CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library AZ108 .P24 Symbols. 3 1924 029 753 237 olin Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029753237 WORKS OF F. A. PARKHURST PUBLISHED BY JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. Applied Methods of Scientific Management. Second Edition, xii+33 7 pa^es. 6 by 9. Illus- trated. Cloth, S2.00 net. The Predetermination of True Costs and Rela- tively True Selling Prices. 104 pages. 6 by 9. Illustrated. Cloth Si. 25 net. Symbols. The system of symbols adopted in this book has been used in various plants for many years. They con- stitute a language in themselves. A few characters, suggestive to a marked degree, replace from six to many times six the number of letters that would ordinarily be required to describe the same thing, or combination of things in the usual words. The symbols in this book can be amplified to an unlimited extent to meet any ultimate demands. vi-|- 165 pages. 6 by g. Cloth, 52.00 net. SYMBOLS BY FEEDERIC A. PARKHURST, M.E. Organizing Engineer FIBST EDITION NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1917 Copyright, 1917 BT FREDERIC A. PARKHURST o 3^0/' ppesa Of BflAUNWORTH & CO. BOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLYN, N. Y. PREFACE Up to the present time the use of symbols, even in the manufacturing industries, has been very limited. Their field of usefulness, however, is not confined to industrial establishments, since all branches of business, as well as scientific, research, commercial, banking and professional pursuits, can apply symbols to equal advantage. The possible uses for symbols are unlimited. During years of experience with all forms of symbols, I have developed the system herein described. It has been in continuous use, wholly or in part, in various plants for many years. Its use in practicable form under the stress of all the demands of large and growing com- panies, working in many cases at high pressure, has proved beyond a doubt that all the requirements of the ideal symbol system have been successfully met. Only a suf- ficient number of examples are given in the following pages to convey clearly to the reader how different varia- tions may be worked out to suit any particular case. The system is sufficiently flexible to meet all requirements in any kind of business or profession. The use of symbols expedites the routine of the day's work by a great saving of time and a much greater saving of space in keeping complete records. Symbols give a brevity, simplicity, stimulus to accuracy, and a scheme of statistical comparison that cannot be obtained by any other means. It is to be regretted that the value of sym- bols is not better understood. It is my hope that this book may be the means of greatly stimulating the use of sym- bols and that the keys given herein will form the basis iv PREFACE of a universal and standard system, since standardization is one of the important elements of the science of manage- ment. The reader can readily adopt the symbols herein hsted with Uttle or no modification, and so have the benefit from the start of a system that can be amplified to an unlimited extent to meet any ultimate demands. Symbols really constitute a language in themselves. A few characters, suggestive to a marked degree, replace from six to many times six the number of letters that would ordinarily be required to describe the same thing, or combination of things, in the usual words. One mem- orizes these characters as one would memorize the alphabet and through association begins to think in the character language. After the mind becomes trained to the habit of thinking in the symbol language, and this is an exceed- ingly easy and quick thing to master, it becomes instinctive to talk in the symbol language. The next step is naturally that of recording in the same language the ideas and ex- pressions resulting from the use of this method. It is really easier, and obviously very much quicker to think and speak the symbol language when one becomes familiar with it, than it is to follow the long and tedious route necessary when using the usual terms of a national tongue. The Author. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Three Systems of Symbols 1 II. Plant Symbols 7 III. Depaktment Symbols 10 3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing 10 3-B. Typical Office and Shop Departments 11 3-C. Adaptation of Department Symbols to a Hospital. ... 15 3-D. General Administrative, Financial, Sales, and Operat- ing Divisions 17 3-E. Departmental Subdivision 19 IV. Indirect Expense Symbols 21 4r-A. Plant Indirect Expense Symbols 21 4-B. Department Indirect Expense Symbols 24 4-C. General Indirect Expense Symbols 46 4-D. Equipment Indirect Expense Symbols 48 4-E. Factory Indirect Expense Symbols 49 V. Order and Job Group Symbols 51 5-A. Order Group Symbols 51 5-B. Work Numbers 53 VI. Equipment Symbols 55 VII. Drawing Symbols 61 VIII. Piece Symbols 66 IX. Operation Symbols 73 9-A. Industrial Operation Symbols 73 9-B. Chemical Symbols 81 X. Miscellaneous Symbol Groups 92 10-A. Jigs and Tool Symbols 92 10-B. Pattern Symbols 95 10-C. Manufacturing Symbols 96 lO-D. FiUng Symbols 97 IQ-E. Forms, Literature and Miscellaneous Symbols 100 lO-F. Account Symbols 104 10-G. Sub-classification Symbols 110 V CONTENTS VI CHAPTER PAGE XI. Anatomical Symbols 112 11-A. Human Plant and Department Symbols 112 11-B. Diagnostic Symbols 116 11-C. Surgical Symbols 141 11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols 146 XII. R6sum6 151 SYMBOLS CHAPTER I THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS The prime object of any system of symbolizing is to provide a character which will assist in the prompt identi- fication of any unit. The second object is to use a scheme flexible enough to include all branches of a business within its scope. The present opportunities for the use of a practical, comprehensive scheme of symbols are unlimited. This is true of all business, educational, scientific, research and professional spheres. The author maintains, adverse criticism to the contrary, that a symbol is an identification mark first and foremost. The character must positively differentiate one article, unit or act from some other. If a simple and not too cumbersome symbol could be devised which would instantly tell by its form or character what is represented, it might be ideal, but so far all efforts along such lines have proved impractical. If we know the number of a house on a given street, for example 360 West Fifty-ninth Street, it is not necessary to know whether the house is an old Mansard design, an early Colonial type, or a modern tene- ment structure in order to identify it. The address enables us to direct one to the house or find it ourselves with a minimum of effort. The symbol should enable one to identify an article or unit with just as little effort. So, 2 SYMBOLS bearing in mind the essential factor of identification, it is obvious that the greatest practical use will be obtained from that scheme of symbols which is founded upon the simplest rules, with as few characters and the least varia- tions possible. The different schemes of symbols which have been developed from time to time may be classed imder the following general headings : 1. Dewey Decimal System 2. Mnemonic Sj'stem 3. Parldiurst System The Dewey Decimal System is undoubtedly the most complete and highly perfected in theory of any, and, as the name indicates, is a combination of figures and periods giving a symbol of an almost unlimited mmiber of characters. This use of figures and decimal points offers an infinite number of possible combinations. The system carefully worked out will provide a number symbol applicable to every conceivable thing past, present or future. It is, however, in no way suggestive nor practical for general use, and a voluminous key is necessary even to interpret the symbol. The Mnemonic System, as its name indicates, was devised with the purpose of supplying a symbol which should be suggestive and which would indicate the object that it was intended to identify. In theory, it is an excellent system and could, perhaps, be applied in a limited way to a comparatively small number of units so as to be comprehensive and valuable. For general use, however, the system utterly fails to meet the end for which it was designed. It is impossible to devise a simple symbol on the mnemonic plan which is generally applicable to units of widely varying kinds of business. The mnemonic symbol consists of combinations of letters and figures with THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS 3 the occasional use perhaps of a period or a dash. If the attempt is made to apply this system very generally, it soon becomes apparent that the result is a symbol of a great number of characters, often running to twelve or fif- teen, and one which in itself is in no way suggestive. Again a voluminous index or "key" becomes neces- sary. There are a great many combinations of letters repre- senting general classifications which have been developed in connection with the mnemonic symbol system. The result is that five, six or seven letters, or combinations of letters and figures, may be necessary before one gets to the number identifying the one particular piece in a class from its next-door neighbor. A further disadvantage of a mnemonic scheme is that a combination of letters and figures is much harder to write or read, or to remember even for a few minutes, than a comparatively arbitrary one, providing this combination of letters and figures consists of more than several characters. SHVXRI is much harder to read and to retain in the mind than 24321X or 234211. If two pieces just alike are symbolized, one with the first of the above symbols and the other with one of the two latter, the one bearing the plain number can be more easily and quickly identified. Another argument often brought up by advocates of the nrnemonic system is that when one sees a piece bearing a symbol or sees the symbol in print, it is desirable to know what the piece is so that it can be located. In practice, however, this is not so for several reasons. One is, that should a stray and strange piece with a symbol attached be found, it would be necessary in any case to refer to the symbol index. This would be true whether the Dewey, Mnemonic or Arbitrary System was in use. Obviously, then, the simplest and easiest system to remember is the best. In the majority of cases, the use of the symbol is either in connection with papers or documents, or one 4 SYMBOLS is looking for a piece of which the simple name is known. Further to illustrate this point, suppose that the order or material list referred to a "Right Support for an 18-inch by 10-foot motor-driven engine lathe"; the simple name of the piece would be a support, which one would identify by its symbol. The symbol in such case answers the same purpose as the number of a house on a certain street. In practice, as above stated, it is very seldom that there is any great material advantage, especially in connection with piece symbols, in having the symbol represent the character of the piece involved. After all is said and done, it is an absolute impossibility without reference to an index. Many of the most satisfactory and easiest forms of identification in use are some of the old systems of "piece numbers," which are nothing more or less than arbitrary numbers which have been given to pieces as they were designed or became merchandise. Another very old scheme is that of grouping pieces by classes, as El 12, to represent a part number 112 for an "E" type machine. Modern practice, however, especially in connection with the higher developed forms of management, has made it desirable to utilize a scheme of symbols for many and various pur- poses. The writer believes that the simple form of symbol is by far the best. In modern management the use of symbols is becoming an absolute necessity. Without symbols the speedy and condensed recording of instruc- tions, data and recapitulation of statistics is almost impossi- ble, to say nothing of the saving of space and time. The author has had years of experience in the practical application and use of all systems of symbolization, and to meet the requirement of actual practice, has evolved the following system, which has been in actual use for many years. It fully meets the requirements in practice and is in no way cumbersome nor difficult to install. Mem- THREE SYSTEMS OF SYMBOLS 5 bers of the organizations with whom he has established his methods have never yet had any difficulty in easily and quickly becoming thoroughly familiar with, or in adopting this system. In the following pages the author treats of each dif- ferent group or class of symbols into which his system is divided. The combinations described have been pre- pared in such a way as to give the best general description of the system. An effort has also been made to give enough actual detail so that any specific application of the Park- hurst symbol system can be readily made by the reader after a httle study. The reader is advised whenever possible to adopt the actual symbols with their corresponding description herein shown as a step toward standardization. There will, of course, be many cases where changes will be necessary. Modifications of the following can be readily made to suit any condition, thus giving the necessary flexibility which is the actual measure of value of the system. The characteristic formation of each symbol group must, of coiu-se, be maintained, but the application and name of the things each symbol represents may be varied to suit each problem where necessary. As first stated, however, standardization is important. Particular atten- tion is called to the fact that with few exceptions, the element of suggestiveness is maintained throughout this entire symbol system. The single reading of these chapters will result in a large majority of the symbols being mem- orized. Such is particularly true of the general group formations. A few moments' study will be all that is necessary to remember details after the fundamental principle on which this system is founded has been clearly understood. The author has succeeded in evolving a symbol system free from all the cumbersomeness of both the Dewey and Mnemonic systems, while keeping the unlimited flexibility 6 SYMBOLS required of any adequate system. It combines the abso- lutely necessary essentials of actual and practical value in operation, which after all is the true test. The key to the system for any given plant consists of a few pages, so that in a short time members of an organization have little need to refer, except occasionally, to the key. CHAPTER II PLANT SYMBOLS The first step in connection with the development of a scheme of symbols for any business is to provide for a plant letter or symbol. It may be that there is but one plant. On the other hand, provision must be made for the identification of that plant as at some future time the growth of any business is more than likely to result in additional plants. Business conditions often prompt the purchase of another plant to enable immediate in- crease in capacity, so the entire scheme of symbols contem- plates unlimited expansion. Plant symbols consist of a single letter. The letter used is almost invariably the first letter of the city or town in or near which the plant is situated. The following is a tjrpical list of plant letters. A — Atlanta Plant B — Baltimore Plant C— Cleveland Plant D— Detroit Plant £— Erie Plant F— Fitchburg Plant G — Galveston Plant N — Newton Plant B — Research Plant It sometimes happens, however, that a company with a number of plants may have two or more plants in one place. If so, the initial letter of the street on which each 7 8 SYMBOLS plant is situated may be used. There is enough flexibility in this plan to enable suggestive letters being obtained without chance of trouble due to duplication. The plant letters should appear on interplant stationery such as interplant letter paper, purchase orders, requi- sitions, charges, etc. This applies only, however, to those plant forms which are not abolute duplicates of forms used in some other plant and which for good reasons must be identified instantly with the plant in which they orig- inated. In this connection it is also advisable to use a different color for each plant. The following is a tj^jical list of "plant colors." Plant A — Gray " B— Blue " C— Yellow " D— Cafe " £— Buff ' ' F — Mandarin " G — Galveston, Pink ' ' A' — Newton, Golden Rod " R — Research, Pale Green The plant letters may be used singly or in combination with other symbols. When used in combination they come first. The plant symbol is the only symbol con- sisting of one character, a letter, so there is never any duplication or confusion in use or in interpretation. It should be noted that all of the various symbol groups used in the system may be used in combination without confusion and without danger of duplication, as shown in the last chapter. Combinations of plant symbols with other sjTnbols enable one readily to record data which can be instantly identified, and comparisons made between various groups and plants. Space is conserved and the recording and reading of records are both greatly expedited. For example : PLANT SYMBOLS 9 AlA means "Atlanta Plant Accounting Room" (see Chapter III). These three suggestive characters tell us what ordinarily would take at least four words totaling twenty-six letters to describe. The saving in space and time is obvious. CHAPTER III DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing 3-B. Typical Office and Shop Departments 3-C. Adaptation op Department Symbols to a Hospital 3-D. General Administration, Financial, Sales, and Operating Divisions 3-E. Departmental Subdivisions 3-A. General Scheme of Departmentalizing After providing for the plant sjaabol as described in Chapter II, the next step is to determine the depart- mentalization of that plant and provide a symbol for each department. The determination of the limits of each department is not necessarily fixed by four walls, but rather by the trades represented, the class of work, or the kind of equipment. The department limits of a plant are not ordinarily as clearly defined as they should be. Neither is the average plant divided into enough departments. A building may have several floors all doing the same general class of work. Each floor should be a separate department. If there are several trades doing different kinds of work on any or each floor, or in any building, the departments should be divided so as to separate each class of work or trade. Too much emphasis cannot be laid on the importance of exercising extreme care in determining department limits. The feature has a vital bearing on modern man- agement methods. The most important of these are the routing and handling of work and material, proper analytical 10 DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 11 cost records, accurate indirect expense subdivision, etc. To permit the best use of the differential process rate of distributing burden or overhead, it is important that the department limits be clearly defined and separated as suggested above. It makes possible a complete and accu- rate subdivision of indirect expense. There will be no need of overburdening one class of product and unduly favoring another. See Chapter IV, section 4-E. 3-B. Typical Office and Shop Departments Department symbols consist of a numeral from 1 to 20, followed by a letter. There is no other symbol of this formation used with a numeral less than 30, so duplication and confusion are avoided. The symbol, as well as others, may be used in combination, as explained in Chapter XII. Bearing in mind the caution given above regarding the determination of department limits, it becomes a simple matter to allot symbols to each department. The following lists are typical of the usual department symbols. Attention is called to the fact that similar departments use the same letter but the characteristic numeral changes. The prefix may represent the order of importance of each department in each group, or it may indicate the order of arrangement on the shop plan. When preparing to symbolize the departments of any given plant, the first step should be to list all of the de- partments by groups. As mentioned above, the depart- ment limits must be determined by the functions performed by each room or parts of a room, or by the separation of the trades or classes of labor, or by the kinds of equipment used, or by the grades or classes of work performed in each room. Having determined the department limits in this man- ner, similar departmental divisions should be listed in consecutive order. This order may be either alphabetical, 12 SYMBOLS in degrees of importance, or again in the order of arrange- ment of one department to another, based on the route taken by the work passing through these- departments. Inspection of the following lists of departments will readily show just how the grouping is determined. Care in arrang- ing departmental groups using the same department letter will materially assist in the memorizing of each department symbol. Another advantage of the group method, and by no means the least important, is the conservation of the letters of the alphabet. If this feature is carefully con- sidered, the reader will find that the scope of the alphabet is amply sufficient to meet every practical requirement for any set of department symbols. The department letter will not always be suggestive in the true sense of the word, but the exceptional cases are easily memorized. One typical set of department symbols for a large plant: lA Accounting Room IF Furnace Department No. 1 2A Cost Department 2F ' ' No. 2 3A Credit Department 4A Billing Department ^^ Garage 5A Filing Department 2G Stable IB Sales Department IH Heating Plant 2B Order Department 2H Boiler Plant for Power 3B Stenographic Department 3H Engine Room Plant 4:H Electric Generator Plant IC Core Room No. 1 (Power) 2C " No. 2 3C " No. 3 4C " No. 4 5H Light Generator Plant 6H Air Compressor Plant ID Delivery Department H I^^Pf ^ion Department 2/ i mal Inspection IE Employment Department 2E Locker and Wash Room IJ Janitors and Watchmen (Men) 2/ Special Guards 3E Locker and Wash Room (Women) lA' Carpenter Room DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 13 IL Planning Room (Central) 2L " (Sub. No. 2) 3L " (Sub. No. 3) IM Mold Room No. 1 2M " No. 2 3M " No. 3 4M " No. 4 5M " No. 5 IN Knockout Room No. 1 2JV " No. 2 10 Time Keeping Department IP Pattern Shop 2P Pattern Storage IQ Sand Mixing Room 2Q Sand Handling Dept. IR Receiving Room IS Shipping Room \T Trimming Room No. 1 2T Sand Blast Room for IT 3T Trimming Room No. 2 4T Sand Blast Room for 3T lU Engineering Department 2U Drawing Room 3Z7 Photographic Department W Machine Shop No. 1 5 [7 Tool Room for 4 !/■ 6C/ Machine Shop No. 2 7U Tool Room for 6 [7 IF Forge Shop (Light Work) 2V " (Heavy Work) 3F Heat Treating Department 47 Tempering Department IPF Welding Department \X Store Room — Non Ferrous Metals 2X 1 1 — Lumber 3Z 11 — Iron and Steel Rod, etc. 4Z (I — Stru tural Shapes 5Z 1 1 — Sand 6Z ( c —Oil 7X It —Coal 8X 1 1 —Coke 9X c ( — Pig Iron and Scrap lOZ 1 1 — Miscellaneous IIZ Move Material Foreman's Dept. IF Yard IZ Maintenance Dept. Any plant symbol (see Chapter II) may be used in combination with the above by simply prefixing the plant letter or symbol. In this manner we are able by the use of only three characters instantly to identify any one of seventy or more departments in any one of a number of plants. Thus ^lOX means "Miscellaneous Stores Room in Atlanta Plant"; or C2F means "No. 2 Furnace Room in Cleveland Plant," etc. To further illustrate the sjrmbolizing of departments the following list is given to show the actual symbols 14 SYMBOLS used in a large foundry. This list covers a specific con- dition and is taken from actual practice, whereas the- first list given above was a composite one. Departmental Symbols Used by a Foundry lA Accounting Room 5A Filing Room IB Local Sales Dept. IC Core Room No. 1 2C No. 2 3C No. 3 4C No. 4 5C No. 5 6C No. 6 ID Delivery Dept. IE Employment Bureau IF Furnace Room (Class A & C) 2F " (Class B only) IG Garage IH Heat, Light, and Power 17 Inspection Dept. 1/ Janitors and Watchmen IK Carpenter Shop IN Knockout (Class A and C) 2N " (Class B) 10 Time Keeping IP Pattern Shop 2P Pattern Storage 10 Sand Mixing IR Receiving Room IS Shipping IT Trimming Room (Class A andC) 2T Sand Blast- (Class A and O 3T Trimming Room (Class B) AT Sand Blast (Class B) lU Machinists 2U Brass Finishing Department 3U Tool Room 1 V Forge Shop IW Welding Department IX Stores— Metal IL Planning Room 2X '• - 3X " - -Lumber -Iron, etc. IM Molding Room No. 1 4A' " - -Miscellaneous (Class A) 5X " - -Sand 2M No. 2 (Class B) 6Z " - 7X " -Oil 3M No. 3 8X " Available for New (Class C) QX " Stock Divisions m No. 4 (Class C) WX " . nX Move ]\ laterial Foreman 5M " No. 5 (Class B) IF YardD epartment &M No. 6 12 Mainte aance Department DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 15 3-C. Adaptation of Department Symbols to a Hospital In order more fully to illustrate department symbol- izing, the following list of some of the more important departments of a hospital is given with the corresponding symbols. To the hospital organization these departments symbols are just as suggestive, and just as easily memorized as the foregoing ones are to an industrial organization. This fact must not be lost sight of by the reader. One's familiarity with the "plant" has much to do with the ease of remembering the symbols used. The lajonan not familiar with a given condition may at first feel confused. It is only a temporary condition, however. A Typical List of Hospital Department Symbols lA Main Office 2A SuperinteDdent's Office 3A Nurses' Office 4A 5A Filing Room IB Library IC Corridor No. 1 2(7 " No. 2 3C " No. 3 ID Doctor's Reception Room 2D Admitting Doctor's Office 3D Doctor's Dressing Room 4D Surgeon's Dressing Room 5D Students' and Visitors' Dress- ing Room 6D Dressing Room IE Dining Room IF 1(? Garage 2G Stable IH Heating Plant 2H Power Plant 3H Lighting Plant 17 Instrument Room No. 1 27 " No. 2 1/ Janitors and Watchmen IK Kitchen 2K Diet Kitchen IL Clinical Laboratory 2L Surgical Laboratory 3L Medical Laboratory 4L Tissue Laboratory IM Mortuary lA'' Nitrous Oxide Mfg. Dept. 10 Anesthetic Room 20 Operating Room — Private 30 " " No. 1 40 ' ' Amphitheater No. 1 ,50 " " No. 2 16 SYMBOLS IP X-ray Dept. and Dark Room 2P X-ray Therapy 3P Photographing and Printing Room \Q \R Accident Room 2R Ambulance Room 3i? Children's Room 4i? Consultation Room bR Cystoscopic Room &R Dispensary 1R Examining Room SR Gynecological Room QR Medical Room \QR Nervous and Medical Room \\R Nose and Throat Room 12P Plaster Room 137J Reception Room 1472 Surgical Room liS Laundry 2/S Ironing Room 3»S Sewing Room 4iS Sterilizing Room ir 117 IV IW Ward 1 2T^ " 2 3W " 3 iW " 4 lA' Bandage and Dressing Room 2X Commissary Dept. 3Z Drug Room 4X Linen Room 5X Surgical Supplies, Splints, etc. 17 Yard and Grounds IZ Maintenance The treatment of the above group of hospital depart- ment symbols will indicate how the various symbols were determined if the reader will review the remarks at the beginning of the section, page 11. In a few cases the standard department sjrmbols have been used, such as 5A, IG, 2G, IH, 2H, M, IJ, and IX to 5X for divisions of stores, IF, and IZ. The other departments have been symbolized in groups in the most suggestive manner. The laundry departments are grouped under S arbitrarily. This is not suggestive, except, perhaps, of "soap suds." The use of S left L available for the extremely important laboratory departments; viz., cUnical, surgical, medical, and tissue laboratories. The R group in this particular case is used for the receiving, examining, and other rooms necessary to the treatment of patients. The various rooms are symbolized in alphabetical order in the example given, but any other DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 17 arrangement may be substituted if local conditions so require. 3-D. General Administrative, Financial, Sales, and Operating Divisions In addition to the departmental symbolization of office and works departments, the general divisions of a manu- facturing business have to be considered. The four chief general divisions into which any manufacturing business must be divided are administration, financial, sales, and operating. These divisions, and other subdivisions to be explained later, individually and collectively, work for and are necessary to the general conduct of a business. The size and kind of business determines to some extent just how far it is practicable to go when symbolizing these various general divisions. Since these general divisions are always indirect expense factors, the three-letter symbol has been adopted as a further aid in keeping this in mind. To differentiate in the case of other symbol groups, there is no other "three-letter" symbol used that has G for the first letter and X for the third letter. All these general division symbols are known as the GX divisions. The middle or second letter is different in each respective one, and is suggestive of the name of the general division which that particular symbol represents. The following list is an exact copy of the author's standard key for the G-X symbol group: General Divisions of the Ohganization (Not directly chargeable to any plant) Expenses of these Divisions to be Probated to each Plant Monthly as they bach benefit GAX General Administrative GBX General Sales GCX Comptroller's Office GDX General Delivery GEX "■ Employees, Liability Insurance, etc. 18 SYMBOLS GFX General Finance GGX ' ' Garage GHX • ' Heating, Lighting, and Power GIX • ' Investigation (Legal and Patent work only) GJX ' ' Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. GKX ' Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. GLX ' ' Laboratory (Chemical) ; (Plant R) GMX ' ' Manager GNX ' GOX ' ' Organizing Engr. and Gen. Operating GPX ' Purchasing GQX • GRX ' Research (Plant R) GSX • ' Special Committee GTX ' ' Time Study and Technical GUX ' ' General Engineering (Plant R) GVX ' ' Vaults, Files, etc. GWX • ' Welfare GXX ' Emergency (Expense Distribution only) GYX ' ' Yards, grounds, etc. GZX ' ' Maintenance The ordinary business will, of course, use but a part of the above list. It is practicable to apply this general division symbol- ization to a single plant as well as to a large business involving a number of plants. In the latter case, each plant carries its proportion of the G-X group expense. This expense is prorated monthly by the General Office (GCX division) based on the volume of business each plant does as compared to the total business of the company. The method of determining the total GAX to GZX expense is explained in detail below in Chapter IV, section 4-D. Below is given a list of the G-X divisions actually used by one of the author's clients. The total expenses of the general divisions listed are prorated in this particular case over eight plants. DEPARTMENT SYMBOLS 19 General Divisions of the Organization (Not directly chargeable to any plant) Expenses of these Divisions are Prorated to each Plant Monthly AS THEY Each Benefit GAX General Administrative GBX • Sales GCX ' Comptroller's Office GFX ' Finance GGX ' ' Garage GHX ' ' Heating, Light, and Power GIX ' ' Investigation (Legal and Patent work only) GJX • ' Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. GKX ' ' Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. GLX ' ' Laboratory (Chemical) GOX • ' Organizing Engineer and General Operating GPX ' Purchasing GRX • Research (Plant R) GVX ' ' Vaults, Files, etc. GXX ' ' Emergency (Expense Distribution only) GZX • ' Maintenance 3-E. Departmental Subdivision or purposes of routing, and to identify positively certain particular parts of any department, it becomes necessary to provide for a departmental subdivision. This is accomplished by the simple addition of a numeral after the department symbol. For example, it is necessary to subdivide a department into five sections, or to identify five different places within that department, such as the yard IF. Symbolize each part as 171, 1F2, 173, 174, and 175. The same method is used for any department. Ordinarily the department limits are covered by the symbol of that depatrment, as lA, 25, 4t/, 6X, etc. As all equipment, work points and machines are identified by symbol, the combination of the two symbols (depart- 20 SYMBOLS ment and equipment or work point symbols) is usually sufficient. In a case such as the example given in the pre- ceding paragraph, where there is no equipment involved, the "subdivision" symbol is used. The identification of work points in a department is accomplished by combination symbols. A particular ma- chine, say L5, is in department 4?7. The work point is therefore 4t/L5. By this method routing of material is expedited and the definite place specified beyond question by four characters. Without a symbol it would be necessary to write "the machine is lathe number five in the number one machine shop." The key to the equipment symbols used above will be found in Chapter V. In Chapter IV will be foimd a further example of combinations covering the expense X symbols. As explained later, the maintenance of the machine expressed in the example as 4C7L5 is indicated by adding the symbol X6 (maintenance of equipment) to the symbol already developed, viz., iULSXQ. It is beUeved that the simplicity of this part of the symbol system makes any lengthy explanation unnecessary. To summarize: the symbol for any particular place in a department not a work point is indicated by a numeral added to the department symbol. If the place to be identified is a work point it must then of necessity consti- tute equipment and is identified by combining the depart- ment and equipment symbols. CHAPTER IV INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 4-A. Plant Indirect Expense Symbols 4-B. Depahtmbnt Indirect Expense Symbols 4-C. General Indirect Expense Symbols 4-D. Equipment Indirect Expense Symbols 4-E. Factory Indirect Expense S-imbols The foregoing chapters have described the symbol formation for plant, departments and subdivisions of de- partments. It now becomes necessary to provide a sym- bolic identification for expense of operation and maintenance of each plant, department, and part thereof. The following expense symbolization covers only those divisions and items that are indirect items of expense and does not cover any items of direct cost of manufacture. The subject of indirect expense sjonbols is divided into five sections to meet the requirements of the author's cost subdivisions. This cost subdivision is fully described in the author's recent book "The Predetermination of True Costs and Relatively True Selling Prices." Each chief group of indirect expense symbols is discussed below in detail. 4-A. Plant Indirect Expense Symbols There are certain indirect items of expense that cannot be prorated departmentally or into the machine rate, and must therefore go against the plant as a whole. These items are known as plant indirect expenses. All items of expense have for their characteristic letter the letter X. 21 22 SYMBOLS This letter is used in combination with the plant letter, as AX, BX, CX, etc., depending on the plant the expense belongs to. The total expenses are further subdivided into a num- ber of items XI to X56 inclusive. The same division is used throughout, whether for plant, departmental, general, or factory indirect expense. This subdivision will be further explained below. The prefix to the characters XI to X56 determine the group to which the particular item belongs. The following list is typical and in this case is symbolized for A plant. A Plant Indirect Expense Symbols AX\ Salary of Managers and Superintendents not Including Clerical or other Labor AX2 Clerical Wages AXZ Other Labor AZ4 Supplies AXb Maintenance of Buildings and Structures AX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures, AX7 Care of Plant AXS Miscellaneous Expenses, not Supplies AZ9 " Small Tool Expense ^XIO Experimental and Test Expense AXn Fuel AX\2 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment ^A'13 " of Air Compressors and Piping AXli " of Boiler, Stacks and Accessories AX15 " of Steam and Water Piping, Outside of Engine and Boiler Room AXm " of Oil Pumps AX17 Heating System ^A'18 Advertising j4A'19 Traveling Expenses AX20 Maintenance of Motor Trucks and Cars AX21 Flask Expense AX22 Sand INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 23 AX23 Injuries to Employees and Liability Insurance AX24: Acetylene Apparatus Entire Maintenance and Supply Expense, Including Wages of Operator AX25 Inventory Expense AX26 Crucibles and Pots AX27 Replacement of Stock Chills AX28 Electricity Purchased Outside AX29 Gas AX30 Freight and Express AX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work Expense AX32 All Bad Work Exclusive of X31 AX33 Telephone Expense AX34: Telegram Expense AX35 Postage AX51 Legal Expense AX52 Insurance AX53 Taxes AX54: Depreciation AX55 Interest Expense AX5Q Metal Shrinkage For the example under discussion it is only necessary to add that only such items are distributed into the AXl to ^X56 group as cannot be charged to some department of A plant. All other items are departmental indirect expenses and are distributed as explained below. (See 4-B.) The above list of divisions for any one business is, of course, made up in sufficient detail to cover within the range of X numbers all items of expense. The same list of items then applies to not only the AXl, BX\ (if there is a B plant), etc., but to each department in each plant. By this method there is no confusion and each X number stands for the same thing. The single letter prefix indicates a plant division, or a lA to IZ type of prefix indicates a department group. General, equipment, and factory prefixes to these same X symbols are explained below in sections 4-C, 4-D, and 4-E. 24 SYMBOLS 4-B. Department Indirect Expense Symbols The indirect expense symbols for departments are formed by prefixing to XI to X56 inclusive the department sym- bol. In listing the departmental expense symbols for any one plant, say A plant, it is not necessary to use the plant letter, though theoretically it should precede the department expense symbol. AIAX4: tells at a glance that A plant department lA supplies are referred to. As previously explained, no one department will ordi- narily use all XI to X56 items. The simple method of procedure is therefore to list only those sjonbols used by each department of any plant. Bearing in mind then, that each X number always means the same thing, a list is made up as follows. The plant letter is omitted below in every case, as it may be assumed that the following departments apply to one plant — A plant. The follow- ing lists are really abstracts from an instruction. The note at the top of each list refers to the expense distri- bution into order groups A, B, C, etc. This distribution does not have any particular bearing on the subject of symbols. It does, however, become a necessary consid- eration monthly when the various departmental expenses are prorated over that month's product. A Plant Department Expense Lists AlA — Office Total to be prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis Account Symbols lAXl Cashier's Salary 1AX2 Clerical Wages 1AX3 Other Labor (including Janitor, Telephone, Operator and Office Boy) lylA'4 Supplies 1^X5 Maintenance of BuiMings and Structures INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 25 Account Symbols 1AZ6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 1AX7 Care of IAX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expenses, not Supplies lAXn Fuel 1AZ19 Traveling Expenses 1AX23 Injuries to Employees 1AX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1.1X32 All Bad Work Expense 1/1X33 Telephone Calls 1AX34 Telegrams 1AX35 Postage AlB — Local Sales Depahtment Total to be prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 1£X1 District Sales Manager's Salary 1BX2 Clerical Wages 1BX3 Other Labor (including Salesmen and Service Inspector) IBXi Supplies 1-BX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1£X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures lfiX7 Care of 1BX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense IfiXlO Experimental and Testing Expense 1BX18 Advertising Expense 1BX19 Traveling Expense (Sales only) 15X20 Private Car Allowance Borne by the Company 1SX23 Injuries to Employees 1BX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1£X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 15X31 15X33 Telephone CaUs 15X34 Telegrams 15X35 Postage 26 SYMBOLS A5C — Core Rooms (IC to 5C Inclusive) Total to be Prorated to ^, B, and C on the 5C Total Direct Hour Basis Account Symbols 5CX1 Foremen's Wages 5CX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 5CX3 Other Labor 5CZ4 Supplies 5CX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 5CX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 5CX7 Care of 5CA'8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 5CX9 ' ' SmaU Tools 5CX1Q Experimental and Test Expense 5CX11 Fuel 5CX22 Sand 5CA'23 Injuries to Employees 5CX25 Inventory Expense 5CX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 5CA'31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 5CA'32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 5CA31 5CA'33 Telephone Calls 5CX34 Telegrams 5CZ35 Postage AID — Deliveby Department Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Pound Basis IDXl Foremen's Wages 1DX2 Clerical Wages 1DX3 Other Labor (including Truck Drivers) IDA'4 Supplies 1DX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1DX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 1DX7 Care of IDAS Miscellaneous Department Expense IDXO " Small Tools IL'A'23 Injuries to Employees INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 27 Account Symbols 1DX25 Inventory Expense 1DX30 Outgoing Freight and Expense 1DX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1DX32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 1DZ31 1DZ33 Telephone CaUs IDA'34 Telegrams 1DX35 Postage AlE — Employment Bureau Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis lEXl Employment Agent's Salary 1EX2 Clerical Wages 1EX3 Other Labor 1EX4, Supplies 1EX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1EX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1EX7 Care of 1EX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expenses 1EX18 Advertising 1£'Z19 Traveling Expense 1EX23 Injuries to Employees 1EX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1EX32 All Bad Work Expense Exclusive of 1EX31 1EX33 Telephone Calls 1£JX34 Telegrams 1EX35 Postage A IF — Aluminum Furnace Room Total to be Prorated only to A and C on a Pound Basis IFXl Foremen's Wages 1FX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 1FX3 Other Labor 1FX4 Supplies (except Crucibles) 1FX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 28 SYMBOLS Account Symbols 1FX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture and Fixtures 1FX7 Care of 1FX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1FX9 ' ' Small Tools IFXIO Experimental and Test Expense IFXn Fuel 1FX13 Maintenance of G. E. and Ingersoll-Rand Compressors and Piping for IF 1FX23 Injuries to Employees 1FX25 Inventory Expense IFX26 Crucibles and Pots, for Aluminum only 1FX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1FX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1FX31 1FZ33 Telephone Calls 1FX34 Telegrams 1FX35 Postage A2F — Brass Furnace Room Total to be Charged only to B on a Pound Basis 2FX1 Foremen's Wages 2FX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 2FX3 Other Labor 2FX4 Supphes (except Crucibles) 2FX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 2FX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 2FX7 Care of 2FX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 2FX9 " Small Tools 2FX10 Experimental and Test Expense 2FX11 Fuel 2FX23 Injuries to Employees 2FX25 Inventory Expense 2FX26 Crucibles 2FX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 2FX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusi\'e of 2FX31 2FX33 Telephone CaUs 2FX34 Telegrams 2FX35 Postage INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 29 AIG — Garage Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Pound Basis Account Symbols IGXl Foremen's Wages (one-half to each a/c symbol) 1GX2 Clerical ^A'ages 1GX3 Other Labor 1GZ4 Supplies 1GX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Striictures 1GX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures IGA'7 Care of IGA'8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1(?A'9 ' ' Small Tools IGXIO Experimental and Test Expense IFXll Fuel 1GA'20 Maintenance of Motor Trucks, not including Private Cars 1GX23 Injuries to Employees IGA'2.5 Inventory Expense 1GZ31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1GZ32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1GZ31 1GA33 Telephone Calls 1GA34 Telegrams 1GX35 Postage AlH — Heat, Light, and Power Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis IHXl Foremen's Wages 1HX2 Clerical Wages 1HX3 Other Labor IHXA Supplies 1HX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1HX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures IHX7 Care of 1HX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1HX9 " Small Tools IHXIO Experimental and Tests Expense 30 SYMBOLS Account Symbols IHXn Fuel 1HX12 Maintenance of Electrical Equipment in Entire Plant 1HX13 ' ' of Air Compressors and Piping (exclusive 1FX13) IHXli ' ' of Boiler, Stack, Pumps, and Accessories IHXlb " of Steam and Water Piping Outside Engine and Boiler Room 1^X16 " of Oil Pumps mA'17 " of A. B. Co., Indirect Heating System, entire. 1^7X23 Injuries to Employees 1HX25 Inventory Expense 1HX28 Electricity Purchased Outside IHXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1HX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1HX31 1HX33 Telephone Calls 1HX34: Telegrams mX35 Postage All — Inspection Department Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Apply against A and C only and Applying on Direct Hour Basis for 17 Direct Hours only 17X1 Chief Inspector 17X2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 17A'3 Other Labor (including Assistant Inspectors) 17X4 Supplies 17A'5 Maiaitenance of Buildings and Structures 17X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 17X7 Care of 17A'8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 17A'9 ' ' Small Tools 17X10 Experimental and Test Expense 17X23 Injuries to Employees 17X25 Inventory Expense 17X29 Gas INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 31 Account Symbols 17X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1/Z32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 17X31 17Z33 Telephone Calls 17Z34 Telegrams 17Z35 Postage ^1>7 — Janitobs and Watchmen Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 1/Xl Foremen's Wages 1 JZ2 Clerical Wages 1JX3 Other Labor 1/X4 Supplies 1/X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1/X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1/X7 Care of Department IJXS Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1/X23 Injuries to Employees 1/X25 Inventory Expense ■ 1^X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1/X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1/X31 1/X33 Telephone Calls 1/X34 Telegrams 1/X35 Postage AlK — Cabpentee Shop To be Listed with lU and IP as Part of Pattern Shop as a Separate Department not Applying to A, B, or C Costs. Add IKX Expense Total to IPX Expense Total and Divide the New Amount by the Total IP Direct Hours to Determine the Hourly Burden for IP. IKXl Foremen's Wages 174:X2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 1KX3 Other Labor 17:X4 Supplies 1KX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1KX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures IKX7 Care of 32 SYMBOLS Account Symbols l/vA'8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1A'Z9 " Small Tools lA'A'lO Experimental and Test Expense 1A'Z21 Flask Expense 1A'X23 Injuries to Employees IA'A'25 Inventory Expense 1AX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1AZ32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1AA31 17vA33 Telephone Calls 1AA''34 Telegrams 1AA35 Postage AIL — Planning Room Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis ILAl Production Clerk's Salary 1LX2 Clerical Wages 1LZ3 Other Labor 1LX4 Supplies 1LA5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1LX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1LX7 Care of ILXS Miscellaneous Department Expense 1LX23 Injuries to Emploj'ees 1LA''25 Inventory Expense 1LX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1LX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusi^'e of 1LA'31 1LA33 Telephone Calls 1LX34 Telegrams 1LX35 Postage AIM — Molding Room Total to be Charged only to A and C. See following Sheet, Dept. 4.1/ IMXl Foremen's Wages 1^X2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) 1MX3 Other Labor INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 33 Account Symbols 1MX4: Supplies 1MX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures IMA'6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1MX7 Care of IMA'S Miscellaneous Department Expense 1MX9 " Small Tools IMXIO Experimental and Test Expense 1MX22 Sand 1MX23 Injuries to Employees 1MZ25 Inventory Expense 1MX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 1MX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1MX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1MX31 1MX33 Telephone Calls 1^X34 Telegrams 1MA35 Postage A4:M — Molding Rooms (2M to 4M Inclusive) Total to be Charged only to A and C. Add Total of this Sheet to IMX Sheet and Divide by Total IM, 2M, 3M, and 4M Direct Hours 4MA1 Foremen's Wages AMX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 47I/A3 Other Labor 4MA4 Supplies 4il/X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 4^X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 4MX7 Care of 4MX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 4MX9 ' ' Small Tools 4AfX10 Experimental and Test Expense 4MX22 Sand 4MX23 Injuries to Employees 4MX25 Inventory Expense 4MX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 4MX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 34 SYMBOLS Account Symbola 4:MX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 4MX31 4MZ33 Telephone Calls 4MZ34 Telegrams 4MZ35 Postage A5M— Brass Molding Room Total to be Charged only to B Prorated on Basis of 5M Direct Hours 5MX1 Foremen's Wages 5MX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 5MX3 Other Labor 5MX4: Supplies 5MX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 5MX(} ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 5MX7 Care of 5MX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 5^X9 " Small Tools 5MX10 Experimental and Test Expense 5MX22 Sand 5MX23 Injuries to Employees 5MX25 Inventory Expense 5MX27 Replacement of Stock Chills 5AfX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 5MX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 5MX31 5MX33 Telephone Calls 5MX34 Telegrams 5MZ35 Postage AIN — Knockout Room Total to be Prorated only to A and C Divided by Lynite Direct Core Hours INXl Foremen's Wages 1NX2 Clerical Wages (iBcluding Shop Time Clerk) 1NX3 Other Labor 1NX4: Supplies 1A''Z5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 35 Account Symbols 1A^Z6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures mX7 Care of 1NX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1NX9 " Small Tools lA^ZlO Experimental and Test Expense 1NX23 Injuries to Employees 1A''X25 Inventory Expense INX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1NX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1NX31 1NX33 Telephone Calls 1NX34: Telegrams 1NX35 Postage AlO — Timekeeping Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 10X1 Timekeeper's Wages 10X2 Clerical Wages (not including Shop Time Clerks) 10X3 Other Labor 10X4: Supplies 10X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 10X6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 10X7 Care of 10X8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 10X23 Injuries to Employees 10X25 Inventory Expense 10X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 10X32 All Bad Work Expense 10X33 Telephone Calls 10X34 Telegrams 10X35 Postage 36 SYMBOLS AlP — Pattern Shop Separate Department not Applying to Subdivisions A, B, and C. Add IPX, IKX, and lUX Expense and Divide by the Total IP, IK and lU Direct Hours to Determine the Total Pattern Shop Burden per Hour. (Also see IK and 1C7) Account Symbols IPA'l Foremen's Salary IPA'2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 1PX3 Other Labor 1PX4 Supplies 1PA"5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1PX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1PX7 Care of IPA'8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1PZ9 " Small Tools IPA'IO Experimental and Test Expense 1PA"23 Injuries to Employees 1PX25 Inventory of Expense 1PX31 Defective and Damaged ^Material and Work 1PX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1PX31 1PX33 Telephone Calls IPA'34 Telegrams 1PX35 Postage A2P — Pattern Storage Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on a Basis of 5C, IM, 4tM, and 5M Direct Hours 2PX1 Pattern Clerk's Wages 2PX2 Clerical 2PX3 Other Labor 2PX4 Supplies 2PX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 2PA'6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 2PX7 Care of INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 37 Account Symbols 2PX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 2PX9 " Small Tools 2PX23 Injuries to Employees 2PZ25 Inventory Expense 2PX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 2PX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2PX31 2PX33 Telephone Calls 2PX34 Telegrams 2PX35 Postage AIQ — Sand Mixing (Core) Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Basis of 5C Direct Hours IQXl Foreman's Wages 1QX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 1QX3 Other Labor 1QX4 Supplies 1QX5 Maintenance of Buildings ana biructures 1QX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1QX7 Care of IQXS Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1QX9 " Small Tools IQXIO Experimental and Test Expense 1QX23 Injuries to Employees 1QX25 Inventory Expense 1,QX31 Defective and Damaged Materia! and Work 1QX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1QX31 1QX33 Telephone Calls 1QX34 Telegrams JQX35 Postage AIR — Receiving Room Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Direct Hour Basis 1J?X1 Receiving Clerk's Salary 1PX2 Clerical Wages 1RX3 Other Labor IRXi Supplies 1RX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 38 SYMBOLS Account Symbols 1RX& Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1RX7 Care of 1RX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1RX19 Traveling Expense 1RX23 Injuries to Employees 1RX25 Inventory Expense 1RX30 Incoming Freight and Expense 1RX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1RX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IfiXSJ 1RX33 Telephone Calls li2X34 Telegrams 1RX35 Postage AIS — Shipping Room Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on the Total Pound Basis ISXl Shipping Clerk's Salary 1SX2 Clerical Wages 1SX3 Other Labor 1SX4 Supplies 1SX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1SX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1SX7 Care of 1SX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1SX23 Injuries to Employees liSX25 Inventory Expense 1(SA'31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1SX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1SX31 1SX33 Telephone Calls 1SX34 Telegrams 1SZ35 Postage AIT — Trimming Room Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Divide by Total IT Direct Hours ITXl Foreman's Wages 1TX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerk) INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 39 Account Symbols 1TX3 Other Labor irZ4 Supplies 1TX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures ITXQ " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1TX7 Care of 1TX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1TX9 " Small Tools 1TX2S Injuries to Employees 1TX25 Inventory Expense 1TX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1TX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1TX31 1TX33 Telephone Calls irZ34 Telegrams irX35 Postage A2T — Sand Blasting Room Total to be Prorated only to A and C. Divide by Total 2T Direct Hours 2TX1 Foreman's Wages 2TX2 Clerical Wages 2TX3 Other Labor 2TXi Supplies 2TX5 Maiatenance of Buildiags and Structures 2TX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 2TX7 Care of 2TX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 2TX9 " Small Tools 2TX10 Experimental and Test Expense 2TX22 Sand 2TX23 Injuries to Employees 2TX25 Inventory Expense 2TX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 2TX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2TX31 2TX33 Telephone Calls 2rZ34 Telegrams 2TX35 Postage 40 SYMBOLS AST — Brass Knockout, Inspection and Trimming Room Total to be Charged only to B. Divide by Total 37" Direct Hours Account Symbols 3TX1 Foreman's Wages 3TX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) SrXP, Other Labor 3TA'4 Supplies 3rA'5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 3TX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 3TX7 Care of 3TX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 3rX9 " Small Tools 3TX10 Experimental and Test Expense 3rX23 Injuries to Emplo3rees 3!rZ25 Inventory Expense 3TA'31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 3rA'32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 3TX31 3TX33 Telephone Calls 3TX34: Telegrams 3rZ35 Postage A4:T — Sand Blasting Room for Brass Castings Total to be Charged only to B. Divide by Total B Direct Hours 4T'A'l Foreman's Wages 4:TX2 Other Labor iTXA Supplies 4T'A'.5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 4lTXVi " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 47'A7 Care of 4rA'8 Miscellaneous Department Expenses 4^X9 " Small Tools 4T'A'10 Experimental and Test Expense 4rZ22 Sand INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 41 Account Symbols 4rZ23 Injuries to Employees 4rA'25 Inventory Expense 4rX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 4rX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 47'Z31 4rZ33 Telephone Calls 4rZ34 Telegrams 4rA'35 Postage A 1 U — Machinists To be Listed with IK and IP as Part of Pattern Shop. As a Separate Department not Applying to A, B, or C Costs. (See Department IP, page 36.) 1 VXl Foreman's Wages 1UX2 Clerical Wages 1 UX3 Other Labor lUXi Supplies 1 UX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1 UX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1UX7 Care of 1 UX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense IUX9 " Small Tools' 1UX23 Injuries to Employees 1 UX2d Inventory Expense 1UX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1 UX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1 C/X31 1UX33 Telephope Calls 1UX34 Telegrams 1UX35 Postage A2U — Brass Finishing Shop Separate Dept. not Prorated to A, B, or C. Total 2UX Expense to be Divided by Total 2 U Direct Hours to Determine the 2 U Hourly Burden 2UX1 Foreman's Wages 2UX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 2(7X3 Other Labor 42 SYMBOLS Account Symbols 2 [7X4 Supplies 2UX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 2UX& " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 2UX7 Care of 2UX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 2UX9 " Small Tools 2 [7X23 Injuries to Employees 2UX25 Inventory Expense 2 [7X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 2['X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 2 [7X31 2 [7X33 Telephone Calls 2 [7X34 Telegrams 2 [7X35 Postage AlV — Forge Shop Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on Total Direct Hour Basis 1 FXl Foreman's Wages 1FX3 Other Labor 1FX4 Supplies 1 7X5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1 FX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 17X7 Care of 17X^8 Miscellaneous Department expense 17X9 " Small Tools 17X10 Experimental and Test Expense 17X11 Fuel 17A'23 Injuries to Employees 1 7X25 Inventory Expense 17X31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 17X32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 17X31 17X33 Telephone Calls 17X34 Telegrams 17X35 Postage INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 43 AlW — Welding Department Total to be Prorated to A and C. Divide by Total IW Direct Hours Account Symbols IPFZl Foreman's Wages 1WX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) IWX3 Other Labor (exclusive of 1I'FZ24) IWXi Supplies 1WX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 117X6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1WX7 Care of 1WX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1WX9 " Small Tools 1PFX23 Injuries to Employees 1WX24: Acetylene House — Entire Maintenance and Supply Expense — Including Wages 1WX25 Inventory Expense ITFXSl Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1WX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1WX31 IWX33 Telephone Calls 1WX34: Telegrams 1WX35 Postage AlOX — (Stores IX to lOX Inclusive) Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on a Total Pound Basis lOXZl Stock Keeper's Wages 10ZX2 Clerical Wages 10XX3 Other Labor 10XX4 Supplies 10XX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 10XX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 10XX7 Care of 10XX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 10XX9 " Small Tools 10XX23 Injuries to Employees 44 SYMBOLS Account Symbols 10ZX25 Inventory Expense 10XX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work IOA'A'32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of IOA'A'31 10XA33 Telephone Calls 10XX34 Telegrams 10A:Z35 Postage AllX — Move Material Department Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on Total Pound Basis llXA'l Foreman's Wages 11ZA2 Clerical Wages 11ZX3 Other Labor ILYA'4 Supplies 11XX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 11XX6 " of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures IIXA'7 Care of 11XX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1LYX9 " Small Tools 11XX23 Injuries to Employees 11XX25 Inventory Expense 11XX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work IIXA'32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1LYX31 11XX33 Telephone Calls 11XX34 Telegrams 11XX35 Postage All' — A'"ahd Department Total to be Prorated to A, B, and C on a Total Direct Hour Basis 17X1 Foremen's Wages 17X2 Clerical Wages 17X3 Other Labor 17X4 Supplies 17X5 Maintenance of Fence, Yard, Structures, Drains. Grading, etc. INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 45 Account Symbols 1FX6 Maintenance of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures IFA'7 Care of 1YX8 Miscellaneous Dept. Expense 1FX9 " Small Tools 17X23 Injuries to Employees 1 YX25 Inventory Expense 1FZ31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 17Z32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1FX31 IFA'33 Telephone Calls 1FZ34 Telegrams 1FZ35 Postage AlZ — Maintenance Department Total to be Prorated to .1 , B, and C on Total Direct Hour Basis IZA'l Foreman's Wages 1ZX2 Clerical Wages (including Shop Time Clerks) 1ZX3 Other Labor 1ZZ4 Supplies 1ZX5 Maintenance of Buildings and Structures 1ZX6 ' ' of Equipment, Furniture, and Fixtures 1ZX7 Care of 1ZX8 Miscellaneous Department Expense 1ZX23 Injuries to Emploj'ees 1ZX25 Inventory Expense 1ZX31 Defective and Damaged Material and Work 1ZX32 All Bad Work Expense exclusive of 1ZZ31 12X33 Telephone Calls 1ZX3A Telegrams IZ X35 Postage If the reader will carefully study the foregoing depart- mental indirect expense symbol analysis he will have no difficulty in preparing one to suit his own needs. The items have been determined after careful study. Those which may be used in practically every case are XI to Xll inclusive, Z17, X18, X19, X20, X23, X25, X28, X29, 46 SYMBOLS X31, X32, X33, X34, X35, and X51 to Z56 inclusive. The special requirements of any specific business can be fully covered by the remaining X numbers. 4-C. General Indirect expense Symbols The method of determining the general indirect expense is exactly the same as that described above in 4-A for plant indirect expense. The list of items covered by the expense subdivisions XI to X56 inclusive also apply to the GAX to GXX group of general divisions. The actual description of each of the 56 items is also practically the same with one or two modifications. GAXl, of course, includes only the salary of the admin- istrative head (the president or chairman of the board), depending on the type of organization. GBXl covers the salary of the general sales manager and so on down the list. Some of the GX divisions use more of the items 1 to 56 than others. This is governed, of course, by the functions of each GX division. The general research division GRX will use items that perhaps the GCX or GBX group will have no expenditures for. This is true also of the GLX, GOX, GTX, and per- haps some others of the GX group. A careful analj'sis of the detail of the particular case to which symbols are to be applied will regulate the amount of division necessary to get a practicable analysis of indirect expense for these general divisions. The general indirect expense symbols are formed by the addition of a numeral from 1 to 56 to the general division symbol. The form of symbol appears thus, GAXl, GAX2, etc. The following list of general expense divisions in condensed form may be readily understood if the fact is borne in mind that each of the GX group should be provided with its own list of just what items its expense is divided into, As above explained, these INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 47 items are chosen from the same Ust that is given complete in Chapter IV, section 4-A. The only difference is that for each of the following GX groups the title of the incum- bent whose salary is covered by XI is changed and one group may need fewer or more of the 56 items. In no case will all of the 56 be used in by any one group. List of General Expense Symbols Total Expenses of these Divisions are to be Prorated to each Plant Monthly GAXl to 56 General Administrative GBXlto5Q " Sales GCXlto56 " Comptroller's Office, Cleveland (?DZlto56 " Delivery GEXl to 56 " Employees, Liability Insurance, etc. GFXl to 56 GGXl to 56 GHXl to 56 GIXl to 56 GJXl to 56 GKXl to 56 GLXl to 56 GMXl to 56 GNXl to 56 GOXl to 56 GPXl to 56 GQXl to 56 GRXl to 56 GSXl to 56 GTXl to 56 GUXl to 56 GVXl to 56 GWXl to 56 GXXl to 56 GYXl to 56 GZXl to 56 Finance Garage Heating, Light, and Power Investigation (Legal and Patent Work only) Janitors, Watchmen, Special Guards, etc. Katalogs, Advertising, Literature, etc. Laboratory (Chemical) Manager Organizing Engineer and General Operating Purchasing Research (Plant R) Special Committee Time Study and Technical Engineering Vaults, Files, etc. Welfare Emergency (Expense Distribution only) Yards, Grounds, etc. Maintenance 48 SYMBOLS 4-D. EQUIPMENT INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS In the foregoing pages the analysis of plant and depart- mental indirect expense has been explained in detail. In the lists of indirect expense subdivisions it will be noticed that A'6 always represents maintenance of equipment. This symbol used in combination with any plant, depart- ment, or general division always represents the total expense for the period covered and for the plant or department indicated by the prefixed symbol. The symbol X6 preceded by A represents maintenance of equipment in plant A not identified with any one department. The symbol so written, AX6, will be rarely, if ever, used. In the majority of cases the symbol will indicate departmental equipment, as, for example, the prefix 2U or 5M. The list as invariably reported will, therefore, be 2C7X6, 5MX6, or 37^X6, etc. The reader should not overlook the fact that the sub- ject is only the total expense divisions X6 as it appears monthly in the final report of indirect expense. Therefore, on the operating statement will be found among other divisions, the item A'6 preceded as above explained by either the plant letter A, B, C, etc. (AX6, BX6, CA'6), or by a department symbol as 1AX6, 15X6, 3CX6, 4AfX6, 1GX6, etc. The figures reported in total are made up from the machine or work point indirect expense list arranged bj'^ equipment symbol. This X6 analysis is obtained by devoting one column of a set of cost sheets to each equip- ment symbol in each department or plant. Each column is headed with X6 symbol in combination with the equip- ment symbol. To further illustrate: various machines in 2C/ have a consecutive set of columns headed, say X6L1, X6L2, X6L3, XQDl, X6B2, etc. All maintenance charges are daily posted to the column headed by the machine symbol INDIRECT EXPENSE SYMBOLS 49 on which each item of such expense was incurred. The totals are Hsted each month by machine symbol. Each department total is reported in a lump sum as shown (in section 4-B) against A'6. In practice the distribution of maintenance expense XQ, is after all, a very simple matter. As the symbol X6 is universally used to represent the same thing, and this is true of all X symbols, the simple addition of any equip- ment symbol is all that is necessary to get a complete maintenance expense analysis. All equipment has its own symbol plainly stenciled in 3" letters so that no employee can fail to identify each unit. This method assures accu- rate recording of charges on the part of timekeepers, main- tenance men, foremen, stock keepers, or others having to do with expenditures of this kind. In plants having equipment that is used in various departments, the X6 distribution may be reported in total, monthly, as a local plant item, such as AXQ, 5X6, etc., but ordinarily, as above explained, the totals are dis- tributed to each department. The key to all equipment symbols is described below in Chapter VI, sections 6-A and 6-B. 4-E. Factory Indirect Expense Symbols Indirect expense of maintenance of buildings and structures is always represented by X5. This indirect expense is handled in substantially the same way as has been explained above for equipment. In the case of factory maintenance, symbol X5, one has, on the whole, fewer subdivisions to follow. Aside from the expense X5 against the plant as a whole, the only divisions possible, are those provided for by the department symbolization. If the reader will refer back to Chapter III, section 3-A, he will find emphasis has been laid on the importance of carefully defining department limits. Great importance 50 SYMBOLS is attached to this phase of the subject. The proper analy- sis of indirect expense, and its accurate distribution later, to the product manufactured, cannot be brought under correct and adequate control unless the caution given in 3-A has been carefully heeded. Working now on the assumption that the department limits have been correctly defined and symbolized, the expense of maintenance of buildings and structures per- taining to each department can be readily controlled. It should be explained here that the term "buildings and structures" as used here covers all fixtures, etc., not spec- ified as belonging to the equipment group. In other words, all movable equipment and apparatus not actually part of the building itself, nor necessary to it as a building, belongs in the equipment class. Chapter VI, sections 6-A and 6-B, cover this in detail. It is therefore evident that the limitations of the use of the symbol X5 are very definitely determined by the department symbols. It is also evident that all X5 ex- penditures must be identified in detail by the prefix con- sisting of the department symbol. If the reader will refer back to Chapter IV, section 4-B, he will see X5 used in combination with the department symbol. The indirect expense is, therefore, expressed as 1AX5, 1BX5, etc., as the case may be. The use of X5 is also possible in connection with main- tenance expenditures on land or buildings that cannot be conveniently split up over several departments. If there are several departments in one building and this building and probably others of the plant (say A plant) are being repainted, the cost should be charged to AX5. On the other hand, if the expenditure is one that can readily be subdivided it should be charged to the departments bene- fiting by such expenditure. CHAPTER V ORDER AND JOB GROUP SYMBOLS 5-A. Ordeb Geoup Symbols 5-B. Work Numbers 5-A. ORDER GROUP Symbols To subdivide properly a variety of product to permit of correct costing, it becomes necessary to have a series of general order symbols. These symbols, hke all others in the system, have a formation distinct in themselves. The general order symbols consist of a characteristic letter followed by a numeral and small letter, which formation is important as will be explained later. The use of order symbols has a very important bearing on costs, as they permit of a subdivision of orders and a classification of product that is otherwise impossible. This classification is absolutely necessary to true costs, both direct and indirect. The grouping of product into order groups and the subdivision of each order of each group is necessary before the order is received. It should first be done by the estimator before a quotation is made. When the order is finally booked, the order clerk should classify and subdivide the order to agree with the esti- mator's record. The author's order group letters have been standardized to the following: Ala and upwards — A Class Product Bla ' ' —B Class Product CI a " —C Class Product Dla " —D Class Product 51 52 SYMBOLS Fl and upwards — Buildings and Structures LI " —Stock Orders Mia ' ' — Miscellaneous Orders for Product PI ' ' —Plant Equipment XI, etc., are Expense Symbols as above explained in these pages The above order groups may be extended to suit any desired grouping, though for the advantage of standardiza- tion, F, L, P, and X should always be used as above men- tioned. All the remaining letters of the alphabet are available and will meet every need. In the author's exper- ience it has not become necessary to itemize the F, L, and P groups, and of course the standard numbers for the X symbol group covers the indirect subdivisions. As all the F, L, and P orders originate with the producing plant, each order can be made to conform to the desired sub- division. This is preferable in these cases, and it is simply a case of issuing a sufficient number of orders to suit the requirements of each case. Order groups Ala, Bla, Cla, Dla, Mia, and any other similar groups (not F, L, P, and X) represent only product being manufactured to sell to customers, official and duly approved orders for which have been received and booked. It is, of course, desirable to use suggestive letters for these groups so that the characteristic letter will help to identify the product to be supplied on that par- ticular order. Each order group symbol should be used in combination with the plant letter. Thus, A Ala means an A plant order. Group A; CAlOa represents a C plant order, group A, serial number 10, item a. If there is but one plant, the plant letter may be omitted. If an order has four items, the order symbol would be for example, A120a-d. This shows at a glance that ^120 has four items, a, b, c, and d. The general order form is so arranged that the order symbol may be shown ORDER AND JOB GROUP SYMBOLS 53 as above written, A120a-d. In the body of the order to the left a narrow column is provided so that each item letter, a, b, c, and d, may appear in the margin beside the specification of each item. In referring to any item of an order, say A120a-d, each item would be spoken of or recorded as A120a, A120b, A120c, or A120d. If an order has but one item, it always has the suffix a; for example; A 1261a indicates at a glance that there is but one item. The above explanation applies, of course, to any of the "product" order groups. See Chapter X, section 10-C, for a further description of sub-class symbols. Orders for new factory or land, or additions and bet- terments are issued in the F group. For the reasons already explained, there is no necessity for itemizing this group. The same is also true of P group, which appUes only to new equipment, additions or betterment, exclusive of that covered by the F group. Each successive order in any group takes the next open number. The L order group represents "lots" of one kind, type and size to be made at one time and only for stock. These stock orders when completed are closed out and the total cost of same determines the figure at which each different lot is charged into stores. If a lot of say, 10 machines, parts for which were in stock or coming through for stock, were to be assembled, an L order, say L560, would be issued to cover same. The material would be drawn from stock on a material hst and charged to order L560, on which the assembling was to be done. The assembling time of L560 plus the assembling process rates, plus the material drawn from stock, will give the total cost of L560. 5-B. Work Numbers Modern management methods involve careful analysis of orders into operations before the work is permitted to be processed in the shops. The analysis should include 54 SYMBOLS all departments having anything to do with any operation on any piece of any order. The general order is usually issued only in duplicate or triplicate when these methods are used. All shop work is routed in detail from the Planning Room by the medium of the work order. The work order is usually a 5" X3" form. One work order is issued in triplicate for each operation of each piece. One copy remains in a numerical file, a second copy remains on the planning board and the triplicate copy goes to the department which is to do the work called for by that particular work order. Work orders are identified by the work number which appears on each. All time is charged to this work number by the shop time clerks. Whenever time is spent on any work number the work numbers are canceled as fast as each work order is completed. All time is transposed to the order symbol before the job time card coupon reaches the cost clerks for distribution to the cost sheet for that particular order. This transposing is done through the medium of the numerical file copy referred to in the pre- ceding paragraphs. The various coliunns on the cost sheet are headed by the work numbers used on that particular job, which pre- vents posting time or material charges to the wrong cost sheet, or into the wrong column. A check is also established to prevent time being put through for work orders already canceled. Work orders are also issued for work to be charged to any group of A^l to X56 indirect expense items. The work order series are plain numbers starting at 1 and running to 99,999 and repeating. This series of plain numbers is the only one used, as all other symbols have letters in combination with numerals. The early numbers become canceled long before 99,999 has been reached, so there is no danger of duphcation of figures between two series. CHAPTER VI EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS Equipment symbols are necessary to the definite iden- tification of each piece of equipment. These symbols are also absolutely essential to the determination of process rates as a means of distributing indirect expense. The equipment symbol is formed by two letters followed by a numeral. The first of these letters is the plant letter. The second letter indicates the class or kind of apparatus or equipment. The numeral following these two letters is the serial number of each piece of equipment of its class. The use of a plant letter for the first character may at . times seem unnecessary, but the reader must not over- look the fact that unlimited expansion has been provided for. If the scheme described in these pages is followed in detail, considerable confusion will be avoided in event of sudden expansion. Present-day business undergoes many changes. The not unusual rapid growth of so many of our industries proves how difficult it is to try to pre- dict what the probable future of a business will be. For obvious reasons, it therefore becomes necessary to assume that sufiicient flexibility must be assured to meet any unexpected demand in the way of sudden additions. The symbolizing of equipment is also very important from an accounting standpoint. All physical inventory items, identified by symbols, constitutes an invaluable record for the comptroller. It assures absolute check on all property items, both in connection with current values, process rates and last, but not least, depreciation. 55 56 SYMBOLS The greater number of plants there are, the more necessity for starting right and maintaining definite con- trol of all equipment items. If the records are to be kept correctly and up to date, symbols are almost an absolute necessity. In this connection, the reader should note that all P orders, see Chapter V, section 5-A, should show the equipment symbol for each item at the time the order is originated. If the P orders are properly made out and complete in detail, including the symbol, then all succeeding records can easily be kept correct. The method automatically controls the origin of all equipment symbols and assures both accounting room and production department an easy check on all cost distributions. If the reader will refer to Chapter II, he will find a typical list of plant symbols, viz. : A— Atlanta Plant B — Baltimore Plant C— Cleveland Plant D— Detroit Plant £— Erie Plant F— Fitchburg Plant G — Galveston Plant N — Newton Plant R — Research Plant Based on the scheme above outlined, the first letter represents the plant. The second letter the class of equip- ment, and the numeral the serial number of that particular item. A piece of apparatus belonging in the DA class will be, for example, DAI, DA2,, etc. Liliewise, equipment belonging in the DC class would be symbohzed DC6, DC261, etc. The equipment symbol should be plainly stenciled in 3" letters on the front of each machine or apparatus whenever its size will permit. Otherwise stamp the symbol into the main part, at the front. When using a stamp, indicate its location by stenciUng a circle around the imprint. EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 57 The following is a typical list of equipment classifica- tions adapted to the requirements of plant N. The list below, though adapted to a particular plant, contains standard divisions which can be used by almost any kind of business with little or no change. Where the class description is not sufficient definitely to describe what belongs in that group an explanation has been added. No attempt has been made to list every possible article that can come into any one group. On the other hand, the following list is in sufficient detail to be self-explanatory. Typical List of Eqiipment Symbols (Listed for Plant A^) NA — Air Compressors, Blowers and Fans. (iVAl and upward) Includes air tanks and all characteristic accessories, such as air lines, piping, etc. Also includes stoves, foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings, and all labor of installation. NB — Boring and DrjUing Machines (NBl and upward) NC — Conveying, Elevating, and Hoisting Machinery (NCI and upward) Includes industrial and overhead railway systems with rolling stock, elevators, traveling cranes, hand hoists, hand trucks, plat- form trucks, gravity conveyors, sand elevators, and hoppers, transfer tables, loading cranes. Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, pits and miscellaneous fastenings and all labor of installation. ND — Presses, etc. (NDl and upward) NE — Electric Motor and Other Electrical Equipment, Generators, etc. (NEl and upward) Includes all motors, wiring for light and power, lamps, trans- formers, generators, magnetos, call-bells, etc. Also includes founda- tions, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings, and all labor of installation. 58 SYMBOLS NF — Furnaces, Ovens and Forges {NFl and upward) Includes all melting furnaces, grating, etc., with cost of excava- tion for furnace pits, oil burners for heating furnaces, etc. Also blacksmith's forges, etc. Also includes skimming barrel and hood used in extracting good aluminum from skimmings. Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings, and all labor of installation. Also all ovens, forges, etc. NG — Grinders, BufSag Wheels, etc. (NGl and upward) Includes emery wheel stands, abrasi\-e eciuipment, buffing wheels and sand blast outfit complete. Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, pits, and -miscellaneous fastenings, and all labor of installation. NH — Boiler Room and Like Equipment (NHl and upward) Includes boiler and all characteristic accessories, such as feed pumps, vacuum pumps, oil pumps, traps, etc. Also includes all steam pipes, and fittings throughout the entire plant. Also all foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscellaneous necessary fastenings and all labor of installation. Also furnaces with entire system of steam pipes and radiation for heating of offices. NI — Instruments and Apparatus {Nil and upward) Such as p5Tometers, time clocks, gauges, etc. Also all scales and weight apparatus, etc. Also fastenings, supports, and labor of installation. NJ — Jigs, Special Fixtures, Angle and Surface Plates, etc., not in NZ Class (A^/1 and upward) NK — Keyseating Machines other than Milling Type (NKl and upward) NL — Lathes (NLl and upward) EQUIPMENT SYMBOLS 59 NM — Milling and Gear-cutting Machines (NMl and upward) NN— Not Otherwise Classified {NNl and upward) •Includes all equipment, apparatus, etc., not indicated by any of the other classes in this list. It should be noted that only enough detail is given for each class clearly to indicate what equipment belongs in that class. NO — Ovens and Dryers (7V01 and upward) Includes first cost of all core ovens, comprising such items as foundations, excavation for firing pits, construction material, core oven trucks, etc. Also pipe hangers, trenches and miscellaneous necessary fastenings and connections and all labor of installation. NP — Planers, Slotting and Shaping Machines (NPl and upward) Includes shafting, hangers, pulleys, gears, chains, belting, etc. Also fastenings, supports and labor of installation. NQ — Sand Working Machines (NQl and upward) Molding and core making machines, sand mixers, screens, etc. NR — Research and Laboratory Equipment (Special) (NRl and upward) NS — Sawing Machinery, not Wood Working • (A''iSl and upward) Includes wood and metal flasks, jackets, bottom boards, etc. NU — Welding Equipment {NUl and upward) Includes such items as acetylene gas generators with piping to welding room, welding torches, welding furnaces, oxygen tanks, etc. Also includes foundations, pipe hangers, trenches, and miscella- neous necessary fastenings, and all labor of installation. NV — Vises, Bench and Stands Forming a Work Point. (NVl and upward) 60 SYMBOLS NW — Wood Working Machinery (xVTri and upward) Includes such items as circular saws and tables, joiners, wood planers, trimmers, wood-working speed lathes, and other typical wood-working machinery not used for metal. NX — Storage Tanks, Benches, Racks, Bins, etc. (NXl and upward) Includes all such items as furniture, fixtures, storage tanks, racks, stock bins, core benches and racks, molders' benches and racks, core carriers, clothes lockers, time clerks' and formen's desks, sand bins, chill bins, metal bins, clock-card eases and racks, water tanks, lantern cases, work-order cases, core and molding horses, tables and seats in wash room, shelving, machine oil tanks, gasolene tanks, gasolene pumps, inspection and solderers' benches, testing pans, water test, chipping blocks, ruljbish bins inside plant, heating stoves. Also contents of superintendent's office. Also includes large fuel oil storage tanks, also concrete foundations and all fuel oil pipes and fittings up to, but not including burners for furnace and ovens, for which see classification in DF and DO respectively. NY — Yard Equipment (NY] and upward) Includes bins in yard, such as rubbish bins and iron pot bins. Also lawn mowers, dump wagons, dump carts, etc. NZ — Miscellaneous Small Tools (NZl and upward) Includes drills, taps, reamers, collets, arbors, forged tools, cutters, insert tools and holders, dogs, drivers, etc., etc., property in tool room group and miscellaneous. CHAPTER VII DRAWING SYMBOLS Drawings may be divided into two chief classes. Assembly drawings depict a group of several or more parts, layouts incideiit to designing, timing of mechanical motions, etc., etc. All drawings belong in the "assembly" class that are not "details" of only one piece. If a sheet shows more than one piece, even though each is figured in detail with ample views, such a sheet is properly classed with the "assembly" group as far as this discussion of drawing symbols is concerned. The other class covers those drawings which are "de- tails," each sheet depicting but one kind, design, and size of piece. Modern methods of management require an exactness of detail and flexibility that makes necessary a separate drawing sheet for each different piece. The symbolizing of these "detail" sheets is made to conform to the requirements of piece symbols also, as will be explained below. All drawings, whether "assembly" or "detail," consist primarily of a characteristic letter followed by a dash and a numeral. In the case of the "detail" sheets a letter X follows the numeral. The characteristic letter forming part of all drawing symbols indicates the size of the drawing sheet. This identification becomes necessary for filing purposes. It is evident that various sizes of sheets must be used not only for the sake of convenience and economy, but also to save space. A layout or assembly will often require a 36" X48" 61 62 SYMBOLS sheet, whereas the detail of a screw or bolt needs but a 6" X9" sheet. The sizes of sheets indicated by the first letter of the symbol forms a direct reference to the drawer file in which it may be found, or in which it belongs. The numeral indicates its position in that drawer in relation to other sheets of the same size. The standard sheet sizes identified by letter are as follows : A Size — 6X9 Inches (Used chiefly for written records of standard commercial articles) B " — 9X12 C " —12X18 D " —18X24 E " —24X36 F " —36X48 G " —48X72 S ' ' — Special sizes Drawings belonging in the assembly group are symbol- ized by using the sheet letter representing the size of sheet on which the drawing is made, followed by the next open serial number for that size. The dash must always be used inamediately after the latter so as to maintain the symbol formation. This symbol formation does not then duplicate any other kind of symbol. Accordingly, the first "assembly" drawing made on an F sheet (36" X48") has the Symbol F-1. The second drawing on same size sheet will be symbolized F-2] the third F-3, and so on. Symbols such as G-261, £'-218, etc., therefore represent assembly drawings on various size sheets. Detail drawings are symbolized in exactly the same manner, except that the numeral is followed by the letter X. This letter X is always used to indicate a single piece. Drawing C-126 means a drawing showing several parts, whereas drawing C-127X means a drawmg of a single piece shown in complete detail. There is never any dupli- cation of numbers, however, for any one size of sheet. DRAWING SYMBOLS 63 If the last number in the C group was C-126 for an assembly and the next C sheet was to be used for a detail drawing, it would carry the symbol C-127X. There are certain modifications in the way of suffixes to be considered in connection with the detail drawings of pieces mentioned in the preceding paragraph. These mod- ifications become necessary when establishing piece symbols to conform to the detail drawing symbols. As above explained, the X forming part of a drawing symbol indi- cates a single piece. The piece may be machined special and would require a new drawing and symbol. Modi- fications of machining details are indicated by adding a letter after the X, as C-192XA or G~1216XB, etc. A pattern altered from standard is identified by suffixing a number. Symbol (r-129Xl means a drawing showing a pattern alteration of a part originally constructed as per drawing G-129X. The following chapter fully discusses the method of symbolizing pieces. It is only necessary to mention them here in emphasis of the fact that the detail drawing symbol is identical with the piece symbol. This should be borne in mind when considering the above mentioned modifica- tions, and when studying Chapter VIII. All sheets of the same characteristic letter, file in the same or adjacent drawers, or compartments of the same drawer. If there are several different parts formed by modifications of, for example, part C-129X, they might be known as C-129X1, C-129X2, C-129XA, and (7-129XB. In this case, they will all be found in the C drawer or compartment in numerical order as shown above. The drawing C-129X will be immediately below drawing C-128 (or C-128X if it happens to be a detail sheet). Following C-129X will be found C-129X1 and so on. There will be brought into use as time goes on a number of standard commercial articles. These articles must be symbolized for identification purposes as explained below 64 SYMBOLS in Chapter VIII. In the majority of cases it will not be necessary to make a drawing of each of these pieces. The best method of identification is to symbolize them in the A group as A-162-X, etc. For each piece so sym- bolized, an A sheet should be symbolized and filed. The drawing sheet should bear a written description of the piece, the maker's name, number, size, style, catalog num- ber and date, and any other data that are necessary to form a complete record and specifications for the drafting room. Do not overlook the fact that the engineering or drafting room must have a detail drawing record (either drawn or written) of every part symbol described below in Chapter VIII. These written records can be readily made on the A sheets. The A group in the majority of cases will therefore indicate commercial parts that can be purchased ready for use. Drawing filing cases must, of course, be provided with drawers or compartments of the proper sizes to take the above-mentioned sizes of sheets, namely. A, B, C, D, F, and G. By this arrangement all A size sheets (6" X9") will be together, or in adjacent compartments. They will be arranged numerically in the order of the number follow- ing the characteristic "sheet" letter. This same arrange- ment is followed throughout for each size of drawing sheet. The reader is referred to Chapter VIII, wherein the piece symbol formation is described, and to Chapter X, wherein jig, tool, and gauge symbols and core box symbols are explained. Drawings for parts symbolized under each of these groups must bear the same symbol as the part depicted on said drawing. Jig and tool drawings should be depicted complete on a single sheet. Such parts are manufactured in special departments and it is necessary that the drawing show all the parts as an important step toward accuracy. A drawing of tool — j^^ — is therefore DRAWING SYMBOLS 65 identified by the symbol mentioned. On the other hand, drawing for equipment coming into the group described in Chapter VI should be symbolized in detail as for all other drawings first mentioned in this Chapter. The same plan also applies to gauges. CHAPTER VIII PIECE SYMBOLS Piece symbols have caused more argument than per- haps any other set of symbols in use in modern organiza- tion work. As stated above, the writer, after years of experience with various forms of symbols, prefers the arbi- trary number system to all others. A plain nimiber, how- ever, without letters is not sufficient for two reasons: first, the plain number which is not accompanied by a letter is liable to conflict with other numbers; second, changes or modifications of a piece must be indicated in such a way as to be absolutely apparent at a glance. All pieces should be symbolized without regard to whether they are to be made or purchased. All pieces are to have the same kind of symbols, consisting of a letter, a numeral, and the letter X, even though special and never to be used more than once. The reason for starting the symbol with the characteristic letter has been explained above, under Drawing Symbols, Chapter VII. All commercial articles, such as standard bolts, screws, nuts, taper pins, keys, wrenches, oil cups, washers, etc., should be symbolized, commencing at A-IX. This should be systematically done and a symbol provided for each kind and size of each article as listed in the maker's catalog, as fast as it comes into use. These articles should preferably be symbolized A-IX and upward, and a written record made on the A sheet of the same symbol. See end of Chapter VII. The parts made by the firm should next be symbolized, taking for the first piece the next unused number imder 66. PIECE SYMBOLS 67 the drawing sheet group on which it is drawn. It should be systematically done by taking parts in the alphabetical order of their names and also in the order of their size. For example, if the first machine is "A Type" all A parts should be symbohzed first; if the "A types" consisted of say six sizes, the first size piece (alphabetically) would be symbohzed first and the other five sizes of the piece would take the next five consecutive numbers, providing the prefix letter is the same. After taking all pieces of all sizes in the "A Type" the next type, B, for example, would be treated likewise, and so on through all the dif- ferent types and sizes. The explanation is made on the supposition that there are already existing machines and parts in use to be symbolized. New parts should be symbolized in the order of their coming into use, and arbitrarily. It is easier in fact to be methodical in the arrangement of symbols than to go at it in a haphazard manner. A step in the right direction can be taken at the time the machine is being designed and while the material list is being created. The parts should be arranged systematically on the material list in groups and in the order in which they will be required by the shop, either by kinds of material or kinds of work, depending on the business involved. It is a very good scheme in symbolizing new parts to arrange them so that all iron castings, for instance, come together; after which may come bronze castings, steel castings, forgings, miscellaneous pieces, etc. Each new piece is symbolized by the use of the next unused number under the sheet letter of the drawing group on which it appears. If one major piece requires one or two less important parts to make it complete, such as caps, or brackets, these would naturally be listed next and symbolized under the proper letter, before symbolizing a new piece. It should be borne in mind that the foregoing order is in no way essential to the scheme of symbols involved, but is simply 68 SYMBOLS a small detail tending to a methodical way of doing a thing and so is preferable to an unsystematic method. Having provided for the piece symbol proper, it becomes necessary to provide for alterations or changes to pieces which have been already symbolized. There are two chief changes to be provided for; one, that which is made to a pattern before the casting is made, and the other, that which is simply a change in the dimension or shape, due solely to machining, where a standard rough piece is used. It is conceivable that a standard pattern of a wheel or gear, or some such conmion and regularly used piece, might be made slightly "special" a great many times by a slight alteration in the pattern. As there may be no limit to such possible changes, a number is added to the piece sjonbol after the suffix letter X. If a piece is to be made by an alteration to an existing pattern, say Z)-1120X, a new piece made from this altered pattern would be known as Z)-l 120X1. The numeral after the X is to show that the pattern D-ll2(jX was altered, and indicates at once that a wholly new pattern is not required. The symbol, of course, originates in the drafting room, as also does the design of the piece. It is good practice to use existing patterns as far as possible, if the changes are such as not permanently to injure or weaken the pattern for use as originally intended. If the same pattern later had some other alteration or addition to make, the new piece would be known as Z)-l 120X2. Where a change is entirely a difference in machining a standard rough piece, a letter is added to the end of the symbol after the sufhx letter A', to indicate such a change in machining. A letter is used because it is not likely that the same piece would be machined in more than twenty- six different ways. For example, here is a standard casting, symbol Z)-1120X, the only change required for a new piece being in the machining of it; the special piece would then be symbohzed D-1120XA, the additional sufiix letter A PIECE SYMBOLS 69 indicating a change in the finishing. It is known at a glance that the rough piece D-IUOX is the one to be used and the letter A indicates that it is the first machining change. To further illustrate this point, a blank bolt might be known as A-621XA; if the same blank was used for a bolt faced under the head or otherwise different from above, it would be known as A-621XB. As above stated, it is not likely that any one rough part would be machined in more than twenty-six different ways. In the event of a standard pattern from which are to be made two special pieces by altering the pattern, making two cast- ings alike and then machining one slightly different from the other, one of these pieces would be known as Z)-l 120X2 and the other as D-1 120X2^. This scheme, as worked out in practice, has repeatedly ved that there is a distinct advantage in having the above described combination of numbers and letters as suffixes to the original piece-symbol suffix X. Of course, all piece symbols must be properly indexed in the piece symbol index. The piece symbol index is a double one on the card system — having one set of cards arranged numerically from A-IX up. In general groups, they are arranged alphabetically according to the prefix or char- acteristic letter. In a numerical index, if indexing piece Z)-1120X, it would, of course, come in its proper position after Z)-1119X. Should there be a modification of this piece known as D-l 120X1, the card for such piece should follow the card Z)-1120X. If there is still another card D-1120XA, it would come in behind the last mentioned Z)-l 120X1. The following arrangement will show how the alphabetical index is arranged : 70 Arms SYMBOLS f ■ 1 size 2 A Type < 3 4 5 6 ■ 1 2 B Type 3 4 5 6 ' 1 2 C Type ■ 3 4 5 6 There is a method of symbohzing pieces, known as the group scheme, which has also worked satisfactorily in practice to a limited extent. The scheme, however, has the same disadvantage as the mnemonic symbol system, namely, that it is more or less restricted and cannot be universally applied to any kind of business. A group scheme with a characteristic letter or letters followed or preceded by a numeral adapted to one kind of business will not fit another line. The trouble in developing any but a purely arbitrary symbol system is that the tendency is to work toward the mnemonic feature by trying to make the symbol suggestive. The scheme is absolutely impracticable if carried to any great extent. The tendency is toward complication, and while the symbols may be shortened by such method perhaps by one character, the slight saving is of no consequence and it ceases td exist if there is any great variety of pieces. Almost any simple piece symbol will soon reach five characters, not including the sufl&xes added to represent alterations or variations from standard, such as have been described. PIECE SYMBOLS 71 Each different piece must have its detail drawing. The piece symbols here described are, therefore, identical with the drawing symbol. In other words, the arbitrary sys- tem actually eliminates duplication of work by not having both a drawing symbol and a piece symbol to refer to. One symbol does for both. The advantage in time, writ- ing of forms, space and directness of reference is obvious. Stores cards and all other records pertaining to pieces must, of course, use the piece symbols for identification purposes. This applies to orders, material cards, requi- sitions, purchase orders, work orders, etc. The ordinary practice, as the reader is probably aware, requires on all the above forms either lengthy written descriptions or duplication of work by having different symbols for drawings and pieces. The greatest value in the author's form of piece sym- bol is really due to the simple method of guarding against errors and duplication when altered parts are used. In other words, there is no excuse for making an entirely new pattern for Z)-1261X1 when it is perfectly plain that pattern D-1261X is to be altered as indicated by the suffix numeral 1. Likewise, the stores-keeper has no excuse for ordering new material for part A-12QXA when it is evident that stock part A-126X can be machined special to drawing A-12QXA to make the new part. There is also a great deal of time saved in referring to and in checking up stores and other records, when using the described form of piece symbol. No attenipt should be made to include in the piece symbol formation any part of the trade symbol for the completed article or machine ready for the market. Stand- ardization of design, the fact that some parts of several machines or other product are used, and the use of standard commercial articles makes such a method impracticable. Incidentally the piece symbol would be made more cum- bersome and the same piece would also have many different 72 _ SYMBOLS symbols, necessitating the use of both a shop symbol to act as a manufacturing record, and a different symbol for the drawing of each piece. As a material list of each machine is in any case an essential, the said material list will be sufficient to identify any piece of any machine. The arbitrary system of piece symbols is therefore the most simple, takes the place of two or three symbols, and makes the material list or bill of material a more compact record. The above facts are often entirely overlooked, though lack of knowledge of the formation and use of symbols accounts for so many cumbersome methods for identifying drawings, parts, machines and material lists. Material lists themselves should be identified by the order group symbol on which the machine was built. If the machine was a stock or standard design, an L order group symbol identifies the material list. CHAPTER IX OPERATION SYMBOLS 9-A. Industeial Operation Symbols 9-B. Chemical Symbols The symbolization of operations covers a broad and diversified field. The use of operation symbols has been exceedingly limited, though for purposes of record particu- larly, there is greater need of them than any one group. The word "operation," as here used, is intended to cover the entire field of action. The Century definition of "operation" is (1) "action; working agency; exertion of power or influence. (2) A specific act or activity. (3) A course or action or series of acts by which some result is accomplished." It is necessary in keeping complete records to sym- bolize the various operations or acts necessary to carry out the routine, as well as to record certain acts which have been performed. The later record may perhaps be con- sidered as a matter of historical importance to each respective concern. The formation of the operation symbol should consist of two letters, since practice has proved the two- letter symbol to be a simple form to remember and ade- quate in use. 9-A. Industrial Operation Symbols There is little need of much explanation as to how operation symbols are used in industrial work. They greatly expedite the work of issuing work orders and other documents and aid in furnishing a completeness of detail 73 74 SYMBOLS which without them would often be sacrificed for the sake of speed, particularly under the pressure of the day's work. If orders, records, etc., are filled out complete and in an explicit manner by using words fully spelled, it is ob\'i- ous that a great deal of time and sjiace has been unnec- essarily consumed when compared \\'ith what would have been spent had operation symbols been used instead of words. The saving of time and space is extremely impor- tant in production and routing reeorils, or in any records essential tt) the predetermining of operations where later entries must note how and when those operations were actually completed. An accurate record which will show a complete history of an order over a peiiod of months and in complete detail for filing, under the symbol system need be no larger than the a\Trage size business letter- head. If the old method be used, an equivalent record would consist of many pages of the same size. Such records cannot readily be deciphered by a stranger or one having casual access to them, so confidential matters of firm interest remain with the employees ha\ing charge of the various parts of the system or with others properly authorized or interested. The use of two-letter symbols to cover operations or activities gives sufficient scope to meet any particular branch of business or profession. The two-letter symbol will, in a majority of cases, result in a symbol which is phonetic and to a market! degree meets the requirements of the mnemonic system. For example, symbols BO bore, BX box, TN turn, TH thread, and XP experiment, are perfectly suggestive and easily remembered. By the use of two letters it is jiossible to get 076 different symbols, which is more than sufficient for any one business or pro- fession. A large majority of the requirements of all of our industrial establishments can be well covered within that range. OPERATION SYMBOLS 75 To meet the requirements of some specific case, it is not unreasonable to suppose that three-letter symbols might possibly have advantages. On the other hand, working always toward standardization, the author believes adherence to the two-letter operation sjmibol will fully meet all practical requirements. The use of operation symbols to meet any one particular trade or profession will ordinarily require but comparatively few of the total number of available symbols under the two-letter system. In the case of the surgical and medical groups (see Chapter XI), any one of these symbols is liable to come into use at any time. Therefore, the lists in Chapter XI are made rather complete. The student in considering the standard key herewith, must not forget that the sym- bols representing items in the surgical column, or the medical column, can be easily remembered by the sur- geon or the doctor, owing to their knowledge of and famil- iarity with the terms themselves. The same is true of the following sjrmbols used in the industrial pursuits, which, to the professional man might seem confusing and cumber- some at first glance. The author believes that the follow- ing list will prove self-explanatory. Industrial Operation Symbols AD Alter Design A V Approve AE Alter Equipment AX Assist AF Alter Flask AZ Analyze AG Alter Drawing AJ Adjust BA Balance AL Alteration BB Babbitt AM Morning BC Brick (briquette) AN Anneal BD Band AP Alter Pattern BE Break (burst) AR Arrest BF Buif, bufSng AS Assemble BG Backing (Back Off) AT Attest BH Broach AU Audit BI Bead 76 SYMBOLS BJ Balance Journal BK Bake BL Boil BM Box Mill BN Bend BO Bore BP Bump BQ Blank BR Brand BS Burnishing £r Blueprint BU Bush 57 Bevel, scarf BW Bibliography BX Box BY Buy BZ Braze CA Cancel CB Counterbore CC Set Chills CD Checked CE Center CF Chamfer CG Charge CjF/ Case Harden CI Cement CJ Cabbage CK Chuck CL Clean CM Compress CN Condemn CO Cut Off CP Chip CQ Cut Sand CR Credit CiS Countersink CT Cut Teeth Cf/ Cup CF Cut V (or cut V groove) CW Cold work, or roll CX Crate CY Certify CZ Carbonize DA Detail Account DB Distribute DC Dictate DD Deduct, Discount DE Design DF Defective DG Drawing DH Drop Hammering (forge) DI Dip DJ Develop Structure DK Drink DL Drill DM Dismantle DN Done (completed) DO Dump Out DP Don't Proceed DQ Drift DE Debit DS Dress Dr Draw Temper DU Dowel 1)7 Deliver DW Draw DX Detail DF Dry DZ Dissolve EA Eat EB Equipment Broken Down EC Entered on Card ED Edit EG Exchange EJ Eject EL Elastic Limit EN Elongation EO Electric Deposition EP Entered on Production Card ER Erect ES Erase OPERATION SYMBOLS 77 BT Etch EU Eutectic Detennination EV Evacuate EX Express FA Face FB Form Ball (spherical) FC Force on FD Foundry Delay FE File FF Fold (or double) FG Flange FH Finish FI Fill FL Flux (skim) FM Forming (shape) FN Flatten FO Forge FP Fill, partially Fi? Fire FS Forming Seat FT Fit FU Fit Up f TF Follow FX Fix (Fixation) FF Fly FZ Freeze GA Grind Angle GC Grind Circle GF Grease GF Grind Fine Gff Graphical Recording GI Get Information GJ Gauge (Working) GL Glue Up GM Gauge (Master) Gi2 Grind GS Grind Surface (face) GT Graze Test GF Groove GW Wire Grind GZ Glaze HA Handle FG Held up to Check HD Head i7£ Hole HF Hand Finishing ffG Heat Tinting HH Heat i7L Helping HM Hammer, Pound, or Strike HN Harden HO Held up by Office HP Horse Power Determination HR Held up for Repairs HS Heat Specimen HT Heat Treating fl^C/ Held Up HV Harrow HW Hot Work or Roll HZ Homogenizing IB Issue Bonus Chart IC Issue Credit ID Issue Debit IE Interest IG Internal Grind // Issue Instruction Card IJ Inject IL Install IM Impact Test IN Inspect 10 Issue Order IP Issue Pattern IQ Inquiry, Question IB Instruct IS Issue Stock IT Issue Tools and Jigs lU Issue IV Invoice (or Bill) IW Issue Work Order SYIMBOLS IX In Stock IZ In Process JD Jingle (Dry) JG Jig JM Jump J.V Join (Joiner) JO Jolt /TT Jingle (Wet^ KA Kast (Cast) KC KoUect (CoUect) XD Kompare Data (Compare) A'^ Key A'G Knocking Off Gates KH Koue (Cone) A'A' Knockout Kores (Cores) KL KooUng (CooHng) KM Klamp (Clamp) A',Y Kounting (Counting) KO Koin (Coin) KP Kaliper (Caliper) KQ Krank (Crank) KR Koloring (Coloring) AS Key Seat KT Kutting (Cut or Cutting) KU Kore (Core) Up A 7 Kultivate (Culti^•ate) LA Lap LB Laboring LC List Complete LD Load LE Laminate LG Lag LH Lithograph LI Let in (or Sink) LM Limit LO Lay Out LP List PartiaUy LQ Liquidate LR Leather LS List Operations LT List LU Line L'p (Align) LV List Invoices MA Mail MC Make Cores MD JNIold ME Mend MF Make Flask MG Manage MI ^Miscellaneous MJ ^lake Jigs or Tools MK Make ML MiU MM Moved to Macluae MX Machine MO Mortise MP IMatoiial Pro%-ided MR Measure -V.? :Make Time Study MT ]Melt MV :\Iake Up MV Moxe MX Mix MY Micrometer, Use XA Name XB Note XC New Core in Use XF Note and File XH No Help XI Nail (Spike) XL Ivnurl (Nurl) AW Noon XO Notch AT Nickel Plate XR Note and Return A'Tl' Note and Follow AT Notify OB Overhead OG Oil Groove OPERATION SYMBOLS 79 OH Oil Harden 01 Order Issued OK O.K. (or Correct) OL Oil OM Operate Machines 00 Open out (Open) OP Operate OR Ordered OV Overhaul PA Pamt PB Plant Breakdown PC Pinch PD Processing Deferred PE Prepare Equipment PF Pattern Delivered to the Foundry PG Posting PH Photograph P7 Print PJ Plow PK Pack PL Plane PM Afternoon PN Pattern (Make) PO Polish PP Point, Sharpen PQ Prick (or Center) Punch PR Press (Stamp) PS Purchase PT Pulling Pot PU Punch PV Pulverize PW Prepare Work PX Part, or Split Off PY Plumbing PZ Photostat QN Quench QO Quote QY Query QZ Quiz RA Radius RB Remove Burr (Fins) RC Repairing Core RD Rub Down RE Receive RF Rough RG Routing (Dispatch) RH Reduce Head RI Riddle RJ Reject RK Record RL Roll RM Ream RN Refine RO Resume Operation RP Replace RQ Requisition RR Repair RS Recess RT Rivet RU Route RV Relieve RW Report RY Reply RZ Reduce SA Saw, Slot, or Slit SB Sand Blast SC Scrape (Swur) SD Solder or Sweat On SE Stake SF Spot Face SG Swage SH Ship S7 Sift S/ Shave SK Shrink SL SeU SM Sample Submitted SN Spm SO Sort SP Scrap 80 SYMBOLS SQ Squeeze SR Straighten SS Select Specimens ST Start SU Set Up (Set, Setting) SV Shovel, Spade SW Soften SX Survey SY Sweep SZ Sherardize TA Taper TB Tabulate TC Transcribe TD Take Down TE Temper TF Tend Furnace TH Thread TI Tin TK Take Temperature TL Trowel TM Trim TTV Turn rO Take Out TP Tap TQ Temper Sand TR Trace r,S Tensile Strength (test for) TT Test TU Tumble TF Throttle TW Tumble (Wet) rz Tax TY Tumble (Dry) C/C Undercut UD Unload C//J Urge f/F Unveil (uncover) VA Vaporize VL Volplane FA'' Voucher Net VO Voucher VP Voucher Proximo VR Varnish VS Voucher Special VZ Vis6 WA Waiting for Approval WD Wind WE Write W(l Wring WH \\rite (Shorthand) WI Waiting for Information WK A\'ork WL Weld WM Waiting for Material WN 'Wire Straighten WO Water WP Waiting for Pattern WR Wrapping WS ^Vash WT Want WV Wave TF.Y Wax WY Weigh XA Examine XD Extrude XM Examine Metallurgically XP Experiment XS Examine Stereoscopically XT Extract XV Excavate OPERATION SYMBOLS 81 9-B. CHEMICAL Symbols The science of chemistry has been very thoroughly symbolized. The use of these symbols shows exactly how any result has been obtained. The scientific name of any resultant chemical mixture cannot, however, be indi- cated by the use of the existing chemical symbols. For the sake of convenience and brevity, it is undoubtedly desirable to be able to symbolize the scientific names used in organic chemistry. Why should there not be the same advantage in using symbols in this field as in others referred to in this book? With this end in view, the author has, in connection with his study of the subject, ventured to suggest the following adaptation of his scheme of symbols to the prac- tical and commercial routine incident to organic chemistry. The scheme suggested in no way interferes with, or alters, any existing symbols. Furthermore, the reader must bear in mind that the new symbols are intended for use in an entirely new way. For obvious reasons there can be no logic in attempting to change the present chemical symbols which are already so thoroughly standardized among nations. The present inorganic symbols consist of either a single letter as A for Argon, C for Carbon, H for Hydrogen, or two letters, as Al for Aluminum, Cu for Copper, Mn for Manganese, etc. The complete list of known inorganic symbols is given be low as a matter of record. Atomic Symbols Al Aluminum B Boron Sb Antimony Br Bromine A Argon As Arsenic Cd Cadmium Cs Caesium Ba Barium Ca Calcium Bi Bismuth C Carbon 82 SYMBOLS Ce Cerium CI Chlorine Cr Chromium Co Cobalt Cb Columbium Cu Copper Dy Dysprosium Er Erbium Eu Europium F Fluorine Gd Gadolinium Ga Gallium Ge Germanium Gl Glucinum Au Gold He Helium H Hydrogen In Indium I Iodine Ir Iridium Fe Iron Kr Krypton La Lanthanum Pb Lead Li Lithium Lu Lutecium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese Hg Mercury Mo Molybdenum Nd Neodymium Ne Neon Ni Nickel N Nitrogen Os Osmium Oxygen Pd Palladium P Phosphorus Pt Platinum K Potassium Pr Praseodymium Ra Radium Rh Rhodium Rb Rubidium Ru Ruthenium Sm Samarium Sc Scandium Se Selenium Si Silicon Ag Silver Na Sodium Sr Strontium S Sulphur Ta Tantalum Te Tellurium Tb Terbium Tl Thallium Th Thorium Tm Thulium Sn Tin Ti Titanium W Tungsten U Uranium V ^'anadium Xe Xenon Yb Ytterbium Yt Yttrium Zn Zinc Zr Zirconium OPERATION SYMBOLS 83 By adopting a characteristic formation for the organic symbol group, the author believes that confusion will be avoided and a further advantage obtained in that the available number of two-letter symbols will not be de- creased by having to avoid using letters already taken by the inorganic group. A sub-class symbol letter is also used in some cases, so as to simplify the whole scheme. By this method the same root symbol can be used and various derivatives identified by the simple addition of a sub-class symbol. For example, the symbol for Hexa is, let us say, hX. Hexane will therefore be symbolized hXa, Hexene will be hXe, Hexoic hXc, Hexose hXs, Hexyl hXl, and Hexylene hXn. Certain sub-class symbol prefixes have been adopted which may be used in a similar manner. The Greek alphabet is also used in exactly the same manner as has already been adopted in connection with the organic symbol system. The following lists include both prefixes and suffixes. The new organic symbols are also listed in sufficiently complete detail to reqmre but Uttle additional explanation. New derivatives of roots hsted below can be readily symbolized by amplifying the scheme herein outlined, or by new combinations. The task of symbolizing has been complicated by fre- quent cases of nomenclature which follow no fixed rule, but through which there have arisen many terms whose endings are not true suffixes, although appearing to be so. Sub-class Sytvibols Prefix Greek g^ Series Alphabet or ortho a a ane ma meta /3 c oic pa para 7 d ide vn vicinal 5 e ene sm symmetrical « i ine mn mono f A ic di di r] I yl 84 Sub-class Symbols— -Cowfanwed Prefiix Series Greek Alphabet Suffixes tr tri e n ylene te tetra L ino pn pent K s ose hx hexa X « ate hp hepta j" X oxy (see prefix ox) ok octa V y ite nn noQa 1 dk deca ud undeca TT dd dodeca P ck cyclo T pr primary sc secondary X ty tertiary CO dx dextro Iv laevo ia inactive nm normal 10 iso ne neo ox oxy (see suffix x) In addition to the above sub-class symbols the numerals 1, 2, 3, etc., are used in combination. Examples given at the end of this chapter illustrate such combinations. aT Acet aDk Adipic aTt Acetate aly Adonite aTk Acetic oH Alcohol aTl Acetyl aUk Allomucic aTn Acetylene aX Alloxan aC Acid aL Allyl aK Acrose aMk Amic aRk Acrylic aMd Amide aE Aldehyde aMi Amine OPERATION SYMBOLS 85 aMo Amino aYl Atnyl aYe Amylens aGk Angelic aN Anhydride aH Anthracene aQ Anthraquinone aAk Arachidic aVk Azelaic aO Azo aZ Azone bRk Barbituric bZ Benz (or Benzene) bOk Benzoic bZl Benzyl bOl Benzoyl bLk Brassylic bTa Butane bTe Butene bTl Butyl bTn Butylene bTk Butyric cO Cacodyl cPk Capric cL Caramel cA Carbinol cBk Carbonic cX Carboxyl cBl Carbonyl cKk Cerotic cR Ceryl cT Cetyl cHk Cholic cQk Cimicic cMk Cinnamic cNk Citraconic cit Citrate elk Citric cC CoUicine cE Creatine cEi Creatinine cTk Crotonic cY Cyan cYk Cyanic cYd Cyanide cYt Cyanate dK Deca dZ Diazo dM Diazonium dDa Dodecane dU Durene eE Ether eEx Ethoxy eEl Ethyl eUk Erucic eRy Erythrite eRk Erythritic eRs Erythro£3 eTa Ethane eTk Ethanic eTn Ethylene eTd Ethylidene fS Fluorescein fMt Formate fMk Formic fM Formo fUk Fumaric gTk Galactonic gRk Geranic gKs Glucose gLk Glyceric gL Glycerine gLl Glyceryl gUk Gulonic hB Haemoglobin hP Hepta hPa Heptane hPc Heptoic hPs Heptose 86 SYMBOLS hPl Heptyl hPn Heptylene hX Hexa hXa Hexane hXe Hexene hXc Hexoio hXs Hexose hXl Hexyl hXn Hexylene hi Hydrazine hO Hydrazone hD Hydro hDx Hydroxy hYk Hyenic hGk Hypogaeic iD Imide iM Imino iG Indigo iL Indol iX Indoxyl iS lodoso iN lodonium iKk Itaconic kN Ketone kS Ketose IM Lacmoid ITs Lactose IRk Laurie IN Laurinol ILs Levulose lOk Linoleic ID Lutidine mLk Malonic mLl Malonyl mSs Maltose mNy Mannite mGk Margaric mik Melissic mCk Mellitic mH Menthane mE Menthene mO Menthol mR Mercaptan mKk Mesaconic toY Mesitylene mYk Mesitylenic mTa Methane mTk Methanic mTx Methoxy mTl Methyl mTn Methylene mUk Mucic nL Naphthalene nP Xaphtho nPl Xaphthyl nT Nitrile nR Nitro nS Xitroso nNa Xonane nNc Xonoic nNs N^onose nNl Nonyl oKa Octane oKc Octoic oKs Octose oKl Octyl oNk Oenanthylic oOk Oleic oC Orcein oZ Osazone oS Osones oXt Oxalate oXk OxaUc oXl Oxalyl oE Oxime Pil/A; Palmitic pGk Pelargonic -pN Pent -pNa Pentane j)Ne Pentene OPERATION SYMBOLS 87 pNs Pentose pNl Pentyl pT Phenanthrone pH Phen pO Phenol pOt Phenokte pHl Phenyl pHn Phenylene pLk Phthalie pQ Picoline pEk Pimelic pi Pinene pR Propargyl pPa Propane pPe Propene pPk Propanic (Propionic) pPl Propyl pPn Propylene pU Purin pY Pyridine gL Quinoline qN Quinone rCk Racemic rMy Rhamnite rMs Rhamnose rBs Ribose sSk Saccharic sCs Saccharose sBk Sorbic sBy Sorbite sT Starch sRk Stearic sUk Suberic sKt Succinate sKk Succinic sLt Sulphonate sLk Sulphonic sF Sulphone tTk Tartaric tn Tartrate tCk Teracrylic uD Undeca vA Urea uR Ureid vRk Valeric vY Valylene xGk Xanthogenic xN Xanthone xYy Xylite xYs Xylose The following examples will suffice to show the reader the difference between the old and the new symbols. 1, 2, 3 Trimethyl Benzoic Aldehyde Chemical Symbol, (CH3)3C6H2CHO New Symbol, 123 tr mTl bOk aE Note. — The scientific name and the new symbol locate the various chemical groups definitely, but the chemical symbol does not. It merely indicates their presence. 88 SYMBOLS t)-m-ALDEHYDO Salicylic Acid or Vicinal Meta Aldehydo Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Chemical Symbol, (HO)(COOH)C6H3CHO New Symbol, vn ma aE hDx hOk aC Note. — In this case also the chemical symbol fails definitely to lo- cate the various chemical groups. The new symbol does. o-Cresol or Ortho Methyl Phenol Chemical Symbol, (CH3)C6H4(OH) New Symbol, or niTl pO Note. — In this case the symbol is as long as the name provided that in giving the name the usual practice is followed in abbreviating (equiv- alent to symbolizing) the word "ortho." However, both are shorter than the indefinite chemical symbol. Ethyl Benzyl Aceto Acetate Chemical Symbol, CjHsO-CHCCH,) -COjCaHs or CH3CO ■CH(C6H5CH2)COOCH2CH3 New Symbol, eEl bZl aT aTt Amyl Acetate Chemical Symbol, C7Hi402 or CH3(CH2)4CH3CO, New Symbol, aYl aTt Methyl Benzyl Ketone Chemical Symbol, CH3CO-CH2C6H6 New Symbol, mTl bZl kN Phenyl Benzyl Carbinol Chemical Symbol, C6H5-CH2.CH(OH)CeH5 New Symbol, pHl bZl cA OPERATION SYMBOLS 89 Phenyl Naphthalene Chemical Symbol, CoHs-CioHr New Symbol, pHl nL Note. — Here agaia the chemical symbol tells only that one phenyl group is present together with other carbon and hydrogen atoms in definite proportion. The new symbol tells the chemist that, and also how the carbon and hydrogen atoms are arranged. Peopionyl PnoPiONic Aldehyde Chemical Symbol, CiHsCO-CHCHsCHO New Symbol, pPZ pPk aE Vanillin (Artificial Vanilla) The scientific name for this may be written: Meta Methoxy Paha Oxy Benzoic Aldehyde or 3, 4, 1 Methoxy oxy Benzoic Aldehyde Chemical Symbol, CeH3(CH30)(OH)(CHO) New Symbol, ma viTx pax bOk aE or 341 mTx X hOk aE Secondahy Bdtylmalonic Acid Chemical Symbol, CHb-CH.-CH.-CH.-CHCCOOH)^ or CH3(CH2)3CH(C02H)2 New Symbol, sc bTl mLk aC Angelic Acid Chemical Symbol, CHrCHCHsC-COOH New Symbol, aGk aC Kohmal Dodecanedicarbonic Acid Chemical Symbol, C02H-(CH^)«-C00H New Symbol, nm dDa di cBk aC Ethyl Angelate Chemical Symbol, CH, • CH • CH3C ■ CO^C^He New Symbol, eEl aGt 90 SYMBOLS Benzoyl Ctclobtjtane Chemical Sjinbol, CiHj-CO-CeHs New Symbol, bOl ckbTa The inorganic chemical symbols are so designed that they tell definitely the number and something of the ar- rangement of the atoms entering into a chemical com- pomid. These symbols therefore refer to chemical relar tionships rather than to any fixed form of nomenclature. The chenaist, due to his famiUarity with various chemical laws and rules, is able to name the compound of which a particular arrangement and number of atoms is character- istic. Thus the chemist knows that NaCl stands for sodium chloride, although the symbol itself merely indicates the union of one atom of chlorine with one atom of sodiimi. Similarly, NaClO indicates the union of one atom each of sodium, chlorine, and oxygen. The chemist caUs this sodium hypochlorite. NaClOa indicates the union of one atom of sodiima with one of chlorine and two of oxygen. The chemist caUs this sodium chlorite. Continuing this series, we find XaClO. — sodium chlorate; and XaClOj — sodium perchlorate Although the chemical sjrtnbols (as is pointed out above) do not suggest the name of a compound to the layman, there are certain groups of atoms with which the chemist is famiUar which suggest to him the name of the compound represented. This same grouping of atoms in characteristic manner is found in organic chem- istry, but the symbols are often ambiguous and usually are much more complex than the ones found in inorganic chemistry. Because of this, it is often impossible to inter- pret an organic sjonbol without the aid of its scientific OPERATION SYMBOLS 91 name or its so-called structural formula. It seemed ad^'is- able, therefore, in working out a new method of sjinbolizing organic compounds, to use the scientific name as the basis of the new system. Other inorganic chemical symbols are illustrated below : HN03 Nitric Acid KN03 Potassium Nitrate CulXO,,)^ Copper Nitrate NaOH Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda) KH^OH Ammonium Hydroxide ,AJhS0.)3 Aluminum Sulphate FeS04 Ferrous Sulphate Fe2(SO0s Ferric Sulphate CSisCPO,)-: Tri Calcium Phosphate HCX Hydrocyanic Acid Fe^Oa Ferric Oxide CuO Cupric Oxide In the list of new organic symbols most of the terms used will be found to refer to groups consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. However, nitrogen-containing groups are also included. The procedure to be followed when other elements are present is illustrated below : Chloral (tri chlor aldehyde) tr CI aE or Ch aE Iodoform (tri iodo methane) trlmTa or 1 3 mTa Ethyl Sulphur Alcohol eTl S oH Sodium Acetate NaaTt Zinc Di :MethyI ZndimTl CHAPTER X MISCELLAXEOl'S SYMBOL GROUPS 10-A. Jigs and Tool Symbols 1(PB. Pattern Symbols 10-C. Manufactuhing Symbols 10-D. Filing Symbols 10-E. Forms, Literature, and Miscellaneous Symbols 10-F. Account Symbols 10-G. Sub-classification Symbols There are a number of miscellaneous groups of sjrmbols necessary to a business or profession, some of which are indicated above. These symbols also have a distinct and characteristic formation, so as to preserve their class identity and to eliminate any chance of their being confused with any other class or form of symbol. These miscellaneous symbol groups are fully as important in themselves as any of the larger groups described in the foregoing chapters. A description of each group is given below in sufficient detail to enable the reader readily to adopt any or all of them to his own particular case. 10-A. Jigs and Tool Symbols This symbol group is used only in connection with special jigs or tools designed for use in connection with some particular part. Tools or jigs that may be used for a wide range of work are symbolized in the equipment group as explained above in Chapter VI. If the reader will refer to the equipment group he will see under NJ a descrip- tion of the items belonging in the equipment group /, 92 MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 93 Attention is also called to the Z group, Chapter VI, which includes all miscellaneous small tools for general shop use. As this section deals with the jigs and tools specially prepared for one particular article, it is therefore logical to use the "piece symbol" of that article for the main part of the jig or tool symbol. Let us assume that we have a special jig or tool for piece D-1120X. The first jig or tool should be identified by the symbol J7, used in combination with the piece symbol Z)-1120X, but marked under it, as follows : D-1120X ,., ,, . , , .. , — ^r— — (it there is but one jig). If the part is to be machined by the use of several jigs or special tools, say a total of four, then each of the said jigs or special tools will be symbolized respectively, Z)-1120X D-1120X D-1120X , Z)-1120X ^ ,,. — r — -. — ) — T^T-A — . — T7^—. — ) and — zr- — - — . isy this method, the piece symbol is always used in combination with the jig symbol. The scheme of placing the jig sym- bol beneath the symbol of the piece makes the symbol less complex in appearance and helps to readily identify this group of symbols. The same method applies to cases of special tools when it is desirable to differentiate between tools and jigs. The reader will find that special tools and jigs may for all prac- tical purposes be included in the J group as above explained. If for any special reason it seems desirable to separate these groups, use J for jigs and T for tools. G is used for gauges and MG for master gauges as explained below. Drawings for jigs, tools, and gauges, and the method of symbolizing them has been described above in Chapter VII. Each separate loose piece of any one jig or tool should bear the jig symbol. It will assure its identification if it becomes misplaced. Theoretically, a drawing is a tool, and is so considered 94 SYMBOLS in practice as far as tool-room service is concerned. A pattern and its core boxes are also tools in every sense of the word. There is no advantage, however, in the author's opinion, in symbolizing the foregoing, as tools. The one symbol will suffice for detail drawing and for pattern and for the piece itself when it is desirable actually to stamp the piece symbol into the casting or forging. Prac- tical requirements and use always explain what is referred to. One either asks for drawing, pattern, piece, or tool D-1120X. There is no confusion and no need of a different symbol to meet each of these four requirements. The method for symbolizing jigs and tools also applies to gauge symbols. Th^ only difference is that the letter G is used, instead of J or T. The first of a set of say three D— 1120X gauges for part jD-1120X would be marked — — , tz-L o the second — — and the third would be — — . (jl-o (j6—i The author wishes to emphasize the fact that all of the foregoing jig, tool, and gauge symbols are for working jigs, tools, and gauges only. All "master" or standard jigs, tools, and gauges are symbolized by prefixing the letter M before the J, T, or G. The master jig for ^~-^^^0^ will be symbolized ■ 7,rr." o • Likewise, the master gauge f D-1120X .„ , 1 r J D-IUOX ^ , . for ^g_g will be symbolized _ . By this method any master jig, tool, or gauge is easily identified and is not likely to get into use in the shop without being imme- diately discovered. See section 10-G at end of this chapter for sub-class sj^mbols. MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 95 10-B, Pattern Symbols The foregoing pages have explained the formation of drawing, piece, and pattern symbols and the^ advantage of using but the one symbol for all three. In the case of the actual pattern itself, it becomes necessary to pro- vide for duplicate sets of patterns. This group of sym- bols is formed in the same way as explained above for jigs, tools, and gauges. The letter P is used to indicate "pattern" for working purposes and MP for master par- Z)— 1120X tern. The pattern will be stamped for example, — ^^ ^ — . Pl-b The figure 6 shows that there are ^ sets of patterns. The Z)— 1120X next duplicate pattern will be — — and so on. In ± ^ the event there is a master pattern, the master will be . , ,.^ , Z)-1120X . identmed as ,^^, „ and so on. MPl-6 Core boxes belonging to a pattern are symbolized under exactly the same principle except that the letter C is used for working core boxes and MC for master core boxes. Using the same example applied to core boxes, we have D-1120X D-1120X , TP u 1, J — ri — ' — no — ' ^ ^^ *^^" -l^^^^ '^0^^ box and \j i. o o^ o piece thereof should be stamped with its symbol. All master core boxes will be symbolized by the use of MC D-1120X ^ MCl-Q • The reader will notice that the piece symbol (for example Z)-1120X) has been preserved as the root for all these various symbol groups. There can be no mistake, and a drawing, pattern, core box, jig, tool or gauge for one piece cannot be confused with one belonging to some other piece. Such a mistake often results in considerable ex- pense in spoiled work before it is discovered. See section 10-G at the end of this chapter for sub-class symbols. 96 SYMBOLS 10-C. INDIVIDUAL Part Manufacturing Symbols and Assembly Manufacturing Symbols For purposes of identifying the various pieces manu- factured, each, especially large or important parts of a machine, should be given an individual manufacturing symbol. This symbol will consist of the order symbol followed by a letter, as L-AOIA, or L-^OIG, or again M-28097, etc. The final letter of the symbol will be different on each piece built on a certain order, but the order symbol remains the same. It is apparent by inspec- tion that parts with a manufacturing symbol L-AOIA, L-AOIB, etc., were built on the same stock job, viz., L-401. If a stock job, L-401, calls for twelve pieces, then the manufacturing symbols run from L-401A to L-^OIL, inclusive. The same method of course applies to any manufacturing done on any series of order numbers, but such is an exception, as it is desirable to manufacture mostly on stock jobs. These numbers are always pre- ceded by the letter L, and are the only job numbers used for the manufacturing of one or more single pieces exactly alike for stock. The individual part manufacturing symbols on frames will in all cases be stamped on the main casting at some predetermined space, instead of marking the piece pro- miscuously. Care must be taken when filling and rubbing down not to cover the manufacturing number. The space bearing the manufacturing symbol should be indicated by a white circle painted around it for easy identification. It is desirable, however, that the final coat of paint with a little machine filler should thoroughly cover the symbol previous to shipping, so that there will be no possibility of the customer finding it and mistaking it for the shop or serial number. Other articles will be numbered likewise as the necessity presents itself, and in all cases, excepting on frames or columns which bear the "shop number," MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 97 the manufacturing symbol must be plain and in a con- spicuous place. The manufacturing symbol should be stamped on the article as soon as it arrives at the works, or if in stock, as soon as it is withdrawn from stock and before any work is done on it. Assembly manufacturing symbols are ordinarily stamped on the name plate or tablet attached to the main part of the completed machine in a conspicuous place. It is also well to chip a smooth rectangular place on the main casting and stamp the serial number into the metal. This will preserve the number in the event the name plate becomes detached and lost. The assembly manufacturing symbol is a plain number starting at 1 and running in unbroken sequence regardless of the size, class, or type of finished machine, preceded by the letters MFG. A separate record is kept in the engineering office, filed by symbol in card form, with a description of the apparatus to which each assembly manufacturing symbol applies. The symbol file is an index, therefore, to the order, material list, and draw- ings covering the product identified by such manufacturing symbol. Assembly manufacturing symbols have the forma- tion MFG-1 and upwards. 10-D. FILING Symbols A comprehensive scheme of filing requires a rather complicated system of symbols. The following outline is given as an illustration of a scheme of symbols used by the author for his own personal files. In the develop- ment of a filing system the characteristic letters of the symbol must suit the specific conditions for which it is devised. The following is not offered as a standard key, because it will not be exactly duplicated for other lines of business. A complete general index of 3"x5" cards should include all data necessary to locate any matter whatsoever of which there is any record. This index will, 98 SYMBOLS in most cases, be on the double or triple cross-index system, and in many cases, matter will be indexed under as many suggestive "catch names" as possible, to insure its easy location. Generally speaking, the alphabetical index will locate the record at once without cross reference. The specific matter is classified as below. The numerals are arbitrary and used consecutively, each new record being given the next progressive number after the last one used in the group or classification in which it belongs, as indi- cated by the first letter of the symbol. The first letter of the symbol indicates the group or classification. The second letter indicates in which file the record will be found. In the case of a card file a numeral indicating one dimension of the card, 3 for 3x5, 4 for 4/0, and 5 for .5x8, comes between the first and second letter of the symbol. Key to First Letter of the Symbol A Author (F. A. P.) B Buildings, etc., exclusive of Equipment C f 'ommeiits and (^ 'riticisms D Datu und Stutistifs E I'>igin(;(;ring Sctciety Publications F Forms G Grupiiical Records, r'harts, etc. H I Instructions J Jigs, Tools, Cutters, Forming, Bending and Other Imple- ments, Fixtures, etc. K Kutidogs, Advertising Matter, etc L Letters, Proposals, and Contracts M Machinery, Power Plant Iviuipment, Data, Records of, etc. N Notes, Mejn(iraiida, Minutes, etc. Organization and Management P Photographs, Pictures, etc. Q Queries R Reports, Recommendations, Rchahilitation Data, etc. S Speed Data and Records, Time Studies, etc. T MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 99 U Unclassified Matter of all Descriptions V Government and States Acts, Laws, etc. W Wage Systems, "Workers, Unions, Welfare Work, etc. X Experiments, Results of Original Investigations, etc. Y Instruments, Slide Rule, etc. Z Symbols Key to Second Letter of the Symbol A Albums B Bookcase or Book Files, Loose Leaf Binders, etc. 3C Card File, 3x5 card 4C " 4x6 " 5C " 5X8 " D Drawers, Case of F Folders, Letter Size, in Vertical FUing Cabinet K Katalog Filing Case S Safe Examples. — The symbol BB120 indicates building data, etc., in a book case, serial number 120. /SF116 indicates a speed record in folder 116, in vertical filin g cabinet. RF12 indicates report, etc., in folder 12, filed in vertical filin g cabinet. RB20 indicates a report in book form, number 20 in book case. LF26 is a letter, filed in a folder in correspondence file, serial number 26. D3C20 is data on a 3"x5" card, number 20. The numeral is in all cases arbitrary, except that it is desirable to be as systematic as possible at the start when indexing. Future additions must take the next open num- ber in the correct classification, which number will indi- cate the order in which matter was accumulated or filed. In the case of books be sure to have a clear index card, so as quickly to locate the page number when indexing specific matter. For letters, in the general index there will be found under L in the proper position a large tab card headed "Letters." Behind this will be inserted a complete set of alphabetical guide cards for Letters Only. This brings 100 SYMBOLS all letters together in the index. Forms, under FOR, have a large tab card labeled "Forms" followed by a set of alphabetical guides. A form can thus be readily found by form name. All of one company's forms will be indexed on one or more cards and found under the firm name in the general index. Data on similar subjects under the same classification, may be filed in different places, owing to the various forms in which the subjects may be. All of one classification, however, will be to- gether in each different file and the method is unlimited in its scope and expansiveness. It is evident that a bound book of reports could not occupy the same file as the original copy of a single report — of comparatively few pages — which would naturally go into a vertical file folder. Brief memoranda occupying but small space but in large variety should be written on cards and filed in the general index. If put into other card- filing cases, they would be indexed in the general index which would refer by symbol to the correct file. If there is no symbol reference on the general index card, it is obvious that the said card is the only record on file. 10-E. Forms, Literature, and Miscellaneous Symbols In the author's experience, the most convenient sym- bols for this group are formed by the combination of three letters followed by a numeral. Forms that the author has applied in his own practice are symbolized FAPl' and upward. In addition to forms there are several other chief groups of literature, etc. These divisions are indi- cated in the following list : Miscellaneous Symbol Groups AGRl and upward — Alloys, Research ANYl " —Analysis AUTl " —Auto MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 101 BKKl and upward — Books BOm ' ' —Bonus Chart BOXl " —Box BULl " —Bulletins CAR\ ti —Car CHKl 11 —Check CHRl t( —Chart CREl 1 1 — Credit Memorandum CRTl 1 1 — Crate CWTl ft — Cold Work Formula DEBl tt —Debit DELI tc — Delivery DISl II — Display ELOl tt — Elemental Operations EXPl tt — Experiment FAPl tt — Author's Forms FORI tt — Formula GRLl 1 1 — Graphical Record GRPl 1 1 — General Research Problem HTTl 1 1 — Heat Treating Formula HWTl 1 1 — Hot Work Formula INCl It — Instruction Card INSl tt — Instruction INVl 1 1 — Invoice KATl tt — Katalogs KEEl tt — Keys and Locks LET! 1 1 — Letters LOTl i t —Lot LTRl tt — Lecture MALI It — Mail Advertising Matter MCBl 1 1 — Make Core on Bench MCHl tt — Memo Charge MCMl tt — Make Core on Machine MEMl it — Memorandum MFGl It — ^Assembly Manufacturing Symbol! MISl tt — Miscellaneous MVOl n, Special Guards, etc. {GJXl to OJA'56 GKX " Katalogs, Advertising, Liter- ature {aKXitoCKxrM GLX " Laboratory (Cheinical) ((/LAI to GLA'5G GOX " Organiiihig Engr. and tieneral Operating ((,Y>A1 to GOXM GPX " Purchasing {dl'Xl to (,7'A'56 GRX " General Pcscarch (Plant 7?) {(!h'X\ U> (!h'X5G GVX " Vaults, Files, etc. ((.TAI to (/LAoG GXX " Eniei-geucy (Expense Distri- bution only) ((/AAl to (,'.VA56 GZX " Maintcnumci! {GZX] to (/ZA'uU General Aci'oints 201^ Pattern Shop Expense (IPA'l to lPA'o2 " ) 202.1 Prepaid Interest 203A Accrued Inten-st 204A Discount Allowed 205^ " Earned 206A Taxes Accrued 207 A Insurance Prepaid 208^ Excess Metal Expense 209.4 Insurance Heser\-e 210^ Unclaimed \\'ages 211 A Capital Stock Taxes— State of Ohio 212/i Prepaid Credit Department i'Ai)en.se no SYMBOLS 213^4. Prepaid Rental Account 214A Reserve for Dividends Niagara Plant 2U Expense Accounts 301 A Machine Shop (2[/) Aluminum Rough Castings 302A " " (2 C/) Regular Brass Rough Castings Above two accounts are charged by amounts of con- stituent invoices at end of month representing castings shipped by foundry to 2U. 3034 Machine Shop (2C7) Bronze Castings for Babbitt Bearings 304A " " (2 C7) Indirect Expense (2[7X1 to 2t/Z32 inc.) 3054 Babbitt Metal Stores Account 10-G. Sub-classification Symbols Sub-classification symbols are always used in connec- tion with one or another of the symbol groups described in these pages. Sub-class symbols are always " lower case " letters. The reader will note that elsewhere throughout this book, "caps" have always been used except in Chapter V, under section 5-A, where sub-class symbols are referred to in connection with order symbols, and in Chapters IX, X and XI. In the first case above mentioned, the use of sub-class symbols, a, b, c, d, e, f, etc., indicates a division or item- ization of an order into sections. Therefore the same principle applies to other subdivisions, as for example in Chapter IX, lower case letter always being used. All the possible uses for sub-class letters have purposely been left out of the text elsewhere in this book, except under 5-A, Chapter V, and in Chapters IX, X and XL This was done so as to let the reader more readily understand the foregoing before attempting to describe certain refinements to the possible confusion of the student. The specific condition to which symbols must be applied regulate to some extent the use of sub-class symbols. The author can often do nicely without them. At other times they are quite neces- MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOL GROUPS 111 sary. If the reader will refer to sections 10-A and 10-B at the commencement of this Chapter, he will find no reference to any means of identifying small parts of any one jig, tool, gauge, or core box. If one wishes to get a sub-class identification for jig D— 1120Jf — — — -j — so as to identify each of say three parts of that jig, use sub-class letters after the jig part (J) of the symbol; , D-n20X D-1120X , D-1120X „, „ for example -7- — , —f-r — , and -y- — . Ihe small ^ Jla-c-4 J16-C-4 /lc-c-4 letters show that jig Jl has three loose pieces a, b, and c. The same principle applies to the T or G group, for the MJ, MT, MG groups and for the P and MP groups. In .u t ++ D-1120Z . ,, the case of a pattern ■ — , assunung the pattern con- sists of 4 pieces, each separate piece of the No. 1 pattern .„ ,, , u V A -D-1120X D-U20X D-1120X wm then be symbohzed -^j^-^, -p^^-^, -^j-^, J Z)-1120X ,. , and p2^_j_Q > respectively. To illustrate further the use of sub-classification sym- bols, suppose that the operation symbol (see Chapter XI) for "amputation" (AM) is to be used to specify a specific amputation. As all major amputations are classified, the following sub-class symbols will be used, viz., AM sh Amputation at shoulder AM ua " through upper arm AM ma " " middle arm AM la " " lower arm The sub-class symbols always consist of small letters. The words in italics in the above list indicate the words for which the sub-class symbols stand. Near the end of Chapter XI will be found a rather complete list of sub- class symbols applied to the "operation" symbols for the siirgical and diagnosis groups. CHAPTER XI ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 11-A. Human Plant and Department Symbols 11-B. Diagnostic Symbols 11-C. Surgical Symbols 11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols In the foregoing pages, reference has been made to the appUcation of symbols to professional records. To illus- trate such an application, the following pages give a rather complete record of symbols adapted to the chief require- ments of the doctor and surgeon. This field presents considerable complication, and it is believed the following treatment of the subject will convince the reader of the flexibility of the system described. The following symbols were prepared primarily for the use of Dr. B. B. Neubauer, General Surgeon, Cleveland, Ohio, who assisted the author particularly in avoiding duplications. Dr. Neubauer values this system in keeping records because it further protects the confidence between patient and doctor. Obviously the curious layman cannot interpret such records. 11-A. HUMAN Plant and Department Symbols Following out the scheme for plant symbols described in Chapter II, the two human plants (sexes) are readily identified by the use of a single letter, viz., F Female M Male The above letters F or M, therefore, represent the sex of the patient for whom any record is made. The letter 112 ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 113 may be followed by any of the symbols given below, thereby resulting in a clear and definite record consisting of only a few characters, in place of the ordinary record consisting of many words. The regions of the body are likewise symbolized in accordance with the scheme of department symbols de- scribed in Chapter III. For purposes of symboli,zation, each region of the body as recognized by the surgeon or doctor is recognized here as a department. As a depart- ment symbol is a numeral followed by a letter, we have the following adaptation: Departments of the Body Head: IH Forehead 2H Supraorbital Region dH Parietal Region AH Occipital Region 5H Temporal Region &H Auricle 7H Mastoid Region Face: IF Nasal Region 2F Upper Lip 3F Lower Lip 4F Chin 5F Upper Eyelid 6F Lower Eyelid 7F Infraorbital Region 8F Buccal Region 9F Zygomatic Region lOF Parotideomasseteric Region (Including Retromandibular Fossa) Neck: lA'' Submental Region 2N Hyoid Region 3A'' Subhyoid Region iN Laryngeal Region 5iV Thyroid Region 114 SYMBOLS Neck — Continued QN Suprasternal Region (Including Jugular Fossa) 7A'' Submaxillary Region 87V Carotid Fossa 9A'' Sternocleidomastoid Region (Including Lesser Supraclavicular Fossa) ION Lateral Neck Region (Including Greater Supraclavicular Fossa and Omocla- vicular Triangle) lliV Back of the Neck (Including Nape of Neck and Nucha Depression) Chest: IC Sternal Region 2C Clavicular Region 3C Infraclavicular Region (Including Deltoideopectoral Triangle) 4C Mammary Region 5C Inframammary Region 6C Axillary Region 7C Axillary Fossa 8C Lateral Costal Region Abdomen: lA Epigastric Region 2A Right Hypochondriac Region 3A Left Hypochondriac Region 4A Umbilical Region 5A Lateral Abdominal Region 6A Pubic Region 7 A Inguinal Region Back: IB Median Region of Back 25 Interscapular Region 35 Scapular Region 4B Suprascapular Region 5B Infrascapular Region 62? Lumbar Region IB Hip Region 8B Sacral Region 95 Gluteal Region ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 115 Perineal Region: IP Anal Region 2P Urogenital Region 3P Penis 4P Scrotum 5P Vulva Upper Extremity : 1 U Acromial Region 2U Deltoid Region 3 [/ Brachial Region (Insert the words : Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) iU Elbow Region (Insert the words: Anterior. Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 5U Forearm Region (Insert the words: Volar, Dorsal, Radial, or Ulnar) 6f7 Dorsal Region of Hand 7U Volar Region of Hand 8U Dorsal Surface of (Insert the word : Finger or Thumb) 9U Volar Surface of (Insert the word: Finger or Thumb) 101/ Region of Nail (Insert the word: Finger or Thumb) Lower Extremity: IL Subinguinal Region 2L Trochanteric Region 3L Femoral Region (Insert the words : Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 4L Patellar Region 5L Region of Knee (Insert the word : Anterior or Posterior) 6L Popliteal Region 7L Crural Region (Insert the words: Anterior, Lateral, Medial, or Posterior) 8L Lateral Malleolar Region 9L Medial Malleolar Region lOL Calcaneal Region IIL Dorsum of Foot 12L Sole of Foot 13L Dorsal Surface of Toe 116 SYMBOLS Lower Extremity — Continued 14L Plantar Surface of Toe 15L Region of Toe Nail As an example of the above used in combination, MIH is the symbol for male forehead; F3F represents female lower lip, etc. 11-B. Diagnostic Symbols ll-Ba. The Alimentary System U-Bb. The Cardio- Vascular System 11-Bc. The Connective Tissue 11-Bd. The Ductless Glands 11-Be. The Muscular System ll-Bf. The Nervous System 1 1-Bg. The Osseous System 11-Bh. The Reproductive System (Female Genital Organs) 11-Bi. The Reproductive System (Wale Genital Organs) 11-Bj. Mammary Gland 11-Bk. The Respiratory System 11-Bl. The Sense Organs 11-Bm. Tegumentary System 11 -Bn. Urinary System The symbols for pathological conditions consist of two letters. In cases where two letters are not in themselves sufficient to cover a specific condition, recourse is had to the addition of a sub-class symbol. The sub-class symbols used in the following list are fully described in the last section of this Chapter (see U-D). The application below of the two-letter "operation" symbol, also in section 11-C, is in accordance with the use of this symbol group as explained in Chapter IX, sections 9-A and 9-B. The following arrangement is substantially in accord- ance with the classification and order given in "A Termin- ology of Disease" adopted by Columbia University, 1910. ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 117 11-Ba. The Alimentary System Intestines: IC Intestinal Colic CTac Acute Colitis CTch Chronic Colitis CN Constipation DS Diverticulitis of DIaq Acquired Diverticulum of Intestine DU Duodenitis ENac Acute Enteritis ENch Chronic Enteritis ENmb Membraneous Enteritis EC Enterocolitis EL Enteroliths ET Enteroptosis FS Fistula between and FF Fecal Fistula GI Gangrene of Intestine GE Gastroenteritis IM Intestinal Hemorrhage ILac Acute Ileus ILch Chronic Ileus IF Impacted Feces IN Intussusception FHre Femoral Hernia, reducible FHir " " irreducible FHst " " strangulated GHre Gluteal Hernia, reducible GHir " " irreducible GHst " strangulated IHcg,re Inguinal Hernia, congenital, reducible IHcg,ir " " " irreducible IHcg,at " " " strangulated IHdr " direct IHid " " indirect IHif " " infantile LHre Lumbar Hernia, reducible LHir " " irreducible LHst " " strangulated UHre Umbilical Hernia, reducible UHir " " irreducible UHst " " strangulated 118 SYMBOLS Intestines — Continued UHcg Umbilical Hernia, congenital NH Internal Hernia KHre Ischiatic Hernia, reducible KHir " " irreducible KHst " " strangulated OHre Obturator Hernia, reducible OHir " " irreducible OHst " " strangulated VHcg,re Ventral Hernia, congenital, reducible VHcg,ir " " " irreducible VHcg,st " " " strangulated VHlr,re " " lateral, reducible VHlr,ir " " irreducible VHlr,st " strangulated VHmd,re " " medium, reducible VHmd,ir irreducible VHmd,st strangulated Liver: LVab Abscess of Liver AL Amyloid Liver LVac,at Acute Yellow Atrophy of Liver LVau,cz Atrophic Cirrhosis of Liver LVhk,cz Hypertrophic Cirrhosis of Liver LVdm Deformity of Liver LVfa Fatty Liver LVdg Functional Derangement of Liver HT Hepatoptosis PB Perihepatitis YP Pylephlebitis Bile Passages: CGct Catarrhal Cholangitis CGsu Suppurative Cholangitis CCd Catarrhal Cholecystitis CCsu Suppurative Cholecystitis CCgg Gangrenous Cholecystitis CL Cholelithiasis CDcq Cystic Duct Calculus BD Common Bile Duct BDcq Common Bile Duct Calculus HDcq Hepatic Duct Calculus ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 119 Bile Passages — Continued GBhd Hydrops of Gall Bladder FSbtGB,DD Fistula between Gall Bladder and Duodenum FSbtCD,DD " " Cystic Duct and Duodenum FSUGBfiO " " Gall Bladder and Colon FSbtCD,CO " " Cystic Duct and Colon FSbtGB,SM " " Gall Bladder and Stomach FSbtCD,SM " " the Cystic Duct and Stomach IT Icterus Neonatorum JNct Catarrhal Jaundice GBpf Perforation of Gall Bladder CDsn Stenosis of Cystic Duct BDsn ' ' of Common Bile Duct Mucous Membrane of Mouth: EU Elongation of Uvula MM Mucous Cyst of Mouth NM Noma RN Ranula STap Aphthous Stomatitis STd Catarrhal Stomatitis STmr Mercurial Stomatitis STuc Ulcerative Stomatitis DCuc Decubital Ulcer of Mucous Membrane of Mouth Mucous Membrane of Tongue: TNab Abscess of Tongue GLac,pa Acute Parenchymatous Glossitis GLch,pa Chronic Parenchymatous Glossitis GLac,sl Acute Superficial Glossitis GLch,sl Chronic Superficial Glossitis LThy Hypertrophy of Lingual Tonsil MG Macroglossia TNcy Mucous Cyst of Tongue TNuc Ulcer of Tongue Mucous Membrane of Teeth and Gums: ARab Alveolar Abscess CA Caries of Teeth PC Paradental Cysts GV Gingivitis PD Periodontitis 120 SYMBOLS Mucous Membrane of Teeth and Gums — Continued PP Pulpitis PA Pyorrhea Alveolaris CEsophagus : ESdi Dilatation of (Esophagus ESdv Diverticulum of (Esophagus ESfs Fistula of (Esophagus ESac (Esophagitis, acute ESch (Esophagitis, chronic ESsu Suppurative (Esophagitis ESmr (Esophagitis, mercurial ESpf Perforation of (Esophagus ESru Rupture of (Esophagus ESsp Spasm of CEsophagus ESsr Stricture of CEsophagus EScc,sr Cicatricial Stricture of CEsophagus ESuc Ulcer of CEsophagus Pancreas: PKab Abscess of Pancreas PKat Atrophy of Pancreas PKcq Calculus in Pancreas PKaj Cyst of Pancreas PKhm Hemorrhage into Pancreas PKob,du Obstruction of Pancreatic Duct PKac Acute Pancreatitis PKch Chronic Pancreatitis Peritoneum: PNad Peritoneal Adhesions AS Ascites CS Chylous Ascites CM Cyst of Mesentery PNhm,cv Hemorrhage in Peritoneal Cavity PNah Peritoneal Abscess PNac,lo Acute Local Peritonitis PNac,df Acute Diffuse Peritonitis PNch Chronic Peritonitis PNpr Progressive Fibrino-purulent Peritoniti; Omentum: OMah Omental Abscess OMcy Cyst of Omentum OMtn Torsion of Omentum ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 121 Retroperitoneal Tissue: PFab Perinephritic Abscess PVab Prevesical Abscess RTab Retrocecal Abscess SBab Subphrenic Abscess PLcl Pelvic Cellulitis PVd Prevesical Cellulitis RPhm Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage Pharynx, Tonsils and Nasopharynx: PEah Peritonsillar Abscess RFab Retropharingeal Abscess AD Adenoids TLcq Calculus in Tonsil TLhy Hypertrophy of Tonsils FGac Acute Pharyngitis FGch Chronic Pharyngitis SF Stricture of Fauces SFcc Cicatricial Stricture of Fauces TLac Acute Follicular Tonsillitis TLch Chronic Tonsillitis Rectum, Anus, and Perirectal Tissue: FA Fissure of the Anus FO Fistula in Ano RMhm Hemorrhage from Rectum HH Hemorrhoids PQsc,ab Periproctitis with Subcutaneous Abscess PQsm,ab " " Submucous Abscess PQil,ab " " Ischiorectal Abscess PY Proctitis PJ Proctalgia RMicjpl Prolapse of Rectum (incomplete) RMcp,pl Prolapse of Rectum (complete) PI Pruritis Ani RMsp Spasm of Rectum RMsr Stricture of Rectum RMsr,cc Cicatricial Stricture of Rectum RMuc Ulcer of Rectum Salivary Glands: SVglJs Salivary Gland Fistula SVdu,cq ' ' Duct Calculus 122 SYMBOLS Salivary Glands— -Co7itinued SVduJs Salivary Duct Fistula RDgljs Parotid Gland Fistula RDdu,cq " Duct Calculus BDduJs " Fistula SXglJs Submaxillary Gland Fistula SXdUjCq Duct Calculus SXduJs " Fistula SLglJs Sublingual Gland Fistula SLdUjCq Duct Calculus SLduJs " Fistula SAsu Suppurative Sialadenitis SAtx Toxic Sialadenitis SD Sialodochitis SDsu Suppurative Sialodochitis Stomach : AC Achylia Gastrica AY Achlorhydria SMay Atony of Stomach SMcn Hour-Glass Contraction of Stomach SMac,di Acute Dilatation of Stomach SMch,di Chronic Dilatation of Stomach DP Dyspepsia DPnv Nervous Dyspepsia SMfs Fistula of Stomach FSbtSM,GB Fistula between Stomach and Gall Bladder FSbtSM,DD " Duodenum FSbtSM,CO " Colon POsnSM Stenosis of Pyloric End of Stomach CRsnSM " of Cardiac End of Stomach POcc,snSM Cicatricial Stenosis of Pyloric End of Stomach CRcc,snSM " " of Cardiac End of Stomach GSacfit Acute Catarrhal Gastritis GSchfit Chronic Catarrhal Gastritis GSsu Suppurati\-e Gastritis GT Gastroptosis HS Hematemesis HA Hyperchlorhydria HG Hyperchilia Gastrica HY Hypochlorhydria CRsp Cardiospasm ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 123 Stomach — Continued POsp Pylorospasm SMvc Ulcer of Stomach SMuc,pf Perforated Ulcer of Stomach Vermiform Appendix AXac,ct Acute Catarrhal Appendicitis AXsu Suppurative Appendicitis AXgg Gangrenous Appendicitis AXac Acute Appendicitis AXac,PNac,lo Acute Appendicitis with Acute Local Peritonitis AXac,PNab " " " Peritoneal Abscess AXac,ab " Abscess AXacPNac,df " " " Acute Diffuse Peritonitis AXacPNpu " ' " Progressive Fibrino-Puru lent Peritonitis AXch Chronic Appendicitis AXfs Fistula of Appendix AXfsfitSM Fistula between Appendix and Stomach AXfsfitGB " Gall Bladder AXfs,btDD " " " " Duodenum AXfsfitCO " Colon AXfsfitRM " Rectum AXfsfitVG " " " " Vagina AXfsfitUB " " " " Urinary Bladder AXM Hydrops of Appendix 11-Bb. The Cardio-vascular System Blood: ANpe Pernicious Anemia ANsi Simple Anemia ANsk Splenic Anemia KL Chlorosis HF Hemophilia LKac,lm Acute Lymphatic Leukemia LKchjlm Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia LKmy Myelogenous Leukemia LN Leukanemia LKpo Pseudoleukemia PH Polycythemia SK Scurvy SKif Infantile Scurvy 124 SYMBOLS Blood Vessels- -Arteries: AA Aneurysm of Artery AY Arteriovenous Aneurysm of AO Aortitis ATgn General Arteriosclerosis AIsu Suppurative Arteritis EM Embolism TM Thrombosis Blood Vessels- -Veins: FB Phlebitis FBsu Suppurative Phlebitis of Vein FBtm Thrombophlebitis of Vein FBcq Phlebitis with Calculus VV Varicose Veins Heart: HRam Aneurysm of Heart AP Angina Pectoris HRat Atrophy of Heart BC Bradycardia CRaCjdi Acute Cardiac Dilatation CRch,di Chronic Cardiac Dilatation EKac Acute Endocarditis EKch Chronic Endocarditis HRfa Fatty Heart HRbl Heart Block CRhy Cardiac Hypertrophy CRch,is Chronic Cardiac Insufficiency MCac Acute Myocarditis MCch Chronic Myocarditis CRpp Cardiac Palpitation HRru Rupture of Heart SY Sjmcope TC Tachycardia CRch,vl,dz Chronic Cardiac Valvular Disease Pericardium PMah Adherent Pericardium PMhm Hemopericardium PMhd Hydropericardium PMpn Pneumopericardium PRacJh Acute Fibrinous Pericarditis Artery ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 125 Pericardium — Continued PRmo Mediastino-Pericarditis PRsb Serofibrinous Pericarditis PRm Suppurative Pericarditis Lymph Glands and Lymphatic Vessels: LGab Abscess of Lymph Glands LGcy Lymphatic Cyst of EF Elephantiasis TDfs Fistula of Thoracic Duct LMm Acute Lymphadenitis LMch Chronic Lymphadenitis LX Lymphangiectasis of LGac Acute Lymphangitis of LR Lymphorrhea Spleen: SPab Abscess of Spleen SPao An^ioid Spleen SPey Cyst of Spleen SPik Infarct of Spleen SPru,so Spontaneous Rupture of Spleen SSac Acute Splenitis SSch,ii Chronic Interstitial Splenitis SE Splenoptosis 11-Bc. The Connective Tissue MSah Abscess of Mediastinum MScl Cellulitis of Mediastinum OBcl Cellulitis of Orbit LA Ludwig's Angina Hypophysis: AK 11-Bd. THE DUCTLESS GLANDS Acromegaly Suprarenal Glands: SGab Abscess of Suprarenal Glands AZ Addison's Disease 126 SYMBOLS Thyroid Glands and Parathyroid Glands: TYab Abscess of Thyroids XG Exophthalmic Goitre XDif Infantile Myxoedema XDop Operative Myxoedema XDso Spontaneous Myxoedema TP Tetany Parathyropriva TYac Acute Thyroid Inflammation TYch Chronic Thyroid Inflammation Thymus: TGpt Persistent Thymus Gland LS Status Lymphaticus Bursse: BRch BRsu BRvs Muscles: MUab MUat MUhn MYprfls MYse MYsu MYtrfis MOcg MYaCjpy RUac,mu RUchjVm Aponeuroses: FCcn,pz FCai,p7n 11-Be. The Muscular System Chronic Bursitis of Bursa Suppurative Bursitis of Bursa Villous Bursitis of Bursa Abscess of Muscle Atrophy of Muscles of Hernia of Muscle Progressive Ossifying Myositis Sclerotic Myositis Suppurative Myositis of Muscle Traumatic Ossifyiug Myositis Myotonia Congenita Acute Polymyositis Acute Muscular Rheumatism of Chronic Muscular Rheumatism of Contraction of Plantiir Fascia Dupuytren's Contraction of Palmar Fascia Tendons and Tendon Sheaths : GO Ganglion TSfb Fibrinous Tenosynovitis of Muscle TSsx Serous Tenosynovitis of Muscle TSsu Suppurative Tenosynovitis of Muscle ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 127 11-Bf. The Nervous System Brain and Cerebral Meninges: BNab Abscess of Brain CE Cerebral Arteriosclerosis BNcm Compression of Brain BNcy Cyst of Brain Elac Acute Encephalitis Clfg Fungus Cerebri HP Hemiplegia CBhm Hemorrhage into Cerebrum CUhm Hemorrhage into Cerebellum MDhm Hemorrhage into Medulla PZhm Hemorrhage into Pons XRhm Extradural Hemorrhage SRhm Subdural Hemorrhage Clhn Hernia Cerebri HCch Chronic Hydrocephalus LJdjSU Suppurative Cerebral Leptomeningitis PGia,hm Internal Hemorrhagic Pachymeningitis PGsu,d Suppurative Cerebral Pachymeningitis BP Bulbar Paralysis BNtu Tumor of Brain Diseases of the Mind: DMps Paralytic Dementia DMpi Primary Dementia DMsd Secondary Dementia DMsy Senile Dementia ID Idiocy IB Imbecility IScr Circular Insanity ISep Epileptic Insanity MA Mania ML Melancholia MF Microcephalus PU Paronia Nerves: NV Nerve NVcm Compression of Nerve NG Neuralgia of Nerve 128 SYMBOLS Nerves — Continued NU Neuritis NUmp Multiple Neuritis 1\ V fJCi zs ± iiitiiiyaia \ji ^>»5i vt- Zoster Nervous Diseases of Unknown Origin AE Angioneurotic CEdema AG Aretnegryposis AH Athetosis CP Catalepsy CK Chorea CKch,pr Chronic Progressive Chorea IK Intermittent Claudication KV Convulsions KVif Infantile Convulsions DI Diabetes Insipidus EP Epilepsy EPjk Jacksonian Epilepsy EA Erythromelagia HO Hiccough HK Hj'pochondriasis HI Hysteria HEprJc Progressive Facial Hemiatrophy MZ Meniere's Disease MI Migraine NS Neurasthenia NR Neuroses NRok Occupation Neurosis NRtr Traumatic Neurosis NT Night Terrors AJps Paralysis Agitans PX Paramj^oclonus Multiplex RZ RejTiaud's Disease SN Somnambulism BS Blephorospasm AMck,sp Clonic Arm Spasm DFck,sp ' ' Diaphragm Spasm FEck,sp ' ' Facial Spasm LEck,sp ' ' Leg Spasm NKck,sp ' ' Neck Spasm SUck,sg ' ' Shoulder Spasm ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 129 Nervous Diseases of Unknown Origin — Continued SUck,tg Clonic Tongue Spasm SUha Habit Spasm SUnd Nodding Spasm SUsz Saltatory Spasm SY Spasmodic Torticollis YM Stammering SH Stuttering VT Vertigo Spinal Cord .and Spinal Meninges: CZdz Caisson Disease SCcm Compression of Spinal Cord MTpr Progressive Muscular Dystrophy HL Hematomyelia HQ Hematorrhacliis LJsu,sq Suppurative Spinal Leptomeningitis MQdn Disseminated Myelitis MQtv Transverse Myelitis PGsu,sq Suppurative Spinal Pachymeningitis PSac,as,sq Acute Ascending Spinal Paralysis PSiltc Infantile Spastic Paralysis LE Paraplegia LEaz Ataxic Paraplegia LEhr,tc Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia MPac,aa Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis MPch,aa Chronic Anterior Poliomj'-elitis MPpx Posterior Poliomyelitis of Ganglion SIai,lr Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis SIdn Disseminated Sclerosis m Lateral Sclerosis SV Syringomyelia TA Tabes Dorsalis 11-Bg. The Osseous System Bones and Cartilages: CQ Caries CJ Chondritis of . CF Chondrodystrophia Foetalis CY Cocoygodynia MW Disease of "Mother of Pearl Workers" 130 SYMBOLS Bones and Cartilages — Continued JS Disease of "Jute Spinners" PM Fragilitas Ossium IjO Leontiasis Ossea OD Osteitis Deformans OR Osteitis Fibrosa OP Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy 01 Osteogenesis Imperfecta OS Osteomalacia OLac,su Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis of OLch,su Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis of OC Osteopsathyrosis OTac Acute Periostitis of OTch Chronic Periostitis of RK Rickets Joints: BA Bony Ankylosis of Joint FK Fibrous Ankylosis of Joint AF Arthritis Deformans NA Neuropathic Arthritis of Joint AWna Arthritis Nodosa AWsu Suppurative Arthritis of Joint AWac,tx Acute Toxic Arthritis of Joint AWch,tx Chronic Toxic Arthritis of Joint AWvs Villous Arthritis of Jomt RHch.ar Chronic Articular Eheumatism 11-Bh. The Reproductive System (Female Genital Organs) Female Urethra: UAab Urethral Abscess of Female Urethra UAcq Calculus in Female Urethra UAcw Caruncle of Female Urethra UAfs Fistula of Female Urethra UApl Prolapse of Female Urethra UAsr Stricture of Female Urethra UAac Acute Urethritis of Female Urethra UAch Chronic Urethritis of Female Urethra ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 131 Ovaries: OVab Abscess of Ovary- OVat Atrophy of Ovary- OVcy,rt Retention Cyst of Ovary OYcy Cystic Ovary OVhm Hemorrhage in Ovary OVhn Hernia of Ovary OVnr Neuralgia of Ovary OOac Acute Oophoritis OOch Chronic Oopharitis OVpl Prolapse of Ovary OVtn Torsion of Ovary Uterine Tubes: HZ Hematosalpinx HX Hydrosalpinx UTpl Prolapse of Uterine Tube PU Pyosalpinx SQac Acute Salpingitis SQch Chronic Salpiagitis SO Salpingo-Oophoritis UTtn Torsion of Uterine Tube Uterus and Ligaments of Uterus : URab Abscess of Uterus AQ Amenorrhea URaf Anteflexion of Uterus VRae Atresia of Uterus URat Atrophy of Uterus BLcy Cyst of Broad Ligament DY Dysmenorrhea EDac Acute Endometritis EDch Chronic Endometritis VRer,cx Erosion of Cervix Uteri HW Hematometra RLhd Hydrocele of Round Ligament YD Hydrometra URcx,hy Hypertrophy of Cervix Uteri URif Infantile Uterus URiv Inversion of Uterus VRcx,k Old Laceration of Cervix Uteri MH Menorrhagia MEac Acute Metritis 132 SYMBOLS Uterus and Ligament of Uterus — Continued MEch Chronic Metritis MR Metrorrhagia URoc,cj Occlusion of Cer'i'ical Canal of Uterus URphpj Partial Prolapse of Uterus URpl,cp Complete Prolapse of Uterus PW Pyometra URrv Retroversion of Uterus UTru Rupture of Uterus URcj,sn Stenosis of Cervical Canal of Uterus URsv Subinvolution of Uterus URtn Torsion of Literus gnancy and Associated Conditions: ABcp Complete Abortion ABic Incomplete Abortion ABtd Threatened Abortion EG Ectopic Clestation EGru Ruptured Ectopic Gestation EGiir Unruptured Ectopic Gestation YL Puerperal Eclampsia HMax,ph Accidental Hemorrhage Parturition HMax,pg Accidental Hemorrhage Pregnancy HMpd Post Partum Hemhorrage HB Hydatidrform Mole HJ Hydramnion MBrt Retained Placenta and Membranes URru Rupture of Uterus ina and Pelvic Floor VGae Atresia of Vagina VGcy Cyst of ^'agina RVfs Rectovaginal Fistula UVfs Uretero vaginal Fistula UGfs Urethrovaginal Fistula VNfs Vesicovaginal Fistula LCol,pw Old Laceration of Pehdc Floor LCrc,pw Recent Laceration of Pelvic Floor VI Para\-agijiitis VWpl,aa Prolapse of Antciior A'aginal Wall VWpl,i)z Pr(jlapse of Posterior ^'aginal \^'all RXpw Relaxation of Pelvic Floor ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 133 Vagina and Pelvic Floor — Continued VGac Acute Vaginitis VGch Chronic Vaginitis Vulva and Gland of Bartholin BHab Abscess of Gland of Bartholin VUab Abscess of Vulva CXad Adhesions of Clitoris LBad Adhesions of Labia VUat Atrophy of Vulva BHcij Cysl of Gland of Bartholin VUet Elephantiasis of Vulva VUJie Hematoma of Vulva VUhc Hydrocele of Vulva CXhy Hypertrophy of Clitoris HNhy Hypertrophy of Hymen LBhy,mi Hypertrophy of Labia Majora LBhy,mi " " " Minora VUoc Occlusion of Vulva VUpb Pruritus Vulvae VSac Acute Vulvitis VSch Chronic Vulvitis VUitc Ulcer of Vulva 11-Bi. The Reproductive System (Male Genital Organs) Male Urethra: UAab Urethral Abscess of Male Urethra UAcq Calculus of Male Urethra VAfs Fistula of Male Urethra UAfs,rr Rectourethral Fistula UAhm Urethral Hemorrhage UAsr Stricture of Male Urethra UAsr,sw Spasmodic Stricture of Male Urethra UAuc Ulcer of Urethra UAac Acute Urethritis of Male Urethra UAch Chronic Urethritis of Male Urethra Bulbourethral Gland BBab Abscess of Bulbourethral Gland BBcy Cyst of Bulbourethral Gland 134 SYMBOLS Penis: BJ Balanoposthitis BC Redundant Prepuce Prostate: PTab Abscess of Prostate PTat Atrophy of Prostate PTcq Calculus of Prostate PThy Hypertrophy of Prostate PTac Acute Prostatitis PTch Chronic Prostatitis Seminal Vesicles: VEab Abscess of Vesicles Seminal VEco Concretions of Vesicles Seminal VEcy Cyst of Vesicles Seminal VKac Acute Vesiculitis Seminal VKch Chronic Vesiculitis Seminal Spermatic Cord and Coats of the Testicle and Cord TVht Hematocele of Tunica "\^aginalis TVhc Hydrocele of Tunica Vaginalis CVht Hematocele of Spermatic Cord CVhc Hydrocele of Spermatic Cord CVtn Torsion of Spermatic Cord VA Varicocele Testicle: EBab Abscess of Epididymis TEab Abscess of Testicle TEat Atrophy of Testicle EBac Acute Epididymitis EBch Chronic Epididymitis TEhn Hernia Testis IP Impotence TEnr Neuralgia of Testicle OKac Acute Orchitis OKch Chronic Orchitis ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 135 Mammary Gland: MNab MNrr,ab AU MNat NPfr MNfs GC GA MNhy MX MVac MVch MVch,cy MVaj MVnh MK RI 11-Bj. Mammary Gland Abscess of Mammary Gland Retromammary Abscess Agalactia Atrophy of Mammary Gland Fissure of Nipple Fistula of Mammary Gland Galactocele Galactorrhea Hypertrophy of Mammary Gland Mammillitis Acute Mastitis Chronic Mastitis Chronic Cystic Mastitis Mastitis of Adolescence Mastitis of New-born Mastodynia Retention of Milk 11-Bk. The Respiratory System Bronchi and Trachea: ZM Asthma BI Bronchiectasis Bloc Acute Bronchitis BIch Chronic Bronchitis BIfo Fibrinous Bronchitis TKfs Fistula of Trachea TOfs Tracheocesophageal Fistula BKsn Stenosis of Bronchus TKsn of Trachea TI Trachitis TQ Tracheocele BKnc Ulcer of Bronchus TKuc Ulcer of Trachea Larynx: LZah Abscess of Larynx LZfs Fistula of Larynx LYac Acute Laryngitis 136 SYMBOLS Larynx — Continued LYch Chronic Laryngitis LH Larjmgismus Stridulus GGed CEdema of Glottis LZsn Stenosis of Larynx LZsufic Cicatricial Stenosis of Larynx LZuc Ulcer of Larynx Lungs: LLab Abscess of Lung ZZ Atelectasis ZE Pulmonary Emphysema ZEio Pulmonary Interlobulary Emphysema LLsy,ef Senile Ephysema of the Lungs LLgg Gangrene of Lung HU Hemoptysis LLhn Hernia of Lung LLik Infarct of Lung LLed (Edema of Lung NObr Bronchopneumonia NOii Interstitial Pneumonia NOlb Lobar Pneumonia NB Pneumonoconiosis Pleurse: UD Pleuritic Adhesions CW Chylothorax TFfs Thoracoabdominal Fistula TJfs Thoracogastric Fistula TRfs Thoracointestintd Fistula TH Hemothorax YT Hydrothorax UCncfo Acute Fibrinous Pleurisy UCchJo Chronic Fibrinous Pleurisy UCsb Serofibrinous Pleurisy UCsu Suppurative Pleurisy NX Pneumothorax NO Pyopneumothorax Nasal Cavity: NZab Abscess of Nasal Septum YS Anosmia NZde Deviation of Nasal Septum EX Epistaxis ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 137 Nasal Cavity — Continwd HV Hay Fever ZN Ozena NZpf Perforation of Nasal Septum REac Acute Rhinitis REau Atrophic Rhinitis REhk Hjrpertrophic Rhinitis RA Rhinoliths NZrp Spur on Nasal Septum NFw Ulcer of Nasal Passage Nasal Cavity Accessory Sinuses: EEeh Empyema Ethmoidal Sinus EEmx Empyema Maxillary Sinus EEfe Empyema Sphenoidal Sinus Zleh Ethmoidal Sinusitis ZIff Frontal Sinusitis ZImx Maxillary Sinusitis ZIfe Sphenoidal Sinusitis 11-Bi. The Sense Organs Organ of Hearing: KC Accumulation of Cerumen OZal Ankylosis of Ossicles OZcs Caries of Ossicles DX Deafness DQ Deaf-Mutism MGfs Mastoid Fistula LNhm Hemorrhage into Labyrinth MGac Acute Mastoiditis MGch Chronic Mastoiditis JTac Acute Myringitis JTch Chronic Myringitis ON Necrosis of Ossicles OJea Otitis Externa OJac,ia Acute Otitis Interna OJch,ia Chronic Otitis Interna OJac.md Acute Otitis Media OJch,md Chronic Otitis Media EJac Acute Eustachian Salpingitis EJch Chronic Eustachian Salpingitis TU Tinnitus Aurium 138 SYMBOLS Organ of Vision and Lacrimal Apparatus: KUab Abscess of Caruncle KOab Abscess of Cornea EYat Atrophy of Eye Ball OAat of Optic Nerve BE Blepharitis BM Bl epharophimosis BO Blepharoptosis BU Blepharospasm KT Cataract KD Chalazion KA Choroiditis KNac Acute Conjunctivitis KNch Chronic Conjunctivitis KNpk Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis KY Cyclitis LIcy Cyst of Lacrimal Gland DA Dacryoadenitis DJ Dacryocystitis DQ Dacryops DR Detachment of Retina DL Diplopia KEds Dislocation of Crystalline Lens EQ Ectropion EG Entropion EZ Exophthalmos EZpv Pulsating Exophthalmos EH Epiphora ER Episcleritis LQglJs Fistula of Lacrimal Gland LQsjJs " " " Sac GKac Acute Glaucoma GKch Chronic Glaucoma JAhm Hemhorrhage into Anterior Chamber RRhm ' ' into Retina VBhm ' ' into Vitreous Body OE Hordeolum II Iridochoroiditis lY Iridocyclitis IR Iritis KI Keratitis KIpk Phlyctenular Keratitis ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 139 Organ of Vision and Lacrimal Apparatus— Conh'nMed LU Leukoma LF Meibomian Lithiasis VM Muscffi Volitantes OU Optic Neuritis IQ Nystagmus VDot Opacity of Vitreous Body UZ Phthisis Bulbi TZ Pterygium TX Ptosis RG Retinitis EV Esotropia EW Exotropia TW Tenonitis KNuc Ulcer of Conjunctiva KOuc Ulcer of Cornea ZCuc Ulcer of Sclera UV Uveitis ll-Bm. Tegumentary System Skin, Hair, Nails, and Glands of Skin; KF Chromophytosis KB Clavus KM Comedo DK Dermatitis Herpetiformis DN ' ' Medicamentosa DV ' ' Venenata IE Erythema Induratum NE ' ' Nodosum FI Folliculitis FL Furunculosis lA Ichthyosis 10 Impetigo lU ' ' Herpetiformis IW Intertrigo KP Keratosis Pilaris LP Lentigo LW Leukoderma RS Lichen Ruber FN Mycosis Fungoides RO Rhiaophyma 140 SYMBOLS Skin, Hair, Nails, ajid Glands of Skin — Continued RJ Rosacea UK Urticaria BZ Bromidrosis VI Uridrosis PB Dermatitis Seborrhoeica OQ Onychauxis OX Onychia OG Onychogryphosis 11-Bn. Urinary System Kidneys: KGcd Congestion of Kidney KGcy Cystic Kidney KGfs Fistula of Kidney KGik Infarct of Kidney KGik,zp Septic Infarct of Kidney UMac Acute Uremia UMch Chronic Uremia Ureter: URcq Calculus in Ureter URce Ureteral CoHc URcy Cyst of Ureter URfs Fistula of Ureter RRfs Rectoureteral Fistula URsr Stricture of Ureter URac Acute Ureteritis URch Chronic Ureteritis Urinary Bladder: UBab Abscess of Urinary Bladder Wall UBay Atony of Urinary Bladder UBcq Calculus in Urinary Bladder UBcn Contraction of Urinary Bladder UBdi Dilatation of Urinary Bladder UBfs Fistula of Urinary Bladder RWfs Rectovesical Fistula VCfs Vesicointestinal Fistula VRfs Vesicouterine Fistula VJfs Vesicovaginal Fistula VBhn Hernia of Urinary Bladder ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS UBhy Hypertrophy of Urinary Bladder UBij Incontinence of Urinary Bladder UBno Neurosis of Urinary Bladder UBps Paralysis of Urinary Bladder UE Retention of Urine UBsj Sacculation of Uriuary Bladder UBsp Spasm of Urinary Bladder UBuc Ulcer of Urinary Bladder 141 11-C. Surgical Symbols The following list of symbols applying to surgery will need no explanation, as their formation is based on the same principle described in section 11-B. For the sake of convenience the surgical hst has been alphabetically arranged by symbol. AB Arteriophlebotomy AH Aneurismorrhaphy AC Amputation Cervix AI Adenoidectomy AD Appendecostomy AJ Adrenorrhaphy AE Anesthetize AK Arthrectomy AF Arteriorrhaphy AL Arthroclasia AG Adreaotomy AM Amputations AMit Interscapulo-Thoracic Amputation AMsh Amputation at Shoulder AMua through Upper Arm AM ma Middle Arm AMla ' ' Lower Arm AMel at Elbow AMuf through Upper Forearm AMmf ' ' Middle Forearm AMlf ' ' Lower Forearm AMurr at Wrist AMmc through Metacarpus AMfn of Finger AMth of Thumb AMh-p at Hip AMut through Upper Thigh AMmt Middle Thigh AMU <; Lower Thigh L42 SYMBOLS AMne Amputation at Knee AMuI through Upper Leg AMml 1 1 Middle Leg AMU i t Lower Leg AMak at Ankle AMts through Tarsus AMms " ( ( Metatarsus AMto of Toe AN Anastomosis CG Cephalotomy AO Adrenectomy CH Cephalotripsy AP Appendectomy CI Colonic Irrigation AQ Arthrodesis CJ Circumcision AR Artificial Respiration CK Canthoplasty AS Aspiration CL Colostomy AT Arthrotomy CM Cholecystectomy A U Amputation of Uvula CA'' Craniotomy A V Arterio-venous Anastomosis CO Colectomy AX Ai-throplasty CP Cupping AY Arteriotomy CR Clitoridectomy CS Choledochostomy BA Bronchotomy CT Cholecystostomy BB Bacterial Test CU Catheterization Ureters BC Bronchoscopy CY Colotomy BD Bandage CW Cholecystotomy BF Blepharoplasty CA' Cleft Palate Operation BG Bone Grafting CY Cystoscopy BI Boiling ^^'ate^ Injections CZ Catheterize BK Baking DA Dilatation .Ajnus BP Bone Plating DC Dilatation and Curretage BS Bone Suturing DD Duodeno-cholecystotomy BT Blood Test DE Dislocation of Eye BW Bone Wiring DF Disinfect BY Bronchoplasty DG Duodeno-enterostomy DH Duodenorrhaphy CA Colporrhaphy Anterior DI Dissecting CB Cauterize DK Decapitation CC Cfficostomy DL Dislocation of Lens CD Choledochotomy DM Decompression CE Cholecystenterostomy DN Dilatation Colon CF Craniectomy DO Duodenostomy ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 143 DP Drape DQ Dermatectomy Partial DR Drainage of DS Dressing DT Duodenotomy DU Douche DV Delivery DX Dermanoplasty DY Dermatoplasty DZ Diagnose EA Embryotomy EB Embryoctomy EC Embryectomy ED Epididymotomy EE Enteroenterostomy EF Esophagorrhaphy EG Esophagoscopy EH Enterorrhaphy EI Enucleation EJ Esophagostomy EK Entoptoscopy EL Enterostomy EM Epididymectomy EN Extension EO Enterotomy EP Enterpolasty EQ Esophagoplasty ER Esophagotomy ES Epicystotomy ET Electric Treatment EU Epiploplexy EV Entorectomy EW Excision of EX Exercise EY Esophagectomy EZ Enteroplexy FC Feces Test FD Feeding FO Fasciotomy FR Fracture Reduction FS Frontal Sinusotomy FT Fraradic Treatment FX Fixation of GA Gastro-anastompsis GB Gastroduodenostomy GC Gastrocolotomy GD Gastrodiaphanoscopy GE Gastroplasty GF Gastroelytrotomy GG Gastroenterotomy GH Gastro-pylorectomy GI Glossoplasty GJ Gastro Jejunostomy GK Glossotomy GL Glossectomy GM Gastrotomy GA'' Gastro-Gastrostomy GO Gastrorrhaphy GP Gastro-Plication GR Gastrectomy GS Gastroscopy GT Galvanic Treatment GX Gastropexy GY Gastrostomy GZ Genyplasty HB Hematoscopy HC Hyperdermoclysis HD Hydrocele Operation HE Helcoplasty HF Hernio-Celiotomy HG Hernio-Enterotomy HH Hepatorrhaphy HI Hepatotomy HJ Hepatectomy Partial HL Harelip Repair HM Hysterotomotokia (Caesarian Section) HN Herniotomy HO Hemorrhoid Operation HP Hysteropexy 144 SYMBOLS HR Herniorrhaphy HS Hysterorrhaphy HT Hypophysectomy HX Hepatopexy HY Hysterectomy I A Induction of Abortion ID Iridectomy IF Infusion of IH Iliorrhaphy IJ Injection of IL Intubation 7A'' Incudectomy 10 Ileostomy IP Ischio-Pubiotomy IR Ileoproctostomy IZ Incision JC Jejunocolostomy JO Jejunoilestomy JR Jejunorrhaphy JS Jejunostomy KP Keratoplasty KR Kerectomy KT Keratocentesis KY Keratotomy LA Lymphadenectomy LB Liberation of Adhesions LD Log^jdectomy LG Laryngectomy LI Ligation LJ Laryngotomy LA'' Laryngoscopy LO Laparotomy LP Lumbar Puncture LR Laminectomy LS Litholapaxy LJJ Lumbar Ureterostomy LV Lavage LY Lithotomy MA Mastectomy MD Mastoidotomy ME Myectomy MF Myorrhaphy MI Multiple Incisions MJ Marginplasty MK Mastotomy MM Mammotomy MN Manipulation MO Move to Operating Room MR Myomectomy MS Massage MT Muscle Transplantation MU Myotomy MX Maxillary Sinusotomy MY Myomotomy NC Necrotomy NE Neurectomy NF Nasal Feeding NL Nephrolithotomy NO Nephrostomy NP Nephrorrhaphj NR Nephrectomy NS Nerve Stretching NT Neurotomy NV Neurorrhaphy NX Nephropexy NY Nephrotomy OC Onychotomy OD Orchidotcny OE Orchidectomy OK Orchidorrhaphy OL Ophthalmascopy OM Omentopexy 00 Oophorectomy OP Operation Penis OR Osteotomy OS Osteoplasty OT Ostectomy OV Oophorotomy ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 145 OX Oophoropexy OY Ossiculectomy OZ Operations Miscellaneous PA Paracentesis PB Phlebotomy PC Proctoscopy PD Proctorrhaphy PE 1 ericardiorrhaphy PG Pharyngotomy PH Pan Hysterectomy PI Peritomy PK Prostatotomy PL Pyloroplasty PM Pneumotomy PN Perineorrhaphy PO Plastic Operation PP Prepare Patient PQ Proctotomy PR Prostatectomy PS Proctectomy PT Post Operative Treatment PU Periosteotomy PV Pelviotomy PW Phlebectoray PX Pancreatorrhaphy PY Pylorectomy PZ Pancreatotomy RB Removal Foreign Body RD Reduction of Dislocation RC Rectococcypexia RE Resection RF Rectal Feeding RI Rectal Irrigation RN Refraction RO Remove from Operating Room RP Rectopexy RR Rectorrhaphy RS Rhinoplasty RT Rachidotomy BV Refracture SA Salpingectomy SB Salpingo-oophorectomy SC Spermato-cystotomy SD Sigmoidectomy SE Splenectomy SF Sialolithotomy SG Skin Grafting SH Sialoadenectomy SI Splenotomy SJ Spinal Injection SK Scarification SL Sclerotomy SM Splenorrhaphy SO Splenopexy SP Spondylotomy SQ Spinal Puncture SR Submucous Resection ST Surgical Treatment SU Suspension Uterus SV Sphenoidal Sinusotomy SW Suture of SX Sigmoidoscopy SY Symphysiotomy SZ Sterilize TA Tourniquet Application TB Traoheobroncoscopy TC Thoracostomy TD Test Feedmg TE Tenorrhaphy TF Transfusion TG Tattooing TH Thyroidectomy TI Thymusotomy TK Thoracentesis TL Tonsilectomy TM Thymusectomy TN Tenotomy TO Trachelorrhaphy TP Trephuie TQ Tracheoplasty TR Tracheotomy 146 SYMBOLS TS Tendon Stretching TT Tendon Transplantation TU Tuibinectomy TV Tenosj-novectomj' TW Thoracoplasty TX Teeth Extraction TY Thoracotomy TZ Tarsorrhaphy UA Ureteral Anastomosis UC Uretero-Colostomy UE Ureterectomy UI Uterine Irrigation UL Uretero-Lithotomy UM Ureterostomy UO Ureterorrhaphy UP Uretero-Enterostomy I'R Urethral Irrigation US Uranoplasty UT Ureterotomy UU Uretero-Ureterostomy UW Urethrectomy UX Urine Examination UY Urethrotomy UZ Uretero-Cystostomy VA Varix Anastomic VC \'accination VD "\'aginal Dilatation VE ^'esieulotomy VG Vaginal Irrigation VH Vaginal Hysterectomy TV ^'esicle Irrigation VL Vaginal Celiotomy VS Vaginal Caearean Section VY Vasectomy WA Wiring for Aneurysm IT'S Wash Stomach WT Wasserman Test XM Examine Patient AT X-ray Treatment A'A' X-ray Examination 11-D. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols The use of sub-class symbols greatly simplifies a prob- lem of the scope illustrated in the second section (11-B) of this chapter. 3ilany different conditions of one organ, or other part of the bodj', can be described by usiug the same main symbol followed by different sub-class sjinbols. This point is well illustrated, for example, by referring back to "(Esophagus," under section 11-Ba, where the main sjTiibol ES is shown with thirteen combinations of sub-class symbols. The reader is again reminded that although to the layman the symbols sho'mi in this chapter may appear confusing, that to the surgeon or medical man they can be easily memorized o'ndng to familiarity with the subject, based on years of study. Following is an alphabetically ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 147 arranged key of all the sub-class symbols used in the pre- ceding pages of this chapter. This list will be found self- explanatory. Anatomical Sub-class Symbols aa anterior ab abscess ac acute ad adhesions ae atresia af anteflexion ag arrest of growth ah adherent ai amyothropic aj adolescence ak ankle al ankylosis am aneurism an absence ao amyloid ap aphthous aq acquired ar articular as ascending at atrophy au atrophic ax accidental ay atony az ataxic bl block br broncho bt between ca carcinoma cc cicatricial cd congestion ce colic eg congenital ch chronic a cerebral cj cervical canal ck clonic cl cellulitis cvi compression en contraction' CO concretions cp complete cq calculus cr circular cs caries ct catarrhal cu cross union CT cavity cw caruncle ex cervix cy cyst cz cirrhosis de deviation df diffuse dg derangement di dilatation dl delayed dm deformity dn disseminated dp depression dr direct ds dislocation du duct dv diverticulum dz disease ea externa ec excessive callus ed oedema ef emphysema eg exuberance of growth eh ethmoidal 148 SYMBOLS el elbow em embolism ep epileptic er erosion et elephantiasis ey empyema ex exostosis fa fatty fb fibrous fc facial fe sphenoidal // frontal fg fungus fi fibrous union fn finger fo fibrinous fr fissure fs fistula ft fracture fu faulty union gc gonoooccus gg gangrene gl gland gn general go ganglion ha habit he hydrocele hd hydrops he hematoma hk hypertrophic hm hemorrhage hn hernia hp hip hr hereditary ht hematocele hy hypertrophy ia internal ic incomplete id indirect if infantile ii interstitial ij incontinence ik infarct il ischiorectal i?)! inflammation in indurated io interlobulary ip impacted ir irreducible is insufficiency it interscapulo-thoracic iv inversion jk Jacksonian la lo^yer arm lb lobar Ic laceration If lower forearm II lower leg Im lymphatic lo local Ir lateral It lower thigh ma middle arm mb membranous mc metacarpus md median mc metastasis vif middle forearm mi minora mj majora ml middle leg mo mediastino mp multiple mr mercurial ms metatarsus mi middle thigh mu muscular mx maxillary my myelogenous ANATOMICAL SYMBOLS 149 na nodosa nb new born nd nodding ne knee ni non-indurated no neurosis nr neuralgia nu non-union nv nervous ob obstruction oc occlusion ok occupational ol old op operative OS ossifying ot opacity pa parenchymatous pb pruritis pc painful callus pd post partum pe pernicious pf perforation pg pregnancy ph parturition pi primary pj partial pk pljlyctenular pi prolapse pm palmar pn pneumo po pseudo pp palpitation pr progressive ps paralysis (paralytic) pt persistent pu purulent pv pulsating pw pelvic-floor px posterior py poly pz plantar re recent re reducible rp spur rr rectro rt retention ru rupture (ruptured) rv retro version sa sub acute sb serofibrinous sc subcutaneous sd secondary se sclerotic sf syphilitic sh shoulder si simple sj sac sk splenic si superficial sm submucous sn stenosis so spontaneous sp spasm sq spinal sr stricture ss syphilis st strangulated su suppurative sv subinvolution sw spasmodic s.T serous sy senile sz saltatory tb tuberculosis tc spastic td threatened tg tongue th thumb tm thrombosis tn torsion to toe tr traumatic 150 SYMBOLS fc tarsus ur unruptured tu tumor ut upper thigh tv transverse tx toxic ''^ valvular vn ventral vs villous ua upper arm lie ulcer ^g weakness of callus uf upper forearm ^ ^j.jg^ ul upper leg um umbilical zp septic CHAPTER XII RESUME In treating the subject of symbols throughout the previous chapters, the author has aimed to cover the more important groups in sufficient detail fully to illustrate their formation and adaptability. It is, of course, evident that the actual detail used will not absolutely cover every existing condition, but the scheme of symbolizing could be adopted as a practical standard, since its divisions cover items recognized by general use. Regardless of whether or not certain subdivisions can be used in detail, the important hypothesis remains that any or all of the group formations can be utilized and as a standard such as a single letter for a plant symbol, a numeral followed by a letter for a department symbol, or the letter X followed by a numeral for an expense subdivision, and so on. To adopt, as a standard, the use of a single letter for a plant symbol does not indicate that the scheme is worth- less because a concern has more than twenty-six plants. Let a single capital letter be the symbol for a plant, in case of the need to utilize the same letter for more than one plant, follow the capital by a small letter indicating the location or some other individual characteristic of each plant. For instance, a concern building a new plant known as N is still using an old plant known by the same symbol. The former is located at Newburgh Heights and takes a small n after the capital to indicate its location. When the older N plant steps out of existence, the only N plant will have no further need for its small letter ap- pendage — Nn becomes N. 151 152 SYMBOLS In the case of department symbols, standardization branches interdepartmentally, so that in the majority of cases, the symbol representing a department in one plant corresponds to all representing the same department in any plant. In the composite groups Usted above in Chapter III, the reader can select for use those symbols applying to the departments he actually wishes to symbohze. If one has only an accounting and a cost department, use lA and 2A only. Sometimes expansion may require the use of 3A, 4A, and 5A. The same principle should be applied all the way down the list. If for the present IB, repre- senting sales department, will cover the order and steno- graphic division, use only IB. There will be time enough for 2JS and 3B when the 15 division no longer meets the demands of the problem, and the same apphes to all of the general divisions described in section 3-D of Chapter III. It has been the aim to make the detail sufficiently complete to provide for a large percentage of actual con- ditions. Any amplification can be readily provided to suit the demands of the more intricate problems. In the case of the indirect expense subdivisions, Chapter IV, XI, to X56, etc., the reader will find that 90 per cent or more of the items listed in detail can be actually applied without change of any kind. Items XI to X56 are prac- tically fixed standards except perhaps X21, X22, X24, X26, X27, and X56. All of the X symbol divisions just mentioned apply to either plant, department, or general indirect expenditures. Maintenance of factory, X5, and maintenance of equipment, X6, are also fixed standards. The latter is to be subdivided as explained in section 4-D, Chapter IV, to each piece of equipment by symbol. The order group and work number symbols described in Chapter V are sufficiently standardized to admit of practically universal application. In the case of equipment symbols described in Chapter VI, a standard division has been developed that will cover RESUME 153 a very wide field. The plant prefix letter forming the first character of the symbol will of course vary to suit special conditions, but the second letter representing the equip- ment group proper will conform to the standard division listed. Complete standardization of drawing symbols described in Chapter VII is possible in every case without deviating from the scheme as laid down. The drawing symbol group is the basis of the piece symbol group and is actually a part of it, so it is obvious that the piece symbol standard explained in Chapter VIII is also automatically provided for. Under the method described for drawing and piece symbols, a great deal of duplication and waste labor has been eliminated, which must stand as an argument in favor of the method. Chapter IX treats in considerable detail of the formation and use of operation symbols. The group is one that, of course, covers an almost infinite number of possible actions. As a logical way to standardize in this group, the author has adopted the method of using a general division or list of operation, in complete detail, for each different kind of busi- ness or profession. A symbol used to identify an industrial operation will be duplicated in form to identify a surgical operation and again for operations in various lines of activity. On the other hand, there is no duplication or confusion in actual practice, as individuals using the industrial list of symbols do not also use the surgical or et cetera lists. The argument may be advanced that both the surgical and diagnostical lists will be used by the same institution or by the same individuals. There is a distinct line of demarkation between surgical and diagnostical records. They have to do with two distinct professions. The phy- sician's terms of diagnosis are different from the surgeon's, and the method of filing helps to avoid confusion. The foregoing discussion of operation symbols arranged by groups, professional or otherwise, will readily illustrate 154 SYMBOLS how a great field can be satisfactorily covered by the two- letter operation symbol, and still avoid confusion. The standard key given in Chapter IX can therefore be used without change. Following the examples given in that chapter, symbols for any new group can be readily devised. Some of the more common groups of miscellaneous symbol formations are given in Chapter X. These groups can be adopted substantially as described and without change. Symbols shown in sections 10-A and 10-B of Chapter X are dependent on the standard fixed for drawing symbols (Chapter VII) and piece symbols (Chapter VIII) and need no further explanation. JManufacturing symbols and serial numbers described in section 10-C are com- paratively standardized as can be the form and literature symbols described in section 10-E. Fihng symbols are, of course, subject to revision from the example given in section 10-D, which describes the author's adaptation to his personal needs. iVccount symbols described in section 10-F cannot be standardized as to detail, but must be arranged to suit each problem. Although several exceptions must be recognized as to the general use of certain detail in miscellaneous symbol groups, the general group formations can, without excep- tion, be universally adopted. In fact, any attempt to change the group formations will only lead to error and confusion, while complications will accumulate and no advantage accrue. In the preface to these pages will be found a caution against trying modifications as such pro- cedure will prove more detrimental than helpful. Every individual abbreviates more or less and everyone has his own kind of abbreviation. ^YhsLt is the result? One person can rarely ever read another's condensed notes; in fact the originator of such notes is often unable to inter- pret them after they are a few days old. The use of sym- bols eliminates tnis difficulty and makes the comparison or exchange of abbreviated notes a desirable and practicable RESUME 155 possibility. In other words, symbols are nothing more than standardized abbreviations. The advantages of using such a standardization in a business of any size is obvious, and when nearly all of the common abbreviations in the form of symbols can be standardized in use between dif- ferent plants, the value of such standardization is greatly enhanced. The author hopes that his general scheme of symbolizing may prove sufl&ciently attractive to interest those in all fields of activity, so that they will adapt it to their own uses and that "general use" may become the authority which shall estabhsh the system as a standard. INDEX A "■ PAGE Abdomen, symbol for 114 Account symbols 104 Administrative department symbols, general 17 Alimentary system, symbols for conditions of 117 Alphabet, conservation of 12 Alteration symbols 63 Amputations 141 Anatomical sub-class symbols 146 Anus, symbols for conditions of 121 Aponeuroses, symbols for conditions of 126 Appendix, vermiform, symbols for conditions of 123 Arteries, symbols for conditions of 124 Assembly drawing symbols 61, 62 Assembly manufacturing symbols 96 Associated conditions of pregnancy, symbols for 132 Atomic symbols 81 Author's filing system 97 B Back, symbols for 1 14 Bartholin gland, symbols for conditions of 133 Bile passages, symbols for conditions of 118 Bladder, condition of urinary 140 Blood, symbols for conditions of 123 Blood vessels, symbols for conditions of 124 Bones, symbols for conditions of 129 Brain and cerebral meninges, symbols for conditions of 127 Bronchi, symbols for conditions of 135 Bulbourethral gland, symbols for conditions of 133 Bursae, symbols for conditions of 126 157 158 INDEX C PAGE Cardio-vascular system, symbols for conditions of 123 Cartilages, symbols for conditions of 129 Chemical symbols 81 Chest, symbols for 114 Classes, filing 100 Classification of cores 102 Coats of the spermatic cord, symbols for conditions of 134 Coats of testicle, symbols for conditions of 133 Color scheme for forms 8 Connective tissue, symbols for conditions of 125 Control account symbols 106 Core work class symbols 102 Costs, effect of symbols on cost keeping 21 D Department groups 11 Department indirect expense symbols 24 Department limits defined 10 Department limits, importance of 10 Department symbols 10 Department symbols for large foundr}^ 14 Departmental sub-di^'ision 19 Departmental sub-division, reason for 19 Departmentalizing, scheme of 10 Detail drawing sjrmbols 62 Dewey system 2 Diagnostic symbols 116 Different symbol systems 1 Direct labor account symbols 106 Direct material account symbols 106 Diseases of mind, symbols for 127 Diseases, nervous, sjonbols for 128 Drawing sizes 62 Drawing symbols 61 Drawing and piece symbols identical 63 Drawing symbol suffixes 63 Ductless glands, symbols for conditions of 125 K Example of use of plant sj'mbol . g Expansion, allow for 7 INDEX 159 PAGE Expense account symbols jq^ Expense symbols, indirect 21 Equipment symbols 55 Equipment indirect expense symbols 48 Equipment symbols, need of 55 Equipment symbols, typical list of 57 r Face, symbols for II3 Factory indirect expense symbols 49 Female genital organs, symbols for conditions of 130 Female urethra, symbols for conditions of 130 Filing drawings, symbols aid 63 Filing symbols 97 Filing system, key to 99 Financial department symbols, general 17 Flexibility . . 1 Flexibility, important 5 Forms, sjrmbols for 100 G Gauges, sub-class symbols for Ill General account symbols 109 General administrative department symbols 17 General division, scope of 17 General division symbols, application of 18 General division symbols, form of 17 General expense account symbols, local 108 General financial departments 17 General indirect expense symbols 46 General operating department 17 General overhead expense account symbols 109 General sales department 17 Genital organs, symbols for condition of 133 Gland of Bartholin, symbols for conditions of 133 Gland, bulbourethral, symbols for conditions of 133 Glands, ductless, symbols for conditions of 125 Gland, mammary, symbols for conditions of 135 Glands, parathyroid, symbols for conditions of 126 Glands of skin, conditions of 139 Glands, suprarenal, symbols for conditions of 125 160 INDEX PAGE Glands, thyroid, symbols for conditions of 126 Group method, importance of 12 Gums, symbols for conditions of 119 H Hair, coi ditions of 139 Head, symbols for 113 Hearing, conditions of organ of 137 Heart, symbols for conditions of 124 Hospital department grouping explained 16 Hospital department symbols 15 Human department symbols 112 Human plant symbols 112 Hypophysis, symbols for condition of 125 I Index, importance of 100 Index to filing system 99 Index for piece symbols gg Indirect equipment expense symbols 48 Indirect expense account sjanbols 107 Indirect expense analysis by symbol 50 Indirect expense symbols 21 Indirect expense symbols, department 24 Indirect expense sji'mbols, plant 21 Indirect factory expense symbols 49 Indirect general expense symbols 46 Individual part manufacturing synil)()ls gg Industrial operation symbols 73 Intestines, symbols for conditions of 118 J Jig symbols g2 Jigs, sub-class symbols for HI Jig and tool drawing symbols g4 Joints, symbols for conditions of I30 K Keys, symbols for jq4 Kidneys, conditions of 140 INDEX 161 L PAGE Larynx, symbols for conditions of J3g Ligaments of uterus, symbols for conditions of 131 Literature symbols -j^qq Liver, symbols for conditions of Hg Local general expense account symbols 108 Locks, symbols for 104 Lower extremities, symbols for 115 Lungs, conditions of 13g L5Tnphatic vessels, sjinbols for conditions of 125 Lymph glands, symbols for conditions of 125 M Machining changes 68 Machining change symbols 63 Maintenance expense symbols 48 Major operations, sub-class symbols for Ill Male genital organs, symbols for conditions of 133 Male urethra, symbols for conditions of 133 Mammary gland, symbols for conditions of 135 Manufacturing symbols 97 Master core box symbols 95 Master gauges, sub-class symbols for Ill Master gauge symbols 94 Master jigs, sub-class symbols for Ill Master jig symbols 93, 94 Master patterns, sub-class symbols for Ill Master pattern symbols 95 Master tools, sub-class symbols for Ill Master tool symbols 93 Materials, lots of .^ 104 Memorizing, ease of 15 Mind, diseases of, sj'mbols for conditions of 127 Miscellaneous symbols 100 Miscellaneous symbol groups 92 Mnemonic system 2 Mucous membrane of mouth, symbols for conditions of 119 Mucous membrane of teeth and gums, symbols for conditions of . . . . 119 Mucous membrane of tongue, symbols for conditions of 119 Muscles, symbols for conditions of 126 Muscular system, symbols for conditions of 126 162 INDEX N PAQB Nails, conditions of 139 Nasal cavity, conditions of 136 Nasopharynx, symbols for conditions of 121 Neck, symbols for 113 Need for symbols 4 Nerves, symbols for conditions of 127 Nervous diseases of unknown origin, symbols for 128 Nervous system, symbols for conditions of 127 (Esophagus, symbols for conditions of 120 Office departments ll Omentum, symbols for conditions of 120 Operating department symbols, general l7 Operation symbols 73 Operation symbols, list of industrial 75 Operation symbols, use of 7I Order group symbols 5I Organic chemical symbols §3 Organic symbols, advantages of 8^ Organic symbols, examples of 8^ Organic symbol formation 83 Organic symbol prefixes 83 Organic symbol suffixes 83 Organ of hearing, conditions of 137 Organ of vision and lacrimal apparatus, conditions of I38 Osseous system, symbols for conditions of 129 Ovaries, symbols for conditions of I3I Overhead expense account symbols, general 109 P Pancreas, sj^mbols for conditions of 120 Parathyroid glands, symbols for conditions of 126 Parkhurst system 4 Pathological symbols hq Pattern changes g8 Patterns, sub-class symbols for m Pattern symbols gg Pelvic floor, symbols for conditions of 132 Penis, symbols for conditions of I34 Pericardium, symbols for conditions of 124 INDEX 163 PAGE Perineal region, symbols for jjg Perirectal tissue, symbols for conditions of 121 Peritoneum, symbols for conditions of 220 Pharynx, symbols for conditions of ;^21 Pieces, how to symbolize gg Piece symbols gg Piece symbols, best form of 7q Piece symbol index gg Piece symbols indicate pattern changes gg Piece symbols, use of 7]^ Plant color g Plant indirect expense symbols 21 Plant symbols 7 Plant symbols in combinations g Pleurae, conditions of 136 Pregnancy, symbols for conditions of . 132 Product symbols 103 Property account symbols 106 Prostate, symbols for conditions of 134 R Rectum, symbols for conditions of 121 Regions of the body, symbols for 113 Reproductive system, symbols for conditions of 130 Respiratory system, symbols for conditions of 135 R^sum6 151 Retroperitoneal tissue, symbols for conditions of 121 Routing, symbols aid 20 S Sales account symbols 105 Sales department syrribols, general 17 Salivary glands, symbols for conditions of 121 Seminal vesicles, symbols for conditions of 134 Sense organs, conditions of 137 Sexes, symbols for 112 Shop departments 11 Shop numbers 97 Sinuses, nasal cavity accessory, conditions of 136 Skin, conditions of glands of , 139 Spermatic cord, symbols for conditions of 134 164 INDEX PAGE Spinal cord, symbols for conditions of 129 Spinal meninges, symbols for conditions of 129 Spleen, symbols for conditions of 125 Standardized abbreviations 154 Stomach, symbols for conditions of 122 Sub-class symbols, formation of Ill Sub-class symbols, organic 83 Sub-classification 110, 116, 146 Sub-classification symbols 110 Sub-division, departmental 19 Suprarenal glands, symbols for conditions of 125 Surgery 141 T Teeth, symbols for conditions of 119 Tegumentary system, conditions of 139 Tendons, symbols for conditions of 126 Tendon sheaths, symbols for conditions of 126 Testicle, symbols for conditions of 134 Thymus, symbols for conditions of 126 Thyroid glands, symbols for conditions of 126 Tonsils, symbols for conditions of 121 Tool symbols 92 Tool and jig drawing symbols 64 Tools, sub-class symbols for HI Trachea, symbols for conditions of 135 U Upper extremities, symbols for 115 Ureter, conditions of 140 Urethra, female, sj'mbols for conditions of 130 Urethra, male, symbols for conditions of I33 Urinary bladder, conditions of 140 Urinary system, conditions of 140 Use of organic and inorganic symbols in combination 91 Use of piece symbols 7I Uterine tubes, symbols for conditions of 131 Uterus, symbols for conditions of 13]^ INDEX 165 V PAGE Vagina, symbols for conditions of 132 Veins, symbols for conditions of 124 Vision, conditions of organ of 138 Vulva, symbols for conditions of 133 W Work numbers 53 Work point symbols 19