HD N3 192./ THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY WAGE CHANGES IN INDUSTRY September, 1914 — December, 1920 Research Report Number 35 March, 1921 PROPERTY OF LIBRARY WW Y0f?K STATE SCHOOL CORNELL UNIVERSITY National Industrial Conference Board 10 East 39th Street New, York Copyright 1921 National Industrial Conference Board CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 I General Results 2 II Metal Manufacturing 6 III Cotton Manufacturing 10 IV Silk Manufacturing 14 V Wool Manufacturing 18 VI Hosiery and Knit Goods 22 VII Rubber Manufacturing 26 VIII Boots and Shoes 30 IX Paper Manufacturing 34 X Chemical Manufacturing 38 XI Furniture Manufacturing 41 XII Leather Tanning and Finishing 44 XIII Meat Packing 47 XIV Generation and Distribution of Electricity 48 XV Lumber Manufacturing and Millwork 49 XVI Paint and Varnish Manufacturing 50 hd Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001742877 Wage Changes in Industry September, 1914 - December, 1920 INTRODUCTION This report, the third on the subject of wages issued by the National Industrial Conference Board, presents a survey of the course of wage changes in major manufacturing industries in the United States from September," 1914 to the end of 1920. The first wage study published by the Board 1 included eight industries, the second 2 twelve, and the present report covers fifteen, which employed in June, 1920, 539,113 wage-earners. Data were received from twenty-three industries, but the returns from eight of these were not sufficiently representative to warrant their inclusion in this report. It is the purpose of the Board to continue the publication of studies of wage changes in American industry and, so far as practic- able, to cover the principal industrial occupations. The data presented indicate the movement of actual earnings rather than of wage rates. Actual average earnings, representing the wage earner's income, are best suited to show the fluctuations of wages in comparison with changes in the cost of living. The tables and diagrams used in presenting the data are self- explanatory. The results are based on pay-roll returns for the number employed during a single week in each month covered by the investigation, and are given separately for male and female employees. The average hourly earnings were obtained by dividing the total weekly pay-roll in money by the actual number of hours worked. The average weekly earnings were found by dividing the total weekly pay-roll in money by the number of wage-earners employed. Wage investigations of this kind are necessarily limited to a sampling of the various industries covered. The fact that the results of this and the previous inquiries conducted by the Board are not exactly comparable because not related to the same establishments, in all cases is fully recognized and acknowledged. A different sampling, or a sampling covering identical establishments for each of the various periods, would undoubtedly give somewhat different results. It is believed, however, that the index numbers representing fluctuations in wages give an -approximately true idea of the changes which have taken place during the past six years. This view is confirmed by the fact that data collected by other agencies show the same general trend in wages as the present and previous wage studies conducted by the National Industrial Conference Board. 1 Research Report No. 20. Wartime Changes in Wages — September, 1914 to March, 1919. 2 Research Report No. 31. Changes in Wages During and Since the War — ■ September, 1914 to March, 1920. 1 GENERAL RESULTS The period covered by the present investigation includes the industrial depression which began to develop in the spring of 1920 and with increasing force continued for the remainder of that year. This period was marked by a condition of general uncertainty in the industrial world, followed by widespread economic changes during the last months of the year. Many plants shut down entirely, though a much larger number continued operations on a restricted basis, involving either a reduction of working forces, a reduction in working time, or both. Irregularity and sharp fluctuations of wage curves for several of the industries can no doubt be explained in part by the uncertainty as to future business conditions and in part by the elimination from time to time of wage-earners with low wage-earning capacity. Such elimination tended to increase the aggregate average hourly earnings for the remaining groups. Other factors, however, had an influence, but their effect cannot so readily be interpreted for an industry as a whole, since it expressed itself in various ways in different establish- ments of the same industry. Index J\umbers of Average Hourly and vveekly Earnings of y&en ^Wage-earners in Eleven J^dajor Industries 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) EBO MEN inn- (EARNING5, SEPTEMBER, 1914 E60 ,uu "lC0ST OF LIVINEi JULY. 1914 t assifr^ RN ItGj x »» »-C" *•• 240 A-r>°> SlIlNGS % J* &&- \ 01 S220 m y \ ,<•**' INDEX NUM — ru a a *v*' „— • ^ff.-*^m T - „*t o ,j*2*^^ 1 60 140 ISO 100 isia 1919 JUMJUL/H&SKIICTNOVOec. I 320 In any event, the diagrams of wage changes here presented pic- ture the general trend of wage changes from September, 1918 to De- cember, 1920, rather than actual wages either on an hourly or weekly basis. ' The curves give a composite of the returns from a large number of establishments in different sections of the country and may not, therefore, reflect the conditions existing in particular localities. In 1 1 of the IS industries for which relevant data were secured the conditions of 1914 have been taken as the base both for wages and the cost of living, and this base line has been given the index value 100. A rise at any time to an index point of 200 represents, therefore, 100% increase over the base line. Average weekly earnings were affected to a marked degree by the industrial depression in the latter part of the year 1920. The prin- cipal cause of the decline in the average was the widespread adoption of part-time operation, made necessary by the reduced market de- mand. Reduction of wage rates, although of less importance, was a contributing factor to the decline. The course of average hourly earnings during thelast seven months of 1920 was affected by a number of influences, some of which oper- ated to raise, while others tended to lower the average. There was a index J^iumbers of Average Hourly aha vveekly Earnings of vvomen vv age-earners in Eleven jyLajor Industries (National Industrial Conference Board) 300, 2BD 260 240 £220 u ■ |200 s i IB0 160 140 120 100 SEPT NOV MAP. JUL 13 1 B 1919 WDMEN mn _I EARNINGS; SEPTEMB IUU "\C0ST OF LIVING; JUI tn.1914 X I9M | ^« N *, ^y S •% pfi *"■«««•« I it* 4 < >. s . y \ y y -*■">- -1- y <=i-o£i £&*^~ * C0SJJ»" 1 . 1 1 JUN. JUL.AUGlSCP OCT. NOV DEC. 1920 tendency of hourly earnings to remain steady, or in some cases to rise, after weekly earnings had begun to decline through part-time employment. As the business situation became more acute, general wage reductions were made in a number of industries. Percentage Increase over 1914, oy Industries In December, 1920 average hourly earnings of male em- ployees in the industries reporting ranged from 127% to 198%, and those of women employees lrom 111% to 192% above the September, 1914 level. The diagram below shows a comparison of average hourly earnings of men and women in 11 industries for which 1914 data were obtained. The leather, chemical, and furniture industries are omitted from the comparison of women's earnings, as data are lacking for the years previous to 1920. The hourly earnings of men increased relatively more than those of women in the boot and shoe, cotton, wool, and silk industries. In the hosiery and knit goods, rubber and metal industries the percentage increase for women since the beginning of the war was greater than the percentage increase for men. In general, it is true that the industries in which the least increase took place are the Percentage Increase in Average Hourly Earnings to December, 1920, Over September, 1914 (National Industrial Conference Board) MEN wool ■^^^■■■■^^^■■■■■■■HMisb LEATHER ■MM^^^H^^^MI^^^^^^^H 133 ^■■^^^^^^■■^■■■■■■■■■179 HOSIERY and KNIT GOODS ■HH^^H^^^^^^^^^^^HHI 163 cmemicai ,.wmmi^^m^^mmmMmmmm\s7 PAPER __HI^^^^MBMBBBHMHnMl57' FURNITURE Hi^^^HHMH^^^H^^M I S3 ^MH^^^^^HHBHM 133 BODTand SHOE ■^^■^^^■^^^^M^M 131 METAI ^■■^^^HHB^^^H 130 RUBBER ■^■■■M^^^HMMIZ7 WOMEN wool ^■■ii^H^^Mi^MH^MHIi^^H i92 HOSIERY and knit goods _. MHBHMI^HH^HH^M^^^HB 175 COTTON ■MH^^fciMMMHI^HM^54 paper ^^^^^^mm^^m^m^^ 153 metal wa^^m^m^mm^Hmi^m 135 RUBBER ^^^HHI^^HI^HHi^Hl35 silk wmmm^^^mm^^^ammi\2,a BOOT and SHOE ■^^■■■^■■^^■IB 1 1 1 4 ones in which the wage rates were relatively high in 1914, while the industries showing the greatest increases are those which before the war paid relatively low wages. The range of increase in weekly earnings of men from September, 1914 to December, 1920, was from 77% in the rubber industry, to 159% in the chemical industry; for women the highest increase was 157% in hosiery and knit goods, and the lowest was 71% in the boot and shoe industry. That the business crisis which occurred in the latter part of 1920 affected weekly earnings much more than hourly earnings is indicated by a comparison of the diagram of weekly earnings below with the diagram of hourly earnings on the preceding page. During the last four months of the year many factories were operating on a part-time basis, with the result that the weekly earnings of the wage-earners were materially reduced, even though in some cases the hourly earnings did not change. In June, 1920 the number of men employed in the 11 industries was 404,094, and in December, 304,678, a decrease of 24.6%. The number of women employed in June was 81,198, and in December, 60,113, a decrease of about 26%. (Percentage Increase in Average \veekly Earnings to ^December, 1920, Over September, 1914 (National Industrial Conference Board) MEN chemicai IHHHH^^^HMBH^^^H isa hqsielryandknit godds_ mtm^^^Kmrntm^^mm^mm 144 WOOl ■■■■■■■^HHHI^H 138 PAPER ■■■^^■■■■■■■■■1 132 LEATHER M^BH^MM^Hi^M 131 FURNITURE ^^■^■■■■IMBMMH 120 METAI M^^H^HHi^HMI IIS COTTON MI^^^Hi^^HH 109 SILK ■■MBMHHHHHH 104 BOOTandSHOE ^^MBMi^Ml B4 rubber ^maammm^mn WOMEN HOSIERYand KNIT GOODS-BMH^^^^^^^H^Bi^BH 157 WOOI ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ 124 PAPER ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ 120 metai t^^^^^mmmmmm 107 SILK ^^^^^^■■■■i 34 COTTON MHi^^^^^H Bl rubber ^^MMmmmmmi~! BOOT and SHOE ■^^MHMH 71 5 II METAL MANUFACTURING In the metal industry the inquiry covered a wide variety of es- tablishments in which metals, principally iron and steel, are fabricated. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920: The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September 1918 average hourly earnings of men in the metal industry had increased approximately 80% over the average for September, 1914. A gradual increase followed up to March, 1920, covering 30 points of the index. During the succeeding five months the increase was very rapid, reaching its highest point, 139% above the 1914 average, in August, 1920. The remaining months of 1920 show a steady although gradual decline, amounting to ap- proximately 10 points of the index, or a decrease of 4% from the peak. 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) 280 MEN lnn J EARNINGS; SEPTEMBER. 1014 260 ,uu "lCOST OF LIVINO; JULY, ISM 240 ♦♦ ••. ..♦■ • A ..- ►» s *i ;» *!■ S220 .<* \ o.^*?*' ■■■■■■■■■■■ <* V 5 £800 eftl-* ^•-, JpiuTss '■••• ,?.$£- !SSw u | iao ..—•-—" . w»«^ ,*£- 2*JJJ>» IB0 MO 120 100 1918 1819 JUKJULMUBBOCIHWDa :. 1920 In the case of women employees the increase from September, 1914 to September, 1918 was 70%. The average rose steadily for the next two years, reaching its highest point, 142% above the 1914 average, in October, 1920. The decline during the last two months of 1920 was 7 points of the index, or approximately 3%. ^Veekly Earnings . At the end of the war weekly earnings of men in this industry had increased nearly 100% over the average weekly earnings in September, 1914. After a slight decrease during the months following the armistice the upward trend was resumed, finally reaching its highest point in September, 1920, when the index showed an increase of 147% over the 1914 figure. The period from September to December shows a sharp decline, amounting to 32 points of the index, or 13%. Up to the end of the war, weekly earnings of women had increased relatively less than those of men. The increase over September, 1914, was 71%. Further increases, amounting to 34 points of the index, occurred during 1919. The peak was reached in October, 1920, when the average showed an increase of 126% over the 1914 average. The succeeding two months show a rapid decrease, amounting to 19 points of the index, or 8.4%. 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) 1 2B0 WOMEN mn J EARNINGS: SEPTEMBER. 1914 260 U "1 COST OF UV1NO; JULY. 1914 240 / ■, > ■ ■« #••' ^» s N ■ H OJ 5 220 a 2 I eoo ,S y \ <**& < ,.« «•■ *♦ '.. WEEKLV eai NING3 V •< &» .••• u | IBO <•'• »jii ^^^^ tot* vKKVTi.m" .«•• IBO 140 ieo 100 SEPT NOV I9IB MAR. 1919 JUW.JULAUt.3tP OCT NDVDB 1920 Number Employed Comparable data with respect to the number of wage-earners employed are available only for the months covered by the present investigation. In June, 1920 the establishments which furnished information employed a total of 259,638 men. The months of July and August show a slight increase over this figure. In September the decline in employment began. The figures for October, Novem- ber and December reflect the increasing seriousness of the business situation during those months. The number employed in December was 41,655 less than the number employed in June, a decrease of 16%. The number of women employed in June was 16,423, and in December, 11,834, a decrease of about 28%. As in the case of the men, the reduction began in September. The percentage of decrease in the number of women employed was one and three-quarters times the percentage decrease in men employees. Average Hours ^iVorked per ^iVeek The average hours worked per week per man show a fairly marked decline, the difference between the number of hours worked in June and the number of hours worked in December being 4.4, or about 9%. The number of hours worked per week by women employees was approximately the same in December as in June. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a considerable number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. 2BC.OO0 T^Ietal JVlanufacturing: J\.umher of Employees (National Industrial Conference Average Hours Vfforked £er Weei Board) 240,000 ^»» *'*i »£i'i *•> 18 B 40,000 J IN. J JL. A ua. s ER Ct. N OK EC. J UN. J JL. t ua s ER CT. N ov. c EC. 1920 I9B0 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September for the years 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and for each month covering the period June to December, inclusive, 1920. The 1914, 1918, and 1919 data include returns from 127 establishments, of which 15 employed women; and the March, 1920 returns from 61 establish- ments, of which 9 employed women. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 590 plants, of which 241 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accompanying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Metal Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 43,601 81,652 68,158 69,790 37,059 259,638 264,917 264,930 257,285 251,272 238,498 217,983 49.1 54.1 49.4 50.9 49.7 50.3 51.1 49.5 51.0 48.3 46.6 45.9 $.286 .514 .538 .584 .600 .663 .671 .683 .679 .674 .662 .657 $13.99 27.73 26.52 29.83 29.79 33.50 34.30 33.80 34.60 32.50 30.90 30.10 100 180 188 204 210 232 235 239 238 235 232 230 100 198 190 213 213 239 245 241 247 232 221 215 Female Sept., 1914. Sept., 1918. Mar., 1919. Oct., 1919. Mar., 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 3,012 48.5 .173 8.40 100 100 5,741 48.7 .294 14.33 170 171 5,879 46.6 .315 14.68 182 175 4,132 47.9 .368 17.24 213 205 1,305 45.3 .375 17.01 217 203 16,423 42.8 .402 17.25 232 205 16,667 44.8 .402 18.00 232 214 16,277 44.4 .409 18.10 236 216 15,725 45.5 .407 18.50 235 220 14,992 45.3 .419 19.00 242 226 13,397 44.0 .407 17.90 235 213 11,834 42.7 .406 17.40 235. 207 Ill COTTON MANUFACTURING In this industry reports were received from plants engaged in spinning and weaving, and finishing of cotton fabrics. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men in the cotton industry had increased 106% over the average for September, 1914. From the spring of 1919 the average rose steadily until the peak was reached in July, 1920, when it stood 188% above the 1914 level. From this time on there was a gradual decline to December, 1920, amounting to 9 points of the index, or a decrease of 3.1% from the peak. From September, 1914 to September, 1918, average hourly earnings of women increased 104% above the 1914 figure. There 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) 2 B0 MEN |nn .I EAHNINBS, 5EPTEMB ,UU "ICDST OF LIVINBi JUI •' •* ^' ER, IBM S * »* V 2 B0 -Y. IB 14 y ' / « \ ' ^ t 1 g2E0 u y/' «*♦ :> * $f # * * 5 iSOD "■v .._._,_ '" .* '*'., / 1 IBO "*.. ,y i rf ^S>^^ tfgS*"""* IBO 140 120 IDD 9EFT NO V I9IB MAR. IBI9 ncr 10 JUJUULAUOSEeOCTNOVOEC. man was a steady increase up to June, 1920, when the average reached a point 195% above the 1914 figure. This was followed by a sharp decline. The decrease from Tune to December was 41 index points, or 14%. Weekly Earnings The increase in average weekly earnings of men between Septem- ber, 1914 and September, 1918 was 107%. From September, 1918 to the following March, there was a decline amounting to 27 index points. From this time on the average increased until June, 1920, when the highest point, 176% above the 1914 average, was reached. The remaining months of 1920 show a sharp decline amounting to 67 index points, or 24%. The relative increase in weekly earnings of women for the four years between September, 1914 and September, 1918 corresponds closely to the increase in the weekly earnings of men. From the end of the war to March, 1919, there occurred a decline of 29 index points. From this point on the average rose until June, 1920, when it stood 166% above the 1914 average. The decline which followed during the remaining months of 1920 was more marked than in the case of men employees. The total decrease from the peak to the end of the year was 85 index points, or 32%. 200 (National Industrial Conference Board) k 2B0 WDM EN y ^ * s .--./EARNINGS; SEPTEMBER, IBM ,/ \ SBO - IUU-\ C ost DF LIVING; JULY, 1914 ,X 4 ,x •• ►, V y .♦•* \ •. 1 i 240 4S \ ** t?**' • g220 HI $y J? • * s ^ % i S zSOO X **iT y • * »« »., / % s iao X / «> u> wg,**-^" - ^ i % * i tfjyS"^' ISO 140 ISO IDO SEPT. NOV . ISIS 1919 JUKJULAUMaOnfflKDEC. I9EO 11 Number Employed Information as to the. number of wage-earners employed is avail- able for purposes of comparison only for the months covered by the present investigation. The returns show clearly the seriousness of the unemployment situation in the latter part of 1920. In July the total number of men employed was 25,209. The decline, which began in August, continued through December and amounted to a total decrease of 7,126 men, or 28.2%. The reduction in the number of women employed began in July, and, with a slight recovery' in September, continued through December. In December there were 4,335 fewer women employees in the establishments reporting than in June, a decrease of 28.6%. Average Hours ^Vorked per ^Veek The average hours worked per week by men declined steadily from 49.8 hours in June to 38.7 hours in December, 1920, the decrease amounting to approximately 22% below the June figure. The decrease in average weekly hours for women was 9.4 hours, or about 21%. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a large number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Cotton ^Manufacturing: Number of Employees Average Hours ^Workei feer Week jum jul aug. am. ne t mv dec, I92Q (National Industrial Conference Board) 46 4D 24.000 ^mt J*at ^ • ■.n-o ^^« s. mii 1 . C, k, •*; ■"■»» Jflt 12,000 s s *. IB a 8,000 4,000 JUM JUL. AUG. SEPT OH NOV. DEC 1320 12 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September, 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month from June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 21 establish- ments; the March, 1920 data, returns from 17 establishments. All of these establishments employed women. The present inquiry covered the period from June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 71 establishments, of which 68 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accom- panying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Cotton Jtfanufacturing One Week In: Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Female Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 7,417 6,963 7,117 6,751 9,370 25,190 25,209 24,742 23,666 21,997 20,069 18,083 51.6 51.9 45.5 47.4 48.7 49.8 49.7 48.5 47.3 46.3 42.2 38.7 .191 .394 .391 .467 .512 .549 .550 .546 .545 .543 .538 .533 $9.91 20.50 17.78 22.18 24.87 27.40 27.30 26.60 25.80 25.20 22.65 20.70 100 206 205 244 268 287 288 286 285 284 282 279 6,581 49.8 .154 7.71 100 6,955 50.5 .314 15.87 204 6,914 43.1 .326 13.67 212 6,686 45.7 .386 17.70 251 7,164 45.3 .427 19.34 277 15,147 45.0 .454 20.50 295 14,992 45.1 .451 20.35 293 14,250 44.6 .438 19.60 285 14,389 43.2 .447 19.30 290 13,566 42.4 .431 18.20 279 12,126 39.3 .419 16.50 272 10,812 35.6 .392 13.95 254 100 207 180 224 251 276 275 268 260 254 229 209 100 206 177 230 251 266 264 254 251 237 214 181 13 IV SILK MANUFACTURING The data for this industry includes returns from establishments engaged in silk thr wing, spinning, weaving, and finishing of silk fabrics. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 1,00, from which the relative index numbers have been computed, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 hourly earnings of men in the silk industry had increased approximately 96% over the average for September, 1914. The average in March, 1920 showed a total rise of 179% above the 1914 figure. A gradual, irregular decline followed during the remainder of 1920. In December the average was 133% above the average for September, 1914. (National Industrial Conference Board) 300 280 260 240 "220 j a I j2D0 L ga 'i g g'« '' < { I BO I B0 140 120 100 1 MEN lnn jeARNIN0S;SEPreMBn,l ,UU 1C0ST OF LIVING; JULY.I m S 1 \ >» xi V SoA*" \ < ^ s ^■' \ jr Z&* \ \ *> \ && i*' \ \ d? >' * », >*£* ** > \ •• ,— .« & *♦, tt& CS"*"""'- ^f& 2>p^^ I9IB I9I9 MAR JUN. JUL, V. mn JeARNINSS;SEPTEMBER,I luu "|CDST OF LIVING; JULY, 1! «4 / 114 S V V s, / V ,S / tffr* \ v / dP V \ \ y y-i* ** \ \ \ §220 m & '' s * i i i \ jT « 2 izoo .«J> S i < V .-• ^ i ■ *» | IBD - nf ^iiSSi — 160 t I 100 SEPT. HOY I9IB 1919 MAD. JUN. JUL AUt SEP. OCX NO* 0E£ 1920 15 Number Employed Data for purposes of comparison are available only for the months covered by the present investigation. The establishments which furnished information employed in June, 1920 a total of 5,312 men. There was a steady decline in employment until the end of the year. The number of men employed in December was 1,299 less than in June, a decrease of 24%. The number of women employed in June was 6,911, and in December, 4,678, a decrease of about 32%. The percentage of decrease in the number of women employed is approximately one and one-third times the percentage decrease in men. Average Hours Worked per ^^eek The average number of hours worked per week per man is fairly constant during the seven-month period covered by the present inquiry. The average hours worked by women show a slight down- ward tendency, with a total decrease of 1.3 hours from June to December. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a large number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Si Ik. J^anufacturing : Number of Employees Average H our s vv orkea £er Week (National Industrial Conference Board **., «l. p 4B 40 3B 6,000 H"/v EN *"> y Ml«-« 5.00D S »«■ 'Cr *s 4 vvow e*"* m +m .MEM \ *« t* 3.000 16 B 2JD00 i jun. jul. Aits. sun. oci nov. dec JUN. JUL. AUG. SEPt on. NOV DEC. I9£0 1320 16 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September in 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month during the period June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 33 plants, in all of which women were employed. The March, 1920 returns were obtained from 31 plants, in 22 of which women were employed. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 29 plants, of which 27 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accompanying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Silk ^Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 5,070 4,476 4,653 3,517 5,620 5,312 5,231 4,915 4,691 4,587 4,265 4,013 50.9 50.2 50.0 48.1 47.6 44.7 43.7 42.7 44.2 44.5 43.1 44.6 $.218 .427 .448 .539 .608 .559 .562 .551 .558 .534 .540 .508 $11.10 21.48 22.41 26.00 28.98 24.99 24.52 23.55 24.67 23.73 23.26 22.62 100 196 206 247 . 279 256 258 253 256 245 248 233 100 194 202 234 261 ' 225 221 212 222 214 210 204 Female Sept., 1914. Sept., 1918. Mar., 1919. Oct., 1919. Mar., 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 6,163 48.4 .151 7.33 100 6,209 50.0 .275 13.75 182 6,441 48.6 .306 14.88 202 5,718 46.2 .374 17.32 248 5,649 44.0 .429 18.87 284 6,911 42.1 .398 16.77 264 6,652 42.8 .382 16.33 253 6,383 38.7 .362 14.01 240 6,159 42.7 .403 17.22 267 6,059 43.5 .371 16.16 246 5,715 41.7 .362 15.11 240 4,678 40.8 .348 14.22 230 100 188 203 236 257 229 223 191 235 220 206 194 17 WOOL MANUFACTURING Wage data for this industry were received from establishments engaged in weaving and finishing woolen and worsted fabrics, and in wool spinning. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men in the wool industry had increased approximately 105% over the average for September, 1914. The rise continued steadily up to June, 1920, when it finally reached a point 203% above the September, 1914 (National Industrial Conference Board) 320 MEN .-...[EARNINGS; SEPTEMt ,uu 'lCQST OF LIVING; Jl 300 ER.I9I4 *'" -... / y LY, 1914 / 2B0 / X*' r 260 -.^ < „.» \ ^ -*' \ *» ** ** «# . 240 jw if*** V ** ^■^_._ t- •£• •--. "*»--« El 80 _■*( SL rfS^ ISO 140 120 ID0 MAR. I9IB I9IS JUH.JULAUaStP0CT.HOHDEC . I9ED 19 point was reached in June, 1920, with an increase of 155% above the 1914 average. A slight decline occurred through July and August, followed by a brief rise up to October. The last two months of the year show a marked downward trend. Number Employed Comparative data with respect to the number of wage-earners employed are available only for the months covered by the present investigation. In June, 1920 the establishments furnishing infor- mation employed a total of 18,193 men. In December there were 3,742 fewer employees than in June, a decrease of nearly 21%. In the seven-month period the number of women employees fell from 14,657 to 12,763, or approximately 13%. Average Hours Worked per Week The average hours worked per week by men show a downward tendency during the period June to December, 1920. The total decline in seven months was 4 hours, or nearly 9%. The number of hours worked per week by women increased 3.6 up to August, then declined steadily to December, when the average was approximately the same as in June. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a considerable number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. vvoo? f^lanufacturing: Number of Employees Average Hours Vvorked per vveek 16,000 ^Me V ^^ MSjU N ia,ooo ***» --, aooo □ JL N. JUL AUG. SEPT OCT. NOV DEC. (National Industrial Conference Board) SE 48 40 32 24 IB a ••»., MEN ,.** •«» WOK ■ ■■ UN •«« »»„ 1920 JUN. JUL AUG SECT. OCT NOV. DEC iaso 20 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September in 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month during the period June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918, and 1919 data include returns from 57 plants, of which 52 employed women. The March, 1920 returns were obtained from 29 plants employing both men and women. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 44 plants, 43 of which employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Wool ^Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920., Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 19,539 20,392 13,636 20,950 20,311 18,193 17,402 17,080 16,665 16,395 14,961 14,451 53.3 53.4 48.4 49.2 49.6 46.5 45.0 44.0 44.6 44.1 43.7 42.5 $.209 .429 A16 .536 .577 .634 .631 .636 .633 .631 .643 .623 $11.11 22.93 20.43 26.34 28.70 29.51 28.39 27.97 28.26 27.85 28.09 26.46 100 205 204 256 276 303 302 304 303 302 308 298 100 206 184 237 258 266 256 252 254 251 253 238 Female Sept., 1914. Sept., 1918. Mar., 1919. Oct., 1919. Mar.,. 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 16,596 50.7 .167 8.49 100 100 16,702 49.8 .339 16.82 203 198 11,300 45.0 .338 15.26 203 189 17,954 45.8 .417 19.12 250 222 16,328 46.5 .446 20.78 267 245 14,657 39.5 .548 21.65 328 255 14,175 42.5 .501 21.30 300 251 13,646 43.1 .494 21.29 296 251 14,104 43.0 .501 21.53 300 254 13,980 42.7 .508 21.70 304 256 13,153 41.6 .494 20.58 296 242 12,763 38.9 .488 19.00 292 224 21 VI HOSIERY AND KNIT GOODS The data for this industry include returns from establishments manufacturing hosiery, underwear, sweaters and other knitted wear. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings At the end of the war, hourly earnings of men had increased approximately 84% over the average for September, 1914. A gradual increase followed up to March, 1920, amounting to 59 points of the index, or 32%. During the following months there was a decline to September of 18 points or 7.4%. After sharp fluctuations in October and November, the average rose in December to its highest point, 169% above the 1914 figure. Between September, 1914 and September, 1918, average hourly earnings of women increased 110%. From the spring of 1919, the average rose steadily to March, 1920, when it stood 184% above the 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) MEN — , nn jEARNINIiS: SEPTEMBER. 1914 U ~C0ST OF LIVING; JULYJ3I4 280 260 J f 4 . / 240 «*»-. ,' > ■ / s fi ^ *&;%& ■<; u »■ \ / * 'NUMBERS a IU a o *t tK- r^ Si K • * •»»^wu *. * „»^ .* x* ,<*££•* a 1 ISO X* c ^j^^ 160 140 120 jao 3E1T. NO V I9IB MM. ISIS OCT. 22 juNJunucro! on nby. nee . 1920 1914 level. From this time on there was an irregular decline to October, 1920, amounting to 39 points of the index, or a decrease of 13.7% from the peak. The two remaining months of the year show a marked rise amounting to 30 index points, or 12.2% above the October level. Weekly Earnings Average weekly earnings of men employees in September, 1918 had increased 100% over the average for September, 1914. They remained approximately at this level until the spring of 1919. A gradual increase followed up to March, 1920, when the average reached a point 145% above the 1914 figure. This was followed by an irregular decline to November amounting to 28 index points, or 11%. As in the case of hourly earnings, the end of the year shows a marked upward trend. The relative increase in weekly earnings of women for the four years between September, 1914 and September, 1918 is considerably greater than the increase in the weekly earnings of men. In March, 1920 the average stood 187% above the 1914 figure. A marked decline followed, the low point, 56 index points, or 19.5%, below March, being reached in October. The trend turned sharply upward during the last two months of the year. 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) i — WOMEN — lnnJ EARNING & SEPTEMBER. 1914 luu °C0ST OF LIVING; JULXISH 28D *•** s* ,■**/ X, / aao y * / s .ft c i f 4* / ^t / t 240 * a y V 1 * "^ A' ' » / _ '***«.. ^ ,<$ \s ■ 220 ** >' 2 1200 ^^^™ —*•■—». s 1 IBD «L&> t^m*" ^s*>*^ 160 140 120 100 ISIB 1919 OCT. 23 JUN.JUL^ItgHOn. WGV.DE t. 1920 Number Employed i Information as to the. number of wage-earners employed is available for purposes of comparison only for the months covered by the present investigation. In June the total number of men employed was 2,488. In December the total decrease below June was 1,039 men, or 41.7%. The reduction in the number of women employed began in July, and, after a slight recovery in October, continued through December. In December there were 2,049 fewer women employees in the estab- lishments reporting than in July, a decrease of 32.8%. Average Hours "Worked per Week Average hours worked per week by men show a tendency to fluctuate during the seven-month period covered by the present inquiry. In June the average number of hours worked was 49.2. From June to July there was a slight decrease, followed by an increase of 2.5 hours in August. The net decrease from June to December was 5.2 hours, or 10.5%. The net decrease in average weekly hours worked by women was comparatively slight, amounting to 3.3 hours, or 7.4%. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a large number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Hosiery and Knit Goods ^Manufacturing: Average Hours Number of Employees ^Worked £er VC^eek 7.00D 6X100 5,000 4.000 3.000 EJD00 1000 (National Industrial Conference Board) 5E 4B 40 32 24 IE B ^^» ^. l?*j *Y "■•■i V N V > JU H JUL. Mi. SEP! DOT NOV, DEC , 1 920 , *»« ■sif'i K0M :n •^ .*•• dUN. JUL AUG. SEPT OCT. WDV DFX. I9ED 24 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September, 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month from June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 10 establishments; the March, 1920, from 9 establishments. All of these plants employed women. The present inquiry covered the period from June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 34 establishments, all of which employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accom- panying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Hosiery and Knit Goods J^danufacturing One Week In: Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Female Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 1,236 1,371 1,349 1,403 1,614 2,488 2,441 2,344 2,314 2,188 1,956 1,449 3,772 4,131 4,326 4,212 4,726 6,066 6,245 5,885 5,523 5,324 4,809 4,196 48.6 52.8 46.8 48.9 49.0 49.2 48.7 51.2 48.9 42.2 43.9 44.0 44.4 50.6 47.7 49.4 44.8 44.7 43.7 44.6 44.6 41.7 40.2 41.4 .232 .426 .482 .538 .564 .543 .541 .534 .523 .586 .556 .623 $11.25 22.50 22.55 26.30 27.65 26.75 26.34 27.33 25.58 24.75 24.36 27.40 100 184 208 223 243 234 233 230 225 253 240 269 100 200 200 234 245 238 234 243 227 220 217 244 144 6.38 100 100 302 15.25 210 239 291 13.87 202 217 344 16.98 239 266 409 18.31 284 287 388 17.32 269 271 376 16.45 261 258 380 16.97 264 266 367 16.38 255 257 353 14.71 245 231 381 15.32 265 241 396 16.42 275 257 25 VII RUBBER MANUFACTURING The returns include establishments engaged in the manufacture of rubber tires, mechanical rubber goods, rubberized fabrics and sundries. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of hourly and weekly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men had increased approximately 107% over the average, for 1914. By March, 1920 the increase was 170% above the 1914 figure. A gradual decline followed, amounting in December, 1920 to 43 points of the index, or about 16%. 300 (National Industrial Conference Board) san MEN |n _ [EARNINGS; SEPTEMBER. 1914 260 ,UU 1C0ST OF LIVINB; JULY, 1914 J? \ s \ 240 qV* < , f tH^A t \ $ > »*&••' V *• '■l. V §220 m < *;>" % « 4y* ►• * ► » * 2 |200 •— .. ^*" ~ — >* * > « ^* u 1 180 .•*• r l"" 1 iS^*^*"^ X c=2 \jt^Z>" IB0 140 120 100 SE PT no t ISIS MAO. 1919 MAP. JUH^JUUAUtStP On MOV OEC 1920 26 In the case of women employees the increase from September, 1914 to September, 1918 was 63%. The highest point in July, 1920 showed a total rise of 161% above the 1914 figure. This was followed by a gradual decline, which, after a slight increase in October, brought the average in December down 26 index points, or nearly 10% below the peak. AiVeekly Earnings Average weekly earnings of men in September, 1918 had in- creased 86% over the average weekly earnings in September, 1914. By March, 1920 the average reached a point 142% above the 1914 figure. The decline which began in the spring of 1920 continued through the succeeding months, reaching the low point for the year in December. Up to the end of the war, weekly earnings of women employees had increased 55%. After a slight decline in the early months of 1919, the average rose steadily up to March, 1920, at which level it remained for several months. In July there was a sudden in- crease which brought the average to 116% above the 1914 figure. From this time on there was a gradual decline, amounting in Decem- ber to 39 index points, or 18% below the peak. (National Industrial Conference Board) 300 ZB0 ZED 240 £220 u n Z §200 x Id ° iao ISO uo 120 100 ! i WOMEN .__ [EARNINGS; SEPTEMBEI 1, 1914. luu- lDrjBT OF LIVING, JUL r.1914 / \ «* \ fS »^^ *v & * \ <2r gi % S* -&>> rt« ,S *4 ^k^ t v *< M JS"J"^™ <<'' ■ •.. '■"...., L*»* 1 916 1913 JUH.JUL -■^ .^tfgSS**^ _■>■«" "'"..- .£'" **. \ i . V .">*' *. ■• »» * * HOURLY ^•^** *» .. laia 1919 MAR. JUHJULWRSEHinmiVDEt I BSD 31 Number Employed Comparable data with respect to the number of wage-earners employed are available only for the months covered by the present investigation. In June, 1920 the establishments reporting employed a total of 8,988 men. The four succeeding months show a decline in the number employed of 2,518 men, or approximately 28%. There was a slight increase in November, followed by a decline in December. The number of women employed in June was 5,360. The decline to October was 1,451, or 27%, followed by a slight recovery in November and another sharp decline in December. The total decrease from June to December was approximately 31%. Average Hours Worked per Wf eek From June to October, average hours worked per week by men declined from 43.8 hours to 39.3 hours, or 10%. The two remain- ing months of 1920 show a slight increase. The somewhat shorter average week worked by women followed the same general trend. The average shows a decrease from 42.3 hours in June to 36.4 hours in October, or 14%, with a rise to 40 hours in December. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a large number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Boot and Shoe ^Manufacturing? Slumber of Employees Average Hours \vorked per vveek (National Industrial Conference Board) 5B J UN. JUL, AUG, SEPT- OCT, NOV. DEC , 1320 *.'. "S91 h^ MEN wot, *ts «-» 1* JUN. JUL AU6, SEPT. OCT. NOV- DEC . 1 320 32 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September for the years 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month covering the period from June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919, and March, 1920 data include returns from 19 plants, all of which employed women. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 44 plants, all of which employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accompanying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Boot and Shoe ^Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 8,040 7,840 8,015 8,320 12,171 8,988 8,377 8,105 7,334 6,470 6,818 6,465 51.0 49,5 48,3 46.4 45.9 43.8 41.8 42.0 41.0 39.3 39.8 40.8 $.284 .476 .517 .591 .624 .625 .643 .620 .591 .598 .583 .656 $14.51 23.62 25.03 27.46 28.70 27.40 26.90 26.00 24.25 23.45 23.10 26.80 100 168 182 208 220 220 226 218 208 210 205 231 100 163 173 189 198 188 185 179 167 162 159 184 Female Sept., 1914. Sept., 1918. Mar., 1919. Oct., 1919. Mar., 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. •Dec, 1920. 4,457 49.1 .205 10.10 100 4,671 48.5 .306 14.81 149 5,011 47.6 .306 14.55 149 5,080 47.3 .364 17.22 178 7,633 46.1 .372 17.18 182 5,360 42.3 .424 17.95 207 4,999 40.0 .426 17.05 208 4,783 40.6 .415, 16.85 203 4,211 40.3 .415 16.75 203 3,909 36.4 .444 16.20 217 3,995 37.2 .423 15.70 206 3,689 40.0 .433 17.30 211 100 147 144 171 170 178 169 167 166 160 156 171 33 IX PAPER MANUFACTURING The inquiry covered establishments producing pulp, paper, and paper products. The accompanying diagrams show the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men and women, compared with the trend in the cost of living from September, 1918, to December, 1920. The base, 100, from which the relative index numbers have been computed, repre- sents earnings in September, 1914, and the cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men in the paper industry had increased approximately 77% over the average for September, 1914. There was a steady increase from the spring of 1919 to October, 1920, when the average reached the peak, 1**&■ »'*)» 2 g IB0 $$&& ^mn ^"■■■■■Ti ' J og,^*" IED 140 ! 120 1 1 100 i SI Ft N IV UA R JL L 01 T MAR. JUU JULAUtSEE OCT NOV Dl c. I3IB I9IB 1920 34 months there was a slight decline, followed by a marked increase which reached its highest point, 159% above the 1914 average, in March, 1920. The average fluctuated around this high point until September, 1920, when there was a slight decline. During the last two months of 1920 the average rose slightly. Weekly Earnings Average weekly earnings of men in September, 1918 had in- creased 77% over the average weekly earnings in September, 1914. The average reached its highest point in September, 1920, a total rise of 158% above the 1914 figure. A sharp decline followed to the end of the year, amounting tq 26 index points, or approximately 10%. During the four years between September, 1914 and September, 1918, the relative increase in the weekly earnings of women employees was greater than the increase in weekly earnings of men. The average for women employees shows a steady rise to September, 1920, when the high point, 150% above the figure for September, 1914, was reached. During the remaining three months of 1920 there was a sharp decline, amounting to 30 index points, or a 12% drop from the peak. (National Industrial Conference Board) 30D WOMEN 2BD inn-J EARNINB5; SEPTEMBER, 1914 > aa -\ COST OF LIVING; JULY. 1914 2BD y »*■ k ii« y <■ #' \ 24D y •*• ► * gESO 111 jifo* b-' # * < y'y §20D &>. gfr" s's I ISO r ~:r >' .-, of ^>^^ .♦ IBD I4D I2D inn OCT 1918 1919 JUkJUHUESnnCtHIKOEt 1920 35 Number Employed Comparable data with respect to the number of wage-earners employed are available only for the months covered by the present investigation. In June, 1920 the establishments which furnished information employed a total of 11,655 men. From June to August there was a slight increase. The decline began in September. The number of men employed in December was 1,400 less than the number employed in June, a net decrease of approximately 12%. A total of 2,828 women was employed by the establishments in June, 1920, as against 2,307 in December, a decrease of 18%. The percentage of decrease in the number of women employed was one and one-half times the percentage decrease in men employees. Average Hours Worked- per ^iVeek The average hours worked per week per man show an upward tendency through September, after which there occurred a marked decline which continued to December, 1920. The difference between the June and December averages is 3.9 hours, or 7.5%. The number of hours worked per week by women shows the same downward trend, the difference between June and December being 3.9 hours, or 8.7%. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a large number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Pajyer ^Manufacturing, jvumler of Employees Average Hours Vvorkea £er \VeeK (National Industrial Conference Board) w,nnn 12.000 SHOO JU n. jul augl son: oct. ndv. d X. 1950 SB m *m -.£ cm N W0 MEN 40 N Z4 IB fl Jl in. jul /we sen on ndv n Et 1 820 36 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September in 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month during the period June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 54 plants, of which 49 employed women. The March, 1920 returns were obtained from 27 plants, all of which employed women. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 68 plants, of which 59 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accompanying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Pafier ^Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 11,706 14,126 13,834 15,010 7,024 11,655 11,618 11,746 11,602 11,449 10,846 10,250 53.4 53.6 52.3 52.0 53.4 52.2 51.8 52.9 53.6 52.8 52.1 48.3 $.245 .433 .435 .515 .521 .618 .625 .624 .631 .640 .630 .630 $13.10 23.20 22.74 26.80 28.82 32.35 32.40 33.00 33.80 33.75' 32.80 30.45 100 177 178 210 213 252 255 255 257 261 257 257 100 177 174 205 220 247 248 252 258 258 250 232 Female Sept., 1914. Sept., 1918. Mar., 1919. Oct., 1919. Mar., 1920. June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 1,332 46.8 .146 6.82 100 1,863 47.1 .279 13.16 191 1,969 43.4 .273 11.86 187 1,611 44.5 .338 15.05 232 1,346 43.7 .378 16.54 259 2,828 44.7 .371 16.60 255 2,808 44.2 .376 16.65 258 2,735 45.3 .373 16.95 256 2,712 45.1 .377 17.00 258 2,686 44.5 .367 16.35 251 2,418 44.2 .368 16.30 252 2,307 40.8 .369 15.00 253 100 193 174 221 242 243 244 249 250 240 239 220 37 X CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING Wage data for this industry were received from a number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of acids, dye-stuffs, and other chemical products. The accompanying diagram shows the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men, compared with the trend of the cost of living from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings From September, 1914 to September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men employees increased 75%. The high point in March, 1920 shows an increase of 161% above the September, 1914 level. During the summer months of 1920 the average fluctuated irregularly, but by the end of the year had risen 19 points, or approximately 8% above the July level. The data available for women employees cover only the last seven months of 1920. There was a steady rise in the average during this period, from 25.8 cents per hour in June to 36.4 cents in De- cember, an increase of over 40%. This increase is more than five times the relative increase in the average hourly earnings of men during the same period. aoD (National Industrial Conference Board) eao MEN .--.(EARNINGS; 5EPTEMBE R, IBIA , \ 260 ,UU "lC0ST OF LIVING; JUL> f, 1914 ^ v\ u X\ ,♦• :? 240 y <*, » #< ' / £220 * ?>'". & Z izoo ,#£!-&• &ff v * * v |lbU -«• ^ *r efJSr ^jS*"*' 160 140 120 ID0 IBIS 1919 1 920 38 W/eekly Earnings In September, 1918 average weekly earnings of men had in- creased 93% over the average in September, 1914. In March, 1920 the increase above the September, 1914 figure was 173%. There was a decline of 26 points during the summer months. The upward trend was resumed in August, and except for a slight decrease in October, continued through December. In December, the average was 159% above the September, 1914 figure. Average weekly earnings of women employees increased from $11.88 in June to $17.89 in December, a gain of over 50%. Number Employed In June, 1920 the chemical establishments which furnished information employed a total of 5,356 men. The decline in employ- ment began in August. The total decrease from June to December was 1,105 men, a loss of approximately 21%. The number of women employees decreased from 244 to 83, or approximately 66%, during the same period. Average Hours Worked per 'Week During the months from June to September, the average number of hours worked per week by men rose from 53.9 to 55.1. From this point on, the average declined, the reduction in December amounting to 2.3 hours, or approximately 4.2%. Average weekly hours worked by women employees follow the same general trend. The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a considerable number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Chemical ^Manufacturing: Average Hours J\umber of Employees VC^orked £er VPeek (National Industrial Conference Board) 7,000 5B 4B 40 32 24 IE B — . Sen — — 6.000 »■ ■■ ,* 5J300 !?£n ^«. X 4000 *«^ 1000 aooo ■ IUN. JUL MX. SOT. OCT MOV. DEL 1920 J UH JUL AUG. SEPI OCT NOV. QEC . 1920 39 Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September for the years 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, March, 1920; and single weeks in the months June to December, inclusive, of the same year. Data for women employees are available only for this latter seven-month period. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 17 establish- ments engaged in the manufacture of chemicals. The March returns were obtained from 8 establishments. The present inquiry covered the period June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 23 plants, of which 6 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accompanying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Chemical ^Manufacturing Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919: Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 t)ec, 1920 4,336 7,621 6,600 7,356 2,117 5,356 5,536 5,367 5,030 4,860 4,484 4,251 52.3 57.8 51.7 50.6 54.8 53.9 54.1 54.9 55.1 54.13 53.9 52.8 $.250 .437 .492 .542 .652 .602 .596 .598 .598 .602 .618 .643 $13.07 25.24 25.46 27.40 35.72 32.49 32.24 32.83 32.92 32.66 33.29 33.91 100 175 197 217 261 241 238 239 239 241 247 257 100 193 195 210 273 249 247 251 252 250 255 259 Female June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 244 46.0 .258 11.88 201 45.7 .283 12.93 149 49.3 .276 13.63 117 48.7 .292 14.21 117 49.4 .307 15.15 120 50.4 .314 15.83 83 49.2 .364 17.89 40 XI FURNITURE MANUFACTURING Wage data were received from establishments manufacturing wooden and upholstered furniture. The accompanying diagram shows the trend of weekly and hourly earnings of men, compared with the trend in the cost of living, from September, 1918 to December, 1920. The base, 100, represents earnings in September, 1914, and cost of living in July, 1914. Hourly Earnings In September, 1918 average hourly earnings of men in the furniture industry had increased 58% over the average lor September, 1914. The increase from September, 1918 to March, 1920 covered 59 points of the index. The high point, 153% above the 1914 average, was reached in November, 1920. The average remained at this level through December. The data available for women employees cover only the last seven months of 1920. In June, 1920 the average hourly wage was 32.8 cents. 'The highest point was reached in September. The re- maining months of 1920 show an irregular decline, the hourly wage in December being 33.1 cents, or a decrease of approximately 4% from September. 3Q0 2BD EGO 24D ?S2D !5DD ISO I BO I4D I 2D 100 (National Industrial Conference Board) | 1 MEN .--(EARNINGS, SEPTEMBER, 1914 ,UU "lCDSTDF LIVING, JULY, 1914 ,• , j mm\ A ■» *.. y -* y \ / \ .< ;* ^'" j.<$ua? r «^> ,* w* co£>-"^ «&& f-^™™ T, .1^ 3^^ HO™ !LY EARNINGS i9ia 1919 JUHJUL^IIRSBOCTNIIVKC. I92Q 41 Weekly Earnings Between September, 1914 and September, 1918 weekly earnings of men in the furniture industry had increased 61%. The upward trend continued steadily to March, 1920, when the increase became more rapid, reaching its highest point in August, 1920, the index at this date showing an increase of 153% over the 1914 figure. The period from August to December shows a rapid, irregular decline, amounting to 33 points of the index, or 13%. In June, 1920 the average weekly earnings of women were $14.55. After a slight decrease in July, the average increased to $15.16 in September, or slightly over 4%. The remaining months of 1920 show a sharp decline, amounting to approximately 22%. The average weekly wage in December was $2.76 lower than the average in June. Number Employed Comparable data with respect to the number of wage-earners employed are available only for the months covered by the present inquiry. In June, 1920 the establishments which furnished infor- mation employed a total of 4,630 men. July shows a slight increase over this figure. The decline in employment began in August. The number employed in December was 1,695 less than the number employed in June, a decrease of nearly 37%. The number of women employed in June was 423, and in December, 208, a decrease of about 51%. As in the case of the men the reduction began in July. The percentage of decrease in the number of women employed was over one and one-third times the percentage decrease in men employees. Furniture ^Manufacturing: Average Hours Numler of Employees Vvorkea £er \veek (National Industrial Conference Board) 5.6D0 SB 48 40 SZ 24 IB B n 4.BDD V Jje/v s$ \r s. ^N *», 3200 E.4DD 1,600 BOD _vvo 1 *S • \ cfr *+* >'T \ >_ 5s &K£ ».-« j^ — — ' ^^af-^L ^0f^^ f ! < 3S2^ I9IB 1919 jumiiKuesEP ocr um occ. I9SD 44 was a decrease to 34.3 cents in July, followed by a continuous increase up to November, amounting to 4.2 cents, or 12%. In December the trend turned downward. Weekly Earnings In September, 1918 average weekly earnings of men had in- creased 112% over the average in September, 1914. In March, 1920 the increase above the 1914 figure was 174%. The rest of 1920 shows a gradual decline. In December the average stood 131% above the 1914 figure. In June, 1920, average weekly earnings of women employees were $17.59. They decreased irregularly during the next six months, the average in December being $14.07, a decline of 20%. Number Employed In June, 1920 the establishments which furnished information employed a total of 3,607 men. The number employed declined steadily during the rest of the year, the decrease to December amounting to 37%. The number of women employees decreased during the same period from 416 to 180, or approximately 56%. Average Hours ^iVorked per "W eek The average hours worked per week by men employees declined steadily from 47.5 hours in June to 38.6 hours in December, 1920, a decrease 19% below the June figure. For the same period the de- crease in average weekly hours worked by women was 8.7 hours, or about 18%. Leather Tanning, Etc.: JKumoer of Employees Average H our s Vvorkea £er W eek 4.000 35G0 3,000 ££00 MEN i i £.000 I.0DD □ ~7"~ EN Jl N. JUL. AUG. SEPT. On NOV 0! £. (National Industrial Conference Board) 56 4B 40 32 24 IB 1 L *■! ■** few vorf w s ■'•■ 1 1920 JUN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV DEC 1920 45 The data received concerning the length of the nominal working week were not sufficiently accurate to warrant their inclusion in this report. The returns from a considerable number of plants working part time did not clearly distinguish between the actual and nominal week. Sources of Data The data presented are drawn from pay-roll returns covering single weeks in the months of September, 1914 and 1918, March and October, 1919, and March, 1920; and single weeks in each month from June to December, 1920. The 1914, 1918 and 1919 data include returns from 35 establish- ments, the March, 1920, returns from 25 establishments. The present inquiry covered the period from June to December, 1920. Returns were obtained from 26 establishments, of which 17 employed women. The following table gives the number of employees of each sex, together with the detailed figures on which the accom- panying diagrams are based: Detailed Pay-roll Data' — Leather Tanning and Finishing One Week In: Number of Workers Average Hours Worked Average Earnings Index Numbers of Earnings Hourly Actual Weekly Hourly Actual Weekly Male Sept., 1914 Sept., 1918 Mar., 1919 Oct., 1919 Mar., 1920 June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Female June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. 5,030 5,457 5,430 6,019 5,979 3,607 3,443 3,181 2,999 2,955 2,614 2,293 49.2 53.2 52.8 48.3 49.7 47.5 47.2 45.9 45.5 44.8 39.3 38.6 .225 .440 .457 .562 .607 .614 .591 .603 .600 .578 .654 .660 $11.01 23.36 24.18 27.12 30.18 29.15 27.89 27.71 27.33 25.88 25.71 25.47 100 195 203 249 270 273 262 268 267 257 291 293 416 47.5 .370 17.59 399 46.6 .343 15.98 341 45.3 .363 16.45 289 43.9 .378 16.58 268 44.1 .381 16.80 223 40.3 .385 15.50 180 38.8 .362 14.07 100 212 219 246 274 265 253 252 248 235 234 231 46 XIII MEAT PACKING * Wage data were received from establishments engaged in the preparation of meat, and meat products. The returns included 36 establishments, of which 21 employed women. In June the average hourly wage of men was 59.6 cents. There was a slight rise in September, followed in December by a return to the June figure. Hourly earnings of women rose from June to August, then declined to the end of the year. Average weekly earnings of men were $29.04 in June. The general trend was downward during the next six months, the average in December being $27.51, a decline of 5.3%. There was a slight decline during the same period in the weekly earnings of women. The establishments furnishing information employed in June a total of 22,493 men. The general trend was downward for the remainder of the year, although the actual decline to December was very small. The number of women employees fell from 2,871 in June to 2,153 in December, a decline of 25%. In June the average hours worked per week per man were 48.8. A slight downward tendency is shown by the next five months, with a sharp decline to 46.2 hours in December. The net change in average hours worked by women during the same period was slight. The following table gives detailed figures as to earnings, em- ployment and hours: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Sweat Packing One Week In: Male June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. Female June, 1920 July,* Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec, Number of Workers 22,493 22,712 22,164 22,446 22,111 22,021 22,334 Average Hours Worked 48.8 48.8 48.3 46.6 48.2 48.2 46.2 Average Earnings Hourly $ .596 .595 .593 .607 .601 .600 .596 Actual Weekly 1920. 1920. 1920. 1920. 1920. 1920. 2,871 46.9 .425 3,066 46.4 .427 2,977 45.4 .432 3,040 46.4 .427 2,757 46.8 .421 2,571 46.8 .421 2,153 46.2 .414 $29.04 29.02 28.65 28.29 28.96 28.89 27.51 19.91 19.85 19.60 19.84 19.71 19.71 19.14 *In the case of the generation and distribution of electricity, and the meat pack- ing, lumber and millwork, paint and varnish industries, data previous to June, 1920, are not available. The report for these industries is, therefore, limited to the period June to December, 1920. 47 XIV GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY Wage data were received from establishments engaged in the generation .and distribution of electricity, some of which were also engaged in the manufacture and distribution of gas. No traction companies are included in the group. Returns were obtained from 103 plants, in 26 of which women were employed. In June the average hourly wage of men was 57.6 cents. The average rose irregularly to 60.6 cents in December, an increase of 5.2%. Hourly earnings of women increased to August, then declined to the end of the year. In June average weekly earnings of men were $29.54. There was an increase of 5.5% to October, followed by a decline to De- cember. Women's weekly earnings were $19.43 in June. There was slight variation from this figure up to December. The number of men employed by the establishments reporting rose from 16,384 in June to 17,227 in December, an increase of 5%. The number of women employees declined irregularly to September. The remaining months show a slight increase. Men employees worked an average of 51.3 hours per week in June. There was an increase in August to 55.9 hours, followed by a 11.2% decline to December. The average weekly hours worked by women fluctuated with a slight upward tendency during the seven- month period. The following table gives detailed figures as to earnings, em- ployment, and hours: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Generation and Distribution of Electricity One Week In: Male June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. Female June, 1920. July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Number of Workers 16,384 16,882 17,085 16,959 17,717 17,449 17,227 Average Hours Worked 51.3 50.9 55.9 51.3 51.8 50.4 49.6 Average Earnings Hourly $.576 .580 .541 .593 .602 .601 .606 Actual Weekly 431 46.7 .416 432 49.1 .421 426 48.0 .432 388 45.6 .430 435 47.1 .418 444 44.0 .426 434 47.3 .420 $29.54 29.56 30.21 30.42 31.17 30.31 30.04 19.43 20.62 20.73 19.63 19.69 18.73 19.86 48 XV LUMBER MANUFACTURING AND MILLWORK The inquiry in this industry covered establishments engaged in the manufacture of lumber, box shook, and interior and exterior building trim. Returns were received from 102 plants, of which 20 employed women. The average hourly earnings of men were 56.3 cents in June. Except for a slight rise in July and one in November they remained practically at this level through the period covered by the inquiry. Women's earnings rose from 26.8 cents in June to 28.7 cents in Sep- tember, then declined to November. The end of the year shows another increase. Average weekly earnings of men rose steadily from $26.72 in June to $29.53 in November, or 10.5%. In December they declined approximately 11%. Women's earnings increased nearly 11% from June to September, then declined irregularly to December. The establishments reported a total of 7,828 men employees in June. The number increased to 8,419 in August, a rise of 7.5%. The number employed decreased from September to December, the decline amounting to 2,198 men, or 26%. The number of women employees dropped from 142 in June to 79 in December, or 44%. In June the average number of hours worked per week per man was 47.5. There was an irregular rise to 52.6 hours in October, fol- lowed by a decline to 46.6 hours in December, or 11%. The average number of hours worked by women rose from 46.3 in June to 47.8 in September. This was followed by a decline to December of 5.5 hours, or approximately 12%. The following table gives detailed figures as to earnings, em- ployment and hours: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Lumber ^manufacturing ana J^Ii11wor\ One Week In: Male June, 1920 Julv, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Female June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920. Dec, 1920. Number of Workers 7,828 8,285 8,419 8,100 7,904 6,864 6,221 Average Hours Worked 47.5 47.4 52.5 52.3 52.6 50.4 46.6 Average Earnings Hourly .563 .571 .554 .557 .555 .586 .563 Actual Weekly 142 46.3 .268 152 45.5 .278 150 45.6 .281 132 47.8 .287 128 47.4 .276 100 41.1 .269 79 42.3 .284 $26.72 27.08 29.09 29.14 29.18 29.53 26.24 12.38 12.66 12.79 13.71 13.07 11.05 12.01 49 XVI PAINT AND VARNISH MANUFACTURING The establishments which supplied information were engaged in the manufacture of white lead, colors, paint and varnish. Returns were received from 44 plants, in 30 of which women were employed. In June, 1920, the average hourly earnings of men employees were 57.8 cents. There was an increase in July, followed by a decline to November of 3.5 cents, or 6%. The end of the year shows an upward tendency. The average hourly earnings of women were 32.7 cents in June. A slight increase to October was cancelled by a decline to the end of the year. - At the beginning of the period average weekly earnings of men were $28.78. There was an intermittent downward trend from June to December, a total decrease of 7%. Weekly earnings of women decreased slightly from June to December. In the latter month earnings were $.83 below the June figure. In June the establishments reporting employed a total of 3,239 men. The number declined irregularly to the end of the year, a decrease of 25%. In the number of women employed the net decrease from July to December was 24%. In June, the average number of hours worked per week per man was 49.8. The number fluctuated during the period with a downward trend, a net decrease from June to December of 5.4%. At the beginning ot the inquiry period women employees averaged 45.8 hours weekly. The number increased to September, then declined to the end of the year. The following table gives detailed figures as to earnings, em- ployment and hours: Detailed Pay-roll Data — Paint and Varnish ^Manufacturing One Week In: Male June, 1920. July, 1920. Aug., 1920. Sept., 1920. Oct., 1920. Nov., 1920, Dec, 1920. Female June, 1920 July, 1920 Aug., 1920 Sept., 1920 Oct., 1920 Nov., 1920 Dec, 1920 Number of Workers 3,239 3,217 3,233 3,134 2,964 2,640 2,425 Average Hours Worked 49.8 48.6 46.6 49.3 49.4 49.2 47.1 Average Earnings Hourly .578 .592 .584 .578 .560 .557 .569 Actual Weekly $28.78 28.75 27.22 28.53 27.69 27.39 26.83 433 45.8 .327 14.99 449 44.5 .334 14.87 429 44.2 .326 14.41 408 44.9 .334 14.98 403 44.7 .342 15.30 375 44.9 .313 14.07 340 43.3 .327 14.16 50 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD Research Reports Research Report No. I. Workmen's Compensation Acts in the United States — The Legal Phase. 60 pages. April, 1917. Revised, August, 1919. $1.00. Research Report No. 2. Analysis of British Wartime Reports on Hours of Work as Related to Output and Fatigue. 58 pages. November, 1917. $1.00. Research Report No. J. Strikes in American Industry in Wartime. 20 pages. March, 1918. 50 cents. Research Report No. 4. 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