Juvigny) ; Argonne-Meuse offensive September 30th to October 20th (operations against Kriem- hilde Steilung) ; front east of the Meuse Dun-sur- Meuse, November 8th to 11th; Army of Occupa- tion from November 17th. Prisoners captured: 40 oflScers, 2,113 men. Guns captured: 21 pieces of artillery, 190 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line, 36 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 2,898. Wounded 10,986. Total 13,884. THE A. E. F. 87 D. S. C. awards total 134. The insignia of this division is a barred arrow of red — chosen because they * ' shot through every line the Boche put before them." THIRTY-THIRD DIVISION (Prairie; Illinois) The National Guard of Illinois and West Vir- ginia, known both as the "Prairie" and "Illi- nois," was trained at Oamp Logan, Houston, Tex., and arrived in France May 24th, 1918. Commander, Major General George Bell, Jr. Activities: Amiens sector (with Australians), July 21st to August 18th ; Verdun sector, Septem- ber 9th to October 17th; St. Mi- hiel sector, November 7th to 11th. Prisoners captured: 65 offi- cers, 3,922 men. Guns captured : 93 pieces of artillery, 414 ma- chine-guns. Total advance on front line : 36 kilometers (made by units of one regiment or less). Casualties: Battle deaths 1,002. Wounded 8,251. Total 9,253. D. S. C. awards total 76. The insignia of this division is a yellow cross on black circle, a combination of the divisional colors. Yellow was chosen because it was the only color paint available in Texas when the division was 88 THE A. E. F. assembling its equipment. The cross, long used to mark Government property, had a terrifying effect on the Philippine natives. THIRTY-FOURTH DIVISION The Thirty-fourth Division, the National Guard of Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota and South Dakota, was trained at Camp Cody, New Mexico. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France September 15th, 1918. Commander, Brigadier General John A. Johnston. This division was in reserve at Castres when the armistice was signed. The insignia of this division is a black oval encircling red bovine skull, a conventionalization of the Mexican oUa or water flask, the whole design reminiscent of the Camp Cody country in New Mexico where the division trained. THIRTY-FIFTH DIVISION National Guard of Missouri and Kansas was trained at Camp Doniphan, Fort Sill, Okla., and arrived in France, May 11th, 1918. Commanders, Major General W. M. Wright and Major General Peter E. Traub. Activities : North sector of Wesserling sector, Vosges (one brigade), July 1st to 27th ; north sector of Wesserling sector, Vosges, THE A. E. F. 89 with Garibaldi sub-sector (under division com- mand) July 27tli to August 14tli; Gerardmer, south sub-sector added, August 14th to September 2nd; Argonne-Meuse offensive (Grange-le-Comte sector), September 21st to October 1st; Somme- Dieue sector, October 15th to November 7th. Prisoners captured: 13 offi- cers, 768 men. Guns captured: 24 pieces of artillery, 85 machine- guns. Total advance on front line, 12% kilometers. Casual- ties : Battle deaths 960. Wound- ed 6,894. Total 7,854. There were 17 D. S. C. awards in this division. The insignia of this division is a Sante Fe cross within two circles of varying colors, the outer one divided into four arcs. The design was chosen because the old Santa Fe trail started westward from a point near the Missouri-Kansas line. THIRTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Panther) The National Guard of Texas and Oklahoma, known as the Panther Division, was trained at Camp Bowie, Fort Worth, Tex., and Divisional Headquarters arrived in France, July 31st, 1918. Commander, Major General W. R. Smith. Activi- 90 THE A. E. F. ties : Blanc Mont sector, north of Somme-Py, Oc- tober 6th to 28th (French-Champagne offensive). Prisoners captured: 18 offi- cers, 531 enlisted men. Guns cap- tured: 9 pieces of artillery, 294 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 21 kilometers. Cas- ualties: Battle deaths 591. Wounded 2,119. Total 2,710. D. S. 0. awards total 24. The insignia of this division is a cobalt blue arrow head with a khaki "T" superimposed upon a khaki disc. The arrowhead represents Okla- homa and the "T" Texas. THIRTY-SEVENTH DIVISION (Buckeye) The National Guard of Ohio (Buckeye Divi- sion), was trained at Camp Sheridan, Montgom- ery, Ala., and Divisional Headquarters arrived in France June 23rd, 1918. Commander, Major General Chas. S. Famsworth. Activities : Baccarat sector, Aug- ust 4th to September 16th; Meuse-Argonne offensive, Sep- tember 25th to October 1st; Pannes (St. Mihiel sector), Octo- ber 7th to 16th; Lys and E scant rivers (Flanders), THE A. E. F. 91 October 31st to November 4th; Belgium, Syngem sector, November 9th to 11th. Prisoners captured: 26 officers, 3,720 enlisted men. Guns captured: 29 pieces of artillery, 263 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 30 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 992. Wounded 4,931. Total 5,923. D. S. C. awards total 25. The insignia of this division is a red circle with a white border. This design was adapted from the State flag of Ohio. THIRTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Cyclone) The National Guard of Indiana and Kentucky, known as the Cyclone Division, was trained at Camp Shelby, Hattiesburg, Miss., and arrived in France October 19th, 1918 ; became a replacement division and members saw action as replacements to other divi- sions. Commander, Major Gen- eral Charles S. Famsworth. The insignia of this division is a shield, the left half blue, the right half red, and superimposed in the center of the shield is the initial "C" with the letter "Y" interlaced with lower half of the initial "C," both in white. 92 THE A. E. P. THIRTY-NINTH DIVISION (Bull's-eye) The Thirty-ninth Division, the National Guard of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Arkansas, ®was trained at Camp Beauregard, Alexandria, Louisiana. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France August 8th, 1918. Commander, Major Gen- eral Henry C. Hodges, Jr. The insignia of the Thirty-ninth Division is a red buUseye on a white disc with a black border. FORTIETH DIVISION (Sunshine) The National Guard of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico, known as the ' ' Sunshine Division, ' ' was trained at Camp Kearny, Linda Vista, Cal., and arrived in France August 20th, 1918; became a replacement di- vision and members saw action as replacements to other divi- sions. Commander, Major Gen- eral Frederick S. Strong. The insignia of this division is a blue patch of cloth with gold sun superimposed in center, a rep- THE A. E. F. 93 resentation of the sun at midday in blue sky. The insignia and name "Sunshine Division" are sym- bolic of the climatic conditions of the camp in which the unit trained. FORTY-FIEST DIVISION (Sunset) The National Guard of "Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming, known as the Sun- set Division, was trained at Camp Fremont, Bio Alto, Calif., and arrived in France January 1st, 1918, as the First Depot Division. It became a replacement division, and the members saw action as replacements to other divisions. Commander. Brigadier General Eichard Coulter, Jr. The insignia of this division is a setting sun in gold on red background over a wavy blue stripe in the foreground, representing the blue waters of the Pacific. This design was originated by a Eed Cross Nurse attached to Camp Hospital No. 26, at St. Aignan-Noyers. FORTY-SECOND DIVISION (Eainbow) The Forty-second Division, known as the Eain- bow Division, was composed of National Guard units of 26 states. 94 THE A. E. F. Its Divisional Headquarters arrived in France November 1st, 1917. Commander, Major General Charles D. Rhodes. Activities : Dombasle-Lime- ville — St. Clement-Baccarat sector, February 21st to March 23rd, 1918 (under the French 8th Army and 7th Army Corps) ; Baccarat sector, March 18th to June 21st; Souain and Esperance sector, July 5th to 17th (German offensve east of Eheims, July 15th to 16th) ; Trugny and Beauvardes, July 25th to August 3rd (front of 4th Army Corps on Curcq) ; Ansauville, Essey and Bois de Pannes (St. Mihiel salient), September 12th to 30th; south of St. Georges-Landres-et-St. Georges-Cote de Chatillon (Argonne-Meuse offensive, October 13th to 31st) ; Autruche, Grandes Armoises and Mais- oncelle, south of Sedan (Argonne-Meuse offen- sive), November 5th to 10th. Prisoners captured: 14 ofl&cers, 1,303 enlisted ^^^aS| men. Guns captured : 25 pieces y^^^^\ of artillery, 495 machine-guns. ^^r ^^^H Total advance on front line, 55 1^ ^^^^ kilometers. Casualties: Battle M m( deaths 2,713. Wounded 13,292. " *' Total 16,005. D. S. C. awards in Forty-second Division total 205. The insignia of this division is a parti-colored THE A. E. F. 95 quadrant of red, yellow and blue suggesting the arc of a rainbow. SEVENTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Liberty Bell) The Seventy-sixth Division, known as the Lib- erty Bell Division, National Army of New York and New England, was trained at Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., and Divisional Headquarters arrived in France July 5th, 1918. Commander, Major General Harry F. Hodges. It served as a Eeplacement Division. The insignia of this division is a blue liberty bell on a khaki background. SEVENTY-SEVENTH DIVISION The National Army of New York City, some- times known as the " Metrop)olitan Division," was trained at Camp Upton, Yap Hank, L. I., and arrived in France April 13th, 1918. Commander, Major General Robert Alexander. Activities: Bac- carat sector, June 20th to August 4th ; Fismes-Bazochos sector, Vesle front, August 12th to September 16th; La Harazee-Feur de Paris-la Fille Morte line, Sep- tember 26th to October 16th (Argonne-Meuse of- 96 THE A. E. F. fensive) ; Cbampignetilles line, Aire-Meuse, Octo- ber 31st to November 12tli ( Argoime-Meuse offen- sive). Prisoners captured: 13 officers, 737 enlisted men. Guns captured : 44 pieces of artillery, 323 machine-guns. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,990. Wounded 9,966. Total 11,956. Total advance on front line 77.5. D. S. C. awards total 146. The insignia is a golden fac-simile of the Statue of Liberty on a blue background. SEVENTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Lightning) The National Army of New Jersey, Delaware and New York, known as the "Lightning Divi- sion," was trained at Camp Dix, Wrightstown, N. J., and arrived in France June 8th, 1918. Com- mander, Major General James H. McEae. Activ- ities : Limey sector, St. Mihiel front, September 16th to October 4th; Grand Pre-St. Juvin sector, October 16th to November 5th (Meuse-Argonne offensive). Prisoners captured : 6 officers, 392 men. Guns captured: four or more pieces of artillery, 43 or more machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 21 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths 1,359. Wounded 6,800. Total 8,159. THE A. E. F. 97 D. S. C. awards in this division total 90. The insignia is a crimson semi-circle crossed by a white streak of lightning which begins at the upper right hand side of the insignia and crosses to the lower left hand comer. Crimson and white are "the colors of the division, and the lightning is symbolic of "Lightning Divi- sion," the name adopted by the division before leaving the States. SEVENTY-NINTH DIVISION The National Army of the District of Columbia, Maryland and Eastern Pennsylvania, sometimes known as the "Liberty Division," trained at Camp Meade, Annapolis Junction, Md. Divi- sional Headquarters arrived in France July 15th, 1918. Commander, Major General Joseph E. Kuhn. Activi- ties : Sector 304 between Argonne and Meuse, September 16th to 30th (Meuse Argonne offensive, Sep- tember 26th to 30th) ; Troyon sec- tor, east of Meuse, October 8th to 25th; Grand Montague sector, heights east of Meuse River, October 29th to No- vember 11th (active operations in progress most of the time). Prisoners captured: 21 oflBcers, 1,056 enlisted 98 THE A. E. P. men. Guns captured : 32 pieces of artillery, 275 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 19 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,396. Wounded, 6,194. Total, 7,510 D. S. C. awards total 80. The insignia of this division is the Lorraine Cross in gray on a blue shield with a gray border. The Lorraine Cross was adopted in the 15th cen- tury by the House of Anjou (as a symbol of tri- umph), following the defeat of Charles the Bold. It is the outward symbol wherein is centered the affectionate and zealous love of a nation for liberty, justice and freedom. EIGHTIETH DIVISION (Blue Ridge) The National Army of Virginia, West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, known as the "Blue t -J Eidge Division, ' ' was trained at ^^^^^^^^' Camp Lee, Petersburg, Va. Di- visional Headquarters arrived in France May 30th, 1918. Commander Major General Adelbert Cronkhite. Activities : Aveuly Woods, Arras (Artois front), July 23rd to August 18th (under British) ; St. Mihiel salient, September 12th to 15th (one regiment of Infantry and one Machine-Gun Bat- THE A. E. F. 99 talion, reserve Second Frencli Colonial Corps) ; Bethinconrt sector, September 25tli to 29tli (Ar- gonne-Meuse offensive) ; Nantillois sector, October 4tli to 12tli (Argonne-Mense offensive) ; St. Juvin, November 1st to 6tli (Argonne-Meuse offensive). Prisoners captured: 103 officers; 1,710 enlisted men. Guns captured : 88 pieces of artillery, 641 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 37 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,141. Wounded, 5,662. Total, 6,763. D. S. C. awards total 42. The insignia of this division is a shield of olive drab cloth, in center of which are superimposed three blue hills outlined in white. The hills rep- resent the Blue Ridge mountains. EIGHTY-FIEST DIVISION The National Army of North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Florida and Porto Rico (Wildcat Division), was trained at Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C, and arrived in France August 16th, 1918. Commander, Major General Charles J. Bailey. Activities: East of St. Die and Raon L'Etape sector, Vosges, Sep- tember 18th to October 19th (brigaded with 20th French Division) ; Sommedieue sector between 100 THE A. E. F. Haudiemen works and Benzee-en-Moevre, Novem- ber 7th to 17th. Prisoners captured: 101. Total advance on front line, 5 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 250. Wounded, 801. Total, 1,051. ' D. S. C. awards in this division, 19. The insignia is a wild cat of varying color. It was selected in the belief that the division could "emulate it in its fighting qualities." EIGHTY-SECOND DIVISION , (AU-American) The National Army of Georgia, Alabama, Florida and Tennessee, known as the "All Ameri- can Division," was trained at Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga. Divisional headquarters arrived in France about May 17th, 1918. Commander, Major General George B. Duncan. Activities: Lagny sector, June 25th to Aug- ust 10th (brigaded with 154th French Division) ; Marbache sec- tor, August 17th to September 11th; St. Mihiel operation, Sep- tember 12th to 15th; Bauhiey and Charpentry, Fleville and Che- hery, Chehery and La Viergette sectors, September 30th to October 31st (Argonne-Meuse offensive). Prisoners captured: 18 officers, 827 enlisted THE A. E. F. 101 men. Guns captured : 11 pieces of artillery, 311 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 17 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,338. Wounded, 6,890. Total, 8,228. D. S. C. awards total 34. The insignia of this division is "AA" in gold braid upon a circle of solid blue, the whole super- imposed on a square background of red. The "AA" stands for "All American," with the fur- ther and later significance "AU Aboard." EIGHTY-THIRD DIVISION The Eighty-third Division, the National Army of Ohio, "West Va., and Pennsylvania, was trained at Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, and arrived in France, in June, 1918. Commander, Major General E. ^^^^flb^ F.Glenn. This division was a ^l§S depot division at LeMans and Ikl^ Castres. The 332nd Infantry of the 83rd Division was the only American combatant unit in Italy. It en- gaged in the battle of Vittorio-Veneto, Italy, Octo- ber 24th to November 4th, 1918. The insignia of the Eighty-third Division is a conventionalized yellow design forming the word "Ohio" on a black triangle 102 THE A. E. F. EIGHTY-FOURTH DIVISION (Lincoln) The Eighty-fourth Division, known as the "Lincoln Division," the National r ^^ m Army of Illinois, Indiana, Ken- ^■R S*^! tucky, trained at Camp Taylor, ^ ^^^ M Louisville, Ky., and arrived in ^ -^ France during September, 1918. Commander, Major General H. C. Hale. This division was used in the Supply Ser- vice at Neuvic. The insignia of this division is a red ax on a blue disk. EIGHTY-riFTH DIVISION (Custer) The Eighty-fifth Division known as the "Custer Division," the National Army of /'^^ B^\ Michigan and Wisconsin, trained ^r 1^ \ at Camp Custer, Battle Creek, B I ^ j Michigan, and arrived in France i^^^HB^y during August, 1918. It was a depot division at Pouilly. Com- mander, Major General C. W. Kennedy. The insignia of the Eighty-fifth Division is a conventionalized "CD" (Custer Division) in bright red. THE A. E. F. 103 Tlie 339tla. Infantry of this division served in the Murmansk District, Eussia. EIGHTY-SIXTH DIVISION (Black^Hawk) The Eighty-sixth Division, known as the "Black Hawk Division," the National Army of Chieago, was trained at Camp Grant, Rockford, Hlinois, and arrived in France during September, 1918. It was used in the Supply Service at St. Andre de Cubzac. Commander, Major General Chas. H. Martin. The insignia of the Eighty-sixth Division is a black hawk on a red shield. EIGHTY-SEVENTH DIVISION (Acorn) The National Army of Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas, known as the "Acorn Division," was trained at Camp Pike, Little Eock, Ark., and arrived in France September 14th, 1918. Com- mander, Major General Samuel D. Sturgis. This division en- gaged in construction work at Pons-Saintes ; it was en route to front when armis- tice was signed. 104 THE A. E. F. The insignia of this division is a patch of green cloth in the form of a circle flattened at the top for sewing into the shoulder seam, with an acorn of brown cloth superimposed in center. This in- signia was selected because it suggests a mighty tree, "stalwart and strong." EIGHTY-EIGHTH DIVISION (Clover Leaf) The National Army of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois (Clover Leaf Division), was trained at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, Iowa. Divisional head- quarters arrived in France August 16th, 1918. Commander, Major General William Weigel. Activities : Center sector, Haute Alsace, October 7th to Novem- ber 5th. Casualties : Battle deaths, 27. Wounded, 63. Total, 90. One D. S. C. was awarded. The insignia of this division is a design of black evolved from two figures "8 crossing at right angles and giving the appear- ance of a Maltese cross made of loops or a four leaf clover, which is a common symbol of the four States Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois and North Da- kota. The colors vary. M THE A. E. F. 105 EIGHTY-NINTH DIVISION (Middle West) The National Army of Kansas, Missouri and Colorado, known as tlie "Middle West Division," and called also the "Sunflower Division," was trained at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kans. Its Divisional headquarters arrived in France June 21st, 1918. Commander, Major General Frank L. "Winn. Activities: sector northwest of Toul August 10th to 20th (under com- mand 32nd French Corps), sector northwest of Toul, August 20th to September 12th (under command Fourth American Corps) ; Sep- tember 12th to 13th, St. Mihiel offensive; September 14th to October 7th, sector from Xammes to middle of Bois de Dampvitoux (later extended to the Etang de La Chaussee on west and western edge of Bois de Bonvaux on east) ; October 9th to 19th, Meuse-Argonne offen- sive (Fifth Corps reserve) ; October 19th to November 11th, Meuse-Argonne offensive. Prisoners captured: 192 officers, 4,869 men. Guns captured: 127 pieces of artillery, 455 machine-guns, etc. Total advance on front line, 36 kilometers. Casualties : Battle deaths, 1,419. Wounded, 7,394. Total, 8,813. 106 THE A. E. F. D. S. C. awards total 97. The insignia of this division is a circle of dark blue piping with an initial of "W" of the same color, which, when inverted is an "M," the letters "MW" standing for Middle West, as well as for the three major generals who have commanded the division — Leonard Wood, Frank Winn, and William M. Wright. NINTIETH DIVISION (Alamo) The National Army of Texas, Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, known sometimes as the "Alamo Division," was trained at Camp Travis, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. Divisional headquar- ters arrived in France June 23rd, 1918. Commander, Major General Henry T. Allen. Activi- ties : Sazeraie-Haye-Puvenelle sector, August 24th to October 10th; St. Mihiel operation, Sep- tember 12th to 15th; demonstration at beginning of Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 26th; Argonne-Meuse offensive October 19th to Novem- ber 11th. Prisoners captured: 32 ofiScers, 1,844 enlisted men. Guns captured : 42 pieces of artillery, 230 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 28^^ «» THE A. E. F. 107 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,387. Wounded, 6,623. Total 8,010. D. S. C. awards total 57. The insignia is the red monogram "TO" stand- ing for Texas-Oklahoma. NINETY-FIRST DIVISION (Wild West) The National Army of Alaska, Montana, Wash- ington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming and Utah, known as the "Wild West Division," was trained at Camp Lewis, American Lake, Wash. Division headquarters arrived in France July 12th, 1918. Commander, Major General William H. Johnston. Activities: Argonne-Meuse sec- tor near Vauquies, September 20th to October 3rd (Argonne- Meuse offensive, September 26th to October 3rd) ; west of Escaut River, Belgium, October 30th to November 4th; east of Escaut River, Belgium, November 10th to 11th. Prisoners captured: 12 officers; 2,400 enlisted men. Guns captured : 33 pieces of artillery, 471 machine-guns. Total advance on front line, 34 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 1,390. Wounded, 5,106. Total, 6,496. 108 THE A. E. F. D. S. 0. awards total 134. The insignia of this division is the green fir tree emblematic pf the Far West. NINETY-SECOND DIVISION (Buffalo) National Army, colored division known as "Buffalo Division," was composed of units which were trained at a large number of cantonments throughout the country. Di- vision headquarters arrived in France June 19th, 1918. Commander, Major General Charles C. Ballon. Activi- ties: St. Die sector, Vosges, August 29th to September 20th ; Argonne-Meuse offensive, September 25th to 30th (reserve of First Army Corps) : Marbache sector, October 9th to November 15th. Prisoners captured, 38 men. Total advance on front line, 8 kilometers. Casualties: Battle deaths, 185. Wounded, 1,495. Total, 1,680. D. S. C. awards total 21. The insignia of this division is the American buffalo, colors varying. This was selected "be- cause traditional Indians called negro soldiers 'buffaloes.'" THE A. E. F. 109 NINETY-THIRD DIVISION The Ninety-third Division (Negroes) was created from National Guard Colored Troops from New York, Illinois, Ohio, District of Columbia, Connecti- cut, Massachusetts, Tennessee and Maryland. It comprised the 369th, 370th and 371st and 372nd Infantries. It arrived in France during April, 1918, and was brigaded with the French; saw fighting in many of the French defensives and offensives and one regiment saw action in the Ar- gonne-Meuse offensive. The cas- ualties: Battle deaths, 574. Wounded, 2,009. Total, 2,583. Three insignia were adopted — a blue French helmet on a black field for the 370th ; a yellow and blue rattlesnake on black field for the 369th; and a red hand on a white field surrounded by a blue circle for the 371st and 372nd. They received many decorations from the French. 110 THE A. E. F. BATTLE DEATHS AND WOUNDED BY DIVISIONS ALSO EECORD Or PRISONERS (War Department^May 10th, 1919) Battle deaths include kiUed in action and died of wounds. Casualties listed under "other units" include about 2,000 in depot divisions. These occurred either before replacement units had been incorpo- rated with divisions to which assigned, or among men of depot divisions who went A. W. 0. L. to the front. There is a duplication of about 7,000 in the figures for the wounded. Casualties Taken Prisoners Battle Enlisted Div. Deaths Wovmded Total Officers Men Total 2 4,419 20,657 25,076 4 152 156 1 4,204 19,141 23,345 151 151 3 3,102 15,052 18,154 8 306 314 28 2,531 13,746 16,277 18 708 726 42 2,713 13,292 16,005 3 99 102 26 2,168 13,000 15,168 19 432 451 4 2,587 11,596 14,183 2 68 70 32 2,898 10,986 13,884 1 155 156 77 1,990 9,966 11,956 11 394 405 27 1,791 9,427 11,218 3 225 228 30 1,652 9,429 11,081 6 71 77 5 1,908 7,975 9,883 98 98 33 1,002 8,261 9,253 1 125 126 89 1,419 7,394 8,813 1 24 25 82 1,338 6,890 8,228 7 232 239 THE A. E. F. i: Oaaualtiea Taken Prisoners Battle Enlisted Div. Deaths Wounded Total OflScera Men Total 78 1,359 6,800 8,159 3 120 123 90 1,387 6,623 8,010 4 76 80 35 960 6,894 7,854 4 165 169 79 1,396 6,194 7,590 2 78 80 80 1,141 5,622 6,763 1 100 101 91 1,390 5,106 6,496 28 28 29 940 5,219 6,159 4 63 67 37 992 4,931 5,923 23 23 36 591 2,119 2,710 1 24 25 93 574 2,009 2,583 1 3 4 7 302 1,516 1,818 1 19 20 92 185 1,495 1,680 17 17 81 250 801 1,051 51 51 6 97 479 576 3 3 88 27 63 90 2 7 9 Grand Total Total 47,313 Other Units 1,596 232,673 4,462 279,986 6,058 107 4,017 4,124 215 95 310 48,909 237,135 286,044 322 4,112 4,434 REPLACEMENTS TO AMERICAN DIVISIONS ^ May 1st to November 13th, 1918 The following comparisons of replacements may prove interesting especially when compared with the table which gives the losses suffered by divi- sions. The replacements include the men as- signed to bring divisions up to war strength, those who returned to their own outfits after being sick 1 stars and Stripes, January Sth, 1019. 112 THE A. E. F. or wounded as well as the men who filled the gaps caused by big battle losses : strength Divisions Replacements Nov. 13th, 1918 2nd 35,343 23,099 1st 30,206 26,272 3rd 24,033 26,076 28th 21,717 23,010 32nd 20,140 24,576 4th 19,559 26,033 42nd 17,253 20,430 26th 14,411 20,709' 77th 12,728 24,308 5th 12,611 21,675 91st .; 12,530 22,172 35th 10,605 28,243 82nd 8,402 22,766 89th 7,669 22,320 37th 6,282 23,391 79th 6,246 22,804 33rd 5,415 23,986 27th 5,255 19,279 29th 4,977 20,946 • 80th 4,495 24,580 90th 4,437 20,873 7th 4,112 25,187 36th 3,397 23,435 78th 3,190 19,762 92nd 2,920 26,894 6th 2,784 24,798 30th 2,384 20,682 81st 1,984 23,731 88th 734 25,428 Total Replacements... 305,819 Total Strength of Combat Divisions,. 676,905 THE A. E. F. 113 Distinguished Service Crosses Awarded by Divisions {March 8, 1919) 2nd , ... 664 90th . 57 1st ... 300 80th . 42 3rd ... 233 82nd . 34 26th . .. 229 7th . 30 42nd ... 205 37th . 25 30th ... 177 36th . 24 5th ... 163 92nd . 21 29th ... 150 81st . 19 77th ... 146 35th . 17 27th .... ... 130 6th . 10 32nd .... ...134 88th 1 91st .... ... 134 89th .... ... 97 Total D. S. C. awarded 78th .... ... 90 to Divisions .3,312 79th .... . .. 80 Awarded other than Di- 33rd .... ... 76 vision Troops . 606 4th ... 66 28th .... ... 58 Total awards .3,918 Kilometers Ad/vanced by Various Combat Divisions Total Total Div. Advance Order Div. Advance Order 77th ., .... 77.5 1 5th 29 14 2nd ., .... 60 2 90th 29 15 42nd . .... 55 3 4th 24.5 16 1st ., .... 51 4 78th 21 17 89th . .... 48 5 36th 21 18 3rd . .... 41 6 79th 19.5 19 80th . .... 38 7 82nd 17 20 26th . .... 37 8 35th 12.5 21 32nd . .... 36 9 27th 11 22 33rd . .... 36 10 28th 10 23 91st . .... 34 11 92nd 8 24 37th , .... 30 12 29th 7 25 30th , .... 29.5 13 81st 5.5 7th 1 26 27 CHAPTER V THE BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE Increasing Complexity of Military Service One of the most striking features of the recent war has been the increase in complexity and variety of service required. The changing system of warfare, the use of new materials for defenses, the employment of new types of guns and ammuni- tion, the need for millions of troops and the vital importance of rapid and unfailing systems of com- munication — all have increased tremendously the complexity of the work of the old branches of the service. The extensive use of aircraft and motor trans- portation has made it necessary to create new branches of the service to meet these new de- mands. The employment of poison gas and later the use of tanks necessitated new methods of defense and opened up vast possibilities as to the use of these new weapons in offense. To develop this work, the Chemical Warfare Service and the Tank Corps were organized. 114 CHE.M1CK1. WnsrsRE ConaT Xri£iiME.En CoRpa C0RP6 CI OT0I\"TRft«SP0flT COKP6 ^RTILLERX InTflHTw UwiTEo States flf^nv Cnvfi QuflRTE«rin6TtR Corps JuOQt (loVOCflTt QENtSAl'sDlPT flojuTftnT QtnERfiLSjlEPT ^lf\ ■5&RV1GE. Qemcrrl ^TfiFr ORDi-iprtCE Corps InSPCCTOR (^E.«Cl?flL& He.pt Collar Insignia of United States Army THE A. E. F. 115 In a recently published demobilization report of the War Department, twenty-nine classes of troops were listed. The distribution of these troops as to branch of service is shown in the 1918 report of the Secretary of War. An additional column shows the percentage of each branch. BRANCHES OF THE SERVICE Comparative Strength of Service, March, 1917, and November, 1918 Old New Percentage of Army Army Total on Basis Name March, Novem- of Greatest 1917 ber, 1918 Strength Infantry and machine-gun 85,000 974,000 26.9 Engineer 3,000 394,000 lO.T Eield Artillery and ammu- nition train 9,000 389,000 10.6 Medical 7,000 300,000 8.2 Quartermaster 8,000 228,000 6.3 Coast Artillery 21,000 137,000 3.8 Ordnance 1,000 64,000 1.7 Signal 3,000 52,000 1.4 Cavalry 22,000 29,800 .7 Air Service 202,000 5.5 Motor Transport 103,000 2.8 Chemical Warfare 18,000 .5 MiUtia Bureau 27,000 .7 Tank 14,000 .3 In training 549,000 14.9 All other 31,000 185,000 5.0 Total 190,000 3,665,000 100.0 116 THE A. E. F. The following pages tell the story of the work and the accomplishments of the branches of ser- vice listed in the preceding table. THE INFANTRY The Infantry is by far the largest, and so far as actual fighting is concerned, the most important branch of the Service. Indeed, it may well be said that the whole army organization is built around the Infantry and the effort of all branches is to make their fighting more effective. This is true of the tanks which go ahead and flatten barb wire; true of the planes which fly overhead and locate reserves and often join in the fight with their machine-guns and bombs, and true of the Artillery which sends over the barrage under the protection of which the Infantry advances. The success of an offensive is not gauged so much on the achievements of the tanks, the aero- planes, or the Artillery, as it is upon how far the Infantry has been able to advance. The Infantry is trained in close order and open order drill, in trench digging, in bayonet fighting, in grenade throwing and in using the rifle. While the open order or skirmish formations are most commonly used in an advance through open country, in heavily wooded rough country, like that which the Americans encountered in the THE A. E. F. 117 Argoime Forest, the advance often resolves itself into Indian fighting. The Pioneer Infantry regiments attached to an army or army corps differ from regiments of In- fantry attached to combat divisions, in that these units are used in the fighting only in an emer- gency. In an advance, they are usually assigned the task of building the roads in the territory captured. They carry their rifles with them while at work, so that in case of counter-attack or urgent need of reenforcements they may be rushed into the fighting. The Machine-Gun Battalions because of the fact that they are usually brigaded with the Infantry, are in most official records classed as Infantry. In many respects, however, the Machine-Gun Battalions more closely resemble the Artillery. In an offensive the machine-guns cover the ad- vance of the Infantry. In case of a counter- attack, these valuable weapons show probably their greatest usefulness. Sixteen machine-guns is the usual equipment of a Machine-Gun Com- pany, one squad being in charge of each gun. Three men operate the gun and the others assist in moving the gun and in carrying ammunition. At the signing of the armistice, more than one- fourth of the total strength of the Army was ia- 118 THE A. E. F. eluded in the Infantry and the Machme-Gim units. To these units which endured the greatest dangers and hardships of the war and whose spirit in offen- sive action was the pride of all American soldiery, no praise can be too high. All Infantry men wear crossed guns as collar insignia, and the shoulder insignia of the division, corps or army in which they served in the A. E, F. The men of the 332nd Infantry who served in Italy wear the gold dragon indicating Italian service. ENGINEERS CORPS The "Jacks of all trades" of the American Army were the Engineers. They were organized into units for the following purposes : and mechanical General construction Railway construction Road construction Dock construction Railway ope^J^tions and main- tenance Car and locomotive repair Electrical work Quarrying Forestry Ship repair Water supply Sappers and pioneers Among the most important constructions are the wharves at Bordeaux and Nantes, the im- mense storage depots at La Palice, Montoir, and Gievres, and innumerable hospitals and barracks in various parts of France. The road and bridge THE A. E. F. 119 building was often done on dark rainy nights. Koads and bridges were sometimes built across spongy, shell-torn areas, in the middle of No Man's Land. The Forestry Service of the En- gineer Corps cut the greater part of the timber and railway ties required. On November 1st, 1918, the personnel of the Engineers included 10,000 officers and 284,000 men. While all the Engineers wear the famous castle as a collar insignia, most wear the shoulder in- signia of the division to which they were attached. Certain sp'ecial units, however, adopted special shoulder insignia. The insignia of the Searchlight Engineers, is a ray of light piercing the sky and revealing an enemy aeroplane. This may be said to be symbolic of the important work of these engineers in revealing the location of night bombing machines. The engineers would keep the ma- chines in the path of their power- ful searchlights and then the Anti- Aircraft gunners would be called upon to finish the job. The camouflage section of the Engineers adopted as their in- signia a chameleon on a black pennant. This little reptile can conceal itself by 120 THE A. E. F. changing color so as to blend with its surround- ings. The chief work of the camouflage section was to see that military fortifications, weapons, etc., were so changed in appearance that they would blend with the surroundings and thus be- come invisible to the enemy. The Railroad Section selected a dia- mond shaped insignia with the letter "R" standing for the railroad. The transportation situation in France was so acute in the early days of America's participation in the war, that little growth in the army could take place until a system was built up for trans- porting vast numbers of men and vast quantities of supplies needed to feed and equip our fighters. One of the earliest requests of General Pershing was to send over railroad engineers. The lack of cars and engines also made the situation critical. Sixty thousand railroad engineers served in France and a very large number of engines and cars were sent overseas and used in American service. During the war, this branch of the service was of inestimable value in carrying men and freight to the front, and later to ports of debarkation. In times of urgent need, i.e. when new troops were needed at once to replace those stricken with in- THE A. E. F. 121 fluenza, when the British were in acute need of barbed wire, when lightning shifts of men were needed in the Argonne offensive, the railroad en- gineers performed notable service. General Pershing in his report to the Secretary of "War says of the Engineer Corps, "the work has required large vision and high professional skill, and great credit is due to their personnel for the high proficiency that they have constantly maintained. ' ' AETILLERY The increased use of Artillery is one of the most notable points in which this war differs from earlier wars. With the use of trenches, dugouts, concrete pill-boxes and concrete fortifications, machine-gun nests built into the sides of the hill and machine-guns and light artillery used in build- ings, it is often necessary literally to blow a place to pieces before it can be taken by the Infantry. In order to accomplish this task, large numbers of guns must be used and vast quantities of shells and high explosives. Five types of artillery in common use in the A. E. F. were the "One Pounders" and Trench Mortars which were used iu the forward trenches ; the light and heavy Artillery, usually fired from a distance behind the forward trenches, and the 122 THE A. E. F. Eailroad Artillery with larger shells and longer range which usually fired from a position further behind the lines. The success of modern warfare depends largely upon the accuracy of Artillery fire. Usually the object to be hit is not visible to those who fire the guns. Hence the fire must be directed by a com- mander who gives the orders as to range, fre- quency of fire, etc. This commander may be stationed at an ob- servation post far forward where he can person- ally observe the effect of his fire and direct his battery by telephone, or he may remain with his battery and direct their fire according to informa- tion received by telephone buzzer system or run- ners from the Commander of the Infantry. In other situations he may be advised as to the suc- cess of his fire by telephone messages from the observation balloons, or from his observers equipped with glasses who may be perched near the top of some tall tree. Sometimes messages to the Artillery are received from aeroplanes by wireless. Signal lights and rockets are used at night. Field Artillery is usually horse-drawn, the larger guns are frequently moved by tractors. The ammunition train in time of battle is at- tached to the Artillery and by means of its motor THE A. E. P. 123 trucks and wagons, transports all kinds of ammunition. The Reserve Mallet was organized October 1st, 1917, from former members of the American Field Service who were enlisted at Soissons, France, in the regular United States Army. The work of this unit was somewhat similar to that of an ammunition train attached to Artillery. Be- tween June 6th, 1918, and November 6th, 1918, this organization hauled over 6,000,000 shells and 20,- 000 tons of Infantry ammunition. Its insignia is the horn of the French Chasseur in yellow super- imposed on a shield of green. The Coast Artillery hitherto has been largely a defensive branch of the service. In the present war, however, a large number of the personnel of the Coast Artillery have been used in Europe to man the railroad guns and other guns of large caliber. In every American offensive, Naval guns manned by American sailors have been used with great success. The anti-aircraft guns render invaluable service in beating off hostile aircraft. The most common type of anti-aircraft gun is a long barreled gun usually set in a circular camouflaged pit, and capable of being rapidly adjusted to fire at any 124 THE A. E. P. angle. Machine-guns prove the most effective weapon against low flying aircraft. The common anti-aircraft guns and the heavier Artillery shoot- ing shrapnel are most effective against planes flying at a high altitude. In its ever increasing usefulness, the Artillery in protecting the Infantry, destroying enemy de- fenses and equipment, and in resisting invading troops or hostile aircraft, renders a service of in- estimable value to the whole army. All members of the Field Artillery wear crossed cannon as their collar insignia. Those in the A. E. F. wear the shoulder insignia of the division, corps or army to which they belong or are attached. The men in the Trench Mor- tar units usually wear a yel- low conventionalized design of a trench mortar bomb super- imposed on a red field, on their left arm. The Eailroad and Coast Artillery men wear their special design of crossed cannon as collar insignia, and a six sided shield ^^^^- in blue with red decorations and MI^^S!^ a white pelican as their shoulder M^^^SBmI^ The Anti-Aircraft Service y^KSm^w has as its shoulder insignia, a yt^^^W THE A. E. F. 125 red arrow head pointing upwards on wMcli is imposed a red bomb and white letters "A.A." standing for Anti-Aircraft. MEDICAL DEPARTMENT In the great World War, far more than in any previous wars, special emphasis has been laid on the health of the men. It is to be expected, there- fore, that among the departments showing marked improvement and growth, the Medical Department holds a high place. In order to furnish properly trained men for the medical needs of the Army, the Government established training camps at Fort Oglethorpe, Fort Benjamin Harrison and Fort Riley on June 1st, 1917. Later, on July 21st, a similar camp was opened at Fort Des Moines for the training of colored personnel. Furthermore, all Army Medical officers received special intensive train-, ing. About 15 per cent of the entire civilian medical profession of the United States took ad- vantage of the opportunity of entering into active duty as medical officers of the Army. Mr. Baker, Secretary of War, in his Annual Report, 1918, says, "Probably no working force has ever been organized which contained more distinguished men of a single profession than are to-day en- 126 THE A. K F. rolled in the Medical Department of the United States Army." Even in the light of such thorough preparation, the following statistics are astounding. At the beginning of the war, there were only 750 oflScers, 393 nurses and 6,619 enlisted men belonging to the Medical Department. In 1918, the personnel had grown to 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses and 245,652 enlisted men. On November 11th, 1918, there were 80 fully equipped Army hospitals in the United States, with an emergency capacity of 120,816 patients. Overseas, there were on November 11th, 104 base hospitals and 31 evacua- tion hospitals in the American Expeditionary Force. In addition there was one evacuation hospital in Siberia; a special hospital for head surgery; an optical unit, and 8 auxiliary units. The emergency capacity of the hospitals attached to the Expeditionary Force was 220,204 patients. The value and need of dentistry has been fully realized in this war as in no other, and on Novem- ber 11th there were 4,429 dentists in the Army and 5,372 in the Eeserve Corps. In addition, assist- ance was furnished to England and Italy; 931 American officers detailed to serve with the British forces and a further 169 for service in base hospitals, and several ambulance sections operated with the Italian Army. Perhaps the THE A. E. F. 127 greatest evidence of the remarkable work and success of the Medical Department lies in the de- crease in the death rate from disease in this war as compared with the death rate from disease in other wars, as set forth in the following table : Civil War Spanish-American War World War (UnionArmy) (American Army) (U. S. Army) 65 per 1,000 26 per 1,000 In U. S 6.4 per 1,000 In A. E. F....4.7 per 1,000 Combined Forces 5.9 per 1,000 No description of the Medical Department is complete without a word about the Nurses. When the armistice was signed, not only was there an adequate staff of nurses on duty at every Army Hospital in the United States, but also 8,510 nurses were on duty in Europe, 1,400 were mobilized and awaiting transportation overseas, and there were available for foreign service, 2,000 more. The soldier boys themselves displayed no greater heroism and patriotism than did these women, many of whom were subjected to the ex- treme perils of war. The collar ornament of the Medi- cal Department is the Caduceus. The A. E. F. shoulder insignia varies. Men attached to divisions, corps or armies, wear the insignia- of the unit to 128 THE A. E. F. which they are attached. Those engaged in the ambulance service not attached to divisions, wear "the White Cock of Verdun" on a red circular field. Those attached to evacuation hospitals or base hospitals within the Ad- vance Sector, wear the red Lor- raine Cross insignia of that sec- tion, and those in base hospitals within the region of the S. O. S. wear the red cross on a white shield surrounded by a blue circle. The medical men who served in Italy wear the gold dragon which indicates Italian service. THE QUARTERMASTER DEPARTMENT With the exception of the fighting equipment and everything required in medical service, all the physical needs of the army were supplied by the Quartermaster Department. The 1,124 commissioned officers and 8,445 en- listed men and 20,500 civilian employees who were able up to June 30th, 1917, to provide for an army of 250,000 men would have been utterly unable to provide for an army of 3,500,000 men. As the army grew, therefore, this department grew also, and by October 15th, 1918, it numbered 11,256 commissioned officers, 200,354 enlisted men, and 84,435 civilian employees, THE A. E. F. 129 Even tMs great increase in the personnel would have been insufficient to cope with the stupendous question of supply, had it not been for the establishment of a zone system. In the United States the country was divided rato zones with a central depot in each responsible for the supply of the camps wi1;hin that zone. The same system was used in a modified form overseas. A few figures regarding the shipment of food may be of interest. Between April 1st, 1917, and November 10th, 1918; there were shipped over- seas: 493,162,058 pounds of flour 213,034,473 pounds of beef 118,183,810 pounds of canned meats 54,496,008 pounds of baked beans 38,832,171 pounds of dry beans 13,709,341 pounds of prunes 1,936,159,687 cigarettes In order to prevent waste, in October, 1917, a system of salvage was introduced. This work will continue even now that the war is over. Ar- ticles which would have been discarded in former wars, will be salvaged. This meant the saving to the Government of nearly $63,000,000 in the first year of salvage work. In addition to sheltering, provisioning and clothing this vast army, the Quartermaster De- 130 THE A. E. F. partment purchased over 450,000 horses and mules and provided for their forage. A very important part of their work has been paying the army — ^in the eyes of some of the men, the most important task of all. In General Pershing's report to the Secretary of War, he says, ' ' The Quartermaster Department has had difficult and various tasks, but it has more than met aU demands that have been made upon it. Its management and personnel have been ex- ceptionally efficient and deserve every possible commendation. ' ' All men of the Quartermaster Department wear as collar insignia a wheel and cross keys. Men attached to a division, corps or army, wear the shoulder insignia of the unit to which they are attached. The Quartermaster men in the Ad- vance Sector wear the insignia of that zone, and others wear the insignia of the S. 0. S. ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT Munitions have been used in this war on a scale scarcely dreamed of before. It is the Ordnance Department which supplies our fighters with ball and powder and with the military equipment with which they fight. The opening of the war found the United States with essentially a peace time equipment of fighting THE A. E. F. 131 material. The task of designing, securing and caring for all items of fighting equipment as well as certain types of motor equipment and personal equipment fell to the Ordnance Department, and upon the success of that department depended largely the success of the actual fighting. At the beginning of the war, the Springfield Rifle was the standard rifle of the army and there were somewhat more than a half million of these rifles on hand. These 1903 rifles were the first used by American fighters in the war. In Sep- tember, the model of 1917 (embodying the best features of the American Springfield and the British Enfield Rifles) was produced, and consid- erably more than two million of these rifles were made between October, 1917, and October, 1918. To supply a weapon for close combat, pistols and revolvers were produced in large numbers. A half dozen models of machine-guns came into use early in the war as ground or aerial weapons. In the evident necessity of having standard weapons, the Ordnance Department working in cooperation with Mr. John M. Browning of Utah designed three new weapons, the Heavy Browning Machine-Gun, the Light Browning Machine Rifle (known also as the Browning Automatic), and the Anti-Aircraft Browning. The first two of these 132 THE A. E. F. weapons were widely used with great success in the last few months of the war. In June, 1917, it was decided for vital military reasons that the Artillery equipment of our forces in France should in general conform to the French or British calibers. This necessitated the altera- tion of existing plants and the creation of new facilities for producing the French Models of guns and ammunition. These handicaps were more than outweighed by the simplification of equipment and supply in the field. In the de- velopment of plants for the fixation of atmos- pheric nitrogen used in various explosives and in the production of all kinds of munitions, America achieved a record of which she may well be proud. In the last days of the war, small caterpillar tractors designed by the Ordnance Department were used to replace horses for the hauling of heavy artillery. The Ordnance men in service numbered 64,000. In its important technical work, in manning warehouses, in handling the tons of anununition and shells, in cleaning and repairing guns of all descriptions and, Eifter the armistice, in exploding "duds" and imused ammunition, the Ordnance men performed important and often dangerous duty. A flaming bomb is the oflScial collar insignia for THE A. E. F. 133 all Ordnance men. The overseas men wear the shoulder insignia of the division, corps, or army to which they were attached, or the insignia of the zone in which they worked. SIGNAL CORPS Among the departments showing greatest ex- pansion as a result of the war, is the Signal Corps. At the outbreak of the war, oflScers and men both totaled only 2,585 ; when the armistice was signed, the number had grown to 50,000. The activities of the Signal Corps were numerous. Additional functions were added and many new means of signaling were developed. Not only did the Signal Corps establish communi- cation with all parts of the front line, using for this purpose telegraph, telephone, buzzerphone, buzzer, radio, lamps, panels, pyrotechnics, arm signals, flags, sound signals, runners, mounted or- derlies, motorcycle messengers and pigeons, — ^but they also set up a complete telephone and tele- graph system behind the lines in France which extended to stations in every area where the American Army was engaged. Under the direc- tion of the Signal Corps, a four-conductor cable was laid across the English Channel for the ex- clusive use of the American forces. The activities extended in other directions also. 134 ■ THE A. E. F. The Photographic Unit prepared a great number of still and motion pictures of the war. Standard time and a daily forecast of weather conditions were furnished to the Expeditionary Forces by the Meteorological Service. All Army codes and ciphers were under the supervision of the Code Compilation Service, Since the Aviation Section was part of the Signal Corps from the beginning of the war to May, 1918, the Signal Corps had the added responsibility of organizing for the pro- duction of aircraft and for the operation of mili- tary aeronautics. The importance of the Signal Corps is summed up in the following quotation, "The Signal Corps and its enlisted force are the eyes and the ears of the Army." Crossed flags is the official collar insignia of the Signal Corps. Men who have seen service over- seas wear the shoulder insignia of the unit to which they were attached, or the insignia of the zone in which they worked. CAVALRY In past wars this branch of the service was of greatest importance. These soldiers are armed with saber, rifle and automatic revolver and are trained to fight either on foot or on horseback. In covering a retirement of the British in the THE A. E. F. 135 early part of tlie war, in the Cambrai offensive of 1917 and in a number of other engagements dur- ing the war, the Cavalry rendered notable ser- vice. Aside from these instances, on the Western front, the Cavalry was used but little, largely because of the use of trenches, barb-wire, machine-guns and aeroplanes. In the latter part of the war, the tanks performed the brilliant ser- vice that had been the part of the Cavalry in earlier wars. With the American Forces in Europe Cavalry was attached to each army and army corps, but because of the changed methods of warfare re- ferred to above, they engaged in little actual fight- ing as cavalrymen. Some units were used as mounted couriers, others were assigned to Mili- tary Police duty. In November, 1918, 29,000 cavalrymen were in the service; perhaps one-fourth of this number served with the A. E. F. Most of the cavalrymen ia the National Guard units were trained and used as Field Artillery and Trench Mortar Troops in the World War. Crossed sabers are the official collar insignia of the Cavalry. In Europe, these men wore the shoulder insignia of the Corps or Army to which they were attached, or the insignia of the zone in which they served. 136 THE A. E. F. THE AIR SERVICE When war was declared, the Signal Corps had charge of the production and operation of mili- tary aircraft. In October, 1917, the Aircraft Board was created to act in an advisory capacity to the Signal Corps, and in August, 1918, the present Air Service was organized. To secure spruce and fir, the most needed lum- ber in aircraft production, battalions were or- ganized under military discipline and placed in the forests of the Northwest. So successful was this work, that when the armistice was signed, approximately 174,000,000 feet of this lumber had been cut and kiln dried. More than two-thirds of this production went to the Allies. There were less than 300 planes owned by the United States Government when war was de- clared. These were training planes, and all of inferior types. Deliveries of improved models began as early as June,'1917. When the armistice was signed, over 5,300 planes had been produced in the United States and 2,676 additional planes had been delivered to the A. E. F. by the French government. In view of the rapid progress in military aeronautics, the necessity for the development of a high powered motor adaptable to American THE A. E. F. 137 methods of quantity production was early recog- nized. The result of the efforts to meet this need was the Liberty Motor, America's chief contribu- tion to aviation and one of the great achievements of the war. After the Liberty Motor emerged from the ex- perimental stage, its production increased with great rapidity and 13,396 motors had been com- pleted by November 8th. About three-fourths of this number were of the high compression or Army type and one-fourth of this number were of the low compression or Navy type, suitable for sea planes or large night bombers. In addition to those used in planes, about 3,500 Liberty engines were shipped overseas to be used as "spares" and for delivery to the Allies. One of the most interesting and important out- growths of the research work which the war stimulated was the development of voice command in formation flying, by means of wireless devices. Hitherto the leader of a formation had been de- pendent upon signals for conveying instructions to individual units of the squadron. The three common types of aero squadron are the pursuit squadron, the observation, and the bombing squadron. All planes are equipped with machine-guns. The observation balloons used near the battle lines, over harbors, etc., are a part 138 THE A. E. F. of the equipment of the Air Service. The first American squadron completely equipped by American production crossed the German lines on August 7th, 1918. The battle fatalities in the Air Service during the war totaled 180, and accidental deaths were almost double this number. When the armistice was signed, the total strength was over 200,000 compris- ing 20,000 commissioned officers, 6,000 cadets under training and 164,000 enlisted men. The flying personnel was composed of about 11,000 officers, of whom approxi- mately 42 per cent were with the Expeditionary Force when hostilities ceased. General Pershing in his report to the Secretary of War says, "Our aviators have no equals in daring or in fighting ability and have left a record of courageous deeds that will ever remain a bril- liant page in the annals of our Army. ' ' The official collar insignia for the air service is a winged propel- ler. The shoulder insignia con- sists of concentric circles of blue, red, and white, the white appearing in the center. Some of the bomb- ers of the air service wear a special shoxdder insignia showing a red devil with a pitchfork. THE A. E. F. 139. MOTOR TRANSPORT SERVICE This war has called into play forces and equip- ment never before used in a great war. This is the first war of importance in which automotive equipment has played a part. On September 6th, 1918, the present Motor Trans- port Corps was organized, an op- erating corps charged with de- sign, operation, maintenance and personnel, with no responsibility for procurement or supply. In- tensive training camps for instructors were estab- lished at Camp Meigs and Camp Johnston, and other camps were formed to train men for field service, motorcycle drivers, repair men and truck masters. In accordance with the functions of the Motor Transport Corps, there were, roughly speaking, three branches: the engiaeering branch, the field branch and the repair branch. The engineering department designed many special and technical vehicles in cooperation with the corps originating them, and developed standardization in other motor vehicles. The field branch had charge of bringing the trucks overland by convoy for distri- bution in the United States, and to points of em- barkation for shipment to the American Expedi- 140 THE A. E. F. tionary Force. The Motor Transport Corps, of the American Expeditionary Force, issued the trucks, which were landed at the ports of debarka- tion in France, to units to carry anununition and food and to transport troops. Eepair parks were maintained both in this country and France to keep all motor vehicles in condition for the most efficient service. On Nofvember 1st, 1918, there were more than 55,000 motor vehicles on hand overseas, and 12,000 additional available for shipment. The personnel totaled 103,234 men. The Motor Transport Service, therefore, has had its share in winning the war, and not in win- ning it alone, but also in "cleaning up" so to speak after other branches of the service left for home. The official collar insignia of the Motor Trans- port Service is a winged helmet superimposed on a wheel containing the letters M. T. C. Those with the overseas service wear a circular shoulder insignia with the monogram M. T. C. in red, white and purple. A purple circle incloses the mono- gram and the whole is on a circular field of violet. THE TANK CORPS The World War has brought into being numer- ous new fighting devices and weapons, among THE A. E. F. 141 which, are the tanks, heaA^ armored motor cars usually propelled by a "caterpil- lar drive," the basic idea of which was suggested by the American farm caterpillar trac- tor. The tanks are used to break through the enemy defenses, enfilade his trenches or to cover attacks upon them. The Tank Service of the Army was at first under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers, Later, however, in view of the success of this de- vice and the consequent demand for it, a separate Tank Corps was organized on March 6th, 1918. This department had charge of the operation of tanks in the field, and of the recruiting and train- ing of personnel, the designing and producing end remained in charge of the Ordnance Department. Training schools for this branch of the service v/ere established in England, France and the United States. The training center in the United States was originally at Gettysburg but was later transferred to the old artillery training ground at Tobyhanna, Penna. The slogan of the Tank Corps was "Treat 'em Rough." The members of this corps lived up to their motto on the Somme in 1916, in General Byng's advance toward Cambrai, and finally in pushing back the Germans in the Foch drive of 1918. 142 THE A. E. F. In General Pershing's report to the Secretary of War, he writes, "While the Tank Corps had limited opportunities, its personnel has responded gallantly on every possible occasion and has shown courage of the highest order. " The collar insignia of the Tank Corps is a con- ventionalized design of a tank. The men with overseas service wear as shoulder insignia, a triangle divided into three parts, yellow, blue and red. CHEMICAL WAEFAEE SERVICE The surprise use of gas by the Germans near Ypres in 1915, forced upon the Allied Armies a new form of warfare. The chemical work thus necessitated in the United States Army was first ^^^^^^_ taken up by the Bureau of Mines, l^^^^^^l whose exhaustive studies in the I^^^^^V poisonous mine gases and the use of \ ^^^ masks as a means of protection, \. y made their pioneer work of particu- ^^"'^ lar value. Later, American univer- sities and the Medical Department of the Army did much valuable work in developing defensive apparatus. The first men sent into service as gas and flame troops were members of the Engineer Corps. The Gas Service of the A. E. F. was established THE A. E. F. 143 in September, 1917, shortly after the Chemical Warfare Service had been organized in the United States. In addition to the development, produc- tion and testing of articles of gas offense and de- fense, the Chemical Warfare Service was in charge of the training of gas officers, the training of all troops in gas defense, and the organization of gas troops. On November 1st, the total per- sonnel of this service included 1,654 commissioned officers and 18,027 enlisted men. In offensive operations, gas is employed in various ways. Attacks are made by the concen- tration of artillery fire in which gas filled shells and mortar bombs are used. Effective attacks are also made by the so-called Livens projectors. A thousand or more of these long narrow tubes containing gas filled tubes are placed underground in groups of about 25, from 50 to 100 yards apart, and are set off instantaneously by means of elec- trical connections. Grrenades filled with gas and smoke preparations are used by the Infantry in trench fighting. In the earliest days of gas war- fare, the success of an attack depended upon suit- able winds. At the signing of the armistice, we were equipped to produce gas at a more rapid rate than France, England or Germany. Through the cooperation of various govern- mental agencies, an American type of mask has 144 THE A. E. F. been developed which provides twenty times the protection of the German mask. Production of gas masks started in July, 1917. When the armistice was signed, more than five million masks had been made and nearly four million had been shipped overseas. The work of the Eed Cross in the summer of 1918 in their campaign for saving fruit pits and nut shells, was an important factor in this remarkable achievement. The official collar insignia of the Chemical "War- fare Service is a design of cross flasks superim- posed on a hexagon, representing the famous chemical diagram, the symbol of the Benzine Eing. The shoulder insignia for these with overseas service is a shield, the upper half of which is blue, the lower gold. OTHER BRANCHES The Militia Bureau is the administrative head of all the National Guard Organizations in the United States. One of its chief duties during the war was the organization and supervision of the United States Guards of the United States Army. The United States was divided into geographical departments, and within each of these districts a certain number of soldiers were placed to do mili- tary guard duty in the cities, to apprehend alien enemies who violated their restrictions — to guaxd THE A. E. F. 145 wharves and bridges and to guard ammunition plants, arsenals and government property. The men who served as United States Guards were sol- diers who because of some minor physical defect failed to qualify for overseas service — or men above 32 years who volunteered for this service. Other smaller branches of the service included the spruce production units, the anthracite coal miners, special service units, labor and construc- tion companies, etc. Those in training included the men in depot brigades and development battalions, men attend- ing the Students' Army Training Corps and the Commissioned Officers' Training School. The distribution of Distinguished Service Medals to various branches of the service is shown by the following table : D. S. C. AWARDS BY BRANCH OF SERVICE Infantry 2,942 Air Service 251 Medical Corps 238 Artillery 183 Engineers 148 Signal Corps 50 Tank Corps 36 Others 70 3,918 As a resume of the Branches of Service, the fol- lowing table of battle deaths is interesting. 146 THE A. E. F. Among other things the table shows that only six men out of every hundred men who went to France were killed in battle. BATTLE DEATHS BY BRANCH OF SERVICE Number killed in battle and died of wounds as reported in the casualty cables. Marines, 48 officers and 1,459 men, are not included. War Department. (April 12, 1919.) Killed in action and Battle deaths per 1,000 died of woimds average strength A.E.F. Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Infantry 1,699 41,420 173.0 139.7 Tank Corps 10 72 58.1 39.0 Signal Corps . . 9 303 13.6 20.1 Artillery 98 1,915 16.0 14.7 Medical 68 698 10.5 12.9 Engineers 60 1,260 18.0 11.8 Cavalry 2 52 8.2 11.2 Ordnance 3 67 6.4 9.4 Air Service 180 235 54.3 5.6 Quartermaster . 6 220 3.1 4.1 Other 29 604 10.4 12.4 Total 2,164 46,846 61.2 61.6 CHAPTER VI AUMY HONOKS AND SYMBOLS Medals and Awards There are three medals which are awarded by the United States for heroic deeds in the service of the Nation : The Congressional Medal of Honor is the highest; decoration given by the United States. It is also the most difficult to win of any military decoration in the world. Its award involves the most unusual heroism in the voluntary perform- ance of some task which is not required by duty, and the performance of which involves extraor- dinary risk and responsibility. In the present war this medal has been awarded to only 47 men, 16 of whom are dead. The second highest award is the Distinguished Service Medal. Its award is confined to those dis- tinguishing themselves by exceptionally meri- torious service in a duty of great responsibility in time of war. This medal differs from the others in that it may be awarded to civilians. There were about six hundred of these medals awarded for distinguished service during the war. The third highest honor awarded is the Dis- 147 148 THE A. E. F. tinguished Service Cross. This decoration is given to those who may distinguish themselves by extraordinary heroism under circumstances that do not justify the award of the Medal of Honor; 3,918 of these medals had been awarded up to April 1st, 1918. These were distributed as fol- lows: D. S. C. AWARDS BY SERVICES Combatant Forces 3,864 S. 0. S 2 Troops with British 5 Ambulance Service 27 Officers of French Army 32 Officers of British Army 3 Y. M. C. A 3 3,918 The Victory Medal In addition to these three honor medals awarded by the Government, every oflScer, enlisted man, field clerk and army nurse who served with the Army of the United States or for a period of 15 days or longer, whose service was honorable, wUl be awarded the Victory Medal. This medal, bear- ing a Winged Victory on the obverse and the in- scription "The Great War for Civilization" on the reverse, will be awarded the troops of all the Allied Nations. Minor changes will, of course, be necessary for the award by each nation. The Vic- THE A. E. F. 149 tory Ribbon, the campaign badge for all nations represented in the war, will be identical for all nations. It will be a double rainbow placed with red in the middle. Foreign Medals and Awards Just 9,383 oflBcers and men of the A. E. F. had been awarded foreign badges and ribbons up until February 26th, 1919. The Croix de Guerre of France leads all other foreign decorations; 8,006 men are entitled to wear this medal. Belgian and Italian medals are classified as well as English, the number of each awarded to American soldiers being: French : British : Belgian : Legion of Honor, 61 ; Medaille Militaire, 124; Croix de Gruerre, 8,006; Medaille d'Honneur des Epidemies, 98. Knight Commander of the Bath, 1; Military Cross, 154; Military Medal, 251; Distinguished Conduct Medal, 74; Distinguished Service Order, 11; Distinguished Flying Cross, 19; Meritorious Service Medal, 3; Bar to Military Cross, 5. Belgian War Cross, 375; Chevalier de I'Ordre de Leopold II, 20; Chevalier de I'Ordre de Leopold 1, 15 ; Chevalier de I'Ordre de la Couronne, 44; Decorations for Officers, 117, 150 THE A. E. F. Italian: Merito Di (Juerre, 2; Cross of War, 1 ; Bronze Medal for Valor, 1 ; Service Bar (ribbon), 1. In addition to the foregoing badges and ribbons, two A. E. F, units are entitled to wear the French Army decoration, the Fourragere. Both these outfits served with the French Army before the United States entered the war. They are the 103rd Aero Squadron, formerly the Lafayette Escadrille, and the 646th Sanitary Service Unit, formerly S. S. U.'No. 5. Both these organizations received two citations in an Order of the Army, the necessary requisite for the wearing of the decoration. Several A. E. F. units have received one citation in an Order of the Army Corps. OFFICERS' INSIGNIA OF RANK FouB Silver Stars General : The highest rank of the Army, now ^ held by two oflScers. 1. Peyton C. March, Chief of Staff of the United States Army. 2. John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces. Three Silver Stars Lieutenant-General : Two officers hold this rank. 1. Hunter Liggett, Commander of the First Army. 2. Robert L. Bullard, Commander of the Second Army. iMay, 1919, Officers' InsiQDift or 'RflfHK'- Qloerrl 3f)f )f)MD 5f5f )f ^ll.VE.K 5lLVCR ^^ ') 6iLven Chrplbim -•) 5ERftERHT Chevrons THE A. E. F. 153 Gold stripes on right forearm : One stripe for every time a man is ■wounded in action. Blue stripe on left forearm: Indicates service over-seas for less than six months. Silver stripes on left forearm : Each stripe indicates six months' service in the Anny in the U. S. Eed stripe on left upper arm : Discharged soldier. BRASSARDS Red brassard about left upper arm : Indicates orderly bearing messages. Blue brassard about left upper arm : Indicates Signal corps man on duty. Blue brassard with white M. P. : Indicates Military Police. Red brassard with white P. G. Indicates Provost Guard. Green brassard Indicates Guides and Scouts. White brassard Indicates Trench Cleaner Ehaki with red "salvage" Indicates member salvage party. White with red cross Indicates stretcher bearers and medical men. MISCELLANEOUS Silver band on cuff of service coat: Wearer completed the work of an officers' training school in the A. E. F. but was not commissioned because of the signing of the armistice. Silver star on left forearm: Unauthorized decoration occasionally worn to indicate vol- untary enlistment. 154 THE A. E. F. HAT CORDS AND PIPINGS FOR OVER-SEAS CAPS Gold General Black Staff Departments Gold and Black All other officers below General Silver and Black Field Clerk Buff Quartermaster Corps and Sup- ply Train Maroon and White Medical Corps Scarlet and "White Engineer Corps Scaxlet and Black Ordnance Corps Orange and "White Signal Corps Steel Tank Corps Purple Motor Transport Corps Green and Black Air Service Blue and Gold Chemical "Warfare Service Scarlet Artillery and Ammunition Train Yellow Cavalry Light Blue and Red Machine-Gunners Light Blue , . Infantry Dark Blue Judge Advocate's Dept. Green Cooks and Bakers and Service school Red, "White, and Blue Officers' Training School AEMY BEIEFLETS DO YOU KNOW THAT 81 per cent of those wounded were returned to duty. 4,000 American soldiers married French girls while abroad. Sheridan used a horse in his famous twenty-mile ride, the Duke of Wellington rode a horse in his THE A. E. F. 155 trip from Brussels to Waterloo, but when Major General Harbord, Commanding General of the S. 0. S., had urgent business seventy miles away, he phoned for an airplane and made the trip in forty minutes. By March, 1919, the A. E. F. had smoked 3,174,871,794 cigarettes and consummed 20,- 000,000 pounds of candy. The War Orphan Campaign of The Stars and Stripes ended December 16th, 1918. 3,444 orphans had been adopted by the A. E. F. The payment of 500 francs assured a child a home and comfort for one year. A Continuation Fund has been established to provide assistance for a longer time, French laws prohibit adopters from taking their proteges to the United States under any circumstances. One day's ration for one division of the Army of Occupation is : 3,000 pounds of rice 24,000 pounds combination bread and flour 5,000 pounds jam or substitutes (prunes, evaporated fruit, raisins, dates) 500 gallons sirup 2,500 pounds coffee 5,000 pounds sugar 1,500 pounds evaporated milk 100 gallons vinegar 1,000 pounds salt 750 pounds butter, oleomargarine and lard 156 THE A. E. F. 600 pounds tobacco (three parts smoking, one part chew- ing) In addition, 4,000 pounds of beans are issued four days out of ten, and 36,000 pounds of candy are issued monthly. The "Draft Dodgers' Club" is the name which has been facetiously given to an organization of four seasoned men of Company D, 18th En- gineers (Railway) whose combined ages total 220 years. The quartette enlisted at the be- ginning of the war. Approximately 1,500,000 recruits underwent a psychological examination. Three systems of test are in use, the Yerkes-Bridgespoint scale, the Stanford-Binet scale and the performance scale. Four or five soldiers out of every hun- dred received "A" rating — "very superior in- telligence"; eight or ten soldiers out of every hundred received "B" — "superior intelli- gence." "C," the most common rating, was subdivided into "C +," "C," and "C—," i.e. high average intelligence, average intelligence and low average intelligence. Those rating "E," "below ten years of age mentally," were either discharged or assigned to special service. The Quartermaster purchases involved immense sums: THE A. E. F. 157 18,000,000 blankets $128,000,000 26,000,000 pairs of shoes 162,000,000 86,000,000 pairs woolen stockings.. 38,000,000 The first shipment of cargo for the support of the A. E. F. was made in June, I&IT, and amounted to 16,000 tons. By the fall of 1918, the ship- ments had so grown that in October, 750,000 tons were shipped. Altogether at the time the armistice was signed, over five million tons had been shipped. Of this vast tonnage, only 79,000 tons were lost at sea. The cargo was carried almost exclusively by American vessels. In the nineteen months, from the declaration of war to the signing of the armistice, 2,074,834 men were sent overseas, an embarkation record never paralleled. New York and Newport News have been the prin- cipal ports of embarkation. Half the cargo and over four-fifths of the troops were shipped, from Hoboken, and a fourth of the cargo from New- port News. The two other principal ports were Philadelphia and Baltimore. Smaller shipments have been made from New Orleans, Charleston, Jacksonville and Boston. Army hospitals in the United States cared for 1,407,191 patients during the war, while those of the A. E. F. cared for 755,354. The United States paid $2,000,000 for damage 158 THE A. E. F. done in France by the American forces; 50,000 claims for losses from broken windows to de- stroyed forests were settled. These damage claims amounted to approximately one dollar for every soldier in France. The American private, with his base pay of one dollar a day, is relatively the best paid soldier in the world. Great Britain pays a private thirty-six cents a day, Germany ten cents, France five cents, and Italy three cents a day. American officers are the highest paid men in mili- taiy service except in the highest ranks, where Great Britain pays higher salaries. A captain in the U. S. Army receives $200 a month, in the German Army a captain receives $90 a month. Great Britain pays $86, France $80, and Italy $70 a month. The cost of equipping a soldier for overseas serv- ice was approximately $296.85. The equipment included 43 articles Q. M. C. equipment, costing $ 89.67 24 articles Ordnance equipment, costing 200.00 2 articles Medical equipment, costing 7.18 69 articles Total cost $296.85 The average prices for some of the above articles of equipment were as follows : Shoes, Field, Heavy "Welt $ 6.81 per pair THE A. E. F. 159 Puttees, Woolen (Spiral) $ 2.20 per pair Breeches, Wool 0. D 4.82 per pair Coat, Wool 0. D 6.78 each Overcoat, Short, 0. D 12.17 each Cap — Overseas .92 each Blankets— 0. D., 3 lbs 6.50 each Slicker 3.74 each Rifle Model, 1917 19.00 each Gas Mask 7.00 each One of the most deserving D. S. M. awards of the A. E. F. was the Medal presented Miss Grace D. Banker of Passaic, N. J., who was chief oper- ator at First Army Headquarters during the St. Mihiel drive, and who by distinguished service assured the telephone system's success during the drive. The American troops in their fighting in France took more than 10 German prisoners for every American captured by the enemy. Pneumonia caused 63 per cent, of all the deaths from disease among American troops. "Khaki" is a Persian word meaning dust or earth color. "Line" is an old army term applied to the old fighting branches — the infantry, artillery and cavalry. It originated in the days when these units fought in a line formation. On August 23, 1916, the "Star Spangled Banner" was designated by the President to be the na- tional anthem of the United States. 160 THE A. E. F. The initials A. E. P. indicated Australian Expe- ditionary Forces, as well as the American Ex- peditionary Forces. As a result there was at times a confusion in the mail intended for the Yanks and the Aussies. Cootie Soap is a great American discovery of the war. It kills both the cooties and the eggs. The formula was prepared by Colonel D. C. Howard of the Medical Corps and is as follows : Boil one part soap chips in four parts water. Add two parts kerosene oil or four parts of gasoline. This jellies when cold. The Salvage Department has recovered 91 per cent of all articles received. $3,000,000 worth of materials were salvaged after one American battle. 47,000 German prisoners were com- pletely clothed, furnished with 0. D. blankets, mess kits, etc., from the Salvage Department. New equipment would have cost $60.00 a man. The Government thus saved $2,820,000. Dead horses were inoculated by a special serum to prevent decay and shipped to French buyers. 23,456,021 men registered for military service under the Selective Service Law. In the regis- tration of September 12th, 1918, of men 18-20 and 32-45 years, all men were liable to service in either the Army, Navy or the Marine Corps. In former registrations, men were liable only to service in the Army. THE A. E. F. 161 In July, 1918, transportation of troops overseas reached the high water mark. In that month 147 ships transported 311,359 troops overseas. Aside from the troops serving in France, the United States had forces in other countries as follows : Italy, 5,589 (February 1, 1919). Siberia, 8,838 (March, 1919). Eussia, 5,206 (April, 1919). 105,000 members of the Salvation Army were serving as volunteers during the war with the various Allied Armies. The Y. M. C. A. had a personnel of 12,000 in France during hostilities serving with the American Army. On May 15th, 1919, 8,000 were serving overseas. The J. W. B. (Jewish Welfare Board) operated 45 huts in France and had 1,700 workers serving with the A. E. F. The Y. M. C. A. conducted more than 90,000 free moving picture shows in France between August, 1917, and April, 1919. The Knights of Columbus distributed free more than a half billion cigarettes during hostili- ties. The American Eed Cross had 9,384 workers abroad in November, 1918. The organization dis- tributed 6,982,338 knitted garments abroad (in- 162 THE A. E. F. eluding comfort kits) . The value of these articles was $11,008,063.44. The American Library Association received overseas more than two and a half million volumes of books. In addition to central libraries and a collection of 15,000 books at the headquarters at Paris, there were library collections in 636 Y. M. C. A. Centers 132 Hospitals 55 K. of C. Centers 41 Salvation Army Cabins 17 Y. W. C. A. Centers 7 Jewish Welfare Board Centers 21 Naval Stations 618 Military organizations 23 Miscellaneous civilian organizations CHAPTER VII BEMINISCENCES Afteb the days of fighting are over, after the long days of waiting for the steamship that will bear us to the homeland are past, after the 0. D. is off and we are back in civilian pursuits, the haze of years is very likely to cloud our memories. For some, as the years go by, the hardships and the battles will grow greater, the hikes longer, the cooties and the rats more numerous, the mud deeper and deeper. These men will be telling open-mouthed grandchildren of hikes of 80 kilometers a day, and of rivers of blood in the Argonne. Most of us, however, will in a measure forget the hardships of our experiences, the grease of K. P., and the "sweet unreasonableness" of our C. 0. The rough places of army life will be softened by the passing of years, and many things formerly a burden, a hardship, will later bring a smile. It is relatively easy to record facts, and thou- sands will record the facts of America's participa- tion in the Great War for Civilization. More diflScult is it to record the attitude of the soldier participating in the war, or to describe the atmos- phere of the dugout. Few records will be made of these features of the war, and yet these features 163 164 THE A. E. F. are of greater human interest than the details of a battle. The present task, therefore, is to discover some means by which the attitude of the majority of the soldiers may be ascertained. A song lives if it expresses an emotion or senti- ment felt by a representative majority of people ; a slang phrase "goes" if it expresses something that the majority of people want to say. In like manner, a saying or expression that is universally circulated in the army may be said to owe its ac- ceptance to the fact that it voices what the ma- jority of the men in the army feel. The final pages of this book containing the Familiar Expressions of the A. E. F., widely cir- culated rumors, bits of soldiers ' rhymes, etc., may be taken collectively as a record of the average soldier's attitude in the present war. From a soldier's viewpoint, it is hoped that this little record of the things most talked of, and of the expressions and events most familiar, will awaken old associations and recall the spirit and atmosphere of the days ih the A. E. F. INITIALS In the A. E. F. almost everything goes by initials. We encounter initials from the day we enter the S. 0. S. until we hit the F. L. T. From the 0. in C. to the humblest K, P., nearly every- THE A. E. F. 165 body in the army is known by initials. If you get a a. S. W. in L. 0. D. and then some A. T. S. and reach the E. H., yon may get a D. S. C. If you get a G. S. W. in a D. D. and become a D. P. you are just S. 0. L. and more work for the G. E. S. Join the I. S. and know the initials of the A. E. F. FAMOUS INITIALS OF THE A. E. F. A. A Anti-aircraft A. C American Canteen A. E. F.... American Expeditionary Forces A. L. A. . . American Library Association A. N. C... American Nursing Corps A. P. M.... Assistant Provost Marshal A. P. 0.... American Post OfSoe A. Army of Occupation A. R. C... American Red Cross A. S Air Service, also Advance Sector Am. Tn Ammunition Train A. T. S.... ■ « * ■ « -*■ * 1 ■ ■ ■ J 1 ^• Q s 1— 1 < ^1 32 125-126 127-128 119-120 121 119-120 121 107 107 107 107 33 129-130 131-132, 122-123 124 122-123 124 108 108 108 108 34 133-134 135-136 125-126 127 125-126 127 109 109 109 109 35 137-138 139-140 128-129 130 128-129 130 110 110 110 110 36 141-142 143-144 131-132 133 131-132 133 111 111 111 111 37 145-146 147-148 134-135 136 134-135 136 112 112 112 112 38 149-150 151-152 137-138 139 137-138 139 113 113 113 113 39 153-154 155-156 140-141 142 140-141 142 114 114 114 114 40 157-158 159-160 143-144 145 143-144 145 115 115 115 115 41 161-162 163-164 146-147 148 146-147 148 116 116 116 116 42 165-166 167-168 149-150 151 149-150 151 117 117 117 117 76 301-302 303-304 301-302 303 301-302 303 301 301 301 301 77 305-306 307-308 304-305 306 304-305 306 302 302 302 302 78 309-310 311-312 307-308 309 307-308 309 303 303 303 303 79 313-314 315-316 310-311 312 310-311 312 304 304 304 304 80 317-318 319-320 313-314 315 313-314 315 305 305 305 305 81 321-322 323-324 316-317 318 316-317 318 306 306 306 306 182 THE A. E. F. 1 s 1 ■a 6 .S 11 82 325-326 327-328 319-320 321 319-320 321 307 307 307 307 83 329-330 331-332 322-323 324 322-323 324 308 308 308 308 84 333-334 335-336 325-326 327 325-326 327 309 309 309 309 85 337-338 339-340 328-329 330 328-329 330 310 310 310 310 86 341-342 343-344 331-332 333 331-332 333 311 311 311 311 87 345-346 347-348 334-335 336 334^335 336 312 312 312 312 88 349-350 351-352 337-338 339 337-338 339 313 313 313 313 89 353-354 355-356 340-341 342 340-341 342 314 314 314 314 90 357-358 359-360 343-344 345 343-344 345 315 315 315 315 91 361-362 363-364 346-347 348 346-347 348 316 316 316 316 92 365-3.66 367-368 349-350 351 349-350 351 317 317 317 317 93 369-370 371-372 1 U. S. Marines. THE A. E. F. 183 ' REFERENCES "Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army." — Heitman. "Our Country." — Lossing. "History of the World War." — IVances A. March. Report of the. Secretary of War — ^1918. World Almanac— 1919. "Weekly Press Interview" by the Chief of Staff. "Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army." — Heitman. "Battles of America." — Tomes. INDEX Acorn Division, 103 See Eighty-seventh Division Adjutant General's Department, 28 Collar insignia of, 115 Advance Sector Insignia of, 46 Insignia worn by, 128, 130, 133 Location of, 45 Shelling of, 46 Units located in, 46 Advance made by divisions, 113 A. E. F. Commanded by, 37 Confusion of initials, 160 Famous initials of, 164 Greatest engagements of, 57 Guns, etc., captured by, 57 Hospitals of, 126, 157 Major engagements of, 57 Organization of, 37 Prisoners captured by, 57, 159 Shipment of cargo to, 157 Signal service for, 133, 134 Spirit of, 164 Total losses in, 33 Troops serving at various, dates, 30 Aeroplanes Direct artillery, 122 Equipment of, 137 Fighting, 42 Furnish rapid transportation, 155 Hostile attack by, 42 Observation, 42 18§ Part in battle, 42 Photographers, 42 Production of, 136 Pursuit, 42 Voice command of, 137 Work of, 116 Aero Squadron Of an army corps, 38 Receives French Fourragere, 150 Types of, 137 Aid to General, 115 Aircraft Board, 136 Air Park, 37, 45 Air Service, 165, 177 Awards, 145 Balloons, part of, 137 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commendation of, 138 Fatalities in, 138, 146 First American squadron, 138 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 115, 138 Liberty motor produced, 137 Number killed in battle, 146 Organized as separate branch, 136 Per cent of troops in air serv- ice, 115 Personnel of, 138 Production of planes, 136, 137 Strength of, November, 1918, 115 Timber produption for, 136 Types of Aero Squadrons, 137 186 INDEX Air Service (cont'd) Under Aircraft Board, 136 Under Signal Corps, 136 Where trained, 28 Aisne Defensive, 26, 57 French advance along, 16 Marne offensive, 27, 57 See Oise-Aisne Alabama Anniston (Camp McClellan), 83 Montgomery ( Camp Sheri- dan), 75, 90 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-second Di- vision, 100 in Ninety-second Division, 108 in Thirty-ninth Division, 92 in Thirty-first Division, 85 Alamo Division, 106 See Ninetieth Division Alaska Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 AU-American Division, 100 See Eighty-second Division Allen, Henry T., Major General, 56 Allied nations Co6peration of, 178 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Total casualties, 19 Total population, 18 Troops wear Victory Medal, 148 Allies Aided in aeroplane produc- tion, 136 Austria surrenders to, 16 Begin Somme offensive, 15 Bulgaria surrenders to, 16 Cross the Oise, 16 Make great advances, 16 Naval forces bombard Ostend, 16 Reject German peace offer, 15 Turkey surrenders to, 16 Alsace Eighty-eighth Division attiv- ity, 104 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 83 Ambulance Companies of a division, 39 of an army corps, 38 Work in an offensive, 44 Ambulance service, 127 American Artillery fires first shot, 25 Battle casualties, 26, 33 Flag carried into battle, 25 Merchant vessels destroyed, Troops take position in front line, 25 Troops reach France, 25 American Canteen, 165 American Nursing Corps, 165 American Library Association, 162, 165 American Red Cross, 165 Garments and kits sent abroad, 161 Summer campaign of 1918, 143 Workers overseas, 161 Work of doctors, 66 Americans Begin Argonne offensive, 16 Lost on Ltisitania, 15, 24 on Tuscania, 26 INDEX 187 Americans (cont'd) Occupy Sedan, 16 Repulse attack near Toul, 26 Smash Hindenburg line, 16, 27 America's losses in the World War, 33 America's Part in the World War, 23 Amiens, 16 Amiens sector, 87 Ammunition Calibers changed, 132 Destruction of unused, 132 Equipment of a division, 60 Handling of, 132 How conveyed, 65 Ammunition dumps Destroyed after armistice, 132 Location of, 45 Prepared for offensive, 40 Target for artillery, 41 Ammunition train, 165 Attached to artillery in bat- tle, 122 Commander of, 64 Duties of, 65, 121 Hat cord of, 154 Of a division, 39, 65 Part in an offensive, 44 Per cent of service, 115 Strength in a division, 60 March, 1917, 115, November, 1918, 115 Anould sector, 73 Ansawville Sector, 68 Anthracite Coal Mines, 145 Anti-aircraft Equipment of an Army Corps, 38 Location of guns in an offen- sive, 45 Anti-aircraft service, 165 Action against hostile planes, 42, 119 Insignia, 124, 125 Pits for guns, 123 Types of guns used, 123, 124, 131 Anti-tetanus serimi, 65, 165 Antwerp, 14 Archangel, 27 Argonne Forest Infantry fighting in, 116, 117 Memories of, 163 Argonne-Meuse offensive American offensive begins, 16 Date of, 27, 57 Eightieth Division activity, 98 Eighty-flrst Division activity, 99, 100 Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Fifth Division activity, 73 First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Fourth Division activity, 72 How commanded, 39 How fought, 39 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Ninety-first Division activity, 107 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 Ninety-third Division activ- ity, 109 Participation of First Army, 49 Per cent of casualties, 36 Plan of battle, 44 Second Division activity, 70 188 INDEX Argonne-Meuse (cont'd) Seventy-eighth Division activ- ity, 96 Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 96 Sixth Division activity, 74 Third Division activity, 71 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 83 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 83, 84 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 81 Arizona Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Troops in Ninetieth Division, 106 Arkansas Little Rock (Camp Pike), 103 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Troops in Thirty-ninth Divi- sion, 92 Armistice Effective between Eussia and Germany, 16 Germany signs, 17 See "Rumors," 127-172 Army, 167 A fighting unit, 28 Amusements and recreations, 32 Camps and cantonments, 32 Casualties, 33 Growth of, 29, 30, 31 Honors and symbols of, 147 Housing of, 32 Officers, 32 Organization of, 28 Strength of, 30, 35, 38 Training of in camps, 33 Type, Liberty motor, 137 Army, American A changing unit, 59 Commanded by, 37 Composed of, 37 History of the three armies, 49 Location of in combat, 45 Niunber of, 37 Troops engaged in actual com- bat, 57 Y. M. C. A. serving with, 161 See First Army Second Army Third Army Army Corps A changing unit, 59 Commanded by, 38 Composing an army, 37 Composition of, 38, 51 Fighting unit, 28 Histories of, 51 Location in combat, 45 Location of various units of, 45 Number of, 38, 51 Part in Argonne offensive, 39, 40 Strength of, 38 Troops engaged in actual com- bat, 57 See First Army Corps Second Army Corps Third Army Corps Fourth Army Corps Fifth Army CorpB INDEX 189 Army Corps (cont'd) See Sixth Army Corps Seventh Army Corps Eighth Army Corps, etc. Army life, 172, 173 Army of occupation, 165, 155 See Third Army Artillery Aids Infantry, 58 Ammunition Carried for, 65 Train attached to, 122 Used, 63 Anti-aircraft, 38 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 145 Barrage, 40 Captured, 57 Command of, 122 Equipment changed for World War, 132 Hat cord of, 154 How directed, 42, 122 Importance of, 122 Increased use of, 121, 124 Insignia of, 124 Kinds in a division, 63 Kinds of shells used, 41 Numbering of regiments, 179 Number killed in battle, 145 Of an army, 37 Of a division, 39, 63 Part in an offensive, 42, 44 Prepared for an offensive, 40 Reserve mallet attached to, 123 Silenced, 43 Signals used, 122 Trench mortar attached, 124 Types of artillery used, 121 Value to whole army, 124 Where stationed, 63 Work of, 63, 116, 121 See Anti-aircraft guns at- tached, 129 Coast Artillery Field Artillery Railroad Artillery Artillery, heavy Location of, 121 Transportation of, 132 Artillery, park, 38 Artois Front, 98 Assistant Provost Marshal, 165 Austria-Hungary Archduke assassinated, 13, 14 Attacks Serbia, 14 Date entered war, 18 Declares war on Russia, 14 Declares war on Serbia, 14 Number died in battle, 20 Men in arms, 20 Population of, 18 Sends ultimatimt to Serbia, 14 Severs diplomatic relations with U. S., 25 Surrenders to Allies, 16 Total casualties, 20 War declared by Great Britain, 14 France, 14 United States, 16, 26 Austrians, 16 Australians>t 160 Automatic rifles Equipment of a division, 60 Use of, 131, 132 Auxiliary Units Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Aviation, 134 Awards By Services, 148 Of foreign medals, 149 To branches of service, 145 To divisions, 113 190 INDEX Baccarat Sector Forty-second Division activ- ity, 26, 94 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 94 Back area, 45 Bakers, 154 Bakery Company, 38 Balloon Company of an Army Corps, 38 Direction of artillery fire, 122 Observation, 43, 137 Part in an ofifenaive, 42 Part of air service, 137 Preparations for an offensive, 40 Ballon, Charles C, Major Gen- eral, 55, 108 Band, regimental, 62 Barrage , How lifted, 40 Uses of, 41 Bar-sur-Aube, 50 Base Hospitals Duties of, 66 First Unit sailed, 25 Insignia of, 128 Location of, 46, 48 Number in A. E. F., 126 Of an army, 38 Battalion Sergeant Major, 152 Battles Memories of, 163 Offensive, 40 Of Vittorio, Italy, 27 Battle deaths Allied nations, 19 By branch of service, 146 Central Powers, 20 First American, 26 In American divisions, 110 In the A. E. F., 33, 145 In important wars of United States, 35 In World War, 13, 20 Beans Pounds shipped overseas, 129 See "Confidential Guide," 169 Beauregard, camp Seventeenth Division trained at, 79 Thirty-ninth Division trained at, 92 Belgium Crosses in, 178 Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 German outrages in, 23 Invaded by Germans, 14 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals and awards to A. E. F., 149 - Men in arms, 19 Ninety-first Division activity in, 107 Per cent of front line held, 21 Population, 17 Receives ultimatum from Germany, 14 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 91 Total casualties, 19 Twenty-seventh Division ac- tivity in, 81 Views on winning of war, 176 Bellicourt, 82 Big Bertha, 47 Black Hawk Division, 103 See Eighty-sixth Division Blanc Mont Sector Second Division activity in, 70 Thirty-sixth Division activity, 90 INDEX 191 Blue and Gray Division, 83 See Twenty-ninth Division Blue Ridge Division, 98 See Eightieth Division Bolivia, 19 Bolsheviki, 33 Bombers and sappers, 61 Bombing squadron, 137 Books In Paris, 162 Number in A. E. F., 162 Bourges Location of Central Post- office, 48 Location of Central Records Office, 49 Bowie, Camp, 89 Branches of the service Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Changing warfare eflfects, 114 Comparative strength of branches, 115 D. S. C. awards, 145 Increasing complexity of, 114 Interdependence of, 58 Number died of wounds, 146 Number killed in action, 146 Per cent in each branch, 115 Which won the war, 177 Work and accomplishments of, 116 Brassards, 153 Brazil Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Brigadier General Command of, 61, 151 Insignia of, 151 Number holding rank, 151 Pay of, 152 British Calibers adopted for United States Artillery, 132 Capture Jerusalem, 16 Cavalry, 134 Defeat Germans at Ypres, 15 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals and honors awarded A. E. F., 149 Medical officers assigned to, 126 Navy cooperates with United States, 25 Per cent of front line held, 21 Use tanks, 15 Views on winning of war, 176 Win and lose ground at Cambrai, 15 British Empire Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Brotherhood of man, 178 Browning, Mr. John M., 131 Buckeye Division, 90 Buffalo Division, 108 See Thirty-seventh Division See Ninety-second Division Bulgaria Enters war, 15, 17 Population, 17 Surrenders to Allies, 16 Bullard, R. L., Lieutenant Gen- eral, 150 Commands First Army, 50 Commands Third Army Corps, 53 Bullseye Division, 92 See Thirty-ninth Division Bundy, Omar, Major General Commands Seventh Corps, 33 Commands Sixth Corps, 33 Bureau of mines, 145 192 INDEX Cactus Division, 79 See Eighteenth Division California Bio Alto (Camp Fremont), 93 Linda Vista (Camp Kearny), 78, 92 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 Cambrai Americans repulse attack near, 26 Battle of, 15 Captured, 15 Lost, 15 Offensive, 15, 135 Work of Tanks, 141 Cameron, George H., Major General, 54 Camouflage section Insignia of, 119 Work of, 120 Camps Cost of, 32 Debarkation, 48 Embarkation, 48 For National Guard Divi- sions, 32 Life in, 32 Prison, 48 Replacement, 48 Rest, 173 Candy, 155 Canned meats, 129 Cantigny Sector, 86 Cantonments Cost of, 32 For National Army Divisions, 32 Captain, 174 Command of, 150 Insignia of, 150 Pay of in United States, 152, 158 Pay of in other countries, 158 Carpathians, 15 Casualties First American, 25 In A. E. F., 33 In American Divisions, 110 In Army, 33 In Great American battles, 36 In Important American wars, 35 In Marine Corps, 33 In Navy, 34 In World War, 13, 19 Of Allies, 19 Of Central Powers, 20 Of all nations participating, 19, 20 On troop ship Tusoama, 26 Total of war, 20 Cavalry Arms of, 134 Battle of deaths per thousand, 146 Duties of, 135 Hat cord of, 154 Hindrances to, 135 Insignia of, 115, 135 Number killed in battle, 146 Number with A. E. F., 135 Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Organization of, 28 Per cent of service, 115 Service during World War, 134 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 Strength of, November, 1918, 115 INDEX 193 Cavell, Edith, 15 Central Powers Bulgaria enters war with, 15 Died in battle, 20 Interment of prisoners, 33 Men in arms, 20 Total casualties, 20 Central Records Office, 165 Insignia of, 49 Location of, 48 Numbers employed, 49 ■ Work of, 49 Champagne-Marne defensive, 27, 57 Second Division activity, TO Thirty-sixth Division activ- ity, 90 Chaplain Insignia of, 151 Usual command, 151 Charts Collar insignia, 115 Shoulder insignia, frontis- piece Showing officers' insignia of rank, 150 Showing coordination of com- mand, 39 Showing non-commissioned officers' chevrons, 152 Chateau-Thierry First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Second Division activity, 70 Third Division activity, 71 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 82 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 26 See Soissons and Marine counter offensive Chaumont, 37 Chemical warfare service, 165 First gas and flame troops, 142 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 115, 144 Organization of, 142 Per cent of service, 115 Production of gas, 143 Production of gas masks, 144 Strength of, November, 1918, 115, 143 Work of American universi- ties, 142 Work of bureau of mines, 142 Work of medical department, 142 Use of Livens projectors, 143 Chemin des Dames Sector, 80 Chevrons, 152 Chief of Staff, 28 China Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Cigarettes Number consumed, 155 Distributed by K. of C.,161 Shipped overseas, 129 Civilian employees, 128 Civil War Casualties in greatest battles, 36 Death rate from disease, 127 Greatest strength of forces, 35 History of differs, 58 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops engaged, 35 Wounded, 35 Clover Leaf Division, 104 See Eighty-eighth Division Coast Artillery Corps, 165 Awards, 146 Battle deaths, thousand, 145 Insignia of, 115, 124 194 INDEX Coast Artillery Corps (cont'd) Number killed in battle, 145 Per cent of service, 115 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Use in World War, 122 Coblcnz First Division activity, 69 Headquarters located at, 51 Codes, army, 134 Cody, Camp, B8 Collar insignia, 115 Air service, 115, 138 Artillery, 115, 124 Cavalry, 115, 135 Chemical warfare service, 115, 144 Engineers, 115, 119 Infantry, 115, 118 Medical department, 115, 127 Motor transport service, 115, 140 Ordnance Corps, 115, 132 Quartermaster Corps, 115, 130 Signal Corps, 115, 134 Tank Corps, 115, 142 Colonel Command of, 151 Insignia of, 151 Pay of, 152 Colorado Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Fortieth Division, 92 Combatant troops Numbers engaged, 57 Under command of, 49 Comfy Hospital, 174 Command, system of, 37 Commander-in-chief, 165 Of A. B. F., 37 Of Allied Armies, 39 Of United States Army and Navy, 28 Commander of the guard, 165 Commanding officer, 163, 165 Commissary, 38 Commissions, 32 Commission on training camp activities, 32 Confidential guide, 169 Congressional medal of honor, 147 Connecticut Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-third Divi- sion, 109 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Cooks, 154 CoSperation, 177 Cooties Inspection for, 165 Memories of, 163 Ode to, 171 Soap for, 160 Corned beef, 169 Corporal, 152 Corps, Army See Army Corps Corps Sergeant, 152 Cost of World War, 13 Total cost, 22 To various nations, 21 Costa Rica Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Counter-attack, 42, 43 Counter offensive Cambria, 15 Foch, 16 Croix de Guerre, 149 CronkHite, Adelbert, Major Gen- eral, 55 Crown Prince, 17 INDEX 195 Cuba Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Custer, Camp Elghty-flfth Division trained at, 102 Fourteenth Division trained at, 78 Custer Division, 102 See Eighty-fifth Division Cyclone Division, 91 See Thirty-eighth Division Damages, 158 Dates Notable dates in World War, 14 Of nations' entry into war, 17 American red letter days, 24 Debt Of Allies, 22 Of Central Powers, 22 Dead, burial of, 44 Deaths In the A. E. F., 33 In the U. S., 33 See battle deaths Deep dugout, 165 Delaware Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-eighth Division, 96 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Dentists, 126 Depot Divisions, 93, 101, 102, 110 Devens, Camp Seventy-sixth Division trained at, 95 Twelfth Division trained at, 77 Diagram of battle formation, 45 Dickebush Sector, 81 Dlckman, Joseph T., Major General Commands First Army Corps, 52 Fourth Army Corps, 53 Third Army Corps, 51 Died in battle See battle deaths Diplomatic relations Nations severing, 18, 19 United States severs with Germany, 25 Disease Death from pneumonia, 159 Death rates in various wars, 127 Died of in A. E. F., 33 Died of in United States, 33 Distinguished service cross, 148, 166 Awards by branch of service, 145 Divisions, 113 Types of service, 148 Conditions of award, 145, 148 Distinguished service medal, 147, 159, 166 District of Columbia Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-third Divi- sion, 109 Seventy-ninth Division, 77 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 District of Paris A forbidden area, 47 A special area, 45, 47 Commanded by, 47 Insignia of, 47 Organizations located within, 47 Divisions, 38 A Staple Unit, 69 Awards to, 113 Chief aim of, 61 196 INDEX Divisions (cont'd) Commanded by,, 61 Composing an Army Corps, 38 Day's ration for, 155 Depot — See Depot Divisions Distinctive titles abolished, 67 Equipment of, 60 Fighting machine, 66 Fighting units, 28, 158 French, strength of, 58 German, strength of, 58 Housing of, 32 In supply service, 102, 103 Kilometers advanced by, 113 Length in column, 61 Location when in combat, 45 National Army, 67 National Guard, 67 Number engaged in combat, 67 Number of battle deaths in, 110, 111 Number of wounded in, 110, 111 Number organized, 66 Number overseas, 66 Participating in Argonne of- fensive, 39 Prisoners captured from, 110, 111 Regular Army, 67 Replacements, 111, 112 ( See Replacement Divi- sions) Rumors of, 169 Strength of, 39, 112 Strength of American, 58, 60 The Ainerican, 58 Total casualties in, 110, 111 Training of, 59 Troops in actual fighting, 67 Units comprising, 39, 178, 179 Where trained, 28 Division Headquarters Duties of, 61 Units attached to, 61 War strength of, 60 Divisional spirit, 59 Dix, Camp, 96 Dixie Division, 85 See Thirty-first Division Dodge, Camp Eighty-eighth Division trained at, 104 Nineteenth Division trained at, 79 Dombasle-Luneville, 94 Doniphan, Camp, 88 Doughboys, 62 See Infantry Draft Drawing of numbers, 25 First registration, 25 Number of troops inducted, 30 Second registration, 160 Selective service act signed, 25 Under control of, 28 Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 Drives Argonne, 16 Austrian into Italy, 16 British on Cambrai, IS Foch Counter-oflFensive, 16 German-Austrian into Italy, 15 German on Amiens, 16 German on channel ports, 16 German on Marne, 16 German on Marne and Paris, 14 German on Verdun, 15 Hindenburg line, 16 St. Mihiel, 16 Ecuador, 19 INDEX 197 Eighth Army Corps A part of First Army, 50 Commander, 56 Date organized, 56 Divisions comprising, 56 Insignia of, 56 Eighteenth Division Commander, 79, Name of, 79 Training at, 79 Units comprising, 179 Eighth Division Arrival in France, 75 Commander, 75 Insignia, 75 Name of, 75 Units comprising, 179 Eightieth Division Activities, 98, 99 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 98 Awards, 99, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 99, 110 Commander, 98 Guns captured, 99 Insignia, 99 Name of, 98 Prisoners captured, 99 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 98 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 99, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 98 Wounded, 111 Eighty-eighth Division Activities, 104 A part of Ninth Army Corps, 56 A part of Seventh Army Corps, 55 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 104 Awards, 104 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 104, 110 Commander, 104 Insignia, 104 Name of, 104 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 104 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners, 111 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 104 Wounded, 111 Eighty-fifth Division Activities, 103 Arrival in France, 102 Commander, 102 Insignia, 102 Name, 102 States providing troops, 102 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 102 Eighty-first Division Activities, 99, 100 A part of Eighth Army Corps, 56 A part of Seventh Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 99 Awards, 100, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 100, 110 Commander, 99 Insignia, 100 Name of, 99 Replacements, 112 States furnishing troops, 99 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 100, 113 Units comprising, 180 198 INDEX Eighty-first Division (cont'd) Where trained, 99 Wounded, 111 Eighty-fourth Division Arrival in France, 102 Commander, 102 Insignia, 102 Name of, 102 States furnishing troops, 102 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 102 Eighty-ninth Division Activities, 105 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival m France, 105 Awards, 106, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 105 Commander, 105 Guns captured, 105 Insignia, 106 Name of, 105 Prisoners captured, 105 Replacements, 112 States furnishing troops, 105 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 105, 113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 105 Wounded, 110 Eighty-second Division Activities, 100 A part of First Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 100 Awards, 101, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 101, 110 Commander, 100 Guns captured, 101 Insignia, 101 Name of, 100 Prisoners captured, 100, 101 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 100 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners, 110 Total advance, 101, 113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 100 Wounded, 110 Eighty-seventh Division Arrival in France, 103 Commander, 103 Insignia, 104 Name of, 103 States supplying troops, 103 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 103 Eighty-sixth Division Arrival in France, 103 Commander, 103 Insignia, 103 Name of, 103 States supplying troops, 103 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 103 Eighty-third Division Activities, 101 Arrival in France, 101 Commander, 101 Insignia, 101 Insignia of 332nd Infantry, 118 States supplying troops, 101 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 101 Eleventh Division Commander, 76 Insignia, 76 Name of, 76 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 76 Embarkation, 157 Enemy Aliens apprehended, 144 INDEX 199 Enemy (cont'd) Troops in action against, 57 Engagements Major of A. E. F., 57 Map showing location of, 57 Engineers Classification of, 63 Determine rate of advance, 63 Numbering of regiments, 179 Of an army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a division, 39, 63 Serve as gas and flame troops, 142 Strength in a division, 60 Supervise tank service, 141 Work as combat troops, 64 Work in an offensive, 43 Engineers' Corps, 28 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commendation of, 121 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of, 110, 115 Number killed in battle, 148 Per cent of service, 115 Strength, March, 1917, 115 Strength, November, 1918, 115 Units of, 118 Work of, 118, 119 See Camouflage section, 119 Railroad Engineers, 120 Searchlight Engineers, 118 Engineers train, 39 Strength in a division, 60 Work of, 65 England Air raid by Germans, 14 Medical assistance from U. S., 126 Enlisted men Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Killed in action or died of wounds, 146 Numbers taken prisoners, 110 Pay of, 152 Enlistments By conscription, 30 Through National Guard, 30 Voluntary, 30, 145 Equipment of a division, 60 Evacuation hospitals, 166 Insignia of, 128 Location of, 45, 46 Number of, 126 Rhyme written at, 176 Work of, 65 Evacuation service, 166 Examination, psychological, 158 Examining post, 64 Execution of Edith Cavell, 15 Field Artillery, 166 Ammunition used, 63 Brigade headquarters, 39, 60 Collar insignia of, 115 Equipment of a division, 60 How transported, 122 Location in an offensive, 45, 121 Of an army, 37 Per cent of service, 115 Regiments in a division, 39, 163 Regiment, strength of, 60 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Work of, 63 Field clerk, 154 Field hospitals Of a division, 39, 65 Of an Army Corps, 38 Part in offensive, 43 Treatment in, 65 Where located, 45 200 INDEX Field Signal Battalion Agencies used by, 66 Duties of, 66 Numbering of, 179 Of a division, 39, 66 Of an Army Corps, 38 Strength in a division, 60 Work in an offensive, 44 Field Signal Corp, 166 Insignia of, 115 Personnel in infantry regi- ments, 61 Fifteenth Division Commander, 78 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Fifth Army Corps A part of First Army, 49, 50 Commander, 54 Date organized, 54 Divisions participating, 54 Insignia of, 54 Participation in Argonne, 54 Fifth Division Activities, 73 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 73 Aveards, 73, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 73, 113 Commander, 73 Guns captured, 73 Insignia of, 73 Name of, 73 Prisoners captured, 73 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 73, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 Fighting branches, 28, 57 Fumes Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 95 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 First AU-American Air Squadron crosses lines, 138 AIl-American oflFensive, 27 American battle casualties, 26 American flag in battle, 25 U. S. Artillery shot fired, 25 U. S. Troops in front lines, 25 U. S. Troops reach France, 25 U. S. Unit to sail for France, 25 First Army Army Corps composing, 49, 50 Commanders of, 49 Date organized, 49 Headquarters located at, 50 In Argonne, 49 Insignia of, 50 Insignia of special units of, 50 In Toul Sector, 49 Receives orders for the Ar- gonne, 39, 40 First Army Corps A part of the First Army, 49, 50 Commanders, 51 Date organized, 51 Divisions comprising, 52 Insignia of, 52 Participation in Argonne, 52 First Division Activities of, 68 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 68 Awards, 69, 113 INDEX 201 First Division (cont'd) Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 69, 110 Commander, 68 Distinctions of, 69 First Artillery shot fired, 25 Guns captured, 69 Insignia of, 69 Prisoners captured, 69 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Takes position in front lines, 26 Total advance, 69, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 First Lieutenant Command of, 151 Insignia of, 151 Pay of, 152 First Sergeant, 152, 174 Flanders, 90 Florida Number of soldiers from, 31 Jacksonville embarkation, 157 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Eighty-second Division, 100 Thirty-first Division, 85 Foch' Begins counter-oflFensive, 18 Commands the Allied Armies, 39 In charge of United States forces, 26 See Rumors, 172 Food Carried forward in an offen- sive, 44 Daily requirements of a divi- sion, 155 Shipments of, 129 Stored for an offensive, 40 Foreign medals and awards, 149 Forestry service Work of in A. E. F., 119 Work of in United States, 136 Fortieth Division Arrival in France, 92 Commander, 92 Insignia, 92, 93 Name of, 92 States supplying troops, 92 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 92 Forty-first Division Arrival in France, 93 Commander, 93 Insignia, 93 Name of, 93 States supplying troops, 93 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 93 Forty-second Division Activities, 26, 94 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 94 Awards, 94, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 94, 110 Commander, 94 Guns captured, 94 Insignia, 94, 95 Name of, 93 Prisoners captured, 94 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 94, 113 Troops from various states, 93 Units comprising, 180 Wounded, 110 Fourteen peace points, 16 Fourteenth Division Commander, 78 Insignia, 78 '^02 INDEX Fourteenth Division (cont'd) Name of, 77 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Fourth Army Corps A part of Fourth Army, 51 A part of Third Army, 50 Commanders, 53 Date organized, 53 Divisions comprising, 53 Insignia of, 54 Participation in Argonne, 53 Fourth Division Activities, 72 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 72 Awards, 72, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 72, 110 Commander, 72 Guns captured, 72 Insignia, 72 Name, 72 Prisoners captured, 72 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 72, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 France American troops reach, 25 Crosses in, 178 Damages paid to, 158 Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Russia, 14 Died in battle, 19 German outrages in, 23 Loans to Allies, 21 Men in arms, 19 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 War expenditures, 21 War declared by Germany, 14 Fremont, Camp, 93 French Advance between Oise and Aisne, 16 Calibers adopted by U. S. Artillery, 132 Capture St. Quentin, 16 Conditions of Fourragere award, 150 Division, strength of, 58 Fourragere awards to A. E. F., 150 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Medals awarded to A. E. F., 149 Per cent of front line held, 20 Retake Soissons, 16 Steamer Sussex sunk, 24 Stop Germans at Marne, 15 Stop Verdun drive, 15 Supply aeroplanes to A. E. F., 136 That every soldier knew, 168 Troops in American Revolu- tion, 35 Views on winning war, 176 Front Line Kilometers held by various nations, 20 Per cent held by various na- tions, 21 Within zone of advance, 45 Front Line Trench, 164, 166 Funston, Camp Eighty-ninth Division trained at, 105 Tenth Division trained at, 76 INDEX 203 Gas Attacks by Livens projectors, 143 Cost of masks, 159 First used by Germans, 15, 142 Grenades, 143 Masks, 144, 159 Officers trained, 143 Possibilities of, 114 Protection against, 144 Service of A. B. F., 142 Studies of, 142 Use in an offensive, 41, 143 See chemical warfare See "Rumors" " General Hat cord of, 154 Insignia, 150 Officers holding rank, 150 Pay of, 152 General headquarters, 46, 166 A special area, 45 Importance of, 46 Insignia, 46 Location of, 37 General orders, 166, 169 General Staff, 28 General Staff Officers, 166 Georgia Atlanta (Camp Gordon), 100 Augusta ( Camp Hancock ) , 82 Macon (Camp Wheeler), 85 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-second Divi- sion, 100 Ninety-second Division, 108 Thirty-first Division, 85 Gerardmer Sector Sixth Division activity, 74 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 German Division, strength of, 58 Outrages in Belgium and France, 23 Spy, 169 Submarine sinks vessels off American Coast, 26 Submarine simk by U. S. steamship, 26 Women, 169 World ambitions, 23 German-Austrian drive, 15 Germans Abandon Lille, 15 Bombard Paris, 16 Cross Marne, 16 Defeated at Ypres, 15 Driven across Somme, 16 First use poison gas, 15 Last offensive, 15 Make first air raid in Eng- land, 14 Start drive for Verdun, 15 Start drive on Amiens, 18 Start drive on channel ports, 16 Start drive on Marne, 16 Surpassed in gas production, 143 Take Warsaw, 15 Taken prisoner, 57, 159 Win counter-offensive at Cam- brai, 15 Germany Announces unrestricted sub- marine warfare, 15, 23, 25 Concludes armistice with Kussia, 16 Declares war on France, 14 Declares war on Russia, 14 Died in battle, 20 Held accountable, 24 Invades Belgium, 24 Men in arms, 20 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 204 INDEX Germany (cont'd) Peace offer rejected, 15 Plots, 23, 25 Population, 18 Sends ultimatum to Belgium, 14 Signs armistice, 17, 27 Signs peace treaty, 17 Total casualties, 20 U. S. declares war, 15, 25 U. S. severs diplomatic rela- tions, 25 War declared by Great Britain, 14 War declared by Italy, 14 War expenditures, 21 Gettysburg, 36, 141 Gordon, Camp, 100 Gouy-Nauroy Sector, 84 Grand Montague Sector Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Twenty-ninth Division activ- ity, 94 Grant, Camp, 103 Grave registration service, 166 Great Britain Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Germany, 14 Turlcey, 14 Loans to Allies, 21 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 158 War expenditures, 21 Greece Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Greene, Camp, 80 Growth of Arjny By enlistment, etc., 30 By troops from states, 31 In certain months, 30 By branch of service, 115 Guatemala Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Guides, 153 Guns Captured by Americans, 57 Repairing, 132 See Histories of Divisions See "Rifles," etc. Haan, William G., Major Gen- eral, 55 Hancock, Camp, 82 Hawaii, 31 Hayti Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Headquarters See Division Headquarters See General Headquarters Headquarters Company, 62 Headquarters Troops Duties of, 61 Of an Army, 37 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a Division, 39 Strength in a Division, 60 Heavy Artillery, 121, 132 High explosives, 41 Hikes, 163 Hindenburg line Smashed by Americans, 16 Thirtieth Division activity, 84 Twenty-seventh Division ac- tivity, 82 Hines, J. L., Major General, 53 History of World War, 14, 58 Honduras Date entered war, 18 Total population, 18 INDEX 205 Horses and mules Dead, inoculated and sold, 160 Equipment of a Division, 61 Number purchased, 130 Replaced by tractors, 132 See Cavalry Hospital First Base Hospital sailed, 25 Units, where trained, 28 Hospital, Comfy, 174 Hospitals Base, 46, 48 Capacity of, 126 Evacuation, 46 Field, 45 Insignia of, 128 Number in A. E. F., 126 Number in Siberia, 126 Number in United States, 126 Of an Army, 38 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of Army in A. E. P., 157 Of Army in United States, 157 Of Paris, 47 Supplying books, 162 Veterinary, 38 Hospital train, 166 Howitzers, 57 Idaho Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Troops in Ninety-first Divi- sion, 107 Illinois Number of soldiers from, 31 Rockford (Camp Grant), 103 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Eighty-fourth Division, 102 Eighty-sixth Division, 103 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety -third Division, 109 Thirty-third Division, 87 Illinois Division, 87 See Thirty-third Division Indiana Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-eighth Division, 91 Infantry Ammunition carried by, 65 Advance, test of success, 116 Army organization built around, 116 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Collar insignia, 115 Commendation of, 118 Hat cord of, 154 How armed, 62 How commanded, 61 Insignia, 118 Interdependence of, 58 Location in offensive, 45 Machine Gun Battalions brigaded with, 117 Methods of advance, 41 Numbering of regiments, 178, 179 Number killed in battle, 146 Orders to artillery, 122 Organization of, 28 Part in an offensive, 41, 43 Per cent of service, 1 15 Regiments of a Division, 39 Signals to Artillery, 42 Strength March, 1917, 115 Strength November, 1918, 115 Strength of a Division, 59, 60 Training of, 116 Work of, 62 See Pioneer Infantry 206 INDEX Infantry Brigade Commander of, 61 Of a Division, 39 Part in an offensive, 42, 44 Strength in a Division, 60 Infantry Division Commanded by, 61 War strength of, 60 Infantry Regiments Companies of, 62 Fighting of, 62 How armed, 62 How commanded, 61, 62 Numbering of, 179 . Strength of, 60 Influenza, 120, 121 Initials of the A. E. F., 160, 164, 165 Insignia Of branches of service, 115 Of rank for oflScers, 150 Shoulder. See Frontispiece See Chevrons Inspector General's Department, 28, 115 Intelligence service, 64, 166 Intermediate area, 45 International Law, 24 Iowa Des Moines (Camp Dodge), 79, 104 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Iron Division, 82 See Twenty-eighth Division Iron Jaw Division, 86 See Thirty-second Division Italian Honors and medals awarded A. E. ¥., 150 Views on winning the war, 176 Italy Austrian drive into, 16 Battle of Vittorio, 27 Date entered war, 17 Declares war on Germany, 15 Died in battle, 19 Eighty-third Division activ- ity in, 101 First American Troops ar- rive, 26 German-Austrian drive into, 15 Insignia for Italian service, 118, 128 Medical assistance to, 126 Men in arms, 19 Pay of captain, 158 Pay of private, 15S Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Troops serving in, 161 War expenditures, 21 Ivy Division, 72 See Fourth Division Jaclcson, Camp, 99 Japan Date entered war, 17 German plots, 23, 25 Population, 17 Jerusalem, 16 Jewish Welfare Board, 166 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Johnston, Camp, 139 Judge Advocate General's De- partment, 28 Collar insignia of, 115 Hat cord of, 154 Jutland, battle of, 15 Kaiser, 17 Kansas Fort Riley (Camp Funston), 76, 105 INDEX 207 Kansas (cont'd) Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Thirty-flfth Division, 88 Kearny, Camp Fortieth Division trained at, 92 Sixteenth Division trained at, 78 Kentucky Louisville (Camp Taylor), 102 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fourth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-eighth Division, 91 Keystone Division, 82 See Twenty-eighth Division Khaki, 159 Killed in action See battle deaths Kilometers advanced by divi- sions, 113 Kitchen police, 163, 175 Knights of Columbus, 166 Centers supplying books, 162 Cigarettes distributed by, 161 Kuhn, Joseph E., Major Gen- eral, 56, 97 Labor Battalion, 166 Lafayette Division, 76 Lafayette Escadrille, 150 Lagny Sector, 100 Langres, 47 La Reine and Boucy Sector, 80 Le Cateau Sector, 85 League of Nations Adopted as part of peace treaty, 17 Birth of, 14 Lee, Camp, 98 Legal affairs, controlled, 28 Length of a Division, 61 "Les Terribles," 86 See Thirty-second Division Lest we forget, 171 Lewis, Camp Ninety-first Division trained at, 107 Thirteenth Division trained at, 77 Liberia Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Liberty Division — See Seventy- ninth Division, 97 Liberty Bell Division, 95 See Seventy-sixth Division Liberty Motor Production of, 136, 137 Shipped to Allies, 137 Types, 137 Liege, 14 Lieutenant Colonel Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pay, 152 Lieutenant General Command of, 37, 160 Insignia, 150 Officers holding rank, 150 Pay, 152 Liggett, Hunter, Lieutenant General, 150 Commands First Army, 49 First Army Corps, 52 Lightning Division, 96 See Seventy-eighth Division Lille, 16 Lincoln Division, 102 See Eighty-fourth Division Line Meaning of word, 158 Organization of, 28 Line Sergeant, 152 Livens projectors, 143 208 INDEX Loans to Allies, 21 Logan, Camp Fifteenth Division trained at, 78 Thirty-third Division, trained at, 87 Lorraine, 25 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Seventh Division activity, 74 Lorraine cross, 46, 97 Louisiana Alexandria ( Camp Beaure- gard), 79, 92 New Orleans embarkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Thirty-ninth Division, 92 LusHania, 15, 24 Lys, 26, 57 See Ypres-Lys MacArthur, Camp, 86 Machine guns, 166 Browning anti-aircraft, 131 Brovming heavy, 131 Captured — See records of divisions Effectiveness of, 62 Equipment of a Division, 60 Location in an offensive, 45 Of an Army Corps, 38 Operation of, 117 Use of, 131 Machine gunners Assist Infantry, 58 Part in an offensive, 41 Machine-Gun Battalion Brigaded with Infantry, 117 Equipment of, 117 Hat cord of, 154 Numbering of, 178, 179 Of a Division, 39, 62 Part in an offensive, 41, 62 Per cent of service, 115 Strength in a Division, 60, 62 Strength, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Work of, 117 Machine-Gun Companies Equipment of, 117 Hat cord, 154 Of an Infantry Regiment, 62 Machine-gun nests, 41, 121 Machine rifle, 131 Maine Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Major Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pa.y of, 152 Major engagements of the A. E. F., 57 Map showing, 57 Major General Command of, 38, 61, 151 Insignia of, 151 Number holding rank, 151 Pay of, 152 Map showing major engage- ments of A. E. F., 67 Marbache Sector Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 Second Division activity, 70 March, Peyton C, General, 36, 150 Marines, 167, 177 Killed in action, 33, 145 Men liable to service, 160 Of Second Division, 70 INDEX 209 Marines (cont'd) Total casualties, 33 Work in Paris, 47 Marne counter-offensive, 16, 27, p7, 68 First Division activity, 68 Fourth Division activity, 72 French stop Germans, 14 German drive on, 16 German cross, 16 ' Second Division activity, 70 See Aisne-Marne See Champagne-Marne Maryland Annapolis Junction ( Camp Meade), 76, 97 Baltimore embarkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninety-second Divi- sion, 108 Ninety-third Division, 109 Seventy-ninth Division, 97 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Massachusetts Ayer (Camp Devens), 77, 95 Boston, embarkation from, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety-third Division, 109 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Masks, gas, 143, 144 McClellan, Camp, 83 Meade, Camp Eleventh Division trained at, 76 Seventy-ninth Division trained at, 97 Medals Awarded by United States, 147 Belgium, 149 British, 149 French awards, 149 Italian, 150 Total awards of foreign, 149 Medical Corps Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 145 Cost of equipment, 158 Collar insignia, 115 Hat cord, 154 Number killed in battle, 145 Part in an offensive, 43 Per cent of service, 115 Personnel in Infanty Regi- ment, 62 Shoulder insignia of, 46, 127, 128 Strength of March, 1917, 115 Strength of November, 1918, 115 Medical Department, 166 Ambulance service, 126, 127 Assists other Allies, 126 Dentists serving, 126 Growth and improvements of, 125 Hospitals established by, 126 Insignia of, 127 Low death rate in World War, 127 Organization, 28 Per cent of profession in army, 125 Secretary Baker commends, 125 Training schools established, 125 Work in gas defense, 142 Medical men, 153 Meigs, Camp, 139 Men in arms, 19 Metropolitan Division, 95 See Seventy-seventh Division 210 INDEX Metz, 172 Meuse Allies advance reaches, 16 Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Meuse-Argonne oflFensive, 27, 57 See Argonne-Meuse Mexico, 23, 25 Mexican War Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops serving, 35 Wounded, 35 Meteorological service, 134 Michigan Battle Creek (Camp Custer), 78, 102 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- sion, 102 Thirty-second Division, 86 Middle West Division, 105 See Eighty-ninth Division Militarism, 23 Military police, 167, 177 Brassard worn by, 153 Cavalry men serve as, 135 Command of, 64 Duties of, 64 In Paris, 47 Of an Army Corps, 38 Of a Division, 39 Posts of, 64 Worlc in an offensive, 44 See "Train Headquarters and Military Police," 60 Militia Bureau Administrative head of Na- tional Guard, 144 Duties of, 144 Per cent of service, 115 Personnel of, 145 Strength of November, 1918, 115 Minnesota Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Missing in action, 33 Mississippi Hattiesburg (Camp Shelby), 91 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-seventh Division, 103 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Thirty-ninth Division, 92 Missouri Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-ninth Divi- sion, 105 Thirty-fifth Division, 88 Mobile ordnance repair shop, 167 Montana Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Montdidier-Noyon, 26, 57 Montenegro Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 See "Serbia and Montenegro" Motor cycle Equipment of a Division, 61 Messengers of Signal Corps, 133 Motor Eepair Shop, 38 Motor Supply Train, 38, 44 Motor Transport Corps, 167 Branches of, 139 Collar insignip. of, 115 Duties of, 139 INDEX 211 Motor Transport Corps ( cont'd ) Equipment of, 140 Hat cord, 154 Insignia, 140 Organization, 139 Per cent, of service, 115 Strength of November, 1918, 140 Uses of trucks, 140 Where trained, 29, 139 Motor vehicles Equipment of a division, 61 Number of in A. E. F., 140 Supplied by motor transport corps, 139 Ordnance Department, 131 Mouzon, 68 Mud, 163, 171, 174 Muir, Charles H., Major Gen- eral, 53, 83 Mules See "Horses and Mules'' Mhinitions Increased use of, 130 Production of, 132 Used in an offensive, 40 National Army Cantonments, 32 Cost of cantonments, 32 Divisions of, 67 Enlistments in, 30 Training of, 32 National Defense Act, 25 National Guard, 168 Camps provided, 32 Controlled by Militia Bureau, 144 Cost of camps, 32 Divisions of, 67 Troops entering through, 30 Use of cavalrymen in, 135 Nations in Wprld War, 17 Nations Severing Diplomatic Relations, 18, 19 Naval Guns, 123 Naval Losses (American), 34 Naval Forces in U. S. Wars, 35 Navy, 167 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Destroyers work in war zone, 25 Lives lost, 34 Men liable to service in, 160 Shipments to A. E. F., 157 Ships lost, 34 Type of Liberty motor, 137 See "Sailors" Nebraska Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 Needs of the army, 28 Neptune sector, 81 Neutrality, 23, 24 Nevada Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Ninety-first Division, 107 New Hampshire Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 New Jersey Number of soldiers from, 31 Submarine activity off coast, 26 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-eighth Division, 99 Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Y^^rightstown (CampDix),96 212 INDEX New Mexico Camp Cody, 88 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 Ninetieth Division, 106 New York Embarkation from Hoboken, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in- Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninety -third Division, 109 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-eighth Division, 96 Seventy-seventh Division, 95 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-seventh Division, 81 Yap Hank, L. I. (Camp Up- ton), 95 Nicaragua Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Nineteenth Division Commander, 80 Insignia of, SO Name, 79 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 79 Ninetieth Division Activities, 106 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 106 Awards, 113, 107 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 107, 110 Commander, 108 Guns captured, 106 Insignia, 107 Name, 106 Prisoners captured, 106 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 106 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner. 111 Total advances, 113, 106 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 106 Wounded, 111 Ninety-first Division Activities, 107 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 107 Awards, 107, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 107, 110 Commander, 107 Guns captured, 107 Insignia, 108 Name, 107 Prisoners captured, 107 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 107 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 107-113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 107 Wounded, 111 Ninety-second Division Activites, 108 A part of First Army Corps, 52 A part of Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 108 Awards, 108, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 108, 110 Commander, 108 Insignia, 108 Name of, 108 Keplacements, 112 States supplying troops, 108 Strength at armistice, 112 INDEX 213 Ninety-second Division (cont'd) Taken prisoners, 111 Total advances, 108, 113 Units comprising, 181 Where trained, 108 Wounded, 111 Ninety-third Division Activities, 109 Arrival in France, 109 Casualties, 109 Insignia, 109 States supplying troops, 109 Units comprising, 181 Ninth Army Corps A part of Second Army, 50 Commander, 56 Date organized, 56 Divisions comprising, 56 Insignia, 56 Ninth Division • Commander, 75 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 75 Nitrogen, 132 No Man's Land, 41, 45 Non-Commissioned officers, 152 North Carolina Charlotte (Camp Greene), 80 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Thirtieth Division, 84 North Dakota Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Notes, 24 Noyon See Montdidier-Noyon Nurses, 174 Commendation of, 127 Number available, 127 Number mobilized, 127 Number on duty in Europe, 127 Number serving at beginning of war, 126 End of war, 126 Observation post, 167 Observation Squadron, 137 Occupation, army of See Third Army Offensive How fought, 40 Location of tmits in, 45 See Humors Officers Army, 177 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commissioned training school, 145 Fixed allowances of, 152 Hat cord of, 154 Insignia of rank, 150 Number killed in battle or died of wounds, 146 Number taken prisoner, 110 Pay of, 152, 154 Training of in A. E. F., 47 U. S., 32 Officers, Non-commissioned, 152 Training school, 32, 45 For medical officers, 125 Hat cord of, 154 See "Training School" Ohio ChiJlicothe (Camp Sherman), 101 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-third Divi- sion, 101 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Ninety-third Division, 109 Thirty-seventh Division, 90 214 INDEX Oiae Allies cross, 16 French advance along, 16 Oise-Aisne offensive, 27, 57 Oklahoma Fort Sill (Camp Doniphan), 88 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Ninetieth Division, 106 Thirty-sixth Division, 89 Old Hickory Division, 84 See Thirtieth Division Olive Drab, 167 One Pounders Location of, 45 Use of, 121 Orders Controlled by, 28 General, 169 Ordnance Corps Battle deaths per 1000, 146 Cost of equipment, 158 Duties, 130, 132 Hat cord, 154 Importance, 130 Insignia, 46, 47, 48, 115, 132 Number killed in battle, 146 Per cent of service, 115 Strength of March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Ordnance Department, 167, 28 Changes artillery equipment, 132 Depots, 37 Designs of guns, etc., 131 Dumps in advance sector, 46 Provides tanks, 141 Provides tractors, 132 Repair shops, 38 Rifle equipment, 131 Storehouaes, 48 Units o| a division, 39 Warehouses, 47 Oregon Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Organization Army, 28 Of American Expeditionary Forces, 37 Ostend, 16 Panama Date entered war, 18 Population. 18 Panther Division, 89 See Thirty-^ixth Division Paris Bombarded, 16 Books in, 162 District of, 47 Military establishments in, 47 Threatened, 17 Park, air, 37, 45 Park, artillery, 38 Park, repair, 140 Pas Fini Sector, 81 Pathfinder Division, 75 See Eighth Division Pay of Officers in U. S. Army, 152, 158 Other armies, 158 Private in U. S. Army, 152, 158 Other armies, 158 The Army, 130 Peace Points, 16 Peace proposals Germany's rejected, 15 Pope Benedict's rejected, 15 Pope Benedict's revealed, 15 INDEX 215 Peace Treaty League of Nations, a part of, 17 Signed by Germany, 17 Submitted to Germany, 17 Pennsylvania Embarkation from Philadel- phia, 157 Gettysburg, 36, 141 Number of troops from, 31 Tobyhanna, 141 Troops in Eightieth Division, 91 Eighty-third Division, 101 Forty-second Division, 94 Ninety-second Division, 108 Seventy-ninth Division, 97 Twenty-eighth Division, 82 Pershing, John J., General, 150 Commander-in-Chief of A. E. F., 37 Commands First Army, 49 Commendation of Air Service, 138 Engineer Corps, 121 Quartermaster Department, 130 Commends Tank Corps, 142 Designates greatest engage- ments, 25, 57 Part in Argonne offensive, 39 Puts U. S. Army under orders of Foch, 26 Requests railroad engineers, 120 Sails for France, 25 Peru, 19 Photographic Unit, 133 Photo Section, 38 Physicians, 125 Pick and shovel, 167 Pigeons, 133 Pike, Camp, 103 Pioneer infantry, 167 Of an army, 37 Of an army corps, 38 Of infantry regiment, 62 Part in an offensive, 43 Work of, 117 Pistols, 13, 60 Planes See Aeroplanes Plymouth Division, 76 See Twelfth Division Pneumonia, 159 Police See "Military Police" Policing, 175 Pope Benedict, 15 Population Of nations engaged in war, 13, 17, 19 Total population of world, 19 Porto Kico Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Portugal Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Post of commander, 45, 167 Post Office Attached to Divisional Head- quarters, 61 Central, located at, 49 Of an army, 37 Prairie Division, 87 See Thirty-third Division President Commander-in-Chief of Army and Navy, 28 Designates national anthem, 159 See "Wilson" President Wilson See "Wilson" Prisoner of war, 167 216 INDEX Prisoners Captured by Americans, 57, 159 Captured by Bolsheviki, 33 Captured from divisions, 110, 111 Conveyed by, 64 Equipped by Salvage Depart- ment, 160 Taken prisoner in A. E. F., 33 Private First Class, 152 Pay of in other countries, 158 Pay of in U. S., 152, 158 Provost Guard Brassard worn by, 153 Provost Marshal General, 28 Prussian Guards, 169 Psychological examination of troops, 156 Public debt Of Allies, 22 Of Central Powers, 22 Pursuit Squadrons, 137 Puvenelle Sector Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Seventh Division activity, 74 Quartermaster, 167, 177 Awards, 146 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Department of, 28 Depots, 37 Dumps, 46 Number killed in battle, 146 Per cent, of service, 115 Storehouses, 47, 48, 118 Quartermaster Corps Civilian employees of, 128 Collar insignia of, 115 Hat cord of, 154 Increase in personnel, 128 Of a division, 39 Purchases of, 130 Salvage Department of, 129 Shipments Handled, 129 Strength of, March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 Supplies equipment of army, 128 Zone system of, 129 Quartermaster Department Commendation of, 130 Insignia, 46, 47, 48, 130 Paying of the army, 130 Purchases, 156, 157 Quartermaster equipment, 158 Railheads, 45, 46 Railroad artillery, 44, 124 Insignia, 124 Location in an offensive, 45 Position of, 121 Railway centers, 48 Railway engineers Draft Dodgers' Club, 156 Insignia, 120 Numbers serving, 120 Work of, 120 Railway Transportation Officer, 167 Rainbow Division, 93 See Forty-second Division Ranks Of enlisted men, 152 Of Officers, 150 Ration for a division, 155 Rats, 163, 171 Read, George W., Major Gener- al, 52 Rscords See "Central Records Office'' Red Cross See "American Red Cross" Reenlistment, 170, 174 Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or, 152 INDEX 217 Regimental Supply Sergeant, 1 152 Regular Army Divisions, 67 Enlistments, 30 Size of, April, 1917, 30 Reminiscences, 163 Remount Depots of an army corps, 38 Squadron of an army, 37 Repair parks, 140 Replacement camp, 48 Replacement Depot Location of, 46 Of an army, 37 Replacement Divisions, 91, 92, 93, 95 Replacements to divisions. 111, 112 Reserve Mallet Insignia, 123 Organization, 123 Work of, 123 Rest Camp, 173 Revolutionary War Greatest strength, 34 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Tota,l troops engaged, 34 Wounded, 35 Revolvers, 13, 60 Rheims Aisne defensive, 26 Forty-second Division activ- ity near, 94 Rhode Island Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Seventy-sixth Division, 95 Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Rifles Ammunition for, 60 Browning automatic, 131 Cost of, 159 Equipment of a division, 60 Model of 1917, 131 Production of, 131 Springfield, 131 Rolling kitchen, 167 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 26 Roumania Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 Rumors, 172 Rupt-Troyon Sector, 81 Russia Armistice with Germany ef- fective, 16 Date entered war, 17 Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Orders general mobilization, 14 Population, 17 Total casualties, 19 U. S. troops activity in, 33, 103 U. S. troops arrive, 27 U. S. troo'ps serving in, 160 War declared by Austria- Hungary, 14 Germany, 14 War expenditures, 21 Russians Attempt to cross Carpathians, 15 Sadly Out of Luck, 167 Sailors Lives lost, 34 Man naval guns, 123 Salmon, 169 Salvage Department Equips German prisons, 160 218 INDEX Salvage Department (cont'd) Recovery of articles, 160 Saving in first year of work, 129 Salvage party, 153 Salvation Army Centers supplying books, 162 Volunteers serving, 161 San Domingo, 19 Sanitary Corps, 27 Sanitary Service Unit, 150, 167 Sanitary squads, 60 Sanitary train, 167 Commander, 64 Composed of, 39, 65 Duties, 65 Of a division, 39 Strength in a division, 60 San Marino Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Sazarais Sector, 68 Schools See "Training Schools'' Scouts, 153 Searchlight engineers Insignia of, 119 Work of, 119 Second Army Commanded by, 50 Corps composing, 50 Date formed, 50 Headquarters at, 50 Insignia, 50 On Toul-St. Menehould front, 50 Scheduled for Metz offensive, 50 Second Army Corps Commander, 62 Date organized, 52 Divisions composing, 52 Insignia, 52 Operates with British army, 52 Second Division Activities, 69, 70 A part of Fourth Army Corps, 53 Awards, 70, 113 Battle casualties, 70, 110 Battle deaths, 110 Commander, 69 Guns captured, 70 Headquarters established in France, 69 Insignia, 70 Marines of, 70 Prisoners captured, 70 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 70, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 Second Lieutenant Command of, 151 Insignia, 151 Pay of, 152 Secretary of War Abolishes Divisional Distinc- tions, 67 Authority of, 28 Commends Medical Depart- ment, 125 Report of, 31, 125 Sedan Captured by Americans, 16, 27 First Division activity, 69 Forty-second Division activ- .ity, 94 Selective Service Act signed, 25 First registration, 25 Men liable to service, 160 Men registered under, 160 INDEX 219 Selective Service (cont'd) Numbers drawn, 25 Troops supplied by, 30 Serbia Attacked by Austria, 14 Date entered war, 17 Population, 17 Sent ultimatum by Austria- Hungary, 14 War declared by Austria- Hungary, 14 See "Serbia and Montenegro" Serbia and Montenegro Died in battle, 19 Men in arms, 19 Total casualties, 19 Serbian student, 13 Service of Supply (S. 0. S.), 167 Business transacted, 155, 177 Commanded by, 48, 155 Headquarters, 48 Initials of, 164 Insignia, 48, 130, 133 Location of, 45 Population, 48 Sections of, 48 Troops in action against en- emy, 57 Units within, 48 Service school, 154 Service stripes, 153 Seventeenth Division Commander, 79 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Seventh Army Corps A part of Second Army, 50 Third Army, 51 Commanders, 55 Date organized, 55 Divisions comprising, 55 Insignia, 65 Seventy-eighth Division Activities, 96 A part of Fourth Army Ccirpg, 53 Arrival in France, 96 Awards, 97, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 96, 110 Commander, 96 Guns captured, 96 Insignia, 97 Name, 96 Prisoners captured, 96 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 96 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 96, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 96 Wounded, 111 Seventy-ninth Division Activities, 97 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Ninth Army Corps, 56 Arrival in France, 97 Awards, 98, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 110, 98 Commander, 97 Guns captured, 98 Insignia, 98 Prisoners captured, 97, 98 Beplacements, 112 States supplying troops, 97 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoners. 111 Total advance, 98, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 97 Wounded, 111 Seventy-seventh Division Activities, 95, 96 A part of Eighth Army Corps, 56 220 INDEX Seventy-seventh Div. (cont'd) First Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 95 Awards, 96, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 96, 110 Commander, 95 Guns captured, 96 Insignia, 96 Name of, 95 Prisoners captured, 96 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 95 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 96, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 95 Wounded, 110 Seventy-sixth Division Arrival in France, 95 Commander, 95 Insignia, 95 Name, 95 States supplying troops, 95 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 95 Sevier, Camp Thirtieth Division trained at, 84 Twentieth Division trained at, 80 Shelby, Camp, 91 Shells, 41 Sheridan, Camp Ninth Division trained at, 75 Thirty-seventh Division train- ed at, 90 Sherman, Camp, 101 Shock troops, 169 Shoulder insignia See Prontispieoe Air service, 138 Ambulance Corps, 128 Anti-aircraft, 124 Base hospitals, 12S Camouflage Section, 119 Cavalry, 135 Chemical Warfare Service, 144 Coast Artillery, 124 Engineers, 119 Infantry, 118 Medical Corps, 128 Motor Transport Corps, 140 Ordnance Corps, 133 Quartermaster Corps, 128 Railroad engineers, 120 Reserve Mallet, 123 Searchlight engineers, 119 Signal Corps, 134 Tank Corps, 142 Trench mortar, 124 Shrapnel, 41, 174 Siam Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Siberia Hospitals in, 126 United States troops serving in, 161 Take position in, 17 Signal Battalion, 38 Signal Corps Activities of, 133 Aviation Section, 134 Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Brassard worn by, 153 Growth of, 133 Hat cord, 154 Importance, 134 Insignia, 134 Lay cable imder English Channel, 133 Number killed in battle, 146 Numbering of, 178, 179 INDEX 221 Signal Corps (cont'd) Per cent of service, 115 Photographic unit, 133, 134 Stren^h March, 1917, 115 November, 1918, 115 System of commxmication, 133 Signals, 122 Artillery, 42 Used in an oflfensive, 42, 44 Sixteenth Division Commander, 78 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 78 Sixth Army Corps Activities, 55 A part of Second Army, 50 Commander, 55 Date organized, 55 Divisions composing, 55 Insignia, 55 Sixth Division Activities, 74 A part of Eighth Army Corps, 56 Seventh Army Corps, 55 Arrival in t'rance, 73 Awards, 74, 113 Battle deaths, 111 Casualties, 74, 111 Commander, 74 Insignia, 74 Beplacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner. 111 Units comprising, 179 Woimded, 111 Sketch of battle formation, 45 Smoke screen, 41 Soissons Ketaken by French, 16 First Division activity, 68 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 See Marne counter-oflfensive Soldiers Attitude during war, 163, 164 Cost of equipment, 158 Enlisted from each state, 31 French, known by, 168 Number marrying French girls, 154 Eevision of General Orders, 169 Survey of War, 13 Views on winning war, 176 Somme Defensive, 26, 57 Germans driven across, 16 Offensive, 15, 27, 57 Work of tanks, 141 Somme-Dieue sector Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 89 Sonuneville sector, 68 S. O. S. See "Service of Supply" Souain and Esperance Sector, 94 South Carolina Charleston, embarkation, 157 Columbia (Camp Jackson), 99 Greenville (Camp Servier), 80, 84 Number of soldiers from, 31 Spartansburg ( Camp Wads- worth), 81 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Thirtieth Division, 84 South Dakota Number of troops from, 31 Troops in Eighty-eighth Divi- sion, 104 Thirty-fourth Division, 88 222 INDEX Spanish- American War Death rate from disease, 127 Greatest strength of forces, 35 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total troops engaged, 35 Wounded, 35 Spruce Production, 136 Spruce Production Unit, 145 Staff Chief of, 28 General, 28 Staff Departments, 154 Stars and Stripes, 155 "Star Spangled Banner," 159 State, troops from each, 31 Statistical Section, 167 St. Die Sector Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Fifth Division activity, 73 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 St. Mihiel Date of American offensive, 16 Eightieth Division activity, 98 Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Eighty-second Division activ- ity, 100 Fifth Division activity, 73 First Army participates, 50 First Division activity, 68 Forty-second Division activ- ity, 94 Fourth Division activity, 72 Ninetieth Division activity, 106 Offensive, 27 One of greatest engagements, 57 Second Division activity, 70 Seventy-eighth Division ac- tivitj;, 06 ■Seventy-ninth Division activ- ity, 97 Third Division activity, 71 Thirty-seventh Division activ- ity, 90 Thirty-third Division activ- ity, 87 Twenty-sixth Division activ- ity, 81 St. Quentin, 16 Strength of Army By branches of service, 115 By divisions, 112 In A. E. F., 30 In important wars of U. S., 34, 35 In U. S., 30 When armistice was signed, 29, 30, 115 When war was declared, 29, 30, 115 Strength of infantry divisions, 60 St. Souplet sector, 82 Stripes Service, 153 Wound, 153 Student Army Training School, 145 Submarine warfare American citizens murdered, 23 American losses, 34 American ships sunk, 24 Germany announces unre- stricted warfare, 15, 24 Lusitania sunk, 24 Susseai simk, 25 Tuscania torpedoed, 26 U. S. steamship sinks subma- rine, 26 INDEX 223 Submarine warfare (cont'd) U. S. steamship Otranto tor- pedoed, 27 Vessels sunk off New Jersey, 26 Summerall, C. P., Major Gener- al, 54 Sunflower Division, lOS See Eighty-ninth Division Sunset Division, 93 See Forty-first Division Sunshine Division, 92 See Fortieth Division Supply Company, 62 Supply Dump Divisional, 61 Location of in an offensive, 45 Supply service, 102, 103 Supply Train, 167 Commander, 64 Duties, 65 Hat cord, 154 Of a division, 39, 65 Of an army corps, 38 Strength in a division, 60 Sussex, French steamer sunk, 25 System of command of the A. E. F., 37 Tanks Described, 141 First used by British, 14 Location in an offensive, 45 Part in an offensive, 40, 41 Possibilities of, 114 Keplace cavalry, 135 Uses of, 141 Work of, 116 Tank Corps Awards, 145 Battle deaths per thousand, 146 Commander, 142 Hat cord, 154 Insignia, 115, 142 Nimiber killed in battle, 145 Of an army, 37 Organization, 141 Per cent of service, 115 Slogan, 141 Strength of November, 1918, 115 Where trained, 28, 141 Work of, 141 Taylor, Camp, 102 Telegraph Battalions of an army, 37 Army corps, 38 Cable under English Channel, 133 Use by Signal Corps, 133 Wireless, 122 Telephone Special D. S. M. award, 159 Use by Signal Corps, 133 Use to artillery, 122 Tennessee Number soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-first Divi- sion, 99 Eighty-second Division, 100 Ninety-second Division, 108i Ninety-third Division, 109 Thirtieth Division, 84 Tenth Division Commander, 76 Insignia, 76 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 76 Texas Fort Sam Houston (Camp Travis), 79, 106 Fort Worth (Camp Bowie), 89 Houston (Camp Logan), 78, 87 224 INDEX Texas (cont'd) Numijer of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-second Divi- sion, 94 Ninetieth Division, 106 Thirty-sixth Division, 89 Waco (Camp McArthur), 86 Thiaucourt sector, 83 Third Army Commanded by, 51 Corps composing, 51 Date organized, 51 Day's ration for, 155 Headquarters located at, 51 Insignia of, 51 Third Army Corps A part of First Army, 49 Third Army, 51 Commanders, 53 Date organized,' 53 Divisions comprising, 53 Insignia, 53 Participation in Argonne, 53 Third Division Activities, 71 A part of Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 71 Awards, 71, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 71, 113 Commander, 7l Guns captured, 71 Prisoners captured, '71 Replacements, 112 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 71, 113 Units comprising, 179 Wounded, 110 Thirteenth Division Commander, 77 Insignia, 77 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 77 Thirtieth Division Activities, 84 A part of Second Army Corps, 52 Arrival in France, 84 Awards, 85, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 85, 110 Commander, 84 Guns captured, 85 Insignia, 85 Name, 84 Prisoners captured, 85 Beplacements, 112 States supplying troops, 84 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 85, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 84 Wounded, 85, 110 Thirty-eighth Division Arrival in France, 91 Commander, 91 Insignia, 91 Name, 91 States supplying troops, 91 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 91 Thirty-fifth Division Activities, 88, 89 A part of First Army Corps, 52 Ninth Army Corps, 56 Arrival in France, 88 Awards, 89, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 89, 111 Commander, 88 Guns captured, 89 Insignia, 89 Prisoners captured, 89 Beplacements, HI INDEX 225 Thirty-fifth Division (cont'd) States supplying troops, 88 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 89, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 88 Wounded, 111 Thirty-first Division Arrival in France, 85 Commander, 85 Insignia, 85 Name, 85 States supplying troops, 85 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 85 Thirty-fourth Division Arrival in France, 88 Commander, 88 Insignia, 88 Name, 88 States supplying troops, 88 Units comprising, 18'0 Where trained, 88 Thirty-ninth Division Arrival in France, 92 Commander, 92 Insignia, 92 Name, 92 States supplying troops, 92 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 92 Thirty-second Division Activities, 86 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 86 Awards, 87, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 86, 110 Commander, 86 Guns captured, 86 Insignia, 86, 87 Name of, 86 Prisoners captured, 86 Eeplacements, 110 States supplying troops, 86 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 86, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 86 Wounded, 110 Thirty-seventh Division Activities, 90 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 90 Awards, 91, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 91, 113 Commander, 90 Guns captured, 91 Insignia, 91 Name of, 90 Prisoners captured, 91 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 90 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner. 111 Total advance, 91, 111 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 90 Wounded, 111 Thirty-sixth Division Activities, 90 Arrival in France, 89 Awards, 90, 113 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 90, 110 Commander, 89 Guns captured, 90 Insignia, 90 Name of, 89 Prisoners captured, 90 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 89 Strength at armistice, 112 226 INDEX Thirty-sixth Division (cont'd) Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 90, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 89 Wounded, 111 Thirty-third Division Activities, 87 A part of Ninth Army Corps, 56 Sixth Army Corps, 55 Third Army Corps, 53 Arrival in France, 87 Awards, 87, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 87, 110 Commander, 87 Guns captured, 87 Insignia, 87 Name, 87 Prisoners captured, 87 Replacements, 110 States supplying troops, 87 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 112 Total advance, 87, 113 Units comprising, 180 Where trained, 87 Wounded, 110 Torpedoed, numher of vessels, 34 Toul Americans repulse attack near, 26 Headquarters at, 50 Toul-St. Menehould front Held by First Army, 50 Second Army, 50 Toul-Troyon Sector Eighty-ninth Division activ- ity, 105 Second Division activity, 70 Tractors Evolve into tanks, 141 Used for hauling artillery, 132 Traffic control, 64 Train Ammunition, 39 Engineer, 39 Headquarters, 39 Motor supply, 38 Sanitary, 39 Supply, 39 Troop transport, 38 Train Headquarters Commander, 64 Duties, 64, 65 Numbering of, 179 Of a division, 39 Train Headquarters and Mili- tary Police Commander, 64 Strength in a division, 60 Training Schools For commissioned officers, 142 Gas defense, 143 Medical officers, 125 Officers in A. E. F., 47 Officers in U. S., 32 Student army, 142 Train Master, 167 Trains Commander of, 64 Divisional, 60 In a division, 64 Numbering of, 178, 179 Part in an offensive, 44 Wagon, 44 Travis, Camp Eighteenth Division trained at, 106 Trench knives, 60 Trench mortars Captured by Americans, 57 Location of in an offensive, 45 Where used, 121 INDEX 227 Trench Mortar Battalion Insignia, 124 Numbering of, 178, 179 Of a division, 39, 63 Part in an offensive, 41, 121 Strength in a division, 60 Work of, 63 Troops Captured by Americans, 57, 159 Died of pneumonia, 159 Engaged in actual fighting, 57 Sngaged in important wars of U. S., 34, 35 World War, 19, 35 Examined for intelligence, 156 Fitness of, 28 In France, 161 In Italy, 161 In Russia, 161 In Siberia, 161 In training, 32, 145 Number from each state, 31 Number sent overseas, 157 Of Allies wear Victory Medal, 148 Per cent, of service in train- ing, 115 Taken prisoner, 33, 110, 159 Transportation overseas, 160 Troyon sector, 97 Trugny and Beauvardes, 94 Tuberculosis, 167 Turkey Date entered war, 18 Population, 18 Surrenders, 16 War declared by Great Brit- ain, 14 Tuscania, 16, 26 Twelfth Division Commander, 77 Insigniaj 77 Name, 76 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 77 Twentieth Division Commander, 80 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 80 Twenty-eighth Division Activities, 83 A part of First Army Corps, 52 Sixth Army Corps, 55 Arrival in France, 82 Awards, 83, 110 Casualties, 83 Commanders, 83 Guns captured, 83 Insignia, 83, 113 Names of, 82 Prisoners captured, 83 Heplacements, 112 State supplying troops, 82 Strength at armistice, 112 Taken prisoner, 110 Total advance, 83, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 82 Wounded, 110 Twenty-ninth Division Activities, 83 A part of Fifth Army Corps, 54 Arrival in France, 83 Awards, 84, 110 Battle deaths. 111 Casualties, 84 Commander, 83 Guns captured, 84 Insignia, 84 Name, 83 Prisoners captured, 84 Replacements, 112 States supplying troops, 83 Strength at armistice, 112 228 INDEX Twenty.-ninth Division (cont'd) Taken prisoner, 111 Total advance, 84, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, S3 Wounded, 111 Twenty-seventh Division Activities, 81 A part of Second Army Corps, 52 Arrival- in France, 81 Awards, 82, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 82, 110 Commander, 81 Insignia, 82 Name, 81 Prisoners, 82 Replacements, 112 State supplying troops, 81 Strength at armistice, 112 Talcen prisoner, 110 Total advance, 82 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 81 Wounded, 110 Twenty-sixth Division Activities, 26, 80 Arrival in France, 80 Awards, 81, 113 Battle deaths, 110 Casualties, 81, 110 Commanders, 80 Guns captured, 81 Insignia, 81 Name, 80 Prisoners captured, 80 Keplacements, 112 States supplying troops, 80 Strength at armistice, 112 Talien prisoner, 110 Total advance, 81, 113 Units comprising, 179 Where trained, 80 Wounded, 110 Twilight Division, 79 See Nineteenth Division United States Amount paid for damages, 157 Army hospitals in America, 126 Army under orders of Foch, 26 Casualties in important wars, 35 Declares war on Austria-Hun- gary, 16, 26 War on Germany, 15, 18, 25 Demands recall of Boy-ed and Von Papen, 24 Destroyers in war zone, 25 Diplomatic relations severed by Austria-Hungary, 25 Hourly cost of war, 22 Kilometers of front line held, 20 Loans to Allies, 21 Men in arms, 19 National anthem, 159 Number of troops serving in, 30 Patients in hospitals, 157 Per cent of front line held, 21 Population, 18 Rejects Pope's peace proposal, 15 Severs diplomatic relations with Germany, 25 Steamer sinks German sub- marine, 26 Strength of U. S. forces in im- portant wars, 34 Total casualties, l9, 33 Troops arrive in Archangel, 27 Arrive in Italy, 27 INDEX 229 United states — ^Troops (cont'd) Died in battle, 19, 33 Lost on Tuscania, 26 Take poaition in Siberia, 27 United States Army, 167 Collar insignia of, 115 Death rate from disease, 127 Official designation, 67 Shoulder insignia of, Frontis- piece United States Guards Duties, 144 Personnel, 145 Universities, American, 142 Upton, Camp, 95 Uruguay, 19 Utah Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Fortieth Division, 92 in Ninety-first Division, 107 Veneto, Italy See Vittorio-Veneto Verdun, 176 French stop drive, 15 German drive begins, 15 Second Division activity, 69 Thirty-third Division activ- ity, 87 Vermont Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Seventy-sixth Divi- sion, 95 in Twenty-sixth Division, 80 Vesle Sector Fourth Division activity, 72 Seventy-seventh Division ac- tivity, 95 Thirty-second Division activ- ity, 86 Twenty-eighth Division activ- ity, 83 Vessels destroyed, 34 Veterinary hospitals, 38 Victory Medal, 148 Vimy Ridge, 25 Virginia Newport News, point of em- barkation, 157 Number of soldiers from, 31 Petersburg (Camp Lee), 98 Troops in Eightieth Division, 98 in Ninety-second Division, 108 in Twenty-ninth Division, 83 Vittorio-Veneto, battle of, 27, 57, 101 Voluntary enlistments, 30, 145 Vosges Activity in, 55 Eighty-first Division activity, 99 Ninety-second Division activ- ity, 108 Thirty-fifth Division activity, 88,89 Wadsworth, Camp, 81 Wagons, 61 War Camp Community Service, 168 War expenditures, 21 War of Independence See Revolutionary War War of 1812 Greatest strength, 35 Killed in battle, 35 Total casualties, 35 Total serving, 35 Wounded, 35 War with France, 34 War with Mexico See Mexican War War with Tripoli, 35 230 INDEX War Work Organizations, 32, 47, 143, 161, 162 Warsaw, Russia, 15 Washington American Lake (Camp Lew- is), 77, 107 Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Divi- sion, 93 in Ninety-first Division, 107 West Virginia Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eightieth Division, 98 in Eighty-third Division, 101 in Thirty-third Division, 87 Wharves, 118 Wheeler, Camp, 85 Who Won the War? 176 Wildcat Division, 90 See Eighty-first Division Wild West Division, 107 See Ninety-first Division Wilson, President Announces fourteen peace points, 16 Declares neutrality of U. S., 24 Designates national anthem, 159 See "Rumors" Wireless Command of Aeroplanes, 138 Use to artillery, 122 Wisconsin Number of soldiers from, 31 Troops in Eighty-fifth Divi- sion, 102 in Thirty-second Division, 86 Wolverine Division, 77 See Fourteenth Division Wood, Leonard, Major General, 76, 106 World War American casualties in, 35 America's participation, 163 America's part in, 22 Cost of, 13, 21, 22 Dates nations entered, 17 Death rate from disease, 127 Died in battle, 19, 20 Front line held by various na- tions, 21 Great strength of U. S. force, 35 History written in terms of divisions, 58 Men in arms, 19 Nations engaged, 17 Notable dates, 14 Populations of nations en- gaged, 17 Soldiers' survey, 13 Total casualties, 19, 20 Total population Allied pow- ers, 17 Total population Central pow- ers, 17 Total of U. S. forces engaged, 35 Wounded Direction of, 64 Duplication of figures, 10 In A. E. F., 33 In American divisions, 110 In World War, 13 In important American wars, 35 Per cent returned to duty, 154 Treatment of, 43, 65 Wound stripes, 153 Wright, E. M., Major General Commands Fifth Artny Corps, 54 INDEX 231 Wright, E. M. (cont'd) First Army Corps, 52 Seventh Army Corps, 55 Third Army Corps, 53 Wyoming Number of troops from, 31 Troops in Forty-first Division, 93 Ninety-first Division, 107 Xammes, 105 Yankee Division, 80 See Twenty-sixth Division Yanks, 176, 177 Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, 168, 177 Centers supplying A. L. A. books, 162 Members overseas, 161 Members serving, 161 Moving pictures, 161 Young Women's Christian As- sociation, 162 Ypres British defeat Germans at, 15 Gas first used near, 142 Thirtieth Division activity, 84 Ypres-Lys offensive, 27, 57 Zone of advance, 168, 45 Zones Advance sector, 45, 46 Intermediate area, 45 S. O. S., 45, 48 Special areas, 45, 47 Zone of advance, 45 Zone System Of army organization, 45 Of Quartermaster Depart- ment, 129 WM S^iS