Jlt^aca, SSeni fork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 ENGINEERING LIBRARY GB 1086.E7W57"i9i'|"'' """"' ^^SSIiifffiK^^ssex, from undergro 3 1924 004 734 806 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004734806 MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. RNGLAND AND WALES. THE WATER SUPPLY OP ESSEX FROM UNDERGROUND SOURCES. BY W. WHITAKER, B.A, F.H.S., AND J. 0. THRESH, M.D., D.Sc, D.P.H., F.I.C. The Rainfall, by H. R. Mill, D.Sc, LL.D. LONDON : PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE By JAS. TRUSCOTT and SON, Ltd., Cannon Street, E.C. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, Ltd., 12, 13 and 14, Long Acbb, London, W.C. ; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Ltd., Grafton Street, Dublin. From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHER UNWIN, Limited,'i, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C., who is the Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. 1916. Price Fifteen Shillings. Memoirs on the Underground Water Supply of the following counties have been published : — - Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire, 1909. Pp. vi, 230, 2 maps. Price 4s. 6d. Berkshire, 1902. Pp. iv, 115. Price 3s. Hampshire, 1910. Pp. vi, 252, 2 maps. Price 5s. Kent, 1908. Pp. vi, 399, map. In cloth. Price 8s. 6d Lincolnshire, 1904. Pp. vi, 229, map. Price 4s. 6d. ■" Nottinghamshire, 1914. Pp. iv, 174, 2 maps. Price 5s. Oxfordshire, 1910. Pp. iv,.108, map. Price 2s. 3d. Suffolk, 1906. Pp. vi, 177, map. Price 3s. 6d. SuiTey, 1912. Pp. vi. 352, map. In cloth. Price 7s. Sussex, 1899. Pp. iv, 124. Price 3s. „ Supplement, 1911. Pp. v-viii, 125-255, map. Price 2s. 6d. Yorkshire, East Riding, 1906. Pp. viii., 181, map and 3 sections. Price 3s. Also Records of London Wells, 1913. Pp. iv, 215, 2 maps and diagram. Price 4s. 6d. Notes on Sources of Temporary Water Supply in the South of England and Neighbouring Parts of the Continent, 1914. Price 2d. Ill PREFACE. The present volume is an important addition to the series of County Water Supply Memoirs in course of publication by the Geological Survey. In consequence of the wide extent of the county and the many interesting problems connected with its water-resources, this memoir exceeds in size any previous volume of the series. Along with the latest information concerning water-supply, it contains many extracts from old records showing the conditions in past times, and thus furni-shes an instructive illustration of the progress that has been made in matters of public health. The services of Mr. W. Whitaker, formerly of the Geological Survey, and of Dr. J. C. Thresh, for many years the Medical Officer of Health for Essex, were fortunately available for the prepiiration of this memoir. Mr. Whitaker, during his official connection with the Survey, obtained an intimate knowledge of the geology of the county and, since his retirement, has devoted particular attention to the sources of water. Dr. Thi^sh, through a prolonged study of the chemistry of the Essex waters, has been able to contribute an account of the subject that is not only more detailed as regards the county than any work of the kind hitherto published, but is of great general interest. He has also freely drawn upon a great store of information relating to all questions of water-supply, which he has gained during his official connection with the County. As in previous memoirs, the rainfall of the county has been dealt with by Dr. H. R. Mill. Mr. Whitaker has acted as general editor and has been assisted in the preparation of the MS. and in correcting proofs by his son, Mr. H. L. Whitaker. Besides the specific acknowledgments made in the text, the authors desire collectively to thank the numerous engineers, well-sinkers and other observers for assistance freely rendered in gathering the information now published. A. Strahan, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W. IQth December, 1915. (3327.) Wt. 9789-47. 500. 6/16. J. T. & S., Ltd. G. 14. A 2 IV CONTENTS. PAGE iii Pbeface by the Direotoe Intbodtjctobt. Population. Surface-levels. Rivers. Methods of Water Supply 1 Geologic Foemations. General Account. Water-bearing Beds (Drift Gravel and Sand, Boulder Clay and London Clay, Lower London Tertiaries, Chalk, the Underground Water-level in the Chalk around the Head- waters of the Stort and of the Cam) ... ' 5 The Chemistey of Essex Watees. General Remarks. Waters from Sand and Gravel, Drift. Waters from the Lower London Tertiaries. Deep-seated Waters from the Lower London Tertiaries and the Chalk. Action of Essex Water on Metals 15 Rainfall 38 Spbings, &c. Chalk. London Clay. Bagshot Beds. Drift Gravel and Sand. Mineral Springs 47 Contamination and Risk theeeof. General Remarks. Local Cases (Terling, Wicken Bonhunt, Stock, Southend, Writtle, Rainham, Romford Rural District, Earl's Colne, Dunmow Rural District). Possibility of Pollution of Deep Wells 53 MisCELLANEOiTS. Geologio Information from Wells and Borings. The East Anglian Earthquake and Underground Water. Effect of Pumping on Wells and Springs. Hard and Soft Water. Temperature of Well Waters 64 Supplies feom Spbings 73 Supplies fbom Wells 83 Details of Wells, and of Boeings fob Watee 86 Tkial Boeings not foe Watee. Metropolitan Board of Works, from Contract Drawings. Metropolitan Board of Works, MS. For Docks. For Railways. Miscellaneous 323 Analyses of Speing Watebs 346 Analyses of Well Watebs 354 Bibliogeaphy. Geological Survey Publications. Reports, Privy Council and Local Government Board. Books, Papers, &c. ... 467 Addenda ... ... 474 Index ... ... ... ... 494 PLATES AT END. 1. Map showing the Underground Water-level in the Chalk around the Head-waters of the Stort and of the Cam 2. Map showing the amount of Chlorine in Deep Well Waters 3. Map showing Wells giving Alkaline Wnters 4. Rainfall Map iNTEODUCTORt. INTEODUCTORY. POPULATION. Although no part of Essex is included in the municipal area of London, yet on^ can hardly regard its south-western comer as anything but a part of London, and it is dependent chiefly on the metropolitan water supply. The county of Essex had a population of 1,351,102 at the Census of 1911, showing an increase of 24-6 ^er cent, since that of 1901. These figures include the population of West BLam, then the only county-borough. Since the Census,- however, Southend has become one, and this year East Ham will also be one (1915). Four of what may be called the metropolitan boroughs or dis- tricts had a population of over 100,000, two other places of over 50,000, and eight others of over 10,000, to which one more is now added. These are as follows, in the order of the estimated figures for 1913, which have been furnished by the Registrar-General : — Present Census population. Increase over last. estimate (middle of 1913). West Ham 289,102 21,744 -or 8-1 p.c. 294,223 East Ham 133,504 37,496 or 39-1 p.c. 142,467 Walthamstow, Urban District 124,597 29,466 or 31- p.c. 131,636 Leyton, Urban District 124,736 25,824 or 26-1 p.c. 130,922 Ilford, Urban District 78,205 36,961 or 89-6 p.c. 87,040 Southend 62,723 33,866 or 117-4 p.c. 70,825 Colchester 43,463 5,090 44,669 Barking Town, Urban District 31,302 9,7.55 or 45-3 p.c 33,629 Woodford, Urban District ... 18,497 4,699 19,622 Chelmsford 18,008 2,436 18,592 Romford, Urban District 16,972 3,316 17,764 Grays Thurrock, Urban District 16,003 2,169 16,517 Wanstead, Urban District ... 13,831 4,652 14,944 Harwich (including Dovercourt) 13,623 3,553 14,473 Claoton, Urban District 9,777 2,321 10,333 The present estimate for Southend has been increased to 79,789, owing to extension of the borough in November, 1913. SURFACE -LEVELS. Whilst Essex contains no really high ground, the highest point being 455 ft. above Ordnance Datum, near Duddenhoe End ( ? in the parish of Elmdon), but little of the county indeed being above the 400 ft. oontour, and that only in the north-western part, yet it has fairly divei'sified country, with wooded hills and slopes and pleasant valleys. Nowhere perhaps are the beauties of a clay-tract more in evi- dence, by far the greater part of Epping Forest, that popular tract so well-known for its sylvan and botanic attractions, being based on London Clay, with the addition only of sundry patches of gravel and sand. A marked feature of the southern part of the county is made by the broad marshes of the tidal Thames and of its former continua- ESSEX WATEB SUPPLY. tion northward; tracts which are almost wholly beneath the present level of high water. It should be noted that Essex has suffered in very late years from a lowering of 22 ft. in its highest level, though not from natural causes. A change of county-boundary threw the parishes of Great and Little Chishall and of Heydon into Cambridgeshire, and this took with it a height of 479 ft. at Great Chishall. As a curiosity in names it is notable that the bordering Essex parish, Chrishall, differs only by a letter. RIVEHS. As regards its rivers Essex is a thretvfold county : a trinity in unity. The southern part belongs to the Thames, and is bordered throughout by the tidal river, except for an inctirsive fragment of Kent, in this Memoir restored to its proper geographic place {see pp. 321, 322). Into the tidal Thames flow the following streams: — The Lea (which generally forms the western border of the county, with its tributaries, notably the Start, which continues, the boundary) ; the Roding (at Barking Creek), which is wholly an Essex stream, as also are the still smaller streams to the east; namely, the Bean (near Dagenham); the Ingrehourne (near Rainham) ; the Mar Dyhe at Purfleet; and sundry brooks that are without name on the Ordnance one-inch map. On the east our county is bordered by the sea, into which flow the following rivers : — The Crouch, with the Roach ; the Black- water or Pant, with its various components, the Can, the Chelnier, the Wid, the Ter, and the Brain; the Colne, with its tributaries, the Roman River, the Bourne Brook, and the F rating Brook; the small Holland Brook. All these, be it noted, are purely Essex streams, and in addition there is the Stour, which forms the north- eastern boundary of the county and has tributaries from Essex, in the shape of the Belchamp River and other small streams. Although the rivers noticed in the last paragraph are now inde- pendent, we should not lose sight of the safe inference that they were once tributaries of an extended Thames, .from which they have been separated by the cutting back of the land that has been going on for countless years and is still steadily progressing. Whilst, therefore, Essex may be described as chiefly in the basin of the Thames, or of a once extended Thames, yet on the north-west' it is in a different basin, that of the Ouse, its one northerly flowing tributary being the Cam, the head-waters of which are in Essex. The rivers of the county then flow in three general directions, southward, eastward and northward, only some insignificant feeders of the Lea flowing westward. Of course, some streams have an occasional and local westerly course, which, however, does not afiect the general direction, and one tributary of the Thames, the Mar Dyke, takes a westerly course at the last, into the easterly flowing tidal river, in defiance of the general rule that a tributary joins a main stream in a direction not reverse to the flow of the latter. It has been suggested that the main stream once flowed along what has since become the Mar Dyke channel. INTEODUCTOKY. o METHODS OF WATER SUPPLY. With the exception of the metropolitan part of the county, in the south-western corner, which gets its supply of water from the Metropolitan Water Board, Essex is dependent on wells, with some help from spring's. There are, however, but few cases of widespread supply, the most notable one being that of the South Essex Company, which joins on to the metropolitan supply on the west. The other not- able case is that of the Southend Water Company, which, in its turn joins the South Essex district on the west, and the extent of which has been brought about by the impossibility of getting any- thing like the needful amount for Southend within the border of that place. The company has been forced to make a great number of wells, many at a considerable distance from the town, and of course has to supply the places from which the water is taken. Several other pumping stations have been proposed. These two companies practically deal with the southern margin of the county, outside the metropolitan supply, and that southern margin is therefore well provided. The only other large supply is that of Colchester, the whole of which is 'got in or close to the town ;- but the Tendring Hundred Company supplies Harwich and a fairly large more or less rural area, and the Herts and Essex Company supplies many places in the north-west. It must be understood that in the districts of supply of widely extending companies it is often the case that old supplies from shallow wells are still used, and sometimes to a great extent. The substitution of a company's supply is often a slow matter. So long ago as 1839 Dr. Mitchell wrote as follows^ : — . " There is, perhaps, no part of the world where artesian wells are more general, or are more useful than in Essex. In the vale of the Lea they have been bored with the greatest facility and at a small expense. ... In the district of Bulpham Fen . . . they yield a large supply of water. In the marshes, as well as along the coast, and in the islands of Essex, they have proved of the greatest utility. Formerly, in some seasons, when the ditches became dry, the cattle suffered, the fishes died, and the farmer lost severely on his stock ; but by the aid of artesian wells the ditches are now kept full all the year. ... In Foulness Island there are no natural springs, and until lately no water, except atmospheric, collected in ditches. In hot seasons this water became putrid, but the inhabitants and the cattle continued to partake of it as long as it •lasted; and supplies were then obtained, at the distance of seven miles, from the east end of the island. Artesian wells now keep the ditches full of fresh and sweet water Wallisea, Mersea, and other islands have profited in a similar manner." Now it is doubtful whether so good a view of matters can be taken : the increase in the number of wells has in places resulted in the lowering of the water-level. An old MS. of Sir J. Prestwich (1849) is to the like effect. He says that on almost every farm on these islands (in the marshes) there is a well ; that some rixn faster at high water than at low, and ' Proc. Geol. Soc, vol. iii, p. 133. 4 ESSfiX WAtEB SUtPLY. ' that they run the same winter and summer, hot or dry. The watel' which comes from sands sometimes rose 300 ft. in less than three minutes, and he records a number of overflowing wells in the various marshes that form so large a part of the south-eastern corner of the county. Essex can boast of an old public supply, for Dr. Layer has said that Colchester " had a public water supply in 1424, and it had been almost continuous ever since. "^ '■ Slii*x NalurcUist, 1912, vol. xvi, p. 311. GEOlOGIC FORMATIONS. GEOLOGIC FOEMATIONS. GENERAL ACCOUNT. Tke whole county of Essex is in that great geologic district known as the London Basin. This is a long and very irregular shaped fiattish trough, narrowing westward; but very broad on the east, in which direction it is continued under the sea. The Chalk forms the rims, usually broad, and the base, whilst the various Tertiary Beds fill the inner part, in successive layers, and the various divisions of the Drift occur irregularly over all. On the north-west Essex includes part of the northern outcrop of the Chalk, largely hidden by Drift, and it just reaches to the southern outcrop, in the middle of the southern edge of the county. By far the greater part of Essex, however, is based on the Eocene Tertiaries, and this part is essentially a London Clay tract, modi- fied by coverings of Drift (Boulder Clay and Gravels). This Drift, irregularly disposed, occurs sometimes as great sheets (for the most part one great sheet), but often as separate strips or patches. Of the formations named in the table some occur only in a few small patches at the surface and have no underground extent : this is the case with the Blown Sand and Shingle, and with the Crag. The Bagshot Beds, too, are present merely as cappings of some of the hills, but extend sometimes beneath Drift. The Alluvium forms the flat bottoms of the stream-valleys and is of fairly broad extent along the Thames, and still more so along the sea-bord of the south-eastern corner of the county. The Lower London Tertiaries have a long continuous outcrop, except for cappings of Drift, on the north-west and on the south- west, and they continue underground in the tract between, as well as in the eastern part of the county. All the divisions, however, are not so ever-present, but only the middle one, the Woolwich and Reading Beds. The various gravels and sands of the Drift are of very irregular occurrence, as isolated patches, in many cases very small ; as long narrow spreads, ■" either along the lower parts of the valleys or fringing the Boulder Clay of the liigher ground ; or as a broader sheet, in the valley of the Thames. The two dominant formations at the surface are the Boulder Clay and the London Clay, which latter reaches its greatest recorded thickness in Essex, namely 530 ft. at Ingatestone (see p. 201). The Chalk is the one formation that occurs over the whole county, to a comparatively small extent at the surface, but everywhere else underground. It is, too, the thickest forma- tion of the county, as far as is known, 890 ft. having been recorded at Harwich, on the north-east (see p. 184), though on the south- west, at East Ham, the thickness has decreased to 647 ft (see p. 144). Besides these two there are only two other borings in tlie county that go through the Chalk from top to bottom, at Louo-hton (648i ft., see p. 218) and at Weeley, where a trial- boring has proved 822i ft. of Chalk (see pp. 343, 344). Of the beds below the Chalk, which do not crop out anywhere m the county, the TJ]ippr Green sand has been i^assed through in two borings on the west, with a thickness of 37 ft. at East Ham (see 6 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. p. 144) and an indeteriniBate one, probably about the same, at Loughton {see p. 218). It does not occur on the east. The Gault, whicli presumably occurs underground tlii'oughout, has been passed through in four places, besides Saffron Walden (with no good record), and its thickness varies from 61 and 70 ft. on the east, at Harwich and Weeley {see pp. 184, 343) to 163 on the west, at East Ham, and probably about the same at Loughton ; at which latter place only (save Saffron Walden?) has Lower Greensand been found. The following list shows the formations which occur at the surface in Essex. The majority of the divisions are of Quaternary and late Tertiary age. Most of the rest belong to the older Tertiaries, only one being of Secondary age. The right column notes the divisions coloured on the Geological' Survey Maps : — Pleistocene Pliocene Eocene C Blown Sand. i Shelly Sand and Shingle (marine). (. Alluvium. T5- TT 11 T-. -u. f Briokearth or Loam. River or Valley Drift. | ^^^^^j ( Loam. i Gravel (various). (_ Pebble Gravel. C Boulder Clay. ...i Loam. (. Gravel and Sand. f Chillesford Beds (clayey). '" l Bed Crag. C Pebble-beds. •■■(Sand. London Clay. ("Oldhaven Beds. < Woolwich and Reading Beds. (.Thanet Beds. ... Chalk. Recent Plateau Drift (of doubtful age). Glacial Drift Upper Crag Bagshot Beds Lower London Tertiaries. Upper Cretaceous The divisions of the Chalk have not yet been traced, but whilst in the greater part of the county the Upper Chalk only occurs at the surface or at no very great depth, the Middle Chalk also crops out on the north-west. Some deep wells and borings have also reached the Lower Chalk, and in addition the following have been proved in like manner ; but beneath the Cretaceous there is a great gap, and, whilst Jurassic Beds were probably pierced at Saffron Walden {see p. 353), we have no certain evidence, and we cannot chronicle anything else of post-Devonian age: — Selborman[ Upper Gi-eensand. Lower Cretaceous. Lower Greensand. Devonian or Old Red Sandstone. Silurian or older. WATER-BEARING BEDS. Turning now to the consideration of those of the above-men- tioned formations which are notable as jdelding water in Essex, we begin with the gravels and sands of the Valley Drift, of the Plateau Drift and of the Glacial Drift, which, for the present pur- pose may all be taien together, regardless of comparatively small differences in geologic ago. All are deposits of one kind, and GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. ( mostly occur under like conditions, resting irregularly on what- ever may happen to be below,' and being of no great thickness as a rule. Drift. Gravel and Sand. On the whole these beds are probably the most pervious that we have to deal with here, and they are important as often being the only source from which a small local supply can be got, at a reasonable cost at all events. Sometimes, too, they yield a sup- plementary supply to that got from deeper sources. They cannot be neglected in such a county as Essex. Of course, it is essential in dealing with these shallow supplies that regard shall be paid to protection from risk of surface-pollu- tion, whether by the avoidance or the removal of things that tend to that danger. It must be remembered, however, that the pas- sage of water through a great length of gravel or sand amounts to effective natural filtration. The following remarks by J. M. Wood serve as an illustra- tion of the amount of water that may exist in our gravels.^ They follow a description of the springs near Colchester (see pp. 75, 78). Taking the average yearly rainfall over the large gravel-tract as 20'15 ins., and assuming that 37 per cent, of this (7-45 ins.) " percolates into the formation, then each square mile will absorb, say, 107,864,229 gallons of water, equal to a daily yield there- from, if conditions are favourable, of some 259,518 gallons." Taking the gravel-tract as 12 square miles " then the quantity contained therein will be . . . 1,294,370,748 gallons, equal to a daily supply therefrom of 3,546,216 gallons." The amount taken by the Corporation of Colchester " from all their springs . . . probably does not exceed, say, 550', 000 gallons (a day) . . . con sequently there is a considerable quantity of water escaping along the fringe of this plateau of gravel in the shape of visible and invisible springs other than those mentioned, and feeding the rivers and streams bounding the gathering ground." Of course, the above high figures refer only to the amount of water that gets into the gravel : what can be got out is a very different thing, and it is only in certain places that a large amount can be got. One of Me. Wood's objects in describing the Colchester springs is to impress on communities that they may have ' ' a supply of water within sight of their doors, and all that is needed to bring it into use is a little common sense combined with geological, medical, chemical, and engineering skill." The mixture is cer- tainly a ^oodone; but it is sometimes hard to bring it about. " Prejudice has existed in the past against so-called surface springs, but all water which we consume, whether it has been collected from the moors or the hill-side ... or taken from rivers ... or pumped from wells . . . has at one time or another been in contact with the surface. Even a well sunk into the open chalk is as liable to be polluted by man as a gravel supply, if not protected." ' Essex Naturalist, 1912, vol. xvii, pp. 32, 33. 8 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLt. In speaking of Chelmsford, where he had to do work in saving waste of water, Cttthbert Brown has said that the gravel- subsoil " lends itself very much to water waste . . . and it had been remarked by some of the old residents in the district that their own private wells never ran dry, and this was afterwards found to be owing to the waste that was taking place in the Council's mains,"! ^j^g -^yater from them going into the gravel which supplied the aforesaid wells. Truly a peculiar method of public supply ! T. S. Dymond has made the following observations^: — " The water obtained from wells sunk into gravelly pockets of [? in] the London-clay is often excessively hard, the hardness being partly due to sulphate of lime. In one such water from Wickford I found the jiermanent hardness was equal to 93 parts of sulphate of lime per 100,000, and another from Ingrave to 112 parts. In such waters, however, part of the hardness is invariably due to sulphate of magnesia." " That such excessive quantities of sulphate of lime are not found associated with the Boulder-clay is sufficiently explained ly its permeability to water. The rain water draining through the Boulder-clay dissolves from the surface and carries with it the sulphate of lime, and the water issuing from springs at the out- crop of the undeilying gravel, contains appreciable, but not exces- sive, quantities of the salt." Dr. Thresh has remarked that " at Great and Little Braxted, Great and Little Totham, Wickham Bishop, and Tiptree Heath, where the Glacial gravel is raised and exposed so as to be beyond the influence of the Boiilder clay, ' ' the water is ' ' almost destitute of carbonate of lime. In the Chelmsford and Maldon districts these are the only parishes yielding such waters. In all others we find that most of the water in the gravel must have perco- lated through the Boulder clay which, in some places, is far more pervious than is generally supposed. The springs at Writtle, Roxwell, Chignall, and Ford End are at the edge of patches of gravel, most of which is covered with Boulder clay. As this latter contains a considerable amount of chalk, the water, in percolating throiigh, dissolves a certain amount, and its temporary hardness, due to the dissolved carbonate of lime, is increased." Moreover, " waters obtained from wells sunk through the Boulder clay to the gravels and sands lying between this and the London Clay . . . contain from 10 to 30 grains of carbonate of lime per gallon." " I have no evidence that there is any difference between ' Bag- shot ' and ' Drift ' waters, except such as can be accounted for by the influence of the Boulder clay, or the proximity of villages with defective sanitary arrangements."^ It is clearly needless here to separate the small areas of Bagshot Beds and the still smaller ones of Crag from the widely distri- buted Drift Gravel and Sand, all being much alike, as regards water, and all coming above the London Clay. ' Journ. Inst. San. Eng., 1913, vol. xvii, pt. i, p. 34. ' Essex Naturalist, 1905, vol. xiv, p. 62. ' Essex Naturalist, 1893, vol. vii, p. 31. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. » Boulder Clay and London Clay. Althougli the Boulder Clay cannot be classed amongst water- bearing formations, yet, in common with other clayey deposits, small amounts of water are occasionally got from this division of the Drift, and the following remarks thereon have been made by Dr. Thresh : " In certain localities, I have observed a peculiarity of the Boulder clay water which . . . when freshly drawn, has the . odour of -rotten eggs . . . due to a trace of sulphuretted hydrogen; but how the gas is produced, and why peculiar to localised areas, I cannot explain. It is very probably formed by the reduction of a sulphate by some peculiar organism, or by dead organic matter. . . . The general public, however, invariably ascribe the smell to sewage, pollution ; but my analyses do not con- firm this opinion. The smell very rapidly disappears if the water is left in an open vessel, the gas being oxidized by the exposure to air."i The London Clay, too, on the whole is anything but water- bearing, yet some water is occasionally met with where sandy beds occur in it. The basement-bed generally consists of a few feet of more or less permeable material, and in former times water seems to have been got from this at some places ; but it may be diffi- cult to recognise this water apart from that got from the beds beneath. Dr. Thresh remarked in 1893 that in some places " we meet with waters containing much sulphate of magnesia. In such cases the water seems to be derived from small beds of sand in the London Clay. On the east of Galleywood Common we recently made a few trial bores, finding water at a depth of about twenty feet; but it contained so much sulphate of magnesia (Epsom Salts) as to be unfit for any domestic purpose. At Margaretting Tye there is a well (now closed) yielding such water, and at West Hanningfield there is a similar well. . . . What is the source of this magnesia? and are the beds of sand yielding such waters limited to the upper portion of the London Clay?"^ More detailed remarks on the chemistry of waters are given further on, pp. 15-37. Lower London Tertiaries. This varying set of sands, clays and pebble-beds is of more importance, from a water-supply point of view, in Essex than in any other county ; and for the following reasons : — Whereas in some parts of the London Basin the middle division only, the Beading Beds, is present, and often consists largely, sometimes almost wholly, of clay; in the southern part of Essex the top division, the Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds, is often pre- sent, and it consists of sand and pebble-beds; so also the lowest division, the Thanet Beds, is everywhere present on the south, and consists of sand on the west, but with some clayey beds on the east where, however, as if to make up for this, the Woolwich Beds are in great part sandy. Moreover, the total thickness of the Series is considerable, as ' Essex Naturalist, 1893, vol. vii, p. 31. = Essex Naturalist, vol. vii, pp. 31, 32. 10 ESSEX WAa*ER SUPPLY. compared with what is found in many other tracts, that is to say, in the southern part of the county, where, on the east, many borings show a thickness of 150 ft. or more, and as great a thick- ness as 181 ft. has been recorded. Again, it seems that water in the Chalk passes up, under pressure, into the Tertiary sands, and often, whilst it is difficult to get water from the Chalk by boring, these sands have a fair yield. A boring that passes through sand more or less charged with water, on reaching the Chalk may easily avoid cutting any of the fissures along which water usually travels. In Essex, therefore, the Lower London Tertiaries are second only to the Chalk amongst water-bearing formations. Many years ago De. Mitchell, one of the pioneer-writers on wells, said, in a paper devoted to our county^ : — "A sufficient supply of water is sometimes found in the first bed of sand (beneath the London Clay), but it is more often necessary to sink to that (Thanet Sand) resting immediately on the chalk, on reaching which a vast volume of water rushes up, and compels the well- digger to ascend precipitately to the surface." This is interesting as illustrating the fact that in former times the sandy beds of the Lower London Tertiaries were recognised as the water-bearing beds, and that the Chalk was not as a rule pene- trated to any great depth. Records of old wells, such as those at East Hanningfield (p. 145) and at Harwich (p. 184) show the same thing. Now, however, we do not hear of well-sinkers being hastily driven to ascend, from the rapid inflow of water. Many more wells and much heavier pumping have presumably altered things. Indeed, of late years there has been a reversion to the Lower London Tertiaries as a source of water-supply, it having been found in many. cases that tliie Chalk has failed to yield anything but a very small amount of water, as in the case of many of the wells of the Southend Water Companj^. Challi. This, the thickest of Essex formations, must be regarded also as the chief one in the matter of water, though in many parts, where reached only at great depths, it fails to yield large supplies. Water mostly travels through the Chalk along the joint-planes, more or less vertical planes that cut across the formation in various directions, though often there is one dominant direction. In the southern outcrop of the Chalk in Essex, as on the opposite side of the Thames, in Kent, the chief planes of jointing tend to run in a direction roughly from N.W. to S.E. It is clear, there- fore, that it is on\j where these planes are not closed up, but form fissures, mostly very narrow, that water can flow along them in notable quantity. Where, therefore, the Chalk is subjected to the pressure of a great thickness of overlying beds, and where it has a more or less troughed arrangement, however slight, there is a tendency for the mass as a whole to be compacted, and its fissures to be closed. ' Proc. Qeol. Soc, 1839, vol. iii, p. 133. GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS. 11 Moreover, where the Chalk is at 'a great depth it has to be reached by boring, the sinking of a very deep shaft being a costly matter. To get large supplies from the Chalk it is generally needful to cut a goodly number of the water-bearing fissures, and this can only be done by driving horizontal headings from a shaft ; borings may easily escape from cutting fissures, passing down between them. It is doubtful, however, whether in most parts of Essex satisfactory results could be got hj horizontal work in the deep-seated- compact Chalk. 'These joint-planes or fissures may reach for long distances, and therefore may carry water from very distant parts. Dr. Thresh has said : — ' ' It is possible . . . that there may be at some point or points freely intercommunicating fissures extending into Kent and bringing water in quantity from that county into Essex. The water at Mucking, for example, corresponds much more nearly in character with Kent water than with any found in Essex, save at very distant points."^ One of the very few attempts to show the level of the top of the Chalk underground, beneath the Eocene Tertiary beds, over a considerable area, has been made for our county by W. H. Dalton,^ who'saj's : — "If the surface of the Chalk were a uniform plane the determination of its position with regard to sea-level of [at] any desired point would be one of the most simple geometrical problems . . . but the case is very much otherwise. Instead of a plane we have an elaborately-puckered surface." This is illustrated by the map given, which is on the scale of ten miles to an inch. On this a set of more or less curved lines show the depth to the top of the Chalk, in relation to Ordnance Datum, in hundreds of feet, from 200 ft. above that level, in the north- western part of the county, to 600 ft. below it in the south-eastern part. " The straighter lines are faults whose existence is imperceptible on the surface of homogeneous clay, even where not concealed by drift, but which are sufficiently established by their effect on the Chalk contour-lines." Of course some of these lines might now be drawn somewhat differently, many borings to the Chalk having been made since this paper was read. The lines show various flexures in the Chalk. One of these is "the great faulted undulation of Tiptree Heath" (see pp. 281, 312) which "has quite recentljr been again proved at Messing, and its course through Suffolk is traceable. . . . Along Tiptree ridge it is a faulted anticlinal for several miles. From Wickham Bishop it is traceable with less distinctness by Danburv to the south-west, its effects being complicated by a series of obliquely transverse flexures and fractures." Other coses are " the parallel fault from Walton to Prittlewell, the anticlinal of Mersea and Burnham . . . the east and west fractures from . . . Waltham- stow to Burnham." These are all more f)r less from S.W. to N.E. " The lines of flexure and fault of N.W.-S.E. trend are less regular, of shorter continuance and variable direction. . . ." ' Eeport on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 17. ^ The Undulations of the Chalk in Essex. Essex Natiiralisf 1891, vol. v, pp. 113-117, pi. iii. Partly reproduced in De. Thresh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, pp. 17-19, plate. 12 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. " Altogether the Essex Chalk shows a range of elevation of about 1,200 feet from its greatest depression at Fowlness, over 600 feet below the sea-level, to the 600 feet above sea which, but for denudation, it would exceed in the north-western corner of the county." Mr. Dalton has noted corrections that should be made on his map from information given by borings in Foulness, where the Chalk might be reached at the depth of about 450 ft. below Ordn^ance Datum. This would affect the 400 ft., the 500 ft., and the 600 ft. contour-lines. '^ This subject and that of underground water-level has been referred to, for the extreme south-western corner of Essex (West Ham, Woodford, Ilford), in the Geological Survey Memoir " Records of London Wells," 1913, in which three small maps are given, on p. 13, showing variations in underground water-level, one of which " strangely enough records a rise in the area about Lea Bridge" (p. 12). Plate i. is a map (on the scale of 2 miles to an inch) of contours in the underground water-surface, from above Ordnance Datum to 25, 50 and 75 ft. below it. Plate ii. is a corresponding map of the Pre-Tertiary Chalk-surface, from Ordnance Datum to 100, 150," and 200 ft. below it. It is of interest to note that Harold Warren has written a paper on Water-levels in the Chalk near Royston, dealing with those parts of Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire which adjoin the NW. corner of Essex, and part of which indeed was once in Essex (see above, p. 2). A tabular record of many wells is given, with a map and four sections, two of which show the fall of the underground water-plane from the top of the Chalk escarp- ment northward toward the springs at the foot.^ Another piece of work of a like sort, referring to another border- county, was published late in 1913. In a paper on the Chalk of Suffolk,' P. G. H. BoswELL gives a map "showing Contour Lines for the Top of the Chalk, ' ' in which ho extends those lines southward into the north-eastern part of Essex. The line for 50 ft. below Ordnance Datum runs from a little north of Manning- 'tree to a little north of Colchester ; that for 100 ft. from the coast south of Harwich to north of Weeley; that for 150 ft. from the coast north of Walton-on-Naze to about half-way from that place to Weeley ; and that for 200 ft. in the sea near Walton. To the above published information we are now able to add a much more detailed account for part of the north-western corner of Essex. The Underground Water-level in the Chalk around the Head- waters of the Start and of the Cam. An investigation of this tract was made for the promoters of the proposed South Essex Water Board Bill in 1900. Messrs. H. ' Essex Naturalist, vol. xv, 1908, pp. 124, 125. = Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1897, vol. ix, pt. vi, pp. 209-214, pi. vi. ' Journ. Ipswich Field Club, 1913, vol. iv, pp. 17-26, map. The map, with slight difference, in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1914, vol. Ixix, pi. Ijv. GEOLOGIC rOEMATIONS. 13 E.OFE & Son, who did the work, have kindly put it at our disposal, with a map (Ordnance) on the scale of an inch to a mile, from which Plate 1 has been reduced. H. J. Eofe has also given the four following descriptive paragraphs : — The area over which the observations were taken reached roughly from Bishop's Stortford, on the south, to Saffron Walden, on the north, and from Royston, on the west, to Radwinter on the east. The contour-lines of water-levels at each 25 ft. above Ordnance Datum., marked on the map, show the level of saturation in the Chalk of the district in April, 1900. These lines are deduced from the level of the water in the 65 wells shown by numbers on the map (Plate 1), with the water- levels, and are set out in the following table. The fixed point from which the depth of the water was to be measured at each well was accurately levelled beforehand, and the measurements were made between the 12th and 18th of April (57 of them on the 12th and 13th) ; so that they were practically simultaneous, and therefore the effect of seasonal fluctuation was eliminated. We have therefore a record of the precise state of things at a definite time, with hardly a chance of change as between one place and another. Water-level in No. on Map. Site of Well. feet above Ordnance Datum 1 Little Chesterford Post Office 129.29 2 Badlands HaU, ChrishaU 157.5 3 New Buildings, Great ChrishaU ... 135.84 4 Heydon Lane Bottom, ChrishaU 249.66 5 Poplar Farm, Elmsdon 148.94 6 StrethallHall 179.07 7 Elmdon 220.7 8 ,, Vicarage 222.63 9 ChrishaU Parsonage Farm 240.82 10 „ ViUage 187.79 11 Barley, near Fox and Hound Inn _ ... 171.12 12 ,, Mr. Wilkerson's ' ... 190.85 13 Next to Smithy 190.64 14 Barkway, Newsells ... 216.21 15 „ NewseUs ViUage 218 95 16 Shaftenhoe End, Barley 206.61 17 Little Chishall, Manor House 242.28 18 ChrishaU, Lower Farm ... ' 276.97 19 „ near Nursery 266.34 20 Wenden Lofts, MUl House 247. 21 Elmdon Lee 198.98 22 Littlebury, How HaU 181.73 23 Avenue Cottage 166.63 24 „ WindmiU Pump 152.65 25 „ opposite Smithy 140.98. 26 Saffron Walden, South of New Houses 155.73 27 ,, ,, Waterworks 151.82 28 ,, ,, Sewers6nd Road 1.57.52 29 Thaxted Road 158.31 30 Pleasant VaUey 1.58.86 31 Radwinter Brewery 251.03 32 Wendens Ambo, near School 180.34 33 „ „ near BeU Tnn 180.54 34 ,, „ Clanverend Bridge 188.84 14 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Water-level in No. on Map. Site of WelL feet above Ordnance Datum.' 35 Langley, The Hall 252.62 36 „ Brick House 254.78 37 Arkesden, Green Man Inn 215.79 38 Debden Deans 199.2 39- Clavering, HiU Green 225.67 40 „ Fox and Hounds Inn 232.65 41 „ near Church 234.32 42 „ TheHaU 236.63 43 Berden, near Post Office 234.37 44 „ RookesFarm 230.66 45 „ Woodside Cottage 230.22 46 Quendon, The Views ... 221.91 47 „ Cottages, near Broomwood 219.37 48 Ugley, Chequers Inn , 220.86 49 „ Cottage, Vicarage Lane .. . ... ... 219.61 50 Manuden 219.33 51 „ Catherme Buildings 219.13 52 „ Battles Farm 225.07 53 Fumeux Pelham, East End 245.97 64 „ „ Brewery 250.18 55 „ ,, opposite Clay Chimneys ... 248.06 56 Albury Patmore Heath 242.73 57 „ Clapgate, Royal Oak Inn 236.43 58 Stansted Waterworks (Pumping) 211.06 59 „ New Almshouses 210.69 60 Elsenham, PubUc Well 220.81 61 Bishop's Stortford Waterworks (Pumping) ... 181,47 €2 Little Hadham, Bury Green, Village Well ... 206.62 63 „ „ Stone Farm 214.7 64 „ „ North of Village 218.77 65 Bishop's Stortford Workhouse 194.43 Postcript to p. 9. When the well at Hogwell Siding, Stow Maries (see p. 274), was completed, the water was soft and alkaline, like waters from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. After a time it became so hard that the people using it complained. Dr. Theesh examined the sunk portioii of the well and came to the conclusion that water was getting in from the London Clay, which in this neighbourhood is intersected in various directions with thin laminae of calcium-sulphate. The brickwork was im- proved, and the water got much softer. The hardness was due both to calcium-sulphate and magnesium-sulphate. On the roadside near Great Hayes Farm, E.N.E. of Hoo-well, is a bored well, long disused. Dr. Theesh had this opened and found the water so loaded with magnesium-sulphate (Epsom Salts) that it could not be used for any purpose. The owner of the farms had a well bored on the marshes, at Little Hayes Farm, the water from which was, Dr. Theesh believes, satisfactory, but the analysis cannot be found. CHEMISTRY OF WATERS. 15 THE CHEMISTRY OF ESSEX WATEES. General Remarks. The most interesting part of this subject is the great difference in the character of the deep-seated Chalk-waters, got from tracts where the Chalk is deeply covered by Tertiary Beds, compared with the character of the waters where the Chalk is at or com- paratively near the surface. This difference, which consists chiefly in the replacement in the deep waters of the carbonate of lime of the ordinary Chalk-water by alkaline carbonates and in increase of chlorides, has often been referred to, with various explanations, and a general statement of the case has been given in a Geological Survey Memoir.^ Of papers referring to the subject in the last century (but not referring to Essex), there is no need to notice more than two, which are specially concerned with it, and both of which were published in the same year, 1887. Of these the iirst^ has been laid under contribution in the Memoir referred to ; but the second unfortu- nately had not been noticed when that Memoir was written,^ an omission partly righted some years later.* In the Memoir on the Geology of London, etc., in treating of the difference of the two sets of water, it was suggested that " from communication between the Chalk and the overlying Tertiary sands, the water in the former has become charged with some of the saline constituents of those sands, whether original, or produced by chemical alterations going on at great depths, where the beds are saturated with wat-^r." Me. Hatward, however, doubted ' ' whether the quantity (of salts in the Tertiary sands) is sufficient to produce so widespread an effect ' ' ; but probably he did not think of possible chemical changes at great depths. Mr. HA"iv\^ARD points out that the examination of many analyses shows that whilst the total solid matter dissolved is larger on the average in water from covered Chalk than in water from practically bare Chalk, yet the average hardness is very much less. " This want of relation between the amount of solid constituents and the hardness of the water indicates a totally different mineral constitution in the two kinds of water." Mr. Warington, whose elaborate paper (which deals also with various other subjects), was based on Hertfordshire waters, concludes that the low proportion of chlorides in the waters got at no great distance from the Chalk-escarpment may have been brought about by reason that the Chalk, in this high district, ' ' has been in the course of ages washed very thoroughly by the percolation of rain, and the chlorides originally present in the rock . . . have been almost completely removed. The water ' The Geology of London and of Part cf the Thames Valley, 1889, vol. i, pp. 514-516, 533, and table opposite. ^ R. B. Hayward. On the Water in the Chalk Beneath the London Clay. Middlesex Nat. Hist. Soc, pp. 48-63. " R. Warington. A Contribution to the Study of Well Waters. Journ. Ch&m. Soc, vol. li, pp. 500-552. * W. Whitaker. Chalk Water in Hertfordshire. Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc, 1898, voV. X, pt. i, pp. 12, 13. b2 16 ESSEX -SVATEE SUPPLY. in wells further down the slope (and the dip) show an increase of chlorides, as should be the case accbrding to the above. Of late years the discussion of the difference between the waters from Wells where the Challi is at a great depth and those where the Chalk is at or near the surface has practically become an Essex question, ai? may be seen from the list of papers toward the end of this Memoir. The salinity and alkalinity of some of the deep well-waters was alluded to by De. Thresh in his papers of 1893^ and 1900, in the latter of which a table of the saline constituents of deep wells in Essex was giYen.^ In the first year of the present century De. Theesh treated the subject in detail,^ gi'^ing a map on which wells yielding Chalk-water are distinguished from those yielding soda- water (=i alkaline). Finallj* De. Thresh's paper read to the Essex Field Club and privately printed in 1912 is reproduced further on, p 20, and he contributes the following description to p. 37: — Having studied the different types of Chalk-waters for several years, I am strongly convinced that the character of the water in every locality can be explained bj'- assuming that it is a typical herd' Chalk-water mixed with a proportion, in some cases exceedingly small, in other cases comparatively large, of sea-water, and that the mixed water has been more or less modi- fied in character by percolation through the various sands beneath the London Clay. In proof of this theory one may cite the acknow- ledged fact that sea-water is known to be gaining access to the Chalk in many places in the tidal rivers and sea bounding the county, and by proving that mixtures of Chalk-water and sea- water when filtered through Thanet Sand result in the production of the alkaline water so characteristic of the waters from the Sands and Chalk where overlaid by Tertiary Beds; and further proof is the fact that both bromides and traces of iodides can be found in these waters and in about the same proportion as the cal- culated admixture would indicate. In certain places the Lower Tertiaries yield limited amounts of water containing large quan- tities of magnesium- and calcium-suljjhates. These salts, I believe, to be derived from deposits of these crystalline salts in the London Clay. Large crystals of calcium-sulphate are found in the clay in certain localities (Clacton, for example), and in others exceedingly thin laminse of small crystals of this mineral are found traversing the clay in all directions. Possibly in the deeper layers of clay magnesium-sulphate is also present, since surface-wells in the clay always contain a certain amount of this salt, which must be derived from the cla3^ The salt is so soluble, however, that it could not be expected to occur in crystals any- where near the surface of the ground. These magnesia-waters are found chiefly, if not exclusively, just below the base of the London Clay, and where bores have been carried deeper and pumping has been continued some time the salts have disappeared. Essex Naturalist, vol. vii, pp. 33-36. Trans. Brit. Assoc. Water. Eng., vol. iv, pp. 36-33. Report on the Water Supply of the County of Essex, 1901, pp. 25, 34-41. CHEMISTRY 0¥ WATERS. 17 WATERS FROM SAND AND GRAA'EL DRIFT, Where r.ot overlaid by Boulder Clay the water derived from these beds is of very moderate hardness, and usually a large pro- portion of this hardness is removable by boiling. The chlorides are usually small in amoxmt, but apparently these water invari- ably contain appreciable amounts of magnesium-chloride. On the same gravel-patch the chlorine-contents remain, as a rule, fairly constant so long as the sources are remote from sewage- pollution, but if there is an aggregation of houses on the patch, without efficient sewerage, the amount of chlorides increases as the groimd-water approaches the inhabited area and reaches a maximum as the water reaches the distal boundiiry on its way to its natural outlet. Nitrates are invariably found in waters from these Glacial and Post-glacial deposits, the amoxmt depending upon the extent to which the ground-surface is euHivated and the extent to which it is permeated by sewage. These waters may contain as much as one part of nitric nitrogen in 100,000 parts and yet be free from sewage-pollution, and that they are perfectly wholesome is proved by the mortality- and sickness-statistics of considerable communi- ties having public water-supplies of this character. Many analysts still condemn waters with this peculiarity, and such analysts would doubtless condemn many excellent public supplies in the county. These salts increase pari passu with the chlorides in the proximity of habitations, and in recording series of analyses of waters from a large number of wells on the same gravel-area, it is noteworthy that the hardness of the water also varies with the chlorides and nitrates, the variation, however, being limited to the so-called ' permanent ' hardness. At points away from the influence of farm-yards, drains and cesspools, the sands and gravels usually yield a reasonably soft and a wholesome water. In selecting a site for sinking a well therein the direction of flow of the ground-water must be observed ; it is usually in the direction of the nearest watercourse. A well sunk at any point where polluting matter can only reach the ground-water after it has passed the well will probably yield a good water, whereas if sunk elseAvhere there will be a risk of pollu- tion. This is so important a point, and is so often neglected by builders and architects that it deserves the emphasis of diagram- matic illustration, as below. The flow of water being from A to D, a well sunk on the side of the house towards A would yield a good water, whereas if sunk on the side C the water would be liable to contamination. In this diagram the cesspool and drains are shown in a proper position. Had the cesspool been placed at A, then the whole of the ground-water under and around the house 3 ' 1. Soil etc. -2. Gravel. 3. Clay. B- Cesspool. D. Stream, would run the risk of pollution and a safe water could only be obtained by sinking a well 5D or 60 ft. beyond A. In most of our Essex gravels polluting matter disappears very slowly. In many 18 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. cases where farm-yards have been cleared so that the farm-house could he turned into a private residence, water obtained from shallow wells in the neighbourhood continues to improve for years afterwards. In a village on the gravel which was sewered over 20 years ago on account of an epidemic of typhoid fever, the wells still yield water which is undeniably contaminated. Large quantities of water are obtained from gravel-springs at Lexden and form part of the water-supply to Colchester {see pp. 78). Similar springs at Great Bentley supply Clacton [see p. 77). Springs arising at the edge of the Danbury gravel supply large areas in the Chelmsford and Maldon Rural Districts {see p. 76), and these waters, analyses of which are recorded (pp. 349- 351), are typical of the purest gravel-supplies. Spring- waters also supply Felsted and part of Chelmsford Borough, but here the gravel is capped with Bo.ulder Clay which materially affects the character of the water. Lime-salts and magnesium-salts are pre- sent in considerable amounts, and often in such quantity as to render the water too hard for domestic and many other purposes. Occasionally these waters contain a considerable quantity of mag- nesium-sulphate (Epsom Salts) sufficient to exert a laxative effect upon the consumers. Two instances have come under our notice of waters from shallow wells containing an inordinate amount of common salt. The owner of a large house on the edge of a patch of Boulder Clay at Mountnessing sought to increase the water-supply by sinking a new well. At the depth of a few feet water was obtained which was distinctly brackish, and it did not improve as the depth increased. The well had to be abandoned. A hundred yards away the wat€r obtained, though limited in amount, was quite sweet, containing but little salt. More recently a well was sunk at Tolleshunt D'Arcy with exactly the same results. No explana- tion of the phenomena has yet been found. In the latter case the results were the more disappointing, since of several spots located by a ' water-finder,' this was the only one in which any water was found, and it turned out to be unusable. In certain localities the sands and gravels yield a water which has a decided action upon lead, and cases of lead-poisoning have occurred atGalleywood, Great Totham and Childerditch, from the use of shallow well-water raised by means of a lead pump with leaden suction-pipe. These waters were all hard, but the hard- ness was almost entirely due to sulphates of calcium and mag- nesium, carbonates being present in very small quantity. The introduction of a load of clean chalk into the wells not only improved the quality of the water, but also prevented the plumbo- solvent action, from which it may be inferred that this action was chiefly due to the free cnrbonic acid contained in the water. When this has disappeared, the chalk having taken up the acid to form calcium bicarbonate, lead is no longer attacked. Such waters also act upon iron or zinc (galvanised iron), rendering the water opalescent (only after boiling if zinc alone is dissolved), and the action can usually be prevented and a bright water obtained by putting a siifficient quantity of clean chalk into the well. In the Boulder Claj'- area the wa,ter obtained from wells not unfrequently has a decided odour of sulphuretted hydrogen, and CHEMISTRY OF WATEES. 1? wHen sMob. is the case, naturally perhaps, the inhabitants around regard it as being sewage-polluted and refuse to use it, although therotten egg odour disappears veryquickly if the water is exposed to air. Samples of this kind of water have reached the County Laboratories from all parts of the county, and almost invariably the odour has disappeared during transit. The amount of sul- phuretted h3rdrogen required to impart an appreciable odour is almost infinitesimal, and it so rapidly takes up oxygen from the air, forming an inodorous sulphur-compound, that when the water is allowed to stand an hour or more in a pail it becomes odourless. Such waters are generally of considerable organic purity, and after the cdour has passed off, they may be well adapted for domestic purposes. Usually the wells continue to yield a stinking water, but this does not appear to be invariably the case. For example, a well was sunk to supply water to two new cottages at Great Waltham. The builders' men made no complaint about the smell, and the pump was fixed over a sink in the wash-house. The water submitted for analysis had no odour and the necessary certificate for habitation was granted by the sanitary authority. The cottages were let, and immediately there was an outcry about the water. The odour of rotten eggs was so overpowering in the wash-house when the water was being pumped that women were made sick. The well was uncovered and left quite open to the air. This greatly improved the character of the water, and in about two years it was so satisfactory that the well was again covered in, and the odour has not been noticed since. It is probable that the production of this odour is due to the pre- sence of certain bacteria which derive their oxygen from that present in sulphates, in the absence of dissolved oxygen in the water. The treatment of such wells with chlorinated lime, to destroy all bacteria, has been recommended, and the subsequent waste of water until the chlorine has disappeared. No record is available, however, to show that this treatment has proved per- manently successfiil. It certainly always removes the odour for a time. WATERS FROM THE LOV^^ER LONDON TERTIAEIES. Water derived from the Lower London Tertiaries at their out- crops does not seem to differ materially from that derived from shallow wells in the Glacial gravels and sand, but at a distance from the outcrop, where cpvered by London Clay, waters of two entirely different types are obtained. The one is an alkaline water exactly resembling that found in the Chalk and which will be referred to later, the other is a water which contains sulphates of calcium and of magnesium, often in excessive quantities. The latter is usually derived from the more superficial beds, and if this course can be cut out in tubing the well the lower beds of Thanet Sand usually yield the better alkaline water. In some cases, however, even the water in the Thanet Sand seems impreg- nated with these salts. Occasionally also the water may be highly ferruginous, as at Stanford-le-Hope, but this is very rare. In the area between the estuaries of the Blackwater and of the Crouch wells yielding the very hard saline water are common (see analyses of waters from Althorne, etc.). These walls were sunk a 20 ESSEX WATEIl SUPPLY. little over a century ago, at which period a boring of 300 ft. could be made, and lined with sheet iron tubing, for a sum not exceed- ing £100. A short time ago an account for such a well was preserved at Cold Norton Church, and probably is there still. Although many of the wells yielded a water too hard for washing- purposes, and acting as a mild aperient to people drinking it, the water was useful for many purposes, and the wells were retained in use until quite recently. Some still can be found, but the pro- vision of an abundant supply of good water from the Danbury gravel, distributed by means of mains throughout that district, has caused the deep wells to be abandoned. The claj^ in this locality is impregnated with calcium-sulphate which can be seen in most delicate layers, intersecting the clay in all directions. Possibly at greater depths, where the clay has not been so largely washed out by the rain, the intercalating laj'^ers may include some magnesium-sulphate also. In more modern wells, where such water has been struck, the deeper boring, if properly 'lined, has yielded water of the second type, very soft and free from sulphates of magnesium and of calcium; but often the effect of the upper water-bearing stratum is felt, the deeper-seated water having the character of a mixture of the two waters in varying proportions. In one instance, where the water from, the Thanet Sand was markedly affected by the water from the higher beds, continuoiis pumping for many weeks resulted in the water becoming softer and softer until the presence of the water from the upper source could no longer be detected. Wells yielding both the above mentioned types of water were often found within short distances of each other. For example, at Mundon, one farm on the marshes would be found to have a well yielding excessively hard water, whereas a similar well at the adjacent farm would yield an exceedingly soft water. At Bulphan Fen wells yielding both types of water are still in use (see Analyses). Possibly the calcium-magnesium-sulphates are derived from the London Clay. Such waters occur, at East Hanningfield and Eettenden for example, in the little brooks fed by surface-water from the clay-land around. DEEP-SEATED WATERS FROM THE CHALK AND THE LOAVER LONDON TEETIARIES. The soft waters obtained from the Thanet Sand and Chalk over a great part of Essex all contain sodium-carbonate, and almost invariably also a considerable amount of sodium-chloride (common salt), and the origin of these salts has been discussed by both geologists and chemists. One of us has made an especial study of the subject and recently contributed a paper on ' The Alkaline Waters of the London Basin ' to the Essex Field Club. As the paper has not appeared in the Field Club's Publication it is reproduced here with slight changes. It is now over 20 years since the writer became acquainted with the somewhat curious character of the waters derived from the Chalk and Thanet Sand in various parts of Essex, and during the last 12 years somewhat detailed analyses of all deep well-waters concerning the source of which any reliable information could be CHEMISTRY OF WATEES. 21 obtained have been made. In 1901 a report on ' Tke Water Supply of the County of Essex ' was published, and included therein a map showing that to the east of a curved line passing from Dedham in the north to Barking in the south the waters derived from the Chalk (save at the Purfleet outcrop) were soft and contained more or less salt and sodium-carbonate, whereas on the west jf this line the waters had the ordinary character of Chalk-waters, that is, they contained very little salt and were free from iodium-car- bonate, but contained a considerable quantity of chalk in solution and were therefore hard. It was also pointed out that in many localities the beds between the base of the London Clay and the top of the Chalk yielded waters containing an excessive amount of lime- and magnesium-salts, chiefly sulphates. In the map above referred to the dotted line is said to suggest a probable fault in the Chalk. In some cases the marked difference in the character of the water derived from wells not more than, perhaps, a mile apart, seems to indicate the presence of a fault, but there is no other evidence in support of this suggestion, and my further investigations lead me to conclude that it is not neces- sary to assume the presence of a fault to account for the facts observed. All the observed results admit of another explanation. So long as the wa4er in theChalk contains carbonic acid it continues to dis- solve the chalk and open out the fissures. When all the acid has been used up in dissolving the calcium-carbonate it no longer pos- sesses the power of opening out the fissures, and as the chalk becomes more compressed by the superincumbent mass of sand and clay it becomes so dense as almost to be impervious. Beyond this point therefore the water cannot travel in the Chalk, and it comes up through the fissured chalk into the sands above and then becomes exposed to their softening action. The compact chalk acts very much like a f aixlt would do, assuming a solid impervious stratum abutting upon a pervious one. It is not proposed to dwell so much upon the geological aspect of the question as upon the varying character of the waters derived from the Chalk and Thanet Sand in different parts of the London Basin, bxit more especially in Essex, and of offering an explana- tion for the variations in character. "The nature and progress of this change is well exemplified by the following analyses of waters taken from wells sunk into the Chalk at various places. Table 1. Well No. 1 is on the outcrop of the Chalk. Well No. 2 is nearer the Chalk-outcrop than well No. 3, and the latter therefore has a greater covering of Tertiary beds. Wells Nos. 4 and 5 are bored through a considerable thickness of London Clay. At Lambeth we are approaching the Chalk-outcrop in Kent and Surrey. The following points are to be noted : — 1. The decrease in the calcium-carbonate \ip to London and its increase towards Kent. 2. The appearance of sodium-carbonate and its increase towards London and decrease towards the Southern outcrop. 3. The disappearance of calcium-sulphate in the waters under the London Clay. 22 ESSEX WATEa SUPPLY. TABLE 1— In parts per 100,000. 1 2 ' 3 1 4 5 6 ' Chalk. Chalk. Chulk. Chalk. Lon don. ' Eton. Datchet. i Datchet. Shepherds- bush. Chalk. Strand. Chalk. Lambeth. Calcium-Carbonate ... 21-8 16-3 14-7 5- 3- 12-75 Calcium-Sulphate . . . 6-4 — . — — ■ Calcium-Chloride __-, — — — . — ■ Magnesium-Carbonate _ 3-6 3-1 3-5 2-1 7-85 .Magnesium-Sulphate — , — — — — Magnesium-Chloride 2-3 — — — Sodium- Carbonate . . . — • 3-4 5-6 21-6 12-8 6-9 Sodium-Sulphate — 7-6 7-6 24-1 18-1 11-1 Sodium-Chloride M 5-8 5-6 22 '6 18-2 14-4 Sodium-Nitrate 3-5 1-3 1-2 — . — — Silica, etc 1-4 1-4 1-9 •6 1-2 1- Total 36-5 394 39-7 77-4 55-4 54- Hardness 30" lABLE 22° 18° 8° 5° 20° 2 — In pai ts per 100,000. Foxearth. Halstead. Bocking. Braintree. • ■Witham. Billericay. Calcium-Carbonate . . . 31- 25-3 21-9 5-3 2-8 1-8 Calcium-Sulphate — — , — — Ciilcium-Chloride — . ■ — ■ — — ■ — — Magnesium ■ Carbonate — 2-3 4-4 5-5 1-2 2-8 Magnesium-Sulphate 6-6 2-9 — . — — — Magnesium-Chloride | 1-6 ■2 — — . — ■ — • Sodium-Carbonate ...j — — 3-1 19-8 26-7 26-3 Sodium-Sulphate ...j — — 9- 11-8 10-8 9-4 Sodium-Chloride ...' 4-5 14- 28- 67-2 78-3 36-5 Sodium-Nitrate •2 ■4 •2 •2 •2 .2 Silica, etc | 2- •9 1- •2 •5 1- "Total 45-9 46- 67-6 1 110- 120-5 78- Hardness 40° 32° 26° 11° TABLE 3— In parts per 100,000. 1 2 3 i 5 6 10 per cent, sea-water. Chalk. Manning- tree. Chalk. Clacton. Layer 568 ft. Marney. 900 It. Meisea. Calcium-Carbonate ... -8 23-5 5-3 1-4 6-3 5-5 Calcium-Sulphate ... 13-3 — — — — — ■ Calcium-Chloride — — — — — — . Magnesium-Carbonate — 6-5 4-2 •4 3-8 5-2 Magnesium-Sulphate 21-9 7-2 — — — Magnesium-Chloride 36-7 1-8 ■ — - — — — Sodium-Carbonate ... — ■ — 22- 39-1 29-2 32-5 Sodium-Sulphate — ■ — 16-1 12-7 12-4 22-9 Sodium-Chloride 267-6 22-9 61-7 66-3 144-3 136-8 Sodium-Nitrate — -2 2-6 -6 — — . SiUoa, etc — 2-7 2-6 1-5 — -6 Total 357- 64-8 114-5 122- 196- 203-5 Hardness abt.l00° 45° 11° 2° 11° 12° CHEMISTRY OF WATEES. 23 4. The appearance of sodium-sulpliate in the waters from under the London Clay. 5. The increase and decrease in the amount of sodium-chloride. 6. The whole series showing a marked change in the character of the Chalk-water as the distance from the outcrop of the Chalk increases. The next Table (2) includes typical analyses of samples of water taken in Essex along a line almost north and south from the bare Chalk at Eoxearth to Grays/ where the Chalk again outcrops. Note again the amount of salts of calcium and of magnesium in the Chalk-waters at and near the outcrop, the diminution of this amount as the Chalk gets deeper and the corresponding increase in the carbonate and sulphate of sodium, together with the increase in the amount of common salt. The Table shows, however, that whilst the carbonates and sul- phates of sodium increase approximately in proportion to the decrease in the corresponding salts of magnesium and calcium, the amount of common salt seems to bear no relation to any of the other constituents. This is better brought out in Table 3, which refers to a localised area which has recently had to be studied somewhat fully, the Tendring Hundred, Mersea Island, and the ToUesbury districts. In analyses of waters from about 50 deep wells in this area the salt varies from 23 to 180 parts (or probably more) per 100,000, and it will be noted that some of the waters containing least salt are derived from wells near tidal estuaries, whilst many of the waters containing much salt are miles inland. The analyses of certain of the waters, however, indicate that tidal water is gaining access. This is well marked in the analysis of the Manningtree waters, No. 2 on Table 3. The Geological Survey has referred to wells at Ramsey, Pewit Island, Frinton and other places which yielded brackish water and were apparently aban- doned. Dr. Cook, Medical Officer of Health for the Tendring dis- trict, informs me that at Walton a well was bored and the water found to become more salt as the depth increased, the figures being : — At 100 ft., salt per 100,000 parts of water, 257 parts; at 200 ft., 258; at 300 ft., 293; at 360 ft., 308. A well sunk at Clacton gave the results No. 3 on Table 3. The yield of water was trifling and upon continuous pumping the water became so brackish that it was abandoned. The water which rose naturally in the bore was comparatively soft, and contained sodium-carbonate and no more salt than the deep well-waters of Mid-Essex. A sample of the water after continuous pumping was not sent for analysis, but the engineer stated that it was so salt that no analysis was necessary tO' show that it was too brackish for domestic use. There is no dovibt that in this area the water varies in character at different depths. The salt in the Walton water shows this as do also the analyses of waters taken from borings recently made at Layer Marney, Nos. 4 and 5 (Table 3). The yield at' 568 ft. was very limited, under 200 gallons per hour, and the boring was continued to 900 ft. and blasts of dynamite used, but the yield ' The angilysis of Grays water will be found on Table 7, No. 6. 24 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. of water was not materially increased and tlie proportion of salt increased to siicli an extent that the water was useless, Layer Marney is so far froni the sea that it appears difficult to ascribe this increase in the amount of salt to any direct influx of sea-water, hut my impression is that sea-water or tidal water is gaining access to the Chalk in the Thorpe-le-Soken area and at and near the Chalk-outcrop in the Stour Valley. The proof that these saline waters are derived from an admixtiire of sea-water and Chalk-water is, I think, proved by the analyses of mixtures of Chalk-water and sea-water after passing through a filtering medium which can remove the salts of calcium and of magnesium more or less completelj- su.bstituting sodium and potassium in their place. The mere proximity to the sea does not enable any- one to say whether a water will be salt or not, as a well near the coast may or may not contain an excessive amount of salt. For example, compare typical waters from Brightlingsea with those from Mersea and Tollesbury. Several experiments with mixtures of sea-water and Chalk- water have been made to show the effect of the softening process which will be described jjresentty, and Table 4 is designed to show how the various waters in the London Basin can be imitated by mixing Chalk-water with sea-water and then submitting them to this peculiar treatment. Varying proportions of Chalk-water and, sea-wa ter were mixed, a portion reserved for analysis and the remainder filtered through Thanet Sand of varying thickness and of varying activitj- so as to remove a j>ortion or nearly the whole of the salts of calcium and oE magnesium. It will be observed that these salts have been more or less completely removed and that the resulting filtrates are exactly of the type of the waters in theTendring area as exemplified by the Tollesbury sample. It would be difficult to regulate the rapidity of filtration or 1o vary the thickness of the filtering medium so as to remove exactly the right proportion of the salts of calciiim and of magnesium", but as we know that these can be removed to any desired extent the effect of the filtration can be easily calculated. Table 5 shows how a mixture of 2 per cent, of sea-water with 98 per cent, of Chalk-water from Halstead woiild be altered bv filtration through diiierent thicknesses of sand. Braintree is about half-way between Halstead and Witham. Assume that the water in the Chalk at Halstead becomes mixed with 2 per cent, of sea-water on its way to Braintree and at the same time is traversing the Thanet Sand and becoming softened. Then the result at one stage would be the water (2) which, as will be seen, bears the closest possible resemblance to the Braintree water (3). Travelling onwards towards Witham the water woiild become still softer, more of the salts of calcium and of magnesium being removed, and at some point a water having the composition of No. 4 would result, and this it will be noted bears the closest resemblance to the Witham water No. 5. Towards Chelmsford the water would become still softer, which is actually the case, but as the water in the Chelmsford area con- tains a little less salt we have to suppose that dilution witli a less saline water is taking place, probably from the neighbourhood of CHEMISTRY OF WATERS. 25 TABLE 4. Sea Water and Chalk Watee — ^In parts per 100,000 Untreated. Treated. tJntreafed. Treated. Untreated. Treated. Calcium-Carbonate . . . 12'7 2- 25-2 1- 24-3 3-8 Calcium-Sulphate 29- — — — — — Calcium-Chloride 1- — ■ — • — — — Magnesium-Carbonate — . 1-7 2-5 ■5 3-4 -4 Magnesium-Sulphate — . — 12-3 — 8-9 — Magnesium- Chloride 10-3 — 6-6 — — ■ Sodinm-Carbonate . . — 9- — 31-8 — 29-2 Sodium- Sulphate — ■ 30-3 — 16-3 — 15-6 Sodium-Chloride 103-5 118-8 . 113-1 126-2 72- 73- Sodium-Nitrate — . — . — . — — — - Silica, etc — • 3-2 1- 2-2 — 2- Total 156-5 165- 161- 178- Ill- 124- Hardness i 40° 4° 40° H° 33° 5° TABLE 5. Halstead Chalk Watek + 2 peii cent. Sea Water^Ir parts per 100,000. Treated. Compare with Braintroe. Further treated. Calcium-Carbonate 27-3 5-3 5-3 2-8 2-8 Calcium-Sulphate 1-8 — ^ — Calcium-Chloride — . — — — ■ Magnesium-Carbonate . . . — ■ 6-5 5-5 1-4 1-2 Magnesium-Sulphate 8- — ■ — . — Magnesium-Chloride 9-8 — ■ — — Sodium-Carbonate . — ■ 16-7 19-8 25-2 • 26-7 Sodium-Sulphate — ■ 11-4 11-9 11-4 10-8 Sodium-Chloride 63-3 75-2 67-2 75-2 78-3 Sodium-Nitrate -3 ■3 •2 -2 -3 Silica, etc. 1- 1-1 1-2 1-3 •4 Total 111-5 116-5 111-1 117-6 120-5 Hardness 12° 12° 5° 5° Compare with TVitham. TABLE 6— In parts per 100,000. Chlorine and Bromine in Sea Water and Es.sex Deep Chalk Waters. Clilorine in 100,000 Uatio of bromine to parts of water. chlorine. Sea Water, Clacton 1885 1 to 274 * „ Blaokwat«r Estuary 1850 1 to 328 1850 1 to 378 Tollesbury Deep weU Water 75 1 to 225 ♦Gheimstord Deep well Water 35 1 to 250 35 1 to 322 Maldon Deep well 50 1 to 442 Tillimgham Deep well 76 1 to 317 Barking Deep well 324 1 to 312 * Two separate determinations of each water showing variation in results due to difficulties in analysis. 26 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. Saffron Walden. By varying tlie source of the Chalk-water and the proportion of sea-water, I think every water from the Chalk and Thanet Sand in Essex and under London could be imitated. Assuming that the salinityis due to sea-water, then the bromides which exist in sea-water should be capable of detection in the saline waters. This proved to be the case, but when it came to the question of estimating the amount great difficulties were encountered, and have not yet been entirely surmounted. The figures in Table 6 are given with some reluctance, but they can be depended upon for the purposes of comparison : — The proportion of bromides to chlorides is therefore much the same as in sea-water, whether the saline water contains as much salt as the Barking water, or as little salt as the Chelmsford water. The Barking water was especially selected, because there is no doubt that tidal water is entering the Chalk there. From Grays to London, tidal water is getting into the Chalk at divers places, and frequently in such quantities as to render the water derived therefrom useless for manufacturing or domestic purposes. A further proof is the effect of pumping. The lower the water is reduced, the more and more closely does the water pumped resemble the tidal water of the Thames in composition. Moreover, cases are recorded of the rise and fall of the water- levels under tidal influence, as for example at Thames Haven, where the water in the bored well rises and falls with the tide : this is confirmed by the note in connection with this well in Whitaker's ' Geology of London.' Evidently in this locality there is some connection between the Chalk and the river. TABLE 7. Chalk Waters — In parLis per 100,000. ) Barking Town. 2 Barking Creek, well at. 3 Barking Creek, well at. 4 Thames water. Grays. 5 Gra Heavy pumping. Chalk 6 No pumping, well. Calcium-Carbonate ... 5-3 28-2 29-8 16-3 25- 17-1 Calcium-Sulphate Calcium-Chloride — ■ 2-5 — ■ 71-4 28-4 4-8 Magnesium- Carbonate 1-4 — — . , Magnesium- Sulphate Magnesium-Chloride Sodium-Carbonate ... 14-9 7-4 18-6 13-1 9-9 129-5 154-8 8-8 24-6 1-6 1-7 Sodium-Sulphate Sodium-Chloride Sodium-Nitrate 9-9 7- 112-5 75-9 1411-6 140-4 2-6 SiUca, etc •5 ■8 1-3 70-4 15-8 4-2 Total 39- 170- 130- 1854- 243- ■ 32- Hardness 7° 65° 50° 330° 78° 24° The Barking waters are very interesting (Table 7). Away from the river (1) they resemble the Chalk-water of the Lee Valley partially altered by filtration through Thanet Sand, but near the river they consist of a mixture of this chalk-derived' water and j-iver-water. Nos. 4 to 6 show the effect of the Thames water on ihe Grays wells when heavily pumped. CHEMISTRY OF WATERS. 27 Table 8 shows the saline constituents of typical waters derived from deep wells in London. It will be observed that most of these waters are of the alkaline type, but that the proportions of the con- stituents vary. Nearly all indicate the admixture of a very small amount of sea-water with the Chalk-water prior to it having undergone the softening process. Others derived from the Chalk near the river show the presence of unchanged tidal water, as at Millwall. Table 9 shows that so far away as Heme Bay the Lower London Tertiaries yield an alkaline water containing much sodium-car- bonate and sulphate, and other analyses on this Table and on Tables 10 and 11 show that similar waters are pbtainable from the TABLE 8. London Chalk Waters — In parts per 100,000. E.C. Caledonian Eoad. ClementB Inn. King's Cross. Charing Cross. MiU-wall. Calcium-Carbonate . . . 4-4 4- 4-4 3-4 4- 27-6 ■Calcium-Sulphate ■Calcium-Chloride — ' z — — z 21-6 46-8 Magnesium-Carbonate 3-5 2-8 2-3 1-9 2-5 — Magnesium-Sulphate Magnesium-Chloride ■Sodium-Carbonate ... 18- 19-1 21-4 21-8 18-4 15-2 Sodium-Sulphate Sodium-Chloride 20-1 16- 20- 16-7 23-2 23-6 21-9 17-9 24-8 30-3 182-7 Sodium-Nitrate •3 •6 •2 •3 •3 •2 Silica, etc 1- •4 •4 •5 1-2 ■2 Total 63- 63-6 75-5 67-7 81-5 293-8 Hardness 9° 7° 8° 6° 7° 100° TABLE 9. Various Soctrces — In parts per 100,000. Chalk. Heme Bay. Hastings Beds. Hadlow, Kent. Barton Beds. Cowes. Challow, Berkshire. Beneath Gault and Kimeridge Clay. Swindon. Middle Oolite. Calcium-Carbonate . . . ■Calcium-Sulphate ... Calcium-Chloride Magnesium-Carbonate Magnesium-Sulphate Magnesium-Chloride Sodium-Carbonate ... Sodium-Sulphate Sodium-Chloride Sodium-nitrate Potasium-Ohloride ... Silica, etc 3-4 3-5 23- 41-7 36-3 -2 5-6 -3 •4 -2 65-2 24-9 •3 2- 14-7 3-7 1-4 5-6 3-3 •4 -4 6-2 2-6 41-4 8-6 47- -4 6-6 2-7 -3 -2 73-9 68-8 -4 8-4 2- 31-3 3-5 14- 48-3 11-2 -5 K, SO, 14-4 4-3 Total 114- 93- 29-2 114-5 164- 127-5 Hardness 8° 1° 19° 10° 1° 35° 28 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. most diverse geological formations. The examples given include waters from the Barton Sand, Upper Greensand, Hastings Sands, TJpper and Middle Oolites (and Lincolnshire Limestone), New Hed Sandstone, Coal Measures, Millstone Grit and Porphyrite, and Table 11 gives two examples of similar waters from Denmark and Damaraland. In fact these alkaline waters appear to occur in all parts of the world. TABLE 19. Various Sources — In parts of 100,000. Ashdown Sands. Skegness. Kelso, N.B. Xow Bed Saadstohej ■Millstone Millstone Grit Tunbridge ■Wells. areensand. Porphyrite. Warring- ton. Lancaster. Hallam. Cateium- Carbonate . . . 2-25 2-6 1-3 8-7 14- 3- Calcium-Sulphate — ■ — — — — BaCOsl- Calcium- Chloride — . — — — — ■ — Magnesium-Carbonate 1-05 •7 •2 4-7 1-1 7- Magnesium-Sulphate — — — ^ — — Magnesium-Chloride — ! — — — ■ — — Sodium-Carbonate . . . 12- 27-6 25-2 3- 1-8 13-6 Sodium- Sulphate 5-2 i 4- 2- 31 2-8 — Sodium-Chloride 5- 4- 3-4 3- 3-8 10-5 Sodium-Nitrate •3 . — . •4 1- •2 •2 SiUca, etc •2 ■6 2- •7 1-8 ■7 Total , 26- i 39-5 34-5 24-2 25-5 36- Hardness 4° ' 3J° 2° 14° 16° 13° TABLE 11. Yarious iSoi-jRCES — In parts of 100,000. Coal Measures. lincolnsUre Limestone. Damara- land. Micaceous Clay. Denmark. Sands on Chalk. Eoohdale. J*-. Oldham. W. of Peterboro. Peterboro. Calcium-Carbonate ... Calcium-Sulphate Calcium-Chloride Magnesium-Carbonate Magnesium- Sulphate Magnesium-Chloride Sodium-Carbonate ... Sodium-Sulphate Sodium-Chloride Sodium-Nitrate Potassium-Sulphate ... Silica, etc. 6-8 5-5 7-6 5-9 3- 2-1 •7 38- 12-3 9-4 79-9 17-5 ■9 7-5 3-7 9-7 6-5 2- 1- M 20-2 3-5 5-1 10-3 8-9 •4 2-5 2-8 •9 55-5 13-2 65-5 •3 4-6 1-2 44-5 38-4 9-7 9-1 5-3 3- 13-5 1- 19- •3 5-1 1-1 Total 31-6 158- 31-5 50-9 144- 110- 40- Hardness 14° 53° 12° 26° 4° 90° 15° The question of the sources of the sodium-salts is a problem at which I have been working for the last 20 years, and which has CHEMISTRY OF WATERS. 29 caused me to try numberless experiments. In 1911, when referr- ing to Bischof's ' Chemical and Physical Geology,' a passage was found, stating that a calcareous water passing through certain silicates of alumina containing potash and soda became softened, and directly afterwards a German process of softening water by filtration through an , artificial Zeolite, and the revivifying of the zeolite by treating it with brine was brought to my notice. An experiment with powdered soda-glass was tried, and it was found that after soaking it in brine a slight softening effect resulted. Certain granites were obtained which, withoiit soaking in brine, had a marked softening effect, and when this power was lost it could be restored by treatment with salt. The experiments are in series commencing with granite. Each experiment quoted is merely typical of many others, which, as they simply confirmed the results given, do not require further mention. The results obtained with Mountsorrel granite were as follows : — Experiment 1. Half a kilogram of granite-dust was packed in a perco- lator and tap-water of 17° of hardness passed through. The hardness was not appreciably affected. Experiment 2. Packed about 1 kilo, of coarse granite-dust in the perco- lator and passed through water of 57° of hardness. The first 600 c.c. which passed through was very turbid. I collected successive 200 c.c. and estimated the hardness with the following results: — 4th 200 c.c, hardness 19°; 5th 200 C.C., hardness 22^°; 6th 200 c.c, hardness 28°; 7th 200 cc, hardness 30°. Water ceased to pass through. Experiment 3. I now added a little dilute hydrochloric acid to the granite and stirred it up ; water then passed slowly again. After the acidity had disappeared water with 40° hardness was passed through and came out with only 2°, but the hardness rapidly increased and the water passed through very slowly. I then mixed the granite-dust with brine. After soaking a few hours the water passed fairly freely. Tap-water was passed through in successive half litres, and after the turbid point had been passed, to which I shall refer later, the hardness was estimated. Original hardness of water 17°- Hardness of successive half litres— 5°, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1°, 2^°, 5°, 5°, 5°, 5°. Water of 40° hardness was now substituted. Results with successive half litres— 5°, 7°, 11°, 14°, 31°, 31°, 33°. The water ceased to pass, and the experiment was therefore stopped. Experiment 4. The granite was again soaked in brine, and it was found that the softening action was restored. Difierent kinds of granite-ohippings and dust from the same quarries were tried with similar results, but the finer the material used the more marked was the reaction obtained. A whiter granite has been since tried, but its softening effect was found to be comparatively slight. The turbidity to which I referred above is due to the formation of a ' sol ' or colloidal solution. It commences when nearly all the brine has passed through. The brine-solution passes in a bright and colourless condition, and contains a good deal of lime and some magnesia in solution. Upon adding distilled water, until nearly all the brine has been washed through, the filtrate becomes very red and turbid. With the addition of more water the turbidity disappears, and if hard water is now passed through it comes out Quite clear and softened. About this time a boring was being made at Broomfield, and when the Thanet Sand was reached I obtained some of it, but water would not pass through it when it was packed in a percolator. When shaken in water of 17° of hardness and filtered, the hardness of the water was reduced about 2°. Later, when pumping was in operation, a good deal of clean sand was brought up and deposited in the tank receiving the water. The following experiment was tried with this washed sand. C 30 ESSEX WATEK SUPPLY. Experiment 5. Packed about 200 grams of the Broomfield sand in a cylinder and passed through it water of 57° hardness, collecting successive 100 c.c. Results: -^4°, 20°, 8°, 7°, 11°, 16°. The sand was now so com- pact that more water would not pass through it. Note. — Some expansion takes place in these experiments as on three occasions experiments were stopped on account of the glass cylinders becoming fractured. Obviously the sand had a toftening effect. ExPEKiMENT 6. More of the sand was collected and washed with tap- water to remove the clayey matter, and when put in a percolator it reduced the tap-water 2° in hardness. It was then soaked in brine and washed with distilled water. About 200 grams used. Towards the end of the washing the liquid passing through the percolator became turbid and very similar to the turbid water which passed through the granite at the same stage. AVhen this turbidity was disappearing water of 60° hardness was passed through and successive 100 c.c. collected and examined. The results were 4°, 8^°, 9°, 10°, 11°, 10°, 8^°, 12°, 17°, 20°, 20°. Experiment 7. Took a kilogram of the washed sand, treated it with brine and passed tap-water of 17° through in successive 200 c.c. Results : — In the first five batches the hardness was 1° to 1'5°. Water of 60° was now passed through, The first 15 batches had a hardness of 1'5°, the 16th and 17th of 2°. As all the hard water was used up, tap-water was used again. With 14 successive 200 c.c. the hardness increased to 11° and the 15th batch passed through unchanged. Altogether 7 litres of water were passed through. Experiment 8. The sand was again treated with brine and the tap- water passed through. The first three litres were completely softened, then the hardness increased gradually to 12° at the 14th litre. The 15th litre passed through unchanged. The average hardness of the 14 litres was 5^°. One kilogram of sand therefore had removed lime (and magnesia) equivalent to 1"61 grams of Calcium-Carbonate. As will be seen later, the sand can remove more than this if a harder water is passed through. Experiment 9. The sand was next treated with acid, when it was found capable of removing more lime-salt, but not nearly so much as when treated with brine. The acid and brine treatments were repeated and the sand again salted and its lime-removing power tested. The total lime and mag- nesia removed corresponded to 2-09 grams of calcium-carbonate, indicating that the treatment which the sand had undergone had, if anything, increased its activity. Experiment 10. At the end of the above experiment more water of 57° was passed through with the following extraordinary result. Successive half -litres :— Hardness 70°, 70°, 90°. Showing that the sand was now giving up lime-salts. ■ Unfortunately at this point my experiments had to be abandoned for a time, and the sand was inadvertently thrown away. Attempts to get a similar result again have so far failed. Experiment 11. From Heybridge I was able to obtain some sand which was brought up by the pumps employed to try and clear a bored well. This sand allowed water to pass through freely and did not require washing Through about i a kilogram, a water of 20° of hardness was passed and the successive 100 c.c.'s collected gave 2°, 2°, 2°, 2°, 2°, 4A° 8° 16° 20° respectively. ' ' ' Similar results were obtained with a sand from the new boring at Galley- wood (see pp. 121, 122), but the sand had to be washed repeatedly with distilled water to remove the clayey matter, before it would permit of water being filtered through it. Thanet Sand from several other places has b(fen examined and in all cases it has exhibited the same power of softening water to some extent after washing, and to a marked extent after salting. Some sand obtained for me from the outcrop close to Brith, by Mr. G. Barrow, was found to contain a considerable quantity of lime-salts, chiefly sulphate, and when water was passed through it, it increased the hardness enormously. After washing and salting it ;i,cted like the sand from deeper sources. CHEMISTRY OE WATERS. 31 ExPEBiMENT 12. Thanet Sand from a boring at Dedham contained much coarser quartz-granules, but it would not let water pass through until the clayey matter had been washed away. When washed and salted it proved as active as any other sand examined. The amount of lime and magnesia removed corresponded to about 2 grams per kilogram of the sand. Experiment 13. Through some salted sand from Thundersley, a mixture of sea-water and Halstead Chalk-water was passed. The Calcium and Mag- nesium in the mixed water before and after treatment were estimated with the following results : — Hardness per Calcium. Magnesium. 100 cc. Untreated ... 9-75 mlgr. ... 2-8 mlgr. ... 33 Treated ... 1-5 ,, ... -1 ' 5 These results indicate that magnesia-salts are more readily removed than calcium-salts. E;XPEEIMENT 14. Some natural water containing both salts being on hand a quantity was passed through the same filter with the following results : — Calcium. Magnesium. Hardness. Untreated ... 6-75 ... 3-65 ... 34 Treated ... 4-4 ... -75 ... 14 Again showing that a larger proportion of the magnesia-salts was removed. This however does not appear always to be the case. Recently I obtained a good quantity of Thanet Sand from Dagenham (boring of the South Essex "Water Co.) with which I made the following experiments : — Experiment 15. Washed about 20 grams of the original sand with distilled water until the hardness was only 4° ; then agitated it with 100 cc. of a water of 44° and syphoned off the water. The hardness had been reduced to 20°. Shaken with another 100 cc. of the hard water the hardness was reduced to 28°. Experiment 16. A quantity of the sand was washed with tap-water, then mixed with brine about the strength of sea-water and left exposed to the air for 2 or 3 days. The sand was then washed with distilled water, dried, and half a kilo, placed in percolator and water of 130° hardness passed through. Successive 100 cc. were collected. The hardness was decreased to 3° but rose to 180° at the 10th 100 c.c.'s. The amount of lime and magnesia removed calculated as calcium-carbonate was -744 grams or 1'5 grams per- kilo, of sand, or '15 per cent. The sand before the hard water was passed through yielded 4' 83 per cent, of the chlorides of sodium and of potassium, and after the hard water had been passed through it yielded 4'61 per cent., a loss of "21 per cent. The amount of mixed chlorides represented by the -15 per cent, of lime-salts removed is '208 per cent. It is obvious, therefore, that only a small fraction of the salts of sodium and of potassium present in the sand takes part in this reaction. Experiment 17. The half kilo, of sand used in Experiment 16 was now salted with saturated brine, washed, etc. This time the washing water did not become turbid, but merely acquired a brown colour. Some calcium- chloride was added to a very hard water and passed through the sand until no effect was produced on the hardness. Analyses gave the following results : — Calcium. Magnesium. Hardness. Untreated ... 48- ... 2-4 ... 126 per 100,000 parts. Treated ... 19-1 ... 1-4 ... 52 As the amount of water passed through the sand was 2,000 cc, this half kilo, had removed 28-9 mlgr. Calcium and I'O mlgr. Magnesium per 100 cc, equivalent to 1'52 grams of Calcium-Carbonate from the whole of the two litres of water, or 3-04 grams per kilo, of sand. Soaking with strong brine therefore had rendered the sand more efficient than soakage in brine of the strength of the sea-water. Experiment 18. The sand used in Experiment 17 was now washed with sliohtly dilute hydrochloric acid, then with distilled water and again salted. Hard water was passed through until it ceased to be affected. The reduction c2 32 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. in hardness corresponded to the removal of 1-44 grams of calcium-carbonate or 288 grams per kilo, of sand. The untreated sand only removed 3-04 grams so that the matter removed by dilute acid had no appreciable effect upon the softening. ExPEEiMENT 19. The sand used above was soaked in strong hydrochloric acid, then washed, salted and washed free from salt. Upon passing hard water through it, the softening effect was very slight. The strong acid appeared to have removed the constituent to which the softening is due. The experiment has not been repeated or the result confirmed by using sand from other sources. ExPEEiMENT 20. Some of the sand from Dagenham was lixiviated and divided into two portions, one the comparatively coarse sand and the other the finer pgrtion which would just permit of percolation of water through it. Equal quantities were treated with brine, washed with distilled water and then treated with successive 200 c.c. of hard water. The results were : — Coarse sand, Calcium and Magnesium removed per kilo, of sand, 3 grams as calcium-carbonate; fine sand, 2' 74 grams as calcium-carbonate. EXPEEIMENT 21. Half a kilo, of Thanet Sand unwashed, from Galley- wood boring, softened 600 c.c. of water from 16° to 4°. It then became so compact that more water could not be passed through it. After washing and salting 1 kilo, removed the equivalent of 4-08 grams of calcium-carbonate. So far the results of my experiments indicate : — 1. That the Thanet Sand from beneath the London Clay, possesses the power of softening hard water, by substituting salts of sodium (and possibly of potassium) for those of calcium and of mag- nesium. 2. That the constituent to which this softening effect is due is not removed by treatment of the sand with dilute acid, but appears to be removed by treatment with strong hydrochloric acid. 3. That this property of softening water belongs both to the clayey and sandy matters. 4. That the softening effect is greatly increased by treating the sand with brine. 5. That the amount of alkali removable by this softening effect is only a small proportion of the total alkalies contained in the sand. 6. That (within certain limits) a sand which has ceased to soften a water of a certain degree of hardness, will exert a softening effect upon a water of a greater degree of hardness, and will exert a hardening effect upon a water of a softer character. A few analyses of Thanet Sand have been made in my laboratories, and the results obtained are compared with an analysis of a sample of granite- dust supplied to me, together with the analysis, by Messrs. Laven-dee and Bateman. TABLE 12. COMPAEISON OF GeANITE WITH ThANET SaND- -In parts per 100,000. Granite. Ttanet Sand (24) Thundersley sand. Silica 67-16 86-55 83-74 Alumina 16-19 5-34 6-69 Ferric Oxide 3-82 2-24 2-3 Lime 2-59 ■85 1-78 Magnesia 1-58 •4 -68 Potash 5-38 2-13 1-48 Soda 2-43 -77 1-29 Water 1-02 1-9 2-04(bydiff.) ! 100-17 1 100-18 100- A number of less complete analyses are given in Table 13. CHEMistRt Of waters I 33 1 am not competent to compare the mineralogical constituents of granite with those of the Thanet Sand and at present I merely direct attention to the fact that they have certain properties in common, which are probably duo to a common constituent. A sample of felspar (albite) has given disappointing results, and the same applies to mica. Whatever the constituent, it is certain that the alkaline carbonates and sulphates, found in the waters derived from the Chalk and Thanet Sand in the London Basin, are obtained from the sands by substitution of sodium for calcium and magnesium in the sulphates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium present in the water before it commences to percolate through the sands. The analyses submitted show that every sample of such water can be imitated by passing a Chalk-water either without admixture, or with an admixture of a small propor- tion of sea-water, through Thanet Sand which has retained its softening powers. If we assume, and such certainly appears to be the case, that the Thanet Sand was deposited at the bottom of the sea, it is obvious that it would acquire the power to substitute sodium and potassium for the calcium and magnesium in any Chalk-water with which it came in contact afterwards, and thus TABLE IS Folassium and Per cent, soluble Silica soluble in Sodium expressed in dilute hydrc- Naa CO3 after Insoluble residue. as Chlorides. cbloric acid. acid treatment. Granite 11-5 10-2 3-4 86-4 Dagenham Sand 3-9 8-6 4-9 86-5 Thundersley Sand ... 4-7 7-8 2-3 89-9 Dedham Sand 4-2 7-1 4-4 88-5 Dedham Sand (coarse) — 5-7 4.6 89-8 Dedham Sand (clayey) — 14-8 3-2 82- Thanet Sand No. 24 ... 4-8 7-2 4-6 88-3 Thanet Sand No. 140 4-5 6-8 6- 87-2 Thanet Sand No. 256 2-6 6-2 4-6 89-2 soften the water. If any salt remained in the sand this would be taken up by the water and the chlorides would be proportionately increased. In the districts in Essex and elsewhere where these alkaline waters are found there are localities where the amount of salt in the water is excessive, and most of these, but not all, are near the coast or tidal rivers, and the question may arise whether the salt now found in such waters is derived from prior evapora- tion of the water from the original sea or from sea-water getting into the Chalk at various places at the present time. My impres- sion is that it is due to an actual admixture of sea-water getting into the Chalk and sands around the coast and in the estuaries of the Thames and of the Stour, and that this tidal water gets more and more diluted with true Chalk-water the further it travels from these points. Thus in the Tendring Hundred most of the waters contain a comparatively large amount of salt, whilst away from this district the salt decreases. Toward the south of the county the chlorides are compara- tively low, due to more copious admixture with water from the 34 ESSEX WAlEll SUPPLY. Hertfordshire Chalk. In all these areas the water derived from the Chalk is practically identical with that derived from theThanet Sand ; where there is any difference the salinity increases with the depth of the boring, e.g., at Layer Marney and Walton-on-the- Naze. At Chelmsford and Bramtree I have been able to geL waters from the two sources, and found them practically identical. At Ingate.stone there was no water whatever in the Thanet Sand, but the limited amount obtained from the Chalk was a typical alkaline water. These waters contain no free carbonic acid ; there- fore whatever distance they may travel in the Chalk no solution of chalk occurs, hence however much of the water is pumped the fissures do not enlarge and do not yield water more freely. Engineers persist in continuing the borings made in Central Essex into the Chalk, but there is no evidence of more water being obtained than would have been the case had the boring ended in the sands, save where the surface of the Chalk is very elevated, as around Brentwood, whereas there is evidence that some of the sand water is lost. Thus at Writtle a certain amount of water was obtained from the Thanet Sand, and when the boring pierced into the Chalk most of the water disappeared and the Chalk had to be plugged to restore the sujopiy. At Tollesbury, where a deejJ bore has just been made, the water-level fell some 15 ft. -n-hen the Chalk was pierced, a sure indication of a loss of water. Experience else- where, which I am not at liberty to mention specifically, proves that the Chalk absorbs rather than yields water in those areas where it is covered with a large tliicloLess of London Clay. In any case the waters have a common origin, and if the chlorides are derived from the sea they should be accompanied by bromides, and the amount should be approximate^ the same in proportion to the chlorides as in sea-water. In sea-water there is one part of bromine to from 274 to 378 parts of chlorine, and in the alkaline waters the proportions vary, there being for one part of bromine from 225 to 442 parts of chlorine. Considering the difficulty of making anything like an accu.rate estimation of the bromine these figures are sufficiently close to indicate some relationship. The difficulty of making an exact determination led me to abandon temporarily further determinations until I had worked out a pro- cess which could be relied upon. This has proved far more diffi- cult than anticipated, and I am not yet so certain of my results as to feel justified in giving others. I suspect that in sea-water there are other compounds of bromine besides bromides, and that there are traces of iodides and iodates or both. This, however, is a chemical question upon which I shall have something to say elsewhere. Possibly it may be asked whether the softening- effect of the Thanet Sand is sufficient to account for the removal of nearly all the salts of calcium and of magnesium from the large volume of water taken from the sands. Taking Essex alone the area under which ThanetSand exists must be about666,000 acres. and, assum- ing the average thickness to be 12 ft. (a very low estimate), and that each cubic yard contains 28 gallons of water, the water held in the whole of the sand will be about -360,000.000,000 gallons. The experiments recorded indicate that each cubic yard would completely soften 10 cubic yards of a Chalk-water of 30° hardness. CHEMISTRY OF WAl'ERS. 35 Tke amount of water the Thauet Sand is cajjable of softening on this basis is therefore 21,600,000,000,000 gallons. Essex (Administrative County) has a population of over a million, and, if liberally supplied with water, it would use 30 million gallons per day, or 10,950 million gallons per year. The amount of Thanet Sand under the county would completely soften the whole supply on the above basis for-2,000 years, and partially soften for a much longer period. I have recently obtained sandy matter from the beds resting upon the Thanet Sand to ascertain if they have similar proper- ties. Mr. Whitaker recognised this sand as being from the Blackheath Beds. The sand contained much clayey matter, but it undoubtedly had the same action as the sand resting u^Don the Chalk. The subject is of more than local interest, as these alkaline waters appear to occur in the most diverse formations from the Volcanic to the Upper Eocene. At Braintree and Chelmsford and in the Southend Water Com- pany's area, opportunities have occurred of examining samples of water derived from the Thanet Sand, and samples obtained later when the borings had been carried far into the Chalk, and in these places the waters from the two sources were practicall}' identical. When the well at Booking was being bored for the Braintree Rural District Coimcil samples were also obtained from the different sources, but here the ainount of water yielded by the sand was very small indeed compared with that met with when the Chalk was pierced. This well is on the border-line, the Chalk here yielding a hard water containing no sodium-carbonate, whereas about two miles to the south at Braintree the Chalk yields a soft water containing sodium-carbonate. Obviously the real Chalk-water travels no further in the Chalk than Booking, w-hat passes beyond flowing through the Thanet Sand. • At Booking the water-level only fell about a foot when the Chalk was reached, and whilst the sand-water was soft and alkaline, the chalk-water was hard and free from any alkaline carbonate. (See analyses, p. 359.) As the Thanet Sand near its outcrop yields very little water whilst the deeper Chalk yields it freely, whereas in central Essex the sand yields water freely and the Chalk yields little or none, it is an additional jn'oof that the Thanet Sand derives its water from the Chalk, and that the change in character is due to its passage through the sand. ACTION OF ESSEX WATERS ON METALS. Speaking generally, little trouble is experienced in the County from the action of water on water-mains ; but in certain places the waters obtained act powerfully on metals and give rise to com- plaints. Medical men have notified several cases of lead-poison- ing, which upon investigation, proved to be due to the local water- supply to the houses occupied by the sufferers. Such cases have occurred at Childerditch, Galleywood Common and Great Totham (all on gravel-capped hills) ; but marked traces of lead have been found in other waters, although no indication of poisoning had occurred amongst the consumers. 36 JESSEX WATEfe SUPPLY. These waters were all of the same character, they were dis- tinctly hard, but practically the whole of the hardness was of a permanent character, or in other words, they contained very little calcium- or magnesium-carbonate, and from 1-8 to 5-4 parts per 100,000 of free carbonic acid. Two samples from Galleywood were used for certain experi- mental purposes, as they were most readily available, and it was found that neutralization of the free carbonic acid reduced tbe action on lead to an extraordinary extent, though it did not entirely prevent it. For example, the effect produced by exact neutralization of the acid with lime-water was as under, the water being tested by passage slowly through lead shot. The lead dissolved is given in grains per gallon : — No. 1 water. No. 2 water. Original water Original water containing containing 1-8 pts. CO,. 5-4 pts. COj. 1st 60 cubic centimetres •14 ■28 2nd •35 •88 3rd •46 1^4 4th •7 1^75 5th and subsequent 50 c.c. •? ... 1^75 Neutralized water in all cases gave the iigure 'OT. One of the wells had placed in it a load of clean chalk, and a year afterwards the water was examined and found to be free from lead. Both wells originally had pumps with leaden suction- pipes. Iron piping was substituted in one case, but the lead piping remained in the case where chalk was introduced into the well. When the water from the chalked well was examined a sample from the second well was also taken, and found to exert as power- ful a solvent action on lead as in the previous year. As the wells were only about 100 yards apart, there is no 'doubt that the chalk had effectually prevented the action of the water on the leaden suction-pipe. It is worth recording also that in other cases where well-waters have acted upon iron or galvanised iron pipes the introduction of a load of chalk has effectually prevented such action. The waters which act on zinc and iron are of a similar char- acter to those acting on lead, and often give rise to complaints, but apparently any water Avill act upon galvanised iron if the service-pipe is of considerable length, and also upon iron if it is not provided with a proper bituminous coating. In only one instance have I suspected the presence of zinc to have an injurious effect upon health. Water derived from a spring at the edge of the Bagshot Beds at Ingatestone was convej^ed to a mansion through about half a mile of galvanised iron pipe. After a time the occupants, and especially a child, suffered from obstinate constipation, which always ceased when the family left home. This caused the medical attendant to suspect the water-supply, and it was found on analysis to contain 3 to 4 grains of zinc- carbonate per gallon. _ Tears afterwards it still contained nearly as much zinc, but its use for drinking purposes had been abandoned. At Theydon Mount the public supply, which has been in use for ten years, contains from 1 to 2 grains of zinc-carbonate per CttEMIStRV 01* VVAtfcHS. 3t gallon, and no evidence can be got of its having any effect upon heal til. When a water contains an appreciable amount of zinc-carbonate it becomes opalescent on boiling, and an iridescent scum forms on the surface of the water and often causes persons to allege that the water contains oil. In two instances I have prevented legal action being taken by discovering that the complaint was due to a misconception of the nature of this iridescent film. In the first case the consumer alleged that the water was not fit for domestic use, and in the second it was also alleged that the water was sewage-polluted. The analysts in both cases had found traces of nitrites, and in one an excessive amount of ammonia also, but thej' had overlooked the presence of the zinc, which was the cause of the presence of nitrites and ammonia, by its reducing action on the nitrates present in the waters. Both were hard Chalk-waters, free from zinc in the mains and contaminated by passing through long lengths of galvanised iron service-pipes. The public water-supply to ToUeshunt Knights acts markedly on galvanised iron and upon imperfectly coated iron pipe. A small main was laid by a jnivate owner from the trunk-main to his estate nearly 2 miles away. The water at the end of this main was always spoken of as resembling pea-soup, though upon investigation it was found that it was only slightly turbid when drawn, but that it rapidly became opaque upon exposure to the air, and slowly deposited oxide of iron on standing. Until it had become clear in this manner it could not be used for any purpose. By very frequent flushing of this main a fairly satis- factory water is rendered available. (See analysis, p. 412.) Alkaline sodium-carbonate waters have a deleterious action on plants, especially in conservatories. With reference to the action of such waters on metals the experience in Southend is interesting. Mr. Bilham, the water- works manager, informs us that his company's regulations insist upon all communication-pipes being made from pure pig-lead, and that such pipes are not affected by the water. Pipes which have been in use many years are quite unaffected. There is a slight coating inside of iron-oxide, which doubtless comes from the large mains. Wrought iron pipes become choked with iron- oxide in a few years. Galvanised iron pipe is not so quickly acted upon, but the zinc coating only retards the action for n time. For storage-cisterns slate is the best, but lead and iron cisterns are allowed. The iron cisterns must be coated with bitumen (Angus Smith's process), and the lead must not be soldered. Syphon-cisterns of iron, enamelled with porcelain, are not acted upon, but uncoated metal cisterns are corroded unless all the internal fittings are of brass or gun-metal, drawn solid tubes with no seaming or brazing except in those parts not exposed to the action of the water. 38 ESSEX Water supplv. THE RAINFALL OF ESSEX. By Hugh Robert Mill, D.Sc, LL.D., Director of the British Rainfall Organization. In preparing the map of average rainfall for Essex it was deemed desirable to take as the period for which the averages are calculated the thirty-five years 1876-1910, as a good many short records were available during the last few years. The only possible drawback is that the figures might not correspond with those for Suffolk on the north and for Kent on the south, which were calculated for the thirty-five years 1868-1902; but a com- parison of the few long records which embraced the whole period 1868-1910 showed that the differences were very small, and rarely amounted to half an inch. In a region of such low and uniform rainfall as the East of England it is impossible to fix the position of the various isohyetals on the map with the precision attainable in places where there is a great range of rainfall, and the slight differences in the positions of the isohyetals on the Suffolk border are of no practical importance. The lines as drawn on the edge of the Essex map where any difference appears are to be preferred to those shown on the edges of the maps of Kent and Suffolk. The data utilized have almost all been published in the volumes of "British Rainfall," and they are the result in a larger pro- portion than in most counties of individual effort. On the south- western border a few stations have been maintained by the Metro- politan Water Board and the London County Council, or the earlier bodies responsible for the water-supply and sewage of the north of London, and in the south-east the corporation of Southend has recently established an imj)ortant series of rain-gauges ; but the map could never have been drawn except for the private records saved from oblivion by the British Rainfall Organization, and in many cases established by the efforts of successive Directors. Trustworthy data ars lacking in several areas, the most important being on the western border, where the extent of the wettest area in the county is not clearly defined; more observations in this district are very desirable. There are many long records, no less than eleven allowing the average of the 35 years to be taken directly, while for two others an average of the same duration was obtained by computing one year's figure, and two others by computing the figures for two or three years. The number of records employed was 180, of which 129 were in the county of Essex and 5 over the borders in adjacent counties. The shorter records, numbering 165, were corrected to their probable value for 35 years by comparison with the long records running through the whole period. For this purpose the total rainfall for each year for each of fifteen selected lono- records was calculated as a percentage of the average of 35 years, and these were combined in three groups representing respectively the Thames Estuary, the East Coast District and the North and West. Each group, as given in Table 1, represents the variation of rainfall from year to year in the part of the county to which ii refers. The three groups are combined in the fourth column RAINFALL. 39 the Thames Estuary group (on account of the small area repre- sented by it) being given half the weight of the other two in averaging, and this gives the best index of the variations of annual rainfall over Essex. For convenience of reference it is extended backwards for six years to 1870, thus showing the fluctuations for 41 consecutive years. The year of greatest rainfall was 1903, with an excess of 46 per cent, above the average ; 1872, which was the wettest year in most parts of the British Isles, came next with an excess of 42 per cent. The driest j^ear was 1885, with a deficiency of 25 per cent. Three years showed a deficiency of 23 per cent., 1874, 1887, which was the diiest year in most parts of the British Isles, and 1898. Five years showed an excess greater than 20 per cent, of the average, all but one before 1881 ; and five years showed a deficiency of more than 20 per cent., all but one after 1883, but none after 1901. The driest three consecutive years were 1900-1902 with a mean deficiency of 16 per cent. The study of very long records in all parts of the world shows that the driest three years likely to occur have an averiige deficiency of 20 per cent. The longest run of consecutive years with rainfall above the average was eigbt, from 1875-1882, the mean excess having been 17 per cent. The longest run of dry years (only one of which reached the average) was also eight, from 1895 to 1902, and they showed a mean deficiency of 12 per cent. Traces of the succession of one wet year, followed by twj dry years, are to be seen in the ratios; but by uo means so clearly as in other parts of the British Isles. If the relation to the average is not considered, but merely the greater or less rainfall of the years, it is seen that since 1884 there has usually been one drier year with two wetter years on each side of it; but it is worth noticing that two con- secutive years each with a rainfall above the average occurred in 1909, 19i0 for the first time since 1891, 1892. The ratios of the group in which a short record lies were used in correcting the mean of that short record to the long average, except in a few special cases when the ratio of a particular station was considered more appropriate. In some instances it was necessary to correct an average for the height of the rain-gauge above ground, and this was done on the assumption that the usual rule holds good, that for moderate heights above ground a rain- gauge catches one per cent, less rain for every foot of elevation above 1 ft. The rainfall-figures so computed and corrected were plotted to the nearest half inch on a map on the scale of 2 miles to 1 inch, and at first sight they aj)peared somewhat confused and contra- dictory. On careful study, however, it was found that most of the anomalies disappeared when the configuration of the ground was taken into account. In low flat land the occurrence of even a slight elevation produces a distinct increase of the average rain- fall, and bearing in mind that while the greater volume of the rain came from the south-west, there was also a very considerable rainfall with easterly winds at certain times of the year, I found it possible to draw the isohyetal lines in a way which gave full weight to the figures on which the map was based, although if the lines had been drawn without respect to configuration, they would 40 ESSEX WATER SUPPLV. probably have failed to express the true distribution of .rainfall. In a few instances a figure had to be ignored, but this was only done .where the acceptance of the figure would have violated a well-established relationship between rainfall and configuration, so that the probability of the observations being at fault was greater than the probability of the g-eneral principle being liable to exception at this point. The range of rainfall was from just under 20 in. to 30 in., the higher figure being reported only at one point. By using, as in the other rainfall-maps of this series, intervals of 2^ in. of rain, isohyetals could be drawn at 20, 22^, 25 and 27| in. The general rainfall of the county was calculated in the usual way by measur- ing the area between successive isohyetals, multiplying by the general rainfall of the zone, adding the various products together and dividing by the total area. The following table gives the areas of the various zones of aver- age annual rainfall in Essex : — Area, Percentage ol General rainfall Zone. sq. miles. total area. of zone. Below 20 inches 38 2-5 19-7 in. 20 to 22-5 „ 397 26- 21-7 in. 22-5 to 25 „ 805 53- 23-7 in. 25 to 27-5 „ 275 IS- 25-8 in. Above 27-5 „ 7 O'S 28- in. Total 1,522 100. This corresponds to a general rainfall of 23'5 in. for the whole county of Essex. Applying to this figure the percentages of the extreme years, as given in Table 1, we have for the 35 years 1876-1910: — 1876-1910. Average General Rainfall of Essex ... 23-6 inches. 1903. Maximum General Rainfall of Essex... 34-3 ,, 1885. Minimum General Rainfall of Essex ... 17'6 „ 1900-1902. Driest 3 years Mean General Rainfall of Essex 19-76 „ The distribution of rainfall in Essex is very simple. Along the coast of the Thames estuary to Shoeburyness and north-east- ward along the coast to the mouth of the Blackwater the line of 20 in. of rainfall runs close to the shore-line, probably never more than three miles inland. Less than 20 in. probably falls on Foul- ness Island and perhaps a strip of the Southminster marshes ; but all land more than lO ft. above sea-level has a greater rainfall. The chain of low elevations parallel to the coast and rising from a plain not more than 30 ft. above sea-level to a height of at least 100 ft. is marked by four rings of the 22-5 in. isohyetal. These patches of higher rainfall on the slight eminences of the coastal plain are respectively near Eayleigh, Canewdon, Southminster and Fingringhoe ; a similar patch of the higher rainfall probably occurs on Mersea. It is not impossible that some of these detached areas of higher rainfall may really be prolongations of the wetter district farther inland ; but we are inclined to think that they are all really separated by distinctly lower rainfall. The isohyetal of 22-5 in. bounding the rainier or inland portion of Essex runs roughly parallel to the 20-in. isohyetal at an average SAINPALL. 41 distance of about 5 miles along the south coast and 10 miles along the east coast. Speaking very generally we may say that the rain- fall is probably more than 32'5 in. on all land more than 100 ft. above sea-level, and in most parts of the map east of the Lee valley it would not introduce much error if the line were drawn along the 100 ft. contour-line. Hainfall exceeding 25 in. occurs over only a small part of the area of Essex, being confined to the highest land in the west; it does not appear to occur farther east than Ingatestone and Brent- wood. The valely of the Lea as far north as Feilde's Weir has less than 25 in. of rain, though this holds good only on a narrow strip, probably nowhere much exceeding one mile in width on the Essex side of the border. The valley of the Roding also carries a narrow strip with a rainfall under 25 in. separating two wetter areas. Of these the eastern has a rainfall very little exceeding 25 in. in any part, but its bounding isohyetal extends roughly parallel to that of 22-5 in. on the south and east outlining an irregularly triangular area about 10 miles in the side. The land included is for the most part more than 250 ft. above the sea. The higher ridges between the Lea and Roding valleys south of Harlow, extending from north-east to south-west for 15 miles, and narrowing from 9 miles in width on the north to a mere point in the south, include the highest raiiifall of Essex. The 25-in. isohyetal surrounds this area running at an elevation of about 150 ft. in the south to something over 250 ft. in the north, while the highest ridge, on which Epping Forest stands, appears to have a rainfall exceeding 27-5 in. at elevations above 350 ft., even if we do not accept the full value of 30 in. given at one station near Epping. In the north-west of the county the rainfall also exceeds 25 in., though in the extreme north-west, near Great Chesterford, it begins to diminish again. The 25 in. isohyetal runs approxi- mately from near Bishops Stortford north-eastward to near Sudbury, more or less along the contour-line of 300 ft., which may be taken as marking the south-eastern edge of the highest part of the East Anglian Ridge, and along this ridge it continues into Suffolk. This is the part of the county in which observing stations are fewest, and some of the records which exist are not very satisfactory, so that it is impossible to say whether the highest part of Essex receives a rainfall high enough to give occasion for a 27-5 in. isohyetal where the elevation rises above 400 ft. The rising in the level of all the isohyetals towards the north- east shows, as in the case of Hampshire and Sussex, the power of the south-westerly winds as rain-carriers, a greater elevation being necessary to reduce the temperature of the residual water- vapour to the saturation-point as the absolute humidity is reduced by the formation of rain. Table 2 gives the total annual rainfall at a number of stations selected at nearly equidistant intervals, so as to represent all the zones of rainfall. The data given are the height of the receiving surface of the rain-gauge above the ground, the height of the station above sea-level, the period during which the observations were carried on, the length of the record, the group in Table 1 42 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. by the ratios of which the reduction to a period of 35 years was made, the computed average and the computed average corrected for height above ground in the cases where this was necessary. Table 3 gives the average and extreme monthly rainfall at four representative stations. The wettest month at the two eastern stations was October, 1880, when at Shoeburyness the extra- ordinary amount of 8-21 in. was recorded. At the two western stations the wettest month was September, 1896, when 7-72 in. fell at Epping. The driest month was February, 1891, when no rain was registered at Chelmsford and Epping, and only •02 in. at N'ewport, and -06 in. at Shoeburyness. At the last- named stations April, 1893, was rather drier with -02 in. For convenient comparison of the proportion of the year's fall in each month, the average rainfall is also expressed as a percentage of the annual total. The mean of the percentages at the four stations gives the best possible statement of the seasonal distribution of rainfall. The six months, January to June, show a mean value of 7-1 per cent, of the annual fall per month, the six months July to December a mean value of 9-5 per cent., showing that the first half of the year is distinctly drier than the second half. The driest month is April, with 6-5 per cent, of the year's rain, but the four months January-April are almost equally dry. From. April there is a rapid increase in the amount of rain month bv month to August, which has 9-7 per cent., a sudden fall in September to 8-1 per cent., and a maximum of 11 per cent, in October which, as in most parts of England, is the wettest month of the year. The falling off thence to January is more rapid than the rise from April to August. The type of seasonal dis- tribution of rain in Esses is that of the double maximum in August and October common to the eastern counties, and in the relation of the August to the October maximum it is inter- mediate between the type prevalent in Lincolnshire, where thev are nearly equal, and that in Kent and Sussex, where the August maximum is so much lower as to be inconspicuous. BAINFALL. 43 TABLE 1. Essex Rainfall. Average = 100. Year. A Thames Estuary. East Coast. c North and West. Mean for Essex. 1870 84 80 78 80 1871 103 97 95 97 1872 154 147 131 142 1873 99 94 92 94 1874 75 75 81 77 1875 116 119 113 116 1876 116 116 110 113 1877 123 126 120 122 1878 123 102 113 111 1879 128 124 130 127 1880 128 121 117 121 1881 105 104 110 107 1882 113 119 114 116 1883 94 95 103 98 1884 76 76 75 75 1885 102 106 110 107 1886 99 94 100 97 1887 77 77 77 77 1888 119 108 109 111 1889 107 107 104 106 1890 98 100 94 97 1891 101 96 108 102 1892 101 113 100 105 1893 78 82 80 80 1894 HI 105 102 105 1895 84 84 83 84 1896 99 101 102 101 1897 90 92 96 93 1898 71 81 77 77 1899 92 100 97 97 1900 89 91 93 91 1901 77 75 83 79 1902 80 86 81 83 1903 149 146 145 146 1904 84 82 83 83 1905 84 79 86 83 1906 99 105 102 102 1907 92 92 91 92 1908 93 88 91 90 1909 114 125 113 118 1910 104 105 102 104 Average 1876— 191C! 100 100 100 100 44 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. tsi mputed fiv corrected f height abo ground. 03 o o -^o,. N OS <^S" N CO CO CO '!i< -^ (N c^ cq (M (M rNj ffsi (TO 1— < r (N r-( 00 -^ >!*< -^ .-( 00 CD p— I (NO-^COr— i(Ni— I'-^cqcO CO Q0CDC0C0C0O O .— ICO"© OfHCSJi— liOCO(Nob 1-H 05 00 00 ■ (N c «OlOt-C^COCDCDCq^lO00(M tr-05t^Ot^l>I>00a50505 0000000500000000^000000 05 00 C5 I> 00 00 CO O t^ 05 00 00 o t~ o 00 l> 05 00 00 00 M 00 O O lO O c: I> p^ ffC I t^ 1> CO «<11O-^O00I>OO'^00 O5-^^lO00-^Tt<00XOX CQ ^ r~^ LO 00 O -* o o (M (M O O O O O O O O O CD (N O O 00 O O O O O CD rt O CD M CO O CO ; tH I> (N -< CO --< .-I fH r-( r-H N 1-1 r-H rl O i-l rH i-H M Oq O rH r-H (M rt pH tJI fH ^ w : 2 « aS'S §5.2^ 2 : c3 w 0) * -4^ : « cS u C8 ca-i C5 JS =S S 05 35 - a, f=i i 6 M OH wis M • 3 :,J3 Ti 3 02 fSllfig 05 • 60 a a ^^2 3 rl RAINFALL. 45 00 F=l H z o 00 05 C5 Oi OS 00 1> OS OS 05 O O 000000000000 00 xoooooso o OS rt O O 0 00 -* n N 00 lO lO 00 |Jh Tjt O >n rH -^ CO lO ;p « !> «D lO (N r— ! c^Moooiooco^IiiroocoNooto t^oooot^oooSESr-Oiooooi:- QOOOOOOOOOOSjggoOQOOOOOQO ^1 .C-Cn^00C05D 00 OtNC^OCD '"' ^ ^ ■* m >o i i> ^v-ir-iot- ? ci> . OJ '^ l:~ O in —1 "* 00 ^ lo 00 0102 02 05 00 00 00 02 02 O 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 GO 00 00 02 00 r— Ir—ti— (I— (1— IrH i— I i-Hi— Ir—ii-HrH l> 00 00 r— ( rl 2 cjlOOOoOIT'lO 00 OOt'OO fl rH O CO O r-H (N ~* lO CO » C;- CD CD r— t l>OI>02Q0C0 CO XCDOCDCD t'OOsc^r^O O i>02oooi> 00 05 00 00 00 02 05 00 00 00 03 00 CO o OS If . OS ■* 05 lO Cq O CSl 0 "-^cococN-^io lo loocbcoio E;- co CO .C O l> !> 00 CO CO 00 lO O 00 CD t^OOst^t^o o i>ooooooi:^ OOOSOOODOOOS OS OOOOGOOOQO CO o OS r— t If ^a : O tH in OS CD IC O CO O rH IN CO ^ lO op CO (N OS --< CO CO (N (N 00 r-< "^(NfNCNCOcb "^ "^ioobcot^_ IN lO CB IN CO (N OS 1— 1 111 •^COrH^'^OO lO COCOIt^tH'tH GcO(N(Nn(Nco-*i>ryiOc»p 3 '-+3 o o 1 CO Si ^ o (N(N0pl>Gpr-lOCpq5N OOOOCOOOOOGOCOOiOOOOOSOO t>OCOOOGOCOr-Hr-iCD10GOCD I:-O00Olr'O0500CSC0C^I> 00O100O1MG5CX5 00 00G000Q0 CO § 00 '~'coiococo«iioio4*cbioi-Tio § ■^rHr-Hi— Ir— (r— )(>lGH •^ [x, S <| g h^ 1^ << ^ o J2; O SPRINGS. tt SPEINGS, ETC. Essex is not a county that abounds in powerful springs, as do Hampshire, Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, in the Memoirs on which many pages are devoted to this and kindred subjects. Those counties not only have a large tract of more or less bare Chalk, but also a considerable outcrop of Lower Greensand, the- two chief water-bearing formations of South-eastern England. Essex, on the other hand, has no outcrop of any bed below the Chalk, and its area of bare Chalk is comparatively small. Most of its springs are small, and derived from comparatively thin surface-deposits, of a permeable kind ; and of these springs there are many. Springs that are used for supply are noticed further on, under the heading Spring Supplies (pp. 73-82), and some find a place amongst mixed supplies that are chiefly from wells, as will be seen from the Index. Chalk. Of Chalk-springs there is little to be said. H. B. Woodward has noted^ that ' ' on the far northern side of the Chalk Basin there is a copious outflow beyond Heydon along the outcrop of the Totternhoe Stone"; but Heydon and the outcrop of the Lower Chalk, by a process of legal disturbance, have been thrown out of Essex into Cambridgeshire, as above noted (p. 2). He adds that " Along the Cam valley below Newport many springs issiie and there are good watercress beds"; some also at Newport. Of these springs, which contribute to a northerly flowing stream, the following details are taken from a set of privately printed papers^ for the knowledge of which we are. indebted to Mr. Woodward, notes as to sites being added from a map. The informants are Harold Warren (pp. 11, 12), and Dr. W. Armistead (p. 26). Taking first the tributaries on the left or western side of the Cam, the Wicken Bonhunt springs, eastward of the village, are the highest permanent springs feeding that river [save in times of bourne-fiow], being about 203 feet above Ordnance Datum. The disappearance of water here is noticed further on (p. 48). The level of the Newport springs, westward of the church, is 187 feet. In another tributary-valley, a little to the north, the Wenden springs, of which there are several, westward and just south- eastward of the village, vary in level from 175 to 178 feet. On the right, or eastern, side of the Cam, in the valley of the Debden Water, the springs, a little eastward of Newport, are 181 feet above Ordnance Datum. Farther northward the Audley End springs, in short side- valleys, by and southward of the Abbey, vary in level from 154 io 157 feet, another spring, north-eastward of the house, being 148 feet. The only notes of swallow-holes in Essex that have been taken were made during excursions of the Essex Field Club in 1912 and ' Victoria History of Essex, vol. i. ^ Evidence in Support of Petitions against the Bills (S. Essex Water Board, S. Essex Waterworks Co.), by the Cambridgeshire County Council, 190O. This xefers largely to Cambridgeshire. d2 48 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 1914. The first was of a small one in a ditch near Bilden End, Chrishall, and about half a mile westward of Chisewick Hall; the second was of a water-sink in a little valley 1^ miles a little north of east from Saffron Walden church. No record of any others has heen seen. The conditions are unfavourable for the formation of hollows into which streams may sink. Probably all the small Chalk-streams that flow into the Cam are more or less of the nature of bournes, that is to say, their point oi origin is liable to seasonal variations, higher up the valley after times of heavy rainfall, lower down after dry times. Certainly this is the case with the Wicken Water, the stream flowing from Arkesden eastward, as I have seen it dry at Wicken Bonhunt. The same may be said of the Cam itself, which must sometimes rise a good way above the 200 feet contour. Of the springs that often rise at or near the junction of the Tertiary beds and the Chalk in other counties Essex gives but few examples, that junction being so largely hidden by Drift on the north, whilst on the south, where it is practically free from Drift, it is but a few miles in extent. H. B. Woodward^ has noted that " overflows .... escape at the surface on the margin of the Tertiary strata, as at Banfield (Bentfield) Springs near Bishops Stortford on the north, and at Grays and Purfleet on the ' south. ' Of the former, which are just north of the mill and in the parish of Stansted Mountfichet, it is elsewhere recorded that the level is 204 feet above Ordnance Datum. Some springs at the village are noticed further on, p. 67. The following notes of a few springs in the southern area, eastward of Grays, taken in December, 1892 (by W. W.), are given as examples : there are probably many others. A spring marked on the old six-inch Ordnance Map (Sheet 83), in the marsh about 440 yards Ei^E. of Little Thurrock church I could not find, it having apparently been filled up; but I saw another (not marked) in the ditch bordering the marsh a little over 1,000 yards in the same direction from the church, just SE. of the farm named Bretts, and a slight one at the head of a little ditch about 340 yards E. of S. from Chadwell Place, whilst one at the head of the next little ditch, about 80 yards eastward, had gone, or nearly so. There is another in the ditch some 25 yards westward of Hutt's House, and about 670 yards south-westward of Chadwell church. The name St. Chad's Well (nearlv 600 yards southward of the church) is suggestive of a spring. London Clay. S. H. Wakren has said, in describing an excursion near Loughton, at which I was present : " After passing under Staples Hill, evidences of a series of springs, thrown out on both sides of the valley, were observed. The level at which these springs appear is about, or rather below, the 200 feet contour, and they probably indicate the presence of some permeable bed included in the London clay."^ ' Victoria History of Essex, vol. i, p. 6. ' Proc. Geol. Assoc, 1910, vol. xxi, pt. 8, p. 452. SPRINGS. 49 There are probably many other like springs, from sandy beds in the London Clay: notably, of course, sundry mineral springs. Bag shot Beds. Although there is no very sharp division between the Bagshot 3eds and the London Clay, but more or less of a passage, yet the change from sand downward to clay, or sandy clay, is marked ■enough to give rise to springs, or damp ground, which indeed is often the most trustworthy sign of that change. A few instances will be given. At the High Beech outlier, Epping Forest, there are many springs on the northern side of the Common, sometimes with a rich growth of bog-moss (Sfhagnum), and of other marsh-plants. On the east, in the nursery southward of the King's Oak Inn, I saw, more lately, a spring, with a bog-garden. ^^'riting of the old fish-ponds at Warley Place, J. C. Shen- STO.xE says : " Here we find two picturesque pools fed by natviral springs which rise in the hillside. They show very little diminu- tion in the water level, even in the dryest summers."-' At Billericay the junction of the Bagshot Sand and the London Claj' was laid open in a deep railway-cutting, which I saw in 1887, and ' ' it was marked by wet, for though a most exceptionally long "time of drought had occurred (August 1887), the quantity of water thrown out had given much trouble, entailing drainage- work."2 ' _ A fairly voluminous spring on the hillside NW. of Slice's Gate was opened out some years ago, to see if the flow were sufficient to supply Billericay; but it was not. H. B. WooDWAKD has referred to springs at the Stock outlier (see p. 57), and there are also springs at the neighbouring out- lier of Galleywood, one being marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (52, SE.), by the roadside, about 600 yards SW. of the church. At Laindon Hill, H. W. Bkistow long ago noted the out- flow of water at the junction of the Bagshot Sand and the London Clay, on the eastern side of the outlier, in the road between West Lee Tye and Blackmans,^ and at a later date Du. A. E. Salter drew attention to springs on the northern side, at the same junction; one resulting in a stream with a small well-marked valley.* I iiave noted springs here at the following places: — On the northern side of the road at the rectory (used for supply), at the head of the stream, near Butler's Grove, and about 900 yards NE. from the church; on the southern side of the road, half-way between Butler's Grove and Nightingales Farm; and ajjparently •others just NE. of West Lee Hall, in the next hollow some 160 yards ENE., and in the lane about 130 yards NW. of West Lee Tye ; between the last two there is a hollow, the bottom of which ' Essex Naturalist, 1912, vol. xvii, p. 56. ^ The Geology of London, etc. Geol. Surv. Mem., 1889, p. 277. ' Geol. Surv. Memoirs. The Geology of the London Basin, 1872, p. 328. Eeproduced in The Geology of London, etc., 1889, vol. ii, p. 279. * Proc. Geol. Assoc, 1907, vol. xx, p. 182. 50 ESSEX WATBE SUPPLY. is springy, as shaded on the six-inch Ordnance Map (Sheet 72), . on which moreover springs are marked at Butler's Grove and at the eastern point of Hall Wood (used for supply). Drift Gravel and Sand. The number of springs thrown out from the permeable members of the various divisions of the Drift, by underlying clays, is legion, and one can only notice now those few of which some note has been published, or which have come before one in visiting certain districts. Such names as Springfield, Eoxwell, etc., point to the presence of springs. At High Ongar a spring about 300 yards south-west of the school, once supplied the school with water. At Newport there are springs in rear of the Grammar School, an analysis of the water from which is given on p. 423. In his Report to the Chelmsford Rural Sanitary Authority for 1892, De. Thresh said of Writtle : "At the western end of Oxney Green there are several springs yielding from 5,000 ta 20,000 gallons a day each of water of great purity, though 'some- what hard." The brewery -spring (between the brewery and the church) yields a considerable amount of water and was formerly used by many inhabitants. At Great Baddow springs are marked on the six-inch Ordnance Map (Sheet 53, NW.), some 930 yards W. of W. from the church and about 700 yards eastward of the spring taken for supply (see p. 77), which is not marked on the map (52, NE.), though the bigger of the two. There is another spring a little higher up the valley than the waterworks and another at Moulsham Lodge. Dr. Thresh has said: "At Little Baddow whilst there are numerous springs of water, they are either inconvenient of access or liable to pollution."^ He adds (1914) that until recently several, at the edge of the Danbury gravel-patch, were used. The following note is by Bt. B. Woodvv^ard : " Among the noteworthy permanent springs is one known as CromwelFs Well. at Maldon, which issues from the Glacial gravels."^ At Heybridge springs break out at the edge of the wood, to the north ; some time ago these were cleared and pumped, but they could not be depended on to yield the supply for the village. F. J. Bennett, writes (1913) that at Bran End, Stabbing, a spring constantly yields 8 gallons a minute. In the valley of the Brain, above Witham, I noted springs on the left side in December, 1900. In the parish of Faulkbourne one, about 800 yards NNE. from the church, and just below the 100-ft. contour-line on the map, then yielded much water; whilst another lower down the valley and a little farther below that contour-line, about 570 yards ENE. of the church, was dry at the head, and with little water just below. Lower down, in the parish of Witham, there was a spring at the riverside about 1,190 yards north-westward of Chippinghill church, and another about 100 yards eastward, just south-eastward of which the ground was of a springy nature. ' Report to the Chelmsford Rural Sanitary Authority for 1893. ' Victoria History of Essex, vol. i, p. 22. SPRINGS. 51 The Roman spring at Earl's Colne rises near Tilekilns Farm. It was once suggested that this could be used for the supply of the town. There is also a spring on the Golf Links at White Colne. At Coggeshall there are several springs in the valley; but none yielding enough to supply the town. (See also p. 75.) At Ardleigh I saw springs at the back of the Railway Tavern, just north of the station, and there was springy ground along the road some 500 yards south-south-eastward from the station. At West Mersea there is a well-known spring, called St. Peter's well, close to the shore on the south of the village. It has been suggested that it could be used for supplying the village ; but the yield is too small and the risk of pollution too great. (See also pp. 305, 306.) At St. Osyth I have noted springs at the following places : the northern end of the Kitchen Pond, in the park, and there must be others hereabout; about 760 yards eastward of the church a spring is drained into the stream, where a lane comes down to it ; at the south-eastern corner of Bush Paddock, by the roadside some 1,280 yards east-north-eastward of the church there was a spring and pump. At Dedham a spring above Lamb Inn Corner is said to yield 10,000 gallons of water a day. It was at one time suggested that the village should be supplied from this. It is to be hoped that observers will take notes of the more prominent springs of the county, so that the above somewhat meagre account may be supplemented. The subject is one of local interest, and works in with botanic and entomologic research. ; Mineral Springs. Whilst classifying certain springs under the above heading, it must be understood that there is no marked division between mineral springs and others ; it is merely a question of proportion. When a water contains more than a usual amount of. dissolved mineral matter it ig called a mineral water ; but the difficulty is to define what is usual. In practice, when a water contains things that have any peculiar effect, medicinal or otherwise, it is looked on as medicinal water ; but here again we are met by a difficulty, that of determining when a water has any medicinal efficacy, and this is a difficulty of large secular variation. We are now in an age of scepticism as regards the special efficacy of very many waters that a hundred years ago were looked on with respect, whilst now they are practically disregarded. In this, as in many other matters, classification is a matter of convenience ; nature does not make marked divisions. In this Memoir it is convenient to return somewhat to the faith of our fathers, as the subject has been well and thoroughly treated by M. Christy and Miss May Thresh,^ whose lately published book has relieved us from going into the subject in detail; it is ' A History of the Mineral Waters and Medicinal Springs of Essex. Essex Naturalist, 1909, vol. xv., pp. 185-263. Eeprinted, in book-form, 1910, with Addenda, Index, etc., pp. viii, 73. Price 2s. 6d. CO "* ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. enough here to show the scope of their work, by noting its contents, which are as follows : — IntroductoTy, pp. 1-6. Bibliography, pp. 6-10. Particulars of each spring, pp. 10-63 ; the springs being at Chigwell Row, Colchester, *DoveT- court. Havering, *Hockley, *Hornchurch Lane, *Ilford (St. Chad's well), *Little Dunmow (called Felstead), Little Leighs, Markshall, Plaistow, Romford (Gidea Hall), South Benfleet, *South Weald, Springfield, *Staple- ford Abbots, Twinstead, *Upminster, Wanstead, *West Tilbury, Wethers- field, Witham, *Woodford, and Woodham Ferrers; with analysis of the . water of those places preceded by *. Remarks from geological point of view, pp. 63, 64 ; and from chemical point of view, pp. 65-68. Whilst referring those interested in the subject to the book itself, some of the conclusions may be given, in the words of the authors : — " With few exception)s, the reputed [Essex Mineral Waters which we have analysed . . . cannot be regarded as Mineral Waters at all. The few which may be rightly so classed owe such medicinal properties as they possess almost entirely to the presence in them of magnesium sulphate (Epsom salts). Waters containing this salt are in no way remarkable in Essex; for such waters are found in many parts of the county, and wells have frequently been abandoned, as sources of domestic supply, owing to the excessive amount of saline constituents present in their waters." Of the waters examined " only three can be classed as Mineral Waters . . . those from South Weald, TJpminster, and Hockley. Even these have . . . little or no medicinal value, the amount of their saline constituents being small." Others "have no medicinal j)roperties whatever. . . ." "It appears, therefore, that our Essex .Mineral Wells (so called) have, perhaps, obtained their reputations without being justly entitled thereto. It is conceivable, of course, that our wells, or some of them, really did possess, at one time, the properties with which they were credited, and that those properties have become, in some way, lost or exhausted. ..." "We think it more probable, however . . . that the waters of our Essex wells never possessed . . . any real medicinal value, and that ' faith ' was an important, if not the chief, element in the ' cures ' they are credited with." At the end of the book, in a note by W. H. Dalton, it is said : "That with the exception of Tilbur}-, all the springs noticed are within the area of the London Clay, and their waters are derived from sandy seams in that deposit or from its contact with superficial gravels over it, the gravels in the latter case furnish- ing merely the water, and the mineral ingredients being derived from the clay. In no case does the Boulder-clay take any part." These London Clay waters were, however, regarded as useful from being slightly aperient, by reason of the magnesium-sulphate they contain. CONTAMINATION. 53 CONTAMINATION AND RISK THEREOF. General Remarks. It is of value to get together records of events that have happened, even many years ago, in regard to the pollution of "water-supplies, or to the mere risk of such pollution, from various causes. We should be unwise in passing by such records, as mere matter of history, referring only to troubles that have ceased ; for it is largely by a study of the mistakes and mischances of the past that dangers may be avoided in the future. Detailed information of this sort is largely got from the Reports of the Local Govern- ment Board ; but -we also get much from Reports of Medical Officers, and some from other observers. In 1893 De,. Thresh, in treating of wells sunk through the London Clay, said that " many of the wells, more especially the ■older ones, are so badlj^ constructed that it is quite uncertain what proportion of surface or sub-soil water thej' contain. As the water from these superiicial sources is usually, if not always, very impure, contaiaing much organic matter and nitrates, we can invariably detect its presence, but we can only roughly estimate the quantity. According to the varying proportion of surface to subterranean water will the constituents vary on analysis. Take, for example, the water at Goldhanger Rectory and at Cold Norton Railway Station. In 1889 the water from the rectory well was uncontaminated. In 1891 there were reasons for suspecting that the water was being fouled, and upon analysis such proved to be the case. Evidently water containing less saline matter and more lime salts and nitrates (i.e., impure surface water) was gaining access to the well. At Cold Norton Railway (Station) the water obtained soon after the well was bored contained so much nitrates and lim.e salts that I felt justified in condemning it as impure. The well was opened and some improvements made. The quality of the water also improved ; but it still was impure. The well was again examined, and, I believe, some puddling done, or the brick- work cemented. The result was that when the water was again submitted to analysis it proved to be pure. At Stow Maries (Hogwell) we have not been so fortunate. When I examined the -water, in 1890, I found it very impiire, and I reported that sub- soil water was entering the well. The railway company had the water pumped to a low level, and something was done at the well itself . . . and at my next visit the water taken gave no indication of impurity. Recently, however, I was told that the water was again very hard, and, uprn examining a sample, I found it as had as at first."^ In reporting to Parliament on the South Essex Waterworks Bill, 1899, the Local Government Board made the following remarks on a proposed well at Mucking (?the taking over of the Muckingford or Linford Well, p. 226). " The water obtained from the chalk beneath the tertiary beds in South Essex, and especially in the limits of supply of the Company, is, owing to the dip of the chalk from south to north, ' Essex Naturalist, vol. vii, pp. 32, 33. 54 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. in all probability, largely derived from Kent, the water passing under the bed of the Thames. The chalk in South Essex, how- ever, being denser than Kent chalk, has less capacity for holding water; hence a considerable body of water passing northwards from Kent finds vent in springs issuing in the bed of the Thames. In times of drought, and especially as pumping stations multiply in the north of Kent, the amount of water passing northwards, and consequently the amount breaking out upwards in the bed of the river, tends to become diminished. Pumping from the chalk in South Esses may be thought of as liable to further diminish, if not to arrest the upward issue of chalk water in the bed of the Thames, and even, if excessively indulged in, to reverse the springs in the Thames bed and draw Thames water downwards and northwards beneath Essex. It would appear that the water derived from the Company's present works at Grays contains more salt than heretofore, and it has been suggested that this is due to the derivation of larger proportions of it from the Thames, and the new well proposed . . . will, seemingly, bear the same relation to the water in the chalk and the Thames as do the existing Grays wells." With regard to the above it should be noted that the Mucking site is a good deal further from the Thames than the Grays well is, and still further from where the river runs over Chalk. " If the well at Mucking is intended only for the supply of the parishes proposed ... to be added to the Company's limits, the moderate pumping which would be necessary . . . would not, perhaps, necessarily involve the drawing of water from the Thames ; but if . . . the water from the new source is requisi- tioned to supplement the supply in the existing limits . . . the risk of laying the Thames under contribution may become a very real one." Attention is then drawn to another presumed risk. "'The site of that well [Mucking] is almost immediately north of Gravesend, on the opposite side of the river. [It is more than three miles NNE. of that town.] Gravesend, which is unsewered," once had many private wells in the Chalk. Now that there is a public supply " many of those wells are utilised as cesspools, and the liquid matter from them may possibly pass . . . northwards to the site of the proposed well." These remarks were reprinted in the following year, in the Board's Report on the South Essex Water Bill, 1900. They seem to reflect somewhat on Gravesend. I am inclined to think, how- ever that it is a far way to Mucking, and not exactly in the direc- tion in which one would expect the underground water to flow from Gravesend, the dominant planes of jointing running roughly SE. and NW., that is away from a line from Gravesend to Mucking, which is SSW. and NJSTE. Local Cases. These are taken in chronological order except where there are two notes on the same place. Many smaller cases are referred to in the descriptions of various wells and waters, as will be found from the Index. CONTAMINATION. - 55 Terling. In his Report on Typhoid Fever at this village De. [Sir] E. T. Thorne describes the general conditions of the place in 1868,' a description which probably held for most small villages in the district, and so is of general interest. " In the central part of the village, each cottage, or each group of two or three [cottages], has its own well, and if the ground is at all undulating, it is invariably placed at the loweist point. These wells which are all sunk in the gravel, are as a rule un- covered, and are merely lined with bricks placed loosely one above another ... on a higher level than these wells and everywhere surrounding them, lie the various nuisances (manure-heaps, cess- pools, privies, sometimes overflowing) . . . and since the soil is of a very loose and porous nature . . . the closeness of such sources of contamination to the cottagers' drinking water is seen to be fraught with the greatest danger." " The general tendency of the evidence ... is to the effect that the water supply of Terling was the great infective influence," and some of the cases " also seem ver^r definitely to connect the outbreak of disease with a particular change in the level of the sxirface water . . . the water in the wells had gradually sunk during the latter part of the summer and autumn. . . . Following this drought, came a sudden flow of water into all the wells," and this was just before the outbreak. " I carefully examined . every well throughout the village, and I found that with very few exceptions they were all so placed that the water they contained could easily become contaminated." "It is evident that for years the land springs supplying the village must have washed the foul materials which had soaked through the ground into the wells, although, owing to the water being very abundant, the contaminated solution thus formed was very much diluted. Recently, however, although the soakage of filth into the ground has been going on, there has been a deficiency in the water supply (from the drought above alluded to) ; that filth must therefore have accumulated until the rise in the surface water took place, when the whole would naturally be washed from the surrounding ground into the wells, and thus give rise to an intensely saturated solution," and the evidence makes it clear ' ' that immediately after an exceedingly rapid rise in the surface water, which had been preceded by an unusually prolonged period of drought, an epidemic of typhoid fever of very great magnitude and, intensity broke out." Sir R. Thorne examined various neighbouring places, and he says " that the sudden rise in the surface-water which seemed so clearly to bear upon the outbreak of typhoid fever in Terling, had not been noticed in any of the other portions of the Witham Union which I visited, and in which I did not find that there had been any scarcity of water during the summer and autumn of last year " (1867). At the time when this outbreak was investigated it was not known that milk was a vehicle by which infection could be spread. At a later date Dr. Gimson told one of us that, although at the > Tenth Riv. Med. Off. Privy Council. Pages quoted from 42, 43, 45, 50, 51,56. I had the pleasure of helping in this investig-ition. \V W. "" ' ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. time lie suspected the water, lie belieyed that the outbreak was due to infected milk. Wicken Bonhunt. In 1869 De. [Sie G.J Buchanan wrote a Eeport on an Epidemic of Typhoid Fever at Wicken Bonant/ in which he says : — " The water supply of the village is partly from the ' parish well,' used by the inhabitants of 19 houses ; partly from private wells which supply the other 21 houses. The wells are sunk through a varying amount of gravel into the chalk. . . . The level of the water below the surface ranges (chiefly, it appears, according to the level of the surface where the well is situated) from 20 to 35 ft. ; but of course this level would vary materially according to the wetness or dryness of the season. . . . The parish well ... by the roadside, is four or five paces from the brook channel, and it has been observed that after heavy rains, and when the brook is flowing, the water of this well is discoloured." In his note on the geology W. H. Penning says : — ' ' At the upper or west end of the village, water is constantly running — in a strong stream — along the brook, but after receiving the sewage from a drain it disappears near where the road and the brook cross. The channel through the village is thus left drj^ for a greater part of the year, the water being absorbed by the lower or sandy portion of the gravel at the spot indicated. It appears to be carried along, beneath the surface, by the gravel to its eastern extremity at the lower end of the village, where water is again found in the brook. The base of sand^* clay [in the gravel], although irregular, is probably persistent, and prevents the downward percolation of the water. The dryness of the channel through the length of the village, and the reappearance of water at the lower end, show that the water having once entered the gravel is kept therein for that distance, either by slight difference of level, or by the coating of rain-wash from the claj--covered hills." " The parish well is sunk through (and evidentlj- derives its water from) this sandy portion of the gravel, thus intercepting in its course water into which, within a distance of 250 yards, sewage matter has been discharged." " There is evidently direct communication, by fissure in the chalk, or otherwise, between the now dry channel and the parish well, as in times of flood, when the channel is full, the water in the well rises to a corresponding height, and becomes cloudv." Speaking of the fever Buchanan says: " Of the 45 cases, fiA-e have occurred among the 118 people who get their water from private wells. Two of these five, however, had been lodging in houses supplied by the public well, and two others of the five are . . . of new occurrence, and . . . uncertain. Thus only one positive case occurred in four months among the 118 persons who ■drank water from private wells. The remaining . . . cases occurred among 88 persons who had no source of water-supply ■except the parish well, some of them, however, occasionally taking water, when it could be had, from the brook. There were thus, among persons getting water from private wells, less than 3 per cent, attacked by fever; among persons getting water from the ^ Twelfth Eep. Med. Of. Privy Council, 1870, p. 72. CONTAMINATION. 5T parish well, over 46 per cent, attacked. No other general difference . . . can be observed between the families which, suffered and those which did not suffer from the fever." A footnote states that 19 fresh cases were pretty equally divided between the public and private well-supplies. He comes to the conclusion that the fever originated from twa cases imported from London, and was distributed by water, saying : " I think it is sufficiently proved that the water was the immediate cause of the epidemic," and he concludes thus: — • " The measures that appear necessary for the permanent improve- ment of the village, and for putting it in a condition in which such epidemics as the present should be impossible, are essentially the supply of pure water and the safe disposal of all excrement. . . . The existing wells will, after the effect of their recent cleansing and disinfecting has passed away, remain sources of danger to the people for some time after the necessary action has been taken for keeping all excrementitious matter out of their neighbourhood ; and it is desirable that a new well should be sunk into the chalk at the lower or east end of the village, in a place distant from houses, and beyond the reach of any contamination." Stock. H. B. Woodward has noted that " Stock, othem-ise a very healthy place, from its good situation, suffered much, in 1870, from the impurity of the water. This was wholly got from land- springs, issuing from the junction of the sand (Bagshot) with the loamy upper beds of the London Clay. From the great amount of sewage that was mixed with the water, the inhabitants, and particularly the children, suffered much from scarlet fever. There was, I was told, but one well in the village, and probably the water from tTiis comes from the same source."^ Presumably the word "scarlet" has got in by mistake, as scarlet fever has never been traced to water. Southend. In his report dealing with the outbreak of Typhoid in 1890 De. Thresh exonerates the water-supply on the following grounds : — (1) Examination of the water chemically and microscopically betrayed no organic pollution, and chemically there were no significant variations from normal conditions. (2) The surface-water at the various sources of supply was properly excluded by the well-linings. (There is a covering of some 200 to 380 ft. of clay between the surface-beds and the beds from which supply is pumped). (3) The town is in part supplied sectionally, one section by one source and another section by another, and the distribution of cases contradicted any assumption of infection by contamination of any one source of supply. (4) He saw no signs of indrawing of sewer- or other infected water into the joints of the mains. (5) The proportions of cases among women and among children under 15 were low. As these are more markedly water-drinkers ' Gtol. Survey Memoirs. The Geology of London, etc., 1889, vol. i, p. 278. Eeproduced from The Geology of the London Basin, 1872, p, 327. 58 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. than men, these proportions should be high in a water-borne epidemic. (6) Taking Southend as a whole 5-7 per cent of the houses were invaded by Typhoid in 1890. But of the houses invaded in the previous year 25 per cent, were again invaded in 1890. This tendency to recur in certain houses was not compatible with infection by a water-supply common to all. (5) and (6) also contradict infection by milk. Also cases occurred impartially among customers of different milk-purveyors. He attributes the Typhoid to sewer-infection for the following and other reasons : — The general condition of the sewering in the invaded parts was not satisfactory (bad-jointing of main sewers and direct or badly trapped connection between houses and sewers), and might lead to infection by sewer-gas specifically infected by Typhoid stools, etc. The general scheme of sewerage (small-bore mains, subject, owing to defective valving, to sea-flooding at exceptionally high tides) would have aggravated matters by causing a high gas- pressure in the sewers. The invariable occiirrence in autumn is also incompatible with water-borne Typhoid. In his Report to the Local Government Board, No. 105, on Infectious Diseases in Southend, made in 1896, Dr. R. B. Low says: " The Reports of Mr. Shirley Mtjrphy and Dr. Thresh exonerated the water supply . . . from any suspicion that might have attached to it as an agency in the dissemination of enteric fever," and that '' the great depth of the wells . . . and the fact that they pass through an impermeable layer of London Clay . . . render it very improbable that the water . . . can become polluted by soakage of sewage matter from the surface. . . . The lining of the wells . . . has been carefully done, and is calculated to prevent all chance of surface water finding admission," and he adds " it appears that pollution of the wells in any of the usually recognised ways has been com- pletely guarded against. Moreover, the incidence of the enteric fever in the borough has not resembled what is ordinarily met with in water-borne epidemics." In 1901 Dr. J. T. C. Nash reported on the water-supply, to the Health Committee, owing to complaints having been made. " That these complaints were well founded was proved by the fact that numerous living animalculse (Daphnia) were found in the water, together with the debris of the bodies of others. These organisms are characteristic of pond water." Me. Bilham, the Manager of the Water Works, " had no doubt that the animalculcP in the water . . . came from a new reservoir." On cutting ofE the supply from this reservoir, emptying the reservoir, and flush- ing the water-mains, no further complaints were made. This is an interesting case of slight contamination in an uncovered reservoir. Since the above Reports were written it has been proved that the outbreaks of fever were due to shell-fish from the polluted foreshore. Now that the foreshore has been protected, a case of typhoid rarely occurs. CONTAMINATION. 59 Writtle. A Report to the Chelmsford and Maldon Rural Sanitary- Districts by Dk. J. C. Thresh, in 1891, on the water of Writtle and Oxney Green, contains 50 analyses of 47 well-waters (all the known wells but one in the village of Writtle and Oxney Green as distinct from the parish of Writtle), and five of five spring-waters; the springs being unpolluted and from the same (or a similar) patch of Gravel as that in which the wells are sunk.' (The well by the roadside half-way up Oxney Green is different. For analysis see A, p. 465.) The results of the analyses are given in a table. They are summarised in the Report as follows : — In the (pure) spring-waters the total solid matter was 28-30 grains per gallon, and the hardness 20-26°. None of the village ' well-waters had less than 30 grains of total solids, few less than 40, and many 90 and over. In hardness some of the wells compared favourably, but their average was much higher than that of the springs. Also in the springs the hardness was nearly all removable by boiling, while in the wells the Permanent Hard- ness was often very excessive. (In addition to the consequent waste of soap permanent hardness in such waters is referred to in the Report as causing constipation and possibly indigestion.) In many parts of the district the conditions (of the well-shaft or surrounding or both) were permitting of entrance of unchanged or slightly changed sewage, as shown by the high Organic Ammonia and Oxygen absorbed. In other cases the sewage had been altered by passage through 'live earth,' and was possibly innocuous, but these conditions it is pointed out were liable to be upset by extra rapid soakage after heavy rain. This sewage-contamination, changed or unchanged, is shown by the Chlorine-figures (Chlorine from the salt in Urine), and by the excess of Nitrates (formed by oxidation of sewage or other filth). The pure springs contained 1 to IJ grains of Chlorine per gallon. Few of the wells had less than 3 and nearly half had 8 or more. The springs contained -25 to -45 of Nitric Nitrogen; only 4 of the wells had less than -5 grains, the majority had 1 to 3, and many even exceeded 3. Of the 50 samples from the 1:7 wells about 9 contain so little oxidised sewage-matter (as measured by the Nitric Nitrogen and Chlorine), and so little organic matter (as measured by the Free and Organic Ammonia and Oxygen absorbed), that one might fairly infer only a slight risk of the entrance of unchanged sewage, but 'vath such porous soil this risk could not be con- sidered negligible. " All the other waters must be considered unsafe; some of them are very filthy and totally unfit for any household use." There was only one public pump in the village, fortunately yielding one of the best waters. The Brewery Company kindly permitted the use of one of their taps to all comers, this also yield- ing one of the best waters. ^ The subject is also referred to in his ' Report on the Water Supply of Essex,' 1901. "^ ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. One well (No. 16 of the Eeport) liad two pumps, Hockley's of lead and Dent's of iron. Water from tJie latter contained iron and increased quantities of nitrites and ammonia from the action of iron on the nitrates. Change due to rain is shown by 2^ (a) and 22 (b) of Draw-well in Deadmans Lane (a) in dry weather, (b) after heavy rain. Variation (cause not stated) is also shown in 37 and 38 from Everard's, near Chandlers. [None of the above damning coifiments apply to the Pump-wheel Well half-way up Oxney Green (see A, p. 465), the water of which is well spoken of in every way.] In addition to defect in quality the quantity of water was also insufficient, and many new cottages were under construction. The village now has a public supply from a deep well (see p. 324). Kainham. E. Evans, in his Eeport to the Local Government Board in 1894 (No. 77, p. 2), says that: " Shallow wells, from 6 to 12 ft. deep, in the gravel constituted until receat years the sole water- supply of the village. In 1888 the South Essex Water Company extended their mains into Eainham, but up to the early part of last year very few households had availed themselves of this supply. Even for houses erected within recent years, wells have been sunk within half-a-dozen yards of privy pits and cesspools ; in but rare instances have the wells been placed at such a distance from dwellings as to be reasonably safe from polluting agencies of the above sort." Chelmsford and Widford. In 1903 De. Theesh treated of an epidemic of diarrhcea which occurred in the borough of Chelmsford and the village of Widford in the summer of that year, from July 23rd onward, with over 1,000 cases and 14 deaths : ^ A detailed investigation was made, not only in the two places mentioned, but also in the parts of Writtle, Springfield and Great Baddow, next to the borough. On comparing the attack-rate in the parts getting water froin other sources than the borough- mains with that in the part supplied from the mains, it was found that whilst in the former case the percentage of persons attacked was only 1, in the latter it was 21-5. There was no evidence that milk or any other article of food could have caused the outbreak, and in no other part of the Chelmsford ITnion was there any great prevalence of diarrhoea. The water-supply of the borough, therefore, seemed to be implicated; but only the eastern part of the town ^was affected, that is, the part supplied with mixed water from the Burgess spring and the deep well (see pp. 74, 116) ; the part supplied from Admiral's Park spring was not affected. On examination, however, nothing was found pointing to the possibility of pollution of either the Burgess spring or the well ; but near the latter there was a small uncovered resei-voir into which the water of the well was pumped and through which it flowed, to mix with the water from the spring, in a larger covered reservoir. 1 British Medical Journal, Sept. 26, 1913. CONTAMINATION. 61 " This small reservoir was not bricked up atove ground level, henoe during a heavy rain water from the ground around would run into it," a mistake which we have often seen and commented on, and which seems to have been made in this case by the engi- neer's designs not having been strictly followed. Moreover, adjoin- ing one end of this reservoir, or tank, was a patch of garden, which was manured with road-scrapings. " This tank was in use up to August 21st, when its pollution was suspected and the deep well water was at once diverted and pumped straight into the larger reservoir . . . and two or three days after this the epidemic came to an abrupt termination." Confirmatory evidence was given by the fact that whilst a " sample of water collected at Widford towards the end of the epidemic period . . . contained so many bacteria that the gela- tine plate was liquefied " before they could be counted, a sample from the same source, taken on September 2nd, " contained very few organisms and gave none of the reactions which had char- acterized the previous sample." Clearly, therefore, between the two dates " the water had undergone a marked change accounted for by the cutting out of the polluted reservoir." The conclusion come to is " that about July 23rd the small reservoir became contaminated with pathogenic organisms from garden soil, that this contaminated water caused the epidemic prevalence of diarrhcea in the district throughout which it was distributed . . . and that the cessation of the epidemic was due to the cessation of the pollution." The death-returns confirm this conclusion, for from July 1st to 23rd no death occurred in the borough or district from diarrhoea, whilst " during the epidemic period 12 deaths occurred in Chelms- ford, 2 in Widford, and none in the remainder of the Chelmsford Union," and the deaths " all occurred in the district to which the implicated water was supplied." This is a case showing how it is not only needful to get a supply of good water, but also to keep that supply pure when you have got it. Romford Rural District. In reporting to the Local Government Board in 1904, De. F. St. G. Mivart said : — ' ' In certain localities where the public water service (of the S. Essex Water Co.) is not available consider- able difficulty is found in obtaining a supply of wholesome water. In and around Havering-atte-Bower, and in the hamlet of Noak Hill this is especially marked and in these places water is got from private or quasi-public wells," the depth of which is not more than 30 ft. "I was assured that the Rural District Council had expended considerable sums in . . . searching for water hereabouts, the services of a ' diviner ' having been invoked without avail." " In other parts of the district, even where public water mains are readily accessible, numerous private wells were met with. . . . Their depth does not usually exceed 15 feet." In many places the water in these wells was variously polluted, notably in the parish of Rainham. " Speaking generally I did not see one well from which water should ... be allowed to be used for drinking until it had been subjected to expert examination; nor, in most cases, would a 62 £SS£X WATER SUFPLT. favourable report at any one time suffice ... to establish such water as generally wholesome, having regard to the nature of the soil and the surroundings of the well." Earls Colne. ' Dr. W. W. E. Fletchee, in his Report on the Halstead Eural District, in 1905, said (pp. 2, 3) : — " The upper portion of Earls Colne is supplied with water to a large extent by a deep private well " at the machinery- works. Other houses " are supplied by various private wells. These are generally shallow . . . dry-steined, and frequently in undesirable proximity to sources of pollution. ... In the lower part of the village water is obtained from private wells, some of which have been condemned." Speaking of the part beyond the river [? White Colne] he adds: — " There is no doubt, having regard to the structure and situation of the wells that, generally, water drawn from them must be viewed with suspicion ; and indeed certain of the wells are known to supply water unfit for domestic use. ... At Pebmarsh, in addition to supplies from private wells of the usual unsatis- factory character, there are four public supplies " from pump- wells and a dipping well. " At Greenstead Green there are two public wells." At Little Maplestead and at Colne Engaine there were public pumps. At Castle Hedingham there were six public wells. In Sible Hedingham twelve. At Great Teldham there was a public well, at Little Teldham two public supplies. " In Tilbury Parish there are two public pumps, and two at Ridgewell. . . . In Topplesfield Parish there are six public supplies. ... At Stambourne there are two," and at Great Maplestead there were two public wells. In 1914 a public supply was provided for Earls Colne and for houses in other parishes near (see p. 142). Dunmow Rural District. Dk. Btjisthode, in his Report of 1908, says: — "The whole district is at the present time very badly supplied with water. . For one of the smaller houses in the district, even in populous places ... to possess a supply of its own is a matter of rarity, and in the majority of cases the occupiers have long distances to go for water which is not always abundant or of good quality when secured. Many of the wells are obviously liable to pollution from neighbouring privies," etc. " In dry seasons some of the wells become exhausted. . . ." At Ford, adjoining Dunmow, there were " some seventeen cottages depending for their drinking water upon an open ditch . . . obviously open to pollution." Dunmow and Pelstead now have public supplies. POSSIBILITY OF POIiLTITION OF DEEP WELLS. Notwithstanding that most of the wells are sunk through 200 or more feet of London Clay, the deep well-waters of Essex not unfrequently contain the bacillus coli. Many bacteriologists become alarmed at finding this organism present, believing that its presence is an indication of pollution with manurial or sewage- matter, the natural habitat of the bacillus being the intestines of CONTAMINATION. 63 men and animals. The problem as to its origin in these waters has not yet been solved. From time to time it occurs in prac- tically every natural water from whatever source, though in very small numbers. A dead fly would undoubtedly infect a certain volume of water, dirt from the soles of workmen's boots is another possible source, and doubtless on occasions road-dust contains the bacillus. In one Essex well the organism was found in rather unusual numbers, and the Water Co. placed the well at the disposal of one of us for a thorough examination. The water in the sunk well was pumped out, and a sample of water obtained from the bore-tube at the bottom was collected and examined. It was practically sterile and contained no bacillus in the least resembling the bacillus coli. Water was then allowed to rise in the well, and a sample examined was found to contain a fair number of bacteria and a small number of the bacilli for which we were searching. Pumping was then recommenced and a sample taken from the top of the rising main. This swarmed with bacteria, and contained a relatively large number of bacillus coli. The pump was next taken to pieces, and the carbolised tow which formed the packing was found to be in an offensive condition and loaded with bacteria. It was re- packed, and after a time the water delivered from the pump was free from all objectionable bacteria. At this time inquiries were made regarding the existence of any deep well near, which might have become converted into a cesspool, but there was no deep well for miles, and nowhere in that portion of the county could such a receptacle for sewage be heard of. In another deep well at the outskirts of a small town, the water was found to contain the bacillus coli, and being the public supply to the town the Medical Officer of Health was alarmed. His alarm increased upon finding that before the establishment of the water- works there had been numerous bored wells in the town, and that some of these had been used as cesspools. Further enquiry elicited the fact that when the town was sewered all the houses which had previously drained into these wells were connected with the sewers and the wells filled in. Before these enquiries were completed the water had become free from the organism, and it has not been found in it since. Last year (1913) when enquiring about a deep well at a farm, the tenant acknowledged its existence, but said that a sample of water could not be obtained from it as he had converted it into a cesspool for the farmyard. The well had yielded a water so hard that it was useless, and as the sunk portion was of some depth the farmer thought that he might as well use it as a receptacle for liquid sewage. These experiences are chronicled so that others making similar investigations may be on their guard as to the possibility of pollu- tion arising in this manner. No doubt the danger is greatest in fissured formations, but even in the compact Thanet Sand and the compact Chalk underlying it polluting matter might travel some distance. The conversion of a well into a cesspool is wrong. It may result in great harm, and there can be no excuse for it. This holds, of course, foif shallow wells as well as for deep ones. e2 64 ESSEX WATBB SUPPLY. MISCELLANEOUS. There are subjects which do not readily fit into any of the head- ings that have gone before, and certainly not into any of those which follow. It is handy, therefore, to have a special heading for such erratics, which are of some interest, partly from a geologic point of view, and partly from a controversial one, the comparative advantages and disadvantages of hard and soft water being a frequent subject of dispute. ■ GEOLOGIC INFORMATION FROM WELLS' AND BOEINGS. The help that geology gives to those who are engaged in work underground is repaid by the valuable records that such work adds to our store of knowledge. One cannot but regret, however, that in many cases no records of borings have been kept, or if kept have been lost, and that in others but imperfect records remain ; but it is to be hoped that in future all such work may be duly recorded, and moreover, that accounts thereof may be sent to the Geological Survey, which is apparently the only public body able and ready to act as the collector of all such information. As regards Essex, besides the obvious general knowledge as to the geologic succession downward, and as to the thickness and character of the various formations in places where they are not seen at the surface, there are some special points, either of practical importance or of geologic interest, on which we are indebted to deep wells and borings for exact information. In the first place we get to know something of the level of the floor of old rocks, from borings in the county and at no very great distance outside its boundary, and from this we are enabled to make reasonable inferences as to what may occur in places where there is no direct evidence. The above carries with it the knowledge of the depth to thfe base of the Gault, and to the base of the Chalk, besides some informa- tion as to the formations present between the Chalk and. the old rocks, which may not always be the same. Then we have a great many records showing the level of the top of the Chalk, and also that of the base of the London Clay. These are of importance, and perhaps the evidence is enough to warrant the drawing of the underground contours of those two levels, at all events in parts of the county. They also show lines of disturbance (see p. 11). Finally the changes in the thickness and character of the Drift have much additional light thrown upon them ; indeed, the vary- ing thickness of the Glacial Drift is shown in a way that cannot be realised from open sections. To sum up, there are two points of great geologic interest in which our knowledge comes from wells and borings : one, at the bottom of the series, is the rising up of old rocks below the Secondary formations, the other, at the top of the series, is the cutting of deep Drift-filled channels in the Chalk. Of the former we know from borings in only three places in the county, at East Ham, Harwich, and Weeley (pp. 144, 184) ; but borings in Herts, Kent, and Suffolk, give further knowledge. Of the latter we have abundant evidence in the head-part of the valley of the GEOLOGIC INFOBMATION fEOM WELLS. 65 Cam, at Great and Little Chesterford, Littlebury, Newport, Quendon, and Wendens Ambo (pp. 169, 212, 213, 230-232, 239, 295, 296), with additional evidence over the border in Cambridge- shire. In seven wells at the above places the thickness of Drift proved varies from 137 to 296 ft., and in an eighth, at Newport, no less than 340 ft. were passed through without reaching the base. It is notable, too, that the greatest thickness of Drift yet proved in the kingdom was in another valley, one side of which is in Essex, that of the Stour, near the bottom of which 470 ft. of Drift were passed through in a boring at Glemsford, in Suffolk.* There are probably many shallower channels of a like kind in other parts of Essex ; but the one in the valley of the Cam is the best proved, for a distance of some miles, in the South of England. It was described in some detail in 1890,^ and further evidence is given in this Memoir. Besides the wells quoted above there are others in the neighbourhood showing a good thickness of Drift, though less than any of those just given. A similar channel, though not so deep, in the valley of the Stort, and mainly in Hertfordshire, has been described by De. a. Ieving in various papers. THE EAST ANGLIAN EARTHQUAKE AND tTNDERGEOUND W^ATEE. In 1884 took place the remarkable earthquake which was Qoticed especially in Essex, and formed the subject of the first of the Special Memoirs of the Essex Field Club.^ Besides having marked ^effects on the surface, with much damage to buildings, there was also an effect on underground water, as recorded in pp. 155-162 of the work alluded to, from which the following remarks are taken, except the first entry (relating to an effect at the surface), the description of which is from ■pp. 76, 77. At West Mersea a crack ran along the slope for about 200 to 300 yards, starting from St. Peter's Well, the wooden cistern at the mouth of which is on the shore above high water, a little south-west of the church. The crack was almost obliterated when the authors visited the place, " but we were informed that on the day of the earthquake it was more than two yards in depth and wide enough to insert the fist. There can be no doubt that this crack was opened by the earthquake movement," but it is regarded as only an incipient landslip. " The water of the well, which usually runs out of the cistern in a clear and gentle stream, was jerked forcibly out by the shock, and afterwards ran turbid with suspended matter for about two hours, after which it resumed its original clearness." " At Cross Farm, a little. over a mile E.N.E. of W. Mersea, the disturbance opened another small E. and W. crack, from which two little fresh-water streamlets spouted forth and trickled down towards the house for 8 or 9 hours, and then ceased to flow . . . ' The Water Supply of Suffolk, 1906, p. 58. • Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xlvi, pp. 333-340. ' Report on the Bast Anglian Earthquake of April 22nd, 1884. By Professor B. Meldola and W. White. 8vo. Lend., 1885. Pp. x, 224; two plates (maps). 66 teSSEX WATtlB SITPPtt. the streamlets, which were about 10 yards apart and one inch wide, were charged with a reddish-coloured sand." " At a well near these streamlets the water was made to rise about two feet, and was rendered turbid." It is added (p. 156) that, as to the Cross Farm streamlets, " it may be suggested that the temporary squeeze to which the water- saturated beds were subjected by the passage oi the wave of compression was the immediate cause of the water appearing at the surface, the crack opened by the disturbance at this place affording the easiest channel of escape." Turning now to deep-seated water, the following is recorded of the two wells at the Colchester "Waterworks : — ' ' Previous to the earthquake the water-level had been gradually sinking, and the Committee had decided that a deepening of the wells would be necessary, when the shock came and caused a rise of 7 to 7^ feet, this increased level being maintained for about six months ' ; but then the water-level fell, and in August, 1885, was only 2 ft. above the pre-seismic level. " All the other wells in the neighbourhood of Colchester were affected in a similar manner, but, as no systematic measurements were made, not much is known beyond the general fact. ... At the Castle Brewery well the water is said to have returned to its former level in November ... at the Eagle Brewery the water level in the well was 22 feet below the surface before April 22nd, but after the shock it had risen to within 18 feet . . . and con- tinued at that level till the end of August, 1884." Of Messrs. Courtauld's well. Booking, it is said : — " The earth- quake also caused a rise in the level of the water, . . . and as systematic measurements of the level have been taken weekly for some years past, it is possible to represent the effect in a more precise form." Asummary of these gaugings, from 1883 to 1887,* is given, from another source, under the description of the well (see p. 99). Comparing the water-levels of 1883 and 1884, our authors say: — "These results show that the earthquake caused a rise of 19^ inches, the rise increasing up to June 3rd, after which the level was falling." " This effect of an earthquake shock in raising the level of subterranean water has not often been recorded, although such results must have frequently been observed in earthquake countries." One may add that it is satisfactory to find that an earthquake may have a benevolent action, at all events putting off the evil day of well-extension. ' ' Numerous conjectures as to the cause of the rise of water in these wells have been advanced, such as the collapse of sub- terranean reservoirs, general alteration in the level oi the land &c., but none of these appear to us to bear the test of critical examination," in which we concur, as also in the acceptance of the explanation given by C. E. De Eance (in Nature, May 8th, 1884), that the shock caused a widening of the fissures in the Chalk through which the water flows, the increased flow thus caused leading to a rise in the water-level. HARD AND SOFT WATEE. 67 EFFECT OF PUMPING ON WELLS AND SPRINGS. The effect of pumping at one place on water-level at another is not much in evidence in Essex; but there are two cases, one illustrating a near effect and the other a distant one. At Stansted Mountfitchet pumping at the Nursery Well lowered the water in the Waterworks Well about a third of a mile north- ward (see p. 269). Their combined pumping also at times lowered the water in the watercress-beds, more than half a mile westward of those wells. This water comes from springs, the decrease in the outflow of which at a certain time of day is explainable only by pumping; it is a different thing from seasonal fluctuation, and lasts for a short time only. The above was learnt on the ground in 1900, and it is an interesting example of the effect of com- paratively small pumping. Long ago Me. J. Beaed wrote, " about fiftyyears ago a well was sunk in the dockyard at Sheerness which by excessive pumping did drain the deep wells at Southend " ; but he goes on to say, of the waterworks well, sunk 14 years before : — " Nothing from Sheerness has disturbed this well."* On the other hand, " It has been recorded, by the Admiralty Department of Works, that when the Shoeburyness boring . . . was being made, the level of the water in this ( ? Sheerness) well was lowered 17 feet. The distance is about six miles. "^ It is certainly difficult to understand how such sympathy between the water of two counties could reach for so great a distance ; anyhow it seems a case of tit for tat. The experience of the Southend Company is that wells within 1| miles affected each other. HAED AND SO^T WATEE. The question of the relative merits of hard and of soft water in regard to health having been discussed by one of us in connection with Essex, it is well to give an account of his work, the matter being of much interest.^ De. Theesh says: — "I have ... not succeeded in obtaining any reliable evidence pointing in one way or the other, but I have heard many medical men express the opinion that amongst the users of soft water fewer suffer from digestive disturbances than amongst the users of hard water. That hard water produces ' stone,' "' gout,' or ' rheumatism,' or that soft water induces ' rickets ' in children there is not a tittle of evidence to support." Having been obliged to limit investigation to the general death-rate, and to that from certain diseases, he says: — " There is no reason to suppose that cancer, phthisis, or typhoid fever are affected by the hardness or softness of the water. ... To avoid introducing the effect of purity or impurity, I have limited my investigations to the Urban Districts in which all the water supplies are admitted to be of excellent quality, and I have divided these into groups according to the ' hardness ' of the water supplies. . . . The 18 towns in Rural Essex are divided into three groups. . . ." ' Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, 1874, vol. xiii, p. 91. ' Geol. Survey Memoir. The Water Supply of Kent, 1908, p. 193. ' County of Eusx. Report of the Medical Officer for 1910, pp. 138-142. 68 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 1. Hardness of water under 10° (per 100,000). Soft water areas. 2. „ „ between 10° and 20°. Moderately hard water areas. 8. ,, „ 20° to 30°. Hard water areas. The conclusions in this Report were based upon the statistics for one year. On a later occasion, De. Thkesh says' : — " When the Census returns for 1911 were received and the Registrar General had supplied me with factors for the correction of the death-rates on account of differences in age and sex distribution •of the population ... I decided to again consider the subject and to take a period of five years as the basis for comparison. The results now given, therefore, are much more reliable than those published in 1911, but they support entirely the conclusion at which I then arrived." The following figures therefore are con- densed from the later Report, and are the averagefs for the years 1907 to 1911. The Soft Water Areas include Burnham, Leigh, Maldon, Shoeburyness, and Southend, with a population of 77,350 (increased to 90,440 in 1912) and a death-rate varying from 8"9 to 112, on the total 11 (decreased to 10 in 1912). The Moderately Hard Water Areas include Braintree, Bright- lingsea, Colchester, Saffron Walden, Witham, and Wivenhoe, with a population of 64,690 (increased to 67,050 in 1912) and death-rates varying from 7-9 to 12-8, on the total 11-5 (decreased to 10-9 in 1912). The Hard Water Area includes Clacton, Chelmsford, Epping, Frinton, Halstead, Harwich, and Walton, with a population of 53,400 (increased to 56,480 in 1912) and death-rates varying from 8 to 14-1, on the total 11-2 (decreased to 9-9 in 1912). Besides these three groups there are two others, of places supplied by large undertakings, as follows: — The Area of the South Essex Company (water varying in hard- ness according to the source) : classed as moderately hard, including Barking, Brentwood, Grays, Romford, and Romford Rural, with a population of 93,490 (increased to 99,480 in 1912), and a death-rate varying from 8-8 to 13, on the total 11-2 (decreased to 9-9 in 1912). The Area iof the Metropolitan Water Board, Hard Water, including Buckhurst Hill, Chingford, East Ham, Leyton, Loughton, Waltham Abbey, Walthamstow, Wanstead, and Woodford. These nine places also get Vp^ater from different sources, but form a Hard Water Area. The population was 421,300 (iiicreased to 454,310 in 1912), with death-rates varying from 8-5 to 12-1, on the total 11-1 (decreased to 10-6 in 1912). In order of death-rates, for 1907 to 1911 (average) we have the following result : — Soft Water Area, 11 (10 in 1912). Hard Water Area, Metropolitan, 11-1 (10-6 in 1912). „ ,, Country-towns, 11-2 (9-9 in 1912). Moderately Hard Water Area, South Essex Co., 11-2 (9-9 in 1912). ,, » :> ). Country-towns, 11-5 (10-9 in 1912). ' Report for 1912, pp. 27JB. HARD Am) SOFT WATEB. 69 "It is obvious that there is no co-relatioa . . . between the hardness of the water and the death-rates." On the average for the five years, the difference between the death-rates for the area with soft water and for the area with hard water is in the Metropolitan area only -1 per 1,000 and in the country-towns only -2, whilst the death-rate in the moderately hard water areas, together, exceeds that in the hard water areas by -1 to -3 per 1,000. " These differences are so slight that only one conclusion can be deduced, namely, that the character of the water supplies in the county had no effect upon the death-rates." The deaths from cancer, phthisis, and typhoid fever are given separately, and the figures show some great variations. " Taken as a whole there is a greater prevalence of Cancer in the soft water areas . . . but this is chiefly due to the number of deaths ... in Southend. . . . There is no evidence, there- fore, of a connection between the hardness or softness of water and the prevalence of Cancer. ..." " The soft water area has the highest death-rate from Phthisis, but the reason is exactly aa is given for the excessive mortality from Cancer. Patients in the early stage of the disease flock to health resorts in the hope of arresting its progress. . . . The figures lend no support to the view of the nature of the water having any influence, whatever, over' the prevalence of the As regards typhoid fever, " The great variations, here, are against the assumption that the hardness of the water bears any relation to the prevalence or mortality from this disease. For example, the highest mortality occurs in one moderately hard water area, and the lowest in another area in part supplied with the same water, and in part with a harder water, whilst the area with the softest water has practically the same death-rate as the area supplied with the hardest water." It is pointed out in the earlier Report that " although there is no proof that hard water affects the health, there are certain advantages arising from the use of soft water," in relation to boilers, etc., to the use of detergents, and to cooking; so that in some cases softening works may be economical. In the later Report it is noted that the statistics given are " of considerable importance as showing that the soft waters of Essex which invariably contain considerable quantities of common salt and sulphate of soda are excellent for drinking purposes and well adapted for all the purposes of a public supply." Finally, it is to be noted that the conclusions are based on large figures, and so avoid the chances of error that are so likely to occur when dealing with small figures. TEMPERATURE OF WELL WATERS. Occasional records of the temperature of the waters is given under a few of the, accounts of wells; but as a very general rule no observations of the sort have been recorded. It is satisfactory, however, to have a record for 35 wells of the wide-spread South- end Company, taken by one of us in the course of his official work in the county, and all but one in the month of May, 1914. 70 ESSEX Waxes sxtpfly. The temperatures \v^ere taken from tlie water as it reached the surface in the rising main. In the table the wells have been arranged in the order of the temperature of the waters, beginning with the lowest. The tem- peratures remain fairly constant from year to year. In examining this table we see, as one would expect, that the temperature of the water has nothing to do with the level of the ground; but neither does it follow the depth of the well, as one would have thought it might have done ; for instance, the deepest well is 16th in the order of temperature, and the lowest tempera- ture is 15th in the order of depth ; the fourth only holds the same place in both, and there is a general irregularity. When, how- ever, we come to the depth to the Chalk (not known in several of the walls, which have not been carried deep enough to tell this) there seems to be some connection with the temperature ; and, as a rule, the shallower depths to the Chalk give the lower tempera- ture, though the 16th Southend and the 9th Prittlewell (with great depths to Chalk) are out of place. The greatest depth has the highest temperature and the lowest three depths to the Chalk come in due order with the lowest three temperatures. The depths to the Chalk near 500 feet come fairly near together. Postscript to the following table. Observations made in July, 1915, show many small differences, mostly increases, the only decreases being at Leigh and Vange Main Pumping Stations, and these only to the extent of -2 and "1 respectively. The increases above -2 are as follows: — Pitsea to 14-8; Vange Auxiliary to 14-3; Nevendon to 15'4; Prittlewell to 17', an increase of 2'2, presumably due to work lately done to increase the yield; Southend to 16'8; Downham to 16'6; Grreat Wakering to 17'8, an increase of I'l ; Oakwood to 17'9, bringing it to the highest figure. These new figures are more in accord with the depths to the Chalk than are the old ones. Observations on three new wells, not taken before, have been added at the end of the table, p. 72. A suggestion, from E-. C. Bilham, engineer to the Company, that the figures are more or less related to the depth to the base of the London Clay, though it holds in a general way, as with the depth to the Chalk," does not hold in detail, only the first two entries (Fobbing) coming precisely in place, with d,epth8 to the base of the London Clay of only 157 and 171 feet. The lowest entry, Southchurch, with 462 feet, just escapes its proper place, being exceeded by Ramsden Heath, with 467. The subject is having further attention. tEMtERATuati Of WELL-WATERS. n ll-ll to t>. op _ ^ ca CO ■4< -^ a >a >a >o Oi .H (M (>iJ5 IS d • ■ ^ • -Jl r-l -* r-l Oa O a 52 05T-HOJ ^ ^ ^ ^ c8 -}( r-< ■<*l o> f-f I— ( <7> ^ rH -CO -l-H ■'lO t>l ^ =3, ce ^ S o S CQ « u s S c3 o ce jd OS o.-g el a s o 3:g « s g las -a o ^ 4^ CO « fc: "■eg ■ rt o '^ § S £ != S S q-i , o o o " si O O o 5« ■o s O tip ^ <2- >-; ,2^ O a o o o b ^ ¥? P <^ S f> !=> 2 2 ca '"• uu *-^ ^^ L ^'> ^j-' t.-^ ' — ' I-'" 1 — ' ' — ' ■i2 t^TOiO „ fe(MC~'*lCOi-IOO 2i^00CQfl 00 cor»oo»o -* l-H C» -«l Ol O lO . "5 CO Iffl CO o CO CO r^ CO .a a s a s in ^ is • 1-1 -g ,o pQ o Ph p. |2; CO ■^ CO I^ 0) o Ti-a CO o -gtM ° 3 • fc o o. §■« s f^l OJ rt EJ Li O CJ o^. is .Ss§ " * a !i ,OJ >MP4DC! CO o «N ^ ■ • p. :^ ■doo H 310) 261) uthe (p. 2 140 , see asm^ -e^l fc rt " fe icB •2 S rf^ ^3 ^Q2HlHP(Zi ■«j< c» to i-H UO CO rH (Mp^oor^oio "fto AM i i r-oo-*to 00 CO o «o CD h* r^ frx. '^ !>-■ ^ i-H rH 1-1 15 -*i l-l , OS T-l rH Oi CO ^ :; - cc 1—1 E >!>-. S' iS a ^ ^^ ^ l-» a o a o o I-:) o O g tH 00.-I 0> 5 0202 00 03 r-< IC ^ iO ■* "Probably the springs just outside the walls of the Roman city at the foot of Balkem Hill, and in the railway cutting by St. Botolph's Station . . . were also used by the early inhabitants. . . . These springs are still in possession of the Corporation, but are used only for non-domestic purposes. For many years they formed the source of the early water works. It is • Eaitx Wahiraliit, 1912, vol. xvil, pp. 81, etc. T6 ES8KX WAIXa STTFFLT. Colchester, cont. somewhat remarkable that history repeats itself even in water supplies, as it remained for the present community to further utilize the gravel beds . . . but under entirely different conditions, to supplement their deep well supply, by bringing into use those wonderful Lexden springs . . . some mile and three quarters west of the town. ' ' " The site of the present water works is at the foot of Balkern Hill . . in close proximity to the springs. . . It also formed the site of the early water works, constructed in 1808, to supply the town with water from land springs. . . . The engineer . . . was not slow to recognise the advantage of the site due to the existence of the springs, which he freely used. . . . Mr. Peter Bruff stated in 1850 that, in consequence of the springs having to a great extent run low, it was necessary to seek for a more efficient supply. These springs, however, remained in use for many years . . . yielding as late as 1888 some 86,000 gallons per day in summer and probably more in winter. In early days the yield was no doubt considerably more, as many of the springs were diverted and have since disappeared from view for ever when the main sewers were laid. Owing to the advance of medical and sanitary science these springs, which rise or flow under the present inhabited town, were finally abandoned for domestic use in 1890, but are still retained for non-domestic purposes, for supplying the locomotives, &c., at Colchester station. They include the springs in the neighbourhood of the water works yard, viz., Clarks' Meadow Spring and the Sheepen Spring. . . . The spring in the railway cutting already mentioned is not at present utilized." "In or about the year 1860 . . Mr. Peter Brufi discovered ... a very strong gravel spring just south of Sheepen Farm on the south side of the valley. . . This was brought home by him to the Balkern Hill Works, to supplement the then existing spring supply, but in or about 1880 . . . the spring was abandoned, and immediately taken possession of to supply ColcheBter Station by the G. B. Railway. As it did not yield sufficient for their purpose it was given up a few years later. . . It is again in the possession of the Corporation. In 1905, I had the pleasure of bringing it home to Balkern Hill for the second time, to supplement the non- domestic supply. It is reported to have yielded some 100,000 gallons per day in Dec., 1879, but in the summer of 1904 the yield was about 70,000 gallons. In 1859 the supply was supplemented from a well (see p. 129), and the wells at Balkern Hill became the chief source of supply, instead of being a supplement to the springs. In 1905 the wells began to be overtaxed, and then the older process was reversed, the Lexden springs (see further on, p. 78) being taken to supple- ment the well-supply. Danbury. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53). Geologic Map 1, NE. Works for the Chelmsford Rural District Council. 1891. Extended 1893, 1897. J. Dewhirst and H. G. Ketwood. Trans. Brit. Assoc. Water, Eng., 1903, vol. vii, pp. 62-70, pi. iv (map). " An example of works covering a large area with small population and low rateable value." The parishes supplied are Danbury, East Hanningfield, Little Baddow, Rettenden, Runwell, Sandon, and Woodham Ferrers, with an area of 20,892 acres and a population of 3,983, the number of houses supplied being 668. The levels of the district vary from 11 to 350 ft. above Ordnance Datum. For some years the supply came from Buell's Spring, on Danbury Common, 220 ft. above Ordnance Datum, the yield being then 70,000 gallons a day. This spring being nearly three-quarters of a mile from the highest part of the village of Danbury (for which the works were originally designed) the water was raised to a tank on a tower. On extension, larger reservoirs had to be built, and later, St. Thomas' Spring, Danbury, with a yield of 18,000 gallons a day, was acquired. In Dr. Thbbsh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, pp. 100, 101, the yield is given as 70,000 gallons a day in 1891 ; but successive dry years SPRING SUPPLIES. 77 Danbury, cont. caused a continuous decrease, and the amount then yielded was barely sufficient for the requirements of the extended district. According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 82, the springs are from gravel, on the Common ; the storage-capacity of the service-reservoirs is 128,000 gallons, and the amount supplied, in 1910, was 13,109,700 gallons ; the population supplied was 4,000. Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905 adds that springs and wells supply houses and farms not near the mains, and that about 20 cottages near Gay Bowers were dependent on rain-water. For an analysis of the water, see p. 349. Felsted. Ordnance Maps 222, 223, new ser. (Essex 24, SE,, 33, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Since 1901 a company provided a supply from a spring rising in a pond a little below the school, the water being raised to a tank on a tower. The spring is protected by an iron cylinder, and was bought in 1912 by the Dunmow Rural District Council. The water is good. For an analysis, see p. 349. The yield is about 20,000 gallons a day. Fingringhoe. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 37, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 134, a number of houses were supplied from a very excellent spring in the hollow below the school. It was protected, and a pump put up. Water was also taken from this te houses in Abberton and Langenhoe. There was another public spring. Fryerning, see Ingatestone. Great Baddow. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Chiefly from Dr. Thresh's Report (Chelmsford R.D.C.) for 1911, pp. 15, 16, and plate, and from inspection. The springs taken for public supply by the Chelmsford Rural District Council are close to the water-tower and about 1,330 yds. north-westward of the church, in a slight hollow. They come from the low flat of River Gravel. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report to the Authority for 1891 an average of 60,000 gallons was pumped daily. A later account gives the yield as from 70,000 to 90,000 (1903, J. Dewhirst). A slight change in the bacterial contents of the water, after heavy rain, led to tests being made, to trace the course of the water underground. The result was different from what had been expected, it being found that practically all the water, which comes from the south, enters the tank from the west. A bed of clay, in the gravel, which thins out northward, prevents impurities reaching the spring from the houses above the works. Water is also got from Wells, see p. 160. For an analysis of the water, see p. 349. Great Bardfield. Ordnance Maps 222, 223, new ser. (Essex 15, SE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh's Reports of 1901, p. 117 and of 1905, p. 59, the main part of the village was supplied from a public fountain, getting water from a spring on higher ground. In addition there were private wells and the supply generally was said to be good and abundant. In 1912, however, the Medical Officer reported that many of the houses in the north of the village had no adequate supply and the generality of the wells were polluted with sewage. Presumably all sources are from Drift Gravel. Great Bentley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 37 NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Springs from the Drift Gravel have been taken (in a field a little NE. of the church), for the supply of Clacton, and part of the village is supplied T8 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. from stand-pipes connected with the mains. The water is filtered through sand. An analysis of the water is given on p. 350. Several springs used to break out near the village, but the subsoil-wells sunk to supply Clacton have lowered the water-level, and the springs have ceased to flow. Great and Little Waltham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (lEssex 43, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Works for Chelmsford Rural District Council. Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 83. Springs from gravel (spring protected). Raised to a tank by a ram. Population supplied about 300, the village-part of the two parishes. For an analysis of the water from the Great Waltham springs, see p. 351. Of Great Waltham Dr. Thresh says, in his Report of 1905, p. 46, that the hamlet of Ford End was supplied from a spring, piped to the roadside, and by a public pump ; and that at North End a spring had been piped, to supply houses distant from the public well. The spring used at Little Waltham rises in a field nearly opposite the school. Hempstead. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 10, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to the Report of the Medical Officer for 1912 a public fountain in the village gets its supply from a spring and supplies about 37 houses. There is a public pump, also getting water- from a spring. Ingatestone and Fryerning. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 59,' NE., 60, NW.) Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report to the Chelmsford Rural Sanitary Authority for 1891, 1892, a supply for Ingatestone was got from springs at the edge of a small patch of gravel. The water contained a little clayey matter in suspension and so had to be treated ; but the quality was not satisfactory. The supply was about 12,000 gallons a day. In the Report for 1893 it is said ' ' At Ingatestone the water supply is derived from a chain of wells sunk in a bed of loamy sand." According to J. Dewhibst and H. G. Kbtwood. Trans. Brit. Assoc Water. Eng., 1903, vol. vii, p. 61, this supply, then of 14,000 gallons a day, was being abandoned, owing to pollution, and replaced by a deep well, see p. 200. The spring-supply was started in 1884. Laindon. Ordnance Maps 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 68, SE., 76, NW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Originally supplied by a local Company (to some extent at all events), the water being taken from springs on Laindon Hill, of which there are many (see p. 49). Now supplied by the Southend Water Co. Lexden (for Colchester). Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 27, SE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. From J. M. Wood's paper, Essex Naturalist, 1912, vol. xvii, pp. 29, etc., to which enquirers are referred for further details. "In or about 1905, the population of Colchester was still increasing and had already increased to such an extent that it was deemed prudent to look for a supplemental supply, as the demand was gradually overtaking the yield of the well (see p. 129), as the rest level was gradually falling, due to continuous pumping and a series of dry years. . ."' " As the present wells could not be touched . an entirely independent source had to be found, but there was not much necessity to search far, as the Lexden Gravel Springs were close at hand with the water in sight." In 1888 a suggestion was made to use these (? by Mr. Wood). Analyses " revealed a rather large proportion of nitrates," and as " a certain prejudice existed . . against so-called surface springs containing nitrates," the springs were passed over, until, in 1902, " Dr. Theesh was consulted, when he was so impressed with their importance and the possibility of pro- tecting them, that he reported most favourably on their adoption." SPRING SUPPLIES. 79 Lexden, cont. The springs, by the foot of the southern slope of the valley of the Colne, "on the western boundary of the Borough . consist of a group of very strong gravel springs, which are thrown out to the surface by a junction of extensive sand and gravel beds with the London-clay. . . They unite to form a small stream . . . and had from time immemorial been the only motive power for driving Lexden Corn Mill." The ' ' gathering ground is a large plateau of gravel and sand to the south west," the area of which " is about 13 square miles, and the bed falls both toward the main valley of the Colne and the Roman river. The plateau rises to a maximum altitude of about 130 feet above O.D. The springs rise ... at an elevation varying from 40 to 50 feet above O.D. to the south-west of the Malting Farm." The water escapes from well— defined springs. The yield is considerable, even after abnormally dry periods; "in fact, the discharge has been looked upon in the neighbourhood for ages past as practically constant, but such is not quite the case, as it varies with wet and dry periods. The beds are of a porous nature, and of considerable thickness," therefore " a considerable portion of the rainfall percolates into the soil, and ultimately finds its way in the shape of springs into the valleys . . . especially at Lexden. The beds undoubtedly form a most efficient natural filter, as at the points of collection the formation is practically all clean sand, and even after heavy rain the water always comes away perfectly bright and clear ; there is very little doubt that the beds form an underground reservoir of no mean capacity. The water is collected by cutting a trench in the water-bearing bed at right angles to the direction of the flow of the water, well at the back of each spring and below the level of the natural discharge or lip, and laying therein special perforated stoneware pipes, around which is packed shingle . . . each spring can be isolated and regulated, to discharge its natural yield ; and in event of necessity arising, the underground reservoir can be drawn upon (by virtue of the collecting pipes being below the natural lips) for a time. , . ." ' ' The natural yield of the springs varies slightly . with wet and dry periods . . . there are no records of their yield previous to 1888." Gaugings made by Mr. Wood gave the following results, in gallons a day, "excluding the two eastern springs (close to the village), which have not been utilized. These, however, were approximately gauged and found to yield about 97,000 gallons," in September and October, 1888. 1888. September and October jobout 416,000 1902. November, after a series of 3 dry years ,, 300,000 1903. October 31st ,, 319,000 1905. After the works were completed ... nearly 350,000 1906. Drawn from them from a short period .. . ,, 500,000 " In order to thoroughly and efficiently protect the springs from pol- lution, an area of . . . 29g acres of land has been acquired at the back of the springs in a south-westerly direction," which is the direction from which the underground water flows. " Upon this land no manure or grazing of cattle is allowed. As an addi- tional precaution, there is a second zone around each spring, enclosed with an unclimbable fence." "In addition . . the springs are zealously guarded . and the water therefrom is examined periodically, both chemically and bacteriologically." With this interesting paper there is a map, on a large scale, showing the springs, the collecting pits, the mains and the protective area. Little Baddow. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. Geologic Map 1, NE. Most of the houses supplied from the Danbury works, the rest from springs and shallow wells. Little Leighs. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 33, SE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 103, there is no village. The Dog's Head Spring yields an abundant supply of good water to many cottages. The water must come from Drift Gravel. 80 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Little Totham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45, SE.)- Geologic Maps 1, NE., 47. Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 110, says that tlie village was supplied by a capital spring, which is piped to the roadside. Outlying houses used shallow wells or brooks. Little Yeldham. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 11, NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901 there was one public pump; but the chief supply was from two springs on private property. The source is uncertain, the place being mapped as on Boulder Clay. Maldon. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 54, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. In the Second Report of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council, 1860, it is said that the supply was got from springs as well as from wells. The Cromwell spring is well known, and its water is piped to the roadside on Cromwell Hill. It has recently ( ?1913) shown signs of pollution and a notice has been fixed up, warning people against using it. There are houses above it. Margaretting. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 52, SW., 60, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Dr. Theesh's Report to the Chelmsford Rural District Council for 1895. A supply has been taken from a spring at the bottom of the hill. Messing. Ordnance Maps 223, 241, new ser. (Essex 35, NE., SE.). Geologic Maps 47, 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 135. The village was chiefly supplied from a good spring, on higher ground, the water being piped to a central point. The source must be gravel. There are springs in Pods Wood, which it has been suggested might be used. Middleton. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 12, NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 139, this place is mainly supplied by two public wells, fed by a spring, and the water was pure when last analysed. Notley, White and Black. Ordnance Maps 241, 223, new ser. (Essex 34, NE. and S.E.). Geologic Blap 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 56, a supply is got from a spring (presumably from gravel) piped to a standpipe. In like way the water from a spring has been piped to the roadside at Black Notley. Roxwell. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 43, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, .p. 103. The water from a spring of good water rising near the churchyard was carried by a pipe to the street. Some outlying houses could get water only from a brook, polluted by sewage from the village. In 1900 an outbreak of typhoid occurred amongst the consumers from this source. Saflron Walden Rural District. Springs furnish a part of the water-supply to the following villages : Bartlow End, Clavering, Elmdon and Strethall, as well as to otheis, noted elsewhere ; but in each case the yield is very limited. South Hanningfield. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 61, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 104, the village proper (a small group of houses) was supplied by a private pump at an inn, fed by a Spring supplies. 81 spring. A few large houses depended on rain-water, and many cottages used brooks and ponds. There were two public dipping places, neither yielding good water. Terling. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 34, SE., 44, NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 115, a satisfactory supply was then pumped from a well (spring) by a ram, to parts of the parish. A small part was supplied from a spring near the school. The supply is now got from one of the springs which rise in the grounds of Terling Place, the water from which flows to a pump-well near the road ■and is forced into the mains. The water must come from Drift Gravel. Tilbury-juxta-Clare . Ordnance Map 200, new .ser. (Essex 11, l>iW., NE.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 121, says that there was a public spring near the church ; but outlying parts used ponds and ditches. Tiptree (in four parishes). Ordnance Map 211, now ser. (Essex 45). Geologic Map 47, Numerous springs break out at the edge of the irregular patch of gravel at Tiptree Heath. The best known is the spring at Tiptree Hall. This water is utilized by means of a ram for supplying the hall and farm- premises, and the overflow, which may be 20,000 or more gallons a day, flows into the Layer Brook. Another important spring rises in a patch of boggy ground at the back of Brook House at the edge of Inworth Parish. The ground was opened out near where the water was seen to rise and the flow gauged. All the water could not be collected, but it was found that over 15,000 gallons a day was available. A well was sunk just above the spring and the gravel found to be 24 feet thick and full of water to the level of the spring. The yield of the well, as tested by a fortnight' s continuous pumping, was 18,000 gallons a day. A Canadian wind-mill and pump were placed over the well and the water raised to a small reservoir on ground sufficiently high to supply that part of the village which is in Tolleshunt Knights parish. When the demand for water increased observation showed that notwithstand- ing the pumping from the well the water-level at the spring had decreased but little. A second well was therefore sunk close to the spring and the water carried by means of a syphon to the pumping well. By this means the supply was greatly increased and has allowed of the mains being considerably extended. The works were completed in 1913. The examination of the site indicated that nearly a square mile of gravel might be drained by the spring. For an analysis of the water, see p. 353. Ulting. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 44, S.E.). Geologic Map 1, NE. There is no village. The supply is chiefly from springs. One spring is piped to a small tank at the roadside and the water is drawn from a tap. One of the springs rises in a field near the church : another at the roadside near the school. Upminster. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 75, NVV.). Geologic Map 1, SW. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 69, a few houses (on the common) were using a spring. The water presumably came from high-level River Gravel. West Hanningfield. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 61, NW.). Geologic Map 1. NE. Dr. Thresh, in his Report of 1901, p. 104, says that the small village then got water from a spring in a meadow, some way off. The quality was not unexceptionable. Outside the village water was difficult to get and was sometimes carted for miles. Roadside-brooks or ditches and ponds were in many cases the only source of supply. 82 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. Wickham Bishop. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45, SW.)- Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 112, the principal supply was then from a public dipping place, built over a spring. There were also private wells, some polluted. Since then a pump has been placed over the spring, to render the water more accessible, and the spring has been enclosed and protected. The water must come from gravel. Widdington. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 14, NW.). Geologic Map 47. The Report of the Medical Of&cer for 1912 says that there is a public standpipe in the village, supplying about 51 houses, the water coming from a brick-reservoir, supplied from a spring Witham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 44, NE.). Geologic Map 47. The water from springs in the little hollow northward of Blunts Hall, westward of the town, was taken for public supply (as late as 1901). There is black peaty soil in parts. According to Dr. Thsesh's Report of 1901, p. 114, the yield in dry weather came to 52,000 gallons a day ; but the land being highly cultivated the water must be regarded as liable to con- tamination. This supply has been abandoned. Woodham Walter. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. According to Dr. Theesh's Reports of 1901, p. 112, and of 1905, p. 43, springs are abundant. Water from some was piped into the village-street. There were many private wells, and a few houses got water from a brook. Some of the wells were unsafe. The chief supply here, however, is the following, but the village does not use it. 2. Purleigh and District Waterworks. 1900. Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, pj). 107, 108, and J. Dewhiest and H. G. Keywood, Trans. Brit. Assoc. Water. Eng., 1903, vol. vii, pp. 54-61, pi. iv (map). The parishes supplied are Althorne, Cold Norton, Hazeleigh, Latchingdon, North Frambridge, Purleigh, Stow Maries, and Woodham Mortimer. To these Mayland has since been added. Before the establishment of these works many parts of the above area were without supply save from ponds and ditches. A number of farms had deep wells, averaging 300 ft. in depth, but made when boring was not well understood. The linings were of thin sheet iron and little care had been taken to keep out surface-water. The quality of the water had deteriorated and many of the wells had been closed. The water-level in the deep wells had been gradually sinking for years, and many did not yield enough. In many cases water had to be carted for a mile or more. Five parishes were originally included in the scheme, with a population of only 1,604, scattered over more than 12,000 acres. Three others expressed a wish to join in, their water-supplies having failed. The eight parishes provided for had a population of 2,329, spread over nearly 20,000 acres. The springs rise in pasture-land at the foot of a hiU, some 100 ft. from the stream into which their water flowed. On the gravel-patch which feeds them there was only one house, nearly half a mile away. The four springs used yield 100,000 gallons of excellent water in a day ( ? more). To protect them 10 acres of ground were acquired. There is another large spring, not yet used. The pumping station is near the springs, with the collecting reservoir in front, the service-reservoir being 1,200 yds. off. A large proportion of the cottages and farms have been directly connected with the main. These works show what can be done in a purely rural district with a small rateable value and a scattered population, and are an encouragement to other places in like circumstances to carry out like work. The water is soft. For an analysis, see p. 353. Spring supplies. SUPPLIES FEOM WELLS. 83 Geologically the wells of Essex may be roughly classified in three groups. Firstly are the many more or less shallow wells which get their water from the permeable members of the Drift, with which we may here include the patches of Bagshot Beds on some of the higher grounds. In some cases these wells are at places where the various sands and gravels are at the surface, in others they are sunk through Boulder Clay. Secondly, come the deeper wells and borings which have been carried through the London Clay into the Lower London Tertiaries, from some of the sandy beds of which they get their water. There are many old wells of this sort, as formerly sands beneath the London Clay were the deepest source of water sought for. Thirdly, we have the most im.portant group, in which the well or boring has been carried through the Tertiary beds into the Chalk, as well as many through Drift into Chalk, and some in bare Chalk, besides a very few that go through the Chalk. In many cases the water of the deep borings seems, however, to come from the Lower Tertiary sands rather than direct from the Chalk ; indirectly, however, it probably comes from the Chalk, as the area of outcrop of these Tertiary sands is small. From another point of view our wells may be divided into public and private, the latter, of course, being greatly in numerical excess. Amongst the public supplies there are plenty under the control of councils, and companies are also well represented, in-- eluding naturally (in the absence of any Water Board outside the metropolitan area) the works of widest extent. Between the public and private works there is an intermediate set, consisting of wells which, while not supplying the public at large, are not used for a strictly private purpose. Many institu- tions of a more or less public character (such as hospitals, work- houses and schools), have their own supplies. Of the private wells the chief ones are for trade-purposes, for the supply of manufactories of many sorts, especially in the metro- politan district, the thickly populated south-western part of the county. By reference to the Index it will be seen how wide are the purposes of supply for which wells have been made. As regards depths of borings for water Essex seems to take a high place, having no less than 79 which are 500 ft. or more deep, and these may be classed as follows : — 500 feet deep, but less tlian 600 ... 35 (+4 in Addenda) 600 ,, „ „ 700 ... 12 700 „ „ „ 800 ... 6 800 „ „ „ 900 ... 10 900 „ ,, „ 1,000 ... 5 1,000 ,, „ „ 1,100 ... 6 1,100 feet and over 2 The following wells and borings for water are of geologic interest. Besides these, of course, there are very many giving important information as to the thickness of various geologic formations and, notably, as to the depth to the Chalk: — ^4 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. Debden, No. 7. Shows a great thickness of Glacial Drift. East Ham. The deep boring at Beckton Gasworks, carried through Tertiary and Cretaceous beds to Old Red Sandstone. Great Warley, No. 2, for its great depth through Tertiary beds into Chalk. Harwich, No. 6. Through Tertiary and Cretaceous beds to Old Rocks. Ingatestone, shows the greatest thickness of London Clay yet recorded. Newport^N?s°'2^'3 [ Showing a Deep Channel of Drift in the Valley of the Wendens'Ambo. ' ' I ^''°'- Loughton, No. 2. Through Tertiary and Cretaceous beds down to the Gault; Shoeburyness, for its great depth into the Chalk, through Tertiary beds. Wickham Bishop, for giving evidence of duplication of Lower Tertiary bedsj through a fold or fault. The following wells are notable in regard to the supply of water : -^- Those of the Metropolitan "Water Board, at Barking, Lea Bridge, Waltharo Abbey, Walthamstow, No. 5, 6, and Wanstead. Those of the Southend Water Co. at Billericay, Bowers Gifford, Downham, Eastwood, Nos. 1-5, Fobbing, Nos. 3-7, Great Wakering, Pitsea, Prittle- well, Ramsden Bellhouse, South Benfleet, Southend, Thundersley, Vange,. and Wickford. Those of the South Essex Co. at Grays, Hornchurch, Ilford, Mucking,, Romford. Braintree, etc ; Brightlingsea ; Chelmsford, Nos. 11-13 ; Coggeshall ;; Colchester, No. 6 ; Bast Ham, Beckton, a number of wells ; Erinton, Great Baddow; Halstead, Nos. 4, 5; Ingatestone;. Blaldon; Mistley ; Mundon;, Rowhedge ; Walton ; Witham, Nos. 6, 7. Of the following wells I believe that no information has been published, or, at all events, no details. Besides these, many others of less importance, from shallowness, imperfection of record, etc^ are also new: — Abberton (three) ; Ardleigh, No. 5 ; Arkesden, Nos. 1, 4 ; Barking, No. 7 ;; Berners Roding ; Billericay (two) ; Birdbrook ; Booking, Nos. 3, 4 ; Bowers- Gifford ; Brentwood, No. 2 ; Broomfield ; Burnham, No. 1 ; Canvey, Nos. 1,. 3, 4 ; Chelmsford, Nos. 4, 5, 6, 9, 10; 12, 13 ; Chignal St. James ; Clavering,, No. 2; Coggeshall, No. 1; Colchester, Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8 ; Corringham, Nos. 4, 5;; Dagenham, Nos. 3, 4 ; Debden, No. 7 ; Dedham, No. 5 ; Downham ; Earls. Colne, No. 3; Eastwood, Nqs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Elsenham, Nos. 4, 5, 7;. Fobbing, Nos. 1, 3-7 ; Foulness, No. 7 ; Foxearthj No. 2 ; Grays, No. 3 ; Great- Bentley ; Great Bromley; Great Dunmow, Nos. 2, 3; Great Hallingbury, . No. 3; Great Wakering, Nos. 1, 3j Great Warley, No. 2; Hadleigh (two^;; Halstead, No. 6; Hatfield Peverel, No. 2; Heybridge, No. 5; Hockley;- Hornchurch, No. 2; Horndon, No. 1; Ilford, Nos. 1, 3, 9, 11, 12, 13; Ingate- stone, No. 2 ; Kirby le Soken (two) ; Laindon, No. 2 ; Laindon Hill, No. 2 ; Layer Marney (two) ; Lea Bridge, No. 2 ; Little Chesterford ; Little Easton ; Little Hallingbury, No. 2 ; Little Horkesley ; Maldon, Nos. 1, 5, 7 ; Manuden, No. 2; Margaretting, No. 2; Markshall ; Mistley, Nos. 1, 4-, Mucking, Nos. 2, 3 ; Mundon, Nos. 1, 2 ; N* leing. No. 2 ; Newport, Nos. 2, 4 ; Osea ; Peldon ; Pitsea, Nos. 1, 6 ; Quendoi^ Nos. 4, 5, 6 ; Radwinter, No. 3 ;. Rainham, all seven ; Ramsden Bellhouse ,• <«ayleigh. No. 1 ; Rowhedge, No. 1 ; Roxwell, No. 5; Roydon, Nos. 4, 5; t«ffron Walden, No. 4; Sheering, No. 4 ; Shoeburyness, Nos. 2, 5 ; Soutkchurch, No. 2 ; Southend, No. 1 ; Stanford le Hope, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9 ; Stansted, Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 (Pennington Lane Boring) ; Stanway, No. 6 ; Stifford, No. 2 ; Stisted ; Sturmer (two) ; Takely, Nos. 1, 5; Thundersley (two); Tilbury-juxta-Clare ; Tollesbury, No. 3; Ugley, No. 2; Upminster, Nos. 1, 2; Vange, No. 3; Wallasea ; Waltham Abbey, No. 4 ; West Mersea, No. 1 ; West Thurrock, Nos. 2, 3, 6 ; Wickford, No. 3 ; Wimbish ; Witham, No. 7 ; Wivenhoe, No. 1 ; Worming- ford ; and 7v.irth Woolwich, No. 2 ; and others in Addenda. SPRING SUPPLIES. 85 DETAILS OP WELLS AND OE BORINGS FOR WATER. All known published records have been included in the following pages, further details being given in very many cases. To this printed matter, scattered through a large number of books and papers, including no less than seven Geological Survey Memoirs, much new material has been added. {See p. 84.) The whole has been arranged alphabetically, by places, that is to say, under the names of the towns or villages in which the wells occur. In this the nomenclature of the original has not always been followed, for, especially in old records, exact topography is often absent : indeed, one's own previous efiorts have had to be corrected in this matter occasionally. Sometimes, of course, it is diflicult to fix the site of an old well, the old observers were not blessed with detailed maps, such as those now supplied by the Ordnance Survey. Frequent cross-references however are given, and a reference to the Index may generally get the reader out of any place-difficulty. Of the wells described many are small and unimportant; but it is inadvisable to neglect the shallowest work or the most summary account. Of course there must be an enormous number of small wells that remain unrecorded; but piobably fair samples of all sorts are noticed in the following page3. Some old records seem to be of little value except as pointing to former conditions, notably, to overflow in places where it has ceased. Further records will be thankfully received by the authors. Under the chief place-headings are noted the one-in. ordnance maps, the county 6 in. maps (at all events the chief ones), and the geological maps of the places. [Words in these brackets in the accoimts of sections have been inserted by W. W.] Abberton. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 36, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. 1. , Abberton Hall. (House on the newer map. ) 800 yds. NE. of the Church ; nearly opposite Abberton Manor. Made and communicated by H. C. Smith. Water-level 110 ft. down. Yield 600 to 1,000 gallons an hour by hand-pump. Dug weU (old) the rest bored [London Clay] { gl^dy clay '.'.'. ! Mottled clay ... Dark green sand Coloured sands Flints [Upper] Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 354. Thickness. Depth. Ft. 110 30 40 15 18 1 130 Ft. 60 170 200 240 255 273 274 404 2, 3. Pantile Farm, Peldon Road. Two Borings made and communicated by H. C. Smith. One (the earlier) a 6-in. bore, near the 50-ft. contour-line. Water-level 36i ft. down. 86 ESSEX WATEE, StTPPLY. Abberton, cont. Dr. Cook says pumpinj; for some days at (j,000 gallons an hour only reduced the water-level 5^ ft. To base of London Clay 125 i Lower London Tertiaries 101 I 326 ft. Chalk 100 The second (midway between Abberton and Geldon). Water-level 37 ft. down. Yield. Tested by hand-pump up to 1,000 gallons an hour Thickness. Ft. 15 97 14 Depth. Ft. 15 112 1131 120 121 130 1911). 354. .' Yellow clay \ London clay [London Clay] < Rock ) Sandy clay (.Rock 1' [? Oldhaven Beds] Grey sand ... 9 The water has a lot of grey sand in suspension (2nd Nov. , For analysis of the water from these two wells, see p. According to Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 132, there were shallow wells in Abberton, but the village was very badly off for water, which was carted from a spring at a distance (Fingringhoe) and sold at a halfpenny a pail. Abridge, see Lambourne. Aldham. Ordnance Map 223, new ser., but not marked thereon. Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report of 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 132. Supplied wholly from shallow wells, not always desirably placed. Alresford. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 37, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. Thbesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 124. The parish was chiefly supplied by shallow wells, averaging 12 ft. deep. Two attempts to drive tube-wells failed, owing to a kind of ironstone (iron- pan) which stopped the spike. Althorne. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 62, SE.). Geologic Map 2. 1. Great Eastern Railway Station. N. of line and 100 yds. W. of road. 1888. Communicated by W. T. Foxlbb, late Resident Engineer, Essex Lines, and from Messrs. Le Gband and Stjtcliff. Original surface 19 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Now filled up 5 ft. higher. Shaft 16 ft. (from filled in surface), the rest bored. Water rose to within 21 ft. of new surface, at the rate of 2 gallons a minute Made ground (added above original surface) Brown clay Blue clay Sandy clay [London Clay.] ( [Basement- bed.] ( Sand and shells Stone Clay and sand, with a few black [flint] pebbles [Reading Beds.] Running sand For analysis of the water, see p. 355. Not used. (J. C. T., May, 1909). Thickness. Ft. In. 5 34 274 18 2 6 10 Depth.^ Ft. In. 343 346 Excessively hard 5 39 313 331 333 334 WELL SUPPLIES. 87 Althorne, cont. 2. Summerhill, on the side of the hill just below the Church on the Latchington Eoad. There is a well here said to be sunk through the London Clay to the sands beneath. For analysis of the water, see p. 355. 3. Bridgemarsh, an island in the Crouch. Old well. Information from Mr. Puekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Alluvium, etc. ... ... 40 London Clay, to sand ... 270 I 310 ft. When Dr. Thbesh saw this well, a few years ago, the water rose and fell with the tide. It was very brackish, and not used. The parish was once badly supplied from wells and ponds. It is now served by the Purleigh Waterworks (see p. 82). Ardleigh. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 19, SW., SE., 28, NW., NE.). Geologic Maps 48, NW. and SW. 1. 1^ miles towards Colchester, nearly level with the kilnyard. Rev. W. B. Clabke. — Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v, p. 269. Red clay 20 1 110 ft. Blue clay, with oysters at the depth of 105 ft. 90 ) To sand and water. 2. House at entrance to brickyard about 2 miles NE. from Colchester, about 1873. Information given by Mr. Mann, well-sinker. 250 ft. of [London] Clay. No water. 3. Merchants Cottages, on the western side of the road south of the Church. Shallow well, 9^ ft. to water. October, 1897. 4. Mill House (Phoenix Mill). Western side of the road north of the Station. . Boring to London Clay, through soil, gravel and sand, 25 ft. There is also a well here. For analyses, to show the passage of underground water, see p. 355. 5. Holfdene, Mr. Wilson's. 1908. Boring. Information from D. J. W. Cook. Water rose to 105 ft. from the surface. Sar' ::; 'II } ^^^ «■ According to Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex; 1901, pp. 124, 125, the usual supply was from shallow wells, some 20 ft. deep, some very shallow. In one well (not one of the above) large concrete tubes were used, and 16 ft. down a hard crust of iron-pan was found, not more than an inch thick, and beneath it white sand with much water, so much that the well could not be sunk deeper than 18ft. The water, at first of good quality, became con- taminated owing to imperfect lining. Ardleigh is now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Co. , and the mains (from Dedham) will shortly be laid through the village. Arkesden. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 8, SE.) Geologic Map 47. 1. Chardwell Farm, westward of the village. Two wells, communicated by Mr. Feathekby. a. At the farm. 380 ft. above Ordliance Datum. Boulder Clay, 30 ft. No water. ft. 5 chains NW. of the farm. Apparently the site of a former pond 390 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water got. Bog with thin layers of sand ... ^ ^ n ft Black mud with bits of timber ... 6 ) 88 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Arkesden, cont. 2. Little Beckets Farm. 1871. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water at 116 ft. To Chalk In Chalk :;} 126 ft. 3. Public Well. 1877. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Water-level 69 ft. down. Gravel and clay [Boulder Clay] ... 35 7 Chalk 37 5 Ingold. 72 ft. Deepened to 84 ft. (see Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 61). 4. WoodhaU. SSW. of the Church. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Shaft 167 ft., the rest bored. f Brown clay [Glacial Drift. Yellow sandy loam with water Boulder Clay, ( Brown clay etc.] Blue clay [ Sandy loam, brown clay Chalk 1898. Ingold. Thickness. Ft. 3 3 12 79 8 102 Depth. Ft. 3 6 18 97 105 267 Ashdon. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 3, SE.). Geologic Map 47. New House Farm. 1891. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 54 ft. down. [Glacial Drift.] \ [Boulder Clay.] (Gravel Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. ( Brown clay 12 12 ^ Blue clay 42 54 3 57 According to the Report of the Medical Officer (W. Akmistead) for 1912, there are two public pumps, one from a well into the Chalk, 60g ft. deep, the other from a spring. Rectory. Asheldean ( ? mistake for Asheldham). Old well. Information from Mr. Pukkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Gravel, to London Clay, 14^ Asheldham. ft. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 63, NE.). Geologic Map 2. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 109, water was got from a public roadside-pump, and was of excellent quality. Many scattered houses depended on a brook or pond. The supply is now taken from the Southminster Works, see p. 73. Ashingdon. Ordnance Map 258, new ser., but not marked thereon (Essex 70, NW.). Geologic Map, 1, NE. Old well. Information from Mr. Pubkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. London Clay ... 320 ■) Sand, to water ... 40 5 .4.ccording to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 78, there was no public well. There is a boring at the Hall and a deep well at Hill Farm (? the above). Most other houses depend on rain-water. The supply of the parish was deficient in quality and quantity. No change mentioned in the Report of 1905. 360 ft. WELLS. 89 Audley End, gee Wenden. Aveley. Ordnance Maps, 257, 271, new ser. (Essex 83, NW.)- and London District, Sheet 4. Geologic Map 1, SW., Aveley Hall. Marshfoot Farm. Within 100 yds. of the house. 1835. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. ii, p. 115, and vol. iii, p. 86. Water rose to the surface. Yield 15 gallons a. minute. (1835.) Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 20 20 50 70 37 107 A little vegetable mould, and moor bog ... Gravel and sand, with a Httle yellow clay [Upper] Chalk Mr. Thomas, of Aveley Hall, says it is 270 ft. deep, and that the wat3r is pumped into a ditch for the use of cattle. For analysis of water, see p. 356. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1905, 95 per cent, of the population was supplied by the South Essex Water Co., and the rest from private wells. Aythorpe Eoding. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 32, SE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 117, the houses, about 60 in number, were supplied by 13 private wells (presumably through Boulder Clay to gravel). Baddow, see Great Baddow. Bardfleld Saling (see Little Baling of the old map). Ordnance Maps 222, 223, new ser. (Essex 24, NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 117, water was got from two public wells (presumably through Boulder Clay to gravel or sand). There are also private wells. Barking. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 73, SE., 74, SW.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. According to W. Rangbb's Report to the General Board of Health, 1854, there were then no waterworks. " The inhabitants, therefore, procure what they require from pumps and wells on their own premises, or if they have no such supply, they buy water from carriers, who retail it at the rate of three gallons for a farthing " ; and we are told that " many of the wells are so shallow that they go dry in hot weather." There were, however, two public pumps, one often dry. " The shallow wells generally went down into the gravel about 14 ft. ' ' Even then, however, deep-seated springs were bored down to, about 200 ft., into sand, and one well had been carried down into the Chalk, the water rising to within 10 ft. of the surface. 1. Barking Mills, within 30 yds. of the Roding. 1875. Communicated by W. Beweks. Bored throughout, with an 11-in. pipe into the Chalk. Water rose to within 16 ft. of the surface. Yield about 30 gallons a minute. Made soil [? in part Alluvium] [Alluvium or River Drift ?] Sandy clay [River Drift.] Sand and running gravel (Blue clay Sand London clay [? Basement-bed]. Shells, and green sand pebbles I Thickness. I Ft. 12 5 i 4 16 i 1 18 Depth. Ft. 12 17 21 37 38 56 60 90 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Barking, cont. SheUs Hard shells, flint and pebbles London clay, sand and sheUs ... [Woolwich Yellow clay and white sand Beds] White sand 49 ft. [' Pebbles, green and black [Bottom- 1 sand and large stones bed.] 1 Pebbles, sand and rock (^ over water ... Spring [Thanet] sand [Upper] Chalk Water classed as first class, by G. W. Wignee, who analysed it in 1878, see p. 357. 2. Byfrons. 140 ft. deep, the bottom part in hard pebble-beds [Blackheath Beds, or bottom of the Woolwich Beds]. Water within 30 ft. of the ground. 3. East London Waterworks, now Metropolitan Water Board, half a mil« from the western side of the town, just east of the Roding, and close to the main road. 1896. Apparently known as the East Ham Well, though in Barking. Communicated by W. B. Bbyan, Engineer to the Company. About 12 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout. ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 62 9 71 12 83 7 90 6 96 9 105 4 109 52 161 235 396 SoU [River Drift] 17i ft. [London] Clay r Loamy clay I Hard gravel l Cleaner gravel . [? Basement- bed of London Clay, or partly Woolwich Beds?] [Woolwich Beds] 34ift. ... nearly I SheUs (? about 4 inches) j Very dark soft sand . . . i Sandstone rock Very dark soft sand ... Two-inch layers of sand, clay, pebbles, and shells Soft clay and shells , Hard shell-rock Shelly dark green sand Very hard dark clay, with sheDs Loamy sand ... ... ... over light-grey sand nearly Dark sand Clay and sand Loamy sand and black [flint] pebbles L ■' vv ooiw^>.n , p^^j^ ^^^^ Beds or Thanet ( -p^^j^l^/^^^^p^j,^,!^ ... Z Dark grey sands, with a harder vein from below 114 to 116 ft Harder dark grey sands \ Green-coated flints Chalk, with 10 ins. of flints, below 147 ft. ; 6 ins., below 148 ; 4 ins., below 153J ; a foot, below 173-J-, 177, ■ and 181J ; 6 ins., below 184 ; 9 ins., below 189^ ; 6 ins., below 198 ; a foot, below 199| ; and 6 ins., below 205| and 207i [? Woolwich Sand.] [Thanet Sand, 33 ft.] Thickness. Depth ■ Ft. Ft. 2 2 5 7 5 12 n 19i 21 404 — 404 H 42 H 434 li 44| 2i 474 H 49 i 49i 8i 58 6 64 3 67 5* 724 5i 78 34 814 ^ 84 19 103 5 108 20-^ 1284 12 140J i 141 209i As will be seen, there is some difficulty in fixing the divisions of the Eocene formations, and this was also the case in regard to the well at Glenny's Brewery. For analyses of the water, see p. 356, WELLS. 91 Barking, oont. 4. Glenny's Brewery. 1889. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Sutcliff. Water-level 17 ft. down. (1889.) Fell suddenly to 62^ ft. on the opening of the East London Co.'s Well. Dug well (the rest bored) [River Drift] gravel l- Red clay Blue clay ... / Conglomerate, clay, [London Clay] ( r, -R„„ement stone, and shells ... [ .' J^asement ; ^^^^ ^^^j^ '-' Sand, clay and pebbles \ Rock, fUnts, and shells / Loam and shells Sand and shells Blue clay and shells Rough pebbles Mottled clay and sand Dark clay and sand Black pebbles ■ Dark sand, clay, and pebbles f-ThanetSand / Dead sand I FUnts [Upper] Chalk and flints There is a difficulty in fixing the base of the London Clay, and perhaps the lowest bed classed with the Woolwich Series, may belong in part to the Thanet Sand. An analysis of the water is on p. 357. 5. White's Mineral Water Works, Axe Street. 1887. Communicated by W. Bewebs, of Barking Mills ( ? St. Anne's), and by Messrs. Lb Gband and Sutcliff. Water-level about 24i ft. down. [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand, 40 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. — 10 12 22 1 23 42 65 1 6 66 6 5 66 11 3 69 11 7 70 6 1 6 72 6 78 11 89 6 89 6 16 6 106 2 108 6 108 6 17 6 126 33 159 6 6 165 6 6 166 154 320 Dug well [? gravel], the rest bored [River] Gravel [London Clay 57 ft.] Blue clay Loamy blue clay Hard clay J and then claystone 1 ... Loamy blue clay r„ T> i r Fine running sand ... [? Basement } Black [flint] pebbles... bed.] ?] [Woolwich and Reading Beds 44 ft.] Gravel [pebbles '. Blue clay and shells Shells and conglomerate Blue clay and shells ... Clay, sand and shells ... Clay and sand ... Mottled clay and dark sand ... Mottled clay and light-coloured sand Dark green sand Sandy clay Pebbles Sand and pebbles Sand Sand and pebbles Thanet Sand, blowing nu 11 r White chalk and flints iimi f t \ C^rey chalk and flints 40U^tt. I Hard, grey chalk, sticky at times .. For analysis of the water, see p. 357. jkness. Depth. "t. Ft. — . 10 20 30 25 55 21i 76i 14 78 2 80 3 83 3 86 1 87 ' 1 88 2 90 lOi lOOi 1 10l| 2 103J H 107 2 109 4 113 8 121 A 12H 2 123i 6i 130 l" 131 51| 182J 236|- 419 91 510 73 583 93 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Barking, cont. 6. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 85. Through blue clay to sand and pebbles, with water, 57 ft. 7. Barking Creek. Lawes' Manure Works. On the marsh, close to the Thames. Bored some 30 years ago (note of 1898). Water-level 10-15 ft. down at first; now (1898) about 20 ft. Yield (1898) a few thousand gallons a day. London Clay said to be only 6 ft. thick. Chalk reached at 82 ft. Boring taken to 200 ft. At a recent gauging the depth was found to be only 145 ft. deep and there was much sand at the bottoni ; the boring is believed to be silting up. Apparently only a 3-in. bore. For an analysis of the water, see p. 357. For details of the following wells (8-13), see Memoir on London Wells, by G. Baeeow, 1912, pp. 91-93. In some cases the classification differs: — 8. Abbey Mill. Messrs. Warne's. 1897. 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 70 ft. , the rest bored. Water-level 42 ft. below O.D. Yield 335,000 gallons a day. Alluvium, 7 ft. and gravel 12 ft. ... London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... Upper Chalk 9. Jenkins Lane. Messrs. Gross & Co. , Varnish Works. 1906. 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 10 ft. below O.D. Supply 250 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 19 19 25 44 97 141 257 398 AUuvium, 8 ft. and River Gravel 25 ft. ... London Clay... Oldhaven Beds (13?) and Woolwich Beds Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 33 33 46 79 22 101 10. Messrs. Gross & Co. Second Boring. 1910. Water-level 65 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Supply tested to 3,000 gallons an hour. Made ground and River Drift London Clay... Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... Upper Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 357. 11. Gas Works. 1910. 12 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 60 ft. below O.D. Supply 5,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground and River Drift ... 27 27 London Clay 56 83 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... 102 185 Upper Chalk 199 404 ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 27 27 56 83 102 185 222 407 ( ? since deepened to 450 ft.) WELLS. 93 Barking, cont. Barking Creek. British Coalite Co. 1910. 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level nearly at O.D. Thickness. Pt. 44 91 105 Guano Works. 1894. 12. AUuviunj 14 ft., and Rivel Gravel 30 ft. Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... Upper Chalk 13. Creekmouth. E. side. De Pass Depth. In. 44 135 240 • 200 ft. 6 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 55 ft. below O.D. Yield abundant. Alluvium and River Gravel 46 " Upper Chalk 154: [The following are additional particulars: — Apparently a 3-in boring. Plenty of water at 200 ft., but brackish. Boring continued to 400 ft., when the water was pronounced good. A new well 143 ft. deep was bored in 1912. For analysis of the water of both, see p. 357.] Barkingside, see Ilford. Barling. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 71, SW., 79, NW.). Geologic Map 2. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 78, a very limited supply was got, wholly from shallow wells. The same holds in the report of 1905. Barnston. Ordnance Maps 222, 240, new ser. (Essex 33, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 117, there was a public fountain, fed from a spring on higher ground. Also ten wells. Basildon. Ordnance Map 268, new ser. , the name does not appear as a parish on this map. (Essex 68, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 82, a, deep well at the Vicarage gave the village-supply. Rain-water was collected for a subsidiary supply. Lately included in the area of the Southend Water Co. Battlebridge, see Rettenden. Beaumont. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 30, SW., the village in 29, SE.). Geologic Map 48, SE. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905 the parish was badly ofi for water. There were wells, some of considerable depth ; but generally speaking the supply was unsatisfactory. Many people had to cart water some distance. It is now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Water Co. Bramble Island. Enclosed Land westward of Pewit Island. 1880. Sunk and communicated by T. Tilley. Water rises to the surface. Large yield, but brackish. [? Alluvium and London Clay.] [Reading Beds 37i ft.] Dark clay Blue clay Clayey sand Blue clay Brown clay Brown sandy clay (Coloured clay ... Loamy sand Coloured sandy clay Mottled clay ... Ehnts [Upper.] Chalk and flints Thickness. | Ft. In. 13 10 17 8 3 6 16 6 18 6 8 15 5 5 12 3 48 3 Depth. Ft. In. 13 10 31 6 35 57 70 78 93 98 103 115 115 163 94 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Beckton, see East Ham. Belchamps, The. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 5, SE., 6, SW., 12, NW.)- Geologic Map 47. Belchamp Otton, or Otten. Se\eral private wells, two of which do not give an adequate supply. Ponds and ditches used. The water from one pond, near the schools, is filtered. Belchamp St. Paul. Greater number of houses supplied by three public wells, one sunk into the Chalk and yielding good water, the other two in gravel and yielding a good supply of pure water. Belchamp Walter. Jlost of the supply got from shallow wells and springs, and of good quality. Ponds, etc., used. Benfieet, see North and South Benfleet. Bentley, see Gt-reat Bentley. Berden (Bearden on the old Ordnance Map). Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 13, SW.). Geologic Map 47. The Hall. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water 122 ft. down. [Glacial Drift.] 1 Brown clay Sandy loam Blue clay Brown clay Chalky gravel Brown clay Hard chalky gravel ... Chalk. Bed of flints at 92 ft. Many shells at 100 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 6 1 6 14 20 1 21 9 30 12 42 2 44 78 122 According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 51, the place is fairly well supplied from wells into Chalk, from 90 to 120 ft. deep ; and nearly all were deepened a few feet in recent years. Berechurch (or West Donyland). Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 36, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Old Heath Brewery (Messrs. Cuddon's), SE. of Colchester. 1887 ? Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek & Co. Pit of 8 ft., the rest bored, and tubed for 190 ft. (4-in. tubes). Water-level 50 ft. down. Supply very plentiful. [London Clay.] [Reading Beds, 87 ft.] [Upper] Chalk /' Yellow clay J Blue clay I Dead dark sand and clay [? basement- [ bed] 'Mottled clay .^ Black sand-rock Dead green sand Black sand and clay Dark blue sand Thickness. ^■ 8 82 8 33 2 11 31 10 51 Depth. Ft. 8 90 131 133 144 175 185 236 Bergholt, see West Bergholt. WELLS. 95 Berners Boding or Boothing. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, SB.)- Geologic Map 47. 1. Berners Hal3. See under analyses, p. 358. 2. Parsonage Farm, Berners Hall. Communicated by H. O. N. Shaw, of Skreens Park. 226 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 106 ft. down. Excellent supply. Well (old) the rest bored [? Boulder Clay.] Blue clay and chalk Blue clay with 5 layers of rock, each about 8 ins. thick. ... Dark green sand Coloured sands Strong red clay Green sands Grey and green sand [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 100 20 120 140 260 1 261 10 271 9 280 5 285 35 320 Billericay (in the parish of Great Burstead). Ordnance Maps 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 68, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Slice's Gate. 1^ miles SE. of Billericay Church. Boring. For the Billericay Rural District Council. 1904. Made and communicated by Messrs. Mebetweathbe. 125 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A test was made for a fortnight and the yield was 108,000 gallons in 24 hours, the level of the water being about 100 ft. down. Highest water- level ( ? since 1908) 97^ feet down. Lowest (pumping) 318-^-. 515 ft. of 12-in. tubes from 6 in. down. Soil Gravel ... [London Clay, 352 ft.] relay (Red) r - Grey clay ( Sandy clay [? Blackheath Beds.] Sand and pebbles C Dark sand [Woolwich Beds, < Light-coloured sand 29 ft 1 1 — *^~" ■-' (. Green sand and [flint] pebbles [?ThanetBeds.]|S°rH^.:::i [Upper Chalk.] ' ( Flints and greenish sand C Chalk and flints... I Grey chalk Thickness. Ft. 1 7 15 320 17 15 2 6 21 94J 1 260^ 140 Depth. Ft. 1 8 23 343 360 375 377 383 404 498i 499J 760 900 It is doubful whether it is right to class so great a thickness as Thanet Beds. Taken over by the Southend Water Co. in 1908 (as No. 19 or Slice's Gate Bore). An account, from E. C. Bilham, makes no mention of gravel. Water from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Little, if any, from the Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 359. 2. Southend Water Co.'s No. 21 or Slice's Gate Main Well. 160 ft. NE. of Slice's Gate Bore. 1910. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 124 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 333-^- ; 45-in. pipes to 358 ft. 10 ins., rest 24-in. unlined. Highest water-level 135-5 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 333^. g2 96 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. very ickness. Depth Ft. Ft., 1 1 6 7 8 15 8 23 332 sr>5 5 360 2i 3621 6i 369 4* 3734 4 377i 22i 400 Billericay, cont. Soil Brick-earth and gravel S3 ointy clay London clay ; jointy at 233J, hard from 2.59 to 264 feet . . . /Hard sand Softer sand [Lower London J „ darker Tertiaries.] "l Uhooolate-coloured sand Softer and lighter sand * Dark green sand Water from sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Billericay Rural District. Dr. Theesh, in his Report on the "Water Supplies to the Rural Districts, says that it is a very diflficult district to supply with water ; but the difficulties were being gradually overcome. ' ' The help afforded by the Southend Water Co. is much appreciated, as they have far exceeded their legal obligation." Birch, Great and Little. Birch, of the older map. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 36, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1901. Shallow wells were the usual source of supply, except at Birch Hall (spring). New wells have since been made, with concrete tubes. Geologic Map 47. 44. 57 ft. Birchanger. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 22, SE.). 1.— Blacklands. 1895. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Brown clay, with large flints [? Boulder Clay] T J ni I Brown clay London Clay. \ jy^^^ slate-coloured clay . 2. Mr. Maitland's Cottages. Near the railway. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 28A ft. down. Mould FDriftl (Loamy gravel .. ■• '-■ i Gravel and chalk Soft white chalk 3. Public Well. The Green. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft. Boulder Clay 20 ) London Clay, sandy at bottom, with water ... 47 ) ? deepened since. According to Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1905, p. 61, isolated cottages get a supply from wells at farms, and about 25 new cottages at the north-western end of the village got water from wells from 20 to 30 ft. deep. Birdbrook. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 4, SE., 10, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Bailey Hill Farm. 1900. Made and communicated by Mr. H. G. Feathbkbt. Ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 1 1 7 8 6 14 20 34 67 ft WELLS. 97 Birdbrook, cont. Shaft 5 ft. diameter in the clear for 30 ft., then 4^ for further 34 ft., steined with 4^ in. of dry brickwork. Borehole 5 in., reduced to 4. Tubes to 136i ft. down. Rest-level of water in Sept., 1900, 146^ ft. down. Top mould [London Clay?] ( [Reading Beds.] [Upper.] Chalk Brown clay Blue clay Blue sand Blue clay and sand Blue clay Brown loamy clay and Black sand and clay Blue sand and clay Blue clay f" Loamy sand 3 Red sand 1 Gravel (.Red sand sand ickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 9 10 15 25 5* 144 254 304 45 3 48 4 52 12 64 5 69 21 90 1 28| 90i 119 8 127 5 132 62 194 2. Public well. Near Birdbrook Hall. 304 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 96 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 217 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boulder Clay ... 93 > Sand, over Chalk ... 20 j There is another public well near the Rectory. 113 ft. 3. Finkle 'Green. 326 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 219 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Boulder clay 75 75 Sand vidthout water ... 10 85 Brown clay 5 90 Sand and clay 11 101 Running sand 17 118 r private wells. Blackn lore. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 51, SE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Largely supplied by a shallow public well (1905) ? through Boulder Clay. Hocking. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 25, SW.). Geologic Map 47. Beech Holme, Bradford Street, Dr. Taylor's. Communicated by Dr. T. Taylok. 1887? Sunk about 40 ft., the rest a 2-in. boring. Water-level 28 ft. down. (1899.) Ample supply, but a yellow ferruginous deposit is thrown down from the water after standing. Hardness 10°. 98 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [London Clay.] Booking, cont. Old well, the rest bored [partly through Drift] ... ' London clay Clay mixed with sand Blue clay Clay and sand, with 10 in. olaystone at top Clay and stone ... Clay and sand ... , Sand ' Light-coloured clay ,, „ ,, bro'ivn and sandyl Dark clay ... ... ... . . . ' Dark sandy clay Coloured [mottled] sand light-green sand ■ Light-brown sand ... ... . . . i ! Grey sand Dark brown mud, like sand Dark green sand ' Fhnts [Reading Beds, 54 ft.] [Thanet Beds, 33J ft.] [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Ft. 5 30 30 15 2 11 2 7 13 15 2 7 6 4 23 7 3 i 53i Depth. Ft. 35 40 70 100 115 117 128 130 137 150 165 167 174 180 184 207 214 217 217J 271 The divisions of the Tertiary beds above made are somewhat doubtful. For an analysis of the water see p. 3C0. 2. Messrs. Courtaulds' Crape Mills, Church Street. 1865. (Courtaulds' Silk mills are in Braintree.) Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwba, with some information from the Report of the British Association for 1883, pp. 155, 156, which has a slightly different account of the section. 137 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 40 ft., the rest bored. Yield : originally 16,000 gallons a day overflowed and 9,000 an hour were pumped. In July, 1867, after running to waste night and day for two years, the yield had fallen to 2,000 an hour. In 1883 waste had been stopped, and the well would yield 5,000 an hour. From 1900-1910, 100,000 a day used (see also in water-levels below). September, 1910. Bore being deepened to increase the yield. Soil, etc. [London Clay.] [ ? London Clay.] Sandy clay, 7 or 8 ft. ") Blue clay, 45 or 46 ft. ) Clay-stone and cement - stone with small vein of sand yielding soft water (200-400 galls, an hour, rising to 3^- ft. down) Clay, with a few cement-stones ; shells at 77 ft Stone ^ Veiny clay ' Dark sand (? and sandy clay), with a few shells Light-coloured sand Live sand Clay and sand Light-coloured sand Clay yPebbles Thickness. Ft. 7 53 17 n 34 6 4 2 3 6 4 2 Depth. Ft. 7 60 63 80 814 85 91 95 97 100 106 110 112 WELLS. 99 [Lower London Tertiaries, 75 ft.] [Upper.] Chalk Booking, cont. /Live sand Coloured clay with sand Sand Brown clay Clay and sand ... [Sand] Coloured clay ... ,, „ [? with sand] Dead light-coloured sand Dark dead sand .. . ^ Green sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 15 127 3 130 7 137 2 139 4 143 4 147 8 155 4 159 8 167 18 185 2 187 57 244 Water said to Have reached a height of 7-^ ft. above the ground ( ? 1865). The water-levels of this well are especially interesting as they were affected by the Essex earthquake of April, 1884, and repeated measurements were made before and after this occurrence. The following record is summarised from the Reports of the British Association Underground Water Com- mittee, for 1883, 1886. Water-levels taken on Monday mornings after the well had been idle on the Sunday. Between 1 January, 1883, and 21 April, 1884, the water-level varied from 19 in. above ground (26 March, 1883) to 8 in. above ground (8 October, 1883, and 24 December, 1883), and showed a marked but irregular or fluctuating tendency to fall. 21 April, 1884. 12 in. above ground. 22 ,, ,, Essex earthquake. 28 ,, ,, 31^ in. above ground, and from this date till 14 July, 1884, the level rose steadily with occasional slight fluctuations to SSj in. above ground. From 14 July, 1884, to 22 August, 1887, the water fell, steadily but with occasional slight fluctuations, the lowest record being 18 in. above ground on 8, 15, and 22 August, 1887, and it was estimated that if the rate of falling were maintained the effect of the earthquake would have disappeared by April, 1888. In 1900 the water-level was 5 ft. below ground. Pumping at 100,000 gallons a day from 1900-1910 reduced the level I5 ft. a year. In 1910 the rest-level after the week-end was 17 ft. down. The temperature of the water has been recorded as about 55° F. For analysis of the water, see p. 360. 3. Boring for supply of Becking (Braintree Rural District Council). At Four Releet (near 4 cross-roads), nearly a mile west of Booking Church. ( ? Made in 1907 to 400 ft. and finished or deepened in 1908.) Information from Messrs. H. Tabok, E. H. Beight, H. W. Golding and G. Baebow, who examined specimens. 243 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dynamite exploded at 400 and 500 ft. down increased the yield considerably. Water-level 124 ft. down (1907). Yield (Jan., 1908) about 3,000 gallons an hour (? pump being 250 ft. down), the water-level falling to 224 ft., recovering in 2 hours. In 1909, the pump being 304 ft. down, the yield was less than 2,000 gallons an hour. ( Chalky boulder clay, decalcified at top [Glacial Drift.] ] Sand and fine gravel (Ferruginous sand ... SClay with septaria, lighter-coloured near base Silty clay Faintly mottled yellow and sandy clay [London Clay, 141 ft.] ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 29 29 lOi 39i 22 61i 111 172J m 190 12i 202^ 100 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [Lower London Tertiaries, 90 ft.] ' Bocking, cont. Pale yeUow- brown sand Decomposed reddish faintly mottled clay Yellow sand Greenish-grey clay Brown and grey sand ... Marly yellow and grey clays with carbonaceous fragments Greenish-grey and bright green sands Pale sandy clay with a little race *Brown and grey sand (clayey) Flints [Upper.] Chalk * This bed more clayey than is usual near London. It was mixed, not in separate films. The thickness between the base of the green sand and the chalk is also less than in the London area. This bore was abandoned. Yield insufficient. For analysis of the water, see p. 359. 4. Church Street, close to the Cemetery. 280 yds. south-east of St. Mary's Church. For the Braintiee Rural District Council. 1911. 133 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walkee. Yield, ascertained by continuous pumping for 14 days, 204,000 gallons a day. Water-level before pumping 18 ft. down (115 above O.D.), and after pumping, 24 ft. down, the water regaining the original level in about 8 hours. Lined with 202i ft. of lOi-in. tubes. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 16 218i 4 222^ 5 227-1 10 237i 18 255^ 13 268| 12 280-1 4 284-i 5 289i 3 292i 211* 504 Made ground... Gravel [London Clay, 79i ft.] [Reading Beds, 31J ft.] [Thanet Beds, 48i ft.] r Brown clay < Blue clay, with claystone from 19f to ( 204 ft- down, and from 40 to 40| ft. fSand (. Brown or mottled clay... C Dead grey sand i Sand and flints ... Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 4 4 i 4f ... 2 6| m 19| to to 40| ft. m 84 3i ' 874 28 1154 47i 163| f 164 161 ; 325 [Upper.] Chalk In July, 1912, wells were being sunk round the bore-tubes. Water was coming into the wells [from the upper strata]. Analyses on p. 359. Dr. Thsesh's Report of 1901, p. 116, says that the section of the parish on the eastern side of the workhouse then depended on shallow contaminated wells. Now (1913) the waterworks have been completed and the houses are being connected to the mains. Boreham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 44 SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. and 47. Old wells. Information from the sinker, Mr. Rolfb, to W. H. Dalton. 1. In the village. Sand and gravel, 12 ft. 2. Brent Hall. [Glacial Drift.] { |-fand^^g.Lel 10 } '' "• According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 101, a public well and two public springs all yielded good water. Many houses were supplied by private wells. According to his Report of 1905, p. 47, water is obtainable over most of the area ; but at some places near the boundary, where the sand is covered by a considerable thickness of Boulder Clay, wells 20 to 40 ft. deep yield very little water, and that unsatisfactory in character. WELLS. 101 Borley. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 6, SW.)- Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 79, a tube-well had been recently sunk for public supply. Chalk was reached at 82 ft. and penetrated to the depth of 126 ft., when sufficient water was got. Bowers Grifford. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 77, NW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Dr. Thbbsh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 82. There was a public pump, the joint property of Bowers Gifford and Pitsea, in the latter parish, and there were two private wells. Some inhabitants had to go a mile to the pump. A few collected rain-water. Dr. Cabtee (M. O. H. of Billericay Rural Ditsrict) says, that at South Staines Farm a well was made to the depth of 300 ft., and then abandoned. The place is now supplied by the Southend Water Co. Southend Water Co. 's Bowers or No. 15 Well. A quarter-mile W. of Bowers Church. 1906. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 39' 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 295 ft. 24-in. pipe to 317 ft. Highest water-level 97-5 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 269'5. Soil [London Clay] [POldhaven Beds] Clay nodules [septaria] Clay nodules [septaria] Yellow clay, at 24 ft.' Brown clay, at 33 ft. Blue clay, with 13 layers of clay nodules [.septaria] a few feet apart down to 201 ft. and nodules and pyrites at 226 and 228 ft ^ Sand and'pebbles I Sand Thickness. Ft. In. 1 Depth. Ft. In. 1 24 25 10 35 274 5 1 1 7 4 309 5 310 6 317 10 For an analysis of the water, see p. 360. Boxted. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 18, NE.). Geologic Map 48, NW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901. Shallow wells abound and were the only source of supply. New wells have been made, of concrete-tubes, about 21 ft. deep, with from 8 to 10 ft. of water. Bradfield. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SW.). Geologic Map 48, NW. In field 181 of the"25-in. Ordnance Map. 116 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Trial-boring. 1885. A little water found at a depth of 309 ft., and a little more at 403, which stands at 109 ft. (or 11 ft. above Low Water Level). Yielded only 11 gallons a minute. Soil [Drift, 24i ft.] [London Clay 111 ft.] /'Loamy sand, with a little gravel 3 Brown, loamy sand / Light-coloured sharp sand (..Gravel /Brown clay Blue clay 1 [Basement- bed.] 'Hard grey sand, with 1 small stones [? flint- I pebbles.] ..Hard green sand Thickness. Ft. 1-1 4 13i i 1 97 Depth. Ft. H 19 25i 26 27 124 133 137 102 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [Reading Beds, 59 ft.] Bradfleld, cont. (' Light-coloured clay Hard light-coloured brown sand Light-green clay Dark green clay, with sand Black clay I Green-grey loamy sand, with a few \ green-coated flints at bottom [Upper.] Chalk : Mints about 2 ft. down, and then none till 309 ft. from the surface. From 375 to 425 ft. flints were found every 2 or 3 ft. From 294 to 330 ft. the chalk was soft and rubbly, the rest was tough and close, except at about 403 ft Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 12 149 20 169 5 174 3 177 12 189 267 196 463 According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901 the supply was then from shallow wells. The place is now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Water Co. Bradwell juxta mare. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 55, NE.). Geologic Map 2. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 109, water was fairly abun- dant and got from the public and many private pumps. Wells shallow and nearly all showed signs of pollution, some serious. The public pump at the end of the village gave very good water. Braintree. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 25, NW., SW.). 1. Mr. Brown's. Trial-bore, made and communicated by Mr Drift, 14 ft.] C Sandy gravel \ Drift clay (London Clay ^ Vein of sand, with a little water London Clay, sand and shells Cement-stone London Clay, and sand f Dark sand, with water t Mottled clays Geologic Map 47. Beown. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 5 9 14 56 70 40 , 110 1 111 29 140 10 150 45 195 33 228 17 245 [London Clay, 126 ft.] [Reading Beds, 55 ft.] Light-coloured [Thanet ?] sand [Upper] Chalk 2. Courtaulds' Silk Mills. 1886. Their crape mills are in Booking. Communicated by D. R. Shaeee. 135^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and bore. Water first noticed 242 ft. down. When the well was finished the water stood 29| ft. down. 1,000 gallons an hour pumped, during working hours. Temperature of water, at the surface, about 50°. Mould /' Blue sandy clay. . . [ ? Alluvium and ) Yellow sandy clay Drift.] [London Clay, 118i ft.] ISand (. Stones [? gravel] London clay Blue sandy clay London Clay, with clay-stones (6 inch at 92, 10 inch at 96, and 2 inch lower down) ... Dark sandy clay, with shells ... Light-coloured clay .,Clay and pebbles [basement-bed] 3kness. Depth "t. Ft. 2 2 3 5 4 9 3 12 X 12i 68* 80^ 3 83| 18i 102 18 120 10 130 1 131 WELLS. 103 [Reading Beds, 45 ft.] [Thanet Beds, [Upper] Chalk . Braintree, cont. r Mottled clay \ Dark red clay (. Coloured [mottled] sand /'Light-coloured sand \ Dark green sand 1 Light-coloured sand (.Hints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 30 161 3 164 12 176 24 200 10 210 2 212 i 212i 1081 321 For an analysis of the water, see p. 363. Waterworks. T!hese are between the railway and the stream, about a sixth of a mile west of the station and east of the road. Two wells (3, 4). Dr. Reece, in his Report to the Local Government Board, 1907, says of the water-supply of the Urban District Council: — "Since the wells have been sunk the level of the water has dropped at the rate of about one foot per annum. In November 1888 the water in them stood at a depth of 41 feet 2 inches ... in August, 1904, at 56 feet 2 inches ; it now ( ? Sep- tember, 1907) stands at about 60 feet . for practical purposes all the water is pumped from the New well. . . . The two wells are not connected, but they are only a few feet apart, and pumping from one well affects the level of the water in the other." "There are comparatively few private wells now in use in the town of Braintree. In the more rural parts of the Urban District the supply is derived from shallow or ' dip ' wells. Of such wells, both inside the town and in the country, many are manifestly liable to pollution." According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, the works were established in 1856. The population of the area supplied was about 6,000. The daily supply was 130,000 gallons, for the year ending 31 March, 1911. 3. Well of 1856. For the Local Board (now Urban District Council). In a field near Pods Brook on the same spot as a trial-boring. From Dr. R. J. Reece' s Report to the Local Government Board, No. 28, 1907, and from an account by A. C. Velet in the ' Essex Herald,' 21 March, 1854. (Veley's section refers to the trial-bore, but, except for a little absence of detail, is identical.) 145 or 146 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, 10 ft. diameter, 72 ft. (55 Velby), with a 10-in. boring from the bottom. Water-level 29 ft. down (Veley), 12 ft. down (Reece). Is this a rise in water-level due to the 1884 earthquake which affected this district ? See p. 65. Yield : Pumps worked on an average 4-2 hours a day at 11,500 gallons an hour (Veley). [Drift.] [London Clay, 136 ft.] [Reading Beds, 45 ft.] C Sandy gravel ... (Drift clay 'Clay Thin vein of sand with a little water... Clay with sand and shells Hard cement -stones (septaria) mider which water was found and rose to within 5 ft. of the surface ... Clay, getting gradually more sandy . . . Dark sand with a few shells, yielding much water [? Basement-bed or Oldhaven Beds] (Mottled plastic clays, getting more sandy lower dovni and " with specks . of chalk " [" race " or calcareous concretions] Coarse black sandy clay ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 5 9 14 56 70 40 about 1 about 29 10 44 1 110 111 140 150 194 195 104 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Braintree, cont. 1^ Light-coloured sands, firm and hard, ) getting darker and more friable ■{ lower down ... / Light-coloured sands, firm, changing V to coarse and dark ... [ Upper] Chalk with much water [Thanet sand. 33 ft.] Thickness. Ft. 20 13 17 Depth. Ft. 215 228 245 According to B. Latham {Trans. Soc. Eng. for 1864, p. 242), this well had been bored 150 ft. deeper, the supply was 45,000 gallons a day, and the water-level rose with the rise of the tide ! According to the sixth Report of the Rivers Pollution Commission (1874, p. 322), the well was 430 ft. deep. According to information from D. R. Shakpe, of Braintree, the boring was deepened lOOg ft. in 1857 ; he adds that " it is said that this last boring caused a gradual sinking of the water, and that the well at Bocking Silk-mill caused the water to fall at a greater rate." 4. Another well, about 40 ft. from the former. 1888. 146 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwba, and from Dr. Rebce's Report to the Local Government Board, No. 282, 1907. Shaft 9 to 8 ft. in diameter, 103 ft. Then a 12-in. boring. Water rose to 39 ft. 2 in. down (? originally), to 41 ft. 2 in. ( ? later), and to 50 ft. in 1899. After some days pumping, down (1899). Yield : Pumping is intermittent, 2 to 3 hours at a time, say 8-1- in 1888 68 ft. day, at 14,000 gallons an hour, say 130,000 gallons a day. much more. hours a Would yield Soil and water [? Alluvium and C Loamy clay Drift.] (. Loamy clay and ballast [gravel] { Blue clay, with a foot of clay-stone [London Clay, [septaria] at 105-106, and at the 115ft1 1 bottom ■-' i [Basement- C Blue clay and sand . ( bed.] / Dark sand with water [? Basement-bed of London Clay, or Reading Beds.] Dark sand vidth water [Reading Beds]. Mottled clay [a specimen from D. R. Sharpe, marked 190 (? for 170) feet, of green brown and red mottled firm sand] C Thanet sand [a specimen, from [Thanet Beds, j Mr. Sharpe, marked 212, brown 44 ft. ?] 1 clayey firm sand] (.Flints [Upper.] Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. 4 2 8 110 2 3 14 35 43 107i Depth. Ft. 4 6 14 124 126 129 143 178 221J 222 329i For analyses of the water at these works, see pp. 361-363. iiramble Island, see Beaumont. Braxted, see Great Braxted. Brentwood. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, NW., NE.). Geolo^'io Maps 1 NW., and (part) London District, Sheet 2. ° 1. Essex Lunatic Asylum. 1886. (In South Weald.) 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Bakeb and Son. WELLS. 105 Brentwood, cont. Shaft 410 ft. 4 in., the rest bored 7| in. diameter. Water-level 209 ft. down, 340 in 1911. Yield 325 gallons an hour (July, 1898) ; originally much more. Surface mould.. [London Clay, 415 ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 71 ft.] Yellow clay Sandy clays, with a few black pebbles (classed as Bagshot Beds by Messrs Baker) V Blue clay Coloured [mottled] clay Stone Marl with shell-fragments Fine hght-coloured sand Light-grey stone Light-coloured clay ... Dark sand Pebbles Sandstone , Dark green sand and pebbles [ThanetBeds, f^^^y^^'^^^ 644 ft! j Clayey sand oat ".J ^Flints [Upper] Chalk If the sandy clays, near the top, are classed as Bagshot Beds the total thickness of the London Clay is only 37I5 ft., unless perhaps some of the upper beds classed with the Woolwich Series belong to the ' basement-bed. ' In this neighbourhood we should expect a total thickness of London Clay of about 450 ft ; so that it seems probable that the top of that formation is not here present, and all the more probable that we have no Bagshot Beds. For an analysis of the water, see p. 364. 2. Merry Meade. Cricket-ground opposite Middleton Hall, High Street. 1913. About 350 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams & Co. Well 27 ft., the rest a 5-in. boring. Water-level 340 ft. down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Analysis, p. 364. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 7 10 36* 46J 37l| 418 7 425 14 426i ^ 428 i| 429i 1- 430i H 431f 31 462f 2| 465J i- 466 23 489 53 542 104 552i 1 553J 155| 709 [Bagshot ?] [London Clay, 483 ft.] [? Oldhaven Beds, 20J ft.] [Reading Beds, 491 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 73 ft.] Loamy sand f Brown clay Blue clay and layers of sand Grey sand Blue clay and stones ... Sand and clay Blue clay and layers of sand Blue clay and stones . . . Grey loamy sand Dead loamy sand and bed of shells Grey loamy sand Clayey sand and pebbles Black pebbles Hard grey sand Dead coloured sands ... Green sand and pebble... Live grey sand ... Hard green sand Li ve green sand .. . , Loamy green sand C Dead grey sand X Loamy grey sand [Upper.] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. •>. ... 41 41 4 45 ... 28 73 ... ... 34 107 9 116 7 123 ... . .. 10 133 391 524 ... 5* 529^ shells ... 7 5364 ... 34 540 ... 3 543 ... 14 544i ... 16 560 ... 6 5665 ... 14 568 1 569 18 587 ... ... 3 . 590 4 594 10 604 ... 63 667 ... 16 683 106 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Brightlingsea. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 37, SE.)- Geological Map 48, SW. Public Well. For the Urban District Council. 1899. Pive-eightlis of a mile north of railway-station. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley, with additional details from H. GooDYEAE and H. S. Cooper. 80-19 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water from the Chalk, 73 ft. down, from the gravel, 32 ft. 8 in. down. Ten days' pumping, at an average of over 128,000 gallons a day, reduced the level to 136 ft. down. On stopping pumping water rose 36 ft. 8 in. in four minutes and regained the original level in just one hour. This yield (128,000 gallons a day) was just double the requirements of the town at that time ( ? 1899). The surface-water (from the first 14 ft.) is excluded by a 20-in. tube into the London Clay, and the boring is lined with 15-in. tubes some way into the Chalk. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Lis Soil 1 6 1 6 /Red Sand 3 4 6 Light-coloured sand 2 6 6 Sand 2 8 6 " Hard core " ... 6 9 [Glacial Drift.] Loam 1 10 Well charged Sand 3 6 13 6 with water. Gravel . 1 14 6 Sand 6 6 21 Gravel . 2 6 23 6 Sand 10 24 4 \ Gravel . 21 8 46 [London Clay.] London Clay ^ Loamy clay 71 5 117 122 / Mottled clay Mixed clay 4 126 2 128 Yellow clay 5 6 133 6 Blue mixed clay 2 135 6 Green and red mixed clay 6 141 6 [Reading Beds Mixed loamy clay 3 144 6 and ( Light-coloured clay 4 148 6 Thanet Sand.] Dark sand (water) 4 6 153 Green sandy clay 4 157 Slate-coloured clay 6 163 Dark loamy sand 22 185 Green sandy loam 2 6 187 6 IPhnts 6 188 [Upper] Chalk (ve pysoft) 45 233 There is another (newer) bore 12 ft. from this one. For analyses of the water of both, see p. 364. Also published with slight differences and less detail in Dr. Thbesh's Report on the Water Supply of the County of Essex, 1901, p. 30. The following information from the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 64 : — The works were established in 1869 and bought by the local authority in 1899. The population supplied (Brightlingsea only) is 4,006. The supply is constant, and the average daily supply is 20 gallons a head. Year ended 31st March, 1911. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 130, much of the town was then supplied from the shallow well of the old Company, which was dan- gerously near to a number of houses. Since then most of the wells in the place have been closed and the new public supply laid on. The water being harder than that of some of the shallow wells, some inhabitants prefer the latter. Bromley, see Great Bromley. WELLS. 107 Broomfield. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 43, SE.). Geologic Maps 47 and 1, NE. 1. For the Chelmsford Rural District Council. 1911. 1,200 yds. south of the Church. 110 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by J. Dbwhibst. Water-level 60 ft. down. ,, after pumping 171-^- ft. down. ,, „ ,, 12 days at 86,000 to 120,000 gallons a day, 186 ft. down. Original Water-level regained 6 days after pumping ceased, and water rose to within 20 ft. of the original level in 24 hours. Yield (14 days' pumping) 120,000 gallons a day (contract-limit). (1911.) Water very soft and well adapted for all domestic purposes. Soil [Drift.] [London Clay.] [Basement-bed of London Clay ; and 1 Oldhaven Beds.] [Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] Flints and chalk (Brick-earth I Fhnts, gravel and sand liOndon Clay „ „ and sUty and loamy clay Stone SUty clay Stone Dark silty clay ... /'SOty clay and pebbles ... \ Sandy clay and pebbles i Hard sand (^ Clay and pebbles r Red mottled clay \ Green sandy loam 1 Green silty clay (_Grey clay and pebbles ... Watery sand Fine dry sand Fine grey sand Close hard sand Green, brown, black and grey mottled \^ sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 6 7 8 15 97 112 85 197 1 198 10 208 1 209 7 216 4 220 6 226 3 229 2 231 3 234 4 238 12 250 6 256 2 258 12 270 30 300 13 313 7 320 li 321i For analysis of the water, see p. 365. Dr. Theesh, in his Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 101, says that the village got water from 54 wells, all but one shallow, and two springs. Of the wells, eight failed in summer, the rest yielding a plentiful supply. Waters from 47 wells were analysed, with the result that 21 were found impure and ten doubtful. 2. Broomfield Hall. Near the Church. 140 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 70 ft. down. Yield, tested for 14 days, gave 100,000 gallons a day. ( ? since April, 1909.) Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. Stony clay soil Blue clay Hard rocky strata Sand with water 25 183 17 5 25 208 225 230 For analysis of the water, see p. 108 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Broomfield, cont. 3. At the back of Phillibrows Cottages. Shallow well (only a few feet deep) used for drinldng-purposes. (1912.) Water from sand under Boulder Clay. Water-level nearly at ground-level. It was examined (April, 1912) because of the large amount of nitrates present in the water. Tor analysis of the water, see p. 366. Broxted. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 14, SE., 23, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Sucksted (or Sugstys) Green. Where the P (= pump) is marked, between the roads, on the Ordnance Six-inch Map 14, SE. About 348 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft. [Boulder Clay.] [Glacial Drift.] C White and brown clay . . < Chalky sand and stones (. Blue clay rSand < Blue clay (. Sand and gravel Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 14 14 2 16 13 29 11 40 19 59 2i 614 According to Db. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 117, the place was then supplied from five public wells. During the past summer the water in these had been very low. Bulmer. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 12, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Armsea, about a mile south-west of Sudbury. Sunk and communicated by Mr. Cooper (of Halstead). Shaft 96 ft., the rest bored. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Chalky clay [Boulder Clay ?] 30 30 Sand, greenish at bottom ... 25 55 Chalk about 195 250 For note of wells at Auberis and Smeetham Hall, see p. 366. Dr. Thresh' s Reports of 1901 and 1905 state that the village is partly supplied by deep wells, yielding pure water, partly from ponds. The owners of 22 cottages recently combined to sink a well, which got a good supply at 50 ft. A letter from Col. Bubkb (of the Auberies), with a map, makes some corrections and gives further particulars, as follows: — 'There were (1905) 23 wells, 20 ft. and more deep (one doubtful, two with pumps out of repair), six wells under 20 ft. deep, and four good perennial springs. There were also other shallow wells not used for drinking purposes. A beerhouse and a row of four adjacent cottages were the only places dependent on a pond, which is supplied by a strong spring and is not liable to contamination. Other ponds are used for household purposes only. The row of 22 cottages always had a well, which was sufficient until pumping in connection with the Sudbury Sewage Works lowered the level of the underground water, when the well was deepened (not made). Some of the wells must be in Glacial gravel ; but some may be in Reading Beds. Two of the springs are marked as at buildings a quarter of a mile and nearly half a mile in the valley north-east from Auberies and two as at buildings about a third and nearly two-thirds of a mile southward of Goldingham Hall. WELLS. 109 Bulphan. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 75, NE., SE., 76, NW., SW.)- Geologic Maps 1, SW. and SE. 1. Bulphan Fen (at the edge of the uplands). Bored. 1835. Swindell and Bubnell's Rudimentary Treatise on Well-digging, etc., Ed. 4, p. 99. Lend. 1860. Level of surface about High Water Mark. Water rose to within a foot of the surface ; temperature aibout 51° Fahr. all the year round ; quantity about 30,000 gallons a day. t^-'^-] {SolS-ftr"^ ::: ::: light-brown [Thanet] sand, firm, sharp and fine, darker lower down, and at 65 ft. from the surface almost black. At the bottom a httle green flaky rook. [Exact thickness not given, but must be 58 ft. at least] . . . [Upper.] Chalk with flints Thickness. Ft. 5 or 6 2 60 42 Depth. Ft. 5 or 6 Tor 8 68? 110? 2. Bulphan Fen. Beerhouse. 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water still overflows (1898). Alluvium 6 ) Thanet sands about 60 \ 108 ft. Chalk, with flints ... 42 J There are several overflowing borings in Bulphan Fen, fitted to cattle troughs. The analyses of the water from one near the roadside and of the one at the Beerhouse are given on p. 367. The one near the roadside (18 ft. above Ordnance Datum) overflows at about 4 ft. above ground at the rate of about one gallon a minute. 3. Bulphan Rectory. A well (26 ft. above Ordnance Datum) 128 ft. deep. Water-level 2 ft. down. 4. Bulphan Hall. Well 130 ft. deep. Water-level 5^ ft. down. A man engaged in sinking a well near by, told Mr. Rolfe and Dr. TnaEsa that water is generally found here (Bulphan) at 120 to 130 ft. down, in sand, chalk not being reached. 5. In Doesgate Lane, near Wick House. To supply some cottages. 1900. 31 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 13 ft. down. Dug and bricked 25 ft. Bored 80 ft. (? Total 125.) For an analysis of the water, see p. 367. The water (probably from Oldhaven Beds) of a well at a cottage here (25 ft. deep. Water-level 20 ft. down). Analysis on p. 367. Bures (Hamlet). The village of Bures St. Mary is in Suffolk. Ordnance Survey 223, new ser. Geologic Map 48, NW. There is a public well, fed by a spring yielding .good water, and there are several private wells (in gravel). Some outlying cottages use springs and ponds. Burnham. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 63, SW., SE., 71, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 2. 1. Public Supply. Dr. H. T. Btjxstkode' s Report upon an outbreak of Diphtheria, p. 2, Fol. Lond., 1902, gives the following information: H iio ESSEX Water supply. Burnham, cont. Up to quite recently the water supplying the town was derived from an area of sand and gravel of about 100 acres in extent, overlying the London clay at a relatively elevated situation towards the north-west of the town, tube wells having been used for the purpose." "But the level of this water, which was originally within 8 feet of the surface, has been for some considerable time steadily sinking, and, in jMaroh, 1900, it had sunk [to] 25 feet below the ground level." Advice to get a supply from the Thanet Sands was not followed " and unsuccessful efforts were made to procure a more abundant supply from the superficial beds." A deep boring was then made and " water was eventually obtained from the Thanet sands, and it was from this source that the town was being supplied at the date of my visit." " The bore-hole is lined with steel jjipes 11' 5 inches in diameter to within a few feet of the bottom. ' ' " There were being pumjjed up at the date of my visit 35,000 gallons per diem, and the quality of the water was apparently satisfactory. The only drawback at that time was the large amount of sand which was held in suspension by the water." The following is an account of the above boring, opposite the Church, 1901, made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and SuTCLiirr. llg in. in diameter. 52 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level : In 1901, 72 ft. down ; in 1909, 141 ft. down. (In 1901 or 1902 pumping at 1,500 gallons an hour reduced the water-level to 145 ft. down.— J. C. T.) ■ Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. [River Gravel.] Ballast 26 26 [London.] Blue clay 359 385 / Grey sand and shells ... 10 395 Sand and clay in bands 6 401 [? Oldhaven Sand, clay, shells and pebbles .. 5i 406^ Beds and ( Sand and shells ... 5 411^ ?leading Beds.] Blowing sand 24 414 Sandy clay and shells 1 415 ^Coloured clay ... H 419i Population of area supplied 3,000. (Water Works Directory, The mains have been extended to the hamlet of Ostend (NW.). For analyses of the waters from both sources, see p. 368. 1911.) 2. Mr. Stagg's Windmill. Old well. Information from Mr. Purkis, the sinker, to W. H. Daltox. Gravel 20" London Clay, to sand . . . 300 [ 320 ft. 3. Burnham Marshes. Coney Hall. Old Well. Information, of this and the following, from Mr. Hatlet, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. FAIT ■ T C Shell-sand [Alluvium] I g^^^g^_ shells and mud ... London Clay, to sand 72 300. 380 ft. 4. Burnham Marshes. Deal Hall. Old well. I 350 ft. Shells, silt and sand [Alluvium] London Clay, to sand 80 270 Burstead, see Great and Little Burstead. Burstead [? Bustard] Green, see Lindsell. Buttsbury, see Stock. WELLS. Ill Canewdon. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, NE.)- Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Cricksea Ferry (S. side). Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjbkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Thickness. Alluvium Blue clay Sandy clay ... Green sand Shell-rock, to shelly sand, with water Ft. 60 280 40 4 over 1 Depth. Ft. 60 340 380 384 385 In Sir J. Pbestwich's MSS. it is recorded that good water was got and that it overflowed. 2. Public well. In the village. Communicated by the Rochford Rural District Council. A little more than 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Supply abundant and pure. In 1905 it supplied most of the parish. Through London Clay, to sands beneath. For analysis of the water, see p. 369. 3. Pudsey HaU. From H. W. Bkistow's Notes AVell 297 ft. deep, ending in blue [London] Clay. Water abundant and good. For analysis see p. 369. 4. Toftman's Farm. Communicated by Mr. Peti'itt. About 40 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 60 ft. and bored 360 ( ? Total 420). Rest-level of water 34 ft. down when sunk (Dalton). Yield 10 gallons per minute (Dalton). Superficial gravel about 16 ft. thick. London Clay 330 ft. thick. London Clay pierced and water obtained from Thanet Sands. For analysis of the water, see p. 369. Canfield, see Great Canfield. Canning Town, see West Ham. Canvey. Ordnance Survey 268, new ser. (Essex 77, SW. Geologic Map 1, SE. SE., 85). 1. Eldon Engineering Co. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Isleb & Co. 315 ft. of pipe of 6 in. diameter, 1^ ft. down. Well [the rest bored] [? AUuvium.] Green sand r Mottled clay [London Clay.] -j Clay ... (.Blue clay Green sand j Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 6 15 21 58 79 71 150 ... 135 285 37 322 112 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Canvey, cont. 2. Waterside Farm (northern side of the island). 1890? Made and communicated by Messrs. Wadsley. Water rose to within 9 ft. of the surface. Good supply. Top ground Quick sand [Alluvium] [River Drift] gravel and fliiits C Clay and claystones [London Clay.] i London Clay ... (.Brown clay ... ! Green sand Brown sand ... Chalk [? calcareous stone] Black sand Thickness. Ft. 2 28 40 10 220 20 97 30 2 10 Depth. Ft. 2 30 70 80 300 320 417 447 449 459 W. H. Dalton has sent the following note: — An older well here is said (by the sinker, Mr. Puekis) to pass through, 70 ft. of Alluvium, 25 of gravel, and 200 of London Clay (to the base). - 3. Waterside Farm. Another well. 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb & Co. Lined with 100 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 4^ ft. down and with 400 ft. of 4-in. tubes from 2 ft. down. Water-level 74 ft. down. Yield 200 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Made ground . . . 1 1 ' Dark loamy sand 14 15 [River Deposits.] • Brown sand 40 55 . Brown clay 9 64 [River Drift.] Ballast [gravel] and sand 12 76 Blue London Clay 236 312 [Oldhaven Beds.] Sand and pebble 13 325 'Dark rock 8 333 [Woolwich Beds.] Green sand 21 354 _ Sand and pebble 8 362 ' Loamy green sand 30 392 [Thanet Beds.] - Loamy sand 58 450 ^Sandyclay 16 466 [Upper.] Chalk ... 26 492 4. Public Well. Near the Church. Made and communicated by Mr. Fublong. About 9 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield not known, but sufficient for surrounding people. rTT -rv -i n( Mud and ooze [River Deposits.] I gj^^g^^^^ London Clay r<->iji T> J T C Sand stone [Oldhaven Beds.] | g^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ For analysis of the water, see p. 370. 5. According to Sir J. Peestwich (MS. 1849). A well in Canvey passed through 100 ft. of sand and shingle, fuU of salt water, and then throut^h 300 ft. of London Clay [ ? including underlying sands, etc.]. Plenty "of water, which overflowed. 6. Brick House. ? Old well. Information got by Messrs. Le Gbakd and Sutcliff. To base of London Clay, 244 ft. ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 26 26 54 80 199 279 6 285 m 302^ WELLS. 113 Oanvey, cont. 7. South Sluice. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjbkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Alluvium 70) [River] Gravel 25 [ 195 ft. London Clay (to base) ... 100 J This differs much from others, and must be taken with doubt. W. H. Dalton remarks on Nos. 6 and 7 that by comparison with that at Waterside Farm it seems that a sharp northerly dip occurs across the island. He adds that there is a synclinal along Benfleet Creek, beyond which place the beds rise northward. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 78, there is a deep well at an inn and a shallow one at the Coastguard Station. Many houses had rain-water tanks. The place is now in the area of the Southend Co. Castle Hedingham. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 11, SE.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. Thbesh, in his Report of 1901, p. 120, says that the place was then well supplied with water. There were seven public pumps, the wells vary- ing from 10 to 30 ft. in depth (presumably in gravel, but possibly also in Reading Beds). His Report of 1905, p. 64, adds that three-fourths of the population got water from the public pumps, the remainder from shallow private wells. The quality is doubtful. Chadwell Heath, see Ilford. Chapel, or Chappie of the older map. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 26, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901. Many houses were supplied by shallow wells ; some by springs which were piped to a reservoir. Several houses in the village were supplied by a well, piped to a tank on one of the houses. Some cottages were supplied by a brook, fed chiefly by the waste from this well, but partly by drainage from the railway-station. Chelmsford. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 52, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Mr. Baker's, Chemist, High Street. Now part of Bond's Draper's Store. From Sir J. Pbestwich's MS. and note from A. C. Veley, 1853. 81 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 250 ft. deep. Water at first rose to 12 ft. above the ground ; but, as other wells have been made, the water-level has gradually gone down. 2. Mr. T. a. Cawley's. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co. Well (the rest bored) ... 5 ") m -ft 1 i Ballast [gravel] 10 [ 67 ft. 3. Galleywood. Bexfields, on the main road, north of the Common. Information from Mr. Rolee, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Gravel 9 or 10 'J Sand 1 f 20 ft. Blue marl ... a few inches f or more. Brown [London] Clay 10 J The site is mapped as Boulder Clay. 4. Gray's Brewery. 1884. Sunk 130 ft., bored 185 ft. Total 315 ft. Ends in sand. Water-level 60 ft. down (1884). 110 ft. (1905). At first (1884) the amount pumped only afieoted water-level imperceptibly, now (1905) it is pumped out in one hour. Sand comes into the bore-hole. 114 ESSEX WATER STTPPIT. Chelmsford, cont. 5. Marconi's Wireless Telegraphy Co.'s New Works. (? 1912) Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co., with some information - to Dr. J. C. Theesh from the Company. About 60 ft. above sea-level. Lined with 333 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 1 ft. down. Water-level 105^- ft. down. Yield, 1,400 gallons an hour, pumped for two or three days, without altering the water-level. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 18 24 1 Brown sands (^Light-grey sands f Clay and chalk I Blue clay ! lioamy sands \ Hard sandy clay ' < Green sands / Sandy clay ^ Grey sands [Upper] Chalk and flints [Drift ?] [London Clay.] [Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] ( Sandy clay 1 Gravel 2 26 19 45 35 80 140 220 15 235 16 251 7 258 22 280 47 327 123 450 Perhaps the ' clay and chalk ' may be Boulder Clay. For analysis of the water, see p. 372. 6. Messrs. Ridley's Flour Mills, near station. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek & Co. Lined with 290 ft. of llj-in. tubes from 7 ft. down and with 72 ft. of 10 in. tubes from 280 ft. down. Water-level 101 ft. down. Yield 8,000 to 10,000 gallons an hour. I Thickness. Depth. Dug well [? London Clay.] [? Oldhaven Beds.] fSand \ Blue clay C Sand and clay [Pebbles ... f Sand and clay I Mottled clay [Woolwich Beds i Sand and clay anri z' Blue clay and Thanet Beds.] [Upper] Chalk ... Sand Blue clay Fhnts .. Ft. 7 17 9 2 16 7 22 10 31 21 1 42 Ft. 196 203 220 229 231 247 254 276 286 317 338 339 381 Mr. Dalton had information from Mr. a depth of 200 ft. into the Chalk. PuEKis of an older well here, to 7. Springfield. Three shallow wells. Information from Mr. Rolfb, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. a. The Plough Inn. 6. A quarter of a mile south-east of the church. c. The White Hart. c. a. 6. Marl [Boulder Clay] 20 17 Sand and gravel touched. 22 London Clay ^ touched 10 (gravel) 8. The Union House, on the road to Galleywood. Information from Mr. Rolfe, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Gravel 15 ft. None mapped here : perhaps a pocket only. WELLS., 115 Chelmsford, cont. 9. "Wells and Perry's Brewery. Close to railway-station. 1853. Communicated by F. Wells. About 85 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dug 155 ft., bored 185. Kest-level of water. When bored (1853) 6 ft. down. In January, 1898, 20 ft. down. Thickness, j Depth. Alluvium, etc. [? partly gravel and London Clay] rT J m 1 ( liOndon Clay [London Clay.] | clay slate r/-.i 31. -D J , C Black sand ... [Oldhaven Beds.] |^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^j^ ^^^^^^ ^^^j [? Woolwich Beds] Grey sand An account of an old well here, from Mr. Rolfe, the sinker, to W. 11. Dalton, makes the beds above the London Clay as follows: — Gravel, 14 to 15 ft. ; Blue marl, 14 to 15 ft. ( ? part of London Clay, but Mr. Dalton calls it old river-silt). For analysis of the water, see p. 372. 10. Messrs. Wells and Perry. A newer well. 1902. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee and Co. Lined with 290 ft. of 8-2--in. tubes from 4 ft. down ; 80 ft. of 7^-in. perforated, and 15 ft. of 75-in. plain, top 260 ft. down. Water-level 110 ft. down. Ft. Ft. 68 68 219 287 ^ 29U- ii-> 303" 3" 306 34 340 [London Clay.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 24 24 4 28 7 35 165 200 20 220 1 221 13 234 7 241 9 250 2 252 8 260 20 280 10 290 56 346 74 420 ' Yellow clay Blue clay Grey sand Blue clay Clay and sand . . . Clajrstone -^ Clay and sand . . . [Oldhaven Beds.] Sand and pebbles r Dark sand [Woolwich Beds jj/^ ^^^ y„g ^-^ Thanet Beds.] ^[^^ ^l^y and sand ^ Dark sand • ... [Upper.] Chalk and flints Public Supply, Nos. 11-13. The partial supply from Springs is noticed on pp. 74, 75. Dr. (Sir) G. Btichanan, in his Report to the Local Government Board, 1807, pp. 157, 158, says: — "At present [1866], in addition to the chalk supply [from the Moulsham well], water is being derived from a superficial well 15 feet deep, from which, in winter, 70-80,000 gallons a day may be got, but in summer only 20-25,000. This water is very hard, and is delivered alternately with the soft water ; printed notices to the townspeople telling them on which days they may expect the one or the other. This supplementary source of supply is plainly a bad one . . . from its being exposed to all the impurities that subsoil water must necessarily encounter." According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, the population supplied was 17,800. The district of supply is Chelmsford and the parish of Widford. The sources of supply are wells and borings, Mildmay Road and Burgess Hill [? shallow well and springs], and springs from Admiral's Park. The Springfield Ward is supplied from the Great Baddow Works of the Rural District Council (see pp. 77, 166). The supply for the year ended 30 Sep- tember, 1910, was 8,237,010 gallons. j The supply taken for Springfield averaged 71,000 gallons a day in July, 1913, according to P. T, Habbisok, 116 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Chelmsford, cont. 11. Moulsham (The Mildmay Well). For the Local Board of Health, 1853. Communicated by the Surveyor to the Board. Further constructive particulars from Messrs. Easton and Anderson and from Dr. Newton. 83 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 205 ft., the rest bored. A tunnel 120 ft. down. Shaft since filled up about 60 ft. by sand from below. 2 boreholes, one only to 360 ft. Only a little water comes from the deeper bore-hole. The two give identical waters analytically. Water overflowed at first (1853), but, now the well is in use and pumped from, the water only rises to 76 ft. from the surface (1888). 95 ft. down in 1898. Yield about 95,000 gallons a day of good soft water ; appears to vary ; only 76,000 in 1895. Black soil (mould)* /"Yellow clay [Drift, 63^ ft.] [London Clay, 186^ ft. ?] [Woolwich Beds (and part of the Thanet Sand ?) S3 ft.] Dark [Thanet] sand ... f Chalk \ Rubble (.Chalk* \ Gravel* j Quicksand* ( Sand with stones /Clay Clay with sand Dark sand Clay slate [? septaria] .. / Clay and shells Clay slate [? septaria] .. Dark sand and clay [Basement-bed?] }|-J-'i Sand Red clay Clay and sand [Upper Chalk] 202 ft. shells . Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 24 54 124 18 444 624 4 664 104 170| 50 220^ 124 233 i 233| 4 237|- i 238 94 2474 4 2514 14 253 7 260 12 272 64 336 30 366 88 454 1 455 113 568 * The section given by Dr. R. J. Rebce in his Report to the Local Govern- ment Board of 1896 differs in details of the beds marked.* Soil 2^ ft., Gravel 12 ft.. Quicksand 44 ft., Chalk 115 ft., with corresponding slight differences in the depths. The Trial-bore noticed by Prof. Pbestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. X, p. 154), was not carried further than the sand below the pebbles, and differs from this section in the following matters of detail : — The Drift is given thus : — Yellow clay ... Gravel ... 15 i- 67 ft. Dark sand ... 51 The uppermost part of the London Clay is given as 100 ft. The 4-f t. bed of ' Clay and shells ' is given as ' Clay and sand. ' Instead of the ' Sand with .shells,' doubtfully classed as ' Basement-bed of the London Clay,' the following beds are given thus : Clay sand and shells ... 2^ ft. Clay i ft. H. B. AVooBWABD told me that he ha,d seen some specimens from this 51 j accompanying them differed well in the Chelmsford Museum. The note slightly from both of the above accounts. For analyses of the water, see pp. 370, 371 (from both boreholes). According to P. T. Harbison (paper read to Inst. Munic, Eng., 1914), the average daily yield of the Mildmay Borehole in July, 1913, was 125,000 gallons. The borehole has been overhauled recently and the sand removed. WELLS. iir Chelmsford, cont. 12. Moulsham. . Waterworks well of 1901. Communicated by Mr. Sasse. Close to the old well (known as No. 8). No. 11 of this Memoir. 83 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 75 ft. down (1901). Yield : 7,000 to 8,000 gallons an hour pumped continuously for a week, the water-level falling to 200 ft. down. Superficial deposits C London Clay X Clay and sand Dark sand Sand-rock [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] [Upper] Chalk ... Clay and shells ... Dark sand Sand and shells . . . Pebbles ... Sand Red clay Dark clay and sand Thanet sand Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 62 62 103 165 52 217 14 231 1 4 231i 235; 10 245; 5 250 1 7 12 251; 258; 270;- 66 336; 27i 297|- 364 662 For analysis of the water, see p. 371. 13. New Pumping Station, on the eastern side of the road, about 1,000 yds. north of the church on Galleywood Common. Paper read to Inst. Munio. County Eng., 1914, by P. T. Haeeison. Trial-boring, of 9-in. diameter, made in 1912. Test-pumping showed a yield of between 5,000 and 6,000 gallons an hour [from Lower London Tertiaries]. Second boring, 10 ft. off, made in 1913. Lined with steel tubes of 14-in. inside diameter for 400 ft. and then with perforated tubes of 12-in. dia- meter for 134 ft. Soil Gravel [London Clay, 394 ft.] [Oldhaveji Beds, 18 ft.] [Reading Beds, and ThanetBeds, 106i ft.] [Upper] Chalk ... Red briokearth ... Blue clay, with thin beds of rook [septaria] 5 shown on plate ... Brownish clay Grey clay sslate [shaley clay] ... Hard grey clay and slate [shaley clay] i Hard dry sand ... Sand and water, with pebbles... Dark clay Dry sand, clay and shingle (sandy clay on plate) Greenish mottled clay ... Hard green sand and clay, with water (on plate the lower half is described as grey sand) ... , ... Dark clayey silt Fine grey sand and sandstone I, Flints Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 15 16 3 19 204 223 83 306 9 315 95 410 7 417 11 428 2 430 '3 440^ 445 39 484 2 486 48 534 5i 534i 540 118 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. Chelmsford, cont. Some notes I miade of specimens from the first boring differ from the above and give rather more detail, and therefore are given below, with the depths at which the specimens were found, in feet. ? Basement of London Clay : grey clayey sand (sand-rock) Black flint pebbles (? Cyprina) Pine pale sand [Oldhaven Beds.]^ g^^'C-peW shei :: Fine clayey sand ' Black flmt-pebbles, a foot r Dark sandy clay or loam Grey sandy clay More shelly sandy clay. . . Sandy clay Pale greenish clayey sand Fine grey sand , Sand and. shells [Woolwich and Beading Beds.] id-rock ) 410 417 420 424 ^ 425 426 428 430 434 439 440, 445 447 460 465 Dr. Thresh said, in 1912, .that the (first) boring yielded about 100,000 gallons a day of good water. For analysis, see p. 372. .If Chelmsford Kural District Council. ' Water Works Directory,' 1911. See Danbury (pp. 76, 77), Great Baddow (pp. 77, 166), Great Waltham (p. 78), Ingatestone (pp. 78, 200, 201), and Writtle p. 320). The total population supplied comes to 12,680. The areas supplied are noted under each place. Chesterford, see Great and Little Chesterford. Chignal St. James. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 43, SW., SE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Mr. M. Christy's. Between Broomwood and Beaumont Otes Farm. July, 1911. Communicated by jMiixeb Christy. Plenty of water. Top soil and mild clay Chalky boulder clay ... Keddish clay with stones Sharp white sand and gravel Clean stones and shingle Chignal civil parish, including the two ecclesiastical parishes, Chignal Smealy and Chignal St. James, is supplied by one of the several springs by wells and by brooks. The spring-water and well-water mostly good. One group of cottages was dependent on a ditch or pond, the water of which was much polluted. In 1897 a public well was made, which yielded good water. Chigwell. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 65, NE. , 66, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Grange Hill. Pr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, opp. p. 72, and Sir J. Prestwich's MS. Dug 228 ft. ; bored 70 ft. Water abundant ; rose to about 160 ft. from the surface. Stiff clay, almost all blue 296 [Reading Beds] Mottled clay, to sand. ckness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 4 10 20 30 2 32 4 36 96 7 •3) 298 ft. WELLS. 119 Childerditch. Ordnance Map 257, new ser., but not marked thereon (Essex 67, SE., 75, NE.). Geologic Map 1, SW. and SE. Information obtained by H. W. Bbistow from J. Dabby. The greatest depth between Bulphan and Thorndon Hall is through — /■ Chocolate-coloured clay I- I Mixture of blue clay and (, pebbles 40- about 120 20 180 ft. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 82, Childerditch Street was supplied by a deep well, the property of Loed Pbtee. The remainiifg houses in Childerditch had shallow wells. The supply was somewhat deficient in the summer. In 1905 only a few houses were connected with the mains of the South Essex Co., which now supplies the place. Chingford. Ordnance Map 256, new ser. (Essex 65, NW^,.. Geologic Maps 1, NW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Chingford Mill. East London Waterworks Cc npany (now Metropolitan Water Board). 1885. Communicated by W. B. Bbtan, the Company's Engineer ; and from Messrs. Docwba. 38 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Cylinder and shaft 50 ft. ; the rest bored (3 ft. to 2 ft. diameter). Water rose from the bore to 5 ft. 1 in. above the surface. Water-level, in July, 1885, 2 to 3 in. below the surface. Yield about 500,000 gallons a day [ ? from the bore-hole, close by]. [River] Gravel [London Clay, 54 ft.] [Reading Beds, 41^ ft.] ("Blue clay < Sandy clay (_ Black pebbles [basement-bed] 'Sand • Mottled clay White sand Dark sand I Pebbles ... Dark sand '^ Black pebbles [Thanet Sand, (Dark sand 36 ft.] (FUnts [Upper.] Chalk. Beds of flints at 236 ft. deep (6 in.) at 243 (6 in.), at 249 (10 in.), and at 296 (4 in.). At 306 very hard chalk (for 4 ft. down), at 336 very soft chalk, at 385 very hard chalk and flints, at 404 hard chalk and flints (for 42 ft. do wn ) For an analysis of the water, see p. 373. 2. Holly House, King's Head Hill. After 1874. Commuhicated by A. Sheldok". About 90 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 80 ft. Bored 80 or 85 ft. Water rose to within 40 ft. of the surface. London Clay, pale bluish or slate-coloured. The last 10 ft. through blue, brown, and yellow mottled clay into sand and black [flint! pebbles [ ? Base- ment-bed], Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 10 10 44J 5^ n 62 2 64 ^ 68J 3 71* 11 82J H- 90 1 91 lOi 1014 4 105^ 35 1401- 1 14U 309i 451 120 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Chingford, cont. 3. The 'Bull and Crown.' Old well. Communicated by Mr. T. Hay Wilson. About 170 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Said to be 275 ft. deep, and always with about 30 ft. of water, which was soft, and probably therefore not from the Chalk. This well supplied the neighbouring part of Chingford, until the East London Company's water was laid on. Chrishall. jOrdnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 2, SW., 8, NW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Broad Green. Trial-boring. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingolb. 432 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water in small quantities. ! Yellow clay 3 ") LooL^X chalk ::: f^h^ft. Blue clay 15^ J 2. Chrishall Green. 1883. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Trial-boring. No water. r/-ii • 1 -rv -ri-i r Rod sandy loam ... 5 ") .,, f, [Glacial Dnft] [ gj^^ ^^J^^^ ^j^^ ___ 67 j '" ^*- 3. Crawley End. Trial-boring. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. 424 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water in small quantities. ("Dark brown clay ... 13 ■) [Glacial Drift] ^ Loose rubbly chalk ... 2 ^ 25 ft. (Blue clay ... .'.. 10 J 4. Near the schools. Trial-boring. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. 432 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Good spring. r Yellow clay 6 '\ [Glacial Drift] KetuWy ^halk .": 2 ^5 ft. CBlue clay 14 J According to Dr. Thkbsh's Report of 1901, p. 143, theie were six public pumps, supplied from springs or ponds. Clacton-on-Sea. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 48, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. 1. Waterworks, on the western side of the road nearly half a mile southward of Magdalen Green, and north of Clapgate ( ? trial-boring). 1878. Sunk and communicated by Mr. T. Tilley, and from specimens shown me by him. About 50 ft. above high-water mark. Water brackish. WELLS. 121 Clacton, cont. Soil (brown loam) (Brown and grey sandy clay ... Gravel ... Whitish sand, with flints Brown sand , Conglomerate and gravel I Dark grey clay Dark brown sandy clay, with water Brown clayey sand, with water Grey shelly clay Grey and buff clay ^^rti^^^d $B?or3etJiiy"°**^^'' ::: °' 24fl 1 i Dark.brown sand and clay ... '-' (, Brown sand (partly clayey) ... ' Brown and light-green sand ... Red and green mottled clayey sand Green-grey clay Dark brownish-grey clay and sand Black and green sand Green clayey sand \ Green clayey sand, with flints [Post- Glacial Drift, 18 ft.] [London Clay, 170 ft.] [Reading Beds, 56 ft.] ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 5 7 5 12 1 13 6 18 2 20 136 156 10 166 14 180 2 182 8 190 7 197 2 199 3 202 12 214 6 220 2 222 14 236 20 256 10 266 2 268 2 270 20 290 [Upper.] Chalk There is some doubt as to the division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds. The original account, moreover, makes ' the depth to the Chalk 268 ft., the lowest bed of green sand (with flints) having been added from a specimen marked 270 ft. 2. Waterworks. Newer well. 1883. With additional information on the first well given by J. Chdech. Mr. Chubch's account of the first well differs somewhat from the above (which may be only of a trial-boring), and as it will be useful to compare this account of the first well (1880, 1881) with that of the newer one (1883), I give the two side by side, all the information being from Mr. Chubch. The shaft of the older well has been carried down to 120 ft., and the water-level is 45 ft. down. The two wells are 16 ft. apart. In the older well the water was brackish at 203 ft. ; but after deepening the bore to 405 ft. good water rose. It became salt later and the well was abandoned. The first sand-spring occurred at a depth of 157 ft., the second at 202. A good supply was got at 210 ft., although charged with sand. The yield of the second well was tested as far as the pumps allowed, up to 100 gallons a minute. Analysis showed the water to be of good quality, with only 4' 9 grains of chlorides to a gallon. 1880, 81. Soil [Post Glacial Drift, l^ ft.] [London Clay, 168J ft.] YeUowloam Yellow clay ... Yellow gravel Yellow sand Hard brown gravel ; Black gravel Blue clay Dark sand and water Dark green dead sand I Large dark pebbles [black flint] V Blue shelly clay 122 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Clacton, cont. 1880, 81. I 1883. [Indeterminable. London Clay or Reading Beds, ? 30 ft.] [Beading Beds, ? 53i ft.] [Upper Chalk.] Blue and brown clay ... Mottled clay (bro-svn, 1880) Dark clay light-coloured clay Light-coloured fine sand , light-green sand Dark sandy clay Red and green sandy clay Green mottled clay Green clay Silty clay Dark green sandy clay Green flints To Chalk f Soft Chalk (no flints) ... i Chalk and flints 6 3 5 9 3 1 13 19 263i 128i 158 550 r Light- 14 I coloured (. clay, r lights 13^ \ coloured (. sand. ' 1^- Hard dark clay. 39 Coloured [mottled] clays. 264 to flints over the Chalk. 352 nearly. An account given to Dr. Thresh by the Water Co. makes the level of the works 50 ft. above Ordnance Datum, the water-level 50 ft. down, the thickness of the Gravel and Sand 25 ft. and the depth to the Chalk 288. Jhe site is amidst houses. The yield very little and the water gets brackish with pumping. 3. Waterworks. Shallow well in Watson's Land, in a field behind the water-tower. The trench is piped to the central well. Water-level 10 ft. down. All in gravel. According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 90, the works were bought by the local authority in 1899 ; the population supplied was 10,000 ; the daily consumption per head was 22 gallons ; the area supplied, Clacton- on-Sea and Great Clacton ; the wells are in gravel and chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 374. A supply is now taken from springs at Great Bentley, see pp. 77, 78. See also G-reat Bentley and Little Clacton. Clavering. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 13, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 47 1. Hill Green. ? Public well. 1896. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. 320 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water at 98 ft. (? 103 ft. down in 1912.) Blue Boulder clay ... 48 Chalk 57 105 ft. 2. The Bowers. 1897. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. About 290 ft. above O.D. Water 60 ft. down. Slow spring. WELLS. 123 Soil [Glacial Drift.] Chalk Clavering, cont. Hard gravel Loose gravel Hard gravel ( Brown loam Gravel with large stones [ Brown clay and gravel Thickness. Depth rt. Ft. 1 1 6 7 1 8 6 14 4 18 9 27 7 ] 34 31* 65-1- A large cavity was found just outside the well, extending back about 4 ft., with a depth of 10 or 12 ft., in the gravel and clay just above the Chalk. Information from W. H. Mximeoed in 1912 gives the de^jth as 75 ft., the yield as 25 gallons a day and the age of the well as about 25 years. For analysis of the water, see p. 375. 3. The Hall. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. "Water-level 82 ft. down. Drift. Brown clay ... 5 ) Chalk 80 \ 85 ft. According to the Report of the Medical Officer (W. Ab,mistea.d) for 1912, there were four public pumps, one on Hill Green (No. 1 above ? ). One is at a new well (1912) at Sheepoote Green, about 370 ft. above Ordnance Datum, the water-level about 244 ft., shaft 135 ft., bored 20 ft. One in Middle Street is supplied from a spring. One on Stickling Green is supplied from a well in Boulder Clay [ ? to gravel. ] There are now (1913) five public wells, three getting their water from springs in the gravel. Claybury, see Ilford. Coggeshall. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 26, SW.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. W. W. Fletcher. Report to the Local Government Board, No. 244, 1906, pp. 3, 4. ' ' There are many private wells . . but the majority of the inhabitants obtain water from St. Peter's Well. This is an excavation . . not far from the church. . . . Unquestionably the well is fed by an ample spring, or perhaps by more than one, but I am unable to speak as to the quality of the water. . . Another public water supply is a pump about the centre of a space . . just in front of 'The Yorkshire Grey Inn.' ... A third public supply is by the side of the main road . . to Colchester, beyond the limits of the village proper. It appears to be derived from a spring or springs in higher ground near at ha'nd." " At the Brewery, little Coggeshall Parish, but practically in Coggeshall Village, there is an artesian well and boring. . . The water rises suffi- ciently high to serve standpipes. On analysis this water is said to have proved satisfactory." See also under Spring Supplies, p. 75. 1. Boring for the Braintree Rural District Council. Field at the Church Street corner of Dead Lane, 275 yds. south-east of church. 1908. Communicated by E. E. Titener and by Messrs. Sanbs and Walker. 112"35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A boring of 9-in. internal diameter to 295 ft. down, all lined. A food supply of water found between 350 and 420 ft. Rose to less than 19 ft°down (1908). 14 days' pumping, at the rate of 6,500 gallons an hour, lowered it to 35 ft. down. The original level regained in five minutes on 124 Essex WAtEft stjppLY. Coggeshall, cont. pumping being stopped. Pumping at the rate of 10,000 gallons an houi reduced the level to 47 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. /Yellow clay and chalk stones 7 7 Brown sand 1 8 [Drift.] ( Live grey sand 27 35 Blue clay and chalk stones 33 68 V Clay and pebbles 4 72 /London Clay 36 108 Dead sand 14 122 [London Clay, Eock 1 123 83 ft.] S Dead sand 11 134 Rock 2 136 Dead sand 19 155 Mottled clay 30 185 [Reading and ' Thanet TJpHi ^ Coloured sand Grey sand 11 44 196 240 100 ft.] Brown sand 10 250 Green sand 4 254 ^BTints 1 255 [Upper] Chalk with flints, the first 30 to 40 ft. very soft 167 422 Messrs. Sands and Walkbb say 165 ft. in the Chalk and total depth 420 ft. For analysis of the water, see p. 376. 2. Gravel End Brewery, Mr. J. K. King. About 1887. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Islee & Co. About 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water overflowed. Minimum yield 4,000 gallons an hour. Lined with 240 ft. of 4-in. tubes. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Work started at the bottom of a bore-hole [through Drift ? and Iiondon Clay] — . 110 / Dead sand 7 117 Running sand 4 121 Loamy sand 2 123 Dead sand 8 131 Pebbles and brown sand 5 136 [Reading Beds, < Brovm rumiing sand . . . 16 152 75 ft ?] White running sand 3 155 Mottled clay 5 160 Green sand 10 170 Grey sand 9 179 \Greensand 6 185 Grey [Thanet] sand 41 226 [Upper.] Chalk 79 305 Possibly the top five beds classed with the Reading Series may be the sandy bottom part of the London Clay. Either there is another well or this one has been deepened to 337 ft. Water overflows 1 ft. above ground. In 1886 or 1887, when sunk, it was 2 ft. above. Yield 2,200 gallons an hour without altering head of water. For analyses of the water, see p. 376. 3. Swinborne & Co.'s Isinglass Factory. Information from Mr. J. Hatley, well-sinker. 115 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 35 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to 14 ft. below the ground. WELLS. 125 Ooggeshall, cont. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil . about 2 2 r Yellow clay . „ 18 20 [London Clay.] ^dfc) i: " , 130 , 6 ; 150 155 (.Brown. clay . ... , 20 175 f Sand. (spring) , 8 183 [Reading Beds.] I Mottled grey clay , 10 193 (. Greenish sand , 20 213 [Thanefc Sand.] [ S^gSvef'^ '"^"^ " , 30 , 1 243 244 - [Upper.] Challc .V T.! '.'.'. '.'. . , 16 260 For analysis of the water, see p. 376'. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1905, p. 55, the few deep wells yield freely. Colchester. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 27", SE.', 28, SW.). Geologic Map48, SW. 1. Castle Brewery. 1878. ' ; Information from Mr. Daniell and Messrs. S. F. Bakek & Sons.. Height above Ordnance Datum 80 ft.* Good supply to 652 ^t- fi'om surface. , Made earth .., [Glacial Drift.] [London Clay, 110 ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 56 ft.] [Upper] Chalk ...about fSand „ (Gravel „ ( Blue clay X Plastic clay with veins of stone ' .. C Red and green sand ' and pebbles ... < Hard green sand (Grey sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 10-. 10^30 30 15 j 45 - 75 65 140 9 149 4 153 43 196 102 298 * Kindly levelled for the Geological Survey from a Bench-mark in High Street, by Mr. Mobbis. A somewhat different account, ' from specimens Messrs. Bakee's foreman is as follows : — Old well [gravel and London Clay] / Sandy clay, with bad water Blue clay, vdth claystone [septaria] from an inch to thick Sand ... Hard blue clay \Sand /Mottled red and green clay Sand Mottled clay Mottled sand Dark green sand Dark grey dead sand . . . Brown clay Dead green sand ^FUnts, to Chalk and from information from [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds (? with Thanet Beds at base)]. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 60 60 12 72 seams a foot . 25 97 3 100 4J 104J 2 1064- 20 126i 3 129i 24 153i 9 1624 1 1634 39 2024 1 2034 6 2094 Jtol 210 2. Cavalry Barracks. Infirmary stables. South of town. Measured from a large-scale tracing in the Royal Engineers' Office. 116 ft. above sea-level. Water rose to 94. ft. from surface. - J ; - - 126 ESSEX WATER SUPPLT. Colchester, cont. [Glacial Drift, 33^ ft.] [London Clay, Uli ft.] Thickness. Ft. 'Hard sand ^ 22i I Loose sand ; I Very loose gravel 8 ^Very loose gravel, with much water ... 3 'Yellow clay 1^ Blue clay 85 Hard stone in veins 3 Very hard blue clay, with stones ... 13 Very sandy clay, with a little water ... 3 Blue clay, with veins of sand 18 Blue and yellow clay, with particles of white 4 ^Yellow and coloured clay 14 'Green sand 2 Dark dead sand 6 Dead sand 2 / Various colours [? sand] 3 Dark sand, softer 3 Blue clay 11 Blue loamy sand, with water 34 Wlints 1 [Upper.] Chalk, with flints 313 Another version of the same well, from another tracing, was but there must be a mistake as to the thick mass of gravel on the [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 62 ft.] Depth. Ft. m 35 120 123 136 139 157 161 175 177 183 185 188 191 202 236 237 550 as follows, Chalk: — Top soil Red gravel Light-coloured sand and gravel Dark sand and gravel Dark shingle, watery Yellow shingle Yellow clay Blue clay Dark gravel Chalk Thickness. Ft. ]i. 10 5 6 1 4 86 115 263 Depth. Ft. 10 20 25 31 32 36 122 237 500 A third version in Geol. Mag., vol. ii, p. 102, makes London Clay and Reading Beds together 211 ft. An older ( ?) well at Colchester Barracks, 108 ft. deep in London Clay, is mentioned in Conybeare and Phillips' ' Geology of England and Wales ' (1822), p. 33. 3. Eagle Brewery, East Hill. 1877. From specimens taken at nearly every foot, and from information from H. Stopes. 30 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 23 ft., the rest bored. An account by the owners to Dr. Theesh, 22nd March, 1898, says that the well is ' bored throughout.' Water abundant, rising to within 18 ft. of the surface (1877). Water-level (1898) 22^ ft. down. Yield, tested for the first six days, 1,500,000 gallons (presumably for the whole six days). [Post-GIacial ("Made earth (bones, shells, &c.) Drift, &c., ^ Iioamy briokearth 21 ft.] (.Sandy gravel with impure water Thickness. Ft. 2 18 J or 1 Depth. Ft. 2 20 21 WELLS. 127 [London Clay, 72 ft.] [Reading Beds, 55 ft.] Colchester, cont. ^ Stiff blue clay Sandy clay (septaria at 42 ft.) Fine sand with water ... Brown sandy clay Stiff brown and blue clay Septaria Stiff blue clay Stiff brownish yellow clay Clayey sand Stiff reddish brown clay, passing into Yellowish bro'ivn clay, passing into ... Blackish brown clay Yellowish brown clay Fine white quicksand Sandstone, 3 or 4 ins ( Mottled green and crimson loam Green sand Mottled green and crimson loam Very coarse green sand Mottled greenish loam Very coarse green sand Fine mottled grey and brown loam, passing into ... Dark grey sand Stiff dark grey clay , Dark grey sand , Dark grey plastic clay Dark grey sand , Dark grey plastic clay Dark grey sand (fossil wood at 130 ft.) Dark grey loam Chocolate-coloured clay '^ Dark green sand ("Pink sand < Dark green sand (. Grey sand, with green coated flints Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 13 34 13 47 8 484 58 66 1 67 8 75 2 77 3 80 5 85 2 87 2 89 2 91 1 ^ 5 93 98 6 104 2 106 2 108 1 109 1 110 3 113 3 116 4 120 2 122 1 123 1 124 5 129 11 140 3 143 4 147 1 148 1 149 34 14 43 152| 151. 197 [Thanet Beds, 6 ft.] [Upper] Chalk According to the owners (1898) it goes 246 ft. into the Chalk, making the total depth 400 ft. An older well here is disused. The following account of a well ' about half way down East Hill,' by the Eev. W. B. Clakkb {Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v, p. 369) probably refers to this : — Gravel and earth 16 7 London Clay. To sand and water ... 66 j 82 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 379. This and another brewery (East Hill) now combined as the Colchester Brewery Co. 4. East Hill Brewery. (Charrington, Nicholls & Co.) Bored in 1888. Communicated by Messrs. Chakmngton, Nicholls & Co. Made ground and clay {London Clay and stones [septaria] Sand and clay r Coloured clay < Green sand ( Black sand and clay [London Clay.] [Reading Beds and [Thanet Beds.] [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 22 22 18 40 10 50 36 86 23 109 36 145 105 250 For an analysis of the water, see p. 379. l2 128 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Colchester, cont. 5. Gas Works. Well and boring. ( ? about 1886.) Communicated by the Manager. 13 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 11^ ft. down. Pumping is from the bore-tube, and continuous pumping at 2,500 gallons an hour reduces the level to 12^ ft. down. The water-level has not fallen since the construction of the well (12 years, 1898). For an analysis of the water, see p. 379. To Chalk ... 140") In Chalk ... 110 j 250 ft. 6. Mile End. Essex County Asylum. About a mile north of Colchester railway-station. 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb & Co. Lined with 250 ft. of 8i-in. tubes from surface. Water-level 143 ft. down. Lowered to 212 ft. by pumping. Yield 40,000 gallons or more a day. [London Clay.] [Reading Beds and Thanet Beds.] ickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1244 ^ 11 124 J 127 138 9 147 7 161J 170 177 24 201 9 210 26 236 4 240 5 245 278 523 fHard dark clay... ^ Hard dark stone / Brown loamy sand Fine brown sand Very hard Ught-brown clay ... Green sand ( Hard light-coloured clay and stones Grey sand and clay Dark sandy clay Marl '^ Dark green sand [Upper] Chalk and flints The division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds is hard to make out : perhaps it should be fixed lower down. For an analysis of the water, see p. 379. 7. Mile End. Keeper's Lodge at 53rd milepost on the London and Ipswich Road. Shaft 110 ft., bore 90 ft., all in loam of varying nature [London Clay]. 8. Parry's Oil Cake Mills. 1884. Communicated by Owen Paket. 13 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level in 1884, 4 ft. down ; in 1898, 11 ft. down. Pumping at 3,000 gallons an hour reduces the water-level (in a 9-in. bore- hole) by U ft. (1898). *To base of clay 45") Reading Beds and Thanet Beds ... 85 ^ 200 ft Chalk 70j * London Clay met with at 35 ft. Therefore only 10 ft. thick ( ?). For an analysis of the water, see p. 379. 9. Sewage Farm. The Hythe. 1888. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Made ground Gravel ... [ Loamy clay, with a foot of stone at the [London day.] ( Clay, with a foot of stone at the base Loamy clay I Dark sand [? basement-bed] ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 10 10 9 19 2 21 9 30 20 50 5 55 WELLg. 1^9 Colchester, cont. ^Dark clay Coloured [mottled ?] clay Pine white sand Fine green sand Strong dark clay Dark green loamy sand Dark green coarse sand Dark loam Dark sand Strong dark loam \Darkclay [Upper] Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 379. [Reading Beds, (? partly London Clay) and ? Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 59 19J 78,- 5 83 2 85 1 8& 2 88 114 100 4 104 2 106 32 138 6 143 75 218 Gravel 7 Sand 5 Black clay ... 15 Fine white gravel . 1 Black clay ... 4 10. At the back of the Hospital. ? 11 ft. lower than the barracks. ? Old well. 32 ft. Public Supply (Nos. 11, 12). The notable supply from springs has been described above (pp. 75, 76, 78, 79). The following account of the work for getting a well-supply is also from J. M. Wood's paper, Essex Naturalist, 1912, vol. xvii, pp. 23, etc. " In 1850, to supplement the then existing spring supply, the late Mr. Bruff . . . conceived the idea of sinking a well into the [London] clay, and boring through . . . into the chalk. ..." " Mr. Bruff 's well and bore holes are still in existence, and assisted in supplying the town up till 1890, when they were put entirely out of use on account of the new well adjoining being sunk to a much greater depth, the water level being depressed when pumping below the bottom of the old well." When " the Corporation came into possession of the water works in 1880, they immediately put down another well 30 feet (centre to centre) from Mr. Bruff's old well, but only 4 feet deeper," but with an 18-inch bore-hole down to 384 feet. ' ' Although they obtained very little more water by this operation on account of not being able to depress the pumping level with the then existing machinery," yet the boring was valuable as it " penetrated a large and open fissure in the chalk, low down," experiments showing that it yielded water very freely. Later the newer well was deepened " to 79 feet, from the engine house floor. The present works (except the well which was brought into use in 1891) were then constructed and completed in 1893, and continue to be the chief source of supply to the town." 11. Waterworks. At the foot of Balkern Hill, just outside the Roman Wall, First Well. 1852. P. Beuff, Proc. Inst. Civ. Ting., vol. xix, pp. 38, 39. Shaft 40 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 5 ft. above high water-mark, and continued so to 1859. According to J. M. Wood (p. 24 of his paper) on 2nd October, 1888, it was 7-66 ft. above Ordnance Datum; on 12th March, 1902, 278 ft. below O.D., a loss of 10-44 ft. ; but 1900-1902 were dry years. On the 23rd March, 1911, it was 1-72 ft. above O.D. Supply abundant. (1,250,000 gallons a week), from the bottom. 130 ESSEX WATEti, SUPPLY. Colchester, cont. Soil [River-] Gravel London Clay ... [Reading Beds, (Mottled clay 63 ft 1 ) Green sand ■-' ( Dark plastic clay [Upper] Chalk, with flints A different account is given in Oeol. Mag., vol. Kis., ser. 2, vol. xiii, p. 240, as follows : — Plenty of good water at 224 ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 4 10 70 80 20 100 3 103 40 143 210 353 ii, p. 102j and in Ann. Nat. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 12 12 100 or 105 112 or 117 30 or 25 142 152 294 Soil and low-level gravel London Clay, with much green sand in the lower beds Reading Beds Chalk, with flints In the Ann. Nat. Mist, paper, J. Beown notices a number of sponges, Foraminifera, Bryozoa and Entomostraca from the Chalk. In the Geological Magazine paper, the Rev. O. Fishes, says : — " "When the well was bored, the tool, after passing through a layer of flints, sank sud- denly, and the water rushed up with a force that (as the late Superintendent expressed it to me) shook the hill. This shows that the spring is connected with an extensive and free reservoir. There are two other wells, at distances of a mile and a mile and a half . . east of this one, which are evidently connected with the same reservoir ; for on Mondays, when the pumps are not at work at the Water-works, the water stands higher than usual in these wells." 12. Second Well. 1880 ? An account was communicated by Mr. T. Tillby, and published, in the Memoir on the Country around Ipswich, in 1885. Mr. Wood, therefore, is mistaken in saying that the section is published for the first time in his paper. The two accounts differ ; but Mr. Wood tells me that he was con- cerned with the enlarging and deepening of the well (? 1889), and, there- fore the following is mainly from his description, the divisions of the Reading Beds and some other information being added from the earlier one. Top of brickwork 35" 7 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft (43 ft. originally) 79 ft. (sunk to 89, but 10 filled up with concrete), the rest bored. Water-level 19^ ft. down in 1881, 33 ft. down in 1893, 35| ft. in 1898. Soil Gravel London Clay, 54 ft. Blue clay Septaria, with water ... Dark blue loamy clay ... Dark loamy sand, with water ment-bed] Mottled clay, dry for 18 ft. Running sand Mottled clay Green sand Plastic clay Flints Reading Beds, and? Thanet Beds, 79 ft. [Upper] Chalk .. Mr. Tillet' s account takes the London Clay down to 93 ft. and makes the underlying mottled clay 30 ft. thick. [? Base- Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 6 6 4 10 38 48 1 49 14 63 1 64 59? 123? H 124i n 132 3 135 8 143 1 144 240 384 WELLS i 131 Colchester, cont. An automatic recording apparatus has been set up, so that the water-level IS constantly recorded, and this has gone on for the last 23 years. For analyses of the water, see pp. 377, 378. The following information is from the Water Works Directory. 1911 p. 73. j> > Population supplied, about 45,000. Area supplied, Colchester and part of Stanway Rural District. Yearly supply, 306,727,500 gallons (? year ending 31st March, 1911). Average consumption per head for all purposes under constant supply, 18-4 gallons. Cold Norton. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 62, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Purleigh Railway Station. 1887. About 94 ft. above Ordnance Datum (9 ft. below the original surface). Communicated by W. T. Foxlee, Resident Engineer, ' Essex Lines ' (Great Eastern Railway). Shaft 16 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 86 ft. down. [London Clay.] [Reading Beds.] Sand Brown clay Blue clay ; with boulders [? broken septaria], 6 ins. thick, at 93 ft. ; stones [septaria], at 158-160 ; stone [sep- taria], 6 ins. thick, at 268 and 276 ; Boulders [?pebbles] 15 ins., at 382? ; and shells, 14 ins., at the bottom ... Thickness. Ft. 55 334 2f Depth. Ft. 55 389 391f An account from Messrs. Lb Grand and Sutclut differs slightly, as below : — - Shaft Blue [London] clay and clay-stones (Shells [? Basement-bed, or Reading Beds.] < Sand (stone ? Thickness. Ft. In. 371 10 2 1 8 2 Depth. Ft. In. 16 387 10 389 10 391 6 391 8 A note of an older well at Cold Norton, got, by W. H. Dalton, from the sinker, Mr. Hatley, agrees with the above, making the depth, through the London Clay, to sand and water, 390 ft. Colne, see Earl's and Wakes Colne. Colne Engaine. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17). Geologic Map 47. Mill. Information from Mr. J. Hatley, well-sinker. Through clay to sand, 60 ft. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 120, a public well, 35 ft. deep (presumably in gravel) then yielded an unlimited supply of good water. His Report of 1905, p. 65, adds that only a small part was supplied from the public pump, most houses having wells, about 20 ft. deep. Copford. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 27, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900. Repeated in Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901. Chiefly supplied by shallow wells. The rectory gets water from a well (spring) at a little distance, the water being pumped into a tank, whence it is also piped to some houses on the Green. 132 ESSEX WATER ■SUPPLY. Corringham. Ordnance. Map 258, new ser. (Essex. 76, SE., 77, SW., 85, NW.)- Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Tilbury Brickfields Company. About a third of a mile south-eastward - . of Dry Street (west of lane). 1886. 195 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by R. D. Batcheloe, of Chatham. Shaft 180 ft. : the rest bored. S Strong yellow clay Blue clay, with a large quantity of septana Pebbles ... [? Oldhaven and Woolwich Beds.] Live sand, with shells SDark sand Dark clay Dark sandy clay Black flints, with green clay ' Chalk vidth flints Chalk rock, very hard ... Chalk with flints ... . Chalk rock, very hard ... Chalk with flints Soft chalk- Hard chalk Soft chalk Hard chalk Soft chalk Hard tough chalk Chalk with flints Rook , Chalk vnth flints Chalk, 466i ft. Thickness. Et. In. 27 341 6 6 50 74 11 1 6 6 96 6^ 94 6 23 25 4 20 9 . 9 3 10 6 57 20 4 75- 2 6 33 6 Depth. Et. In. 27 368 6 369 419 493 504 505 6 506 602 602 6 696 6 697 720 745 4 766 1 775 4 785 10 842 10 863 2 938 4 938 10 972 4 2. Mr. Wilson's. Information from Mr. Hills, well-sinker (from H. W. Bmstow's Notes). White quicksand, 10 or 12 ft. 3. Thames Haven. The Thames Haven Co., Cattle Landing Station. On the marsh and about 450 yds. from the river. 1879. Made by Messrs. S. F. Bakee and Sons.. W. B. KiNSBY, in Iron, 1879, vol. xiv, pp. 422, 423, and Trans. Sanitary Inst, vol. i, 1880, p. 203. ■ Water overflowed. When the boring was 78^ ft. down the water-level was 5^ ft. down ; at 122^, 6^- ft. down ; at 200, 4§ ft. down (salt to the taste) ; -at 274, it rose and fell with the tide from 6 in. above ground to 6 in. below and a powerful pump drew Thanet Sand into the boring through fissures in' the chalk. Plugging the fissures with cement caused a rise in water-level ; at 360 ft. the water was 11-^ in. above ground at high-water, and 520 gallons an hour was pumped at 100 ft. down ; at 460 and 502 ft. water from flint- veins raised the level to 14 in. above ground at high-water, the yield at 100 ft. down being 1,300 gallons an hour in the case of the veins at 460 ft., and 2,200 gallons an hour in the case of those at 502 ft. Final water-level (boring then 572 ft. deep), 19 in. above ground at high tide and 7 in. below at low tide. Hard pumping reduced the water-l6vel to about 100 ft. down. Daily supply 26,000 gallons, but much more could be got (1879). WELLS. 133 [Alluvium, 50| ft.] [? London Clay, 40i ft.] [? Oldhaven Beds, Si ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 33i ft.] Oorringham, cent. 'Light-brown clay Peat I Soft ooze Grey sand Grey clay, stones, and shells, with thin veins of black greasy sand [Valley Gravel] Sand and stones (about 3|in. diameter) forming a dark gravel Stiff, dark brown clay Sand and clay in veins Sandy clay and shells Sandy clay ^ Sandy clay arid pebbles r Light-coloured running sand, with ■< water (. Sand and oyster-shells ' Dark sand, with shell-fragments Yellow, ochreous, sandy clay ... Greenish sandy clay Fine, green, light-coloured sands, firm and dry Dark sand and pebbles, with fragments of shells / Pine greenish sand : top 9 ft. full of water ; more solid and close at 170 ft. deep ; very hard and dry at 180 ft. ; the bottom 40 ft. with water [Thanet Beds, i Greenish clayey sand ; plastic at 111^ ft.] ] 246 ft. deep; at 263 ft. dry and firm; at 256 ft. -looser; at 259 to 262 ft. bands of hard, dry, sandy clay: the bottom 6 ft. more or less rotten sand and clay \ Green-coated flints Chalk : marly from 308 to 355 ft. deep ; with flint water bearing veins at 360 ft. ; greyish and firm at 367 ; hard and wHte at 426 ; hard at 440 ; soft, with flints and water- veins, at 460 ; darker and harder at 475 ; flint- veins full of water at 502 ; grey and water-less at 506J ; white, with flints and water, at 521 ; grey, without water, at 529 ; soft, with cavities, flint- veins further apart but full of water, at 536 ; hard and dark 540-545 [? Chalk Eock] ; softer and whiter at 550 ; white and marly 566-572 Thickness. Ft. In. 16 2 6 4 2 25 10 2 3 27 6 28 9 5 10 1 2 1 6 3 .0 10 2 76 35 6 303 6 Ft. En. 16 18 6 22 8 48 6 50 9 78 3 107 112 10 114 115 6 118 6 122 6 123 9 133 136 145 155 157 233 268 268 6 572 It is diificult to make out the subdivisions of the Lower London Tertiaries. For analyses of the water at various stages, see p. 380. An account of the older well here ; got from the sinker (Mr. Pubkis) by W. H. Dalton, differs much ; but being from memory only can hardly be trusted in details. It makes Alluvium 22 ft., Gravel 25, Clays (with a little sand) 185, or 232 to sand and water. Temperatures of the water at various depths. When the boring was 370 ft. deep, water from 20 ft. down 54° F., from 72 ft. 55° F., and from 100 ft. 56° F., these tests extending over 3 days [one for each depth ?] and the air-temperature, falling from 50° F. on the first to 34° F. on the third. When the boring was 521 ft. deep, water from 20 ft. down 56° F., from 72 ft. 58° F., from 100 ft. 58° F. When' the boring was 572 ft. deep (air-temperature 80° F. in the shade), the water temperatures were the same as when 521 ft. deep, possibly because the largest supply was from 536 ft. 134 ESSEX WATER StJPPLY. Corringham, cont. In the old well (when 130 ft. deep), water 8 ft. down, 51'-^ 1. with air- temperature 50° F. In the new well (i.e., the 572 ft. boring here noted). The water from 198 ft. down after 5 minutes' pumping was 54° F., and after 3 hours' pump- ing, 58° F., air-temperature being 50° and water-level at the commencement 12 in. above ground. After a rest of 18 hours, air-temperature being 46° F. in the shade and that of the river at high tide being 48° F. : — The water in the old well was 48° F. (the water-level being 7^ ft. down) [? Temperature of water taken at water-level.] The water of new well 2j ft. above ground (at a testing-cock) stand-pipes and pumps having been emptied to that level, 46° : After working pump a sufficient portion of a stroke to empty it of all water above 12 in. above ground (at which- point the water would overflow if free), 50°. The other temperatures remained as in previous tests. 4. Thames Haven. Messrs. Seabrook & Sons. Public House, about i mile westward of the cattle-landing station. 1898. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islbe & Co. Lined with 75 ft. 4-in. tubes from 2 46 ft. down, rising p. 380. . of 7i-in. tubes, from surface ; and with ft. down. Water-level 3 ft. down at first. with the tide to within 6 ft. of surface. [Alluvium.] [River Drift.] [? London Clay.] [Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] S Marsh surface ... Light-brown clay Peat Soft ooze ("Grey sand < Grey olaystones and sand (. Sandstone and dark gravel fClay Sand and clay in veins ( Sand clay and shell Sand clay I Sand clay and pebbles . . . ' Running light-coloured sand Sand and oyster-shells ... Dark sand and shells ... Sandy clay Greenish sandy clay Fine green light- coloured sand Fine greenish sands Greenish clayey sands ^ Green-coated flints {Hard white chalk Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. In. 4 6 9 7 3 10 8 27 3 1 6 30 27 4 6 2 1 6 3 4 6 1 12 6 4 11 11 6 61 19 1 3 80 9 69 320 ft. of In 1915, Analysis, Depth. Ft. In. 4 6 14 1 17 1 27 9 55 56 6 86 6 113 6 118 120 121 6 124 6 129 130 142 6 146 6 157 6 169 230 249 250 3 331 400 5. Kynoch's Works. Borley House. On the Marsh, by the side of Hole Haven Creek. 1898. See Stanford, p. 267. Communicated by the Manager. Sunk by Messrs. Batchelok. Water-level 3 ft. down. Yield 200,000 gallons a day (1898). Clay 12") Sand and gravel ... 238 ^ 700 ft. Chalk 450 J Had to be taken to that depth to get the requisite yield. There seems to be some error here. There must be London Clay and Lower London Tertiaries in the 238 ft. An account of an old well at Borley House makes the depth to the base of the London Clay 250 ft. , which is too high. For analysis of the water, see p. 391. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 27, 75 per cent, of the supply then came from the South Essex Co., and 16 per cent, from private wells. There was one public well about 50 ft. deep. WELLS. 135 Creeksea or Cricksea (see also Canewdon, p. 111). Ordnance Map 258, new ser., but not marked thereon, just west of Burnham (Essex 63, SE.)- Geologic Map 2. According to Dr. Thsesh's Report of 1905, p. 40, the public well was shallow and of very limited yield. There were one or two deep wells supply- ing private houses. One of these is at the Hall. The water-mains from Burnham have recently been extended to supply this village. (1912.) Dagenham. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 66, S.W, 74). Geologic Maps, 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Chadwell Heath? "Between Chadwell Street and the turnpike-gate near the 10-mile-stone on the road from Romford to London." Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS. ? vol. iii, p. 72. Dug 45 ft., the rest bored. Good supply of water. Blue [London] Clay, to sand and black pebbles, 100 ft. 2. Chadwell Heath. Rose Lane. Mr. Oldaker's. 1878. About 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Ghand and Sutclifp. Bored throughout. Water-level 86 ft. down. Supply 1,200 gallons a day. [London Clay.] [? Woolwich and I Reading Beds, ■ 27 ft.] I [? Thanet Sand, ( or Reading Beds, < 30i ft.] ( (This may be in Hford.) Tliiokness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Blue clay 42 42 Brownish clay 27 69 Blue clay 42 111 Sand and blue sandy clay 18 129 Blue sandy clay and stone 9 6 138 6 Grey and green sand 7 2 145 8 Live grey sand 4 149 8 Blue sandy clay and shells 3 4 153 Dead green sand 12 6 165 6 Grey sand 4 6 170 Dead green sand 15 6 185 6 Dead grey sand 10 6 196 1909. 3. Messrs. Samuel Williams & Sons. Near the Dock Railway Station. Two wells, 30 ft. apart. One [? No. 2, or West Well] a 6-in. bore-hole. Bored and communicated by Messrs. R. Richaeds. 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 6^ ft. down, lowered to 15 ft. down by pumping at the rate of 1,200 gallons an hour. In 1911 the rest-level 8 ft. down. Yield of the two wells, 5,000 gallons an hour. (See also section 4.) [AUuvium.] [River Drift.] Thanet Sand. [Upper Chalk.] ("Earth } Peat (. Green sand and clay ... Sand and gravel C Thanet ? sand* ... i Stones [green-coated flints] ■ Soft chalk Flints Chalk Flints Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 16 20 2 22 22^ 44i 79J 124 i 124^ 12i 197 14 198i 23J 222 1 223 2 225 * Exactly like Thanet Sand but did not rise in the tubes. [The thickness seems too great, however, and probably some Woolwich Beds is mcluded.] 136 ESSEX WATER StrPPLY. Dagenham, cont. 4. Messrs. Williams. No. 1, or East Well, 30 ft. from the former. Nea* Dagenham Dock Station. Now (Sept., 1911) used for Thames Ironworks. Communicated by A. E. Williams. 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 8 ft. down. Yield No. 1, 2,250 gallons an hour „ No. 2, 2,700 „ I Sept., 1911 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 15 18 24 42 95 137 85 222 Top soil [AUuvium] ... Peat [River Gravel.] Ballast [? Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds] Clayey sand [Upper.] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 381. About 100 houses in Dagenham depended on shallow wells. Dr. Thkesh. Report of 1901, p. 68. In the Geology of London, etc., vol. ii, a well was wrongly entered as at Dagenham Hall. It should have been Dagnams, see Noak Hill, p. 232. Danbury. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53). Geologic Map 1, NE. Two old wells. Information from Mr. Purkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. 1. Coleham Lane. Admiral Johnson's. Gravel, 28 ft. 2. St. Clere's. Gravel, 65 ft. [? excessive]. Debden. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 9, SW., 14). Geologic Map 47. Nos. 1 to 6. Made and communicated by Mr. G Ingold. 1. Mr. Ambrose's Cottages. 1886. Shaft 60 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 52 ft. down. 2. Dean's Farm. 1889. Glacial Drift.] [Boulder Clay.] Chalk \ Gravel Sand I Brown sandy loam ^ Sharp red sand r Brown clay Bubbly chalk ... Blue clay, with a thin / layer of sand at 17 ft. Blue sandy clay Blue clay > Brown clay Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 5 5 3 8 in ft. 38 46 6 62 20^ 1 72J 73 77 79 3 82 15 97 92 189 3 Debden, or Smith's, Green. South-east of the village. 1886. Shaft 25 ft., the rest bored. A little water at 25 ft. 12 34 [Boulder Clay.] { Brown^^^^^y ... 12 | Two other wells here. [The first may be No. 1. ] PT. m /-ii 1 C Dark brown clay [Boulder Clay.] [ glue clay .. 46 ft. 12 and 12 ft. 77 34 WELLS. Debden, cont. 4. Godfrey's Farm. 1885. Shaft 48 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 77 ft. down [?]. Blue boulder clay Yellow clay Sand Thickness. Ft. 48 11 18 Depth. Ft. 48 59 77 137 5. Monk's Farm, 1886. Shaft 20 ft., the rest bored. No water. Blue Boulder Clay ... 49 ft. 6. Wych Bass Farm. 1885. Water near surface. [Boulder Clay.] { JreVafkytlw^ .•.•.• 'I ] 20 ft. The Medical Officer (W. Aemistbad), says (1913), that the public well on Debden Green is only 18 to 20 ft. deep, and that another public well in the centre of the vilage is 35 ft. deep. 7. Debden Cross boring for proposed South Essex Water Board, just W. of the cross-roads. 1900. Mader by T. W. Wood. Communicated by Messrs. Rofe. 337"21 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Chcilk water-level 82 ft. down. Soil and thin bed of gravel /Boulder clay Grey sand ... Grey sand and" pebbles Coarse pebbly conglomerate. . . . Coarse grey sand and pebbles Coarse light-brown sand and pebbles., Brown sand without pebbles ... ^Greensand (Dark brown sand with small pebble and mottled clays Mottled brown clay White mottled clay Green running sand [Upper Chalk.] Soft chalk with few flints [Glacial Drift.] ( [Reading Beds, 60 ft. ?] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 126 128 7 135 3 138 9 147 3 150 ... 15 165 10 176 26 201 les 35 236 8i 244J 13J 258 3 261 39 300 It is hard to make out the division between the Drift and the Reading Beds : 60 ft. seems too great a thickness for the latter hereabouts. At any rate there is a very great thickness of Drift, much more than would have been expected, though much less than in the deep channel of Drift at Newport, etc. (see pp. 64, 6-5). Dedham. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 19). Geologic Map 48, NW. B. Claeke, Trans. Ge.ol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v.. p. 372. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Earth [soil] n H 1 Gravel 1 2-. Brown clay 5 7- [Post Glacial Gravel 1 82 (River) Drift.] Red sand li 9i Dark grey sand ; ■ 10 I Gravel lOi Blue London Clay . . 10 ,. 2Qi (1840.) 138 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Dedham, cont. 2. Grammar School. 1885. Boring, made and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Bakbb, and Son. About 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water rose to 6 ft. from the surface. Serves a public pump in the street. [Turf and mould Ballast [gravel] with water rx J ni ( Sand and loam [London Clay, \ — 4i ft.] [Reading Beds, 64J ft. ; the bottom 4f ft. may be Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3i H 8i 12 2 14 1 15 li 16i 3| 20i 7 27| 5 32J i 33 4 37 5i 42J li 43f 4i 48 1* 494 i 50 2 52 i 624 H 54 16 70 &i 764 i 77t 2| 80 804 t 81i t 90 171 < Brown clay ( Blue clay / Light-coloured sand Coloured [mottled] clay Light- coloured sand Grey sand, with watex Light-coloured sand Grey sand, with water Blue clay Green sand Blue clay Hard grey sand Hard green sand Blue clay Hard green sand Blue clay Brown loamy clay Dark loamy sand Dark grey sand, with water Blue sandy clay VFHnts [Upper] Chalk about Perhaps the top bed of sand may be the basement-bed of the London Clay. For analysis of the water, see p. 382. 3. Wells at Pig Lane. Rev. W. B. Clakke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 372. (1840.) Surface beds from 16 to 60 ft. London Clay ,, 28 ,, 37 ,, 4. Lower Park House. About 66 ft. above Ordnance Datum. At the edge of the London Clay. Water enough for a small mansion-supply. Clay pierced at 25 ft. and then sunk a further 10 ft. in sand. For analysis, see p. 382. 5. Tendring Hundred Water Co. New well. g mile north of boundary of Lower Park, in a field at west side of main road from Dedham to Ardleigh Heath. 1912. Made and communicated by Messrs. Batcheloe. Some notes from H. Millee. 25 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield tested to 15,000 gallons an hour. Soil f Brown loamy sand \ Gravel and loam [? River Drift.] < Sharp whitish sand I Red sand and gravel ... { Grey sand SBlue clay Thanet sand Clayey sand (284 according MiUer) [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. ... ... 1 1 2 3 6 3 9 3 ... ... 2 9 12 8 6 20 6 12 8 33 2 ... 7 10 41 8 6 49 6 J to Mr. 28 77 6 ... ... 323 6 401 WELLS. 139 Dedham, cont. This section is hard to make out. Perhaps the sands below the gravel do not belong to the Drift, but to the Lower London Tertiaries. The Blue Clay, however, may be London Clay, and if so, that formation is not far separated from the Chalk. For analysis of the water, see p. 382. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900 (repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901), says that shallow wells abound. The inhabitants had access to the well at the Grammar School. The general supply in the village was not satisfactory. At Stonylands (west of village) two or three wells had recently been made, about 45 ft. deep. Dengie. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. Geologic Map 2. Shrill, Dengie Marshes. Old well. Information from Mr. Hatlby, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Mud [Alluvium] 15 ) London Clay, to sand and water . . . 260 J Water got chiefly from shallow wells (in gravel) some showing signs of pollution. There were also a few bored wells (Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 109), but according to Report of 1905 their water was falling and the yield lessening. 275 ft. Donyland, East and West, see Rowhedge and Berechurch. Dovercourt. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 21). Geologic Map 48, NE. 1. Waterworks. Close to the edge of the Marsh south of the village. From specimens at the Waterworks ; some that are doubtful have their descriptions enclosed in brackets. Shaft 27 ft. , the rest bored. Water close to the surface ; is pumped down 17 ft. ; supply abundant. [London Clay, 37 ft. or more.] / Light-grey sandy clay Brown loam (with pyrites ?) (Buff Sand) [Basement- bed.] [Reading Beds, about 50 ft.] Chalk (Light-brown or bufi sand, a flint pebble) (Buff sand with a Httle clay and small nodules of race) . . . (Clayey sand with very small calcareous nodules or race, almost a pisolite) / (Grey mottled clay) (Buff sand) Brown and grey clay Brown sandy clay or clayey sand (Brown clay) depth not marked Light-brown sandy clay or clayey sand Light-brown clay Brown clay (and Brown clay, mottled grey Grey clay Red and green mottled sandy clay Red and green mottled sandy clay or clayey sand. There is an unmarked specimen with green-coated flints from Total depth given as Ft. at 20 „26 „ 30 „ 31 „ 36 „ 37 ., 40 „ 42 „ 43 „ 45 „ 56 „ 60 „ 68 below) at 77 „79 „ 84 „ 86 88 to 393 400 140 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Dovercourt, cont. 2. Waterworks. A later -well. 1882. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tii-ley. Well, and brick-bottom (3 ft.) C Sand and clay [London Clay.] ■< Hard stone nearly (.Clay ( Plastic clay [Reading Beds, \ Sand and water 43J ft.] ] Mottled clay V. Green sand and flints (Chalk, with flints at 183, 203|, 213f . 222i, 233, 249, 269i, 284J, 315, 332j, 348i, 358^ 364, 367f, over 419, 439f and at the base Hard chalk These works have been taken over by the Tendring Hundred Water Co., and abandoned. For an analysis of the water from these works, see p. 383. In 1901 the houses in Upper Dovercourt were not connected with the mains of the Tendring Hundred Co., but now they are (1913). Downham. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 60, SE., 61, SW., 68, NW., 69, NE.). Geologic Map 1, TSTE. Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 82. Population then about 300. There was no public well yielding water fit for drinking. Some inhabitants used a private pump. Others got water from a well in Wickford. The remainder had to use pond-water. The place is now in the area of the Southend Water Co. ' Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. , — . 30 7 37 2i 5 32 1 9* 39i 44 76 77- 87 1 88 352i 62 440J 502i Southend Water Co.'s Downham or No. 20 Well. Church. 1909. li miles NW. of Wickford Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 71 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 372 ft. 45 and 28-in. tubes to 422|. Highest water-level 88-75 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 383. Soil / Brown clay and stones Tough yellow clay Brown clay and sand Brown clay, jointy Darker and tougher clay .. Blue clay London clay. Very jointy at 269I-. Clay nodules V [septaria] at 370 f t {Sand and pebbles Very hard sand Black clay. Wood and sand Green sand pebbles and shells Green sand [London Clay.] / [? Oldhaven Beds and Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft In. 1 1 1 2 4 6 11 17 4 21 4 25 6 25 6 355 380 6 1 3 381 9 11 3 393 8 10 401 10 18 11 420 9 17 3 438 Water from sands of Lower London Tertiaries. Dunmow, see Great and Little Dunmow. WELLS. 141 Dunton. Ordnance Map 257 (Essex 76, NW., 68, SW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Blr. Willoughby's. Eryeming Hall of old map, Eriern Manor of new map. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 76. 100 ft. dug ; the rest bored. Water rose within 77 ft. of the surface ; contains sulphate of magnesia. rr ^ m if Yellow clay ... ... ... ... ... 25 H^onaon ^.lay.j ^ g^^^ ^j^^^ ^^^j^ selenite, pyrites, and wood... 319 To ' water-rock ' ... 344 2. Rectory. Information from Dr. Caeteb, M.O.H. of Billericay Rural District. Well dug 100 feet and bored 200 more. Water very liard. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 83, there was no public supply ; there were a number of shallow wells in Lower Dunton and two deep wells in the parish. Some of the farms were very badly off for water. Earls Colne. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17, SW., SE., 26, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Messrs. Hunt & Co.'s. Atlas Ironworks. Over a quarter of a mile west- ward of the church. 1877 ?. Communicated by D. R. Shaepe, of Braintree. About 186 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft about 86 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to 80 ft. down. Later it stood in the morning about 87 ft. down, and sank from 7^- to 8 ft. pfter pumping ten hours, at the rate of 950 gallons an hour. Supply abundant. [London Clay.] [Reading Beds, 38 ft.] [Thanet Beds, 38 ft.] Old well [Gravel and London Clay] Blue or London Clay, with clay-stone at 128 to 129 Grey loamy sand Bagshot pebbles [flint pebbles of base- ment-bed] Brovni clay ... Coloured [mottled] clay, with stones YeUow clay : Pink clay Grey sand Green sand Coloured [mottled] loamy sand ^ Green sand r Grey sand ^ Dead green sand (.Pebbles. Green flints Thickness. Depth Et. Et. — 86 56 142 23 165 2 167 8 175 4 179 4 183 7 190 5 195 3 198 3 201 4 205 33 238 44 242 .V i 243" 107 350 [Upper] Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 384. , An earlier account, from specimens at the office, and from information criven there, and by Mr. Purkis (well- sinker), was published m the Mernoir on Sheet 47. Messrs. Huni write, however (1914), that these particulars of the old well and bore are hardly trustworthy. They were thought to be correct at the time, but accurate measurements were not then taken as they are now When the earthquake occurred in 1883 (see p. 05), the bore-pipe in the centre of the well, was squeezed up, and they could not clear it or get any water : so another bore was made in the same well, ]ust on one side The old account, however, gives the additional information that 14 teet ot eravel occurred above the London Clay. ^ K 142 ESSEX WATER STTPPLT. Earls Colne, cont. 2. Waterworks. George Lane. 500 yds. south of Colneford Bridge ( 1 about f mile south-east of churcK). 1912. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walkee. About 90 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A lOg-in. boring. Very little water obtainable from the Thanet Sands, which water rose to within 12 ft. of the surface ; the maximum amount of it obtainable was 400 gallons an hour, getting which lowered the level by 50 ft. Chalk water-level 6 ft. 10 in. down. Now (Sept., 1912) pumping at over 5,000 gallons an hour and level only reduced by 12 ft. Yield 8,000 later. [Drift.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] Silt Red sUty clay ... Rough red gravel Dark clay and pebbles Greenish clay ^ Rough flinty g-avel /Dark silty clay Green mottled clay Wet silty loamy clay Septaria stone bed and water [London Clay, I Tough London Clay 58i ft. ?] \ Silty mottled clay Septaria stone bed Silty mottled clay Grey loamy sand \^Bagshot [flint] pebbles Brown clay Pink clay Grey sand Brown clay Reddish clay Reddish sand ( Very tough red' and green sandy, mottled clay . Hard green sand Dark grey sand and water Vary hard coloured [mottled] sandyl clay Hard green sand [Upper Chalk] Soft chalk-rock and water For analysis of the water, see p. 487. According to Dr. Thsesh's Reports of 1901, p. 120, and of 1905, p. 60, Mr. Hunt supplied most of his cottages from the well at the ironworks, and also pumped water into a tank in the niain street, from which water could be taken free, and this was the chief supply of the town. The rest of the parish depended on many private shallow wells, some known to be polluted ; so that seven or eight houses often fetched water from one well : this supply was indifferent. H. O. Cross (Sanitary Inspector) says (1913) that on Colne Ford Hill there is a public supply from a well 16 ft. deep, yielding 1,200 gallons a day. £ast Bonyland, see Sowhedge. Easter, see High Easter. East Ham. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 73, SE., 81, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. East Ham Level. Beokton Gas Works. Westward of the main works, and about 850 ft. from the Thames. 1869. [This is a part of the Thames marshes, which, although on the northern side of the river, really belongs to Kent.] Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 4 5 4 9 1 10 2i 4 12J 19 23 3 26 16 42 1 43 7 50 8 58 14 58i- 62 76 2J 2 77J 80 82 3 85 7 92 15 107 4 111 3 114 9 123 29 152 S 160 5 165 100 265 WELLS. 143 Sast Ham, cont. Communicated by J. Fitter. Shaft about 25 ft., the rest bored. Water oozes in to about 2 ft. from the top. [Soil] top sand [AEuvium.] Clay Mud Peat Thickness. Depth Ft. I 1 3 4 2 6 13 19 51 70 7 77 4 20 m 80 100 16J 83 116i 117 200 Gravel [? including Blackheath pebble-beds] [Woolwich Beds.] {^^^-^^^^^ :;: ('Siltysand [ThanetSand, ) Sand 39| ft.] 1 Dead sand ^FUnts [Upper] Chalk Aij account in the ' Kentish Independent,' No. 2043, 23rd June, 1882, makes the depth to the Chalk 108 ft. 2. Beckton Gas Works. Second well. 1,877 yds. north-west of the older well, west of East Ham Manor Way and south of the Great Sewer. 1887. Communicated by C. J. Alfobd, from the examination of specimens. (Words in these brackets from G. C. Trewby, Engineer to the Gas Light and Coke Co.) (Water rose to within 4 ft. 8 in. of the surface, in June, 1887 : in 1888 it stood at 6 ft. Brought down to 69^ ft., by pumping about 480 gallons an hour.) Soil ... [Alluvium.] [River Drift, 13 ft.] [London Clay, 43 ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 38 ft.] fPeat I Sandy clay C Gravel, the bottom 2 ft. red l_ Loamy gravel ... /Loam Blue clay Brown clay with shells Shell-bed [AporrMis Sowerhyi and Rostellaria lucida ? — in cement-stone] Clay, shells, and pebbles Blue clay and large pebbles . Blue clay Clay with shells Clay, shells, and (yellow) sand Clay with shells Clay, shells, and sand ... Blue marly clay, (yellow sand) with shells Hard blue clay (grey rock) (Clay, sand and pebbles) (Sand and large pebbles) Loamy green sand Green sand with pebbles C Grey and brown (and black) sands . . i Sand, with black rolled [?] flints (9 ms. Thickness. Ft. 4 4 2 12 1 1 24 5 2 5 6 1 3 5 3 1 6 1 2 2 10 4 48 Depth. Ft. 4 8 10 22 23 24 48 53 55 60 66 67 70 76 78 79 85 86 88 90 100 104 152 157 [Thanet Sand, 53 ft.] To Chalk For analyses of water from the Beckton Gas Works weUs see p. 385. An analysis of water from a deep trench, for a sewer, is given on p. 384. For details of the following East Ham wells see the Memoir on London WeUs, by G. Babkow, 1912, pp. 93-98. There are differences m the classification. _ k2 144 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. East Ham, cont. Beckton Gas Works. :So. 1 at Tar Works. 1905. About 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield 1,700 gallons an hour. Thickness, i Made ground, Alluvium and River Gravel London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... Upper Chalk Ft. 42i 16J 90 35U Depth. Ft. 42§ 148| 500 1906. 4. Beckton Gas AVorks. No. 2 at Gas Works. 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 24 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Supply 3,500 gallons an hour. Made ground, AUuvium and Biver Drift London Clay Blackheath Beds, Sand Upper Chalk . . . Woolwich Beds and Thaneti : Thickness. Ft. 41 29 103 227 Depth. Ft. 41 70 173 400 Beckton Gas Works. No. 3 at Gas Works. 1906. Water-level 28 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Thickness. | Depth. Alluvium and River Gravel ... Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk Ft. 70? 86 244 6. Beckton Gas Works. No. 4 at Gas Works. 12^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. ? Alluvium and River Drift ... Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Middle and Lower Chalk Upper Greensand 37 ft. and Gault 163 Devonian or Old Red Sandstone For analysis of water of No. 4, see p. 385. Ft. 26 102 647 200 45 Ft. 70 156 400 1910. Depth. Ft. 26 128 775 975 1,020 7. Messrs. Burgoyne and Co. (Manufacturing Chemists). High Street South. 1908. 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 44 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Supply 2,000 gallons an hour, fallen to 1,000? Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil and River Gravel 17 17 London aay 59 76 ? Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand 104 180 Upper Chalk 1 122 302 For analysis of water, see p. 385. 8. Barking Road. Electric Station. 1901. 24 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 26 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Fell to 46 in 1910. Supply 2,500 gallons an hour, from the Chalk. Biver Gravel ... London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk An analysis of water from this well appears on p. 385. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 17 17 45 or 51 ? 68? 98 or 92 160 340 500 WELLS. 145 East Ham, cont. 9. Upton Park. Mellin's Food Co. 1900. 34 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 10 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Supply 8,000 gallons an hour. River Drift, etc. London Clay ... Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk Thickness. Ft. 25 54 102 219 Depth. Ft. 26 79 181 400 East Hanningfield. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 61, NW.). Geologic Map 1. NE. Rectory. 1791. Gent. Mag., 1791, pt. ii, pp. 706, 707. Reproduced in Gent. Mag. Library. Jinglish Topography, 1893, pt. iv, p. 131, from which latter the following account is taken. Shaft about 450 ft., then a boring of 3 in. diameter for 15 ft. [London Clay.] Thickness. Ft.- i' Fine light-brown imperfect marl ... 30 \ Similar soil, with parts of a deeper! 1 colour and firmer texture ; occasion- (. ally a little sand and a few shells ... about 420 Then consolidated into a rocky sub- stance [basement-bed ?] Below which, in soft soil, the tool slipped from the workman's hands and fell in up to the handle i 15 [or more? Depth. Pt. 30 450 465 [or more?] Water instantly appeared in the soft soil and rose 150 ft. within an hour, and, after a very gradual rise, now (1791) stands at 347 ft. (up the well?). This source (bed) is supposed to supply the well at Battle Bridge, about 6 miles off and lower, where the water overflows. According to BIr. Pukkis, the upper beds were as follows, and the depth id taken from Yotjng's ' Agriculture of Essex,' vol. i, p. 38 : — rn • f + 1 f Grravel and loam •-^""•-l t Brown Boulder clay... 25 ...2 or 3 about 470 ; About 500 ft. London Clay The following additional information from Dr. Theesh : — In 1897 the water-level was 86 ft. down. It was pumped down and the well was examined, when water was found to come in through the brickwork about 100 ft. down. The water was very hard and contained a good deal of magnesium-sulphate. It is not used for drinking purposes. East Horndon. Ordnance Map '212, new .ser. (Essex 47). Geologic Map 48, S.W. Geologic Map 1, SE. Mills. An old well. Information from the occupier to W. H. Dalton. London Clay, 250 ft. According to Dr. Theesh' s Report on the "Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 83, the population was 466, and the only sources of supply were ponds and shallow wells. East Mersea. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 47). Geologic Map 48,. SAV. 1. Nearly opposite Brightlingsea. 1883. About 3 ft. above high water-mark. Bored and communicated by Mr. T. Tillby. Shaft of 22 ft. ? Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 15 15 22 37 14 15 38i 40 55 30 85 30 115 225 340 146 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. East Mersea, cont. Good supply, but the water rather salt. "Water-level 9^ ft. down. Pipes carried 7 ft. into the Chalk. [Alluvium, (Red clay 37 ft.] IBlacksilt r, p 1 -, f Stone, with brackish water Lr uravehj | pebbles, " supposed old beach " [London Clay !] Red clay [Reading Beds, f Green sand, very hard 60 ft.] (Black clay [Upper] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 386. 2. In an old gravel-pit nearly a mile about east-north-east from the church and about 350 yds. from Broman's Farm. Made 1906. W. H. Dalton, Essex Nat., vol. xv, p. 136. Depths are taken from the original surface. Gravel about 15 ft. Dark blue silt with shells (Cardium edule, Scrohicu- laria piperata, and Bissoa) ' The silt being found to be salt, the sinking was at once stopped, and measures taken to retain the fresh water yielded by the overlying gravel.' 3. Reeves Hall. Well of 10 ft. diameter and over 300 ft. deep. For analysis of the water, see p. 386. Dr. J. W. Cook reports that the usual supply of the parish was from shallow wells, but that there are now two Abyssinian tube-wells (1900). Easton, see Great Easton. Easton Lodge, see Little Easton. East Tilbury. Ordnance Map 271, 272, new ser. (Essex 84, SW., SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. According to Dr. Thbesh's Reports of 1901 and 1905, p. 26, all houses were supplied from wells, averaging 60 ft. deep. Now the supply is from the South Essex Co. East Thorpe. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 35, NE., 36, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900. Repeated in Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 134. Shallow wells formed the chief supply. A spring in the village was guarded by concrete-work. Eastwood. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, SW., 78, NW,). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Eastwood Pumping Station (or No. 3) of the Southend AVater Co., half a mile a little east of south from the church. 1890. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwba and from E. C. Bilham, whose account shows slight differences. 45|- ft. above Ordnance Datum. Cylinders and shaft (8 ft. diameter) 247 ft., the rest bored and lined to 436 ft. with 21, 18 and 13-in. pipes. Water-level, 9th August, 1889, 100 ft. down ; 25th January, 1890, 66-08 ft Water from sand of the Lower London Tertiaries, little, if any, from the . Chalk. [W. H. Dalton has noted the water-level as 90 ft., pumped down to 130.] Highest water-level recorded 66'08 ft. down. Lowest level (pu.mping)- 268. WELLS. 147 Eastwood, cont. Soil [River Drift.] [London Clay, 239J ft.] [? Blaokheath Beds, 18 ft.] [Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds, say 128 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 439 ft.] Mixed clay, with an inch of fine sand at the base Brick-earth, the bottom 3 ins. mixed Gravel and sand Sharp sand ... White sand C London clay (Sandy clay (Pebbles and pjrrites Dead sand Pebbles and rock Dark sand Pebbles and sand ('Hard dark sand Green sand Blue clay Dark sand Dark clay Chalk flints [partly belong to Thanet Beds] Chalk, with a foot of flints at the base Chalk and flints... Chalk, with layers of flints at the top and at the base, and eight others, from 6 ins. (most) to a foot... Chalk and flint Chalk, with flints at top, at middle and at base, 6 and 9 ins thick Chalk and flints... Hard yeUow chalk. On getting through this (? and to depth of 578 J ft.) the water-level rose nearly 30^ ft. White sand, the bottom 4 ft. " mixed Sand Chalk Sand Hard chalk Sand and shells Hard chalk Sand and chalk Hard chalk Chalk, with flints at top, and with 30 other layers of flints, from 3 to 15 ins. thick (mostly about 6 or 9) Hard sandy chalk Hard chalk Rock chalk, with seven layers of flints l^Chalk The occurrence of sandy beds in the Chalk is peculiar, and it is a question whether these are owing to infiltration of Tertiary Sand down joints, or whether they are merely loose gritty chalk. For analyses, see p. 38G. 2. Nobles Green Pumping Station (or No. 6) of the Southend Waterwords, over three-quarters of. a mile north-westward of Eastwood Church. 1896. Communicated by C. S. Bilham for the Water Works Co., and later from E. C. BiLHAM, with slight difference 61' 75 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Highest water-level 85 ft. down ? Lowest (pumping) 383^, Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9 9 12 3 13 12 9 25 9 7 6 33 3 5 8 38 11 3 7 42 6 233 6 276 6 282 1 283 10 293 1 294 4 9 298 9 1 3 300 33 1 333 1 25 2 358 3 23 381 3 18 399 3 27 8 426 11 1 6 428 5 9 2 437 7 13 450 7 54 8 505 3 17 522 3 20 3 542 6 10 552 6 4 556 6 6 562 6 9 563^3 4 6 567 9 6 568 3 4 572 3 9 573 4 3 577 3 1 6 578 9 4 582 9 78 6 661 3 9 662 5 3 667 3 17 9 685 — 871 9 Lined to 542^ ft. with 24, 21 and 18-in. pipes. Then a 6-in. bore 148 ESSEX WATEK SUPPLY. Eastwood, cont. Soil [Drift, 14 ft.] London Clay, nearly 364 ft. [? Blaokheath, Woolwich, and Thanet Beds, 148 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 329i ft.] f Brick-earth (_ Sandy gravel ! London Clay, yellow London Clay, blue ; Clay-nodules at, frequent intervals to 157 ft. down. Large conglomerate at 68 ft. / Sand ; bottom foot very hard Shells and pebbles ) Dead sand, with a layer of black wood \ at the base ... Blue clay and shells Green sand and clay , Chalk and odd flints Chalk and flints... Soft chalk Rock-chalk and beds of flints Rock-chalk / Rock-chalk and beds of flints Tough chalk and beds of flints Sandy chalk and odd flints Blue marl Rock-chalk and odd flints Chalk marl ..£ Water from sand of the Lower London Tertiaries. the Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 388. 3. Oakwood Pumping Station (or No. 4) of the Southend Waterworks, over a third of a mile southward of Eastwood Lodge and about 2^ miles westward of Eastwood Church. 1894. Communicated by C. S. Bilham, for the Water Works Co. Ill ft. above Ordnance Datum. Highest water-level before pumping was begun, 129^ ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 382. Shaft, of 8 ft. diameter for 404 ft., the rest a bore. Lined to 586 ft. with 24, 21 and 18-in. pipes. Then 12-in. unlined. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 1 2 1 2 7 8 2 7 15 2 5 7 20 9 358 3 379 2 6 381 6 1 6 383 12 395 6 401 126 527 34 561 29 9 590 9 2 9 593 6 23 6 617 7 6 624 6 30 6 655 97 3 752 3 31 9 • 784 5 789 42 831 25 3 1 856 3 Little, if any, from Soil [London Clay, 433| ft.] [? Blackheath, Woolwich, and Thanet Beds, 147i ft.] [Upper Chalk, 282i ft.] ! Gravelly clay Coloured clay Sandy loam Coloured clay London Clay /Black [flint] pebbles, shells and sand... I Dead sand Live sand Dead sand and clay Dead sand and shells Blue clay Blue clay and sand Green flmts Chalk with thin layers of flints Chalk Chalk and flints Chalk sand and shells [? a pipe, or fallen do-wn the bore.] Chalk and flints... Rock-chalk Hard chalk and fluats Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins 6 6 4 6 5 7 6 12 6 1 6 14 4 6 18 6 415 6 434 1 6 435 6 24 6 460 4 464 25 6 489 6 22 8 512 2 25 10 538 43 5 581 5 3 581 8 100 681 8 30 4 712 77 3 789 3 2 6 791 9 43 9 835 6 2 3 837 9 26 2 863 11 Total depth said to be 867^ ft. For analysis of the water, see pp. 387, 388. VvELLg. 14!) [London Clay.] ( rt. In. Ft.' In. 1 3 1 3 1 9 3 12 6 15 6 5 6 21 5 3 26 3 316 9 343 1 344 2 6 346 6 24 6 371 36 3 407 3 12 419 3 76 3 495 6 6 496 27 3 523 3 218 7 741 10 55 7 797 6 with Eastwood, cent. 4. Picketts Pumping Station (or No. 6). Southend Water Oo. 1900. 1^ miles west-south-west from Eastwood Church. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Co. 126'8 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well, 6 ft. in diameter to 352 ft., the rest bored. Lined to 513 ft. 4 ins. 24, 21 and 18-in. pipes. Highest water-level 235-18 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 351. Thickness. Depth. TTt, Tn ^ Soil ' Clay and soil Yellow clay Yellow clay with spots of yellow Sand London Clay. Beds of clay nodules [septaria] at 62J ^ and at 237 ft Sand and pebbles ... Hard sand ... [Lower Hard sand, pebbles and shells London ( Live sand Tertiaries.] Sand clay and shells Sand and clay Flints rChalk [Upper Chalk.] j Chalk and flints (, Hard grey chalk The total depth is given as 801. Water from sand of Lower London Tertiaries. Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 3E Little, if any, from the 5. Sutton Pumping Station (or No. 24) of the Southend Water Co. About f of a mile east-south-east of Rochford Church. 1911. Communicated by E. C. Bilham. 22g ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 304 ft., then unlined boring. Highest water-level 155' 5 ft. down. Lowest, 364. Soil [River Drift.] [London Clay.] j Brick-earth Sand and gravel YeUow sand f London Clay C ,, ,, very sandy Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. 1 1 13 14 6 20 6 2 26 2 277 10 304 6 8 312 6 13 3 325 9 [? Oldhaven Beds-] Soft sand from which the water comes' Another account includes the last bed with the sandy London Clay. For an analysis of the water, see p. 388. 6. Mr. G. Soott Miller. Belfaus. 1896. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Lined with 551 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 1 ft. down. Water-level in dug well 91 ft. down. In bore-hole 224 ft. Yield 630 gallons an hour. down. 150 ESSEX WAtER StJPtLY. Eastwood, cont. Dug well /Blue clay [. London Clay.] Claystone ., I Sandy blue clay. [? Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] Blue clay Sandy clay and pebbles Green sand {Chalk and flints ... Chalk Thickness. Dept Ft. Ft. 178 105 283 1 284 49 333 5 338 40 378 23 401 50 451 201 652 1 653 7. Mr. G. Wagstafis. 1899. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler & Co. Lined with 335 ft. of 75-in. tubes from 5 ft. down, and with 210 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 298 ft. down. Water-level 255 ft. down. Yield 600 gallons an hour. Dug well [London Clay.] [? Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 14 7 21 397 418 32 450 15 465 2 467 2 469 6 475 23 498 12 510 17 527 4 531 2 533 C Yellow clay (.Blue clay Mottled clay Green sandy clay Rock Green sandy clay Rock Green sand Black sand I Green sand Black sand \ Green sand According to Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1901, p. 78, some houses in Eastwooil had water from the Southend Co., but most depended on shallow wells. His Report of 1905 says that the Company supplied many houses. Elmstead. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. Geologic Map 48, SW. According to Dr. Thbesii's Report of 1901, p. 126, this place, with its scattered hamlets, wholly depended on shallow wells, and the supply was not too good. Elsenham. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 23, NW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Gants End. Keeper's House. 1894. Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft 42-L ft. , the rest bored. Water rose to within 38 ft. of the surface. Soil [Boulder Clay.] {Brow^% 1 17 30 48 ft. Gants End. Half-a-mile south of the Keeper's Lodge, Made and communicated by G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. Water rose, from the bottom, to within 19 ft. of the surface, ' BroAvn clay ... ... ... • ... 10~i White clay 10 ■ Hussick (a local term for layers of loose rubbly chalk, frequently found in the Boulder Clay, and Avhich some- times yields a good quantity of water) 1 Blue clay 18 1894. [Boulder Clay.] ; 39 ft. WELLS. 151 Elsenham, cont. 3. Gants End. Sir W. Gilbey's Fruit Farm. 1892. Shaft throughout. Made and communicated by G. Ingold Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Brown clay 19 19 [Glacial Drift.,] < Blue clay 10 29 Loose rubble Red sand 4 1 33 34 White clay 6 40 . Blue clay, to sand 12 62 4. Messrs. Gold's Nurseries. 1897. 298 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made by G. Ingold. Communicated by H. G. Featherb?. Shaft 79 ft. deep, the rest bored ; tubes stand up about 4 ft. in well. Rest-level of water, 1897, 77 ft. from surface ; April, 1900, 79 ft. 9 in. Yield tested to 3,000 gallons an hour. 1897. Soil [Glacial Drift.] [Upper] Chalk Brick-earth Light-brown clay Yellow loamy sand Gravel White clay Gravel Yellow clay Gravel and sand Brown sandy loam Gravel and sand Clay and stones ... ickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 11 12 4 16 4 20 11 31 ^ 2 324 41 43 13 56 3 59 24 83 3 86 115 201 . Memorial Pump. In centre of village, near railway-station. 1896. 305 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made by G. Ingold. Communicated by H. G. Fbatheeby. Shaft 83 ft., the rest bored. Rest-level of water Made earth ' Gravel and sand Loam Red sandy clay Light-brown clay Dark sandy clay with black pebbles ... Grey loam light-blue clay Red clay Dark brovra clay Light-brown sandy loam Blue and brovm clay Yellow sandy loam Dark blue clay V Green and red clay with small pebbles Dark green sand I Mottled clay [? Reading Beds] Light-grey sand Dark sand Light-brown sandy loam [Glacial Drift.] r 80^ ft. lown. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 9 12 2 14 9 23 4 27 li 284 3^ 32 3 35 2 37 3 40 2 42 24 444 2| 47 7 54 H 554 1 664 54 62 2 64 4 68 8 76 41 117 [Upper] Chalk This well supplies the village. Isolated cottages get a supply from springs and wells. Perhaps the Glacial Drift has been carried too low. 152 fiSSEX WATER SUPPLY. Elsenham, cont. 6. Station Road. 1894. Made and communicated by G. Inoolu Water from the gravel. Thickness, Soil [Glacial Drift.] Brown clay and stones. Brick-earth Gravel Sandy loam Ft. 3 4 4 5 3 Depth. Ft. 3 7 11 16 19 7. The Vicarage. 1897. 288' 66 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made by G. Ingold. Communicated by H. G. Featherby Rest-level of water in 1897, 69 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made earth ... 2 2 Grey sandy loam 5i 74 Dark sandy loam 2 94 Black sandy loam 8 174 Grey sand ii 22 [? All Reading Brown clay 13 35 Beds, or ' Loamy sand 2 37 some Drift ?] \ Dark clay 7 44 ! Dark green and red clay ' 3 47 Light-green sand 11 58 Yellow and red loam . . . 6i 64i Fhnts i 65' [Upper] Chalk ... ... 45 110 Epping. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 50, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. 1. From CoNYBEAKE and Phillips, 'Geology of England and Wales,' 1822, p. 35. ? 340 ft. above liigh-water-mark. 200 ft. sunk, the rest bored. Water rose to within 26 ft. of the surface. Thickness. Depth. ' Ft. Ft. Gravel, loam, and yeUoAv clay 27 27 Blue clay 380 . 407 Alternations of sandy blue clay and blue clay ... 13 420 I take it that all but the gravel belongs to the London Clay : the loam would be the sandy top part' of that formation ; the yellow clay the usual discoloured uppermost part of the stiff clay ; and the lowest bed the sandy bottom part. 2. Hunter's Hall, about three-quarters of a mile west of Epping Upland church. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 403. To the Lower Tertiary sands (through the London Clay), 350 ft. 3. Waterworks, near the Railway Station. Now (1909) used by Epping Sanitary Steam Laundry Co. 1870. 250 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by B'lr. T. Tilley. Shaft 275 ft., the rest bored. Slow spring. Water rose 116 ft. up the well, but after pumping stood at about 80 ft. up. Quantity of water insufficient (for the waterworks). WELLS. 153 Epping, cont. [Drift?] (Red clay -' (Gravel I Blue clay [London Clay, ) Sandy clay . 340 ft 1 ■! Dark loam, very hard / Dark earth, fuU of shells [basement- (. bed?] !Dark earth, very like peat Hard ground Hard green sand ... Jjive green sand (= quick sand) running j Thickness. Ft. 10 1 240* 55 1 30 15 2i 1* 64 Depth. Ft. 10 m 250i 305^ 335|- 350i 352f 354i 360f 366i Another and later account, being as follows : — given by R. B. Tannek, is somewhat different, ( Yellow clay ... Bluish clay Bkie clay /Black sand, with stones Black peaty sand Blue clayey sand, with occasional ( shells Blue clayey sand, without shells, very stiff VGrey sand, with loamy stripes [?ThanetSand.]j^^*«*«^ ■■■^, I -I ( Black flints and pebbles i To Chalk [London Clay.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 46 ft.] Thickness. Ft. 7 13i 14 17 6 414 14 Depth. Ft. 7 20| 315 323 324 338 355 361 402i 404 Another account, communicated by Messrs. Basion and Anbeeson, from particulars got from Messrs. Russ and Minns, is as follows : — Shaft 225 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 210 ft. down. River Deposits [Drift ?] London Clay Woolwich and Reading Beds [must be partly London Clay] Thanet Sand Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 389. 4. Old Bank. Dr. Gumming. Well 200 ft. deep. For analysis of the water, see p. 389. Also for one from the shallow well at the Workhouse. Fairstead. Ordnance Map 2-11, new ser. (Essex 34, SW. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. (a) 300 yds. SSE. of the Rectory; (6) Troys Hall (eastward of the Church). Information from Mr. J. Hatley. Thickness. Ft. m 189|- Depth Ft. lOi 200 105 49 546? 305 354 900? a. h. Ft. Ft. Boulder Clay 16 60 Gravel — li London Clay 260 290 or 300 To sand 276 360? 154 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Fambridge. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 62, SW., 70, NW.) Geologic Map 1, NE. North Fambridge of old map. Fambridge Ferry. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, opp. p. 80. [London Clay.] { Blue clay Yellow clay 362 ft. 30 330 '^ Water-rock [basement-bed?] ... 2 The place is now supplied from the mains of the Maldon R.D.C. Farnham. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 22). Geologic Map 47. 1. Perry's Farm, Farnham Green. 1892. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold [and from specimens]. Shaft throughout. Water 119-^- ft. down. [Glacial Drift?] ( White clay Sandy loam Brown sand [specimen, from 5 ft., compact, fine] Clay [specimen, from 15 ft., brownish,; slightly mottled grey] Dark sand Yellow loamy sand Brown clay [specimen, from 23 ft., V light-brownish and grey, sandy] . . . Yellow and grey sand, with ironstone [specimen, from 28 ft., loose fine light-brown ; and a concretion of iron-sandstone] [Reading Beds ; Mottled clay the lowest two Yellow sandy loam [specimens, from beds perhaps ( 35 ft., very pale fine sand, partly Thanet Sand.] stained with iron ; from 37 ft. crimson brown and pale sand, con- creted by iron] Dark green loam [specimen, from 41 ft., duU green fine compact sand] r Flints [Upper Chalk.] ( Chalk with flints [specimens, from 45 I and 100 ft., soft] Thickness. Ft. 3 2 12 1 2 H 78 Depth. Ft. 3 5 18 19 21 27 29 35 41 444 45 123 Mr. Ingold suggests that the clay beginning 6 ft. down may be London Clay. If it be so that clay must rise up under the Drift, which is fairly thick on the high ground hereabouts. It is hard to make out the division between the Drift and the older Tertiary Beds. 2. The Rectory. 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 19 ft. down. [Drift.] White Boulder clay ... [Drift or Reading Beds.] Red sand 15 h 23 ft. 3. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. 1888. No water. Boulder clay 19 White sand 2 Mottled loam and- sand ... 26 47 ft. WELLS. 155 According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1905, p. 51, except for some cottages at Chatter End and part of Farnham Green, the parish was fairly supplied from wells and from a spring, with a pump. A well, 120 ft. deep, for public safety, at Farnham Green, was abandoned. Feering. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 35, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Two wells on the high road. From the well-sinkers, to W. H. Dalton. Boulder Clay Valley Gravel, to Sand. Ft. Ft. 1. Gore Pit ... ... _ 20 aboutSO 2. House at lane to village just north-east of Gore Pit. About 120 ft. above Ordnance Datum 10 ... 30 3. Prested Hall, on the road up to the house and about 150 yds. from it. Made and communicated by G. Braddt. Clay reached 6 ft. down and continued to 31. Not like the London Clay of the district. A specimen sent was of light-grey clay, more like Glacial brick-clay. Dr. Theesh, in his Report of 1901, p. 116, says that in 1893 the supply was a source of anxiety. Many of the people were largely dependent on shallow surface-wells. The supply now comes from the Coggeshall Water- works. Felsted. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 33, NB.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Grammar school. In the main building. Before 1880. 248 to 250 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Messrs. Easton and Anbeeson, from particulars got from F. Chancelloe, of Chelmsford. Additional particulars from D. S. Ingeam. Shaft of 7 and 6 ft. diameter, 180 ft., the rest bored of 8 in. diameter for 100 ft., and then of 6 in. "Water-level about 81 ft. down when sunk. ab out Surface-earth (shallow) r Boulder clay, ? 35 or 40 ft. ? Sand and [Glacial Drift.] / stones, irregular, 12 or 15 ft. (from I which the supply was once got) ... - London Clay Beading Beds (variously coloured sands, tenacious black clay with red patches, and a layer of small black flints) . . . [Upper] Chalk For analysis of the water, see p. 390. 2. About I5 miles north-east of the village, near the railway-arch on the Braintree Road. 1891. J. Feench, Essex Naturalist, vol. v, p. 205 (1891). Thickness. Ft. 51 209 44 100 Depth. Ft. 51 260 304 404 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Soil and Boulder Clay 5 5 Brick-earth 1 6 Boulder Clay, very chalky and compact 8 14 Boulder Clay, darker, with fragments Glacial ( of Gault shale 2 16 Drift. Very sandy bufi clay Dark earth, like garden-soil, with 3 19 minute fragments of flint and ofl ^ chalk 2 21 According to Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1901, p. 117, the village then depended on one superficial well and was badly off for water. There is now a public supply from springs, see p. 77. 156 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Finchingfleld. Ordnance Mays 222, 223, new ser. (Essex 15, NE., the village). Geologic Map 47. Dr. W. W. E. Fletcheb's Report (to Local Government Board), No. 244, p. 10. 1906. "Water mainly from wells opposite the Vicarage gate, and near the Oak Inn. The latter supplies water to people living half-a-mile away, who have to carry it. ' ' According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 116, the Howe Street well was a constant source of discussion (1894). Three samples of water from it were examined and all found to be polluted. There are shallow wells at some houses. The Braintree Rural District Council has greatly improved the supply recently, and several wells have been closed. Fobbing. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 76, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Fobbing Marsh. Slated House. About 1848. Communicated by the Inspector, Orsett Rural District. Section supplied by Mr. Ftjelong, whose father sunk the well. 8 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water just overflows, at about I5 gallons a minute (1898). Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [Alluvium] Ooze 30 30 r-r. ■ T^ • tj T C Stiff sand [River Drift.] [^^^^^^ 20 21 50 71 ( Light-blue clay ... 5 76 [? London Clay.] / Black sand 2 78 I Shells and pebbles 2 80 / Blowing sand 30 110 Green sand 20 130 [Lower London Light blowing sand 70 200 Tertiaries, [ Stifi sand 40 240 174 ft. ?] Blue clay 2 242 Sand 7 249 *- Green sands, flints and pebbles 5 254 [Upper] Chalk ... 22 276 Mr. Squier says it is a little over 300 ft. deep and goes about 30 ft. into Chalk. The thickness of the Lower London Tertiaries seems too great; but on the other hand the lower two beds bracketed with London Clay may be Black- heath Beds. For analysis of the water, see p. 391. ? Is this place New House of Geologic Map, or Great Ilford of the Ordnance Map. 2. South of the Church. On the marsh. Information from I. W. Sqtjier to W. H. Dalton. Overflow regulated by the tide. To Chalk In Chalk 254 22 276 ft. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1906, p. 27, 10 per cent, of the supply then came from the Southend Co., whilst 75 per cent, came from private wells. There were two public wells, 12 and 16 ft. deep, with an insufficient supply. Whilst the Company's supply is now greater, many shallow wells are still used. WELLS. 157 Fobbing, cont. Southend Water Co.'s No. 10 or Fobbing Main Well. Half a mile NW. of I'obbing Church. 1902. Deepened later. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 2.52 ft Highest water-level 60 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 249. 32-in. bore to 315^, lined with 20-in. pipes to 313 and 20-in unlined to 756. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Li. Ft. In. Soil 9 9 ' Yellow clay. Clay nodules [septaria] at 25 26 3 27 Brown clay ... 9 36 London Clay. Clay nodules [London Clay.] (^ [septaria] at 62^ and 87 ft. Damp seam at 96J. Odd clay nodules at 106. Dry j and very jointy at 123 J... 1.32 168 I. London Clay and shells 3 171 'Pebbles 1 172 6 Sand 1 6 174 [Lower Sandy clay 16 1 190 ] London ) Black sandy clay with lumps Pertiaries, of pyrites 4 5 194 6 143* ft.] Sandy clay 39 9 234 3 Hard dead sand 79 7 313 10 iFMnts 8 314 6 ^ Soft chalk 25 6 340 Flints 6 340 6 Chalk 20 6 361 Flmts 9 361 9 Chalk and flints 189 550 9 Grey chalk and fUnts, very hard 28 6 579 3 [Upper Chalk, Flints and hard sandy chalk 6 S85 3 33ejft.] "i Flints and tough chalk 11 9 597 Tough sticky chalk 5 (1 602 Chalk and fMnts 3 605 Hard gritty chalk 3 608 Tough chalk 6 6 614 6 Chalk marl 24 8 639 2 ^ Tough chalk, boring still in progress ... ... ... 1 — 651 Total depth said to be 756 ft. Water from both Chalk and sands of Lower 1 jondon Tertiaries. analysis, see p. 391. 4. Southend Water Co.'s No. 12 or Fobbing Auxiliary Well. 40D ft. S, of the main well. 1904. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 65 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 153 ft., 36-in. pipe to 243^, and 33-in. pipe to 316^. Highest water-level 55 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 351-25. Soil and made ground C Gravel and loam [River Drift.] < Brick-earth ( Brick-earth and stones „ J rti -, f Brown clay [London CUj-]\ i^^^on ciy Thickness. Ft. In. 1 9 2 10 9 3 4 135 10 Depth. Ft. In. 1 3 14 17 21 157 158 ESSEX WATER STJPPLY. [Lower London Tertiaries, 141 ft. ?] [Upper Chalk, 252| ft.] Fobbing, cont. Pebbles Sand and pebbles ... Sand Hard dead sand Sharp sand and clay Dark loamy sand ... Flints rChalk Hard chalk and odd flints I Soft chalk and odd flints ... / Tough chalk and odd flints... I Soft chalk, marl, and flints... I Tough chalk and flints I, Hard chalk and marl I Thickness. Ft. In. 1 3 10 4 1 121 8 14 55 93 46 28 Depth. Ft. In. 158 10 162 172 176 177 298 298 306 320 376 469 515 543 551 Water from both Challi and sands of Lower London Tertiaries. p. 391.' 6 6 9 6 Analysis, Well. 5. Southend Water Co. 's No. 11 or Vange Main Vange Church. 1904. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer tn the Company above Ordnance Datum. 50Ji ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 20S, mile SW. of 44 ft. Highest' water-level Made ground and soil ... London Clay, sandy between 143 and 148 and sand seams at 158 . ■ Pebbles and sand Live sand Clay Soft sand Very hard sand and small pebbles Softer sand Very hard sand ; pieces of sheU and grit. (Increased yield of ivater at 259i) Softer sand ... Dark sandy clay Black plastic clay and sand Dark brown sand ... Nearly black sand Dark plastic clay and sand Brown coarse sand ... Lighter-coloured sharp sand {Further increase of yield of water.) Light-green sandy clay and pebbles Light-green clay like putty Dark green sand not pierced at end of boring ... [Lower London Tertiaries, 96 ft.] ; Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 3 3 231 234 2 236 2 238 2 240 1 241 7 248 1 249 12 261 5 266 1 267 3 270 4 6 274 6 1 9 276 3 1 277 3 9 278 9 I 278 9 5 6 , 284 3 330 Water from sands of the Lower London see p. 4.32. Tertiaries. For analj'sis, 6 Southend Water Co.'s Well No. 13 or Vange' Auxiliary Well. GOO ft. E. of Vange Main Well. 1905. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 3.")' 75 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 238, and 24-in. unlined borehole to 257 ft. 9 ins. Highest water-level 100-75 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 213. WELLS. 159 Fobbing, cont. Soil C Yellow clay ... [London Clay.] -j Brown clay ( Blue clay [Oldhaven Beds ?] Sand and pebbles Thickness. Ft. In. 3 16 15 208 15 Depth. Ft. In. 3 19 9 34 9 242 9 257 9 [Lower London Tertiaries, 153 ft.] Thiol aiess. Depth. Ft. In. Pt. In. 1 1 239 9 240 9 3 243 9 3 246 9 2 248 9 5 253 9 2 9 256 6 13 5 269 U Water from sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Analysis, p. 452. 7. Southend Water Co.'s No. 23 or Vange West Well, i mile SW. of Vange Main Well. 1911. Communicated by E, C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 82-5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Highest water-level 1.54 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 251-7. Soil London Clay Hard sand Hard sand and shells Loose sand and lumps Loose sand and pebbles Very hard sand Black plastic clay and sand B^o^vn coarse sand (water increased) Hard [? stiff] lighter- coloured clay like putty ... Green clay and sand (water further increased) Sharp sand ... Green sand ... Sand, darker Sand and clay Plints [Upper] Chalk Water from sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Analysis, p. 452. Fordham. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 18, SW., 27, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. In the centre of the parish. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. J. Bbabd, of Chapel. 2 10 272 274 9 6 6 281 3 11 6 292 9 66 8 359 5 8 367 5 25 10 393 3 6 393 9 5 398 9 White [Boulder] clay 12 6 8 26 ft. [Glacial Drift, f T- i t 1-"""^7^J ^^"i op fi -I ( L/iglit-coloured gravel '-I VWhite sand and gravel, with water The supply is wholly from shallow wells. Forest Gate, see West Ham. Foulness. Ordnance Map 259, new ser. (Essex 71, NE. and SE. and 72). Geologic Map 2. According to Phestwich (MS. of 1849), the wells overflowed. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 79, most of the farms had bored wells. The quality of the water was good, but the suiDply was limited and gradually decreasing. 1. In Gibson's Yard, about 60 ft. from the Dwelling-house. Date of commencement, 28 July ; of finish or at any rate end of the account, 7 August, 1725. l2 160 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ...| Foulness, cont. W. H. Daltox, Essex Nahiralist, 1908, vol. xv, pts. iv-vi, p. 120. From an old record (1725 ( ?) ). First 3 ft.'"dugg," the rest bored. Hard Loom Soft dark blue mud mix'd with sand Brown earth mix'd with sand. " Here the ground began to founder into the Auger hole " Soft black mud mix'd with sand Yellow clay mix'd vnth. sand Harsh green sand Yellow stiff clay with veins of rough sand Harsh green sand Harsh green sand mix'd with gravell and knobs of clay ... Under this a thin vein of loom. From the first 5 or 6 ft. do'siTi to this depth, the salt water has risen considerably in the auger hole, and the severall stratas bor'd through have been very salt. Next " the said loom met with hard stones, supposed tobeflmts" These necessitated the use of a drill, and after 12 hours clay was reached "... through a very close stiff clay of a dark blue colour, which was very fresh, and exactly agree- able to the clay that was bored through in the Well at Queenborough " Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 15 19 li 20J 9 29i 14 31" 14J 35J H 37 4 41 10 34 46 57i 92 (?91i) Mr. Dalton says : — " The account before us gives us the fullest details on record of the composition of the alluvium. The soft dark blue and black mud, frequently flowing into the borehole, . . probably indicates the site as a 'point on one of the ancient creeks dividing the area. Such a creek is known to cross the churchyard along the frontage of the church; . . " He suggests that the 'Flints' (reached at about 47 feet down) at the base of the alluvial deposits ave septaria or cement-stones and should be included in the London Clay. 2, For Mr. B. C. Hall. ? The Lodge Farm, east of Church End. Made and communicated by IMessrs. Isler. 1908. 155 ft of 10-in. tubes from 4 ft. down ; 203 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 3 ft. down ; 380 ft. of 5-in. tubes from ground-level. Water-level with rods in 40 and with rods out 78 ft. down, when the boring stopped at 886 ft. When the boring was continued later, the water-level became 49 ft and the yield 720 gallons an hour. , Top soil ' BrowTi sand Black sand I Sand and shells (oyster and mussel) . . , (Shingle 1^ Ballast [gravel] I London Clay, with claystone 82-83 ft, and97-98J ft. do-s\ni Black loam Sandy clay Sand Loamy sand Sand and pebbles Sand down [Alluvium.] [Biver Gravel] [London Clay.] [? Oldhaven Beds.] ckness. Depth Ft. Ft. U 3} 3i 7 16" 23 21 44 8 52 18 70 283 3.53 7 360 13 373 7 380 2 382 2 384 2 386 WELLS. 161 I Foulness, cont. Thickness. I Ft. Blue clay and shells ...I 5 Blue clay I 6 1 Dark green sand and clay i 19 f Blue clay i 34 ( Blue clay sand I 7 I Blue clay j 45 [Upper.] Chalk and flints ' 59 3. Mr. J. Hepburn's. (? Churchend.) 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb. Lined with 100 ft. of 7i-in. and 370 ft. of 5-in. tubes. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. For an analysis of the water, see p. [? Woolwich Beds.] f ? Thanet Beds.] Depth. rt. 391 397 416 450 457 502 561 392. [? Alluvial Beds.] [London Clay.] [? Oldhaven Beds and Woolwich Beds. ] Brown sand Dark sand 1^, Dark loamy sand r Brown clay , Blue clay 1 Sandy clay Dark sand (water) Dark sand and shells Light sandstone... Black loamy sand Loamy sand and shells. - Dark loamy sand 4. Monkenbarn (Monkton Barn of new map According to W. H. Dalton there is a thick bed of blue alluvial mud, full of salt water, between the soil and the sand, the latter being thinner in proportion. 5. Old Hall. East of Rectory. 1886. W. H. Dalton. Essex Naturalist, 1908, vol. xv, pts. iv-vi, pp. 123, 124. Concrete round a T^-in. tube from 6 to 27 ft. down ; concrete round 6^ in. tube to 50 ft.down ;concrete round 5i-in. tube to 75 ft. down. Screw-jointed 42-in. tube to 125 ft. down; screw- j oin ted Sj-in. tube to 345 ft. down; screw- jointed ?-in. tube to 394 ft. down, the last 40 ft. perforated. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 20 24 46 70 20 90 268 358 13 371 3i 3744 5i 380 10' 390 4 394 6 400 12 412 p), WNW. of the Church. [Alluvium.] [? Gravel.] [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] of Loomstone and others at Old- kness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 5 7 28 35 8 43 1 44 31i 75i l| 77 Soil C Mixture of yellow sand and clay 3 Light-coloured sand 1 Black sand I White clay C Beach [shingle] . . . I Flint stone [? septaria] Clay, with 8 in. band [septaria] at 80 ft., 159, 163, 169, and 253 ft. ... ' Spring [presumably quicksand, haven or Woolwich Beds] ... Light-coloured sand and clay Dry hard light sand Green sand [Woolwich Beds] ... Light- coloured sand [Thanet Sand] Undescribed Dry green sand and clay Soft blue clay, like mud Dry green sand and clay Soft blue clay . Blue clay and sand From 394 ft. down was communicated by Messrs, Islee in 1909 ( ? from a later deepening). 227 55 11 9 2 13 3 9 12 10 12 7 304 359 370 379 381 394 397 406 418 428 440 447 162 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 20 20 15 ' 35 15 50 16 66 350 416 50 466 4 470 8 478 Foulness, cont. 6. An older well at Old Hall. Given to Mr. Dalton from memory in 1872 by the well-sinker,' Mr. Pukkis. (From the same jjaper.) f Mud, sand, etc. [AUu-^-ium, etc., J Sandy clay with salt water.] ^ Sand L Gravel . . . [London Clay and q j i Lower London ! „ •' j ,, ' ■ \ Tertiaries 1 i ^^''^^^'^ ^^^^ ^ ' ^P^'i^S) ■-' Shells and pebbles Mr. Dalton remarks that the Alluvial total (66 ft.) is practically the mean between the well of 1720 and that of 1886. He remembers that the taste of the water was unpleasant. There is an analj'sis of a well-water from Old Hall, Foulness, on p. 392. 7. An account (?of another newer) well made and communicated by Mr. Furlong is as follows : — [Alluvium] Soil and ooze [Biver Drift] Sand and gravel London Clay [Lower London f Sandstone [firm sand] . . Tertiaries.] (_S3'nd ... Recently deepened and used for public supply (Note of 1912). For analysis of the water from this well, see p. 392. Foxearth. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 6, NW. and SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. The Brewery (Messrs. Ward's). I\Iade and communicated by jMessrs. Islek and Co. Water-level 45 ft. down. Supply 1,200 gallons an hour. 60 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 6 ft. down and 70 ft. of 9-in. tubes. Pit [the rest bored] [Glacial Drift] Ballast [gravel] [Glacial Drift I ^^"t^led clay or Eocene.] , ^^^^^ ^^^^^ Chalk If any of the beds should turn out to be Eocene, outlier here, quite hidden under Drift. 2. Second well at the Brewery. 1899. Also made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb and Co. Lined with 150 ft. of 6-in. tubes. Water-level 46 ft. down. ; Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 20 20 90 110 292 402 9 411 18 429 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — . 6 12 18 10 28 19 47 15 62 64 126 b e Eocene, there must be an [Glacial Drift.] < ■ Yellow clay with pieces of chalk and flints Sandy gravel Blue clay and pebbles Blue clay and pebbles with bits of chalk ... Blue clay and pebbles A\ith bits of ^ chalk and flints r Chalk „, „ -, J Chalk and flints [Upper Chalk] j^^^ts I Chalk and flints ickness. Ft. Depth Ft. lOJ 8 6 m m 24i 3 27| 234 10 51 61 170 231 li 36i 232i 268i WELLS. 163 For an analysis of water from Foxearth Brewery, see p. 393. There are several private wells. The well at the brewery yields an excellent water, and is the chief supply of the village. Ponds and springs supply outlying cottages. Frating. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 28, SE. and 37, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 126, the supply was from shallow wells (presumably in gravel), except at Prating Hall, where a ram pumped water from a brook. His Report of 1905, p. 75, notes a recent tube-well, 17 ft. deep, at the Rectory cottages. Frinton. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 39, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 48, SE. For Walton water-supply, 1879, About half a mile north-west of the church. Communicated by P. Brufj?, C.E. 38 ft. above low water. Shaft 51 ft. 4 in., the rest bored. Water brackish. Abandoned. [? Drift 13 ft.] [London Clay, 98 ft.] [Reading Beds, 81 ft.] Thickness. Ft. In. 6 1 6 3 2 6 34 64 4 15 10 20 1 1 10 2 6 15 6 6 254 Depth. Ft. In. 6 7 6 10 6 13 47 Brickearth Sand Sandy brickearth Sand Light-coloured clay Dark clay, with two layers of stone [septaria] 6 and 16 ins. thick, lower half 64 4 111 4 Sand with pebbles* 15 126 4 Red clay with sandy veins ... ... 10 136 4 Plastic clay 20 156 4 Black sand 10 157 4 Light-coloured sand ... ... ... 10 158 4 Plastic clay 10 168 4 Red clay 2 170 4 Green sand 6 176 4 Clayey green sand 15 6 191 10 Flints 6 192 4 [Upper] Chalk. Two flint layers passed through 254 446 4 Boring said to have been continued to a depth of about 500 ft. * This bed may be the basement-bed of the London Clay, or it may belong to the Oldhaven Beds. Frinton is supplied by the Tendring Hundred Co. Fryerning, see Ingatestone, Galleywood, see Great Baddow. Gestingthorpe. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 12, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 139, there was a public well, in Chalk, supplying good water, but too far from many of the houses (near Maples tead). Dr. J. S. HoLDEN says that another public well, on the Halstead Road, is used ; but that most of the cottages get their supply from private wells. Goldhanger. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 54, NE.). Geologic Map 2. Public well in the village street about i mile from the sea-wall. Information from Dr. J. C. Thresh and the Medical Officer of Health for Maldon Rural District. 164 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Goldhanger, cont. About 20 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 21 ft. down (1899). Sunk 26 ft. and then a 4-in. bore to 120 ft. down. When opened ( 1 1898) a lot of water was found coming in at 16 ft. down. The overflow at the top of the bore-tube (into the well) was at the rate of 90 gallons an hour (1900). When examined ( ? 1898) subsoil-water was entering and the water from the bore gave different analytical results. The well has been deepened and improved since, and yields most of the domestic water. For analyses of the water,, see p. 393. There is also a bored well at the Rectory ; and several shallow wells not used for drinking purposes (Dr. Thebsh's Report of 1901, p. 109). Good Easter. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, NE., 43, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 102, there were two public pumps, one in the village, the other at Tye Green (N.IS.). The village-pump often failed in dry weather. There were also a few private wells. The wells were about 70 ft. deep, getting water from sand, beneath Boulder Clay. Some of the outlying cottages were without supply, except from a distance or from ponds and ditches. This holds now ; but the public well in the village has been deepened and bored 21 ft. (1913). Gosfield. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 16 SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Hawkwood Farm. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Brown clay ... 9 [Drift.] (J Sand 5 } lo it. Boulder clay ... 1 2. Park Hall ; a mile west of the Church. Information from Mr. J. Hatley. Water rose to about 20 ft. below the surface. Drift and London Clay, to sand and water 140 ft. H. O. Coss (Sanitary Inspectoi-) reported in 1913 that the supply was chiefly from private wells, with an average depth of 20 ft. No public supply. Grays. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 88, SE.). Geologic Maps 1, SW. and SE. 1. Brooks, Shoobridge, and Co.'s Cement Works. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Isleb and Co. Shaft 10 ft., the rest bored. Lined with 40 ft. of 8-in. tubes. Water-level 12 ft. down. Yield 9,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [River] Gravel 24 24 Ch'aik "'. '.'.'. '.'.'. 6 30 Chalk and flints 19 49 Soft chalk 7 56 [Upper Chalk.] i Chalk and flints 15 71 Hard chalk 5 76 Chalk and flints 64 140 WELLS. 165 Grays, cont. 2. Lodge Farm, NNE. of the town, made to prove the strata. 1891. Communicated by W. H. Radfobd. The water in the old well here (disused, 87 ft. above Ordnance Datum) stands at 12'12 above Ordnance Datum. Soil Gravel and sand [Thanet Sand.] [Upper] Chalk . ( Fine yellow sand ( Very fine white sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 10 13 12 25 22 47 30 77 3. Messrs. Hilton, Anderson and Brooks. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek. Rest-water-level 15 ft. down ; when pumping 36 ft. down. Boring unlined. Dug well 50 ) [Upper] Chalk and flints ... 100 j 150 ft. 4. Messrs. Seabrooke and Sons' Brewery and Malting. 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. Isler and Co. And from Messrs. Seabbookes. Lined with 356 ft. of 5-in. tubes. Tube-wells, made a few yea;rs before, to 59 ft. deep, gave an abundant supply of pure water, but, owing to the district being honeycombed with cess- pools, it got contaminated ; this water was practically free from salt. On boring to 150 ft. water was found comparatively free from organic matter, but containing salt. The tubes were driven deeper and the boring continued, but the next sample yielded 3 to 4 times as much salt as the last. Above 130 ft. the water was fresh. At 19-212 ft. down impermeable dry grey chalk, and as soon as the tubes were driven into this the upper springs were shut out. From 212-256 ft. down springs were again tapped. From 256-290 ft. down scarcelj' any supply was got. The level of the water from the tojj springs stood at 16 ft. down, but in 1887 the water-level was 21 ft. down. Later it is given as 17 ft. Yield abundant, many springs having been struck at various depths. White chalk with flints and with seams of grey 283 217 500 ft. There is an analysis of Messrs. Seabrookes' water on ]]. 394. 5. South Essex Water Works. 1861. Shallow well in the Chalk Quarry south-east of Belmont Castle from which headings have been driven as follows : — One for about 120 yds. WNW. from well, to beyond the chalk-pit. A double set (wholly in the chalk-pit) in the other direction, meeting at a point about 240 yds. ENE. of the well. Thence a straight one, to some way beyond the chalk -pit, for about 930 yds. E. of N., to the parish-boundary about 40 yds. west of the road. For analyses of the water, see pp. 394, 395. The water is now softened. 6. Training College, on the high ground about 1,300 ft. north-eastward of the railway station. No particulars of this well. 7. Grays Saltings. (Grays or Purfleet.) For Exmouth Training Ship. 1885. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee. Water-level 16 ft. down. Supply 1,800 gallons an hour. [Alluvium.] {pg^y [River Gravel] Ballast [Upper] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 35 35 7 42 18 60 40 100 166 teSSEX WATEE SUPPL\. Great Baddow. Ordnance Map 241, new sl'v. (Essex 52, SE., XE. Geologic Map 1, NE. o3, SW., iWV.)- 1. Baddow Brewery Co. About 300 yds. SSE. of the church. R. Watney. Proc. Geo}. Assoc. 190C. vol. xix, pt. 10, p. 456. ? Old well, 316 ft., the bottom 16 filled with brick -rubbish. Old well [through Drift and London Clay] Broken brick rubbish r Hard clay with claystone at 326 to [London Clay.] I 327^ [? Oldhaven Beds and Reading Beds, 62 ft.] [Basement- bed.] Live sand Hard clay Pebbly sand Mottled clay Sand and stone . ^ Sand and clay . C Clayey sand (.Pebbles ... Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 300 16 316 15 331 1* 332|- H 336 11 347 5 352 i 352^ 6i 359 9 368 30 398 48 446 304 750 Thanet Sand [Upper] Chalk and flints JN'o water in the Chalk. Water came in at 3322 to 347 and at 359 to 368. Dr. V. H. Veley tells me that the old well was made about 1800-1810 ; that on 3 June, 1902, the boring became choked by the Thanet Sand coming up ; that there was a similar occurrence at a similar deep well 7 miles away, the cause not having been ascertained ; and that a newer boring was made in 1902-1904. For an analysis of the water, see p. 396. 2. Boring for the Chelmsford Rural District Council. 1901. Communicated by J. Dewhiest. 97 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 80 ft. down, lowered to 145 ft. down by 14 days' pumping at 72,000 gallons in 24 hours. Lined with 10-in. tubes from surface to 346 ft. down, and with S-g-in. tubes from 346 to 411. Some water met with below the grey rock at 283g ft. down. Soil [Drift.] [London Clay, 226J ft.] [? Oldhaven Beds and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Beds.] Chalk Yellow clay Yellow gravel ... Red loamy sand Yellow gravel Black gravel Yellow loamy sand , Yellow gravel, very sandy ' Brown clay Blue clay with claystone at 54 to 54^- and at 1211- to 122 Dark grey dead sand ... Grey rock Dark grey dead sand ... Black pebbles ... Live grey sand ... Dead sand and shells ... Dark grey dead sand Mottled clay, sandy ( Dead green sand t Green flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 1| 34 m- 14 1 15 12 27 14 28i 1 m 94 39 14 40| 225 265J- 164 282 14 283-i 12 295* 1 296| 5 301^ 14 303 13 316 281- 344J 64 408i 14 410 1 411 WELLS. 167 Great Baddow, cont. The above is a more correct account than the version given in Troc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xix, p. 455. For an analysis of the water, see p. 396. According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, the works were constructed in 1881 and extended in 1904 : the population supi^lied is about G,000 : the parishes supplied are Great Baddow, part of Sandon, and the Springfield Ward of Chelmsford. The water supplied in 1910, including that from springs (see p. 77), was 31,582,000 gallons. 3, Galleywood Common. In a garden behind a cottage. Nearly the highest point of the Common. 100 yds. ficom the ' Eagle.' Well in gravel and sand. Water-level 26 ft. down. Lead poisoning suspected. For analysis of the water, see p. 396. 4, 5. Galleywood Common. Two old wells. Information from Mr. Rolfe, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. 4. Near Windmill. [Bagshot Beds.] [ l^^^ ^^^ 6 18 24 ft. •5. Half-a-mile west of Galleywood Farm. Gravel 15 ft. [Mapped as London Clay. Probably a pocket.] Great Bentley. Ordnance Blap 224, new ser. (Essex 38, NW., chiefly). Geologic Map 48, SW. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 125, the supply was then from shallow wells, many of which had to be closed. There was a difficulty in finding water in some parts. 1. Clacton Waterworks. In field in which are the works (p. 77). A little NE. of the church. Trial-bore. 1898. Communicated by Messrs. Taylok and Sons. 89 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined with tubes 24^ ft. into the Chalk. Never used. Thickness. Depth. Gravel London Clay Woolvrich and Reading Beds [Upper] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 397. 2. Clacton Waterworks. Later boring (of 9 in. diameter). Made and communicated by Messrs. F. Smith and Son, of Grimsby. 1913. Rest-level of water 70 ft. down. Yield tested by a pump 250 ft. down. The tests were made when a depth of 350 ft. had been reached, and at 500 ft. The yield on each occasion was only about 250 gallons an hour. Silt" '.'.'. Fine sand Rough sand and gravel London Clay Blue silty clay Fine green sand... Blue silty clay Ft. Ft. 24 24 121 145 69 214 66 280 Soil [? Glacial Drift, 35 ft.] [London Clay, no ft.] Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 1 1 li 1 32f 2i 36 89 125 10 135 3 138 8 146 168 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [Reading Beds, 64 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 290 ft.] Great Bentley, cont. Hard red clay- Stone Blue silty clay Hard red clay Hard blue clay Stone Hard green clay. . . Green sand and clay Blue clay Blue silty clay Flint Chalk, with flint at 275 to 276 ft. Chalk and flint boulders Thickness. Dept Ft. Ft. 2 148 2 150 2 152 16 168 2 170 1 171 8 179 8 187 16 203 7 210 1 211 167 378 122 500 Grieat and Little Braxted. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45, NW., chiefly). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh's Report of 1901, p. 109, a public pump supplied the largest group of houses, and there was also a tank intercepting a spring, rising in a wood half a mile off. Both parishes were fairly well supplied. There are several small springs in these parishes. Great Bromley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 28, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Great Bromley Lodge. About 1890. Communicated by Dr. Cook. Just above the 100-ft. contour-line. Said to be 400 ft. deep and 90 ft. into Chalk. For analysis of the water, see p. 397. According to Dr. Thresh's Report of 1901, p. 126, except for the above the usual supply was from shallow wells, some not all that could be desired. Great Burstead = BHlericay, which see. Ordnance Maps 257, 258, new ser. Geologic Map 1, NE. Dr. Thresh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 83. Population about 1,970. Water-supply got wholly from shallow wells and springs. As many as ten houses used a single well. A general scarcity of water in summer. The supply now comes from the Southend Co. (1913) Dr. Cabte^i, M.O.H. of the Billericay Rural District, says that at Barley Lands (SSE. of Slice's Gate), a well was sunk to the depth of 308 ft. Water rose to 50 ft. from the surface and was lowered 3 or 4 ft. on pumping 300 to 400 gallons. Great Canfield. Ordnance Maps 240, 222, new ser. (Essex 32, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Bullocks Farm. Boulder Clay and gravel about 401 London Clay ,, 130 Mottled sand [Reading Beds] with water ,, 5 1 175 ft. 2. Hellman's Cross. West-north-west of the village. 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Boulder Clay 11 ft. 3. Mr. F. Martin's Farm. Communicated by Mr. Featheeby. Two bore-holes, each 25 ft. in Drift. WELLS. 169 Great Oanfleld, cont. 4. The Vicarage. 1889. Bored and communicated by Mr. G. Ingolb. Soil ... [? AU Drift.] White clay- Blue clay Red sandy clay Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 15 16 9 25 5 '30 According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 117, Great and Little Canfield were supplied by two public and several private wells. Great Chesterford. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 1, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Park Road. 1890. Made and communicated by Mr. G. IiN'gold. Shaft 162 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 156 ft. down at first ; but lowered 5^ ft. from April 15th to July 23rd. The well having gone dry since, will have to be deepened. (1891). Made ground Boulder Clay Chalk ... 8 *192 ft. 182 j 2. Park Road, a little northward of the church. 1894. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. [Remarks in these brackets added from specimens. ] About 142 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Level of surface-water, in well, 25 ft. down. Level of Chalk-water, 21'4 Old well (the rest bored) Rough ballast [stones of various sorts : chalk, flint, sandy hmestone] Yellow running sand [brownish-grey, sharp, with chalk grains] ... Chalk-stones [pebbles of hard chalk] and flints Grey running sand [fine pale grey, with chalk grains] ... Chalk-stones [pebbles of hard chalk] and flints [a pebble of red chalk and a rolled piece of a large Oryphoea\ Grey loamy sand [pale grey, fine, calcareous] Flints [clean gravel, mostly flint chips some foreign stones ; some small pebbles of hard chalk] Brovm clayey sand [pale grey, fine, calcareous] Yellow clay and chalk [pieces of chalk and fine, buff, calcareous, clayey sand] Red loamy sand [fine, light-brown, calcareous, compacted sand ; some bits of chalk] Red sand [sharper, brown-grey, with chalk grains] ft. [Presumably all Glacial Drift.] Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 30 8 38 16 54 2 56 12 68 2 70 63J 133i- 4-1 138 3 141 146 150 156 1 White chalk .. This is one of the sections proving the presence of a deep channel filled by Glacial Drift (see p. 64). For an analysis of the water, see p, 397. 170 ESSEX AVATEE. SUPPLY. Great Chesterfield, cont. 3. The Elms (a house by the cross-roads, at the eastern end of the village). 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. According to the Report of the Medical Officer (W. Armistead) for 1912, there are many private wells. Most in the village are dug in Chalk or in gravel, but some are bored, one at Crown House to 220 ft., one at the brewery to 200 ft., and two others about the same. There is no public supply, and the private wells mostly vary from 10 to CO ft. in depth. Great Clacton, see Clacton-on-Sea. Outlying farms and houses are supplied by shallow wells and tube-wells. Great Dunmow. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 23, SE., 24, NW. and SW., 32, NE., 33, NW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Bigod's Wood, north of the town. Keeper's Lodge, at the northern end. 1896. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. rm ■ 1 r, -ii T (^ Brown [Boulder] clay 37 ") „ ,. [Glacial Drift,] [ g^^^ ^^^ g^.^^^^ ' ^^g j 56 ft. 2. Deadman's Lane. Infectious Hospital. Boring for the Eural District Council. 1903. 215'18 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by H. G. Featheeby. Water-level 4o ft. down in 1903. (Chalk water,) Analysis, p, 398. [Drift.] London Clay. Soil C Fine red sand, Avith water ( Loamy gravel Very tough brown and blue clay ' Black loamy sand, with a Httle water Very tough brown and blue clay (traces of iron-pyrites at base) Very hard fine grained grey-stone Very tough, brown and blue clay V Black loamy sand [Basement-bed] Very tough brown clay Very tough blue clay ... Green and red mottled sandy loam Green clay Brown clay Dark grey clay Green and red mottled sandy loam Small green-coated flint-pebbles [Upper] Chalk, soft for 50 ft., then increasingly harder with flints Woolwich and Reading Beds. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1-J- 14 5 6i IJ 8 56i 641 i 65 38 103 1 104 8 112 8 120 12 132 16 148 8 156 4 160 10 170 13 183 2i 185i 1. 186' 100 286 These clays are sandy and a very fine state of sub- Bottom of casing at 250 ft. Of the beds, from 156 to 185^ ft., it is said: become increasingly so lower down. Sand in division. 3. For the supply of Dunmcw. 1907. The works were bought from the Company by the Dunmow Rural District Council in 1912. Made and communicated by P. P. Mackenzie Richards. 205 ft, above Ordnance Datum, WELLS. 171 Great Dunmow, cont. Lined with 10-in. tubes to 71^ ft. down, and with G-^-in. tubes to 216 ft. down, the rest in open Chalk. Rest water-level 32 ft. down. Day and night continuous pumping at 5,000 gallons an hour did not affect water-level. A wooden lining inserted between 10 and 14 ft. down collapsed and the bore was restarted 6 ft. to the east. Soil [Drift.] [London Clay.] [Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] I Clay and stones Dark sand and gravel Iron-coloured clean, sharp sand and gravel. Some water Soft light- coloured brickearth Dark blue soft-grained clay ... Firm, tough blue clay Dark slate-coloured firm, soft-grained silty clay Dark slate-coloured very silty clay (soft) Yellowish clay (soft) Dark grey clay and sand with little water ... Fine grey sand. Fair supply of water Yellow mottled soft clay Dark red loamy clay, rather silty ... Green silty clay Very fine grey silt and sand. Fair supply Flint. Fair supply f Very soft chalk. Fair supply [Upper Chalk.] < Firmer chalk. Fair supply ... (Firm chalk (over 5,000 gals, per hour For an analysis of the water, see p. 398. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 117, there were then three public wells, and two stand-pipes connected to a spring on liiglier ground. The inhabitants generally were supplied from wells in the gravel on which the town stands, many of them being liable to pollution from soakage of filth. Now the mains from the above public well. No. 3, go throughout the town and give the supply. 4. Brewery in North Street. Well in the centre of the Brewery-yard. Communicated by Inspector Hamilton. About 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 30 ft. down (1899). Yield, 500 barrels a day pumped without lowering the water one inch (1899). Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 2 3 1 4 10 14 2 16 20 36 24 60 20 80 32 112 1 113 10 123 13 136 12 148 4 152 2 154 16 170 i 57 13 170J 227| 240J ?594 300 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [Drift] Gravel 10 10 London Clay 180 190 Chalk 200 390 (Green ?) Sand 10 400 Presumably the sand should have come above the Chalk ; but there must be much more between the London Clay and the Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 398. Great Easton. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 23, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. Theesh, Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 117, in which it is given' as Easter. About 220 houses (population 674) then got water from 2 public and 26 private wells. 172 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY Great Hallingbury. Ordnance Maps 222, 240, new ser. (Essex 31, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Harp's Farm. Information from Mr. G. Ingold. [? All Glacial Drift.] { |^°7' ^^''^' ^""^ ^^''''' "^^^ ] ^^^ "' 2. Start Hill. Tile Kiln Cottage. Brown clay ... 25 7 en li Black sandy loam ... 35 j 3. The Rectory. 1897. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. down. Strong spring. Made ground [Glacial Drift.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 4 7 8 15 5 20 36 56 3 59 l" 10 69 Brown boulder clay White boulder clay Dark clay Blue chalky clay I Yellow sand I Red sand with veins of gravel 4. Wallbury Camp. Information from Mr. G. Ingold. [Glacial Drift.] Sand and gravel, 50 ft. 5. Woodside Green. This may be in Little Hallingbury. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Isgold. Water-level 85 ft. down. [Glacial Drift,] [ ^^and*^ "''' ^°''^''"' '^''^ ^3 } ^^ "' According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 51, with the exception of a few cottages, the parish was fairly well supplied from wells from 30 to 80 ft. deep. The mains of the Herts, and Essex Company now extend into the parish. Great Henny, see Henny. Great Holland. Ordnance Blap 224, new ser. (Essex 39, SE.). Geologic Map 48, SE. The supply was wholly from shallow wells and the houses on the Common needed a better supply (Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 126). Now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Co. Great Horkesley. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 18, SE.). Geologic Map 48 NW. Dr. J. W. Cook reports that shallow wells are the usual source of supply. Great Leighs. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 34, SW.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. Thresh, Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 102. The houses were very scattered, supplied by springs and shallow wells. In 1895 a roadside-spring was impounded. Here and there cottages were dependent on ponds. Chatley Hamlet was supplied from several private wells, the principal pump being at the Dog and Partridge Inn. His Report for 1905, p. 40, adds that the supply was not sufficient, and that attempts to get water for cottages on the Braintree Road had failed. Little Leighs is similarly supplied (p. 47), and each place has a public well. Where the Boulder Clay is thickest the wells are some 60 ft. deep. WELLS. 173 Great Maplestead. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 11, SE., 12, SW., 16, NE., 17, NW.) Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 120, there were then two public pumps, one fed from a spring. Another public supply was from a brook. In the Report of 1905 he says that the two public pumps supplied half the population. Many houses were supplied from a spring and the rest from shallow wells averaging 28 ft. deep. Great Oakley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 29, NE.:,,30, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SE. Pewit Island. Marshland. 1869. From information on the spot. Bored throughout. Water to the surface of the ground (below the level of high-water). Supply abundant. Abandoned. To Chalk ... 110") ,at: f4. In Chalk .:. 75 i ^^^ "' According to a note from Mr. H. Millbb of Ipswich, beds of cement-stone were met with at depths of 20 and 80 ft. ; and the depth to the Chalk was only lOOi ft. According to I>r. Thkbsh's Report of 1901, p. 127, in Great and Little Oakley the only supply then was from shallow wells, two lined with concrete- tubes. The mains of the Tendring Hundred Water Co. now pass through both parishes. Great Farndon. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 40, SE., 41, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. 1. Brockles Farm. About a mile south-south-east from the church. From Mr. Ingold. Hard London Clay, very little water, to 100 ft. 2. Hare Street Green. (? Public well.) Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. Water in the sand. [Drift.]! Gravel and sand ... 18 White loam 3^ Sand ^ Loam ... 2 Loose chalky sand ... 85 3. Kingsmoor. (Kingsmoor House), about three-quarters o£ a mile south- south-east from the church. Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Shaft 6 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 50 ft. dawn. Cield 300 gallons an hour. r aay Clay and stones [? G.'acial Drift.] ( Brown clay and sand White sand and clay I Gravel Great Saling. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 24, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Communicated by J. Beown, of Braintree. Shaft 160 ft. . the rest bored. 20 ft. of water in the shaft. M ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 6 6 8 14 16 30 20 50 16 66 174 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. [Glacial Drift, 75 ft.] London Clay . Reading Beds. [Upper] Chalk., Great Saling, cont. f " Chalky Gault " [Boulder Clay] / Dry sand and gravel ... I Wet sand C Plastic clay and green sand I Dark clay and green sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 12 12 28 40 35 75 165 240 30 270 30 300 110 410 2. Saling Grove. About 300 yds. north of the house. 291 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 180 ft. down (1912). Has fallen about 21 ft. in the last 30 years (1912). Chalk about on Ordnance Datum (about 290 ft. down). Well over 385 ft. deep. Lined with brickwork and tubes. For analysis of the water, see p. 398. Great or Old Sampford. Ordnance Map 222 (Essex 10, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Mr. Stubbing's Cottages. 1877. 241 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 35 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 20 ft. down. Blue [Boulder] Clay, with sand at bottom, 59 ft. 2. Tindon End. Water within 40 ft. of surface. Boulder clay to ' Rook ' said to be 140 ft. No public supply. Water got from shallow wells and ? springs. Great Stambridge. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Mill. Old weU. Information from Mr. Ptjekis to W. H. Dalton. Gravel London Clay . Sand ... 14 I I 256 ) 310 ft. I 40 J According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 79, the public shallow well formed the chief source of supply, outlying houses having shallow wells. On the whole the quality of the water good. Great Tey. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 26, NE. and SE.). Geologic Maps 47, 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900. Repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 136. In the village there were two public wells, lined with large glazed tubes, and two private wells similarly lined. Other supplies were from shallow Great Totham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45). Geologic Map 47 and 1, NE. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 110, water was then chiefly got from a public pump. There were several private wells. Some people got water from a brook, undoubtedly polluted. Since then a second public pump has been provided. The water comes from gravel. See also Osea (a detached part of the parish). WELLS. 175 Great Wakering. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 79, NW.)- Geologic Map 2. 1. Great Wakering Pumping Station, or No.- 16 of the Southend Water Co. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. Soil and made gromid [River Drift.] [London Clay, 422i ft.] [? Oldhaven Beds, 13 ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 38J ft.] [Thanet Beds, 104i ft.] [Upper] Ohalk CBrickearth I Sand and shingle ... (Yellow clay ... (London Clay j' Sand and shells J Hard sand ... 1 Sandy clay L Pebbles and shells ... Sand Hard sand ... Hard green sand Shells and sand Green sandy clay ... Hard brown clay and pebbles /Sand I Soft sandy clay ( Stiff blue clay Brown sandy clay ... VPhnts Thickness. Et. ^ 6 7f li 421 li 3i 7 ^ H I 6 1 19 8 1 54 14 34^ 1 24 Depth. Et. 2i 8i 16i 174 4384 439i 443 450 4514 455 456 462 463 482 490 491 545 559 5934 5944 6184 2. Rushley, an island north-eastward of the village. 1829. — Bannestee, in The History and Topography of the County of Bssex, by T. Wbight, 4to, vol. ii, p. 634. A boring. Water overflowed. Stiff blue very hard dry clay [AUuvium] ... Quicksand (consisting of gravel, sand, cockle, oyster and mussel shells) with much salt water Stiff blue clay, with layers of oyster-shell and some times chalk. At a depth of 400 ft. from the surface, dark and more powdery earth. At 420 ft. from the surface, a small quantity of sand mixed with the clay, increasing in quantity lower down, until at 450 ft. the earth became very soft Hard rock Below which the rods dropped down Thickness. Ft. 22 about 16 417 about J 30 Depth. Et. 22 38 455 455i 485i Information from Mr. Pubkis makes a well here 345 ft. to the base of the London Clay, and then 40 ft. in sand, to water. But the figures are doubtful. 3. Wakering Wick Pumping Station (or No. 25) of the Southend Water Co. Nearly ^ mile east of Great Wakering Church. Communicated by E. C. Bilham. 17^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 427 ft., the rest an unlined boring. Water-level 136J ft. down (1912). Lowest (pumping) 309. Soil [River Drift.] IBrickearth Sharp sand Sandy loam Sand and gravel Thickness. Depth Ft. Et. 1 1 54 64 2 84 64 15 2 17 m2 176 ESSEX WATBE SUPPLY. Great Wakering, cont. London Clay, lowest 9 feet very hard Hard sand and shells Softer sand and shells Sand and shells ... Sand, sharper ... Sand and pebbles [? Oldhaven Beds.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 417i 434i 3 437i 2 439i 2 441^ 4 445i 1 446i Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 9 9 7 6 16 6 1 6 18 361 379 3 382 56 438 2 440 30 470 15 485 30 515 6 520 68 588 11 599 205 2 804 2 4. Messrs. Rutters' Brickfields, near Landwick. May, 1898. Close to the Wakering Wick Pumping Station of the Southend Water Co. Made and communicated by R. D. Batcheloe. Water-level, 146 ft. down. Yield about 750 gallons an hour. S'lnk well 150 ft. , diameter 6 ft. The rest bored. C Briokearth, &c. [Drift?] / Sand i Clay and sand ( London Clay [London Clay.] ( Brown clay I Dark clay [TOIdhavenBedsf J^^^^^^"^, and l^'^f *°d clay Beading Beds] P^at ^^^d clay ° -' I Dead green sand [Thanet Beds.] {q^^''''^°^^ Clay and chalk [Upper] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water, see p. 399. Another note makes this boring 953 ft. deep, in 1902. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 80. There were no public wells. The parish depended on shallow wells, giving sufficient water, but of doubtful quality. Now supplied by the Southend Co. (1913). See analysis, p. 399. Great Waltham. Ordnance Maps 241, 240, 222, new ser. (Essex 43, NE.). Geologic Map 47. At Mr. Tufnell's new cottages (1900), where the main road to Great Waltham branches off from Little Waltham, there is a well about 30 ft. deep. The water at first is said to have caused diarrhoea. It smelt of sulphur- etted hydrogen, the smell vanishing on exposure to air. The water smelt for three years and then the smell suddenly disappeared (the well had been left open) and the well was finished and covered in. Does not smell now (1910), and is wholesome. For an aniysis of the water, see p. 399. There are other similar wells between this place and Radley Green. At Rolphy Green a few cottages were supplied from a pond, well-sinking having failed (1905). At North End a public well was surik in 1893. Great Wariey. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, SB.). Geologic Map 1, NW. and SW. and (part) London District, Sheet 2. 1. Parsonage. From Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 75. Dug 100 ft. ; bored 280 ft. [= 380 only]. The sand below the blue [London] Clay reached at 390 ft. WELLS. m Great Warley, cont. 2. Warley Common. About half-a-mile south-south-east of Brentwood Railway Station. Ilford Limited. 1903. Communicated by A. Kennaed. 340 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 350 ft. down to water. Casing pipe, of 8-in. diameter to 672 ft. 3i-in. diameter, to 902 ft. Air-pipe, of 1-in. exceptional air-lift. Bagshot Sand and clays London Clay down. Delivery-pipe, of diameter, to 894 ft. An [? Woolwich Beds, 47 ft.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 45 45 493 538 14 539J 29 568 i 569 15 584 1 685 4 589 5 594 16 610 20 630 35 665 14 666i 335i 1,002 (Sandstone Blue shale and shell-bed Rook Green sand Gravel [pebbles] i Shale Rock Soft sand rock , Sand rook Sandy clay , FUnta [Upper] Chalk The divisions are doubtful. The sandstone next below the London Clay may be the basement-bed of that formation, or perhaps this may reach down to 569 ft. The 16 ft. of sand, with pebbles below, may then be Oldhaven Beds and the top two beds (or more), classed as Thanet Beds, may be Reading Beds. For an analysis of the water, see p. 399. Dr. Thebsh, in his Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 68, says that about 45 cottages used shallow wells, ponds forming the main supply in the more outlying parts of the parish. , According to J. C. Shenstone (JEssex Naturalist, 1902, vol. xvii, p. 51), " in old times the vil- lagers of Great Warley drew their water" from old Watergate pond. The supply is now chiefly taken from the South Essex Co. Great and Little Wigborough. Ordnance Maps 241, 242, new ser. (Essex 36, SE., 46, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900. Repeated in Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 136. These parishes were almost without a water-supply. Nothing but ponds and ditches. Farmers generally carted water from St. Peter's Well, West Mersea. G-reat Yeldham. Ordnance Maps 206, 223, new ser. (Essex 11, NW. and NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 64, a public pump supplied about 5 per cent, of the inhabitants, 5 per cent, used springs, 2 per cent. depended on brooks and ditches, but the great majority had private wells from 15 to 20 ft. deep. Hadleigh. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 77, NE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Salvation Army Colony. No. 1 Well, 200 yds. south-west of Hadleigh Church. Communicated by D. C. Lamb. About 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 300 ft., the rest bored. 178 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Hadleigh, cont. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [Drift] Gravel .-. 4 4 London Clay 491 495 Live sand 5 500 Sand and pebbles 11 511 [Lower Dead green sand 61 572 London / Blue clay 15 587 Tertiaries.] Clay and sand ... 6 593 Dead green sand 21 614 V Blue clay 30 644 [Upper] Chalk and flints 296 940 For an analysis of the water, see p. 400. 2. Salvation Army Colony. No 2 Well. 150 yds. east of Park Farm. Just below 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] [Upper Chalk.] fClay j Loam \ Clay \ London Clay C Sand and gravel i Dead sand r Chalk ( Flints I Chalk Thickness. Ft. 27 3 9 365 16 139 203 i 74i Depth. Ft. 27 30 39 404 420 55S 762 762J 837 According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 79, the sole supply was from Burf ace-wells ; the quantity of water was abundant, but the quality questionable. The town is now supplied by the Southend Co. (1913). Hadstock. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 3, NW. and NE.). Geologic Map 47. New House farm, eastward of the village, on the southern side of the road to Barstow. ? About 190 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from A. E. Pitstow, Sanitary Inspector, Saffron Walden Rural District Council. Well dug 60 ft., and then a boring 40 ft. deeper. Chalk to within 2 ft. of the surface. There is an average of about 5 ft. of water in the dug well. The suction of the pump (worked by a windmill) is in the boring. For an analysis of the water, see p. 400. The village is partly supplied from a well in the churchyard, which must go through a little Boulder Clay to gravel. Hainault Forest. Ordnance Map 257 (Essex 66, NW. and SW.). Geologic Maps 1, NW. and SW., and London District, Sheet 2. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Eastell. [River] Gravel Blue and [variously] coloured [? London] clay {Brown sand Dark sand with water Grey sand with abundance of water Loamy sand. No water rrr /-lu 11 tC Chalk. No water [Upper Chalk. J | ci^aik. with flints and water . . . ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 16 16 19 35 7 42 28 70 36 106 4 110 40 150 15 165 WELLS. 179 This account was first published in 1872. It is of interest as showing the base of the London Clay at a less depth than one would expect. The site therefore is presumably at a low level ( ? exact locality). Hallingbury, see Great and Little Hallingbuiy. Halstead. Ordnance Map 223, new aer. (Essex 16, SE., 17, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. (?At the railway -station.) 1878. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. Shaft and cylinders (from 20 ft. down), 68^ ft., the rest bored. Water-level 57 ft. 10 in. down. Brown clay and stones Blue clay Dark sand and water Yellow loam and little water light loamy dry sand Coarse gravel and sharp sand Yellow dry sand Yellow sand and water 2. Ash&eld Lodge. Information from J. Hatlet. Boulder Clay Sand, the upper 40 ft. dry, the rest wet London Clay, to sand 3. The White Hart. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, 1859, vol. x, p. 154. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 15 15 13 28 24 304 6 36 9 45 24 48 10 58 104 684 20 ) 70 \ 140 ft 70 ) C Yellowish clay iClay C Yellow sand, passing into brown clay < Plastic clay (. Greenish sand ... Several layers of sand, passing from a Ught colour to nearly black Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 7 7 8 15 89 104 7 111 19 130 15 145 about 25 170 30 200 Sand and gravel [London Clay, 97 ft.] Reading Beds, 41ft. Thanet Sand [Upper] Chalk... 4. Waterworks, at north-eastern end of the town. 1862. From a drawing in the office of the Urban Council, and from T. TiLLET & Co. 215 ft. above high-water mark (Essex Coast). Shaft 140 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to 90 ft. below the surface, supply abundant. Soil or Made Ground Marl [? Boulder Clay], with gravel at bottom, on one side only (2 ft.) r Blue clay [London Clay, ) fRock 83 ft ?] '^ [? basement-bed] ( Brovm sand [Blue clay ... Sand Dark sand with clay ... [Beading Beds, J Plastic clay 65 ft.?] "l Green sand Dark black sand [ Pebbles C Dark sand and clay (_ light-coloured clay Messrs. [Thanet Sand, 38 ft?] [Upper] Chalk .. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. over 5 5+ nearly40 45 over 65 110-f- nearlylO 120 over 5 125+ 3 128+ 2 130+ nearly20 150 15 165 over 23 188+ nearly 2 190 2 192 over 33 225+ nearly 5 230 100 330 180 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Halstead, cont. The division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds is hard to make out and may be lower. This well is now used only in emergencies. For analyses, see p. 401. Dr. R. B. Low, in a Report to Local Government Board, No. 44, 1889, gives a slightly different version of the section, and says that the pumps bring up 5,000 gallons an hour. The "second boring recently made at a lower level near Parson's Bridge 220 feet deep " must refer to the following. The figures given in Dr. Btjlstkgde' s Report to the Local Government Board (1908) also differ slightly. 6. New Waterworks. At the lower end of the town, close to the River Colne. 1890. Trial-boring and well and boring within 20 ft. of each other and giving identical sections. P. Griffith, Trans. Brit. Assoc. Waterworks Eng., 1896, vol. i, pp. 118-139. Trial-boring 12 in. in diameter. Lined with tubes to 160 ft. down. Abundant supply found at 220 ft., the water rising to within 6 ft. of .the surface. Seven days' pumping caused little reduction, and the recovery on cessation of pumping was immediate. The well was made soon after the trial-boring. Iron cylinders of 8 ft. 6 in. diameter were forced down to the first bed of clay (about 50 ft.). This bed was utterly useless as a natural bottom and the cylinders were forced down to the second bed of clay (about 62 ft.). This again was useless ; indeed, the clay was removed in pumping in such quantities that the boiler-house subsided. Eventually 15 ft. of concrete was used (from about 47 to 62 ft.) to exclude surface-water, but this had to be reinforced by an iron plate. There is a boring of 12-in. to about 100 ft. and of 8-in. to 250 ft., lined with tubes to about 147 ft. down. [Drift, 40i ft.] [London Clay, 26 ft.] [Lower Xiondon Tertiaries, 75| ft.] [Upper Chalk, 142 ft.] (Gravel 1 Pebbles (Sand and loam .. Loamy clay Clay Pebbles ' Plastic clay Green sand Light grey sand Dark grey sand Dark green sand Pebbles (Soft chalk iHard chalk Thickness. Ft. Li. 39 1 6 9 11 5 1 2 21 4 13 10 14 5 2 46 62 Deepened later to ... Depth. Ft. In. 39 40 6 49 6 60 6 65 6 66 8 98 111 121 135 140 142 188 250 300 It was intended to connect the trial-boring to the pumping well by an adit in the clay, but as the clay was thin and not watertight and the beds above were saturated with surface-water, this was unpracticable, and the well was continued as a boring instead. The great difficulties met with in excluding the surface-water in the upper beds from the pumping-well are commented on. The pumping-well (previous to its continuation as a boring) could not be pumped dry until special measures had been taken to form an artificial bottom. Pumping capacity, about 160,000 gallons a day of ten hours. This well was deepened 50 ft. in 1912, and the supply largely increased. The water-level, which had fallen, rose to 14^ ft. down. Works established, 1862 ; additions, 1889-1891 ; population supplied, 7,000; area of supply, the Urban District; yearly supply, 51,100,000 tr'allons ; daily consumption per head, for all purposes, 20 gallons. — Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 158. WELIS. 181 Halstead, cont. 6. Greenstead Hall (? Halstead Lodge of old map). South-south-east of town. 1906. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islbr. Lined with 260 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 2 ft. down. Water-level 122 ft. down. Supply 1,200 gallons an hour. Soil [Glacial Drift.] ' Large ballast [coarse gravel] Light-coloured sandy clay and ballast Sandstone [? boulder] Black flints light-coloured clay sand and mixed chalk { Dark clay sand and mixed chalk Sand and pebble Grey sand Grey sand and pebbles Red sand Dead yellow sand . Grey blowing sand / Hard blue clay Hard brown clay Hard blue clay Clay-stone Hard brown clay and stone Dark sandy clay s Black pebbles [Basement-bed] Light-brown mottled clay Loamy sand Dark brown mottled clay Light-brown clay , Coloured sand !Fine brown sand Pine grey sand Fine brown sand Dark green sand Black flints ..; C Chalk (. Chalk and flints [London Clay.] [Beading Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 1 14 9f H 1 114 H 15 6 21 6i 27J H 29 3 32 3 35 4 39 34 42i 74 50 7 57 67 124 26 160 24 152* 54 158 20 178 3 181 3 184 6 190 2 192 15 207 5 212 6 218 22 240 8 248 6 254 2 256 21 277 123 400 Another well at Greenstead Hall. 1906. Also from Messrs. Islee, gave a like section, but only went to 97 ft. down. A third well, taken to 50^ ft., was also identical. This last well or boring is lined with 50 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 2 ft. down, the bottom 3 ft. being perforated. Water-level 41^ ft. down. Water easily exhausted, and the sand blowing in. Part of the parish is not in the Urban District. Halstead Hural is supplied from a public well, 40 ft. deep (with pump), yielding good water, and by two shallow draw wells, supplied from springs. Supply abundant and good. (Dr. Thebsh's Report of 1901, p. 121.) There were many private wells, a few people depended on rain-water, and a few were supplied from the mains of the Urban District Council. (Report of 1905, p. 66.) Ham, see East and West Ham. Hanningfleld, see East, South, and West Hanningfleld. Harlow. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 41). Geologic Map 47 and 1, NW. 1. Kingsmoor House (Mr. J. Todhunter). Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. Water-level 60 ft. down. 182 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Harlow, cont. iClay and stone ... Oay and sand White sand and clay Gravel Thickness. Ft. 10 16 24 16 Depth. Ft. 10 26 50 66 2. Potter Street (Whitehouse). At the nofthern part of the hamlet, nearly 2 miles south of Harlow. Communicated by Mr. Fobdtcb, Steward of Famdon Hall. Heavy clay-loam, with a small bed of sand every \ 8 or 10 ft ■ I^^\l78ft Blackish loam, with sand and rough gravel ... 4/ Bored through heavy clay, without increase of water 20j 3, 4. Two wells. Made and communicated by Mr. Ingold. 3. French's Farm. 1870. Shaft 34 ft., the rest bored. London Clay ... 120 ft. 4. Mr. Arkwright's Cottages. 1872. Shaft 33 ft., the rest bored. London Clay ... 83 ft. In 3 water from vein of sand at 110 ft. In 4 no water. Haiwich. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 21, SE.). Geologic Map 48, NE. In 1783 Sir T. H. Page read a paper to the Royal Society which contains some interesting references on old conditions of water-supply, as follows : — ' ' The inhabitants of the town of Harwich had chiefly depended on rains for their supply, the wells being in general brackish from the filtration of salt-water. The neighbourhood, to many miles distance, was not better furnished." He says of the " King's Wells at Harwich" that " They were begun the 6th of May, 1781, . . and finished the 29th of September following." " The wells in this neighbourhood . . . being very shallow, and only depending ~ on springs from the upper surfaces of the ground, have but little water in the summer, and the quality of it is very bad. . . It was imagined . . . that the most likely way to obtain a better spring was to sink a well from higher ground, and to endeavour to penetrate through a rock which lay a few yards under the level of the country . upon the chance of cutting a spring of better water, that might be unconnected with the land-drains. The experiment answered in every respect, as there was not a drop of water found till the rock had been entirely cut through, when, upon finding a considerable quantity of moist sand, and boring into it, a plentiful spring was discovered, and has supplied the troops ever since with very good water. It is probable this supply, the spring being very powerful, will be found equal to every demand for public and private pur- poses, in the dryest seasons. After this success, as matter of curiosity, an old well was made deeper, by excavating through the rocks, where a good spring was also found ; but as that well had been originally sunk from low ground, a great deal of the bad water from the upper drains, &c, mixes with it, and gives it a disagreeable taste."' It is clear from the above that water was originally got here at the base of the London Clay. ' Phil. Tram., 1784, vol. Ixxiv, pages quoted, 9, 16, 19. WELLS. 183 Harwich, cont. 1. 'First Section in the town of Harwich.' Prof. Sedgwick. Ann. Phil, ser. 2, vol. iii, p. 352 (1822). [Recent and Tertiary, 80 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 276 ft.] Soil Sand, a strong spring of salt water Blue clay Shingle and gravel ( Red coarse sand Coarse gravel Coarse dark sand Green and red clay .Green clay r'Chalk Chalk mixed with fine sand Chalk, grey from the mixture of darki sand ; several flints and pieces of i septaria I Pure carbonate of Kme ! Work then abandoned. 2. Second Section, commencing 198 ft. south of the preceding, and 8 ft. above the High-water Mark.' Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 3 3 17 20 20 40 20 60 7 67 4 71 6 77 1 2 78 2 1 10 80 28 108 9 108 9 72 180 9 176 356 9 Same authority. Soil Sand containing salt springs Blue clay containing selenite, &c. Gravel with vegetable matter Ft. 4 12 74 Unknown 3. West Street. [Before 1826.] Rev. W. B. Clabke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v, p. 370, reprinted (.with some errors) in W. H. Lindsey's 'Season at Harwich,' pt. 2, p. 145. Diluvium-earth Sand (salt spring) London Clay, " Platamore ' [Reading Beds, 40 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 293 ft.] Shingle and gravel Red sand , Coarse gravel N Coarse dark sand Green and red clay, mixed Green clay i Chalk, with pyrites and echini Chalk and a peculiar white sand Chalk, with shells Chalk marl [marly chalk] Boring continued Thickness. Ft. 3 12 9 12 9 6 9 li 24 30 10 72 60 121 Depth. Ft. 3 15 24 36 45 51 60 61i 64 94 104 176 236 357 4. A newer boring, begun in 1826, left off in 1827, 70 yds. north of the above (same authority). ♦London Clay, greyish, marly [Reading Beds] ( Compact clay (mottled red and Ulac) i^xvocuui^ .uouoj (^ Fine sand, with salt water Chalk * [Part of this must belong to the Beading Beds.] Ft. 70 10 8 192 Ft. 70 80 88 280 184 ESSEX WATER StTPPLt. Harwich, cont. 5. By the Harbour, just west of the Great Eastern Hotel. 1854-7. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xiv, p. 249 ; and Bbtjff, Ptoc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xix, p. 21. 6 ft. above high-water mark. Shallow shaft, the rest bored. Earth [made ground, mud ?] Red gravel London Clay. Platimore, mixed with chalk and white sand [? Blackheath Beds in part] [Blackheath Beds.] Coarse dark gravel ... Plastic clay Bluish plastic clay, with green sand (1) Red plastic clay, with green sand (1) Greenish sand (1) Greenish and red sand (1) , Dark red (or blue) clay r Chalk, with flints iu layers 5 or 6 ft. I apart, and with shells Chalk without flmts (2) Chalk Marl with thin layers chalk Gault mixed with green sand Gault Hard dark bluish-grey slaty rock (3) [some of the specimens of this seem to show planes of bedding, ;e, and jointing] [Reading Beds, 20 ft.] [Upper, Middle and Lower Chalk, 890 ft.] of rooky Thickness. Depth Et. Et. 10 10 15 25 23 48 10 58 7 65 li 66i 3i 70 2 72 3 75 3 78 690 768 162 930 38 968 22 990 39 1029 69 The beds marked (1) are thus massed in Pbestwich' s account : 3i ft. 5 ft. 1098 Bluish clay with green sand Green and red sand intermixed The bed marked (2) is given as 160 ft. (3) „ 44^ ft. Making the depth to the chalk 76^ ft., and the depth to the hard rock 1,025^ ft. A specimen of the bottom rock, from 1,050 feet, is described by A. J. Jukes-Bbownh as dark purplish-grey compact fine-grained hard argillite and a specimen from 1,070 feet as similar. From the microscopic examina- tion of a slide from the former. Prof. T. G. Bonnet concludes that the principal constituents are mica, decomposition products of felspar, some iron-oxides and a little quartz. Formerly thought to be of Lower Car- boniferous age, this rock is now taken to be older, like the old rocks of Stutton and Weeley. Prof. Malaise is inclined to class them as Lower Devonian ; some other geologists as still older. 6. Public Supply. In 1865 Dr. Mileoy said, " The water-supply of Harwich is derived entirely from rainwater stored in tanks, and from surface wells. The water from these wells is so brackish that it is not used for drinking or cooking, but only for washing and cleansing. The tank water, gathered from the roofs of the houses, both looks and tastes smoky, if not filtered. A dense smutty deposit forms at the bottom of the tanks." " Many of the poorer inhabitants are very badly ofi for drinkable water; they have to buy every drop of their daily supply." * This state of things has, of course, passed away, and the supply is now got from the Tendring Hundred Waterworks Co. • 8 Bep. Med. Off. Privy Council, 1866, p. ai7. WELLS. 185 Hatfield Broad Oak. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 31, SE., 32, NW. and S.W.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Cage End. Boring. 1892. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. rm ■ 1 -r. Ti. 1 ( Brown Boulder Clay ... 14 ■) „„ „, [Glacial Drift.] [ ^^^^ Moulder Clay ... 13 j ^7 ft. 2. The Grange. Over 1^ miles south of the church ; but there is another ' The Grange ' on the map, about the same distance north-eastward of the church. Hatfield Regis Grange? Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. r/-ii • 1 -r. Mj. T f White and blue Boulder Clay 70 ) _, ,. [Glacial Drift.] [ ^ ^^^^j ^ 4 j 74 ft. 3. Near the Grange. A mile east of north of Bariington Hall. 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingolji. rp,, if Light-brown Boulder Clay 8 ■! T,-fA \ Dark-brown Boulder Clay 7 ) 20 ft. ^""•J I Loose chalky rubble ... 5) 4. South end of the Green. 1869. 3>^ ft. of water. From observation. W. H. Penning. „, . , ("Dark grey Boulder Clay 65 ) ^*?^f ^ ] Sharp light coloured sand, with small \ 68 ft. "^^" i pebbles of quartz and flint 3 J 5. Another at south end of Green. 1892. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. [Boulder Clay.] {tdat' .•;: Is } ^7 ft. 6. Half a mile south-east of the church. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 66 ft. , the rest bored. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Brown clay 15 15 Blue and brown clay ... 5 20 Blue clay 61 81 [Boulder day.] 7. Taverner's Green. About 1^ miles north-east of the church. 1896. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Light-brown Boulder Clay ... ^^ ^ 20 f t Loose rubbly Chalk, with water 4 j 8. Hatfield Heath. The Brewery. 10 ft. of water. Two accounts, by the foreman at the brewery, and by Mr. Watson, of Bishop's Stortford, vary considerably, thus: — Gravel and sand ... 6 or 7 feet in one, 20 feet in the other. Clay 120 ,, ,, ,, 80 ,, ,, ,, ,, Gravel or sand, ? touched. Total depth 130 „„ „ 100 „ „ „ 9. Hatfield Heath. Mr. Bowyer's. 1885. Made and communicated by Mr. Ingold. Water from sand and gravel. 200 gallons in 24 hours. I Loamy gravel ... 7 \ g3".".' ■.:: 2 2°^'- White clay ... 10 J 186 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Hatfield Broad Oak, cont. 10. Hatfield Heath. (? Public well.) 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. ^2} 23 ft. [BoulderClay.]{|-r4-y 11. Wolard's Oak ( ? Woolards Ash), 1^ miles east-north-east of church. Communicated by Mr. FBiTHEEBT. 275 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boulder Clay 50 ft. ; no water. According to Dr. Thbesh's Export of 1901, p. 118, there was a public supply from a spring feeding three stand-pipes. Also two public wells and many private ones. The parish is now supplied with water by the Hatfield Broad Oak Water Co., which takes water from the mains of the Herts and Essex Co. (1913). Hatfield Peverel. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 44, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Hatfield Place. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. C. IsLEa and Co. About 147 ft. above Ordnance Datum (according to Ordnance about 110). 285 ft. of tubes of 4 in. diameter, from the surface down to 285 ft. Water-level 45 ft. down (1900). Yield 540 gallons an hour (1900). Map, Thickness. Depth Et. Ft. WeU[old?] — 35 [London Clay.] {^Zd^i' 53 67 88 155 Grey sand and stone IJ 156^ Grey sand and clay 15^ 172 Sand 14 186 [Beading Beds and , Thanet Beds.] Mottled clay Green sand 9 33 195 2i18 Grey sand Green sand 4 1 232 233 Grey sand 41 274 '- Green sand 5 279 [Upper] Chalk anc 1 flints 61 340 It is difficult to mark the base of the London Clay. This account differs somewhat from that published in Dr. Theesh's ' Report on the Water Supply of Essex,' p. 28 (1901), which makes the depth to the Chalk 309 ft. For analysis of the water, see p. 402. 2. Crab's HiU. About 111 ft. above Ordnance Datum (near a bench-mark). Water-level 54 ft. down (1908). Yield appears to be 300 to 400 an hour. gallons [Glacial Drift.] Gravel ... {Yellow clay Dark clay Clay-stone Dark clay Blue clay {Clay and green sand Dark clay Sandy clay and shells iThickness. Ft. 27 ! 10 i 2 82 20 8 ! 14 18 Depth. Ft. 9 36 46 48 130 150 158 172 190 WELLS. 187 Hatfield Peverel, cont. [T Beading Beds.] [T Thanet Sand.] Thickness. m. 4 6 2 8 10 45 13 2 10 116 Depth. Ft. 194 200 202 210 220 265 278 280 290 406 ' Haid grey sand live sand Clay (Coloured sand ... ^ Dark green sand Grey sand Dark brown sand Dark green sand k light-grey sand [Upper] Chalk and flint . . . In this section also it is difficult to mark the base of the London Clay. For analysis of the water, see p. 402. Dr. Theesh, in his ' Report on the "Water Supply of Essex, 1901,' p. 115, says : — " A serious outbreak of Typhoid Fever lately occurred, and the cause was no doubt contaminated water. The particular well (at a cottage) has been closed, but there are several others in the mq,in street which are probably contaminated." His Report of 1905, p. 56, says the supply was almost wholly from private wells. Havengore Island ( 1 parish). Ordnance Maps 258, 259 (Essex 79, NE. and NW.). Geologic Map 2. Information from Mr. PtrExis to W. H. Dalton. As at Foulness ; but with 40 ft. less of London Clay. Havering-atte-Bower. Ordnance Map 267, new ser. (Essex 66, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Pyrgo Park. 1862. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Baeeb and Sons. NW. [London] Clay {Shells in clay Green and black sand Sand and clay ... Pebbles Hard [Thanet] Sand to chalk ... Thickness. Ft. 438 4 29 10 5 , 47 Depth. Ft. 43S 442 471 481 486 533 2. Pyrgo Park. 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee. Shaft 273 ft., the rest bored. 275 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 151^ ft. down ; 385 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 151 ft. down. Water-level 270 ft. down. Minimum yield about 700 gallons an hour. Thickness [London day.] [Basement-bed, or Woolwich Beds?] [Woolwich Beds, 55 ft.] ^ London Clay Blue clay Blue and loamy clay Blue clay, vrith claystone [septaria 5-4 ft. from the bottom Loamy clay [Basement-bed.] Blue clay with shells and pebbles ... J Blue clay and sand I Clay and shells ( Green and black sand (^ Green sand [Thanet] sand and clay [Upper Chalk, f Chalk with water 136J ft.] i Grey impermeable ohalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 403. Ft. 273 68 12 624 5i 6 5 Si 41 14 38i 73 63J Depth. Ft. 273 341 353 415J 421 427 432 435^ 476i 490| 529 602 665^ 188 ESSEX WAXES SUFFLT. Haveiing, cont. Dr. Theesh says, in his Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 68, that there was one public pump ; two houses had the South Essex Co.'s water ; and the remainder depended on a shallow well, often dry in the summer, and polluted ponds. Recently Lord O'Hagan has extended the mains of the South Essex Co. to supply the hall, the school, and adjacent cottages (1913). Hawkwell. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, SW.). Geologic Maps 1, NE. and SE. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 79, the population was 300. Supplied by public shallow wells. Quality of the water generally good, but the quantity deficient in places. The place is now supplied from the mains of the Southend Co. (1913). Eelion Bumpstead. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 4, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Pale Green. For the Bumpstead Rural District Council. 1895 and 1906. From the Reports of the Medical Officer of Health, 1895 and 1896, and from Mr. G. Ingolb, who deepened the well, which was made by Mr. Hook. 372 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 4 ft. 3 in. in diameter inside the brickwork. Water-level 157 ft. down, 156^ ft. after deepening in 1896. Depth of water in well, 7 ft. [Glacial Drift.] [Boulder a^y... 125, | Chalk 31 J 167i ft. At the inspection after completion in 1895 (to 164 ft.) an accumulation of carbonic acid gas was met with. The Inspector was asphyxiated when about 80 ft. down, and fell to the bottom, dead. A man who went down to rescue him was also killed in the same way. At the inquest it was said that daring the six months of construction no foul air was noticed. The supply was inadequate, and in 1896 the well was deepened 3^ ft. Before sinking could be done air had to be pumped in to replace the carbonic acid gas which filled the well up to about 30 ft. from the surface. The depth of water when last measured (1896) had increased to 11 ft., ■ and since then the water has probably risen ' (1896), so that there was then an abundant supply. To avoid pump-repairs in the foul air a bucket and wire-rope apparatus was installed. 2. In the village, at the four cross-roads below the church. From the Report of the Medical Officer of Health to the Bumpstead Rural District Council. 1909. 289 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 74 ft. down. Boulder Clay ... 72 ") „„ ., Chalk 11 j**"^ "• For an analysis of the water of the two wells, see p. 403. The above wells form the chief source of supply; but, according to the Report of the Medical Officer for 1909, there are two other public pumps at White's Green and Wiggens Green, supplied with filtered pond- water. A spring at the comer of Mill Road has been cleaned out and protected by a concrete wall. There are also a few private wells (Report for 1912). Hempstead. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 10, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Royal Oak Inn. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. f Brown clay ... 3 ^ [Boulder Clay.] ] Dark clay 7 ^ 33 ft. (.Light-blue clay ... 23 J WELLS. 189 Hempstead, cont. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 143, the public supply was from one reservoir and public fountain (fed by an enclosed spring), and from one pump and well, fed by a spring. There were several private wells. Henham. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 14, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Little Henham Lodge, northward of the village. ? About 285 above Ordnance Datum. Old well about 90 ft. deep. Sand at the bottom. 2. Parsonage. About a sixth of a mile westward of Little Henham HalL Over 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 96 ft. down. Boulder Clay ... 35 ") Chalk 65 ) 100 ft. 3. Pledgdon Green. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. "Water-level 59 ft. down. Thickness. Depth (Brown clay Chalky drift Brown clay Blue clay White and yellow sand It is possible that the lowest three beds may be Eocene. 4. Pledgdon Hall Cottages. 1896. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water at 14^ ft. [Glacial Drift.] ( Gravelly [Boulder] Clay ... J^lir it. I Yellow sand 10 ) Ft. Et 28 28 6 34 11 46 11 56 6 62 5. Close to Elsenham Station ( ? in Henham or Stansted). 1897. Dr. A. Ieving, Prov. Geol. Assoc, vol. xv, p. 224. 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Flinty gravel to Chalk, 90 ft. Rubbly Chalk and pebbles of Carboniferous rocks brought up from the lower portion. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1905, p. 52, the water of eight wells had been analysed and proved to be rather unsatisfactory, and the supply was limited in dry weather. About 1902 or 1903, a well was sunk about 60 ft. without getting water : but after heavy rain water percolated in from the surface, and analysis proving that the well was liable to pollution, the water was only used for washing. Henny ( 1 Great and Little). Ordnance Maps 206, 223, new ser. (Essex 12). Geologic Map 47. Gentries Farm. (Gentrys.) Made and communicated by Messrs. G. Isleb & Co. Water-level 150 ft. down. Yield, through a 2i-in. pump, 180 gallons an hour Shaft, through made ground and sand (the rest bored) [Glacial Drift.] { Ballast [gravel] i.".' Z Z Z Thickness. Ft. 214 ^ Depth. Ft. 48 mi 76" TS 190 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [London Clay, 40 ft.] [Reading Beds, ■ 34 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 10 ft.] [Upper] Chalk ... Henny, cont. I Blue clay I' Sand [Basement-bed] ( Hard ballast I [? pebbles]! f Sand Clay ] Sand I Clay Dead dark sand Black sand Green sand Thickness. Ft. 32 H 3 21 2 6 2 80 Depth. 108 ' 1144 116 124i 126 129 150 152 158 160 240 According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 139, supplies were got from ponds and a private spring. Dr. J. S. Holben adds (1913) that there are several private wells, a deep one in the Chalk supplying several cottages near the church. In the valley the supply is got from shallow wells and springs. Herts and Essex Waterworks Co, Established 1883. Waterworks Directory, 1911, p. 171, and later information. The well is in Sawbridgeworth, in Hertfordshire. With the exception of that parish the places supplied seem to be all in Essex, as follows: — Bobbingworth, Chipping Ongar, Epping (and Cooper- sale), Greenstead, Harlow, High Ongar, Lambourne (and Abridge), Latton, Nazeing, Nettlewell, North Weald Bassett, Roydon, Sheering, Stanford Rivers, Theydon Bois, and Theydon Garnon. It also supplies the Hatfield Broad Oak Water Co. The population supplied (including Herts) is about 15,000. The yearly supply (? year ending 31st Blarch, 1911) is 105,000,000 gallons. Average daily supply per head: — domestic, 15 gallons; ti-ade, 5'61. Heybridge. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 54, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Bentall's Nut and Bolt Factory. (Heybridge Ironworks.) 1872. (? about 1859, E. Bentall.) Information got by W. H. Dalton from Mr. Baham, well-sinker, and from specimens. Shaft 75 ft., the rest bored. Maiden spring 90 ft. down. Water-level when sunk, close to the surface ; 15 ft. down in 1889 ; probably 25 ft. down in 1910. Yield sufficient for the works and about 50 cottages. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. [Valley] gravel 9 9 rClay . 105 114 f Sandstone over 1 115 [London Clay.] ( Basement-bed.] J Sand* [broken shell \ Been in some of I this] 11 126 * [Some of this sand may belong to the Oldhaven or Reading Beds. The shells were decidedly from the basement-bed. ] For an analysis of the water, see p. 404. WELLS. 191 Heybridge, cont. 2. Mr. Bentall's house, about 100 yds. from the above. 1872. 3. By the Churchyard. Same authority as above. [Valley] gravel London Clay . Sandstone To sand and water 126 (2) 9 to 10 116 a few ins. (3) 10 to 11 ft. 115 ft. a Uttle 126 ft. Bottom of London Clay In sand 4. Heybridge Basin. Public well about 20 yds. north of Lock Gates. About 12 or 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from Inspector Kbywood. Water-level about 15 ft. down. Originally sunk and bored to a little over 100 ft. New bore, August, 1908. Made by Mr. Fitelong. Now (1900) lined with earthenware tubes. Supply sufficient for 50 or 60 houses. For analysis of the water, see p. 404. 5. Heybridge Hall. About 100 yds. from Navigation and opposite Maldon East Station. New well (1908) made and communicated by Mr. Smith. About 16 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 10 ft. down (Feb., 1908). Yield 600 gallons an hour (Feb., 1908). [River] gravel ... [London Clay.] [Oldhaven Beds.] [Reading Beds and Thanet Beds.] C Yellow clay t London Clay C Sand and shells tPebbles I Coloured sandy clay I Grey sand I Dark green sand , [Flints [Upper] Chalk . Thickness. Ft. 13 1 106 8 2 40 62 2 1 45 Depth. Ft. 13 • 14 120 128 130 170 232 234 235 280 There is an old well here, then (Feb., 1908) being abandoned on account of infiltration of tidal (salt) water. The new well appeared to be subject to this also, see analysis, p. 404. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 110, the greater part of the village was then supplied with excellent water from the bored well at the ironworks. There were several other»bored wells and many shallow wells. Many of the latter showed signs of pollution. Heybridge Basin, a detached part of the village, was supplied by the local public well (No. 4). The water-mains have since been extsnded from the well at the ironworks so as to supply the whole of Heybridge village. High Easter. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 32, SE., 33, NW., 42, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Parsonage Farm. 1902? Letter from Rev. E. Gepp to Mr. W. Cole. " After sinking 50 feet or so . . the workmen were driven out by a strong escape of gas ... at first with a roar audible some distance oft, and after-' wards (for a week altogether) more quietly. The gas exhausted, or nearly so, the work was carried a little deeper, but no water pame." [ ? All Boulder Clay.] n3 192 ESSEX WATEK, SUPPLY. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 117, the chief supply was from a well 100 ft. deep. A group of cottages near the church got water from wells belonging to two inns. According to his Report of 1905, p. 59, the water-level in the public well fluctuated greatlj', the well being chiefiy fed by a land-spring. The parish was not satisfactorily supplied. High Laver. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 41, SE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. 1. The School. Information from Mr. W. H. Penning. rm • 1 -n -ii T (Boulder Clay ... 24 [Glacial Drift.] [S^^^ and gravel 8 32 ft. 2. Rectory. Communicated by Messrs. Smith and Son. Near 200 ft. contour-line. Water-level 50 ft. down. The water was pumped out, 18th October, 1909. 200 ft. deep. According to Dalton's Map, Chalk is just at Ordnance Datum. Therefore the water is probably from Chalk or from sands just above it. For an analysis of the water, see p. 404. High Boding. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 32, SE.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 117, says that the supply cani6 from two public and many private wells, and that the public wells had been very low during the latter part of the summer. High wood (in the civil parish of Writtle). Ordnance Map 240, new ser. Geologic Map 1, NE. According ix> Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 105. Houses very scattered ; some badly off for water. A public pump was ]provided in 1899, and a public well near the roadside had recently been improved and protected. The water from the Boulder Clay here often smells of sulphuretted hydrogen. Hockley. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69, NE. and SE., 70, NW. and SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Hull Bridge (by the River Crouch, north-westward of the village). For Messrs. Hobman & Co.'s Engineering Works. 1898? Abandoned. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Islee. Lined with 365 ft. of 6-in. tubes from the surface. Water-level 75 ft. down. Supply 1,200 gallons an hour. Water said to, be very good [London Clay.] According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 79, there was no public supply. The village depended on shallow wells, giving water of doubtful quality. One private bored well (that above) yielded only a limited quantity. The supply is now taken from the Southend Co. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Light-brown clay 28 28 Blue clay 237 265 Brown clay 60 325 Blue clay 25 350 Blue clay and sand 5i 355J Hard sandstone 1 356| Mixed sands and blue clay 8^ 365 Pebbles i 365J Grey sands ^ 370 WELLS. 193 Horkesley, see Great and Little Horkesley. Hornchurch, Ordnance Map 267, new ser. (Essex Geologic Map 1, r4, NE. sw. SE., 75, NW.). 1. The Schools. Made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batohelor. Shaft 50 ft., the rest bored (small diameter). Water from the Chalk, rose to within 75 ft., of the surface. Soil Gravel .. [London Clay.] ( London clay i Clay and stone t Strong clay [? Reading Beds] [ g^^J l^^ '■''^ ^^^^ ^^'^'^d^^'^' [Sand and clay ..." ... ... Tbanet Beds 1 ( ^freen clay, and chalk, with flints [Upper Chalk, 300J ft.] J Chalk with flints ( Hard chalk with flints . . I Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Ft. ft- 2 2 10 12 38 50 27 77 41 118 22S 140f 8J 149 106 255 H 2584 1864 445 50 495 64 559 2. Beam Bridge. On the northern side of the road, just east of the river. About two-thirds of a mile south-east of Dagenham Railway Station. South Essex "Waterworks Co. 1909. Communicated by B. W. Beyan. Floor-level 11'6 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft to Chalk. Made ground Soil [Alluvial Beds and River Drift.] [London Clay ? 254 ft-] [? Oldhaven Beds and Woolwich Beds] [Thanet Sand, 714 ft.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins ad 6 8 5 8 , , , , . , , . . . . , , ,, 6 6 2 / YeUow clay 2 8 2 Peat 1 9 2 J Dark sticky blue clay 7 6 16 8 Light sticky blue clay 2 18 8 Sticky green sand 1 19 8 V Ballast [gravel] and clay 5 24 8 r Dark jointy brown clay 9 6 34 2 ( Hard jointy brown clay 11 6 45 8 i Hard sandy dark clay 4 6 50 2 ' Hard sandy clay and shells 5 6 55 8 Hard shells and sand 6 56 2 Hard Blackwall Book [conglomerate] 1 3 57 5 Dark grey sand 6 57 11 Sand and shells 20 77 11 Kne grey sand 8 9 86 8 Dark sticky sand ... 12 98 8 Green sticky sand 6 99 2 Dark sticky sand and small pebbles... 2 6 101 8 Clay stone 6 102 2 Dark grey hve sand 7 109 2 Very hard grey sand 59 6 168 8 Dark sticky sand 4 172 8 Dark green sand 6 173 2 Green flints, to chalk 6 173 8 It is hard to fix either the base of the London Clay or that of the Woolwich Beds. For an analysis of the water, see p. 405. 194 ESSEX WATEH SUPPLY. Horndon on the Hill. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 76, SW.)- Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Field, about 150 or 160 yds. north-westward of the church. Trial-boring for South Essex Water Co. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley (with notes from specimens in these brackets.) About 110 feet above Ordnance Datum. Made ground [? soil] ... ' Brickearth [London Clay.] Brickearth and mica [selenite] Brickearth and mica, mottled, Brickearth and mica, sandy . . . Clay. (Pyrites and plant-remains 48 ft.) Loamy clay [Basement-bed] sandy at Thickness. Ft. 2 13 5 10 4 39 25 [Oldhaven Beds and Woolwich Beds, 48 i ft ?] [Thanet Sand, 104 ft.] Green sand, dark ; shells and water Pebbles Dead sand Dark sand (dirty brown loamy) ' .. Hard dark sand (grey) Dark green sand and pebbles (of flint) Dead loamy sand and pebbles (grey clay and sand) Dead green sand (clayey) Dark loamy sand (greenish-grey loam) "f Hard sand rock (fine grey sand, dry)... Dead sand (as above, damp) ... Lighter dead sand (greenish-grey, dry) Dead loamy sand (brownish-grey. damp) Dead loamy sand, sticky (as above, darker) '\ Flints (some green-coated) 7 1 6 3 11 1 1 11 lOi 8 2i 32 23 38 Depth. Ft. 2 15 20 30 34 73 98 105 106 112 115 126 127 128 139 149^ \m\ 160 192 215 253 253* Chalk. This work was abandoned. 2, Mr. Tyerell's (centre of village). Information got by H. W. Beistow. London Clay { gj^^ ^ ' brown) clay ... 17 j ^^ ^^ According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 70, there was a shallow well belonging to Rural District Council. Water was carted round at a farthing a pail. According to his Report of 1905, p. 27, the South Essex Co. then gave about 50 per cent, of the supply, 15 was from private wells, and the rest from the public pump. Horsey, see Kirby le Soken. Hullbridge, see Hockley. Hutton. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, NE., 68, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Hutton Place. On the high road westward of the village. From W. H. Dalton. Old well. (White marl Blue marl Light-coloured strong loam Black sand to to 1^ 14 8 I About to 2/27 ft. to 15 J WELLS. 195 Hutton, cont. 2. Rectory. Old well. Information from Mr. Rolfe, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Strong loam 7 | ,„ , Black sand and water, to London Clay 12 3 ^^ ^^• According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 83, the population was about 550 ; there was one deep well, the rest of the houses being supplied by shallow wells, some of which yielded a saline water. As many as twelve cottages used one pump. The supply is now taken from the South Essex Co. (1913). Ilford. (Essex 65, SE., 66, SW., 73, NE., 74, NW.). SW., and London District, Sheet 2. Ordnance Map 257, new ser Geologic Maps 1, 1. Barking Side. Claybury Park Asylum. 1901. Made by Messrs. Isler & Co. Communicated by W. C. Smith. 230 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined with 8 ft. of 18-in. tubes from 14 ft. down, 190 ft. of 13i-in. tubes from 99 ft. down, and 410 ft. of ll^-in. tubes from 7 ft. down. Water-level, when made, 226 ft. down. Yield only 200 gallons an hour. Not used. [London Clay.] Made ground j I Brown clay ... ..; Blue clay with layers of claystone Green sand Chalk [? stone] Mottled clay and green sand Green sand and pebbles Light-green sand and shells ( Dark grey sand ^ Green coated flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. Et. ... 5 5 ... 26 31 tone .. . 275 306 12 318 2 320 • •• ■* 5 325 29 354 ... .. 26 380 ... 25^ 4054 ... i 406 ... 109 515 [Reading Beds, 50 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 26 ft.] [Upper] Chalk The greensand and the stone below may belong to the Reading Beds instead of to the London Clay, and the Thanet Sand may reach higher. 2. Barking Side. Mission Home. 1876. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Docwka and Son. Shaft 72 ft., the rest bored. Water-level about 66 ft. down. [Valley Drift, 10 ft.] Surface soil Loam and sand Running sand , Gravel . . . [London Clay, ( Yellow clay 143f ft.] i Blue clay Grey [Oldhaven ?] sand [Woolwich Beds], Green sand Dark grey Thanet Sand [Upper] Chalk and flints 3. Dr. Barnardo's Village Homes. Made and communicated by Messrs. Batcheloe. Information from the Governor adds that the boring is of 12 in. diameter and the rest-level of the water 116 ft. down. Thickness. 1 Ft. in. 2 6 2 6 8 1 4 2 6 141 3 11 25 ? 5i 145 Depth. Ft. • m 2 6 4 6 11 2 12 6 15 156 3 167 3 192 3 243 3 388 3 Dug Well (the rest' bored) . . . [London Clay ?][g^y^^^;;jj^ Thickness. Ft. 52 18 Depth. Ft. 92f 144f 162i 196 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ilford, cont. Thickness. Depth r Sand and clay . . . 19 181J Sand 9 190J [Lower London Grey sand 6 196| Tertiaries.] i Sand and chalk 10 206i Sand 15 221J- Sand and chalk 12 233| [Upper] Chalk and flint 251 i 485 'or an analysis of the water, see p. 408. 4. Britannia Works (Mr. A. H. Harman's, now the Ilford Limited). Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Geand and Stjtcliff. Shaft 27 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 23 ft. down. 1885. [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 21 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 56J ft.] Dug well [? Gravel, etc.] Blue [London] Clay Clay and shells Dead, green sand Black pebbles y Dark, dead sand I Live sand and water . . . i Dead sand iFhnts [Upper] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water from a well here (325 ft. deep), see p. 406. 5. Broadway. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 71. Dug 63 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 30 ft. of the surface. Thickness. Thickness. Dspth Ft. Ft. — . 27 59 86 4 90 m 102J i 103 4 107 35 142 20 162 14 1631^ 128i 292 [River] Gravel and yellow clay ■ Blue clay [London Clay.] . [^Basement-bed] [Reading Beds.] Water-rock ... Black pebbles, with a very little sand f Yellow clay '. To sand and black pebbles, with much 1^ water. Ft. 10 93 2 Depth. Ft. 10 103 105 108 116 6. Downhall Farm (Butler's of old one-inch map) off the Romford Road, about midway to Chadwell Heath. 1878. About 50 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Stjtcliff. Bored throughout. Water-level 27 ft. down. Yield 8 gallons a minute (? 4,000 in 10 hours.) Thickness. [River] Gravel Blue [London] Clay ... /Sand [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 55 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 47 ft.] [Upper] Chalk.. Stone Coloured [mottled] sand Green sand Blue sand Dark sandy fclay Sand , Black pebbles Sand, the top 4 ft. coarse Loamy sand Dead sand Ft. 15 35 10 6 9 6 3 6 5 10 20 3 24 56 Depth. Ft. 15 50 60 66 75 81 34 90 95 105 125 128 152 208 WELIS. 197 Ilford, cont. 7. Near the row of houses opposite the Red House. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 72. Dug 87 ft., the rest bored. Water abundant, and rose within 52 ft. of the surface. Old well 58 1 Blue [London] Clay 241 ^301 ft Sand and black pebbles [basement-bed of London Clay] 2 ) 8. Redbridge Cottage. 1891. Information from Messrs. Le Gkand and Sutcliff. Thickness. Ft. 46 6 2 8 Depth. Ft. 20 66 72 74 82 85^ 90 m Dug well Blue [London] clay [? Blackheath or < Dead grey sand, pebbles and shells Woolwich Beds] (. Peaty sand and shells (Black clay and shells Dead grey sand and shells ... Hard green sand Greenish sand and pebbles The ending ofi of the Woolwich Beds in this and in the Downhall well (6) is somewhat doubtful. This section seems to throw doubt on the figures given by Dr. Mitchell in No. 7. Should these, however, be right, then Mr. Dalton is right in saying that ' ' the proximity of the base of the London Clay, coupled with its being 300 feet close by, proves the correctness of the position assigned [by him] to the Roding Valley fault (in the map in the Essex Naturalist, vol. v, pi. iii), a fault detected wholly by calculation, and now fixed within 100 yards limit of error." 9. Chadwell Heath. West Ham Asylum. Made by Messrs. Isleb. Communicated by the Medical Oificer of Health for West Ham. A 6-in. boring. Made in 1900 (not finished, 5th Dec, 1900, when the following information was sent) : — 84' 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. On 5th Dec, 1900, water-level was .74 ft. down. Yield. A fortnight's continuous pumping at 7,000 gallons an hour did not reduce the water-level. But after three weeks' cessation of pumping the water-level was only 60 ft. down, Dec, 1900.- [River Gravel] Ballast C Brovra clay [London Clay, lll^ft.?] ) London Clay 1 Clay-stone ^ Clay and shells, and thin pebble-bed. [Reading Beds.] [I^^^J'^lg'^^^^^" ■" ;•; CLivefeUet (?)sand I Green-coated flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 18 18 li 19i 105 124i 1| 126 ... 13i 139i 26 165J 10-^ 176 36 212 1 213 ... 137 350 [Thanet Sand.] [Upper] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 405. 10. Paper Mills. Eckman Pulp Co. At river-bridge, near Ilford Railway Station. A well 80 ft. deep used to' yield 7,260 gallons an hour, day and night. Newer well (about 30 years old, 1900) 280 ft. deep used to yield about 5,000 gallons an hour. Now (1900) only 3,000. The water-level (newer well), originally 18 ft. down, was 81 ft. down in 1900, a reduction of 63 ft. in 30 years or so, mainly in the last three or four years. Also the water has got harder. For', an analysis of the water ( ? from the newer well), see p. 406. 198 ESSEX WATER SUTPLY. Ilford, cont. The South Essex Waterworks Co. has three pumping-stations in Ilford, the following accounts of which are now printed for the first time, through the kindness of B. W. Bbtan, Engineer to the Company. Nos. 11-13. 11. Mill Boad. Western end of Ilford Railway Station, close to the river, the railway and the road. For the South Essex Waterworks Co. 1905. Floor-level IQA ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft to Chalk. Made ground I Mixed clay [River Drift.] i Dirty clay (ballast [gravel] and sand) \ Dark green sand Blue clay light-blue clay and cockle- and oyster shells [Woolwich Beds, Light-green sandy clay about 29 ft.] ( Dark green sandy clay Mottled green sand Dark grey loamy sand Sharp sand and black pebbles Dark grey sand and black pebbles ! Light-grey quick sand Light-grey sand (dry) Very dark sand (loamy and dry) Flints To Chalk For analyses of the water, see p. 407. 12. Woodford Bridge Road. Roding Pumping Station. Opposite Pernhall Farm, north-west of the town. For the South Essex Waterworks Co. 1905. Thickness. Depth. Ft. ins.' Ft. ins U 6 11 6 4 15 6 8 23 6 3 26 6 10 36 6 2 38 6 1 6 40 1 41 4 45 7 4 52 4 6 52 10 2 6 55 4 10 65 4 25 90 4 23 8 114 6 114 6 31-75 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made ground ... Sou [River] Gravel London Clay ... [Woolwich Beds, 48 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 43 ft.] To Chalk Hard dirty sand Clay, stone and shells YeUow sand Pebbles Green sand Fine grey sand ... Fine dark sand Dark loamy sand Shaft to Chalk. I Thickness. I Ft. In. .i 3 2 78 10 6 11 1 20 15 14 14 Depth. Ft. In. 3 2 6 14 93 103 109 120 121 141 156 170 185 For an analysis of the water, see p. 407. 13, Goodmayes ( ? Chadwell Heath). On the western side of Grove Road, just south of the isolation hospital. For the South Essex Waterworks Co. 1910. Ground-level 74' 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft to Chalk. Soil , ••■ [River Gravel] Ballast and sand f' Brown clay Jointy London Clay Clay-stone with water [London Clay.]/ London Clay ... ...... Light- coloured live clay and drift wood Hard London Clay ^Clay-stone Thickness. Depth. Ft. Iq. Ft. In. 2 2 8 6 10 6 2 12 6 . 11 6 24 6 24 6 5 29 6 I 6 30 . 48 78 6 78 6 WELLS. 199 [? Oldhaven Beds] [Woolwich Beds] Ilford, cent. [? London Clay.] \ ^ard grey sand and clay-stone .. ■' ■" ( Clay-stone 7 ms., and hard rock 14 ins ' Grey sand and shell Hard grey sand stone ... Hard shell and grey sand Hard grey sand stone ... Hard shell and grey sand Hard grey stone Hard clay and shell Hard sand Coloured sand (httle water) Coloured rock (very hard) Live coloured sand Sticky sand Oyster-shell and pebbles Hard dark sticky sand [Thanet Sand, / Fine light-coloured, hard sand Kci f+ ■] ( Hard dark sand ^ '' \ Green flints To Chalk. For details of the following Ilford borings, see the Memoir on London Wells, by G. Babeow, 1912, pp. 93, 98-100. There are differences in the classification : — Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 5 83 6 1 9 85 3 1 3 86 6 1 8 88 2 7 88 9 6 89 3 6 89 9 1 90 9 8 3 99 2 6 101 6 1 102 6 3 6 106 5 111 7 118 6 118 6 8 6 127 20 147 35 182 6 182 6 14. Great Eastern Railway. Engine-sheds, Sams Green. 1900. 45 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 24 ft. below O.D. Yield 4,000 gallons an hour. [ Thickness. Depth Made ground and River Drift London Clay ? Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... Upper Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 406. Ft. 31 11 82? 230? Ft. 31 38 120 350 15. Electricity Works. Ley Street. 1901. 45 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, at rest, 45 ft. below O.D., while pumping, 85. Made earth and River Gravel London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand .. Upper Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 406. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 19 19 53 72 87 159 253 412 16. Roden Street. South Essex Laundry. 1908. 35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 70 ft. below O.D. Supply 2,500 gallons an hour. Cavities in the Chalk at 321, 331 and 356 ft. Made ground, soil and gravel London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk Thickness. Ft. 7f 54 85 213i Depth. Ft. 7f 61S 1461 360 200 ESSEX WATER StTPPLT. Ilford, cont. 17. Ga's Works. 1906. 11 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 80 ft. below O.D. in 1911. Supply 2,700 gallons an hour. Soil and Biver Drift ? Woolvrich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk 18. Uphall Road. Messrs. Howard's Chemical Works (include the old Lavender Mount). 1898. 20 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 56 ft. below O.D. in 1898. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour in 1898, 1,080 in 1911. ickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 24f 814 207 24f 106 313 Soil and River Gravel London Clay ? Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 406. 19. Ilford Laundry. Ley Street. 1899. About 45 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield 3,000 gallons an hour. Gravel 10 London Clay and Lower London Tertiaries 151 Upper Chalk 149 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 28 28 21 49 91 140 235 375 300 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 23 23 93^ 116J 92 1 209 143 352 20. Chadwell Heath Asylum. Goodmayes. 1900. 84 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 10 ft. above O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. Made ground and River Gravel London Clay Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk The account given by Dr. Thresh in his Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, pp. 28, 29j which presumably refers to this well, gives different figures. Ingatestone, in the ecclesiastical parish of Fryerning. Ordnance Maps 240, 257, new ser. (Essex 60, NW. and SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, pp. 102, 103, Ingatestone and Fryerning had a public supply from a chain of wells in the Bagshot Sand. The water was collected in reservoirs and filtered through sand, polarite and flannel. Although slightly turbid it was of good quality and very soft. The supply was intermittent. This is one of those supplies got from the opening out of springs by shallow wells (see also p. 78). The supply now comes from the deep boring, see below. 1. For the Chelmsford Rural Districl Council. Waterworks, on the northern side of the road about a third of a mile east of Fryerning Church. 1902. Proc. Oeol. Assoc, vol. xix, pp. 317, 318. Communicated by Mr. James Dewhibst. (Remarks in these brackets from Messrs. Lb Gband and Stjtcliff, who made the boring. ) 255 ft. above Ordnance Datum. WELLS. 201 Ingatestone, oont. Lined originally with 10-in. tubes from surface to 534 ft. down, 8^-in. tubes from 536 ft. to 696 ft. down, and 7i-in. tubes from 696 ft. to 766 ft. down, the rest being unlined. A well has been dug round the bore-hole to a depth of 350 ft. The following figures are from Messrs. Le Gkand and Sotcliff : — Water- level 198 ft. down originally, 15th Dec, 1901. About 14 days' continuous pumping, at the rate of 40,000 gallons in 24 hours, reduced this to 300 ft. down (Dec, 1901). The water-level recovered as follows, after pumping was stopped : In 1^- hours to 245-^- ft. down, in 1| to 241^, in 7^ to 235^, in 23i to 226i, in 47 to 219, in 72 to 215i, on the 4th day to 212^, and on the 9th day to 205. For analyses of the water, see p. 408. [Glacial Drift] Gravel and sand /Sandy loam Blue clay Sandy loam ... Blue sandy clay [London Clay.] ^lue clay and clay-stones (septaria) "^ 1 Blue clay, small stones, etc. (with water) Blue clay Blue clay and shells Sandy clay (blue : pebbles at base) 'Hard sand and pebbles Hard sand Sand and sheUs Clay and shells Undesoribed Stone Sand peat [Ugnite] and clay ... Sand (green) I Green sand and brown clay ... r Greenish sand and small sheUs [carried [? Thanet Beds.] ( down?] \Plmts f Chalk and flints [Upper Chalk.] ( Bubble chalk [ Chalk, with bed of flints at 765 to 766 ft. [? Oldhaven Beds and Reading Beds.] rhiokness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 41 ^ n 12| 20 7 27 31 (33) 58 (60) 32 (22) 90 (82) 'l]m) (508 1516 16 532 2 534 23J 557i H 565 3 568 1 569 i 569-1- 8* 578 9" 587 10 597 49 (504) 646 (647J) i 646| 76 722-1- 7 7294 70i 800 The great interest of this section is that it shows a much greater thickness of London Clay than has been proved before, and even a greater total thickness than has over been estimated. This is the more notable as the very topmost beds of that formation are here absent. On the other hand the Lower London Tertiaries, with a total thickness of 114g ft., are thinner than one would have expected here. Even if the last two beds classed with the London Clay be removed into this series, still the former will be of much greater thickness than before known. No water was found in the Thanet Beds, nor on getting into the Chalk. Abandonment was contemplated, but Dr. Theesh urged continuation of boring, and at near 800 ft. depth a limited amount of water was got. According to the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 82, the population supplied was about 1,300 and the quantity of water in 1910 was 9,333,700 gallons. 2.' Mr. Parry's. 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler. Lined with 435 ft. of 4-in. tubes from 1 ft. down. Water-level 122 ft. down. Dug well [London Clay.] (Blue clay Sandy clay Blue clay and stone Sandy clay [?01dhaven Beds.] [^^"^^ iSpebbles Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 22 26 48 57 105 9 114 323 437 11 448 3 451 202 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ingrave. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, NE. and SE., 68, NW.)- Geologic Map 1, NE. Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 83. Water-supply got from shallow wells, some of which fail in the summer. The South Essex Co. is arranging to supply. Inworth. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 35, SE. and NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Inworth Grange. Well 26 ft. deep. For analysis, see p. 409. 2. For the Public Supply of Tiptree. In a field behind Brook House, near the boundary of Tolleshunt Knights and ^ of a mile west of Tiptree Church. Near the 200 ft. contour-line. Water-level about 5 ft. down. Yield 20,000 gallons a day. 20 ft. deep ; sand and (Plateau) gravel throughout. For an analysis of the water, see p. 408. The local supply is from shallow wells. Eelvedon. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 59, NW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Felix Hall. Information from Mr. J. Hatlet. Supply 18,000 gallons in 24 hours. Water-level about 28 ft. down. London Clay ... 130 Sand 2 Red clay, to red sand 30 162 ft. 2. Mr. Fuller's Brewery, by the bridge. 1887. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler, and from an account by G. F. Beaumont, Essex Naturalist, vol. i, p. 189. (The figures in brackets from a later account.) 88 ft. above Ordnance Datum. WsU 8 ft., the rest bored. The boring lined with 275 ft. of 4-in. tubes. ' Water rose 6 ft. above the ground. ( ? 4 ft. down later.) (In 1899 Messrs. Fuller said water-level still unchanged.) Yield about 300 gallons an hour. Made ground Coarse ballast [Post -Glacial gravel] Boulder Clay (Blue clay, stone and chalk) . Blue [? London] clay {Dead green sand Dead brown sand Live sand with water . Dead brown sand Flints [Upper] Chalk, more or less with flints [Reading Beds and Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 32 34 (32) 160 (158) 194 (190) 19 (22) 213 (212) 1 214 15 229 (228) 2(6) 231 (234) 35^ (34) 266i (268) i 267 116 383 (378) The great thickness of Boulder Clay in this section is remarkable. Can it be that some part assigned to this may be really London Clay ? It is hard also to understand the beds below the blue clay. The top foot of sand may be the basement-bed of the London Clay (presuming that the blue clay belongs to that formation, and not to the Reading Beds). From the other beds, down to the flints, being all sand, one cannot fix the division between the Reading Beds and the Thanet Beds. For an analysis of the water, see p. 410. In 1905 Kelvedon depended on one public pump and a number of private wells, those through the London Clay yielding water readily. It is now supplied from the C'oggeshall Waterworks. WELLS. 203 Eirby le Soken. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. Geologic Map 48, SE. 1, Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 1907. Lined with 4i-in. tubes to 185 ft. down. A fissure containing water was struck at 220-222^ ft. down. Water-level 26 ft. down. [London Clay.] { ^S brtZMth "'''^*''*'' [Mostly London Clay] Platimore clay I Mottled clay Green clay Mottled clay Marl Layer of green flints [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 9 9 50 59 70 129 5 134 5 139 14 153 H 154^ -| 155 70 225 2. Horsey. New House Farm. 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Lined with 4i-in. tubes to 144 ft. down. Water-level 2 ft. down. [London Clay.] f Dark clay ( Stone lime [Reading Beds.] l^ Brown clay Fine sand (with salt water) Various coloured clays Fine sand Limestone rock ... Fine sand (salt water) Clay Sand Blue clay Green clay Red clay Green clay Fhnts [Upper] Chalk and flints Probably too great a thickness is given to the Reading Beds. Kirby was largely supplied by the Tendring Hundred Water Co. Lower Kirby has a gratuitous supply, the gift of the late Mr. Blanchard, which is good and plentiful. (Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 127.) It is got from a spring, the water of which is piped into the village. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 15 15 9 24 23i 47i 5 52; 36 88; 2i 90 U 92 5" 97; n 98; • 2i 101 23 124 4 128 7 135 7 142 2 144 31 175 Eynochtown, see Stanford le Hope. Laindon. Ordnance Maps, 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 68, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Railway Station, close to road. 1888. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. About 148 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 122 ft. down (1888). (Blue clay Sandy clay [Basement- C Green sand, and water bed ?] I Black pebbles and sand Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 291 291 51 342 1 343 2 345 204 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Laindon, cont. [? Woolwich Beds, 48 ft.] [? Thanet Beds, 90 ft.] [Upper] Chalk, 305 ft. Thickness. Dept 'Green sand 7 352 Blowing sand 14 366 Sandy clay 3 369 Green blowing sand 13 • 382 Clay and stones [? pebbles] 5 387 Green sand 6 393 I' Hard clay and sand 17 410 1 Dead green sand 18 428 Green sandy clay 22 450 Green sand and clay 33 483 • Grey putty-chalk [very soft] 42 625 Soft, whiter chalk, and flints 37 562 White chalk and flints 94 656 Sticky chalk and flints 10 666 White chalk and flints 43 709 Grey chalk and flints 5 714 White chalk and flints 5 719 Hard white chalk 4 723 Grey putty chalk [very soft], and flints 51 774 White chalk and flints 4 778 Light-coloured, hard chalk and flints 4 782 Dark, sticky chalk and flints 6 788 For an analysis of the water, see p. 410. 2. Near new Hotel and Railway Station. For public supply ? 1897. Information from Messrs. Pollabd and Tingle. About 146 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 111^ ft. down. The well ends in a 6-in. bore-hole. Yield 400 gallons an hour. To bottom of London Clay Sand and pebbles with water The Southend Co. has bought this well, For analysis of the water, see p. 410. ^^8) 336 ft. but does not use it. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 83, the population was then only 350, and the village was very badly off for water, many of the houses depending on ponds or ra,in-water. Some of the farms had to cart water two miles. The supply is now in the hands of the Southend Water Co. (1913). Laindon (or Langdon) Hill. Ordnance Maps 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 76, NW. and NE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. This is a distinct parish, in the Orsett Rural District, whilst Laindon is in the Billerioay Rural District. According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 70, the population was then 220, and the supply, probably the worst in the district, was derived from two springs, one of which rises in an unpro- tected pool. Water was carted and sold at a halfpenny a pail. In 1905, 35 per cent, of the supply came from springs, 30 from shallow wells, and the rest from rain-water. The supply is now taken from the Southend Co. (1913). 1. Brickyard. Mr. C. T. Johnson. Dr. A. E. Salter, Froc. Owl. Assoc, vol, xx, p. '181. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 27 ft. deep, chiefly in London Clay. A good supply got after passing a bed of septaria. I have a note of 1907 that there was about 1-^ ft. of water in the well at the brickyard just west of Butler's Grove, about 26 ft. deep, probably the same. WELLS. 205 Thickness. Ft. Depth rt. 1 1 5 6 - 4 10 54 ^'! llf i 154 194 31i 314 2i 34i 5i 394 Laindon Hill, cont. 2. Trial-well (7^ ft. diameter) for public supply, in field 174, on the hill, northward of Combe Wood. 1907. From the foreman on the spot, the last bed from Mr. HiLi, Willis (later), who says that there was 2 ft. 4 in. of water. Yield 3,500 gallons a day for 14 days. Light soil i Mild yellow loam Grey loam Yellow loam ... Yellow loam [clayey fine sand] [Bagshot Sand.] / g[^y «*'^■ calcareous, pale grey] The absence of gravel in so great a thickness of Glacial Drift is note- worthy. The same is the case in all but the upper part in the AVenden boring. ■ This is one of the borings proving a deep channel of Drift in the Valley of the Cam. Ft. 3 5 8 29 5 32 1 20 Depth. Et. 4 20 30 36 106 115 118 123 131 160 165 197 198 218 WELLS. 213 ml 124 ft. Littlebury, cont. 3. For the Saffron Walden Rural District Council 1 Where the road to f °y®™? "J^anches off from the high road, 125 yds. west of No. 1 and about S It. higher. 164 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Mr. G. Ixgold. Water-level 10 ft. down. Supply plentiful. Made ground White Chalk, with a few flints about every 5 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 415. The Chalk being uncovered by Drift at No. 3, which is 8 ft. higher than No. 2, where Chalk is not reached at 218 ft., it follows that there must be a fall of something more than 226 ft. in the surface of the Chalk between the two borings, a distance of 375 ft. , or about 5 in 8. How much greater than this the fall is one cannot say. According to the Eeport of the Medical Officer for 1912 (W. Aemistead) there were four public pumps, two in the village, supplied from a deep well (No. 3), the others, at Littlebury Green and Catmore End, from filtered pond-water. There were 13 shallow private wells. Little Canfield, see Great Canfield. Little Chesterford. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 2, SE., 3, SAV.). Geologic Map 47. Wood Farm, Park Estate, near Chesterford Common. On high ground. Communicated by M. G. Maynabd. Red loam [Glacial Drift.] [Chalk.] Blue Essex [Boulder] clay with stones up to 2 ft. long Mixed gravel ( Blue clunch, hard and dry ^ Hard chalk with layers of flint Thickness. Ft. 5 126 6 5 85 Depth. Ft. 5 131 137 142 227 Depth given as 237 ( ? mistake). According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 61, there were no public works, bat several private wells, mostly in Chalk. Little Clacton. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 38, SE. and NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. The supply was wholly from very shallow wells, the water coming from a small layer of gravel, in clay, 4 or 5 ft. down. (Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 126.) The parish is now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Co. Little Coggeshall. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 26, SW., 35, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Little Coggeshall Brewery. Mr. Gardner's. About 95 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from Mr. J. Hatley. Water overflowed. 100 gallons an hour. Gravel London Clay Slate-coloured sand to green sand Since deepened : — Grey (? the green of above) sand [Upper] Chalk and flints Lined from 3 to 228 ft. down with 3-in. tubes. For analysis of the water (since deepening), see p. 176. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 25 25 120 145 60 205 16J 1 221^ 83^ . 305 214 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 260 ft Little Dunmow. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 24, SW.). Geologic Map 47. Three wells. R. Haslee, Essex Naturalist, 1891, vol. v, pp. 216, 217. 1. Cottages (formerly the Flitch of Bacon Inn) about an eighth of a mile west of Throws Farm. 288 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 140 ft., the rest bored. [Glacial Drift, f [Boulder] Clay about 55 n about 60 ft.] (Drift [gravel and sand] ... ,, 5 1 London Clay, to a thin crust of rock, on piercing i which there was a great rush of water ... ,, 200 J 2. Mr. Hasler's. [Boulder Clay.] {SL'ttjy Drif t [? gravel] 3. Jubilee Pump. r«T . , f Half white or chalky clay : half stiff yellow ^DrT/tl clay. [Boulder Clay]'' ... Drift.] (j)j,-ft |-, gravel] Presumably this is the public well, in the centre of the village, that Dr. Thbesh says yielded a good supply. Report of 1905, p. There are several other private wells. 20-) about 35 } 58 ft. 3J 25 3. 59. 28 ft Little £aston. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 23, SE.). Geologic Map 47. Easton Lodge. 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Mebkyweathee and Sons. 330 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 131 ft. down. Yield tested to about 2,000 gallons an hour, without lowering the level of water 8 ft. Made Ground [Boulder Clay.] [Glacial Gravel and Sand.] (■ Hard yellow clay with chalky stones ( Blue clay and chalk pebbles ... Gravel I Yellow sand ( Live sand Rough sand I Ballast I Blue clay Green shale Loamy clay ... Grey loam [.Readmg Beds.] {Mo^*«tdX„^- loam i-TT /-ii, 11 T f Chalk and flints [Upper Chalk.] [^^^^^ For analysis of the water, see p. 416- According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 60, there was a private fountain near the post office, supplying a few houses. The rest got water from shallow wells. Little Hallingbury. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 31, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Just west of the Church. From observation. W. H. Penning. (■Gravel 15" [Glacial Drift.] ] Boulder Clay 40 J- 00 ft ( Grey sand (water) Thickness. Ft. Deleft. Ft 19i 22 21 43 7 50 3 53 2 55 5 60 14 69J 2 61i 131 133 6 139 33 172 18 190 51 241 121 362 18 380 WELLS. 215 Little Hallingbury, cont. 2. Mr. Ashdown's new house. 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 82 ft., the rest a 4-in. bore. Casing driven to 148 ft. down. Water-level ? 60 ft. down. Mould {White clay Brown boulder-clay Blue clay Brown clay Clean sharp gravel with Mttle water Brovm clay Black loamy sand Limestone* Black loamy sand Limestonef Black loamy sand Brown clay Black loamy sand Green and red mottled sandy loam Ditto ; alternating with thin beds black sand ... Black and green-coated flint pebbles [Upper] Chalk with flints • This bed thins ofE from a thickness of 1 ft. on one side of the shaft, which is 6 ft. in diameter, to 7 in. on the other. t This bed is less compact than the previous limestone and thins off from 2 ft. on one side of the shaft to 7 in. on the other. According to Dr. Thebsh's Report of 1905, p. 52, the village was supplied from two wells, 10 ft. deep in gravel ; isolated cottages from wells about 35 ft. deep, also in gravel. [London Clay and Reading Beds.] kness. Depth 1 1 9 10 10 20 14 34 6 40 12 52 3 55 5 60 1 61 9 70 2 72 10 82 6 88 22 110 18 128 11* i 60 139 J 140 200 Little Henny, see Henny. Little Holland. Ordnance Map 242, new ser., but not marked thereon (Essex, corners of 38, 39, 48). Geologic Map 48, SE. Formerly supplied wholly from shallow wells (up to 1901). The main of the Tendring Hundred Water Co. now goes through the village. Little Horkesley. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 18). Geologic Map 48, NW. Westwood House. 1908. Made and communicated by Messrs. Dttke and Ockbnden. Lined with 6-in. tubes to 292 ft. down. Water-level 128 ft. down. ^n^ ■ 1 -r. -xi T C Clay and flints [Glacial Drift.] [qJ^^i [London] Clay, with hard rock at 141^ to 142J Sand Black clay Sand (with a little water) Sand and clay Bed of flints [? Lower London Tertiaries.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 11 11 9 20 145 165 6 .171 14 185 1* 186^ 56| 243 2 245 159 404 [Upper] Chalk Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1901, p. 134, says that shallow wells abounded ; but some houses were sup- plied from a good spring. 216 ESSEX WATER. SUPPLY. Little Laver. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, SW.). Geologic Maps 1, NW., 47. Envilles. 1892. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft; slow spring. Little Leighs, see Great Leighs. 15 5 20 ft. Little Maplestead. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 121, the supply was then unlimited and good : chiefly got from a well (80 ft. deep) with pump. There was another deep well, on private property, and a shallow draw-well. Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905 notes that there was a public pump over a well about 80 ft. deep (presumably through Boulder Clay to gravel) ; but most people depended on shallow wells, averaging 15 ft. deep. Little Oakley, see Great Oakley. Little Farndon. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 41, NW. and SW.). Geologic Map 47. Parndon Hall. Information from ilr. G. Ingold. Thickness. (■Gravel ... < Boulder Clay (.Gravel ... Ft. 10 20 12 [Glacial Drift] Black [London] Clay Little Saling, see Bardfield Saling. Depth. Ft. 10 30 42 48 Little Sampford. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 10, SW., 15, NW.). Geologic Map 47. The Hall. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold (and from specimens sent by him from the boring, in these brackets). Old well 21 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 56 ft. down. Thickness. ■with 18 16 Sand and gravel Blue Boulder Clay (hght-grey, fragments of chalk) Hard slate-coloured clay (pale-grey and brownish) Reddish-brown clay (brownish-grey red-mottled sandy clay) Green clay (pale, sandy) j Brown clay (fine clayey sand, with a \ slight pinkish tinge) . . V Dark green clay (sandy) [Upper] Chalk This section is of interest as showing two unexpected things [Glacial Drift.] [Reading Beds, 25 ft.] [Thanet Beds, 15 ft.] Ft. 18 Depth. Ft. 18 36 52 5 57 4 61 13 74 2 76 57 133 -the pre- sence of a lower bed of Boulder Clay (beneath the Glacial gravel), which does not come to the surface hereabout ; and an extension of Reading Beds and Thanet Beds northward, along the valley of the Pant or Blackwater, beyond the limit to which they had been guessed to reach. The brownish sand with a pinkish tint reminds one of the pale pinkish bed above the green base-bed of the Thanet Sand at Sudbury, and proves therefore a westerly extension of that division of the Lower London Tertiaries. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 63, there is a public pump, getting water from gravel in the Boulder Clay. WELLS. 217 Little Stambiidge. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (but not marked thereon) (Essex 70, SE.), Geologic Maps 1, NE. and SE. A fair supply from private shallow wells. Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1901, p. 80. '■ See also under Stambridge, p. 266. Little Thurrock, see also under West Thurrock. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 83, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Isolation Hospital. Orsett Rural District Council. In Stifford Long Lan«t 93 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Only contains 4^ ft. of water. Alluvium London Clay Thanet Sand Chalk ' 84 ft. 14. For an analysis of the water, see p. 416. The hospital and the parish are now supplied by the South Essex Co. Little Wakering. Ordnance Maps 258, 259, new ser. (Essex 79, NW.). Geologic Map 2. Almost every house hiid a well. Water abundant, but its quality ques- tionable. Dr. Theesh, Report of 1901, p. 80. New England Island. Between Foulness and Havengore Island Old well. Information from Mr. Pukkt3, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Alluvium, composed of sand on the south and clay on the north. To base of London Clay, about 440 ft. Little Warley. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SW Dr. Theesh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 84. Population about 150 and 1,400 soldiers in barracks, who are supplied by the South Essex Co., as also some houses. Two public pumps and some shallow wells. The public pumps yielded hard water and many people preferred to use the pond, which was liable to pollution. Little Wigborough. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 46, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Copt Hall [Marsh]. Old well, about a mile SE. of the Church? Dr. James Mitchell's MSS., vol. iv, p. 187. Yield 80 or 90 gallons a minute. Brown clay Muddy black clay Quick sand, with salt water Stony gravel Blue clay Black sand Green sand, with water 30 ft. lower another spring 20 ,, ,, black sand and green sand To Chalk about 300 ft. ■/ Noticed by Sir J. Peestwich, Froc. Inst. Civ. Eng., vol. xxxvii, p. 110, under Mersea Island. The following information, communicated by J. C. Peach, probably refers to this well : — About 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water used to overflow : in May, 1900, it was a few feet down. For an analysis of- the water, see p. 416. 218 ES^EX WATEE StTPPLT. Little Yeldham. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 11, isE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 64, more than half the population were then supplied from private wells, 15 to 50 ft. deep, and from springs ; a few houses depended on brooks ; the rest on a, public pump. There are now (1913) two public pumps ; one, 35 ft. deep, near Hyde Farm, the other in the village, opposite the school, its water coming from a pro- tected spring. Longford, see Langford. Loughton. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 57, NE., SE., 58, SW., NW.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Sir G. Carroll's. Pkbstwich's Waterbearing Strata around London, pp. 67, 235, and Dr. James Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, opp. p. 84. Bored the whole depth. Water, from the sands above the Chalk, rose to within 90 ft. of the ground. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 250 250 74 324 211 535 Blue [London] Clay ... Beds of sand [Upper] Chalk, no water Another account (J. Simpson, MS. in Library Inst. Civ. Eng.) makes, the depths to and in the Chalk 445 and 90 ft. 2. Great Eastern Railway Station. 1874-0. From a drawing, by A. N. Langley, in the Geological Society's Library, from specimens and from information from Mr. Langley. ! ? over 90 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 101 ft., the rest bored. Water [? from Lower Greensand] rose to within 64 ft. of the surface at the rate of about 2,000 gallons a day. May, 1874. On June 14th, 1911 (according to Mr. H. Jones), the water-level was SSj ft. down, and no pumping had taken place for several years. CSand I Clay and stones [London] Clay [Reading Beds, 36 ft.] Fine [Thanet] Sand Chalk. [At 850 ft. a specimen of chalk with some green grains ; at 871 ft. of rather sandy chalk with some green sand] ... Chalk, with layers of green sand [? Upper Greensand, except the top few feet. Specimen of green sand, with some chalk (? carried down by boring-tool) at 922 ft.] , [Gault.] Chalk [? whitish calcareous clay] 4^ ft. [Speci- mens of Gault clay from 950 ft. down. At the bottom some pieces of phosphatio nodules, such as occur at the base of the Gault] An account from Mr. T. Tilley, who bored the lowest part of the well, is as follows : — > Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 167 167 26 193 10 203 40 243 648i 37 172? 891^ 928J about 1,100 To bottom of grey chalk [ Green sand and brown loam . . . [Upper I Greensand 8 Greensand, 30ft.] | Grey chalk [? calcareous sandstone] ... 4 I Green sand 10 _ , , ( Grey chalk [? calcareous whitish clay] 31 [Gault.] I Qg^^jj. (jjot bottomed) This boring, one of the deepest in the London Basin, was the second in Essex that, after passing through the Tertiary Beds, pierced the Chalk, the Upper Greensand, and the Gault, the first being at Harwich. Thickness. Ft. 894 Depth. Ft. 894 902 910 914 924 955 WELLS. Low Leyton, see Leyton. 219 Magdalen Laver. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 41, SE.)- Geologic Map 1, NW. The Bushes. 1870. Made and communicated by Mr. Ingold. 16 gallons of water an hour. Gravel .'.'.' j ^8 ft. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1905 the supply depends on shallow wells. Maldon. Ordnance Map 241 (Essex 54, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Writing of this town in 1860, in thb Second Report of the Medical Officer «f the Privy Council, p. 167, Dr. Gseenhow says, ' The water is of good quality, hard but pure, and is obtained from springs and artesian wells.' 1. Messrs. Gray and Sons. 1891. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee and Co. Lined with 230 ft. of 7^-in. tubes from 4 ft. down and with 70 ft. of 6-in, tubes from 161 ft. down. Water-level 124 ft. down. Dug well (the rest bored) ( Blue clay (claystone at bottom) [Landwi Clay.] (Fossil [Blue clay ! Loamy sand Grey sand and shell Grey sand Black pebbles (with clay at the bottom) ( Loamy sand ( Mottled clay I Green loamy sand [Oldhaven Beds.] [Woolwich Beds.] ckness. Dept Ft. — 152 74 226 3 229 7 236 7 243 1 244 4 248 2 250 11 261 2 ' 263 4 267 2. Messrs. Warren's Foundry, near the railway-station. Information from Mr. Hatlet, well-sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Gravel London Clay ... 21 130 To sand, 151 ft. 3, 4. Northey, an island below (or eastward of) the town, and South House, about a mile south-east of the town. Old wells. Information from Mr. Hatlet, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Water overflowed. To base of London Clay, 250 ft. 5. Workhouse. New well. (?1909.) Imfonnation from Mr. Almond, Surveyor, Maldon Rural District Council. 118 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined to 325 ft. Yield 800 gallons an hour with pump-barrel 200 ft. down. Water turbid with fine sand. 220 Soil ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Maldon, cont. [Drift 1 y Rough gravel i Coarse sand and fine ground ? London Clay Hard grey sand Grey sand , , Hard grey stone [London Clay.] (J Grey sand Blue clay , Silty loam Dark stone \ Silty loam , [Oldhaven Beds.] Fine grey sand with water [Woolwich Beds r Bed mottled clay ..: ., and ( *^'"^®'' " ThanetBeds?.] ^l^^'^^^^y'i^y ^ ^ \h me compact sand For an analysis of the water, see p. 418. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 19 20 7 27 73 100 i lOOJ l| 102 4 102^ 77i 180 32 212 22 234 1 235 5 240 19 259 11 270 13 283 23 306 34 340 6. Waterworks. Spital Road. 1870. Boiler-house well. Information from W. H. Penning (and later from Mr. Bbatjmont in these brackets). (115'2 ft. above Ordnance Datum.) Shaft throughout (5 ft. diameter). (Water-level 150 ft. down, Aug., 1908.) Yield 5,000 gallons an liour ? originally. In Dec. , 1893, Mr. Stbachan found it to be 54,000 gallons a day and estimated the minimum [? for con- tinuous pumping] at 40,000 to 42,000. London Clay, 234 ft. (Total depth a, little more than 234, the well ending in sand and loam not much below the London Clay.) For analyses of the water, see p. 417. 7. Spital Road Waterworks Engine-house well. 1911. Shaft, of 6 ft. diameter, 200 ft. , the rest bored. Made and communicated by R. Richaeds and Co. Water-level 160 ft. down. Yield, 180 gallons an hour with pump 420 ft. deep, after intervals of 2 hours. Dug well (old) [London Clay] Hard clay [? Oldhaven Beds and Woolwich Beds.] hard bands ... I Brown clay Very hard stone (dark Clay Green sand Brown clay and sand fSand ;, Bed of flints [ Chalk and flints... ( Hard grey chalk Sand with some red) [Thanet Sand.] [Upper Chalk.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — . 194 12 206 46 252 4 256 1 257 •i 9 266 16 282 •1 5 287 61 348 .1 2 350 . 266 616 18 634 The result of the deep boring was a marked increase of the chlorides in the water. 8. Waterworks. Wantz Road, in the centre of the town. 57^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Mr. John Fbench, from particulars given by Mr. J. FtrBLONG, the well- sinker, who showed him specimens from the bore, with some further information. WELLS. 221 , Maldon, cont. Well 58 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to -12 ft. below the surface originally, to 50 ft. in 1908. Soil London Clay [OldhavenBeds.jfl^'i'i ■■■ "• ^ Black [flint] pebbles r Mottled clay / Red clay I Bright green sand { Dark sandy clay (Sand 1 Dark clay [Reading Beds.] [?Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 168 169 13 182 i 182i 3 185f 2 187i 14 201i 30 23l| 30 2611 2 263| Another account gives the depth to the base of the London Clay as 186 ft. , and the total depth as 279, and differs somewhat in details. According to the Medical Officer's Report for 1912 the well is an old one, made to supply a flour-mill. The well was deepened to 156 ft., with a new boring to 290, and the result was an increase of supply from 25,000 to 100,000 gallons a day. The water was under suspicion in 1900, as it was getting harder : the upper part of the brickwork was found to be letting in water ( ?polluted). See Analyses, p. 417. The following information from the Water Works Directory, 1911, jj. 226 : — The works were established in 1862. The area supplied is the oorough of Maldon only, and its population is 5,600. The yearly supply is 50,000,000 gallons, the daily consumption per head, for all purposes, being 20 gallons. There are two wells and borings to the sand of the Reading Beds and one to the Thanet Sand. Surface-wells and springs, liable to pollution, are still used by some people (1912). Manningtree. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SW). Geologic Map 48, NW. Shallow wells used to be the sole supply ; but the Tendring Hundred Water Co. now supply many houses (1913). Stour Brewery (Messrs. Alston). 1888. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Z Hh.ls & Co. Water-level 11 ft. clown. Good supply. Made ground and gravel / Clay, hght-coloured with dark veius ... ) Coarse sand I Sandy gravel I, Fine dark sand I Yellow clay \ Yellow clay, darker and sandy [ Brown sandy clay ' Green mottled sandy clay Dark „ „ „ Brown ,, „ „ Blue clay Green sandy clay Dark clay J Loamy green sand [? River Drift.] [London Clay, 17 ft.] [Reading Beds, 38 ft.] Thickness. Depth [Upper] Chalk Ft. Ft. 4 4 4 8 2 10 6 16 9 25 3 28 5 33 9 42 3 45 1 46 2 48 2 50 17 67 7 74 6 80 40 120 222 ESSEX WATEE StIPPLT. Manuden. Ordnance Map 222, new eer. (Essex 13, SW., SE. Geologic Map 47. 22, NW., NE.). ickness. Ft. Depth. 35 35 10^ 45^ 3^ 49 89 138 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 10 13 3 16 26 42 3 45 4 49 1 50 105 J55 1. House opposite the Vicarage. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Bored throughout. Water-level 18 ft. down. Slow spring. f Gravel : a loose drift [Glacial] Drift. ( laght-blue clay ... t light-brown clay [Upper] Chalk This shows the occurrence of Drift clay beneath the Glacial gravel here, which would not be inferred from the Geological Survey Map (Sheet 47), or else of Eocene clay. 2. Mallows Green. 1901. Made and communicated by Mr. H. G. Featherby. 31935 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest water-level 99 ft. down (March, 1901). Shaft 4 ft. 3 in. diameter to 40 ft. down, then 3 ft. 6 in. to 50 ft. down, and 4 ft. 3 in. again to 105 ft. down ; the rest a 4-in. bore-hole. 'Brown clay White clay I Chalk and blue clay with water [Glacial Drift.] ( Blue clay with many flints Gravel Loamy sand I Brown clay [Upper] Chalk with flints 3. Mr. Burl's Grocery Stores. Communicated by Mr. Feathebby. Water at 16 ft., October, 1900. Gravel and loam, 24 ft. For an analysis of a water from a well said to be 200 ft. deep, see p. 418. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 52, the village was very fairly supplied from wells 15 to 25 ft. deep. Some cottages at Upend had to go half a mile to the farm for water. Slaplestead, see Great and Little Maplestead. Margaret Roding. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, 10 shallow wells (presumably in Boulder Clay) supplied 60 houses. Margaretting. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 52, SW., 60, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Eweland Hall (western, end of village). 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee and Co. Lined with 435 ft. of tubes, of 4-in. diameter, from a foot down. Water-level 122 ft. down. Well (? old; the rest bored) ('Blue clay [London Clay.] ^ ^^^ clay Ind stone ^ Sandy clay [?01dhav6n Beds.] {^ndlSpebbl For an analysis of the water, se es 419. ickness. Ft. Dept Ft. — 22 26 48 57 105 9 114 323 437 113 448 451 WELLS. 223 Margaretting, cont. 2. On the main road, near the pond in the village. Information from Mr. Steaight. Said to be a dug well 214 ft. deep, deriving water from sands beneath the London Clay. Rest-level of water 30 ft. down. For analysis, see p. 419. 3, 4. Two old wells. Information from Mr. Rolfb, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Ivory Hill, or Ivy Hill, Cottage. Brickearth ... 18 ") „„ „, Gravel ... 8 j ^6 "• Coptfold Hall. Sandy loan, to sand and gravel ... 27 ft. 5. "At Margaretting Tye trial borings revealed the presence of water at an easily accessible depth. Upon analysis it was found suitable for domestic purposes." Dr. Theesh Report, Chelmsford Rural Sanitary Authority, for 1893. According to Dr. Theesh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 103. There were two public pumps, one giving good water, but limited in quantity, the other yielding very hard water. One deep well yielded an Epsom Salts water. Markshall. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 26, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Mark's Hall Estate. Trial-boring for water. 1899. Near the boundary of the Park. Made and communicated by Mr. F. Bennett, of Ipswich. Water-level 28 ft. down. Thickness. (YeUow clay Loam Loamy sand Red gravel Ballast . . . Ft. 16 2 6 4 2-Jr Depth. Ft. 16 18 24 28 30* Mashbury. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 43, NW.). Geologic Map 47. No village. One public pump giving fairly good water. Many houses supplied from a brook. Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1901, p. 103. Matching. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 41, NE., 42, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Two wells. Made and communicated by Mr. Ingold. 1. The School. Drift gravel and clay ... 30^ ft. 2. Newman's End. 1898. Soil 2^ C White clay ... § ( 90 f*. [Boulder Clay.] I Brown clay ... 3 ^ ^l^ "• (. Blue clay ... 7 ) According to Dr. Theesh' s Report of 1905, p. 33, there were two or more public wells ( ? including the above) ; but most of the supply came from private wells. May land. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 62, NE., 63, NW.). Geologic Map 2. 1. Nipecil's Farm, see Analyses, p. 419. 2. Mill. An old well. Information from Mr. Hatlet, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Through London Clay, to sand, 300 ft. According to Dr. Theesh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p2 224 ESSEX WaTEK supply. Mayland, cont. p. 110, there was practically no village and no public supply. In most cases rain-water was got, from roofs and from ponds. A few cottages got water from a pump in Althorne. One or two farms had bored wells. Since then Mr. Fels has established a farm-colony and bored a deep well, but the bulk of the population is supplied from the Purleigh works (see p. 82). According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 40, in the bored wells the water-level was falling and the yield decreasing. Mersea. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 46, NE., 47, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. According to the Essex County Standard, 25 April, 1908, ' ' Until the last month or two all the drinking water used on the island was drawn from surface wells or from springs issuing from the base of the cliff along the west side. A large proportion of the houses have their own wells, which generally yield an ample supply." See also East Mersea and West Mersea. Messing. Ordnance Maps 223, 241, new ser. (Essex 35, NE., SE.) Geologic Maps 47, 48, SW. Supply for ToUeshunt Knights. A well 28 ft. deep was sunk near where some springs rose (from gravel) and' the spring-water was tapped underground. The water rose to within 3 ft. of the surface. A second well, 12 ft. deep, has been sunk nearer the springs, and the water is 3 ft. down. Yield from 20,000 to 30,000 gallons a day. There are also several shallow wells. See also p. 80, and under Tiptree, p. 281. Metropolitan Water Board. Though the supply is chiefly from the Lea, that is supplemented from wells at the following places in Essex — Chingford (p. 119), East Ham (really in Barking, p. 90), Leyton (pp. 209, 210), Waltham Holy Cross (Waltham Abbey, pp. 289, 290), Walthamstow (pp. 292, 293), and Wanstead (p. 295). Mile End, see Colchester, p. 128. Mistley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SW.). Geologic Map 48, NW. 1. Messrs. Edme and Co., Malt Extract Manufacturers (about 20 ft. from Messrs. Pree's well). Made and communicated by Mr. F. Bennett, of Ipswich. Tubes of 7^ in. internal diameter driven to a depth of 129 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. In. Ft. In Old well (the rest bored) — 40 6 / Stiff mottled clay ... 15 6 56 Mottled loam ... 3 59 Running sand, with 4 ms. of rock at the bottom ... 3 4 62 4 Stiff green loam... 9 71 4 Green clay ... 3 74 4 [Beading Beds.]' Coarse grey sand ... 1 75 4 Green clay 2 77 4 Coarse grey sand ... 2 8 80 Green clay 6 6 86 6 Blue silty clay ... 7 93 6 Brown clay 4 3 97 9 .Green loam 2 9 100 6 Green-coated flints and chalk 1 6 102 [Upper 1 Chalk. Layer of flints at 238, and great many flints from 256 to 301 199 301 Wells. 225 Mistley, cont. 2. Messrs. Free, Rodwell and Co.'s Malting. 1883. Boring. Communicated by Mr. P. Bbuff from information from the sinker, Mr. F. Bennett. About 37 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Tubes driven about 10 ft. into the Chalk. Water rose to 32^ ft. below the surface after flint bed at top of the Chalk was penetrated (14 in. higher at high tide). Supply abundant (over 6,000 gallons an hour), and quality good. At a later date said to be 4,500 gallons an hour for 16 hours a day. Thickness. Made ground Mould Gravel [London Clay, 36^ ft] [Reading Beds, 58 ft.] 'Brown clay, with 15 in. rock (septaria 2 ft. above the bottom Dark sandy loam Clay Fine light-coloured sand (water) [?base ment-bed] 'Mottled clay Fine hght-coloured sand (water) Green loamy sand Mottled clay Coarse grey sand Green clay ... ... Coarse grey sand Green clay Blue sUty clay, bottom foot brown .. Streaky loam, top 9 ins. dark, the rest grey Green-coated flints Ft. 2i 15| 2 lOi 8i 16| 34 10 2 i 1 2i 7 12 2i i Depth. Ft. 2J 23i 25i 354 604 64 74 76 764 774 80 87 99 lOli lOlf 232 [Upper] Chalk ; at first rather soft, then in small cuboidal pieces, with much water ; few flints met with .. . ... 130| 3. Messrs. Free, Rodwell and Co.'s. Malting. 1891. Made and communicated by Mr. F. Bennett. 39 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boring, tubed to 95^ ft. down. On a level with the quay, which is about 30 yds. off. Water-level sinks 20 in. at low tide. The steam-pump was throwing considerably over 6,500 gallons an hour, and although we pumped for several hours, the supply seemed to be abun- dant. The water drops about 2 ft., and then remains at a fixed level of 14 ft. 4 in. from the surface. (Letter from Messrs. Free and Rodwell, November, 1891.) 32^ ft. down later. Made soil J Light-coloured mottled clay ... I Brown mottled clay I, Running sand [? basement-bed] 'Mottled clay Running sand Mottled loam Green mottled clay Green sandy loam ( Rough sand Green sandy loam Running sand ... Stiff blue clay Brown clay Green loam FMnt-bed Large flint 824 ft. from surface... For an analysis of the water of one or both of these wells, see p. 420. No. 1 also belongs to the same firm. [London Clay, 174 ft-] [Reading Beds 59 ft.] [Upper] Chalk. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 4 4 10 14 5 19 24 214 17 384 14 40 114 514 44 56 14 574 4 58 1 59 14 604 154 76 i| 774 2 794 1 8O4 80 I6O4 226 ESSEX WATEE, SUPPLY. Mistley, cont. 4. Tendring Hundred Waterworks. North of the railway. Two bore-holes. Average daily yield 50,000 gallons a day. To Chalk ... 110") , , ,„„ ., In Chalk ... about 20 5 ^bo'i^ 130 ft. A communication from the Admiralty says that the shaft is 50 ft. deep, that iron tubes were carried down into the Chalk, and that the depth is 300 ft. The average daily yield of these wells (in 1912) was 53,000 gallons. For analyses of the waters from both wells, see p. 420. According to Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1901, pp. 127 and xv., the old village had a good free supply for many years, the gift of Mr. Rigby, of Mistley Hall, but which did not supply that house. This was extended to many houses in New or Upper Mistley. (The water comes from springs on the side of Furze Hill.) The Tendring Hundred Co. now supply the whole place. (1913.) Moreton. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 51, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Ini 1905, largely supplied from a public well or wells. Later information (1913) says that all private wells are fitted with pumps. The wells are shallow and yield an ample supply. They must be in Glacial gravel. Moulsham, see Chelmsford. Mountnessing. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 59, SE.,60, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Tylhus. East of Bacons, about a mile northward of Mountnessing Hall. 1895. Under 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A boring. ft. in. r Heavy [Boulder] Clay 5 6 [Glacial Drift.] / Sand [specimen coarse, brown, with 1 small stones] ... ... ... ... 04 [? London] Clay — One sample of the water contained 294 grains of chlorine to the gallon, another 301. Another well about 20 yds. away yielded a normal gravel-water (13 grains per gallon of chlorine) ; but no water was found until a depth of 28 ft. was reached, whereas in the Tylhus well it was found in the sand 5^ ft. down. The Tylhus well is on a hill and many miles from the sea or a tidal river. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 84, the population was about 930 ; shallow wells and a spring gave the sole supply ; the quantity seemed sufficient, but the quality was questionable. The South Essex Co.'s mains are being extended to supply the village. Mucking. Ordnance Maps 257, 271, new ser. (Essex 84, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 1, SB. Formerly the water was derived from shallow wells (Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1901, p. 70). In 1905, 25 per cent, of the houses were supplied from private wells, from 20 to 70 ft. deep. 1. Waterworks. Mucking Ford, more than a mile south-south-west of the village. West of the road and just north of the stream. On the Linford Estat*. 1885. Communicated by Mr. W. Russ. 18 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bore of 9 in. diameter. ' AVater (a]i]3arently wholly from the Chalk) rose to 14 ft. above the surface, and still did so in 1888. The flow at the surface \vellS. 227' Mucking, cont. Was 90 gallons a minute, which has increased to 110. Pumping at the rate of 150 gallons a minute lowered the water in the bore-hole to about 12 ft.. down. C Black mould (.Blue clay ... Rimning gravel light-coloured sand Dark sandy clay [? clayey sand], dry. . . Flints [Upper] Chalk, with flmts at 54 ft. (6 ins.) and at 58 ft. (3 ins.), moat of the water coming from beneath this lower bed [? Alluvial.] [River Drift.] [Thanet Beds, 45 ft.] ickness.! Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 1 3 3 6 11 17 33 50 1 51 16 67 , According to Messrs. Tillby, who made the well, the depth to the Chalk was 51^, and the water overflowed, at the rate of about 30 gallons a minute, at 15 ft. above the ground. 2. A later work at the same place, then called Linford Estate Waterworks. Two borings. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tillet. Beds as in the older section. Merely a difference in thickness. Surface water-level 3 ft. down. Chalk-water overflows. The same as the older section (Alluvium and gravel) TThanetBeds f Light-coloured sand LJ.lia,net Beds, j^ ^ ^j ^^ 44 ^*-] \ Green flints [Upper] Chalk and flints On April 2nd, 1900, the water was 14 ft. down, after pumping for 7 hours, at the rate of about 130 gallons a minute! On ceasing pumping the water rose in the pipe in 20 seconds, and overflowed into the well, and then con- tinued rising to the overflow-pipe, about 18 in. up. The works have been taken over by the South Essex Water Co. The average daily quantity pumped in 1910 was 832,515 gallons. For analyses of the water, see- p. 421. 3. Gobions Farm. 1^ miles southward of Mucking Church. 1913. Made and' communicated by Messrs. Lb Geand and Stttcliff. Water-level 9 ft. down (1913). Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 6 18 24 25 49 1 50 30 80 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. (" Loam 1 1 \ Sandy clay 3 4 [River Drift] < Sand 1 5 J Sandy clay 4 9 \ Gravel with water 16 25 Thanet Sand 68 93 FUnts 2 95 r Chalk and flints 171 266 [Upper Chalk] ] „ „ „ (sticky) ... lOJ 276^ I „ „ „ (hard) ... 6^ 283 Mundon. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 64, SE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Mundon Hill. For the Maldon Rural District Council. On the eastern side of the main road, north of Sparrow Wick cottages. 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. CHEELDand Co.. With some particulars from the Local Government Board. Specimens examined by G. Baerow. sss fcSSEX WATER SUPPLY. Mundon, contd. 40 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 319 ft. ( ? more). Rest-level of water 49 ft. down ; after pumping, 26 ft. lower. Yield 1,000 gallons an hour. For an analysis of the water, see p. Thickness. Ft. In ' Top soil and brownish yellow clay London Clay ... Brown sandy clay Sandstone ... Bro'ivn clay, with shell Shell and sand (water came in) Sand , Dark clay ' Red mottled clay (specimens sandy) Clayey green (hght-coloured) sand and green sand Dark sandy clay Coarse clayey sand Pine clayey sand Dark sandy clay Green flints [London Clay,^ Carried too far' downP [Reading Beds and Thanet Beds.] 35 197 12 9 1 8 11 7 10 6 2 6 [Upper] Chalk 2. 24 25 11 6 32 3 422. Depth. Ft. la. 35 232 244 245 254 255 264 275 282 10 4 4 6 306 331 342 348 380 380 10 384 1910. Brickhouse Farm. Near a tidal creek. Communicated by J. S. StrsEiDGE. 16 ft. a/bove Ordnance Datum. Well 10 ft., the rest bored, 5-in. diameter to 230 ft., then 4 in. Water-level 13 ft. down (1910). Pumping 60 gallons an hour lowered water to 48 ft., 200 gallons to 84, 500 gallons to 90. Yield about 600 gallons an hour with pump 96 ft. down (1910). London Clay, top 30ft. brown, the rest blue ... / Grey sand and shells \ Sandstone ... < Grey sand ... ; Pebbles V Grey sand and shells Coloured sands Grey sand, with green at 217 to 218 Grey sand, top foot running sand Green sand Flints [Oldhaven Beds, 14 ft.] [Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 156 156 li 167i 2t 160 5' '165 2 167 3 170 32 202 25 227 41 268 1 269 1 270 05 325 [Upper] Chalk and flints ... 3. Mundon Hall. Old well, about 300 ft. deep. Formerly supplied most of the parish, water being carried a considerable distance. For analysis of the water, see p. 422. 4, 5. Old wells. Information from Mr. Hatlet, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Shepherd's Inn. To base of London Clay, 250 ft. Water overflowed. Vicarage. To base of London Clay, 270 ft. Navestock. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 58, SE., 59, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Tan House Farm. Communicated by H. G. Feathebbt. Brown clay London Clay 9 24 •33 ft. There are (1913) two shallow public wells, one at Sabine's Green, the other near the Alma Arms. WELLS. 229 Nazeing or Nasing. Ordnance Maps 239, 240, new ser. (Essex 49, NE. and NW.)- Geologic Map 1, NW. 1. Nazeing Park. 1792. Communicated by Lieut. -Col. G. Palmee. Thickness. Ft. In. [London Clav, 196 ft.] " 1 r„- " --"i -■ [Basement' I, bed ?] [Reading Beds.] jRfd clay / Yellow clay, passing down into the next Blue clay, passing down into the next ( Sandy clay. CSheU-rock t Gravel-rock ... about ... about ' \ Bed sand 194 1 20 Depth. Ft. In. 194 195 6 196 2 216 2 216 10 The original memorandum from which the above was taken adds that 194 ft. were sunk and 34 ft. bored, making a total of 228 ft. or 11 more than above given. Perhaps therefore the London Clay should be given us 207 ft. thick. 2. For the proposed South Essex Water Board. ^ mile north of St. Leonard's. 1900. iljide and communicated by H. G. Feathebby. Also from H. Rofe. Trial-bore, 6 in., 5 in., and 4 in. in diameter. 150' 68 ft. above Ordnance Datum. AVater -level 7 April, 1900, 52 dt, down; 17 April, 1900, -li; 24 April, 1900, 69i. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Mould 1 1 ' Stiff brown clay 29 30 Stiff blue clay (a little surface-water •"London Clay, only) 44 74 86J ft.] Blue clay with fine sand (water at 71 ft. do^vn) 12 86 Slate-coloured shaly clay 14 87i i Green and red mottled red clay 24 90 Very fine white sand (water at 86 f t. ) . . . 3 93 Green and red mottled loam ... 2 95 Green and red sand 1 96 Green and red clay 3 99 Mixed gravel (water at 93 ft.) 1 100 [Reading Beds, 50^ ft.] Very fime sharp white sand (water at 95 ft.) Grey and green sand with clay 9 2 109 111 Grey sand 4 115 Slate-coloured shaly clay 14 116* Slate-coloured sand with a Uttle clay . . . 2 1184 Rounded black flints in brown clay ... 1 119| Heavy black sand 18 137i Green-coated flints 4 138 [Upper Chalk.] : Chalk-rubble (Chalk ? 140 147 For an analysis of the water, see p. 422. 3. Belchers. Just northward of Nazeing Gate. Bore-hole 180 ft. to pebbles and green sand [ ? basement-bed of London Clay] clogged by sand. 4. Nazeingbury. A little below the 100 ft. contour. Well about 28 ft. , and boring about 82. Water rose to 24 ft. from the surface Pebbles and green sand touched near the bottom [ ? basement-bed of London Clay]. 230 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Nazeing, cont. 5. St. Leonard's, nearly ^ mile west-north-west of the house. A little under 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. "Water-level 70 ( ?) ft. down (1900), gradually falling. Yield, sufficient for the house. Said to be sunk through the London Clay to the Chalk (100 ft.). For analysis of the water, see p. 422. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 33, there were then public wells, but some parts had a difficulty in getting water. Now supplied- by the Herts and Essex Co. Netheihall, see Roydon. Nevendon. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69, SW., 68, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Dr. Thkesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 84. Population about 160. There were two private shallow wells, serving a few neighbouring cottages. Most of the houses were supplied from ponds. Now in the area of the Southend Co., whose Nevendon pumping station is in the parish of Pitsea (see p. 238). There is said to be a deep well at the Hall. Newport. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 8, SE., 9, SW.). Geologic Map 47. . Grammar School. 1887. On or just west of the site of ' Castle,' and about 1,000 ft. a little west of north from the church. Over 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingolb. A boring, with a pipe, of 4 in. internal diameter, below the old well. Abandoned. [Glacial Drift.] / Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Old well, through gravel and sand ... — 26 Grey (slate-coloured) sandy loam [specimen, at 127, pale fine clayey sand, calcareous] 109 135 Grey (slate-coloured) sandy loam.more sandy, with fine chalk [specimen, at 178, pale grey compact 'calcareous sand] 53 188 Slate-coloured clay 2 190 Dark grey sandy loam [specimen, at 212, pale grey, calcareous] 27 217 Dark grey sandy loam, more sandy than the above, with occasional layers of loam 67 284 Hard clay 1 285 Sand, with small flints and chalk-stones 3 288 Sandy loam 15 303 Chalk-stones and fliats 1 304 Clay, with a few stones 13 317 Stones, mostly flints, in clay 13 330 Chalk [? a boulder] 5 335 Live sand, which rose 25 ft. up the bore, and prevented the tube being driven further 5 340 The base of the Drift therefore was not reached at this great depth, the greatest in the deep channel of Drift in the valley of the Cam. Wells. 231 Newport, cont. 2. Newport House. 1898. 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Mr. Ingold. With some information from Major Baethbopp. Water-level about 20 to 25 ft. down (1912). ' Yield has never failed (1912). Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Soil 1 1 'Brown loam 3 4 Gravel 8 12 Blue clay, with stones 12 24 Gravel, with water 21 45 Hard blue clay 17 62 Glacial [Drift.]) Clay and stones Blue clay 4 39 66 105 Live sand 2 107 Hard blue clay and stones 7 114 Sandy clay. 20 134 Live sand 4 138 Blue clay 47 185 (Chalk 41 226 Chalk. i Very hard chalk 5 231 (Chalk 41 272 This boring is clearly in the deep Drift channel. For analysis of the water, see p. 423. 3. Newport Lodge. See Analyses, ] ). 423. 4. Public Well. Near the end of Station Road and back road to Wickei 132 ft. ft. into brown loam 10, 1897. ? 195 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water rose to within a foot of the level of the main road. [Drift.] Grey sandy loam ... 72 White Chalk, to hard clunch ... 60 Dr. Aemistead's account divides the first 72 grey sandy loam 62. Mr. Ingold remarks that this section shows that the Drift Valley (see pp. 64, 65) decreases in depth on the south. For analysis of the water, see p. 423. There is another public pump in the village. 5. School, on Wicken Road. Made and communicated by Mr. Featheeby. 234 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 50^ ft. , then bored. Mould 2 rm ■ 1 -n -t^i f Boulder Clay 50^ J- 56i ft. LGlaciai Uritt.J | chalky gravel and sand, with water 4 6. Shirley's Malting. On the western side of the stream, a little north-west of the Great Eastern Railway Station. 1885. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Less than 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum, the rest bored. Water rose to within 9^ ft. of the surface. (Blue marly clay [specimen, at 40, pale grey] Hard chalk, with flints [boulder] Chalky clay Hard stony dark clay Shaft 16 ft.. Gravel, [Boulder Clay, 59 ft.] Chalk Dkness. Depth. "t. Ft. 16 16 39 55 2 57 4 61 14 75 45 120 232 ESSEX WATER StTPPLT. Newport, cont. 7. Shortgrove House. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. To Chalk Chalk about 100 „ 150 250 ft. 8. Shortgrove. Bromley. Well 10 ft. deep, in gravel. Good supply of water. For analysis of the water, see p. 423. 9. Wicken End. 1884. Apparently a fuller account of a well published in Essex Nat., vol. iii, p. 51, as at Mr. Shirley's Villas, Cuckingstool End, about 320 yds. south-south-west of the church, and about 240 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 50i ft., the rest bored. [Glacial Drift.] , tickness. Depth rt. Et. 2 2 4 6 3 9 5 14 2 16 i 164 14 18 32i 50J 4 54i Mould ' Yellow clay Blue clay Sandy loam Dark blue clay . Sand Brown clay Blue clay , Chalky gravel and sand, with water Noak Hill. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 67, NW.). Geologic Maps 1, NW. and London District, Sheet 2. Dagenhams, or Dagnam Park. Sir T. Neaves. Wrongly entered as Dagenham Hall in ' The Geology of London,' vol. ii. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 72. Over 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Good supply. Water rose 200 ft. riT n -r> • rj. T r Brick-earth [Valley Drif t.] I (j^^^^l • Blue [London] Clay. About half-way down a bed of fine whitish sand (13 in.), with small pebbles Ft. 400 To sand, about 404 In 1905, the supply depended on one private well (not the above). Several borings have been made, all failures. An old well in Smith's Lane has recently been opened ( ? 1913) , yields a fairly good water, and is the chief source of supply. In 1913 the South Essex Co. extended its mains, to supply the place. Nobles Green, see Eastwood. North Eenfleet. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69, SW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Public pump. On road-side, about ^ mile east of the Rectory. About 76 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest water-level 40 ft. down (Surveyor). Depth of well 310 to 315 ft. For analysis of the water, see p. 424. It is now in the area of the Southend Co. 2. Rectory. 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dug 65 ft., bored 206. Water from sand. The reservoir ( ? widened shaft) was (April, 1898) 64^ ft. deep, and the water just rose into it. WELLS. 233 North Benfleet, cont. In 1895 it was deepened 4 ft., and in 1897, 5 ft., but the water-level has fallen so rapidly that further deepening appears necessary. For analysis of the water, see p. 424. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 84, the population was about 175, scattered and much in want of water, many of the people having to come three-quarters of a mile to the one public pump. The place is now supplied by the Southend Co. North Fambridge. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 62, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Fambridge Railway Station. Edge of Marsh north-east of church. 1888. Communicated by W. T. Foxlee, Resident Engineer, Essex Lines. Original surface 22 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Station-yard excavated down to 20^, from which latter the depths are measured. Shaft 15 ft., the rest bored. down. Yield, at 28 ft. down, 5 gallons a minute. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. ' Brovra clay [? partly Alluvium] j Blue clay 18 ]8 325 343 [London Clay.]"! [Basement C Stone [ bed.] 1 Sand and pebbles i 3434 n ,346 [? Reading Beds, r Running sand 81 3544 or Oldhaven 1 Blue clay f 355i Beds.] [ Running sand 5f 361 An account from Messrs. Le Geand and Sutcliff differs in the detai except of the bottom part, being as follows : — Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Clay 341J 341 A Stone ... 4 342 Blue clay li 343f Stone ... 3441: Sand and pebbles If 346 According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 110, the supply formerly came from a deep well, which became contaminated. It now comes from the Purleigh District Works (see p. 82). See also Fambridge. North Ockenden. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 75, SW. and SB.). Geologic Maps 1, SW. and London District, Sheet 2 (but not marked thereon). According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 70, the scattered population (350) were supplied chiefly from wells, the South Essex Co. supplying about 20 houses. His Report of 1905 says that the Company then supplied about 80 per cent., while 15 per cent, were supplied from the public pump, over a shallow well. North' Shoebury, see Shoeburyness. Oakley, see Great Oakley and Ugley. Old Sampford, see Great Sampford. Ongar Rural District. Ordnance Maps 240, 257, new ser. Geologic Map 1, NW. Dr. Thbbsh. Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 60. The following parishes then got their supjily from ponds and wells : — Greensted,' Kelvedon Hatch, Norton Mandeville, The Rodings (Abbess, Beauchamp and Berners ; the other five Rodings are in the Dunmow Rural District), Stapleford Abbot, Stondon Massey and Thcydon Mount^. 234 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ongar Rural District, cont. The following got their supply from wells: — Chipping Ongar/ High Ongari, Moreton and Willingale. Fyfield also got some of its supply from the stream. Besides the above, some other places are noticed in this Memoir in their alphabetical order. ' These are now supplied by the Herts and Essex Water Company, but there are no other changes. Orsett. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 75, SE., 76, SW., 83, NE., 84, NW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. The supply was formerly (1901) from shallow wells. In 1905 about 10 per cent, supplied by the South Essex Co., nearly all the rest from'private wells, most about 30 ft. deep but some over 100 ft., and a few used a spring in Baker Street. Many more houses are now supplied by the Co. (1913). Orsett Union. 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee. 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined with 60 ft. of 6-in. tubes from 26 ft. down, and with 110 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 16 ft. down. Water-level 28 ft. down. Supply 600 gallons an hour. Analysis, p. 424. Dug well [Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand.] [Upper] Chalk and flints Osea (a detached part of Great Totham). Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 54, NE., 55, NW.). Geologic Map 2. The Manor House, used as an Inebriate Asylum. Boring. 1904. Information from the sinker, J. J. Euklong. Water found at 156 ft. and rose to 21 ft. down. Analysis, p. 425. Thickness. Depth Et. Ft. 35 Sand ... '... 25^- 604 Green sand 27i 88' Clay 6 94 Grey loamy sand 28 122 Fhnts 2 124 1 flints 76 200 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Soil 3 3 [Drift.] Gravel 5 8 r Yellow Clay 12 20 "London J London Clay 123 143 ^Clay.] iBlue Clay 8 151 (^ Sandy Clay 5 156 Sand 20 176 Ovington. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 5, SE.). Geologic Map 47. Public Well. By the roadside, near the Rectory. 1891. 250 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 95 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 102^ ft. down. Supply, suiFicient, but not abundant (1901). For an analysis of water, presumably from this well, see p. 425. r Broivn Boulder Clay [Glacial Drift.] ( Blue Boulder Clay \ Sharp brown sand White chalk with flints Thickness. Ft. 18 86 21 70 Depth. Ft. 18 104 125 195 WELLS. 236 Faglesham. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 71, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 2. Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1901, p. 79. Water got from private shallow wells. Quantity sufficient. Quality, on the whole, good. Fanfleld and Shalford. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 16, SW., 25, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. W. W. E. Fletchee. Report to the Local Government Board, No. 244, p. 8. 1896. "Water is derived from a large well steined with dry bricks . . no analysis of the water had been made." Parkeston, see Eamsey. Farudon, see Great and Little Farndon. Febmarsh. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17, NW.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p 121, the place was then chiefly supplied from two deep wells, with pumps, yielding a good supply. H. O. Cboss (Sanitary Inspector) says that there are now (1913) four public wells, as under : — 1. Clay Hills, 56 ft. deep, in clay, to a gravel vein. Water stands about 4 ft. above the bottom. On coming through the rising main the water often smells, but after exposure to fresh air for a short time the smell goes off. To 5 houses. 2. Sudbury Road, a quarter of a mile from 1, also 56 ft. deep. Good supply. To 15 houses. 3. Near the King's Head. A strong upland spring runs into a well about 10 ft. deep, the surplus flowing to a brook. The flow varies slightly during 'times of drought. To 16 houses. 4. Crossend. About 55 ft. deep. Good supply. To 13 houses. Other houses are supplied from private wells. Feldon. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 36, SE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. 1. Peldon Lodge. North of the church. 1907. Communicated by Dr. Cook, with detailed section from the sinkers, Messrs. A. Williams and Co. 132 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A boring. Water-level 110 ft. down. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [London Clay.] 1 Blue clay L Sandy clay 172 28 172 200 /Grey loamy sand 19 219 Mottled clay 9 228 [Xiower Hard brown clay 15 243 London Hard mottled clay 8 251 Tertiaries, * Grey sand and clay 5 256 107 ft.] Light-brown and green clay . . 5 261 Hard green sand 2 263 Hard sandy clay 42 305 > Conglomerate 2 307 [Upper] Chalk an d flints . 243 550 For analysis of the water, see p. 425. 236 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 11 11 7 18 3 21 2 23 7 30 ft., deep The water in Peldon, cont. 2. Opposite Brickhouse Farm. Parish well. Dr. J. W. Cook's Report for 1900. Repeated in Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 135. 70 ft. deep. Yields an excellent supialy, but the water has to be carted to the houses. Some distant houses have wells. According to the Essex County Standard, 25th April, 1908: "In Peldon they have a deep well drawing water from the chalk, and this supplies water to the population of a large area." This must refer to one of the above. Pentlow. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 5, NE., 6, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Public well? Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. 1895. Small supply of water at 18 ft. ( Yellow clay Chalky clay [Boulder Clay.] ( Brown clay Chalk [a boulder] Blue Boulder Clay Besides the above there is another public well 120 ft. deep, both is very good. There is a private well, 100 ft. deep, the supply from which has been frequently deficient. Pewit Island, see Great Oakley. Pitsea. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 77, NW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 84, the population was about 400, and some of the inhabitants had to go three-quarters of a mile for water. 1. British Explosives Syndicate. On the marsh on the eastern side of Pitseahall Fleet, about five-sixths of a mile southward of the railway station. 1897. 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum (15-20 according to the manager). Communicated by the Syndicate. Yield with continuous pumping, at 100 ft. down, 9,000 gallons a day ; at 150, 18,000 gallons ; at 200, 17,000 gallons ; at 250, 20,000 gallons a day. In 1910, at 320, 750 gallons an hour. Water-level 6 ft. down in 1898. Said to be the same in 1900. Boring, piped to 409 ft. down with 7^-ui. tubes, and with 6|-in. tubes to 404 ft. down. Thickness. Ft. [Alluvium] Marsh-clay ' Hard brown clay [London Clay, 233 ft.] Dark hard clay . Very stiff brown clay Stiff brown clay... Brown clay Very stiff dark brown clay Hard dark clay with dark claystone at 162| to 163 ft. 1 in / Dark clay Hard dark clay ... Very hard dark clay Hard bllie clay Very hard dark blue clay Very hard dark clay, with two bands of claystone (Very hard dark sandy clay Very hard black gravel [pebbles] 14 18 18 2 10 10 34 30 14 6 10 10 44 Depth i Ft. 14 32 50 58 60 70 80 1684 172 202 216 222 232 242 2464 247 WELLS. 237 [Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Beds, 147ift,] [Upper and Middle Chalk, 460J ft.] Pitsea, cont. BlackwaU rook [7 pebbles] Hard bound sand with shells ... Sand [and] gravel with shells ... Hard bound sand and gravel [pebbles] Hard bound sand and shells with flint gravel [pebbles] Hard bound sand and shells ... Black sandy clay with gravel [pebbles very hard Hard black sand Black sand Light-coloured running sand ... Light-coloured clay with gravel [pebbles] Running sand Grey running sand Dark greenish running sand Running sand ... Dark greenish sand Hard sand Hard dry sand ... Hard sand Very hard clay (hard stone met with) Chalk with flint nuggets Darker and harder chalk with flints .. Chalk with no flints Harder chalk ... Chalk Very much harder chalk Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 3J l| ] i ■ 250i 251f 260 2604 1 265 266 li 2 1 2674 2694 270i 275 3 278 4 282 18 300 10 310 6 316 27 343 7 350 24 374 10 384 ) 104 2864 4 394 J 681 685 35 720 12 732 118 850 5 855 For analysis of the water, see p. 426. Not only was there shortage in the yield hei'e, but great trouble was caused by grit and sand occurring in the water to a considerable extent. 2. Pitsea, Hill. Rectory. From H. W. Bbistow's Notes. To green sand [ ? Reading Beds] 400 ft. Abandoned, having dried up. 3. Pitsea Marshes. Old well. Information from Mr. Pubkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Alluvium (clay) London Clay 90 210 To water 300 ft. 4. Public well. At side of main road at the boundary of Bowers Gifford Parish. Information from the Surveyor, Billericay Rural District Council. About 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-water-level about 120 ft. down (said to fluctuate). Said to be dug to 370 ft. Pump-tube lengthened three times (10 ft. each time) in the last 30 years (1898). According to Dr. Thbesh in summer this well often failed to give the larger supply then needed. The supply now comes from the Southend Co. For analysis of the water, see p. 426. 5. Railway Station. Between the old and the new lines. 1889. 42 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Sutcliff. Water-level 28 ft. down. Abandoned (dried up). 238 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Thickness. Depth Ft. m. 10 10 25 35 236 271 12 283 2 285 3 288 Two miles S o; Pitsea, cont. / Brown clay Blue and brown streaky clay [London Clay.]^! Blue clay Sandy clay Sand, shells and pebbles [? basement- -. bed] Hard blue clay 6. Southend Water Co.'s No. 17 or Nevendon Well. Wickford Church. 1907. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 42 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 273i ft., 20-in. pipe to 398 (1907). Highest water-level 93-25 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 273-5 (boring being deepened. Then 438 ft.). Soil [London Clay.] [Brick-ear^h^... , Sand and pebbles Sandy clay [Lower London Tertiaries, 141 ft.] [Upper] Chalk Green sandy clay Green sandy clay and shells Green plastic clay . Green sand and shells, shghtly increased yield at 344... ' Dark muddy soft sand StifE sandy clay Stiff clay PUnts Thickness. Depth. Et. In. Et. In. 2 2 11 13 . 257 270 6 270 6 . 30 9 301 3 . 30 9 332 3 5 337 4 341 3 344 53 397 . 10 407 3 6 410 6 8 411 2 . 40 10 452 At this point the yield markedly increased. Boring was continued. Water both from Chalk and sands of Lower London Tertiaries. 7. At Great Charltons (Chalvedon of newer map). Nearly a mile W. of N. from Pitsea Church. According to Dr. Cauteb, M.O.H., of Billericav District Council, there is a well dug for 60 ft. and bored for 280. Plaistow, see West Ham. Fledgdon Green, see Henham. Pleshey. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 33, SW., 43, NW.). Geologic Map 47 In his Report to the Chelmsford Rural District Council for 1895, Dr. Thesh says: " The sand lying beneath the boulder clay, does not yield a very abudant supply of water," so that the two public pumps had to be supplemented by a third well in the higher part of the parish. There are also a few shallow private wells. A few outlying cottages have no supply (1913). Potter Street, see Harlow. Potten Island (in two parishes). Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 71, SW.). Geologic Map 2. Old wells. Information from Mr. Pubkis to W. H. Dalton. Through Alluvium and London Clay, to sand and water, 485 ft. Another well some yards off is said to have passed through 778 ft. of dry clayey loam ; but there must be some mistake ( ? 478). Purfleet, see West Thurrock. WELLS 239 Purleigh. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53, SE., 54, NE., 61, NW., 62, NE.)- Geologic Map 1, NE. Purleigh Hall. Old -well. Information from Mr. Hatley, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. To the base of the London Clay, 400 ft. There are two other deep wells, one at a baker's, near and eastward of the church, the other at the road-sid© at the foot of the hill, less than half a mile N.W. of the church. Both give a soft alkaline water. The well at Purleigh Station is in Cold Norton, which see. Prittlewell, see Southend. Quendon. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 13, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Hall Lane. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 40 ft., the rest bored. Water at 29 ft. Gravel and clay ... Soft white Chalk, with flints ;?! 95 ft. 2. Public Well, by the side of the high road at Quendon Farm, and over a quarter of a mile south-south-west of the church. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. About 290 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dug throughout. Fast spring. Water stands 3 ft. from the bottom. Boulder Drift. Brown clay Sand Gravel \ Blue clay Brown clay (dip to W.) ^ Gravel and sand Thickness. Depth, Ft. 10 2 10 9 5 43i Ft. 10 12 22 31 36 79i Carried into the Chalk. 3. Another well, about half-way down the street on the western side. 1857 ? From Mr. G. Ingold. [Drift] Gravel and sand, 80 ft. Three other wells on the same side of the street have gravel at the bottom, while those on the eastern side have Chalk. 4. The Hall. 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Geand and Sutcliff. A 5-in. boring. Water-level 89 ft. down (1908). Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. Dug well (the rest bored) Bricks, rubbish and sand 8 89i 97 Sand and blue clay rhnts and chalk stones 8 12i 105 118 Coarse sand, flints 24 142 30 172 [Glacial Drift.] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water, see p_. 429. In an old well at the Hall, 90 ft. deep, there is red sand at the bottom. q2 240 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Quendon, cont. 5. The Hall Laundry, at the northern end of the village, near the inn. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Sutcliff. 275 ft. above Ordnance Datura. Bored to 133 ft. in 1909. Deepened to 148 ft. in 1911. Water-level 65 ft. down. Concrete / Gravel and flints [Glacial Drift.] J ^^^^ ^'^"'^ ^""^ "^^"^ ( Loam ] Sand \ Gravel Chalk and flints For analysis of the water, see p. 429, Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. i 5 i 50 55 2 57 4 61 3 64 84 148 6. Trial-boring of the South Essex Water Trust. Communicated by Messrs. Rofe. ? Between road and railway about two-thirds of a mile north eas( nf the church. 212-47 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level, 13th April. 1900, 5^ ft. down. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Soil i * / Clay [Drift.] I Gravel 1^ Gravel and sand li 2i 12 14i 3 m Chalk with flints 12i 30 For analysis of the water, see p. 429. In 1901 there were about 10 private wells, 70 to 180 ft. deep. Badwinter. Ordnance Blap 222, new ser. (Essex 9, NE. Geologic Map 47. SE., 10, NW., SW.). 1. Almshouses, on the southern side of the church. 1888. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Mould C White clay [Boulder Clay,] < Brown clay (. Blue clay 2.5 ft. 2. Brewery, near the church. 273| ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 28 ft. ; the rest bored, 4 in. diameter. Water-level 65 ft. down ( ? 75 ft. down in 1900). Made earth ... [? Boulder Clay.] Challj (Brown clay White clay Dark stony clay Blue clay Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 4 5 5 10 4 14 41 55 53 108 WELLS. 241 Radwinter, cont. 3. Grange Farm. 1899. Made and communicated by Mr. H. G. Featherby. 323 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 43 ft., the rest a boring of 6 in. diameter in the clear; lined to about 100 ft. down. Water-level (July, 1900) in well 42 ft. down, in boring 55^ ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. /Brown clay 12 12 Blue clay 30 42 Gravel and sand 6 48 [Glacial Drift.] ( Blue clay 32 80 Sand 1 81 Gravel 5 86 ^Clay 5 91 Chalk. Loose rubbly chalk 5 96 ^ Hard white chalk 64 150 For analysis of the water, see p. 429. According to the Medical Officer (W. Armistead), 1913. There is a public pump, the water coming from a spring, and a private well opposite the almshouses ( ? No. 1) is used by the public. Kainham. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 74, SE., 75, SW., 82, NE.). Geologic Map 1, SW. and London District Sheet 2. 1. Cold Harbour Shoots. Messrs. W. and R. Cunis. March, 1908. Made and comipiinioated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. About 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Bored throughout. Lined with 6-in. tubes to 454 ft. Water-level 4^ ft. down. Yield tested at 200 ft., 700 gallons an hour. [ Clay [Alluvium.] Clay and peat ... i. Clay and woodstone [River Drift] Coarse gravel Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. 6 14 7 13 Depth. Ft. 6 20 27 40 506* Another account of the above. Thickness. Ft. 7 20 18 511 Depth. Ft. 7 27 45 556 Clay Peat Sand and gravel Chalk and flints This account adds that the water was brackish. The boring was deepened to 556 ft. later. This may be in Wennington and in Ordnance Map 271. 2. Rainham Creek. Wickens, Pease and Co. Creek Mouth (Frog Island ?). No. 1 Well. 1901. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler. Lined with 171 ft. of 6-in. tubes, and with 89 ft. of 5-in tubes from 147 to 236 ft. down ; then with 100 ft. of 4-in. tubes to 346 ft. down. Water-level 27 ft. down. For an analysis of [Alluvium] Clay, peat, etc. ( BaUast [gravel] [River Drift, 40ft.] ( River sand [ Ballast [gravel] London Clay [and Lower London Tertiaries] [Upper] Chalk the water, s .ee p, 430. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 38 38 1* 14i 24 39J 54 78 147 225 121 346 ^4^ ESSEX WATER STJPPLT. Rainham, cont. 3. Messrs. Wickens, Pease and Co. No. 3 Well. 96 ft. from river-bank and 114 ft. from Creek mouth (Field 919 of 25-in. Ordnance Map). Made and communicated by Messrs. A. Williams and Co. (A slightly different and less detailed account from Messrs. Wickens, Pease and Co.) Water-level 10 ft. down. Well (the rest bored) Made groimd [Alluvium] Clay and peat {Pebbles and sand Live sand and pebble Clay, pebbles and sand Clay and pebbles [f London Clay] {Clay ^^,j-^j^y- ( Hard sands [? Oldhaven Black pebbles ... Beds and J Sand and pebbles Woolwich I Black pebbles and sand Beds.] Live sand and pebbles ^ Green sand and pebbles [Thanet Sand, / ^^^d grey sand KQ ti-\ \ trreen sand ^*'"-J [Grey sand [Upper] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — . 7 13 20 11 31 14 45 3 48 14 62 11 73 10 83 11 94 5 99 9 108 16 124 8 132 24 156 9 165 22 187 3 190 33 223 3 226 For analysis of the water see p. 430. The high chlorides will be noticed. Another well here, going 100 ft. into the Chalk, yields less water but it has 10 to 20 grains less of chlorine per gallon. The following further information was given, in April, 1909, by Mr. T. SoMEEVlLLE, Secretary to the firm : — There are two wells. No. 1 is about 350 ft. deep, being 150 into the Chalk. As it was impossible to get anything like an adequate supply from the Chalk (only about 600 gallons an hour being got), cartridges were exploded in the Chalk, which broke the seal between the well and the Chalk, and therefore the water in the Chalk and the water above the Chalk now join. The second well (known as No. 3) is carried only to the top of the Chalk and does not enter it. It is about 200 ft. NW. of the first. They can pump about 6,000 to 7,000 gallons an hour from either well. The water-level, before pumping, is about 17 ft. down, and there is practically no difference between the two wells, as it has been found that they connect [in the matter of water]. Water does not circulate at all freely in the Chalk, and two other wells in the district (practically identical with ours) have needed explosions, above the Chalk, to get an adequate supply. One is close by the Three Crowns inn and the other is at the Chemical Works north of Frog Island (field 245). 4. Rainham Ferry. Messrs. J. C. and J. Field's Soap and Candle Factory. At the northern end of the factory and about 200 yds. from the river-bank. 1904. Made by Messrs. Islee. Communicated by Messrs. Field and Messrs. Isleb. Between 5 and 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. A 5-in. bore. Lined with 150 ft. of 6-iin. tubes and 215 ft. of 5-in. WilLLS. 243 Sainham, cont. Water-level about 5 ft. down. Yield 1,200 gallons an hour. The first water met with was brackish and was kept out by tubing. The lower water in the Chalk was perfectly good. There is reason to believe that the brackish water rapidly destroys the tubes. ■■' (.Boggy earth ... [River Drift] Black gravel and sand [? Blackheath f f}""" ^lay and pebbles Beds and ^.rey sand and large pebbles WoolwichBeds.] ^"'^ '■''^ P^**l^^ ' [ Loamy green sand and pebbles Grey sand [Thanet] [Upper] Chalk and flints reas >on to believe that Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3 3 18 21 22 43 • .. 22 65 25 90 7 97 es 28 125 56 181 ... 169 350 5. Rainham Shoots. Messrs. Shelbourne and Co. (now Messrs. Cory). Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. December, 1906. Tubes to 293 ft. down. Water-level 25 ft. down. Fair supply. [? Made ground] Ashes [Alluvium] Peat and clay r-D- rf 1 f Gravel and sand... [River Gravel, J ^ , 16 ft 1 I "''*'^''' ■-' [ Sand and gravel [London] Clay [? Blackheath Beds] Gravel [? pebbles] [Reading Beds, f Sand 46 ft.] tClay [Thanet] Sand (green) [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 20 20 18 38 7 45 1 46 8 54 62 116 32 148 IS 167 27 194 36 230 ... 205 435 6. Messrs. Salamon. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb. Lined with 50 ft. of 7^-in. tubes, 220 ft. of 5-in. tubes, 70 ft. of 4-in. screen (perforated) tubes, and 10 ft. of 4-in. plain tubes. Water-level 9 ft. down. sand- Made ground -.„ . -, C Light- coloured clay [Alluvium.] [pg|^ y __ [River Gravel] Ballast [London Clay.] { gJ^J °nJblack pebbles"' [Oldhaven Beds] Sand and pebbles IHard grey chalk [? what] Hard green sand Soft „ „ Grey sand and pebbles... Green sand ( Light-grey sand X Dark grey sand ( Chalk and flints I Chalk (white) [Woolwich Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] [Upper Chalk.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 7 8 18 26 20 46 m 94i m 107 19 126 2 128 li 129J 8 137J 8 U5i m 164 7 171 45^ 216i 1 217i 189 J 407 244 teSSiEX WATES, SUPPLY. Kainhani) cont. Half-a-mile north of St. Peter's Church, ■WeHnington, known as the Wennington "Well. Trial-boring for the South Essex Waterworks Co. 1902. Communicated by W. B. Bryan, Engineer to the Co. 27 ft. above Ordnasice Datum. and SoU [River] Gravel London Clay ... [? Oldhaven Beds and Woolwich Beds.] ' Shells and pebbles Sandy clay and shells Hard sand and shells Live sand and water Dead sand and water Black peat [lignite] Black clay Hard green sand [? Thanet Sand] Grey sand and water, into brown sand and pebbles Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 3i 3* 11 14^ 170 184| H 193 13 206 12 218 2 220 2 222 8 230 6 236 10 246 253 Ramsden Bellhouse. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 60, SE., 68, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 84, the population was about 400. The water-supply v?as got from a spring and a few shallow wells, at least two of which yielded undrinkable water ( ? from mineral matter. Report of 1905, p. 37). 1. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjrkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. I 350 ft. London Clay Sand, to water 310 40 Southend Water Co.'s Well No. 27, or Ramsden Heath Well. 1^ mik NNW. of Ramsden Bellhouse Church. 1914. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 187 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Highest water-level 225-25 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 424. Sunk 464 ft., 24-in. tubes to 502 and 20-in. to 491, perforated from 469 to 473. Soil ... Gravel and clay [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] ! Yellow clay Brown sandy clay Blue sandy clay London Clay Pebbles, clay and sand Sand and clay Soft sand Black mixture ... Sand and shells Sharp sand , Sharp sand; p5rrites ... Thickness. Ft. 1 3 5 U 17 438 15 2 1 3 7 4 2 Depth. Ft. 1 4 9 12i 29i 467| 482| 484| 485| 488* 495| 499^ 504 Ramsden Crays. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 68, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 85, the population was 200; building was stopped for want of water ; the supply was from a spring and a few shallow wells ; and new houses were provided with rain-water-tanks. WELLS. 245 Ramsden Grays, cont. Grays Hill. Old well ( ? parish well). Information from Mr. Puekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. IT J /^i n f Clay and sand ... 30 ) [London Clay.] [ ^.j^^ 400 470 ft. [? Reading Beds.] Sand, to water ... 40 J Both the Ramsdens are within the area of the Southend Co. (1913). Bamsey. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SE. Geologic Map 48, NE. • 21, SW.). 1. New Farm House (after 1870) ? South-west of Copperas Wood (not named on the newer map). The site may be somewhere between Stour Hall and Stourwood Farm. Communicated by E. W. Oakland. Through London Clay to a bed of marl with plenty of water, which however, is unfit for drinking or for cooking purposes, being very unwhole- some ; about 90 ft. 2. Ramsey Ray. North-eastern end of the island, now Parkeston. 1880 ? Trial-boring. Communicated by J. B. Ceawfobd. 18 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water brackish ; stands at 2 ft. 4 in. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. [London Clay, C YeUow clay 36|ft.] t Blue clay 9 9 27i 36^ ' Dark grey sand li 38 Brown clay 15 53 Light-coloured sand H 59i Dark loamy sand 4f 64i [Reading Beds,, Dark hard clay . 4i 69 50 ft.] Grey sand ^ 71i Brown clay 8 79| Green sand i 79i Brown clay H 84 ^ Green sand H 86i [Upper] Chalk 110 196i According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 127, the mains of the Tendring Hundred Co. pass through large part of the parish, and a supply was taken by many houses along the line and in the village, as well as by Parkeston. The rest used shallow wells. Rawreth. The name does not appear as a parish on the new map. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Rectory. Old well. Information from Mr. Puekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. London Clay Sand, to water , 235 40 ■275 ft. 2. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 79, there was a bored well at Burrell's Farm, yielding a plentiful and good supply; but the greater part of the parish used shallow well-water, in places of doubtful ■character, supplemented by rain-water-tanks in some cases. 246 i5SSEX WATER SI'PPLt- Rayleigh. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69, SE.)- Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Lubard Lodge. 1905. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islee and Co. Lined with 211 ft. of 5-in., 180 of 3-in., and about 268 of 2^-in. tubeo. Water-level 90 to 100 ft. down. Blue [London] Clay J Loam sand [Lower London Tertiaries.] ( Green sand [ Loam sand [Upper] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 410 410 89 499 2 501 49 550 4 5oU 2. A mile north of the town. Pbbstwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 407, and MS. London Clay 400 ft. deep. Water 110 ft. down. Dr. Thresh, in his Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 79, says that there were two public wells, one yielding good water, but in limited quantity, the other found to be polluted, and condemned, on analysis. A number of private shallow wells, many yielding water of inferior quality, formed the principal supply. The supply is now taken from the Southend Co. (1913). Rayne, Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 25, SW.). Geologic Map 47. Rayne Hall. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. [Glacial Drift.] Gravel and sand, 17g ft. Rettenden. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 61, 69, NE., NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Battlesbridge. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 407 ; and Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 79. Water overflowed (Peestwich MS."). Vegetable mould and gravel at top. London Clay, to ' water-rock ' and sand, 350 ft. 2. Battlesbridge. Mr. W. Clarke's, about half a mile from the River Crouch. Junction of Battlesbridge and Runwell Roads. 1884. Probably about 80 ft. above high-water mark. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and SmcLiFr, Bored throughout. Water-level 64| ft. down. f Clay, with occasional thin clay-stones ( Sandy clay I Stone Soil [London Clay.] „ ,. T, J ,( Green sand [? Reading Beds.] -^ __ __ with water It is possible that the green sand may be merely the wet sandy basement- bed of the London Clay. Even if not so the depth to the bottom of the London Clay would be 414 ft. , which shows a great thickness of that forma- tion, the top part of which is not here present. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. lOi- 10^ 395 405J 8 413J i 414 7 421 2 423 WELLS. 247 Rettenden, cont. 3. Battlesbridge Railway Station. 1888. Communicated by W. T. JToxlbe, Resident Engineer, Essex Lines, and by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. 22^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 32 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 24 ft. of the surface, at the rate of 5 gallons a minute. [London Clay.] [ ^ueday ;.'.■ [Reading Beds ?] Sand and water 32 "^ 331 f 365 ft. 2J 4. The Hall. Old well. Information from Mr. Pubkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. London Clay ... 350 to 360 Sand, to water ... 40 390 to 400 ft. Rickling. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 13, NE. and SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Brick-kiln Cottage [? southward of], about a third of a mile west of ' The Views,' and less than a mile south-south-east of the church. A little over 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. r Brown stony clay [Boulder Clay.] ( Blue clay V Brov?n clay vrith stones • Gravel Loam and sand ... Sand Loam ( Sand and large flints Sand and gravel Yellow loam Sand ^ Gravel and large flints [Glacial Gravel, etc.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 15 15 5 20 2 22 18 40 7 47 4 51 5 66 4 60 18 78 3 81 1 82 1 83 3 86 Chalk ... The Chalk comes to the surface less than 200 yds. NNW. 2. An old well at ' The Views,' a little north-west of the last. Communicated by Mr. Ingold. Over 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum, 100 ft. deep, 3 ft. being in Chalk. 3. Rickling Green. r„, ■ i -T^ -I, -, ( Boulder Clay [Glacial Drift.] | (j^avel and sand South-western end, 25 35 ?35 ? 95 ft. Chalk According to the Report of the Medical Officer, for 1912, there is a public pump, the water coming from a well into Chalk, 93 ft. deep. Ridge well. Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 5* SW., 11, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Speaking of this village, in his Report on the Halstead Registration District, Dr. R. B. Low says : " The water supply is obtained from a well . . near the lower end of the village. Some persons also fetch drinking water from an open spring in the private park of one of the landowners " ; but many cottagers get water " from the dammed-up ditches which are contaminated before their eyes." Report to the Local Government Board, No. 44, 1889. 248 ESSEX WATER StJPPLY. Ridgewell, cont. There was a public pump on the village Green and a public spring which had been protected and provided with a pump (Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 121). His Report of 1905, p. 65, adds that the two public pumps supplied 85 per cent, of the people. A few were supplied from private wells. A few had to go a mile for water. Rivenhall. Ordnance Maps 241, 223, new ser. (Essex 34, NE., 35, NW., SW.) Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 6, the supply was then wholly from private wells (presumably through Boulder Clay to gravel) and was not wholly satisfactory. Rochford. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, SW. and SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Stroud or Strood Green, west of the town. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 407. London Clay, 390 ft. 2. The Union. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 407. - London Clay [including River Drift] to sand, 230 ft. According to the Master (1887) the shaft was originally 50 ft., but was deepened to 70, the 20 ft. being all in clay. The water-level was over 50 ft. down, and was pumped down to the bottom of the shaft. Later information, from G. R. Stkachan (1894), makes the Workhouse well continued, by boring, to the depth of 390 ft. According to Mr. Pubkis, the section is much like that at the Post Office (No. 5), but with 6 or 8 ft. more gravel. 3. There is an old well, in Market Square; with a shaft of 100 ft., and then a bore (information from Mr. Asbey). According to G. R. Steachan this town-well is bored to the depth of 460 ft. 4. In Sir J. Pbestwich' s MSS. is a note of a well in Plumberrow Lane, in which the water was 100 ft. down and the London Clay was 430 ft. thick ! 5. Post Office. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. Gravel 28 London Clay ... 282 I 310 ft. Dr. Thbesh, in his Report of 1901, p. 79, says that the population was 1,612. There were several good private shallow wells. The public well, in the square, had recently failed, and the Rural District Council had to supply water by cart from a private well. The place is now supplied by the Southend Co. (1913). Romford. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 66, SE., 74, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, S.W., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Havering Mead. By Longfield House. Romford Pumping Station. South Essex Waterworks Co. 1886. ? 32^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley, and from other sources. WELLS. 249 Water-level 46 ft. 8 in. down, (? before 1900). Romford, cont. the i-est bored. The shaft deepened since, as it is 240 ft from the surface. Shaft 42 ft., and the floor of the adit is 228- ft. at rest ; lowered to 72 ft. 1 in. by pumping [London Clay.] Yellow clay Blue clay Dark dead sand Live sand, with water Hard stone [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 38^ ft.] [Thanet Sand, 73J ft.] [? Basement bed.] Black clay Black sand and shells .. Black clay and shells .. Shells Black sand and shells .. Dark dead sand Light-coloured live sand Brown Hve sand Dark brovm clay Green live sand ... Dead green sand Dead dark sand • Pebbles f Live light-coloured sand ( Dead dark sand [Flints [Upper.] Chalk The average daily quantity pumped in 1910 was 243,375 gallons For analyses of the water, see p. 431. Thickness. Ft. 33 4 5 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 1 3 9 8 i 8 10 ins. 224f Depth. Ft. 9 42 46 51 52 53 54 56 58 61 63 67 69 70 73 82 90 90i 155 163 1631 388| 2. Ind, Coope and Co.'s Brewery. (Published 1872.) Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F. Bakeb, and Sons. [Soil, etc. (on the authority of S. V. Wood, Jun.)] C Blue clay I Stone [basement-bed ?] r Green sand and pebbles ( Loamy sand L Bright green sand f Green sand with veins of clay I Hard dark blue clay (to flints) Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 7 7 9 16 29 45 2 47 18 65 17 82 20 102 32 134 18 152 298 450 [River] Gravel [London Clay, 31 ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 55 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 50 fi] [Upper] Chalk Mr. Wood got some of the regular fossils of the Woolwich Beds from the sands. If the 7 ft. of soil be omitted, as in Messrs. Bakeb' s account, the depth to the Chalk is reduced to 145 ft. For analysis of the water, see p. 431. 3. Hornchurch Lane. Old well. In Sir J. Pkespwich's MSS. is a note of a well through 25 ft. of gravel and 30 to 40 ft. of blue clay. The water overflowed. In Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., ? vol. iii., two old wells at Romford are noted as giving the same section as that of Dagenham No. 1 (p. 135). Kowhedge and East Donyland. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 37, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. 1. East Donyland. Heath House. (Mr. Daniell's.) 1899. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stjtcliff. 75 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 65 ft. dovra ( ? 75 ft. down in 1900). 250 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Rowhedge, cont. foot of clay- Thickness. Ft. 16 44 43 19 29 4 15 40 55 Depth. Ft. 16 60 103 122 151 155 170 210 265 [Glacial Drift] Sand and ballast [gravel] .. SBlue clay Sandy blue clay, with a stone at the bottom .. Sand and day ... ! Coloured [mottled] clay Green sand Grey sand Dark sandy clay [Upper] Chalk and flints For analysis of the water, see p. 431 2. East Donyland. Steam Brewery. Messrs. Daniell's. 1865 or 1856. Information from Messrs. Daniell, P. Biiufp, and H. A. Adams. About 7 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 11 ft., the rest bored. Water-level (1855 or 1856) was at the surface. 4 ft. down (1883?). In 1898, 9 ft. down, or according to J. M. Wood, about 13 ft. down, being reduced by pumping to about 21 ft. down. After 25 years' pumping (from the beginning) only reduced 18 in. Not affected by tide. Supply good and abundant. In summer over 500 barrels a day often used. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 120 123 182 305 Drift sand and gravel London Clay and Lower London Tertiary sands Upper Chalk ... Another account makes the depth to the Chalk 130 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 431. 3. At the eastern end of the village. For public supply. 1902. Dr. J. C. Thresh' s Report on the Water Supply of the County of Essex, 1901, pp. 68, 69, and The Water Supply to Rural Districts of Essex, 1905. Details also from Blessrs. Islee and Co., who made the boring. 12' 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Lined with 115 ft. of 7^-in. tubes level with the surface. Water-level 9 ft. down. Supply 7,600 gallons an hour. 14 days' pumping at B,500 gallons an hour only reduced the water-level by 7 ft. ; original level regained immediately pumping stopped. Made ground [River Gravel] Ballast [London] Hard blue clay Mottled clay [Reading Beds 61 ft.] [Upper Chalk.] Dark blue clay ... Green sand and clay Grey sand (light-green) Dark green sand Green sand and clay Brown running sand Dark clay and sand Light-coloured clay and Sandy clay f Chalk ... ij^ Chalk and flints sand . Thickness. Ft. 5 6 32 3 1 2 2 9 2 6 30 2 4 25 11 Depth. Ft. 5 11 43 46 47 49 51 60 62 68 98 100 104 129 140 Some details above (Ordnance Datum and the effect of prolonged pumping) are from a communication by Messrs. Sands and Walkee. This well gives a good supply to the whole village, whereas previously (Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, pp. 133, 134) the supply was from wells, many of doubtful character, and, in the locality of Chapel Street, from a gravelv polluted brook. The rutlying houses had shallow" wells, and some used the brook above referred to. WELLS. 251 Roxwell. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, SE., 43, SW., 51, NE., 62, NW.)- Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Greenditch Row, about a quarter of a mile north-east of Boyton Cross, on the eastern side of the road (opposite the houses). Dug 1870. Communicated by R. W. Cheisty. Thickness. Soil White clay ^ .ue clay, ^ and small pieces Ft. 2 20 10 Depth. Ft. 2 22 32 40 [Glacial Drift.] Blue clay, with much chalk, in large ^ ■' and small pieces t Sand, with water, to gravel ... 2. Hill Farm. 1887. R. W. Christy, Essex Naturalist, No. 7, p. 150, No. 12, p. 280, and from a letter (Nov., 1887). Shaft 60 ft., then bored. Soil 2) l' White Boulder Clay 28 70 ft. [Glacial Drift. ] / Dark blue clay, with boulders ... 40 J I Gravel, with abundance of water. 3. Little Boyton HaU. Communicated by R. W. Cheisty. 1888 ; but dug more than fifty years before. 3> White clay 25 | Blue clay, with much chalk, in ) 44 ft. large and small pieces ; not bottomed ... ... ... ... 16 . Soil [Boulder Clay.] 4. Great Boyton Hall. From W. H. Dalton, White Marl [Boulder Clay] 20 Sand and gravel, to black [Boulder] Clay ... lOi :.! 30 ft. 5. Skreen's Park. Between the house and the stables. Well and boring. Communicated by H. O. N. Shaw. 231 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 122 ft. down. Excellent supply. For an analysis of the water, see p. 432. [Glacial Drift.] I [Boulder Clay.] [London Clay.] C Yellow clay and chalk < stones (Blue clay ^Ballast [gravel] ... • Yellow clay Blue clay, with rock [septaria] at 103 to 103^ and at 155 to 155f ... Sandy clay, with rock at 235 to 236 . . . Blue clay Dead sand, with rock at 301 to 302, and at 305 to 306... - Saiid Clay and shells Green sand Coloured sand ... Grey sand Brown sand Dark green sand Grey sand Flints [Upper Chalk] Flints and chalk A public well was sunk since 1900, at Boyton Cross ; but a f'nv people continued to use the brook (see p. 8) rather than fetch water from this. [Lower London Tertiaries.] ckness. Depth ^t. Ft. 17 17 12 29 22 51 2 53 75 228 19 247 47 294 25 319 8 327 7 334 3 337 19 356 60 416 1 417 1 418 4 422 O 424 34 458 252 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Roydon. Ordnance Maps 240 and 239, new ser. (Essex 40, SE.). and 1, NW. Geologic Maps 47 1. Mr. E. A. Barclay's. Made and communicated by Blessrs. Le Gband and SuxcLirr. Water-level 26 ft. down. Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. Pit [the rest bored] [London Clay.]{Kand^ Z Z 7 2 5 12 14 [ReadmgBedsJH-,^rdS^^^s^ Z ''""■J [Blowing sand [Upper] Chalk and flints 18 18 14 56 32 50 64 120 2. Temple Farm. 1888. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 20 ft., the rest bored. Water from 18 to 20 ft. down. Gravel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 " London Clay, with veins of black sand at 18 to 20 ft. 20 [Reading Beds. ] Strong clay, with blue and red veins 16 , 41 ft. 3. Roydon Hamlet. Old House Farm, near Brickworks. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Dug throughout. Strong spring from the gravel. (Blue [Boulder] clay, with stones. Some gravel from 30 to 40 ft, down Yellow loam Pebbly gravel and sharp sand Trial-bore, north-westward of Eastend. For the proposed South Essex Water Board. 1900. Communicated by Messrs. Rofe. Made by Mr. Featheeby. 111'3 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Tubed (May, 1900) to 61 -^^ ft. Soil [Alluvium.] [? All Glacial Drift.] r Stiff brown clay... i White shelly debris 1^ Black peat (bog) [' Very coarse gravel J Gravel ) Sand and gravel ' Hard massive flints [Upper Chalk] Hard white chalk and flints Another account adds 11 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 432. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 2 4 1 5 4 9 12 21 16 37 5 . 42 2 44 46 90 5. Netherhall. Trial-boring for the proposed South Essex Water Board. 1900. South-south-east of Netherhall. Communicated by Messrs. Rofe. 9308 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 1 ft. 8 in. down (1900). WELLS. 253 Roydon, cont. Soil [River] Gravel ("Clay (mixed) [? Reading Beds] ] Sand ... (.White sand [Upper] Chalk and flints This is suggestive of an error in the old geologic map (1, NW.), where the site is shown as at the junction of the gravel and the London Clay. For analysis of the water, see p. 422. Thickness. Ft. 24 8 3 21 6i 123 Depth. Ft. 24 104 134 34i- 41 164 Rushley, see Great Wakering. Saflron Walden. Ordnance Maps 205, 222, new ser. (Essex 3, SW., 9, NW. Geologic Map 47. 1. Byrd's Farm, north-east of the town. 1875. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water 164 ft. down. NE., SW.). Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft, (Blue Clay 36 36 [Boulder Clay.] ] Brown Clay 8 44 (.Clay and Chalk... 2 46 Chalk ... 124 170 2. Westley Farm, north of the town. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. Water 163 ft. down. Depth. Ft. 35 45 168 ' Thickness. I Ft. mi • 1 T^ -li n C Blue Boulder Clay ... ...I 35 [Glacial Drift.] .[ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^j _ -^ , ^^^^^ ^^ Chalk, with layers of hard rook, 2 to 5 ft. thick ... 1 123 3. Waterworks. Deep boring of 183b. A history of the deep boring, from a letter by Mr. Jabez Gibson, was printed in 1878.1 \s the work was done on his initiative, and at his expense, it is well to quote therefrom. He says (writing some time after 1830) that ' ' the wells in general are not abundantly supplied with water, yet suiSciently so in most seasons for general purposes ; but the last year and the previous one proving so dry, many of the Wells were obliged to be deepened in order to obtain a better supply." This led him to wish that the experiment of boring should be tried, and failing -to get help from others, he made the trial himself, employing S. Purkiss on the bores. " The work was commenced ... by sinking a Well or Shaft about 20 feet deep, which brought us to the up]Der land spring. . . The first 10 feet was Alluvial Gravel, then came the Upper Chalk, with flints, but of the latter minerals we came upon very few. After boring about 50 feet we reached a very hard substance, which proved to be a bed of ' inferior Oolite ' of about 4 feet in thickness, after which the Chalk again made its appearance . . to the depth of 267 ( ? 277) feet, when a very fine spring of water was reached, lying in a bed of fine sand of about 7 feet in thickness. This spring has yielded 80 gallons of water per minute upon being pumped for three days and nights, without at all lowering the spring. ' ' A footnote, apparently by Mr. C. Long, adds that pumping has gone on since 1862 at the rate of 166 gallons a minute, without lowering the water below a given point (not stated). Mr. Gibson continues, " The water has apparently no connexion with the land springs, as at times it stands nearly 2 feet higher than they are, and when these arise Proc. Norwich Geol. Boc, Part i, pp. 28-30. 254 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Safiron Walden, cont. after a wet time, they are the highest without affecting the main spring, which uniformly stands about 17 feet from the surface ; indeed ... it shows upon analysis that it is not the same water, being softer, and containing more iron." The boring was continued, in the hope apparently of getting water to rise to the surface, " when, after the Spring the Chalk Marie was found, and which continued to the depth of 1,013 feet 4 inches." Another account, varying slightly, was given in the Essex Literary Journal, 15 Feb., 1839. This makes the depth, through the Chalk, to the spring, 2/5 ft. ; the yield of the spring about 40 gallons a minute; and the total depth 1,004 ft. 4 in. This version was reproduced in the Memoir on Sheet 47, which was published before the ' Extract of a, letter ' from Mr. Gibson in Proc. Norwich Geol. Sac. The section is now given, according to Mr. Gibson, with such explanations or additions as are needful : — Drift. Gravel Chalk, with few flints (Upper Chalk) Hard rook (? Chalk-rock) (Middle) Chalk Fine sand.(? can this be the Belemnite Marl) Chalk Marl (? Lower Chalk, Gault, and perhaps other formations) ... The newspaper-version above noted adds that the so-called Chalk Marl contained many shells with pyrites, but yielded no water, and that the ' ' fore- man, John Bell, did not during ten months quit the experiment for a single hour. ' ' Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS. (in Libr. Geol. Soc.) says " Chalk 250 to 300 feet, with blue clay below," vol. ii, p. 102; but in vol. v, p. 67, we are told, '■ Chalk has been penetrated at Saffron Walden, and found there to be about 600 feet in thickness." A note of W. H. Penning says; — The well-borer told me, in 1870, that the only spring reached was in green sand, about 300 ft. down ; that there was a bed of pipe-clay, 200 ft. thick, 400 ft. down ; and that there was blue clay at the bottom of the bore. These notes of clay or sand somewhere from 250 to 300 ft. down seem to agree with the entry of Belemnite Jilarl in the section above. In March, 1900, Mr. Dickinson said that the water-level varied from 151 to 157 ft. above Ordnance Datum, and that the yield was 90,000 gallons a day. He speaks of defective lining tubes and of a recommendation to sink a new well. For an analysis of the water, see p. 433. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 10 10 50 60 4 64 213 277 7 284 729 1,013 4. Waterworks. NeAvei well. 1900. Made by Messrs. Le Gband and Sutcliff. Communicated by H. G. Featheeby. 170' 24 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-water-level, March, 1900, 14 ft. 10 in. down. Pumping 10,000 gallons an hour reduces the level to 23;^ ft. down, and pumping 18,000 reduces it to 374. The normal rest-level is recovered in five minutes. Thickness. , Dept. Ft. Ft. Made ground 9 9 /Chalk and flints 26 35 PUnts 4- 35^ Chalk 19-1 55 Rock-chalk 3 58 r?Upper and I Soft chalk vsdth few flints 167 225 Middle Chalk.] Very soft chalk 19* 244* Firm chalk 80* 325" Chalk and flints 20" 345 ^ Hard chalk 5 350 WELLS. 255 Saifron Walden, cont. The following information is from the Water Works Directory, 1911: — The works were established in 1862 and pui chased by the local authority in 1878. The population supplied is 6,300. The district of supply is Safiron Walden and the hamlet of Sewai-d's End (to the east). The yearly supply is about 42,465,760 gallons ; the daily consumption per head, domestic 14 gallons, trade 9. The maximum day's supply was 153,303 gallons, in June, 1910. The water is softened (1912). For an analysis of the water, see p. 433. According to Dr. Thrush's Report of 1901, p. 142, in 1897 the hamlet of Sewards (Sewers) End (eastward of the town) was too high for service from the waterworks. A shallow well was dug and a pump fixed ; but it failed in the dry season. The alternative supply was from ponds. The supply is now pumped up from the waterworks into a small tower in the hamlet, holding 5,000 gallons. St. Lawrence. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 65, SW., and SE.). Geologic Map 2. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. Ill, the houses were very scattered, and water was got from shallow we] Is and from ditches. St. Osyth. Ordnance Map 242, new ser. (Essex 38, SW., 47 NE., 48, NW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Mr. Newcomb's. Mill Street. Near Mill and near Creek at bottom of village-street. Has been in use for many years (1910). Communicated by Dr. Cook. Between 16 and 45 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 19^ ft. down (1910). Sunk (4 ft. diameter) 19 ft. 10 in., the rest a 3 or 4-in. boring. Depth 158 ft., said to end in Chalk. When cleaned out in 1909, Mr. Newcomb, the owner, found that the water rose in the bore-tube at about 1 in. per hour. For analysis of the water, see p. 433. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 128, the parish had its supply from shallow wells, except for the one house above noted. Saling, see Bardfield and G-reat Saling. Sampford, see Great or Old and Little Sampford. Sandon. ■Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Dr. Thresh. Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 104. Butts Green and Howe Green are supplied from Danbury (see p. 75 ). Near the church were two public lamps, one over a shallow well, the other over a small reservoir, fed by a spring piped from a short distance. A few houses on the •outskirts had no proper supply. Some cottages, however, beyond reach of the water-mains, got a supply from springs, E. and ENE. of the village, 1913. Sewardstone, see Waltham Abbey. Shalford, see Fanfield. Sheering. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 31, SE., 41, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Coffee Tavern. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft. Water rose 14 ft. from the bottom. White and blue Boulder Clay 43 ft. r2 256 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Sheering, cont. 2, 3. Wells near Gladwyns : 2, a little south of the house (shaft) ; 3, at the lodge, a little north (shaft 43 ft. bored 8). 1890. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water in 2 burst up suddenly from the bottom and rose to within 27^ ft. of the surface; in 3 it came in very slowly from the bottom. The water probably comes from gravel below the Boulder Clay. (2) (3) Depth. Soil 3 ... 2 ... 3 to 2 rWhite clay ... 6 ... 6 ... 8 to 9 [Boulder Clay.] ^ Brown clay ... 15 ... 16 ... 24 to 23 (.Blue clay ... 17 ... 28 ... 41 to 51 4. Mr. Blann's Cottages. Made and communicated by Mr. G. I^'gold. 1894. Shaft throughout. Water rose to within 28^ ft. of the surface. Large quantities of air (gas) bubbled ujd through the Avater for several weeks. Analysis showed that it contained 71-95 vols, of carbonic acid in 10,000. Soil 2 ) r-R^„i^=^ri 1 (■ White clay ... 3 f 364 ft. [Boulder Clay.] I g^.^^^^ ^j^y ... 311 j ^ 5. Mr. Silk's House. Made and communicated by Blr. G. Ingold. Shaft 36 ft., the rest bored. Water from sandy veins in the clay. Soil 3^ [Boulder Clay.] { iLTclat' .•:: 23 j '' "' 6. Old Lane. 1884. Made and communicated bv Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 72i ft., bored 21. AVater-level 70^ ft. down. f BrovsTi clay Loam [? AU Drift.] Sand Gravel I, Blue clay, to sand with water Shelley. Thickness. rt. 21 3 1 2 48 Depth. rt. 21 24 25 27 75 Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 51, NW. and SW.) Geologic Map 1, NW. Cottages near the Red Cow Inn. Chelmsford Chronicle, March 22, 1878. Dark marl, bedded with much small chalk and shells, about 30 ft. Hard rock of cemented gravel. Fine mud, bored through a short distance to water [ ? London Clay]. Shellow Bowells. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 51, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, NW. and NE. Shellow Cross. East of village. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjekis to W. H. Dalton. GlacialDrift{g°f4rCl^^ ■ ^H ^5 it. WELLS. 257 • Shenfleld. Ordnance Mcap 257, new ser. (Essex 59, SE., 67, NE.)- Geologic Maps 1, NAV. and NE. Dr. Thresh. Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 85. There was one public well, but most houses were connected with the South Essex Waterworks. Shoeburyness, including North and South Shoebury of the older map. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 79, SW.). Geologic Map 2. 1. "Waterworks. About a mile north of the town. Made and communicated by R. D. Batcheloe, 1895 (and from J. Mansebgh). About 35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Iron cylinders (6^ ft. diameter) to 75 ft., and then brick shaft to 170 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 76 ft. down, lowered to 146^ after ^8 hours test-pumping. According to Dr. Thsesh (Report of 1901, p. 76) the rest-level was 85 ft. down and the original yield was 5,000 gallons an hour. In April, 1896, the rest-level was 97 ft. down. It was 110 'in October, 1899. In that month pumping at the rate of 10,000 gallons an hour for from 4g to 8 hours a day sufficed for the town. The yield was estimated at 120,000 gallons a day. Mould [River Drift, 20 ft.] [London Clay, 396 ft.l [Oldhaven Beds, 37 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. ins. Ft. ins 2 2 4 6 1 6 7 6 14 6 22 3 6 25 6 3 28 6 21 6 50 2 6 52 6 8 6 61 1 1 62 1 4 8 66 9 351 3 418 17 435 11 446 9 455 5 460 10 470 3 473 2 475 f Brickearth ( Gravel, with water t Gravel and sand I BroAvn clay I Blue clay... j London Clay ; Sandy clay, with a little peat, very soft. I Water (about 1,000 to 1,200 gallons an hour) .* I Sand i Gravel Clay I London Clay ... ( Loamy sand, with water / Sand 1^ Greenish dead sand and a few pebbles (Black sand, dead and sticky ... Dark sand, almost black Dark peaty sand Dark clean sand , Judging by the section of the garrisqn-well, it is possible that the River Drift should be taken down to 62 ft., in which case the clays between that depth and 22 ft. may represent the brickearth of Grays, etc., of the existence of which a trace was found in a railway-cutting near Rochford in 1887 (see ' Geology of London and of Part of the Thames Valley,' vol. i, p. 422). ^ The water was faintly turbid, probably from a trace of iron. For analyses, see pp. 434, -13-3. The Report of the Medical Officer for 1912 says that in 1911 the water- level fell so much that sufficient water for the supply of the town could not be raised without also raising a considerable amount of fine sand, which seriously affected the pumps. In 1912 new pumps were put in, and water was got without sand. The supply is about 35,000 to 40,000 gallons a day. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, North Shoebury was then supplied by shallow wells, yielding water of questionable character. The supply now comes from the waterworks. 1 This suggestion has been shown to be right (191.'j.) Freshwater shells (amongst them C orb inula jluminaMs and pieces of a small Gardiwm have been found in the clay and sandy clay, and G. Baeeow regards these beds as filling a channel. 258 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Shoeburyness, cont. 2. Made by T. Docwea. 1863. Presumably a trial-boring made for the War Office, cannot find a record of the site. Blessrs. Docwea Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 1 1 13J 2 14* 16l 12 2 28| 304 31 18 49 4* 53^ Mould Sand and gravel Yellow clay Blue clay and brick-earth [River Drift.] (^ Blue and yellow clay ... Charred wood (black peat) Light-coloured sandy mud, with water , Coarse gravel, with water 3. For the supply of Shoeburyness Garrison. Less than half a mile north- eastward of St. Andrew's Church. 1886-1889. Communicated by Colonel E. Raban, R.E. (and from specimens, in these brackets). About ^3 ft. above Ordnance Datum. (20-38, Col. Boyd. 1910.) Cylinders to 80 ft. ; then shaft to 170 (enlarged from 115 downward) ; the rest bored. After piercing the clay (434 ft.) it was found that this was closing round the lining-tube, m that it could not be driven further ; a timbered shaft, 4 ft. square, was then niade round the tube to the depth of 386 ft. The Chalk was so soft, for a great depth, that the tube had to be carried down to the depth of 844 ft. "Water was met with at the base of the London Clay, at 434 ft. (September,, 1887), and still more at 456 ft., when it gave much trouble and was difficult to keep down, the water rising to 39 ft. below the ground. While boring between 844 and 896 ft. water began to rise rapidly, to 41 ft. from the surface (October, 1888), but on testing the yield the well was pumped dry in 6^ hours and took several days to fill again. After further boring the water continued to rise, and at 916 ft. stood 23 ft. from the surface (November 7, 1888), but a second pumping-test gave no better result than the first. After this the water-level fell somewhat, to 41 ft. on July 2, 1889, at 1,048 ft. Another record of water-level, from Lieutenant R. P. RoBisrsoisr, R.E., gives the following figures, in depths from the surface, approximately: — 1887, Sept. 20, over 38 ft. ; 1888, Nov. 8, 144 ft. ; Nov. 10, 124 ft. ; Nov. 16, 163 ft. ; Nov. 28, 30 ft. ; 1889, June, 40 ft. ; July 1, 33 ft. ; Nov. 12, 80 ft. The great variations are probably owing to pumping that was going on. At 473 ft. sand blew 200 ft. up the tule, and at 476 ft. it filled 100 ft. of the tube. Since leaving the bottom of the tube it has come in occasionally^ Thickness. Depth. Ft. Soil [River Drift, 51 ft.] [Blaokheath Beds, 26 ft..?] rWoolwich Beda, 21 ft.?] Brown sand and gravel Brick-earth Stiff clay (light-brown at 32) Sand, with water (clayey sand at 42) .. Ballast (gravel, of flint pebbles and - flintp) London Clay, with bed of large clay-stones at 162, and clay-stones at 205 (sandy at the base) 'Sand, shells and pebbles, with water I (hard clay with green grains ; pale I greenish sand ; pebbles) ^Clay (brownish-grey) and black pebbles ' Black peat (lignity clay) Clean (sharp grey) sand Peat (lignite and lignity clay) (Coarse grey) sand (or grit, with wee pebbles of quartz) , Peat (hard lignite) Ft. Ft. 3 3 8 11 12 23 15 38 10 48 380 54 434 14 448 12 460 2 462 10 472 5 477 2 479 2 481 WELLS. 25^ [Thanet Beds, 106 ft.?] [Upper Chalk, 309 ft.] [? Middle Chalk, j 144 ft.] Shoeburyness, cont. '{Brownish-grey, fine, sharp) sand Clay (pale grey, and more or less sandy at 545, 547, 549, 550, 555, 560) ... Sandy clay, with water Clay Green sand, with water (green-coated ^ flints in sandy clay with green grains) / Soft chalk ; clayey at 609 Soft chalk, with layers of flints at about / 4 feet intervals I Hard chalk, with flints (specially mark- l ed at 869 and 875) j ' Very hard grey chalk I Soft chalk 1 Chalk I Hard chalk Chalk and sand , Loamy sand ... ... ... ...j Chalk and sand ' Chalk Hard grey chalk Chalk Chalk, mixed with loose sand in the lower part Hard chalk Chalk ^Hard chalk [? Lower Chalk.! ( ^^^\^ :■■ - , ( Chalk, with loose sand The divisions of the Lower London Tertiaries are not clearly marked. Perhaps the lower bed classed with the Blackheath Beds may belong in part to the Woolwich Beds ; and the same may be the case with the top sand classed with the Thanet Beds. The divisions of the Chalk are still more doubtful. The bore-pipes are said to have been cut, so as to get water from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Colonel Baban wrote that on reaching the water-bearing beds beneath the London Clay (which gave much trouble), from 434 to 460 ft. down, the water-level in the War Department well at Sheerness fell 17 ft. For analyses of the water, see pp. 434, 435. Another well, made for the garrison-supply later, was apparently all bored. Lined with 18-in. tubes to 74 ft., with 16-in. tubes from the top to 421 ft. , and with 10-in. tubes 15 ft. into the Chalk. The water-level was 180 ft. down (or 177 below Ordnance Datum) and the suction 340 ft. down (or 317 below Ordnance Datum). There is a horsehair screen from 381 to 517 ft. down, to keep out sand, though a little still comes through. The section is the same as the above, with mere verbal differences. Water is recorded as occurring in the ' pale sand ' from 38 to 48 ft. down. The flint-pebbles are described as small. The total depth seems to be 604 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 27 508 54 562 13 575 11 586 1 587 193 780 70 850 46 896 50 946 2 948 4 952 16* 968i H 970 1 971 4 975 14 989 2 991 11 1002 30 1032 1 1033 2 1035 5 1040 6 1046 2 1048 Shopland. Ordnance Map 258, new ser., but not marked thereon (Essex 78, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, NE., and 2. Dr. Thkesh. Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 79. Population 58. No village. Each farm has its own shallow well. Water of inferior quality. Now in the area of the Southend Water Co. 260 ESSEX WATER SL'PPLY. Sible Hedingham. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 11, SW.,SE., 16, XW.,NE.)- Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 121, there were then four public wells, one 70 ft. deep, and six public springs. In outlying parts water was got from ponds and ditches. His Report of 1905, p. 64, says that a public well, 35 ft, deep, supplied most of the inhabitants, a few houses were supplied from springs, and about 20 per cent, from private wells, 15 to 50 ft. deep. (Quality said to be doubtful.) Silvertown, see North Woolwich, p. 321. South Benfieet. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 77). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Public well. For Rochford Rural District Council. Taken over by Southend Water Go. in 1913. No. 26, known as the Benfleet well. 5 mile west of railway-station. 1900. Communicated by E. C. Bilham. Dr. ThejEsh's Report on the Water Supply of the County of Essex, p. 30 (1901), gives a somewhat different account 29^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. An 8-ft. well to 233 ft., then a 15-in. tube to 423-64, then a 12-in. per- forated tube inside the 15-in. and reaching to 561' 07. The rest unlined 12-in. boring. Water-level 80 ft. down (Oct., 1900, when unfinished). Highest level (from 1913 ?) 58^ ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 229^. Yield 6,000 gallons an hour (Oct., 1900). London Clay [Lower London Tertiaries.] [^^^^ ^j^^^ ^^^^• [Upper] Chalk Eor analysis of the water, see p. 435. Previous to the making of the above well the inhabitants (575) got water from two private bored wells, which had practically failed shortly before. 2. Benfleet Marshes. Old well. Information from Mr. Pttekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. To base of London Clay, 275 ft. Southchurch, see Southend. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 309 309 42 351 110 461 181 642 Southend. By the extension of the borough Leigh, Prittlewell and Southchurch have been included. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 78). Geologic Maps 1, SE., 2. 1. Elton Laundry. 1911. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. 12 in tubes to 164 ft. ; 10-in. tubes, 143 to 307 ft. ; 8-in. tubes, 296 to 411 ft. ; 6-in. tubes, 400 to 496 ft. Water found at 496 to 503 ft. Water-level 240 ft. down. r Brown clay [London Clay.] ( Blue clay, 6 ins. of rock at 469 ft. [ Sandy clay ? Oldhaven Beds] Sand and water Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 18 18 151 469 27 496 7 503 WELLS. 261 Southend, cont. 2. On the Green, Lower Southend. (Name not on the newer map. By the shore east of the pier.) About 1850. Communicated by Mr. Scott, of the Royal Hotel. Surface about high-water mark. Sand and shingle rbeachl 35 ) rr i j j. a^k a Blue [London] Clay ... about ^JO j ^o sand and water, 475 ft. 3. Another well near by, 380 ft. 4. According to Mr. Puekis a well at the Royal Hotel !Mews reached the base of the London Clay at 370' ft. ; but these figures would seem to be too low, as also is tlie case with the following (from the same authority, through W. H. Dalton). 5. Railway Station, Tilbury Line. River gravel 15 ~) London Clay 340 [ 395 ft. Sand 40 ) 6. Well on the northern side of the high road, about opposite to where High Street runs into it. Brickearth, 8 ft. G-ravel, and then sand, 18 ft. 7. New Sewage Works. 1912. Shallow wells. Water from gravel. For analysis, see p. 436. 8. Old well at Leigh. From H. W. Beistow's Notes. Information from J. Daebt. C Chocolate-coloured clay with cement- [London Clay.] < stones 40 ft. (Blue clay 200 „ [? London Clay.] {g^^^^^l^^^^fj^^^.^^^ •- •;; ^" 9. Leigh Marshes. Old well. Information from Blr. Puekis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. To base of London Clay, 310 ft. 10. Prittlewell. Vicarage. About 95 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From Sir R. T. Thoene, of the Local Government Board. Surface soil, brick-earth, gravel, and sand ... over 40 ft. London Clay about 380 ,, Lower London Tertiaries, ? dejoth. 11. Old well at Southchurch. Information got by W. H. Dalton from Mv. Ptjrkis, well-sinker. Water up to 36 ft. below the surface. To base of London Clay .. 355 7 or,- n^ Sand ... ■ 40) ^^^^ "' 12. Southend, or No. 1 Pumping-station of the Southend Water Co. Just north of railway and west of road nearly half a mile west of station (Tilbury line). Brought into use in 1865. 99' 71 ft. above Ordnance Datum. B. Latham, Trans. Soc. JSng. for 1864, p. 249, and later information. Sunk 385 ft. ? Water rose to within 100 ft. of the surface in 1865, the water-level was at 185 in 1867, and in 1868 it rose to about 120. Two shafts, communicating ; with one boring. At one time (before 1876) much sand came up. 262 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Thickness. Depth Ft. m. 3 3 30 33 384 417 181 302 598 900 Southend, cont. Sou [London Clay, 414 ft.l ( If ^°^ "^^^ •' -" (Blue clay To running sand [Woolwich or Oldhaven Beds]. A newer well (6 ft. diameter to 227 ft. and then 44 ft. to 379, and then a boring decreasing from 9 ins. to 2^ ins. and lined to 604 ft.), a few yards from the above (which feU in), sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra & Sons, continues the section, as follows :^ Bored through the running sand, and through clay, sand, and pebbles [Lower London Tertiaries] [Upper] Chalk For analyses of the water, see pp. 436, 437. 13. Waterworks. On the southern side of the Hadleigh Road, seven-eighths of a mile north-west of Leigh Church. 1896. Taken over by the Southend Water Co. in 1907 (Leigh or No. 18 well). Sunk and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batohelob. Some information from E. C. BiLHAM, whose account differs slightly. 137 ft. 8 ins. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, 9 ft. diameter to 155 ft., then 8 ft. diameter to 293 ft. (? 342), the rest bored. 27-in. pipe for 377^ ft., 26-in. unlined to 400 ft., 15-in. pipe to 440 ft., 12-in. (internal) tubes to 600 ft. The water found in the sand 364 ft. down rose 100 ft. in the well. That found in the Chalk 570 ft. down made a rise of 8 ft. of water in the well. Water-level 173 ft. down on completion. Highest (since 1907) 172 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 3G3 ft. Supply abundant, from the Chalk. About 250,000 gallons a day got. [London Clay.] rCIay Black clay ) Clay with large boulders [septaria] ^Clay London clay I London clay, with sand f Sand varying in colour I Gravel [fiint pebbles] and rock CSand l Clay and sand . [■ Solid clay ( Clay and sand . [Clay ... ( Chalk and iiints [Chalk ... Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 17 17 20 37 12 49 34 83 ... 251 334 25 359 6i 365i 1« 380 40 420 20 440 15 455 43 498 22 520 64 584 16 600 [Blackheath Beds.] [? Woolwich Beds.] [? Woolwich Beds, and Thanet Beds.] [Upper Chalk.] The following particulars are from a letter (dated 29th June, 1905) by A. N. HiGGiNS, in the Leigh and Westcliff Chronicle: — When Leigh was a fishing village, the inhabitants got water from the Bay well. Lady Sparrow's well, and Dobin's well. These sources were more or less superficial and inadequate for the increasing population. Consequently the well above described was made. Pumping was begun in January, 1898, and by October the head of water had fallen 49 ft., to 225 ft. down ( ? rest- level). Pumping at the rate of 10,000 gallons an bour reduced the level to about 242 ft. Further shrinkage, however, took place, as follows, he suggests because of the deeper wells of the Southend Co. : — Between 1899 and 1901 there was a shrinkage of about 10 ft. ; between 1901 and 1903 a further shrinkage of about 26 ft. ; from 1903 to 1904 a further shrinkage of about 33 ft. ; from 1904 to May, 1905, a further shrinkage of about 24i ft. Mr. Bailey-Denton has said, from investigations made, it is clear that most of the water comes from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Water pumped from the bore-pipe (1914). For analyses, see p. 414. WELLS. 263 Southend, cont. 14. For the Southend Waterworlcs. No. 2, known as the Prittlewell welL About a fifth of a mile nearly south-south-west from Prittlewell Church. 1882. IOI5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by T. Hawkslet and E. C. Bilham. Shaft 376 ft. (of 10 ft. diameter to 300 ft., then reduced to 5 ft.) ; the rest bored and lined to 577 ft. with "19, 16 and 13-in. pipes. Unlined 12 ins. diameter to 876. Water from Thanet Sand. Water-level 143 ft. down. Highest recorded level 132 ft. 8 ins. down. Lowest (pumping) 376. Soil [River Drift, nearly 45 ft.] [London Clay 362 ft.] [Oldhaven Beds, Woolwich Beds, and Thanet Beds.] [Upper] Chalk, 305 ft. i^Brick-earth White loam and sand Red sand, with a 3-in. layer of brown I loam a foot down, and a 2-in. layer 2 ft. down ... Gravel and sand Yellow sand ; junction with bed below showing a dip C Yellow clay i Clay (water rose on piercing this; j Sands Green flints ( Chalk with flints Hard chalk without flints ( Soft chalk with flints ... Very hard chalk with flints \ Soft chalk with flints . . . Thickness. Ft; In. 1 6 8 6 1 Depth. Ft. In. 1 6 10 11 4 4 7 8 15 7 20 3 26 2 360 1 46 3 48 3 408 4 162 6 6 570 10 571 4 118 35 118 22 11 6 7 689 10 724 10 842 10 864 10 876 5 This well is remarkable for the great thickness of sand and gravel abova the London Clay, and for the thickness of the Lower London Tertiaries (the beds between the London Clay and the Chalk), in which it agrees with the Southend well, see p. 261. For analyses of the water, see p. 428. 15. Southchurch, or No. 9, Pumping-station of the Southend Water Co. 1901. Communicated by E. C. Bilham. 83 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 6 ft. in diameter to 439 ft., the rest bored. Lined with 24, 21, and 18-in. pipes to 624 ft. Highest water-level 178 ft. down. Lowest level (pumping) 417-25 ft. down. Little if any water from the chalk. Thickness. Soil [River] Gravel [London Clay.] ( / Yellow clay London Clay. Rotten and containing at 35 ft., sand seam, and a little water at 79 ft. 8 in. Beds of clay nodules [septaria] at 86, 102|, 223i, 267J, and 281^. Straggling clay nodules at 317i to 326i. More nodules (? beds) at 343i, and (very large) 358j. Beds of nodules at 365J and370i Ft. 1 10 1 In. 6 450 Depth. Ft. In. 1 11 12 462 9 264 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Southend, cent. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Very hard sand 5 467 9 Dark sand and shells 1 6 469 3 Green sand and pebbles . . . 10 9 480 Sand stone ... 1 481 Dark sticky sand 19 5 500 5 [Oldhaven Live sand o 11 503 4 Beds, Sandy clay 24 8 528 Woolwich Sand and shells 3 531 Beds and ( Sandy clay ... 10 6 641 6 Thanet Beds, Sand and shells 4 545 6 156.:^ ft.] Sandy clay ... 6 551 6 Hard sand and shells 1 3 552 9 Sandy clay 16 6 569 3 Hard sand ■i 573 3 Green sand ... 1 3 574 6 Sandy clay 44 1 618 7 Fhnts 6 619 1 Chalk 1 6 620 7 Very soft chalk 4 624 7 Chalk with odd flints, 18-in. tube sank by its o^^Ti weight 8 632 7 Harder chalk \iith odd flints 39 8 672 3 [Upper Chalk.] ( Fluitbed 4 672 7 Chalk with odd flints 50 11 723 6 Bed of flints 1 724 6 Chalk and odd flints 24 748 6 Fhnts 3 748 9 Chalk 12 760 9 Hard chalk 4 6 765 3 Softer chalk 6 3 771 6 For an analysis of the water, see p. 436. For other pumping stations of the Southend Water Co., see Billericay, Bowers Giflord, Downham, Eastwood, Fobbing, Great Wakering, Pitsea, Ramsden Bellhouse, South Benfleet, Thundersley, Vange, and Wickford. The following para, is from the Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 330: — The works were established in 1S70. The population supplied is 80,000. The towns and villages in the area supplied, besides the borough of Southend, are : — Barling, Basildon, Bowers Gifford, Downham, Dunton, Eastwood, Fobbing, Great Burstead, Great Wakering, Laindon, Langdon Hills, Lee Chapel, Little Burstead, Little Wakering, ilountnessing, Nevenden, North Benfleet, North Shoebury, Pitsea, Ramsden Bellhouse, Ramsden Grays, Shopland, South Shoebury, Sutton, Thundersley, A'ange, and Wickford. The Company has purchased the worl;s of the Rochford Rural District, and therefore extended its mains, the population supplied in 1914 being about 100,000. South Essex Waterworks Co. Water Works Directory, 1911, p. 331. Works established, 1861. Area supplied, the parishes of Aveley, Barking, Billericay, Brentwood, Chadwell, Corringham, Cranham, Dagenham, East Tilbury, Grays, Great Warley, Havering-atte-Bower, Hornchurch, Horndon- on-the-hill, Hutton, Ilford, Little Thurrock, Mucking, Xorth Ockendon, Orsett, Purfleet, Rainham, Romford, Shenfield, South Ockendon, South Weald, Stanford-le-Hope, Upmin-^ter, Weuuington, West Thurrock, and West Tilbury. The population of the area f-upplied was 188,000, and the yearly supply was 1,534,000,000 gallons. There must have been an increase since. The pumping-stations are named Dagenham (see Rainham), Grays, Ilford, Linford (see Muckingford), Roding (see Ilford), Romford. WEILS. 265 South Fambridge, see also under Fambridge. Ordnance Map 258, new ser., but not marked thereon (Essex 70, NW.)- Geologic Map 1, NE. Ironworks, 50 yds. east of the post-office. Information from Wiji^hu-rst, Hollick and Co. bunk 6 ft., bored 313 ft. A 5-in. boring. Pump-barrel 80 ft. down No details, but thought to end in sand and clay. These ironworks have been closed. For analysis of the water, see p. 438. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 79, a, good and abundant supply tor the parish was got from the well at the ironworks. In 1905 nearly the whole population was supplied therefrom. South Hanningfleld. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 61, SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Brockley Hill. ( ? Brockhill of new map, Brockwell Hill of old map.) A shallow well in Boulder Clay. Eor analysis of the water, see p. 439. 2. Bearmain's. West of the house and south-westward of the Church. 1900. Made and communicated by Mr. J. AV. Titt. A boring 600 ft. deep. Chalk not reached. No water. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, pp. 48, 49, the place is not well supplied. Many houses are too high for the Danbury supply; many are supplied from a spring at the Windmill Inn ; several use the roadside- brook ( ? ditch) and a few rain-water. Southminster. Ordnance Maps 241, 242, 258, 259, new ser. (Essex 63, 64, SW.). Geologic Map 2. Dr. Gbeenhow, in a Report of 1860, says: — 'The water is taken from springs and wells.' There is now a public supply, from springs at Asheldham (see p. 73). Deal Hall (Map 259). On the marsh near the southern boundary of the parish, about a mile north of the Crouch. New well. 1906. No details available, .but said to end in Tlianet Sand. For an analysis of the water, see p. 439. South Ockenden. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 75, SE., chiefly). Geologic Map 1, SW. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 28, 95 per cent, of the supply then came from the South Essex Co. , and the rest from private wells, about 25 ft. deep. South Shoebury, see Shoeburyness. South Weald. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 59, SW., 67, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NW., and London District. Sheet 2. According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 85. The more populous part was supplied by the South Essex Company. The Asylum has its own well, and the rest of the inhabitants used private shallow wells, a few of which failed in summer. 1. Peestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 404. 2. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 75. 1. Brook Street. To the bottom of the London Clay about 400 ft. 2. Brook Street. Water got after passing through about 340 ft. of clay, and rose to within 100 ft. of the surface. See also under Brentwood, pp. 104, 105. 266 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Springfield, see Chelmsford. Stambourne. Ordnance Maps 206, 223, new ser. (Essex 10, NE., H, NW.)- Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 121, the chief supply was from a public pump (well) and from a public spring, which had been pro- tected and provided with a pump. Outlying cottages depended on ponds and ditches. According to his Report of 1905, p. 65, the two public pumps supplied about a third of the population, and there were many private wells, from 34 to 120 ft. deep. Ditches, etc. , still used. Stambridge (should have gone under Little Stambridge, p. 217). Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 70, SE.). Geologic Map 1, SE. Stambridge Mill. From G. R. Stkachan. Well 60 ft. Boring 350. Total 410. Stanford-le-Hope. Ordnance Maps 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 76, SE., 84, NW. and NE.) Geologic Map 1, SE. According to Dr. Theesh's. Report of 1901, p. 71, the South Essex Com- pany supplied a few houses, the rest depended on wells, many impure ; since then a large number of houses have taken the Company's water. In 1905 only 5 per cent, depended on shallow wells, from 8 to 40 ft. deep. 1. Broad Hope Farm, a mile south of east from the church. 1895. Bored and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batcheloe. Dug well 22 ft., the rest bored. Tubes left 3 ft. up in the well. Water-level 31 ft. down, lowered 7 ft. after pumping all day. Supply tested to 720 gallons an hour. Old weU [Gravel [London Clay.] [? Blackheath Beds, 49f ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 33Jft.] [Tbanet Sand, 64 ft.] [Upper] Chalk .. and London Clay ?], the fest bored CClay I Clay and sand ... Sand Sand and black [flint] pebbles Thanet sand and black [flint] pebbles Sand, etc. Gravel [flint pebbles] and sand Gravel [flint pebbles] Sand . Sand and gravel [flint pebbles] I Dark sand and clay ( Dark sand ... t Sand and gravel [flint pebbles] ( Dark sand ' Sand [ Dark sand Thickness. Ft. ins. 45 5 5 5 5 6 8 6 10 8 5 2 8 6 12 6 15 12 34 18 55 10 Depth. Ft. ins. 22 67 72 0| 77 82 87 6 96 106 8 111 8 113 8 121 8 127 8 140 155 167 201 219 2 2 2 2 2 275 This section seems to show the Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds in unexpected force greatly at the expense of the Woolwich Beds. For analysis of the water, see p. 440. 2-5. Four old Wells. Information from Mr. Hills, well-sinker (from H. W. Beistow's Notes). 2. Dent's, opposite the King's Head, a sort of white sand, 15 or 16 ft. 3. Hassenhroke (north bi village). Pale brownish sand, 10 or 12 ft., to blue quicksand. WELLS. 267 Stanford-le-Hope, cont. 4. Old Jenkins (west of village). Place not marked on the newer map. A little eastward of New Jenkins, 'destroyed. Bluish quicksand, 10 or 12 ft. 5. Polters (north of village). [London Clay.] (I^'^oig ''l^y , ;•• ••1, -, i Bluish clay, to blue [wetj sand 8 or 10 ft. 7 to 8 ft. 6. Mr. Thomas SuUings. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. Lined with 65 ft. of 3-in. tubes from 3 ft. down. Water-level 36 ft. down. Supply 360 gallons an hour. Dug well (the rest bored) Blue clay Black ballast [gravel] Black gravel ... 69 ft. 7. Kynochtown. Messrs. Kynoch. By a mistake as to the site wells 7, 8, have been misplaced. They are in Corringham parish, by Shellhaven. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb. and Co. Lined with 56 ft. of tubes of 8g in. diameter, 4 ft. down, the bottom 5 ft. perforated. Water-level 6 ft. down. Supply 8,000 gallons an hour. [Alluvium.] Blue clay [River Drift] (g^^^fe sand '- ■' i Ballast [gravel] . . . 8. Another well at Messrs. Kynoch's. An 8^-in. bore. Yield 8,000 gallon! Bottom of well filled with broken bricks, [Alluvium.] {River Drift ?] Groimd-level (? made ground) StifE brown clay Spotted blue clay Decayed vegetation or peat ... Soft blue mud , StifE clay and small stones l' Large stones (flints) J Coarse sand and small stones ... I Coarse sand and shingle I Sand and broken shells 35 -) 21 [• 61i ft. 5h) I's. 1900. an hour. to 69 ft. 3 in. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. '. 54 64 124 18 24 204 294 50 li 51J ... l| 53J 12 65J ... 7 72^ ... 1 73i 9. Another well at Messrs. Kynoch's. 1900. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isler and Co. f StifE brovsTi clay [Alluvium.] ( Spotted blue clay I Blue clay and sand ' Sand and small ballast [gravel] Coarse sand Coarse sand and ballast [gravel] [? River Drift.] j Running sand and ballast Fine sand and small stones Sand and rough ballast [gravel] Sand and flintstones . Fine shingle [? London Clay.] Hard blue clay and stones These three sections (7-9) show a considerable thickness of Alluvium, and Hhe last of River Drift also. Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 5 5 20 25 23 48 5 53 • •• 5 58 12 70 '.'.'. 10 80 ...: 2 82 54 li If 7 87i 88i 90i 97* 268 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Stanford-le-Hope, cont. 10. Brewery. Close to railway-station. About 29 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Information from S. W. Sqitieb to W. H. Dalton. Found Chalk at a little over 100 ft. and got an abundant supply, an analysis of the water, presumably from this well, see p. 440. Foi Stanford Rivers. Ordnance Map 240 (Essex SO, SE., 51, SW., 58, NE., 59, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NW. 1. Rectory. Communicated by the Rev. Mr. Bolleston. Sunk during the Rectorship of Dr. Dowdeswell, 1802-1842. 216 ft. above Ordnance Datum. "Water-level 135 ft. down (1900). Yield abundant (1900). 365 ft. deep. Said to be into Chalk (Dr. Thkesh thinks not). For analysis of the water, see p. 440. 2, 3, 4. Three old wells. Information from Mr. Rolfe, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton. 2. Hall. Sand and gravel, to London Clay, 16 ft. 3. Union. ,, „ „ ,, 17 ,, 4. Toot Hill. r r-D 11 m if Blue marl ... 14 [Glacial Drift.] US°"^^^^^'Cl'^y-J nVhite marl ... 16 (.Gravel, to London Clay ... ... 10 40 ft. 5. The hamlet of Little End is supplied from a public well, with pump, opposite the workhouse. It is shallow, with a strong spring. Stansted Mountfitchet. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 22, NE., SE., 28, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Almshouses. ? on western side of road, southward of Railway Station. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Inqold. Shaft 46 ft., the rest bored. Water 47 ft. down. [Glacial Drift.] [Upper] Chalk Brick-earth Gravel and loam, bedded Gravel ... very irregularly Thickness. Ft. 4 30 12 56 2. Bentfield End. Waggon and Horses Inn. 1886. Sunk and communicated by iMr. G. Ingold. Thickness. Ft. 2 6 4 2 16 4 2^ 2 ^ Made ground f Brick-earth _ , „, J Blue clay London Clay. Brick-earth I Blue clay , ( Fine grey sand ,.„ ,. -n J T J Brown clay [Reading Beds.] ^ jj^^^jg^ ^^^^ Green sandy loam, with a slow spring Depth. Ft. 4 34 46 102 Depth. Ft.. 2 8 12 14 30 34 3^ 38i 43 WELLS. 269 Stansted Mountfitchet, cont. 3. Brewery. On rising ground near tlie northern end of Stansted Street, northward of Railway Station. 1886. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 40 ft., the rest boied. Water-level 47 ft. down. Made earth [Glacial Drift.] [Upper] Chalk... Brown clay, with stones Yellow clay Sandy loam, with stones Sand Gravel ... Sand, with water Gravel Bluetclay Thickness. Ft. 2 4 6 6 2 28 7 10 2 60 Depth. Ft. 2 6 12 18 20 48 55 65 67 127 4. Dairy. Just east of the Railway Station. 1889. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ixgold. Water-level 15 ft. down. Chalk Clay and gravel 111 120 ft. 5. Hargraves Park. Northern end of the village. Made and communicated by Mr. G- Ingold. Shaft 100 ft., the rest bored. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Brown clay 16 16 [Glacial Drift.] ' Grey sand 14 174 ^ Gravel 1 184 'Mottled loam ... ..1 6 244 Green sandy loam 2i 27 [? Reading Beds.] ( Green sand (water) Blue clay ..! 2 34 36 Green sandy loam 5 41 Brown clay 1 42 [Upper] Chalk ... ..' 108 150 6. Rochford's Nurseries. On the northern side of the lane and eastern side of the brook, about 530 yds', south-westward of the Railway Station. 1894. 214 ft. ( ? 224 or 225) above Ordnance Datum. Information from Mr. Rocheord in 1900. In 1894 about 20,000 gallons a day pumped. This was .gradually increased to 120,000 in the summer of 1899. Rest-level of water up to 8 ft. down (1894). Water has been pumped to 26 ft. down, as a test, with two pumps. In 1900 water-level 16 ft. down, reduced to 24 ft. by pumping 100,000 gallons in 12 hours. Loam and some stones ... "^ ^ on f + Soft soapy Chalk ... 20 ) "^^ "■ In 1897 or 1898 bored 50 ft. more. Tube for 20 ft. , then firm Chalk. . According to Mr. Ingold the bore was of 8 in. diameter, and the section gravel about 10 ft.. Chalk 67|. Pumping at this well affects the 1895 well of the waterworks. S 270 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Stansted Mountfitchet, cont. 7. Stansted House ( ? Hall). 1879. Made and communicated by Mr. G. IifGOLD. f Brown clay [? Reading Beds.l \ Mottled red and green sandy clay ° ' 1 Grey sandy clay CFJints [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 23 23 17 40 6 46 1 47 17 64 8. Waterworks. About 500 yds. westward from the Castle Hill. 288 ft. above Ordnance Datum Information from the engineer, on the spot. Old well, 88 ft. * In 1897, there were 9 or 10 ft. of water, and pumping had no particular effect on the water-level. In 1898 the well was emptied in half an hour, and water rose only 6 ft. in the well. The deepening of Rochford's Nursery well caused the supply to run short. In April, 1899, a boring of 8 in. diameter was made ( ? to about 200 ft.), and the water rose to the same level as before and was lowered only a few inches afterwards. 3,000 gallons an hour were pumped in 1900 (more could have been got). To Chalk about 20 ft., accordilig to Mr. Ingold. The population supplied is about 2,500. Supply apparently unlimited, 1905. For analyses of the water, see p. 441. At Burton End ( ? Burton Bowers of map) houses were fairly well supplied from wells 20 to 30 ft. deep. Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 52. 9. Temporary well. Near the western end of the church. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Very slow spring. Thickness. Soil London Clay. Brown sandy clay Black clay, with fragments of shells and iron-pjnrites [basement-bed ?] Ft. 3 8 1887. Depth. Ft. 3 11 20 10. 50 yds. south of the Railway Station. 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 31 ft., the rest bored. [Glacial Drift.] f Gravel I I ! Sand \ Gravel ! Brown loam Brot^' bamy sand Stones [Uppelr] ChaUs; For an analysis of water from a boring in Stansted 152 ft. deep in soft Chalk (? this one), see p. 440. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 52 52 2 54 8 62 4 66 5 71 2 73 i 73J 78i 152 WELLS. 271 Stansted Mountfitchet, cont. H. Woodfield. Just westward of Railway Station. 1893. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water at 57^ ft. from the surface. [Glacial Drift.] Gravel ... 49 I _q2 fj. [Upper] Chalk 10§ 5 ^^5 "• 12. Pennington Lane. Borehole for the proposed South Essex Water Board. About 1 mile northward of Stansted Church. 1900. Made by R. D. Batchelok. Communicated by Messrs. Rofe. 276'46 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 59^ ft. down. No water found till between 67 and 68 ft. down Soil ... [Glacial Drift.] jg^^j [Upper] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water, see p. 441. Thickness. Ft. In. 1 2 8 4 7 61 6 Depth. Ft. In. 1 2 9 6 16 6 78 Stanway. Ordnance Map, new ser. 223 (Essex 27, SW., SE.). Geologic Map 48, NW. 1. Mr. John Brown's, half-mile west of Union House. Dr. James Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 90. Dug through gravel ... ... 45 ) .„j. ,, Bored through London Clay ... 120] '-'^° "• No water. [This must reach to very near the base of the London Clay.] 2. At the Union (on the southern side of the road, three-quarters of a mile westward of Lexden Church) the depth to the London Clay was 60 ft. Dr. J. Mitchell, Proc. Geol. Soc, 1839, vol. iii. No. 64, p. 131. 3. Blackpits Farm. Information from Dr. J. W. Cook. About 128 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 75 ft. deep. Said to go through the London Clay. The clay is covered here with gravel. For analysis of the water, see p. 441. 4. Cherry Tree Farm. On the London Road. 1904. Made by Mr. H. C. Smith. Dug 37 ft., bored to 298. Water-level 102 ft. down. Tested up to 300 gallons an hour. Chalk reached at 250 ft. Strata similar to those at Langenhoe Hall. For analysis of the water, see p. 441. 5. Five Ways Farm. Dr. J. W. Cook tells us that there is a boring here over 300 ft. deep, witik a tube of 5 in. internal diameter. 6. Just south of high road, a mile westward of Lexden. For the Lexden and Winstree Rural District Council. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walkee. 130 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-water-level 101 ft. down, lowered to 140 during pumping. Yield, 14 days pumping at 1,400 gallons an hour. 9-in. bore-hole, lined with steel tubes to 260 ft., the bottom 15 ft. with perforated tubes. s2 272 ESSEX WATER SLTPLY. [Reading Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 32 32 3 35 79 114 24 138 20 158 2 160 19 179 2 181 12 193 7 200 35 235 4 239 6 245 35 280 Stanway, cont. [Glacial Drift] Ballast [gi-avel] (YeUow clay Blue London Clay Dead sands, with a foot of stone at top another at 129-130, another at bottom ( Brown sand Pebbles ... Mottled clay Bro^vll sand Coloured sands Green sand Grey sand Brown sand Green sand [Upper] ChaJk In this, as in some Colchester sections (pp. 129, etc.), it is hard to fix the boundary between the London Clay and the Beading Beds. For analyses of the water, see p. 442. A small part of Stanway (on the London Road, as far as Beacon End) has been supplied from the Colchester works. Stapleford Tawney. Ordnance Maps 240, 257, new ser. (Essex 68, NW. chiefly). Geologic Map 1, NW., and London District, Sheet 2. 'Esszi^ Naturalist, 1902, vol. vi, No. 7, p 106. In an account of an excursion it is noted tliat there have been " several borings for water surrounding the rectory, and also near the church, and hall, at all of which the search was fruitless. One of the bores entered a mass of conglomerate to a depth of six leet without passing through it ; this bed extends for about an acre. At the Hall Farm . . there are two good wells of water each about thirty feet deep obtaining their supply from a vein of gravel at about the same depth at which the conglomerate was reached. ' ' The Rev. L. N. Peaece adds, in a letter, that the borings were all of little depth, and that in some gravel was found at the depth of 12 to 16 ft., with some water, but not a good supply. Suttcns. Sir C. Smith's. Communicated by Sir C. Smith. Sunk probably 100 to 150 years ago (note of 1900). About 100 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 55 ft. down (Nov., 1900). Had fallen about 25 ft. in recent years. 356 ft. deep. No record of beds passed through. Dr. Thresh thinks that the Chalk is not reached. For analysis of the water, see p. 442. Stebbing. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 24). Geologic j\Iap 47. Dr. Theesh, in his Report of 1905, p. 60, says that there were one public well and many private wells, getting water from the gravel (Glacial Drift). Steeple. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 55, SW., 63, NW.). Geologic Map 2. 1. Cardinal's Well. On the roadside at the western end of the village. A public well. Water-level, when repaired in 1903, 18 ft. down. In 1010, 28^ ft. down, and the pump failed. In September, 1910, when pump was out of action, tvater rose 20 ft. in four days. WELLS. 273 Steeple, cont. 2. Public Well. In centre of village, opposite the 'Star.' Information from Dr. J. C. Theesh and Mr. Blanks. Approximately 33 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Said to be entirely sunk (5-ft. shaft). 150 ft. In 1903 surface-water was getting in. Water-level then 60 ft. down. Not used during 10 days for repairs and water rose to 13 ft. down. In Feb., 1908, 56 ft. down. For analysis of the water, see p. 4-43. The public supply is from these two wells, both of which have been par- tially reconstructed, so as to prevent the entrance of subsoil-water. Water carted to long distances. Steeple Bumpstead. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 4. SE., 10, NE.). Geologic Map 47. Little Waltons Farm. 1901. Communicated by Mr. H. G. Featherby. AJbout 230 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 46 ft., the rest a 4-in. bore-hole. f Boulder Clay [Glacial Drift.] < Sandy rubble (_ Brown clay (to Chalk) ... 46-^ 4 )■ 58 ft. According to Dr. Theesh' s Reports of 1901, p. 144, and of 1905, p. 81. there was once a public well, but it failed, and the chief supply was then got from two ponds, an attempt being made to filter the water through sand and polarite. Now there is no public sujjply, but many private wells (1913). StifEord. Ordnance Maps 257, 271, new ser. (Essex 83, NE.). Geologic Map 1, SW- 1. At a cottage half a mile south-east of the Church. In an old gravel-pit Top of well below surface Steined (and not to be seen) Thanet Sand Chalk 2 Stifford Homes. About half a mile south-westward of the Church. 190S. An 8-in. boring by Messrs. Tillet. Water 67 ft. down, 1908. Yield ample. [River Drift] Gravel I Light-coloured loam [Thanet Sand.] Dark loam 1 Loam and stones [flints] [Upper] Chalk " According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 27, in North Stifford 10 per cent, of the houses got a supply from private wells, 40 to 60 ft. deepj the rest, and all in South Stifford, getting a supply from the South Essex Co. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. about 5 . 5 7 12 21 about 33 30 63 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 15 15 37 52 4 56 1 57 93 150 Stisted. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 25^ NE., SE.). Geologic Map 47. Stisted Hall. Boring in a field near the Rectory. For the supply of the Hall and the village. 1907. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, and information also from Messrs. Sands and Walker. 7^-in. bore lined throughout, the last 21 ft. perforated. 220 (or 221) ft. abcve Ordnance Datum ■\Tater-level 105 ft. down. 274 ESSEX WATEB, SUPPLY. Stisted, cont. Yield, 1,500 gallons an hour has been puHiped, 115 ft. down. Soil / Brown clay and stones... ! Brown loamy clay ' Broflii clay and stones... Brown loamy sandstone and clay Sand and gravel [London Clay.] ! Bro-\vn clay and stone Blue clay Loamy clay and shells ... i Stone I Sand, sandy clay and shells . . . Sandy clay ... C Loamy sand 1 Hard grey sand and pebbles . . . Mottled clay Hard brown clay Soft brown sand Mottled clay Grey and green sand ... Grey sand Coloured fine sand Hard sand the water then falling to [Oldhaven Beds.l [Reading Beds.] [? Thanet Sand.] Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 14 ^ 2 14 6 8 2 10 16 26 24 50 1 51 109 160 m i 179 J 180 20 200 5 205 3 208 1 209 3 212 18 230 3 233 5 238 13 251 29 280 6 286 1* 524 287-J 340 [Upper] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 443. Stock and Buttsbury. Ordnance Maps 240, 241, 257, 258, new ser. (Essex 60). Geologic Map 1, NE. There are three public pumps, one yielding very impure water. The well on the village green (Stock) has water of doubtful purity. The Jubilee pump gives much better water and its supply has not been known to fail as the others do in dry summers. Some of the private wells are highly polluted. Some cottages depended on ponds. Stow Maries or Stow St. Mary. Ordnance Maps 241, 2oS, new ser. (Essex 62, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 1, NB. 1. Great Eastern Railway, Hogwell Siding, nearly a mile east of Woodham Ferrers Station, on the northern side of the line. 1889. About 22 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gkand and Stjtcliff, and from W. T. FOSLEE. Shaft 35 ft., the rest bored and lined with tubes to the depth of 296^ ft., rising 2^ ft. above the bottom of the shaft. Water, found at 333 ft., rose to within 15 ft. of the surface. Four days later it had risen 85 ft. A few days later it stood at 10 ft. below the surface. Tield about 240 gallons an hour. Brickearth Blue clay, with olay-stones at 99i-100, llOi-lll, 131-131^ and 321^3224 " __ ' r Sand and pebbles, with water tBasement- ^ead sand °^° -J 1 Shells and pebbles All the beds must belong to the London Clay. Thickness. Ft.. 30 303 1 Depth. Ft. 30 333 334 337 2. Rectory. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjrkis, the sinker, to W. H Dalton. London Clay ... 270 " Sand, to water ... 40, 310 ft. WELLS. 275 There is a public well (probably now disused) at the bottom of the village-street. It is said to be 300 feet deep, and it yields an alkaline water. Stratlord, see West Ham, pp. 300-304. Strethall. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 2, SE,, 8, NE.). Geologic Map 47. The Hall. 1892. Deepened 7 ft., 1894. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Inqold. Shaft throughout. Blue Boulder Clay 31 ] Chalk, with layers of clunch at the depth of 115-117^ 200^ ft. and of 126-131i 169^ j According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1905, p. 63, there was a, public well and pump, the water coming from gravel in the Boulder Clay. Stroud Green, see Rochford. Sturmer. Ordnance Map 205, new ser. (Essex 4, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Dillistone's Nurseries. 1900. Boring made and communicated by Mr. H. G. Feathekby 187 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, of 4 ft. diameter, 21 ft., the rest bored, 5 in. diameter in the clear. Tubes to 120 ft. Water 2 ft. above the surface, December, 1900. ( ? when well only 68 ft. deep.) [Boulder Clay.] [ Blue clay '■ L Brown cJay Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 34 34 1 35 80 115 20 135 Very soft chalk Harder chalk ... The following note was made when the well was only 68 ft. deep : — The water would have risen higher (than 2 ft. above ground) but that the chalk- water came up outside the tubes, into the well, and escaped by a drain 2 ft. below ground. For analysis of the water, see p. 444. Also of one for Mr. Hofiman. 2. Sturmer Hall. 1909. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. Ivined with 42-in. tubes to 110 ft. down and then 4-in. perforated tubes to 200. Water-level 66 ft. down ; lowered 2 ft. when pumping 600 gallons an hour. rr^i • 1-n -fin (Boulder Clay 72") [Glacial Drift.] | ^^^^^ ^j^^ '^^^ ^^^^^^^^ 78 [ 200 ft. Chalk and flints, veins of flint at 150 and 164 ft. down 120 ) One well and pump used by the public in the village. Several private wells (nearly all shallow). Sutton. Ordnance Map 258, new ser., just south-east of Rochford, but not marked thereon (Essex 78, NW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 80, there was no public supply. A fair number of private shallow wells. Now in the area of the Southend Water Co., the Sutton well of which i^ in Eastwood (see p. 149). 276 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Takeley. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 23). Geologic Map 47. 1. Bamborow's Green [? Bamber Green]. 1875. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 30 ft., the rest bored. [Glacial Drift.] London Clay . . Boulder clay ! Dark brown clay 1_ Brown clay with stones 3kness. Depth ^t. Ft. 56 56 8 64 6 70 29 99 2. The Grange. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water rose in the well. Boulder Clay, 43 ft. 3. Jack's Green. 1896. Shaft. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water rose from the bottom. Boulder Clay, 21 ft. 4. Reindeer Inn, lowest part of village. Sunk and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 20 ft., the rest bored. No water. White and blue Boulder Clay TT 1 /-,! 1 ( Brown clay [London Clay.J ^ gj^^ ^^^^ 2 ' 78 ft. 4) 5. The Windmill. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 35i ft., the rest bored. Water 39-i ft. down. Mould [? AU Boulder Clay.] ( 3kness. Depth ^t. Ft. 1 1 3 4 6 10 10 20 13 33 4i m 8 454 Brown clay White clay Brown clay Blue clay Bro^vn sandy lOam Blue clay Dr. Theesh says, in his Report of 1905, p. 60, that there were three public wells and many private wells, all shallow. Tendring. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 29, S.W., chiefly). Geologic Map 48, SW. Union. Information from Mr. Hatlet, well-sinker. Base of London Clay at 150 ft. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 128, there were tube-wells, 21 ft. deep, at the rectory and at a house in the street. The rest of the parish got its supply from shallow wells. Some houses, from Wix Cross to the Union, are supplied by the Tendring Hundred Company (1905). Tendring Hundred Waterworks Company, 1884. AVater Works Directory, 1911, pp. 354, 355. Wells at Mistley (which see) Lawford (and Dedham). Works established 1884. Number of houses supplied 4,305. Estimated population supplied, holi- day-season, 460,000; normal, 130,000. [Presumably these figures should be WELLS. 277 Tendring Hundred Co., cont. 50,000 and 30,000.] Yearly supply, for all purposes, 163,000,000 gallons. Maximum day's consumption, 700,000. Towns and villages within the area of control : — Ardleigh, Beaumont, Bradfield, Dovercourt, Frinton-on- Sea, Great Holland, Harwich, Kirby-le-Soken, Lawford, Little Clacton, Manningtree, Mistley, Parkeston, Ramsey, Stones Green, Thorpe-le-Soken, Walton-on-Naze, Wesley, Wix, Wrabness. The supply will be extended to Ardleigh and Dedham. Terling. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 34, SE., 44, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. The Place. Communicated by the late Lord Rayleigh. Shaft 60 ft., bore about 200 ft. Water rises into the shaft. Glacial Gravel, sand and loam to about 40 ft. The rest London Clay, with rook [basement-bed ?] pierced through at bottom. Eor analyses of the waters of this and of many Terling wells, see pp. 444-446. 2. Upper Green. Nearly three-quarters of a mile westward of the Church. 1868. Communicated by Sir R. T. Thobnb. A very small quantity of water found. [Glacial Drift.] Sand and gravel ... 7 ) ir fx Yellow Clay, to ordinary London Clay ... g j lb «. Thames Haven, see Corringham. Thaxted. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 14, NE., SE., 15, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Cutler's Green, a. mile west of the town. Thickness. [ Depth Ft. I Ft. f Boulder Clay ...'• 28 J | 28| \ Gravel ' 30 1 58* [GlacialDrift,] — -^y - ;;; , - 12^ V, Quicksand (water) ...; 4-|- ' 77 2. Near the Church. I Thickne.ss. Ft. Soil 4 Gravel ... ... 40 Blue clay 22 Quicksand (waiter) ... 4 Depth. Ft. 4 44 66 70 It is difficult to classify the beds : the lowest two may be Eocene. 3. A mile north of the Church. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 22 ft. down. rm • 1 -n id- 1 f Boulder Clav ... 30 ") „. ,, [Glacial Drift.] | p^^.,. ^^^^ ■ 4 j 34 ft. According to Dr. Thebsh's Report of 1905, p. 60, there were eight shallow public wells and many private wells. In 1912 the Medical Officer reported, concerning sewage-pollution, that the conditions prevailing in Thaxted were disgusting. It is satisfactory to know therefore that a public supply is about to be provided from a deep well into the Chalk. 278 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Theydon Mount. Ordnance Maps 240, 257 (Essex 50, SE., 58, NE.). Geologic Maps 1, NW., and London District, Sheet 2. In 1905 largely supplied by a public well or wells. Since then other shallow wells have been sunk on private property. Thorpe-le-Soken. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 38, NE.). and SE. Tree's. Malting. Xorth-west of the Railway Station. Communicated by P. Bbxjff. Surface 35 ft. above low-water mark. Shaft 50 ft., the rest bored. Water found at a depth of 370 ft., rose to within 20 ft. of the surface. Geologic Maps 48, SW. 1876. [iKJndon Clay.] [Reading Beds.] [Upper] Chalk Platimore, as on the shore at Walton [clay] with stone [cement-.=tone], 11, 8, and 18 in. thick, at depths of 58, 70, and 90 ft. I Sand j-T, ^ , . j Fine bro-\vn sand l- , " , ^ " ' Yellowish sandy loam ^ 'J j with small flint stones ' [pebbles] Brown coloured [? mottled] clay Yellowish sandy loam Brown clay , Brown clay I Dark (nearly black) ilne sand *Green platimore *GTeen platimore, half clay and half chalk to flints and chalk Thickness. Ft. 109 2 15? 14 7? 3 38? 1 251 Depth. Ft. 109 111 126? 140 147? 150 188 189 440 * A specimen from one of these beds showed the clayey green sand that usually occurs at the junction of the older Tertiary beds and the Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 447. Many houses are supplied by the Tendring Hundred Water Co. The rest use shallow wells. Thorrington. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 37, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Shallow wells (presumably in gravel) were the sole supply (up to 1905). Thundersley. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (69, SW Geologic Map 1 SE., 77, NW., NE.). SE. 1. Thundersley Pumping Station. No. 7 well of the Southend Water Works Co. About a quarter of a mile south-west of the Hall. 1898. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. Height of works bench-mark above Ordnance Datum 85 ft. Top of cylinders 2 ft. 7 in. and original ground-level 5 ft. 4 in. below this. Shaft 332 ft. (8 ft. in diameter), the rest bored. Lined to 476 ft. 10 in. down with 24-in., 21-in., and 18-in. pipes. Highest water-level 91 ft. 10 in. down. Lowest (pumping) 324^. WELLS. Soil [Drift.] [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries, about 151J ft.] [Upper Chalk.] Thundersley, cent. C Mottled clay [brickearth] (.Gravel Yellow clay ... Coloured clay Brown clay ... Clay nodules [septaria] Brown day ... London Clay ; very jointy at 179 ; laminated water vein 2| ft. thick at 242 ft. 2 in. ; bed of blue sandy clay and block of wood 9 in. thick at 260 ; lignite at 269 ; sandy clay from 306Jto308 ' Hard sand and pebbles Live sand Dead sand ... / Hard rock and pebbles Dead sand ... Live sand Dead sand ... Flints Soft chalk Flints Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 6 2 6 3 9 3 9 3 3 7 7 14 6 9 20 9 ...| 9 21 6 4 6 26 Total dejjth also given as 6 Water got from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries, from the Chalk. For an analysis, see p. 44 .. 286 8 312 8 ..1 5 317 8 1 6 319 2 8 6 327 8 1 328 8 .. 19 3 347 11 9 356 11 ..1 106 5 463 4 ..' 9 464 1 1 465 1 ..1 9 465 10 .. 204 2 670 '•5 ft. 4 in on Tertia] •ies. Little, if any, . Burches Pumping Station. Xo. 8 well of the Southend "Water Co. About three-quarters of a mile north-north-east of St. Peter's Church. 1899. Communicated by E. C. Bilham. 130 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 6 ft. diameter to 332 ft. The rest bored and lined to 543 ft. with 24, 21, and 18-in. pipes. Highest water-level 157 ft. 10 in. down. Lowest (pumping) 306^. Soil.. [Drift.] [London Clay.] ( [Lower London Tertiaries, 141i ft.] Thioi mess. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 6 6 ( Yellow clay ... 2 6 3 1 Gravel 1 4 ' Mottled clay 11 15 Brown clay ... 5 20 London Clay ; bed of clay nodules [septaria] at 255 and bed of nodules and seams of sand at 280 ft. 335 9 355 9 s Pebbles Hard sand 9 356 6 3 6 360 Live sand 4 364 Hard sand 3 6 367 6 Live sand 14 381 6 Hard sand 2 1 383 7 live sand 16 11 400 6 Dead sand 3 6 404 Hard rock 9 404 9 Sandy clay 93 3 498 I-Fliiits ... 3 498 3 280 ESSEX WATER STPPLT. [Upper Chalk, 346i ft.] Thundersley, cont. Soft chalk Flints Chalk and flints Dark blue clay and chalk Grey sandy chalk, very hard Softer chalk Hard chalk ... Softer chalk Dark grey chalk j Thickness. Ft. In. 9 252 1 21 31 28 2 Depth. Ft. In. 507 3 507 760 760 761 783 814 842 845 6 6 6 6 Total depth given as 854. Water from the sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Little, if any, from the Chalk. For an analysis, see p. 448. A few houses near the church got water from the Southend Co., the rest of the parish used surface-wells yielding abundant water but of poor quality. (Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 80.) Many houses built since have been connected with the Company's mains. Tilbury Fort, see West Tilbury. Tilbury-juxta-Clare . Ordnance Map 206, new ser. (Essex 11, NW. and NE.) Geologic Map 47. 1. Tilbury Court. South-east of the Church. 1903. Made and communicated by Messrs. Mebbyweather. Dug well (old, the rest bored) ... Blue [Boulder ?] Clay White marl White marl and flints [Chalk.] j Hard stone White marl White marl and flints Judging from the geologic map one would expect to find gravel between the Boulder Clay and the Chalk. Perhaps it was found in the well, and there may be a lower bed of Drift Clay. The description of the beds below as marl is suggestive of a deep channel of Drift ; but probably the material is soft Chalk In one note it is described as putty-like. 2. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1905, p. 65, there were many private wells, from 35 to 40 ft. deep. A few houses are supplied with spring-water. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — 75 20 95 130 225 27 252 1 253 22 275 93 368 Tillingham. Ordnance Map 242 (Essex 55, SE). Geologic Map 2. 1. Tillingham Hall (near the Church). Boring (5 in. diameter) made and communicated by Mr. H. C. Smith. 68 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 65 ft. down (1911). Yield (pump 81 ft. down) 2,200 gallons per hour. Much more could be obtained (1911). Chalk reached at 390 ft. down ; water reached at 470 ; total depth 495 ft. For analysis of the water, see p. 44S. WELLS. 281 Tillingham, cont. 2. Marsh Farm ( ? Marsh House of the map). Mr. George Raby, of Tillingham Hall, says he has a bore there 300 ft. deep. He says that the water was distasteful at first to people brought there from F J field, but that later they grew not to mind it at all. A partial analysis of the water appears on p. 448. ' According to Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. Ill, the place was supplied from three public pumps and from a number of shallow wells. The public pumps yielded fairly good water; but the supply had become very short in recent summers, though the wells had been deepened. The public wells are only 10 to 15 ft. deep, in gravel. In the Report of 1905, p. 41, six public wells are mentioned; but the deficiency of water in dry weather still held. There was a supplementary pump, from a brook. Tindon End, see Great Sampford, p. 174. Tiptree. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45). Geologic Map 47. Tiptree is apparently in more than one parish, part in Tolleshunt Knights, part in Inworth, and part in Messing. Messrs. Thorne and Livermore's (Tiptree Heath) Brewery. 1889. A little over 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb, and Co. Lined with 420 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 6 ft. down. Water-level 154 ft. down. Yield (never really tested) said to be 10,000 to 20,000 gallons a day ( ? 700 an hour, with pump 400 ft. down). Dug well [Drift.] ( Running sand I Gravel [Lower LdndOn Tertiaries.] Blue [London] Clay f- Mottled clay Sand and clay Stone Sand and clay Sand and pebbles Black sand and clay Hard sand Black sand and clay Clay Sand and clay Sand clay and pebbles . Brown clay and .?and . Sand and clay ... Upper] Chalk and flints ? Deepened to 601 ft. For an analysis of the water, see p. 449. It is difficult to understand the section between the London Clay and the Chalk, as the details do not agree with what one would expect in the Lower London Tertiaries here. Perhaps the peculiar disturbance affecting the Wickham Bishop boring (see p. 312) may extend here. Indeed, Mr. Dalton, who sent me the section (which was published as in Messing in Essex .Naturalist, vol. iii, p. 51), was inclined to classify the beds between 319 and :383 ft. as London Clay, repeated (as at Wickham) in the lower series. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 6 3 9 6 15 262 277 12 289 10 299 4 303 9 312 7 319 13 332 10 342 41 383 7 390 6 396 4 400 3 403 5 408 154 562 282 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Tollesbury. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 46). Geologic Maps 2 and 48, SW. 1. Tollesbury Marsh. From Mr. Purkis, well-sinker, (from memory). Alluvium . . London Clay Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 50 50 130 180 (Sand 4 184 Clay 2 186 Sand 14 200 Clay 8 208 Sand 32 240 [?Lower London Tertiaries, 60 ft.] 2. Wick Marsh Farm. Information from Dr. Smith. 1 to 2 ft. below level of spring high tides. Water overflows from bore-pipe 8 ft. below ground-level, at the rate of 1 gallon in forty minutes. Marsh-water may get into the well though not into the bore-pipe. For an analysis of the water, see p. 449. Also of that from public pump. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, pp. Ill, 112, there were then two public wells, one very polluted, as also were the many private wells. These wells are still in use ; but on account of the growth of the place a public supply has been decided on and a bore made. See below. 3. 1912. Trial-bore in the village for the Maldon Rural District Council. 75 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-levels, when the boring was 187 ft. deep, 66 ft. down (Jan., 1911) ; when 256 ft. deep, 68 ft. down (March, 1911) ; when 358 ft. deep, less than 75 ft. down (July, 1912). the water in various stages of construction, For analyses of 449, 450. Earth and sand Gravel and sand with water... r Yellow clay [London Clay.] [Lower London Tertiaries.] [Upper Chalk.] London Clay with loam. Stones at the bottom Sand stone ... ... .,. Sandy clay Green sand with water... Dappled clay Yellow clay Mottled clay Green sand with \vater Sand Dark clay Yellow clay Chalk Flints in chalk Chalk containing water Thickness. Ft. 2 16 3 149 26| 13 4 6 25 • 10 9 33 3 10 1 47 see pp. Depth. Ft. 2 18 21 170 1701 197 210 214 220 245 255 264 297 300 310 311 358 Tolleshunts, The. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45, NE., SE., 46, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Dr. Thkesh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. Ill, with some later information : — Tolleshunt D'Arcy.—Th.e whole village was supplied by shallow wells, very many of them polluted. Many people carted water from a spring at Spring Farm, (There is another at Limesbrook Farm, but neither yielded enough to supply the village.) WELLS. 283 Tolleshunts, cont. A. few houses at the Tiptree end of the parish are supplied from the Tiptree mains. At High Hall (Farm), Tolleshunt D'Arcy, there is a well 118 ft. above Ordnance Datum, 39 ft. deep, said to be wholly in loam [? sandy London Clay]. After the well had been sunk some time the water rose to within 7 ft. of the ground. The water, for an analysis of which see p. 451, is remarkable for its extraordinary amount of common salt. There are also two very old bored wells at this farm, one sunk 100 ft. and bored 200, the other sunk 50 and bored about 200. Their water was evi- dently not fit for use, as they were both turned into cess-pools for the liquid from the farmyard. Tolleshunt Knights. — No village. At Tiptree Heath water was got from springs and shallow wells ; but the chief supply was from ponds and brooks. The brook chiefly used was polluted in 1899, and water had to be carted from -a distance. A public supply has since been provided. AVater from a gravel-patch in Messing is pumped, by a wind-engine, to a reservoir on high ground, flowing thence through some miles of mains it supplies houses and farms on the way. See also under Messing, p. 224. Tolleshunt Major, or Beckingham. — There was a public well and a spring (which has recently been piped to the roadside, to supply the houses near, 1914). A few houses had private wells, some showing signs of pollution. Some cottages had rain-water tanks. Toppesfield. Ordnance Maps 223, 206, new ser. (Essex 11, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 47. Thurston's Farm, near Robinhood End, west-south-west of the village (published previously as Hood End). Said to have gone through 140 ft. of Boulder Clay. According to Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, yp. 121, the chief supply of the village was from a spring, the water being pumped by a hydraulic ram. There were also two public wells. His Report of 1905, p. 64, adds that two public pumps then supplied about two-thirds of the inhabitants. A few houses were supjalied by a spring at Scotney's Farm, which needed (and still needs) protection from pollution. There were many wells, 30 to 40 ft. deep ; but water was hard to get in certain parts, and probably 10 per cent, of the people used pond or brook. In 1913 there were seven public pumps in the parish, two being in the village, one pumping from an underground reservoir ( ? fed by the spring first mentioned). Totham, see Great Totham. Twinstead. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 12, SW., SE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thebsh's Reports of 1901, p. 139, and of 1905, p. 80, there were two public wells, into Chalk, yielding good water, one of which had to be deepened (before 1905) to 82 ft. There are also several private wells. Ugley, or Oakley. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 13, SE., 14, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Wade's Hall. Less than a mile south-south-west of the church. 1875. ? About 310 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft throughout. [Glacial Drift.] { ^^^^^ f^^^ -^^ -■ ^ ) ^^ ^^ Chalk 70] 284 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. TJgley, emit. 2. Ugley Green. Mr. J. E. Waithman's. 1909. ]Made and communicated by ilessrs. Islee & Co. Lined with 10 ft. of 5-in. tubes from 5 ft. down ; 90 ft. of 4-in. from 3 ft. down. Water-level 111 ft. down. Supply 360 gallons an hour. tubes [Glacial Drift.] [? Reading Beds.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ..; 5 5 ...| 4 9 .. U 23 3 26 ...1 26 52 ...\ 5 67 8 65 ...I 2 67 15 82 5 87 1 88 77 165 ( Clay and flint.s . . . ( Ballast [gravel] . . . f Mottled clay I Red sand I Blue clay Brown clay Mottled clay Sand.stone i Green sand Dark green sand ' Green-coated flints [Upper] Chalk and flints No Reading Beds have been shown on the Geologic Map here ; but the mottled clay, green sand, &c., read as if they belonged to that formation rather than to the Drift. There may be a hidden outlier, below the Drift, or the main mass may extend over here. The above thickness, however, is more than one would expect for the Reading Beds. According to Jlr. Ingold the wells at the Chequers and the Vicarage .are 100 and 95 ft. deep, the lower part being in Chalk. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1905, p. 53, the village, except for ■some houses at Patmore End, is supplied from wells 20 to 30 ft. deep. Ulting. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 44, SE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. The Vicarage, in the grounds. No definite information. Well probably sunk 20 to 25 ft. and bored .another 130 to 140 ; through surface-clay and London Clay, getting water from sand immediately below the latter. For an analysis of the water, see p. 451. TJpminster. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 7o, ^AV.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Hoppea Hall. Corbets Tye road. -A 6-in. boring. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards. & Co. Water-level 142 ft. down. Supply ample. C Stony clay t Ballast [Gravel] full of water , Stony clay Blue clay I Clay Sandy clay and clay Sandy clay Sand ^vith a httle clay ! Green .sand and clay Sand with clay Sand Hard sandy clay [Upper] Chalk and flints [River Drift.] [London Clay. J [Lower London Tertiaries.l I Thickness. Ft. 6 ; 8j U 21 137 50 26 '. 28 i 6 35 52i 3 173i Depth. Ft. 6 Ui 16 37 174 224 250 278 284 319 37U 374j 548 WELLS. 285 Upminster, cont. 2. Upminster Court. Hall Lane. In the stable-buildings. Communicated by Mr. A. E. Williams. About 133 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 140 ft. down. Yield unknown. Capacity of pump 500 gallons an hour. Water sometimes a little chalky after heavy pumping. For analysis, see p. 4.51. firavel London Clay Reading [and Thanet] Sand [Upper] Chalk Thickness. I Depth. Ft. ' Ft. 15 15 300 I 315 85 400 150 , 550 3. Rectory. Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 75. Dug 90 ft. , the rest bored. Sand, gravel, and brick-earth 30 1 Blue [London] Clay, ending in brown sand and black ^ pebbles [basement-bed ?] 150 J 180 ft. 4. Mr. James Bkown wrote, in 1904, that at his works a water-bearing bed of gravel had been found, perhaps about 20 ft. down, below Boulder Clay, in the large pit. This water comes out in the lane about 600 yds. north of the well. It also appears on the south-east of his holding, and has been tapped at intermediate spots. It never fails, even in the driest seasons. It is not found at Martyn's Farm, where there is a well some 60 ft. deep and very foul. Vange. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 76, NE.). Geologic Map 1,'SE. According to Dr. Thresh's Report on the Water Supply of Essex, 1901, p. 85, the population was about 500 ; the supply, supplemented in places by rain-water, was from a private well about 700 ft. deep (No. 1, below) ; some of the inhabitants carted water 1^ miles, paying twopence for a small butt. The Southend Water Co. now supply the village. 1. Brickyard. On the eastern side of the road south-eastward of Vange Hall. (Mr. T. L. Curtis.) 1884. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff. Addition, 1889. 116 ft. above Ordnance Datum. (Below the 100 ft. contour-line. J. C. T.) Shaft 100 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 99 ft. down. First 150 ft. of the Chalk practically waterless. Sufficient supply got from the next 50. ( ? Did not last, as the boring was deepened.) Yield about 600 gallons an hour (1898). London Clay [? Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds, 42i ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 47 ft.] Dead sand and shells Grey sand Pebbles Dead sand Grey blowing sand Pebbles , Grey sand and pebbles Grey sand ('Sandy clay Peat "[lignite ?] ... Blue clay / Brown clay Sand and shells Peaty clay Sand" and pebbles Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 395 395 H 398i 2i 401" 1 402 4 406 12i 4181 i 419' 2 421 17-;^ 438^ 2 U0\ 2 442^ 3 445^ 5 450 r 5 455i 20 475^ 10 485 286 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Vange, cont. S Dead sand Dark sandy clay Dark greenish clay Green flints Chalk. The first 150 ft. soft and impure, with very little water ; a bed of clay at 600 to 603 ft., and then a mixture of clay, chalk, and flints ; then white chalk and flints Since bored deeper in [Upper] Chalk This boring is of interest as showing what seems to be a fairly thick development of the Oldhaven Beds some way from their outcrop. In this series and in the beds below, the sands (which would have been expected to yield water) were blowing sands, and to pass through them the pipes had to be kept full of water. For analysis of the water, see p. 452. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 22 507J 12 519J 3 5224 n 524 177 701 119 820 From H Black clay (alluvium) [London Clay.] { B.own day Public-house. W. Beistow's Notes. 10orl2- about 90 100 ft. 3. The Southend "Water Co.'s No. 14, or Pitsea, Well, f mile WSW. of Pitsea Church. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 27-5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk portion 250 ft., 24-in. pipe to 262, the rest unlined 24-in. diameter. Highest water-level 70 ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 220. Thickness. ' Depth. Ft. In. ! ~ " Soil [London Clay.] fYellow clay i Brown clay. Layer of I nodules [septaria] at 27 ... > Blue clay. 10 layers of nodules [septaria] last at 204Jft '■Pebbles [? Oldhaven Beds] Sand Water from sands of Lower London Tertiaries. Ft. In. Ft. In. 1 1 11 12 20 232 3 32 264 264 268 For analyses, see p. ^26. Victoria Docks, see West Ham. Wakes Colne. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17, SE.). NW. and SW. The Green (about a mile northward of the church) Authority. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. J. Beaed, of Chapel. Thickness. Depth, Geologic Maps 47, 48, For the Local Sanitary [Glacial Drift.] [Boulder Clay.] {Whit-%. Sandy loam Red gravel Light-coloured gravel ... Pebbles White sand with water Ft. 25 6 9 10 5-i Ft. 25 31 40 50 55i 56" 61 According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 133, at Wakes Hall the supply was pumped from a stream and continued to some cottages belonging to the same owner. The rest of the houses were generally supplied from shallow wells. WELLS. 287 Wallasea, an island opposite Burnham, in: more than one parish. Ordnance Maps 258, 259, new ser. (Essex 71). Geologic Map 2. Boring toward the western end of the island (above Burnham). Made and communicated by Mr. F. Bennett, of. Ipswich. . 1902. Boring begun with a tube of 6 in. diameter, which was stopped by a rock, when a smaller tube was driven to a depth of 444 ft. running sand and rock. Much troubled with Thickness. Depth a/-.ii Ft. 6 Ft. 14 boil ' Light-coloured loam Dark loam 28i 36 Blue clay 35 71 Light-coloured clay with stones at the depths of 78, 87, 151, 210 ft. ; rock, 14 ins. thick, at 238^ ; stones at 284 and 300; rock (8 ins.) at 318 ; [London Clay, stone at 380 311 382 with some Loam, vidth rock, 17 ins. thick, at Alluvium 383 ft. and, 14 in. thick, at 386 ; above.] stones at 388 and 393 J 114 393J Light-coloured sand 10 403| Blue clay, with stone at 411|^ 8 4114 Green loam, with hard red sand pan [hard bed] 7 ins. thick, at 429 364 448 Blue clay • 28 476 Dark green loam, hard pan i 476i Green clay ... , n 4784 Waltham Abbey. Ordnance Maps 239, 240, 256, 257, new ser. (Essex 49, NW. and SW., 57). Geologic Maps 1, NW. and (part) London District, Sheet 2. 1. Brewery. 1841. Communicated by Mr. T. Chatteris. Gravel and clay Blue London Clay Bed of chalk [ ? stone] with sand and a good ajDring of water [ ? basement-bed of London Clay] ... Green sand, &c., to Chalk Sir J. Peestwich thought that the depth to the base of the London Clay was about 40 ft., as the mottled clay of the -Reading Beds might perhaps have been included in the thickness of the London Clay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. X, p. 403. 2. Galley Hill. Aime's Green Well, NNE. of the town. 1898. Made by Messrs. Islee & Co. Communicated by Col. B. R. Colvin. About 300 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Dug 95 ft. ; bored to 347 ft. Water-level 97 ft. down (1898). Not used now (1909). For analysis of the water, see p. 454. 3. Joyce's Percussion-cap Factory. Communicated by Mr. F. Joyce ( ? about 18G0). Mould { Loam and clay [? Valley Drift, 7 ft.] ' YeUow clay [ Gravel (water) ... London Clay, to green sand [Woolwich Beds] Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 14 3 14 4| 34 8 I 854 84 94 t3 288 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 4. Waltham Abbey, cont. Larsen's Nurseries. 350 ft. from Cobbin's Brook, and half-way between Honey Lane and Sewardstone Road. About 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. R. Richards & Co. Boring 12 inches in diameter. Water-level 8 ft. ^ibove Ordnance Datum (62 ft. down). yield 6,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Sump-hole 12 Blue (London) Clay ... 61 73 Sand with thin layer of sandstone ... 8 81 Green sand 9 90 Sandstone 2 10 92 10 Shells 2 94 10 Black clay 1 95 10 Mottled clay ... ... 2 96 Shells 6 96 6 Grey sand 2 98 6 Sand and small stones 8 6 107 Green sand 4 HI Sand and small stones 4 115 Sand 5 120 Sand and gravel ... ... 8 128 Thanet sand (with a few pebbles) ... 28 150 Green' flints 6 156 6 [UpperJ Chalk with lays ;rs of 'flint... 193 6 350 It is difficult to classify the beds. It looks as if there might be some Oldhaven Beds. The occurrence of two layers of shells beneath the London Clay is peculiar. For analysis of the water, see p. 454. 5. Monkham Park (Monkham Hall of newer map). North of the town. From a paper (privately printed at Cheshunt in 1852) with some addi- tions (in brackets) from the inspection of a small collection of specimens belonging to Mr. R. W. Mylne, who kindly showed them to me ; and from Mr. T. DocwKA. About 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 225 ft., the rest bor-ed, starting at 7 ins. diameter. Water-level about 175 ft. down. [Ixjndon Clay.] [Reading Beds. 58 ft.] Thickness. Ft. Dept Ft. Brown clay 20 20 Blue clay ISO 170 Hard brown clay 50 220 Hard brown sand [basement-bed?] 5 225 Dark (grey, fine) sand 11 236 Coloured (mottled) clay 11 247 Dark green (mottled) sand 10 257 White silvery (light-grey) sand, on touching which the water rose from 8 to 9 ft. an hour in the shaft, to a hei|ght of 50 ft. from the bottom 10 267 Green (light-grey) sand in^ beds of [black flint] pebbles. [bottom 5 272 Light-grey sand without bed ?] pebbles. 5 277 Grey sand with pebbles ) 6 283 WELLS. 289 Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 17 300 3 303 1 304 11 315 12 327 8 335 45 380 Waltham Abbey, cont. [Thanet Sand ! J g^* f^f '^^"f 21 ft 1 ^ Hard dark sand ■-' I Flints (green coated) Chalk full of dark flints Slate rock Sandy rock Green live sand ■ At a deptli of 70 ft. carbonic acid gas issued from the side of the shaft, in which were pieces of fossil wood, and a layer of cement-stone a foot thick. At 77 ft. some small fossils were found. At 170 ft. carbonic acid gas issued from one side of the shaft so much that candles would not burn. Bellows were then fixed at the top to supply pure air to the men at work in the shaft. At the last bed the water in the shaft sunk a foot, and it was then thought better to leave off boring and to plug the bore with clay up to thp last layer of flints in the Chalk. When this had been done the water rose to its original height in the shaft. The water was examined by Mr. F. Joyce, who found 79 grains of solid matter in the gallon (carbonate and sulphate of lime, chlorides of sodium and of calcium, a little oxide of iron and vegetable matter, besides some free carbonic acid gas). It .was soft and well suited for domestic purposes. I cannot understand the last three beds. In Mr. Mylne's collection of specimens there are two samples said to have come from below the Chalk ; the one next to that rock being simply sand, just like the sample of Thanet Sand, from an oblique pipe of which it may have come ; whilst the lowest sample is a. piece of cinder. It would not be safe therefore to depend on the lowest part of this well-section. Col. R. B. CoLviN says there is a well here 220^ ft. deep ( ? a newer one than the above). 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 195 ft. down (December, 1909), having risen 7 ft. since December, 1908. For an analysis of the water, see p. 454. 6. Sewardstone. Spencer's Farm, a few years before 1874. Communicated by A. Sheldon. About 47 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and bored 80 ft. In 1874 water rose just to the surface. [? From just below the London Clay.] 7. Sewardstone. Pbestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. x, p. 403. To the bottom of the London Clay, 122 ft. 8. Close to Waltham Lock. East London Waterworks, now Metropolitan Water Board. 1888. Communicated by W. B. Bryan, Engineer to the Company. 60 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft, 12 ft. diameter, with galleries in the Chalk northward and southward. The level of the Chalk-water, before pumping began, was within a foot of the surface. In May, 1886, Mr. Bryan told me that 200 gallons of water a minute were rushing in from just beneath the base of the clay, 60 ft. down, the water being beautifully bright and clear. In April, 1899, 750,000 gallons were being pumped daily. Before throwing open all the bore-holes in the bottom permanently the yield was carefully gauged and found to be rather more than 5,000,000 gallons a day, The water could not be lowered more than 70 ft. 290 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Waltham Abbey, cont. f Soil [Alluvium.] (^ Yellow clav 1 Peat Ballast [River gravel] Blue clay [London Clay, 38 ft.] Sandy clay, with 3 ins. of Fullers' earth at top, and 7 ins. of white stone, beginning 5 ft. do\^'n SSand and shell Fine, light - coloured, hard sand Black stone, pebbles ... Blue clay Sandy clay Fine, white sand White, sandy clay Greenish sand ... lighter-coloured sand ... Very light-coloured sand Sharp coarse sand (!Fine sand, getting darker lower down tLarge flints [Upper] Chalk, firm throughout For analyses of the water, see p. 453. [Reading Beds, 38J ft.] [Thanet Sand, 28a^ ft.] Thickness. Ft. In. 1 2 6 4 6 10 26 10 6 4 1 2 8 4 5 1 8 3 5 4 6 27 9 9 75 Depth. Ft. In. 1 3 6 8 18 44 54 6 54 10 55 10 56 64 68 73 74 82 85 90 94 6 122 3 123 198 9. War Department. The following is from a Memorandum as to artesian wells on the property of the War Department, Waltham Abbey, by Major F. Edmondbs, R.E., February, 1886, and though no section of the wells is given the particulars are of interest. The water of the dwelling-houses of the officers and hands of the factory was from a well at the back of the Gun-cotton Works. This well was in existence when this part of the factory was acquired, and its exact depth is not known. ? 100 ft. or more. It had given a continual supply equal to requirements for the last twenty- five years. After exceptional seasons of drought the supply lessened. It was said that twenty years ago the delivery had been 5 ft. above ground ; then it was only 1-^-. The well in Powder jNIill Lane became silted up, and had been rebored ten or twelve years ago. It was cleared to a depth of 95 ft., and the supply had since been continuous. The water ( ? of both wells) flowed into tanks at ground-level, and from these was pumped into high-level tanks, for pressure. 10. King's, watercress-grower. Old well. In Sir J. Prestwich's MSS. is a note of a well here, through 18 ft. of gravel and 40 ft. of clay, sunk 90 ft. to sand-spring ( ? water rose to surface). 11. According to Mr. T. Claek (MS. in Lihrari/ Inst. Civ. Eng.) a well at Waltham Abbey touched the Chalk at 120 ft., and water overflowed. The following notes were made by W. Topley in 1886: — The water-supply of Waltham Abbey was from three sources. 1. Shallow wells, in the loam and gravel [River Drift], the water of which was held up by the London Clay. In such wells the water was liable to be foul, and it was so in the lower parts of the town, where it was used only for rough household purposes, water for drinking and cooking being got from the public wells or fountains. The water from these wells in the higher part of the town was said to be of better quality. The number of these wells must have been considerable. WELLS. 291 Waltham Abbey, cont. ^. Wells and borings through the London Clay to the sands, &c., between that and the Chalk, in which sands water was generally found, and it over- flowed in many instances. But the water-level of late years had been slightly lowered, from increase in the number of wells. Of the four public fountains, those in Fountain Lane, Fountain Place and Greenfield Street got their water from this source. In the first of these the water always overflowed at a stand-pipe ; in the others it rose to about, or sometimes a little above, the surface. 3. Wells or borings into the Chalk, generally into the upper part of the Chalk only. In these too, the water rose to, or slightly above, the surface. The public fountain in Homeland was of this kind. In all there were in Waltham Abbey and its immediate neighbourhood about twelve deep private wells and four public wells. This reference to what is probably a more or less past state of things by so expert a man as my late friend and colleague is of interest. Walthamstow. Ordnance Map 256, new ser. (Essex 65, NW. and SW.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Clay Street. (Mr. Robertson's.) Dr. J. Mitchell's MSS., vol. iii, p. 83. Dug 90 ft., bored 100. To Chalk (190 ft.). 2. Essex Brewery, near St. James' Street Station. Two wells. ' Epping Forest "... by F. Collies,, undated ( ? soon after 1880), pp. 31, 32. Supply from two sources, both copious. One from the beds next below the London Clay, at the depth of 90 ft., soft and used for cooling, washing, etc. The other from 180 ft. down in the Chalk, used for brewing only. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. [River Drift] Gravel... 11 11 London Clay 81 92 Woolwich Beds 29 121 Thanet Sand 61 182 Chalk 180 362 3. Messrs. Collier wrote, however, in 1893, that, the water-level having dropped from 30 ft. to 50 ft. down, a second well was sunk in 1892, about 30 ft. from the older one. This was made by Messrs. Baker, who have contributed the following particulars: — Shaft 111 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 48 ft. down. Continuous pumping, with a pump of 8 in. diameter, lowered the water only 11 ft. Thickness. [London Clay, 101 ft.] Mould [River Gravel] Rough Ballast f Brov.Ti clay Petrified timber Bro^vn clay ( Mottled clay [ Pebbles [Basement-bed] , Septaria I Shelly bed f" Brown sand and white marl [Reading Beds, \ Dark loam 38 ft.' [Thanet Sand, 28 ft 1 [Upper] Chalk 1 Sand and pebbles (^Dark sandy clay C Thanet Sand ... \ Green-coated flints Ft. 3 10 57 1 18 21 1 2 1 7 17 8 6 27 1 186 Depth. Ft. 3 13 70 71 89 110 111 113 114 121 138 146 152 179 180 366 292 ESSEX WATER STJtPLY. Ft. Ft. 32 32 43 75 101 176 199 375 Walthamstow, cont. 4. Essex Brewery. Third well. 1902. Trom Memoir on London Wells. 45 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 45 ft. below O.D. Supply 10,000 gallons an hour. I Thickness. ; Depth. I Ft. , - Made ground and River Drift London Clay M'oolwich Beds and Thanet Sand . Upper Chalk 5. Walthamstow Marsh. East London Water Co., now Metropolitan Water Board (at the former Copper Mill). From specimens shown to me by Mr. Maine, foreman of the works at the new reservoirs (1863, 66). Down to 96 ft. specimens seem to have been taken at nearly each yard in depth. Surface of ground 15 ft. above Trinity High Water Mark. I Blue clay, sandy at bottom, and with nodules of iron-pyrites Basement- j Clayey.sand with shells bed' (Cypnna) ... 1 Clay and pebbles Mottled clay of various colours Mottled clay, rather sandy Light-greenish-grey sand, and then hard, white stone about 5 ft. thick . Light-greenish-grey sand Grey sandy clay and pebbles ... Grey sandy clay, pebbles, and green sand London Clay, 63 ft.* Reading Beds, 46i ft. Thanet Sand, 42-1 ft. f ? Grey clayey sand ; ? Grey sand \ Green-coated flints Unner Chalk { ^^^^ ^^^ flints lAn u ' { Chalk with flints, very hard \ Chalk with flints ' ... 140 ft. 3kness. ^t. Depth Ft. 57? 57 3? 60 3? 63 18? 81 3? 84 6? 90 6? 96 4? 100 9i- lOi 109i 120 30i 1504 152 L23 275 5 280 12 292 * This must include the alluvium and gravel above the London Clay. 6. Another vpell within 10 yds. of the last. 1888. Communicated by W. B. Beyan, Engineer to the Company. With additional information from Messrs. S. F. Bakeb and Son. 27 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Cylinders 14 ft. diameter, and shaft with headings in the Chalk. Water stood about 50 ft. down. Yield, when 202 ft. deep (and ? with 200 ft of heading), about two million gallons a day. Thickness. I Made ground '[Alluvium] River-mud and peat [River Drift] Sand and gravel Blue [London] Clav Shelly beds Coloured [mottled] clays Green sandy marls and pebbles Hard white stone and marl [Woolwich and ) Green sand, pebbles and shells Reading Beds.] ] Dark grey sand and shelly rock Light-grey sand ... Dark grey sand and pebbles .. i Light-grey sand I Green-ooated flints [Upper] Chalk For details of the following Walthamstow wells, London Wells,' by G. Barrow, 1912, pp. 107, 108. Ft. 48J- 3i i 18i ' 3' 2 10 11 .2-1 3i 31 1 56 the see Depth. Ft. 5 m 22i 71' 74J,- 93' 96 98 108 119 121| 125 156 157 213 Memoir WELLS. 293 Walthamstow, cont. 7. Electric Power Station, Priory Avenue (close to station). 1903. 70 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 31 ft. below O. D. In 1911, 15 ft. below, at xest, 60 ft. wlien pumping. Supply 12,000 gallons an hour. River Gravel London Clay • ... ? Blackheath Beds, Beading Beds and Thanet Sand Upper Chalk ■ ■ For analysis of the water, see p. 465. Thickness. Ft. 10 108 89 or 94 193 or 188 Depth. Ft. 10 118 207 or 212 400 8. Clifford Road. Houghton's Photographic Works. 1907. 85 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 20 ft. below O.D. Yield 1,700 gallons an hour (7,000 an hour. May, 1909. J. C. T.). Made earth and London Clay ... 115 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 87 Upper Chalk 14' For analysis of the water, see p. 456. 17 [ 350 ft. 7 3 9. Ferry Lane, close to the L/ea. East London Water Co., now Metropolitan Water Board. 1903. 25 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout with 4,362 ft. of headings at 169 ft. below O.D. 15 borings in the headings. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. River Gravel . 1 18 18 London Clay .; 36 54 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand . . . 87 141 Upper Chalk . 1 63 204 Walton on the Naze or Walton-le-Soken. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 39, NE.). Geologic Map 48, SE. 1. East Terrace, at the back of. 1882. About 3 ft. above high water of spring tides. Communicated by Messrs. J. Waenek and Sons. Old shaft 20 ft., the rest bored. Water first got at 60 ft., and it rose to 4 ft. in the shaft. At 140 ft. the supply was somewhat increased, and rose another foot. The water-level varies about 3 ft., with the tide. The Chalk, to the depth of about 20 ft., very soft and saturated with water, and it yielded water more or less throughout. Thickness. Brickearth (and soil) [London Clay, ? 99 ft.] Dark clay, a foot shingly at 25 feet Light- coloured sandy clay Dark clay, with layer of septaria and layer of cement-stone Grey sand with water (saltish, rose 4 ft. in well) Dark clay, with a foot layer of flint pebbles at 70 ft., fragment of bivalve at 80 ft Ft. ?8 (or less ' 27 1 24 44 Depth. • Ft. 8 35 36 60 63 107 294 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. [Readino; Beds, 23 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 240 ft.] Walton, cont. Light-coloured mottled clay ... Light-coloured loamy clay Light-coloured mottled clay ... Dark brown sandy clay Greenish sandy clay Dark brown mottled clay Dark brown clay Greenish mottled clay ( Grey discoloured chalk with layers of / flints 1, Soft white chalk with occasional flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 109 6 115 3 118 4 122 1 123 2 125 ] 186 4 130 2 132 238 370 2. The following MS. note, by the late John Beown (of Stanway), may refer to the well made for the late Mr. Warner^ of which Messrs. Warner have no account, except that it was 350 ft. deep, and in the garden of No. 1, East Terrace. On a drawing of the coast-section, which this note accom- panied, it is stated that the Chalk 'had been reached by boring at 130 ft.' For note and drawing we are indebted to H. B. Woodwaed. [' Blue clay, with vegetables and remains [? Alluvium of goat and Brickearth, ( Oysters, Bwcciniim undaium, Trochi, 26 ft.] ' Jfi/ri'Zws [a bed of shells] t Till with fossil mammalia I>ondon Clay [including Reading Beds] To Upper Chalk, with Foraminifera... Thickness. Ft. 4 2 20 100 Depth. Ft. 4 6 26 126 3. Waterworks, close to and below the Railway Station. deepened 1868. From specimens at the Waterworks. Surface 48 ft. above low-water mark. Shaft 60 ft. Water 40 ft. down, hardly affected by pumping, the well was abandoned. 1858? (to 120 ft). the rest bored. It got brackish and [London Clay, 116 to 120 ft.] in fine pebbles [Reading Beds, 57 to 61 ft.] [Upper Chalk] Cement-stone Sandy clay r Black flint pebbles [Basement- j bro^vn sand (clayey bed.] 1 Smaller black flint l^ (in hard brown clay ?) ' Brownish clay Red mottled sandy clay Brownish clay Specimens missing (said to be clays) Brownish clay Very sandy buff clay Sandy clay Buff clayey sand Grey sand, less clayey Grey clayey sand, streaked with red Red clay and greenish-grey clayey sand, mixed Red clay with a Uttle calcareous earth Red and grey mottled clay Grey clay, mottled with brown [Bottom-bed] green-coated flints in very clayey green sand Flints (a bed of about 18 ins., some green) Chalk. Within 30 ft. of the bottom, flints here and there (from which the water came), but not so many as in the top part at Ft. 92 107 115 116 120 123 126 128 & 132 150 154 156 157 158 159 & 161 163 164 & 165 171 172 176 177 & 178 200 to 400 WELLS. 295 The supply of Walton now comes from the Tendring Hundred Co., but the outlying parts depend on shallow wells. (Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, p. 124.) Wanstead. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. Geologic Maps 1, SW., London District, Sheet 2. Red Bridge, close to the Roding. East London Water Co, , now Metropolitan Water Board. 1904. For details, see ' Memoir on London Wells,' by G. Baerow, 1912 Shaft 5 ft. into the Chalk, with 1,518 ft. of headings at 164 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Water-level in 1911 about 45 ft. below O.D. Yield about 2,000,000 gallons a day. For an analysis of the water, see p. 407. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel 14 14 ? London Clay 39 53 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 87 140 Upper Chalk about 60 200 Warley, see Great and Little Warley. Weeley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 38). Geologic Map 48, SW. The following old record, given as for Weeley, must refer to Warley. Barracks. W. B. Clarke, Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v, p. 369. Water rose instantly and stood 50 ft. deep. Rev. Gravel 20" London Clay, with septaria, to sand [Reading Beds] 126 146 ft. Dr. Thresh says that in parts of the parish it is impossible to get water. There are a few shallow wells. The owners of three cottages only have applied for a supply from the Tendring Hundred Co. (1913). Wendens Ambo or Wenden. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 8). Geologic Map 47. 1. Lord Braybrooke's cottages, on the southern side of tlie road, a little north of Audley End Railway Station. 1886. About 230 ft. above Ordnance Datuni. ( ? 228.) Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 50 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to 60 ft. from the surface. [! Post Glacial Drift.] [Glacial Drift, 272 ft.] Gravel Brown sandy loam Gravel Chalky clay Sand Gravel ... Sand Gravel Sand Gravel ... Hard yellow loamy sand Blue chalky clay Brown clay Blue loam Brown loam V Blue loam Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 8 10 14 24 3 27 4 31 5 36 4 40 3 43 1 44 2 46 9 55 6 61 2 63 3 66 2 68 2 70 296 ESSFX WATER SUPPLY. [Glacial Drift," 272 ft.] Chalk, with flint Wenden, cont. ( Slate-coloured sandy loam [specimen, at 173, pale grey, calcareous] Ditto, with more sand [specimen, at 200, compact pale-grey calcareous sand] Blue Boulder Clay, with chalk stones Slate-coloured sandy loam, [specimen, at 248, pale grey, calcareous] Yellowish-brown clay Light-brown sand Yellow loam [specimen, at 259, mottled with grey, calcareous] Blue loam Blue sandy loam Hard blue Boulder Clay, with chalk stones V Brown clay Thickness. Ft. 110 • Depth. Ft. 180 51 231 5 236 13 249 1 250 4 254 12 266 2 268 9 277 18 295 1 296 53 349 The great depth of the hollow of Drift here is notable. JNIr. Ixgolb informs me that by the railway-embankment at a distance of only 140 yds. northward, the Chalk is found at 3 ft. from the surface; so that the fall of the surface of the Chalk is 293 ft. in 420; but to this must be added 6 ft. for the slight difference in level between the site of the well and the spot by the embankment, making 299, or say 300, in 420, or 5 in 7. This well is used for public supply. 2. Mr. T. Collins'. 200 yds. east-north-east of Audley End Railway Station. 218 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Communicated by Mr. G. Ingold, well-sinker. Shaft 55 ft., the rest bored. Slow spring. 8 to 9 ft. of water in the shaft. [Post-Glacial] Gravel [Glacial Drift, 210 ft.] { BarVg^y sand^"""^ '^"'^ '. Chalk ... ... '. Another account describes the bed above the Chalk as bluish clayey sand, and white marly stuff. This is a remarkable section, as the Chalk comes to the surface within 100 yds. in almost every direction. — W. H. Penning. ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 10 10 45 55 165 220 50 270 3. In field opposite . Claverend Farm and on the southern side of the road at its junction with Duddenhoe Lane, 1^ miles south of west from the church. Made and communicated by H. G. Fbatheeby. Nearly 208 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Rest-level of water 19 ft. down, 12th April, 1910. Boulder Chalk . Clay. 6 20 26 ft. 4. The Vicarage. About 200 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Well 39 ft. deep, the lower part in Chalk. Wennington, see Rainham (Nos. 1, 7). WELLS. ^7 West Bergholt. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 27, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. Brewery. New boring. 1875. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. S. F'. Bakeb and Sons, with further particulars from Messrs. Daniell. About 175 ft. above the sea by aneroid. [W. H. Dalton. ] Old shaft 147 ft., the rest bored. Water stands about 128 ft. from the surface ; its level is not lowered more than a foot by pumping 200 or 300 barrels an hour. The temperature averages 53°. Gravel. [London Clay.] Clay Sand White rook [septaria] Clay Mottled clay with a few pebbles at the base ... [Reading Beds and C Sand, green and very hard ThanetBeds.] [Sand [UpperJ Chalk ' Thickness. Et. 13 137 1 14 23 27 16 4U 150' Depth. Ft. 13 150 151 1524 175J 202* 218^ 260 410 An older well gave the following section, according to a rough drawing at the Brewery. Shaft 133 ft. . the rest bored. Gravel London Clay i' Spring [? sand] I Clay ... [Beading Beds, j Plastic clay 70 ft. ?] Chalk Green sand Clay [specimen of dark grey loam at 230 ft.] Thickness. Ft, 13 147 5 20 25 15 5 223 Depth. Ft. 13 160 165 185 210 225 230 453 For an analysis of the water from here, see p. 456. According to Dr. J. W. Cook's Report fbr 1900, repeated in Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 132, and in his Report of 1905, p. 67, the parish was then supplied generally by shallow wells, and three public springs in the neighbourhood of the village had recently been protected and made usable. West Donyland, see Berechurch, p. 94. West Ham, Ordnance Maps 256, 257, new ser. Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 2. 1. Distillery. 1861. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. T. DocwRA and Son. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 16 16 2 IS 17 35 2 37 Gravel and sand ( Yellow clay [?Lower London Tertiaries.] Running sand I Blue clay 2. Gasworks. On the south-eastern side of the high road, about half a mile westward of the church. 1891. A boring, made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Water-level 10^ ft. down, July, 1891. Yield so small as to lead to abandonment. 298 ESSEX WATER STJPPLY. 13 ft.] [?London Clay.] West Ham, cont. Made ground [Alluvium P] Maiden ground [River Drift, ( Ballast [gravel] and clay ( Clean ballast Blue clay and shells Shells Sand and pebbles Light-coloured clay Light-coloured sharp clay and sand Loamy clay Blue clay and shells Very hard loamy sand ... Hard rook Dark sand and clay Light-green sand Pebbles Green sand Dark sand and pebbles , Pebbles Very hard dark-green sand Light-green sand nints ... > (■Chalk » Chalk and straggling flints. Water 1 at 214 ft. A bed of flints, 24 ft. L thick, at 239 ft. Where the Woolwich Beds end off seems uncertain. [? Woolwich Beds.] [Thanet Sand, 42J ft.] [Upper Chalk.] Thickness. rt. In. 3 6 1 2 6 10 6 5 6 1 3 9 8 3 8 4 4 1 8 5 3 2 10 8 8 6 2 6 3 39 6 2 127 2 Depth. Ft. In. 3 6 4 6 7 17 6 22 6 23 24 27 36 8 39 8 48 52 53 8 58 8 61 8 64 6 72 6 81 83 6 86 6 125 6 126 128 255 2 3. Plaistow. Hudson's Wharf. Victoria Docks. Nitro-phosphate and Odams Chemical Manure Co.'s Works. Communicated by G. Aitchison, by Messrs. S. C. Fox and Co., and by C. P. Phillips. Soil [ Light-coloured cli»y [Alluvium, 19 ft.] Peat I. Dark clay [River Drift] Ballast or gravel Light [? London] Clay (■ Very fine sand *(? light-coloure Sand and shells* Clay, iron-pyrites, and shells [Flint] pebbles Sand Clay and broken shells Dark stone Coloured stone White stone Shells and sand Green sand [PUnt] pebbles in sand rDarksand / Live sand I Flints [Upper] Chalk with fhnts [These two beds may belong to the basement-bed of the London Clay. ] [Woolwich Beds, 50 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 53 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 2 2 ... 8 10 8 6 18 6 2 6 21 13 34 36 70 red) .. 1 71 1 72 ... 1 73 3 76 ... 15 91 8 99 1 5 100 5 ... 4 100 9 1 9 102 6 ... 1 103 G 13 116 6 3 6 120 15 133 37 172 ... 1 173 ... 1 178 351 Another version makes the depth to the Chalk 170^ feet. I hear, from Mr. C. P. Phillips, that the well has been deepened, and that the water usually stands within a few feet of the surface, when the pumps are not working. WELLS. 299 West Ham, cont. 4. Plaistow Wharf. Lyle and Co. 1883. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwra. Bore of various diameters. Bungham [? made ground or alluvium ?] Ballast [gravel] f Blue clay I Black [flint] pebbles j" Dark sand / Blue clay, vfith shells I Yellow clay C Light-green loamy sand \ Loamy green sand [Upper and Middle] Chalk.- 18-in. bed of flints at the depth of 310 ft., another at 396, and an 18-m. bed of hard chalk at 400 [London Clay, 15 ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 39 ft.] [Thanet Sand, Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 14 14 21J 35J 14 49i 1 504 18^ 69 13 82 n 89-i- 2 9U 59* ISl" 484 635 Possibly some of the sand classed as Thanet may belong to the Woolwich Beds. 5. Plaistow. Messrs. Duncan Bell and Scott, Sugar Refiners, Clyde Wharf, near Victoria Docks. 1862. Communicated by Messrs. S. F. Bakee and Sons. Depth to Chalk 170 ft. W. H. Dalton says that the Plaistow wells (3-5) are close together, Odams' place being close to the western entry of the Victoria Docks, Duncan's 50 yds. and Lyle's 130 yds. south of the entry ; and that they show the rise of the Chalk toward the Deptford outcrop. 6. Mr. Tuckers. ? At the junction of Abbey Lane and Plaistow Lane, about half a mile south-south-east of Stratford Broadway. Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, these brackets from a letter from Messrs. the well.) Made ground Black [River] gravel vol. X, p. 152. (The remarks in S. F. Baker and Sons, who sank Peaty [? London Clay Pebbles [? Blackheath Beds or base ment-bed of the London Clay] Shelly? clay Woolwich ) Light-brown sand Beds, 42 ft. i Clay and shells (clay and pebbles) Hard shells (hard rock) Green sand Pebbles Thanet Sand (fully charged with water) ... [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 8 8 9 17 16 33 2 35 4 39 18 57 6 63 5| 68J 1* 70 5 75 57 132 306 438 7. West Ham Abbey Marsh. Imperial Gasworks (now Gas Light and Coke Co.). Wrongly entered in the 'Geology of London,' vol. ii, p. 86, as in Bromley by Bow, in Middlesex. 1875. 6g ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra and Son. Cylinders and shaft 52 ft., the rest bored, 24 in. diameter. Water-level, when not pumping, 32 ft. down, after pumping, 52 ft. In 1911, 59 ft. ( ? below Ordnance Datum). Yield 7,000 gallons an hour. 300 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Soil Gravel [liOndon Clay, 38* ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 53 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 47 ft.] [Upper] Chalk, the surface ... West Ham, cont. ( London Clay :(. Sand and pebbles [basement-bed] Undescribed bed ... Sand Sandy clay Mottled clay Grey sand Blue clay with shells Mottled sand and clay Green sand and pebbles f Green sand [[Flints] Stinking water came in at 329J ft. from Thickness. Ft. In. 5 2 10 10 37 1 6 6 4 1 5 8 9 7 6 17 6 46 1 345 6 Depth. rt. In. 5 2 16 53 54 6 55 59 60 6 65 6 73 6 82 6 90 107 6 .153 6 154 6 500 In the ' Memoir on London Wells ' the depth is given as 486 ft. , that to the Chalk as 149. For details of the following West Ham wells (Nos. 8-10) see Memoir on London Wells, 1912, pp. 109, 110. The classification of the beds sometimes differs. 8. Abbey Mills. Electric Power Station. 1898. 16 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 34 ft. below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Made ground and River Drift 16 16 London Clay 29 45 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 92 137 Upper Chalk 314 451 9. Canning Town. Quadrant Street. Electric Power Station. 1898. 8 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 26 ft. below O.D. Supply 10,500 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Made ground and River Drift 20 20 London Clay 47 67 ? Blackheath Beds, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand 101 168 LTpper Chalk 232 400 10. Marshgate Lane. Charing Cross, etc., Electric Supply Corporation. 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 80 ft. below O.D. Supply 16,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Made ground and gravel 24 24 London Clay 17 41 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 93 134 Upper Chalk 276 410 11. 1870. Stratford. Great Eastern Railway Co.'s Works. About 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Made and communicated by Messrs. S. C. Fox and Co. Water-level, 1876, 29 ft. above Ordnance Datum; 1893, 4-1 ft. below Ordnance Datum, a loss of 7 ft. in 15 years. WELLS. 301 West Ham, cont. Soil and gravel [Rivor Drift] f Marly clay [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 36 ft.] [Thanet Kand, 40 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 294 ft.] Shell.9 Pebbles ... Sand, pebbles, and oyster-shells Sand and a few pebbles (Running sand (, Sand and clay /Chalk and occasional thin layers of ilints White flints Chalk and flints Hard black flints Chalk, with a very thin layer of sand at the bottom Chalk and frequent layers of flints Black flints Chalk with flints in frequent layers An account, from H. W. Davis, differs slightly, information that the shaft is 56 ft. deep (the rest bored), is noticed further on, see No. 20. 12. Stratford. Messrs. Howard and Sons' Chemical Works. High Street, about midway between Bow and Stratford. 1884. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Le Gkand and Sutcliff. 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft (or pit) 14 ft. , the rest bored. Water-level 31 ft. down. Supply over 40,000 gallons a day. Water very pure, and of uniform quality and temperature. Made ground Peaty loam Blue" [? London] Clay [? Blackheath f SmaU shells Beds, 13 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 30 30 5 35 1 36 10 46 10 56 10 66 39 105 1 106 50 156 1 157 28 185 1^- 186* 21 189 87 276 4 280 120 400 d gives the additional ored). A newer well [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 58 ft.] t Black [flint] pebbles ' Dark brown clay Dark brown sandy clay, with shells (? oysters) Dark clay Broivn sandy clay Drab live sand, with thin bands of clay Light- coloured clay Dark clay, with shells Clay and limestone ... Mottled sandy clay Mottled .«andy clay, with small black [flint] pebbles Light-coloured sandy clay, with pebbles Dark green sand Green sandy clay, with a few shells (oyster) Grey sandy clay and black [flint] pebbles Live grey sand ... Dead grey sand Green flints [Upper] Chalk and flints [Thanet Sand, 48J ft.] 18. Stratford. Messrs. Howard and Sons' Chemical Works. 1885, 1886. 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. 'hick ness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. 8 8 5 6 13 6 2 6 16 3 19 10 29 4 6 33 6 5 38 6 2 0. 40 6 1 6 42 12 54 1 55 7 62 2 10 64 10 1 2 66 1 6 67 6 2 6 70 10 80 2 82 5 87 40 127 8 135 6 135 6 114 rks. 6 Sect 250 md boring. 302 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. West Ham, cont. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Geand and Sxttcliff (to W.H. Dalton, who gives particulars of position). 60 ft. north and 572 west of St. Michael's Bridge. 308 ft. west of first well. Water-level 33 ft. down, February, 1886. Thickness. Dug well FRiver Drift! ( Sandy clay LKiver JJritt.J | ^^-^^^^ [gravel] ... [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 47^- ft.] [Thanet Sand, 52^ ft.] Blue [London] Clay, with 6 ins. septaria (?) at the base . . . 12 J ' Coloured [mottled] clay 9^ Light-coloured dead grey and brown sand and clay ... ... ... 6 50 Blue clay and shells 12 62 Coloured [mottled] sandy clay and stones ... ... ... ... ... 7i 69 J Black pebbles 2" 7l| Grey sand and clay ... ... ... 7 J 79 , Grey sand, clay, shells, and pebbles ... 3 82 Hard dark .sand and clay ... ... 9 91 Hard dead grey sand 43 134 Flints i 134i [Upper] Chalk and flints 117 25l| For an analysis of water from Messrs. Howards' (one of the above wells), see p. 457. 14. Stratford. Langthorn Chemical Works (opposite the Abbey Mills Sewage Pumping Station). 1850. Works closed. 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From a drawing in Messrs. Dunn's Office. Shaft 60 ft. (brick 4 ft., iron cylinders 56 ft.). Supply abundant. Ft. Depth. Ft. 13 16 22 341 44 [? Woolwich Beds and Made earth { Clay, with sand and little water I Shelly rock TV,ar,»t -Rprlo 1 I ^^'^^' ^^^^ pcbblos, strongly charged Ihanet ileds.J [^ ^^th water 68J 3 32 [Upper] Chalk 323 455 15. Stratford. Phoenix Black Works, Abbey Mills. 1888. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Le Geand and Sutcliff. down in Dec, 1888. Thickness. Thickness. Ft. 19 42 2J 68J 323 Depth. Ft. 19 61 63i Soil [River-Drift, 9 ft.] [London Clay, 24 ft.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds, 50 ft.] [Thanet Beds, 46i ft.] [Upper] Chalk and flints ( Red loamy sand and gravel I River ballast [gravel] ( Yellow clay I Blue clay Blue sandy clay and pebbles ... Blue sandy clay and shells Grey sandy clay and shells Brown sandy clay Light-coloured clay and shcHs Dark clay and shells ... Coloured [mottled] sandy clay and pebbles Dark grey sand and clay, with small pebbles and shells f Live, grey Thanet sand ; Grey sand and clay I Green flints Ft. 3 5 4 1 23 4 4 6 2 4 6 18 41 I 67i Depth. Ft. 3 8 12 13 36 40 44 50 52 56 62 80 86 127 13U 132| 200 WELLS. 303 West Ham, cont. 16. Stratford Brewery. Savill Brothers', Leytonstone Road. 30 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwba and Sons. Upper cellar-floor 3-^ ft. above road (which is 7| above lower cellar-floor). Cylinders to 138 ft. , up to 2^ ft. above lower cellar-floor. Bore deepened in 1892 to 525 ft. Mean water-level 26| ft. down ( ? measured from top of cylinders). In 1893, 2 ft. below Ordnance Datum, a loss of 6 ft. in 26 years. Made ground, etc Coarse [River] gravel [London Clay ? ( Yellow clay 34 ft.] [Woolwich Beds, 33 ft.] ( Blue clay Loose red or light-yellow sand Dark firm sand and shells rBntt f '^''^^^^ sand Upj -) " { I.iarge pebbles (and green [ sand'?) [ThanetSand] ( ^^^^ '^''^ (*^*«^| "V - , ••• . , v ■• ^ I Large green pebbles [green-coated flmts] Chalk Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 7 7 5 12 1 13 24 15| 3 18| 16 344 3 37A 12 49i 56 105:^ 53 108-, 416i 525' Perhaps there may be no London Clay here, and the clay may belong to the Woolwich Beds. In Sir J. Prestwich's MSS. is a note of an old well at Stratford Brewery, giving 35 ft. of gravel and 247 into Tertiary sand, ending in blue and green sand. The water rose to 30 ft. from the surface. There would seem to be some error if the site be the same as the above. 17. Stratford. 6 Temple Mill Lane. Messrs. Clay & Co. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Isleb & Co. Water-level 19 ft. down. Supply 1,000 gallons an hour. Dug well (ballast), the rest a bore of 4 ins. diameter I* Blue clay [Woolwich J Green sand and clay Beds, 37 ft.] ] Fine dark sand I Shingle and sand [ThanetSand.] [^~^^^, ■ [Upper] Chalk and flints For details of the following Stratford wells, see the ' Memoir on London Wells,' by G. Baebow, 1912, pp. 103-107. The classification differs in places : — Thickness. Ft. 12 13 5 7 3 44 Depth. Ft. 14 26 39 44 51 54 98 2644 18. Messrs. Boake & Co. Carpenters Road ( ? Row), near the Canal. 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 49 ft. below O.D. Supply 8,000 gallons an hour Made ground and River Drift ... 23^ ] 1907 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 89^ Upper Chalk 237 360 ft. 19. Sugar and Malt Products Co. Carpenters Road. 1910. 13 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 52 ft. below O.D. Supply 14,000 gallons an hour. Made ground and River Drift ... 17 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... 90 Upper Chalk 234 349 ft. 304 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. West Ham, cont. 20. Great Eastern Railway Works. Newer well. 1908. 17 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 37 ft. below O.D. (Falling to 103 on pumping. J. C. T., 1909.) Supply 12,624 gallons an hour. (10,000 gallons. J. C. T., 1909.) Made ground and gravel ... ... 171 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... 88 ) 400 ft. Upper Chalk ... 294 J For analysis of the water ( ? of this well), see p. 457. 21. Romford Road, No. 141. Essex Steam Laundry (Tillett's). 1908. 30 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 20 ft. below O.D. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Made ground and River Drift 23 23 London Clay 17 40 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 79 119 Upper Chalk 181 300 22. Romford Road, No. 242. Reeves' Brewery, now Pianoforte Factory, 1897. 35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 5 ft. above O.D. Supply 4,200 gallons an hour. Well and River Gravel 22 1 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... 82 250 ft. Upper Chalk 146 J 23. Romford Road, No. 330. Sunnyside Laundry, Messrs. Harvey. 1910. 35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 13 ft. below O.D. Supply 2,800 gallons an hour. River Gravel 284 ~| Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand... 70 ) 250 ft. Upper Chalk 151ii 24. Messrs. Roberts' Stores. Broadway. 1896. 26 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 7 ft. below O.D. in 1896, 28^ ft. in 1906, and 55 ft. in 1911. Yield 1,800 gallons an hour. Pit, Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand 120 ■) „_, -, Upper Chalk 151 j ^^^ "• 25. Forest Gate Laundry. Upton Road. 1897. 35 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 8 ft. above O.D. Supply 3,500 gallons an hour. Well (gravel and sand, 28 ft.) Woolwich Beds and 1 Thanet Sand 105^ Upper Chalk 144^ J For analysis of the water, see p. 457. The Stratford wells 11, 12 ?, 14, 16 ?, 17-20, 22-25 are in the part where, from uprise of the beds, the London Clay has been eroded. West Hanningfield. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 61, NW.). Geologic Map 1 NE Rectory. 1802. Extract from the Parish Register, communicated by R. H. Tiddbman. " The well at the west end of the new Parsonage was begun Feb. 28th, 1802, and finished Sept. 5th following. Depth 461 feet and upon boring through the Rock the water gush'd in immediately and rose 212 feet within two hours. Thos. Brooksby, M.A., Rector." Wells. 305 West Hanningfield, cont. The water is said to have been good, but, owing to the sides of the well giving way, a later rector filled it up, fearing it would endanger the stability of the rectory. The following account, from a record in the Chelmsford Museum, differs but little from the above : — Sand reached, and water broke in, at a depth of 462 ft. Water rose 213 ft. in 2g hours. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 104, a well at the Compasses has water with over an ounce of saline matter to the gallon, chiefly Epsom Salts. West Horndon. Ordnance Map 257 (Essex 67, SE., 75, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. The name does not occur on the old map. According to Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, j). 85, some of the cottages were supplied by the South Essex Co. and the rest got their water from shallow wells. West Mersea. Ordnance Map 257 (Essex 67, SE., 75, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Geologic Map 48, SW. From the' Essex County Standard, 25th April, 1908. Many of the houses " in the vicinity of the Hard and the Square have to obtain water from St. Peter's well, while the group about the Lane draws from a tank filled from a well upland." " Recently two wells have been sunk on the west side of the island, and in both cases the men failed in finding water before reaching the London clay . . . borings were continued through the London clay . and on penetrating this, and reaching the chalk . . water was tapped and rose CO within a score or so of feet from the surface." 1. New Victory Inn. 190! Well and 4-in. boring. Made and communicate Water-level 14Jr ft. down. [London Clay.] [^^ ^'^"' ^^^ '''^ ^"'^^'^ _Clay {Light-blue sandy clay Live green sand... Grey sand Dark blue clay ... Dark green sand Flints [Upper] Chalk For an analysis of the water, see p. 458. [? Lower London Tertiaries.] d by Mr. H. C. Smith. water-level by 3^ ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. — 45 95 140 30 170 20 190 35 225 7 232 H 233* i 234" 66 300 2. Creek Hall. Information from Dr. Cook, Medical Officer. Recently (June, 1909) bored or reshelled; said to be over 300 ft. deep (?230) 30 being in Chalk. For an analysis of the water, see p. 458. 3. Waldegraves Farm. Information from Dr. Cook. 60 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 92 ft. deep, with a boring into the Chalk. Water yellowish and evidently impure. For analysis, see p. 458. 306 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. West Mersea, cont. 4. Waldegraves Cottages. 6-in. boring, made and communicated by Mr. H. C. Smith. Yielding very different water from the well at Waldegraves Farm, see p. 458. Dr. J. W. Cook, in his Report for 1900, repeated in Dr. Thkesh's Report of 1901, p. 135, says that shallow wells were then the source of supply. There is a grand natural supply coming out of the bed of gravel on which the village stands, with three excellent springs, which supply it was suggested might be used. Dr. Cook says (1913) that the spring on the cliff, called St. Peter's Well, is now a doubtful source. West Thurrock. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 83). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheet 4. 1. Purfleet. Messrs. Bernays. Made and communicated (1901) by Messrs. Islee and Co. Water-level 12 ft. down. r , ,, . -, C Clay and peat.. [Alluvium.] |pj^ ^ _ [River Gravel.] Ballast 3| 25 40 ft. 12/ 2. Purfleet. Pure Oil Co. 1904. On the marsh about 100 yds. from the bank of the Thames, a quarter of a mile below the Thames Paper Mills. East-south-east from Purfleet Railway Station. Made and communicated by Messrs. Duke and Ockenden. In the first instance bored and cased to 64 ft. Plenty of water found ; but it was salt. Boring continued, and a second casing-tube taken to the depth of 213 ft. This shut off all the top water, and none other was found to that depth, nor later to 276 ft. Tubes cut at 376 ft. and pulled up to 364, when a length of perforated tube was inserted. Head of water overflowed periodically. Yield 300 gallons an hour. Alluvium. Bog and clay ... [River Drift] Sand and gravel Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 24 24 29* 53i 474* 528 3. Purfleet. Tanjk Storage Co. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek and Co. Well 2^- ft., the rest bored. Lined with 60 ft. of 4-in. tubes from 2 ft. down. Water-level 3 ft', down Supply 700 gallons an hour. [? AUuvium.] C Top soil I Brown clay [ Gravel [River Gravel.] ( Thames ballast [gravel] 1 Gravel [Upper] Chalk 4. Purfleet. Thames Paper Mills, formerly St. Louis Park Mills. On the marsh less than half a mile east-south-eastward of Purfleet Railway-station. Five wells. ? About 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 4 2i 30 32* 7i 40" 10" 50 50 100 WELLS. 307 West Thurrock, cont. No. 1. Close to the railway at the eastern end of the grounds. 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. Lb Grand and Sutcliff. Thickness. Ft. f Peat and clay 11 ( Peat and wood [ River ooze [marsh-clay] [River Drift] Sand and gravel [Upper] Chalk and flints [AUuvium.] 6 12 21 202 Depth. Ft. 11 17 29 50 252 Information from E. Reed (Manager) differs slightly, making : Soil, 4 ft. ; peat and clay, 9 ft. The yield was 10,000 gallons an hour. The water was salt, and its hardness 40°. No. 2. Near the railway, at the western end of the Company's land. Communicated by E. Reed, manager. About 20,000 gallons of water [ ? per hour] got at full tide, less at low tide. Soil r A 11 ■ orv Ti n ( Peat and clay [AUuvium, 29 ft.] [q^^^^^^^/^ Ballast [River Gravel] Chalk, with salt water Nos. 3-5 made and communicated by Mr. R. D. Batchelok, with some additions from Mr. Reed. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 9i lOJ 19^ 30 20 50 200 250 No. 3. About half way between Nos. 1 and -2. 1891. At 243 ft., 5 gallons of water a minute, and little salt. Boring tested, at 268 ft. , 6 gallons a minute ; at 368 ft. , about 90 gallons an hour ; at 410 ft., about 180 gallons an hour; at 443 ft., about 30 gallons a minute, and salt. Mr. Reed notes that 1,200 gallons of fresh water an hour were got ; that salt water was got in the first 200 ft. of chalk, and fresh water in the last 100. [Alluvium.] [River Drift, 26 ft.] [Upper (and ? Middle) Chalk, 401 ft.] fBiver^mud iPeat (■ Grave] (. Gravel and chalk (' Chalk and flints, with a foot of rock 128 ft. down Chalk and flints, very hard ; a layer of dark chalk at 243 ft Chalk, the bottom 3 ft. hard Sticky chalk, no flints Hard chalk Rook chalk ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 14 14 13 27 16 43 10 63 144 197 53 250 17 267 130 397 43 440 14 454 No. 4. Just east of the entrance-road and just south of the high road. 1892. Pumped, with a pump of 7 in. diameter, for four or five hours, at the rate of 20,000 gallons an hour. Mr. Reed says that the bulk of the water came (in this and in No. 5) from between 50 and 75 ft. down, from a bed of flints, and that the water was fresh and good. [AUuvium] Clay i Chalk and flints Flints. Did not need sheUing out : the stuff vanished somewhere, must be a pot-hole Chalk and flints Thickness. Ft. 10 33 17 5 Depth. Ft. 10 43 60 112 308 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. West Thurrock, cont No. 5. Close to No. 4. 1892.. Tested, with a pump of 7 in. diameter, at the rate of 101,000 gallons an hour, lowering the water-level 10 ft. Mr. Reed notes merely a trifle less, 2,422,224 gallons a day of twenty-four hours. There must be some mistake in these figures, as no 7-in. pump can deliver such a quantity. Water fresh ; hardness 38-7°. [Alluvium.] {Cl^^^y ;;; I Kgg j^ [Upper] Chalk and flints ... 121 J For an analysis of the water from here, see p. 4-59. 5. Tunnel Cement Works. 1876. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gkand and Sutcliff. Water-level 10 ft. down. ? Yield 220,000 gallons a day, of ten hours, from two tube-wells. Chalk and flints, 71 ft. 6. On the marsh, about 250 ft. from the sea-well, in a line with the ' Fox and Goose ' on the north, and north-west from the lighthouse. Communicated by the Rev. J. W. Hayes. Marsh alluvial clay Grey Thames ballast [Gravel] I Soft chalk [Upper Chalk.] ( Hard chalk (liighly silicious) 1 Soft chalk reached The soft chalk above the hard band yielded brackish water ; a good supply of fresh water from the last bed. About 5 per cent, of the houses of West and Little Thurrock are supplied by private wells, the rest by the South Essex Co. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 38 38 14 52 96 148 3 151 3 154 West Tilbury. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 84, SW., 89, NW.). Geologic Map 1, SE. 1. Mr. Coles' cottages, on rising ground north of Low Street Station. 1885. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Shaft 25 ft., the rest bored. Water-level 31 ft. down. Strong spring. For an analysis of the water, see p. 459. Made earth or mould I" Gravel and sand [? River Drift.] / Sandy loam [ Stones [? Base of Thanet Beds.] Blue clay, hard layer at bottom Upper Chalk, with a layer of flints, 51 ft. down 2. Field at back of new cottages, next the public-house, north of the church. 1887. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Water-level 56 ft. down. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 2 2 14i 16* 21 37|- 21 40 9 49 16 65 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Mould 1 1 Gravel 3 4 Loamy sand 7 11 Brownish -grey [? Thanet] sand 50 61 WfiLLS. 309 West Tilbury, cont. 3. Tilbury Fort. Old well. Gentleman's Magazine, vol. Ixviii, p. 565 (1798). Dug 48 ft., the rest bored. Dry earth [made ground ?] , thin. [Alluvium] Clayey beds, with leaves and branches of trees, about 48 ft. Quicksand. Stifi marl, ? 30 ft. Chalk-stones found at a depth of about 80 ft. 4. Tilbury Fort. Newer well. 1849. Communicated by Col. E. M. Geain, R.E. With further information from Col. Seine, R.E. Shaft and cylinders 31 ft., the rest bored. Water, March 22nd, 1849, good; April 19th, impure; May 25th, good; since become quite unfit for domestic purposes (although pipes were carried to a depth of 490 ft.). Made ground Strong mud or blue clay Peat with clay ... [Alluvium, J Clay 41 ft.] \ Dark peat Stiff clay , Dark peat n>;„„_ Ti-.-ft f Dark, sharp sand Kiver JUritt, J ou j j i oQiff-i \ Sharp sand and gravel ' ^ 'J I, Light-coloured sharp sand and gravel Chalk Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 • 3 lU 14i 51- 20 3" 23 8 31 8 39 5 44 7 51 4 55 m 67| 517 584i 5. Messrs. Fletcher and Fearnall, Marine Engineers. Near the Docks. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Geanb and Sutcliff. [Alluvium and ( Clay, peat, sand and gravel 10 ] River Drift.] l Soil 66 ) 130 ft. Chalk and flints 54 J 1887. Wethersfield. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 15, NE., SE., 16, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 47. Dr. W. W. E. Fletcher, in his Report to the Local Government Board, No. 244, 1906, p. 10, says that at Wethersfield the water is got ' from wells, all furnished with pumps ' ; so that they must be shallow wells, in Glacial Gravel. There was one public pump in 1905. White Colne. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 17, SE., NE.). Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Theesh's Report of 1901, p. 121, and of 1905, p. 66, there was no public well ; but one private well yielded an unlimited supply of good water. A few people used a spring. H. O. Ceoss (Sanitary Inspector) tells us later that this private well belongs to the cottages facing Colne Ford Hill. It is about 60 ft. deep, in clay. A lateral spring breaks in. A number of houses in the Colchester Road take water from this well, some being in Earl's Colne. White Roding or Boothing. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 32, SW., 42, NW.). Geologic Map 47. Two wells. Made and communicated by Mr. Ingold. 1. The School. 1874. 200 gallons of water in twenty-four hours. White clay ... 18 | 25 ft. Grey clay ... 7 310 ESSEX WATER, SUPPLY. White Boding, contd. 2. Roadside, ^ mile north of village. 1876. Shaft 84 ft., the rest bored." Water 77 ft. down. White and blue boulder clay Gravel 90 ft. Wicken Bonhunt or Bonnett. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 8, SE., 13, NE.). Geologic Map 47. 1. The Rectory. 2. Hall Farm. Information from Mr. Watson, of Bishop's Stortford, with later information from W. B. Bliss. 1. Water-level 47 ft. down (1912). Yield, say 600 gallons a day (1912). 1. 2. Ft, Ft. Boulder Clay 18 40 Gravel and sand 20 20 To Chalk ... 38 60 For analyses of the waters from the Rectory well and from other wells in the parish, see pp. 460, 461. In 1901 there were 110 houses and 15 private wells. According to the Report of the Medical Officer for 1912, there were three public pumps, getting water from wells in Chalk. Wickford. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 69, NW., SW.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Mr. H. WiLMEE, of the Great Eastern Railway, wrote, in 1901, that there is a well here (near the station) 335 ft. deep, and that it failed during the recent dry summer. This was made for public supply. According to Dr. Thresh' s Report of 1901, pp. 81, 85, the water-level had fallen 29 ft. in 65 years ; but the rate of fall had been much greater in recent years. The supply was 4,000 gallons in 24 hours. The Railway Co. and a few houses were supplied from the Danbury Waterworks. 2. Beeches. Just west of church. Old well. Information from Mr. Ptjhkis, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton London Clay Sand, to water 225 40 265 ft. 3. Southend Water Co.'s No. 22, or Wickford Well. |- mile NE. of Wickford Church. 1911. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, Engineer to the Company. 34'5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Sunk 347 ft., the rest an unlined boring. Highest water-level 23^ ft. down. Lowest (pumping) 339^. Thickness. Depth. Soil C Clay and gravel [London Clay.] < Brown clay ( London Clay ... [Oldhayen Beis ?] Sand and pebbles Ft. In. 1 6 9 12 342 1 Ft. In, 1 7 19 361 363 Water from sands of the Lower London Tertiaries. Dr. Carter, M.O.H. of the Billerioay Rural District, says that a well at the Castle inn was dug 17 ft. and bored 330 ; and that there are deep wells at English's and Bridge House (south of railway-station). The village is now supplied by the Southend Co., and the supply from Danbury has been abandoned. WELLS. 311 'Wickham Bishops. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 45, SW.). Geologic Map 47. 1. Site of proposed ' Second Essex Asylum,' Heathgate Farm Chancery Wood. 1878-1880. Sunk and communicated by Messrs. Easton and Andeeson, specimens. 234 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft and cylinders 304 ft., the rest bored. Dip of the beds about 18 in. in the outer diameter (6 ft. 8 bottom part of the shaft = 15°. Yield, when drawn at a depth of about 80 ft. below sea-level, 10 gallons a minute. Thickness. Ft. U Hi 30' 160 53 19 Soil ... [Glacial Drift, 41* ft.] [London Clay, 252 ft. Speci- mens of iron- pyrites (stems of plants) and of Rostdlaria and bivalves in septaria.] [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [? London Clay, repeated by fault] C Yellow clay <^Sand and gravel, with surface-springs ' Blue clay Black clay Stiff black clay and cement-stones . . . Running sand and sept.aria, with a strong spring of salt ferruginous calcareous water ; fragments of shells found (according to a note from Mr. H. G. Dixon) ; 3 in. of black pebbles at bottom / Hard mottled blue and grey sand and clay Red and blue mottled clay [specimen, about 2 ft. down, of brown and grey mottled clayey sand ; another, lower, as described] Mottled rod and grey clayey sand [specimen] Fine sand Red and blue hard clay [specimen mottled brown and grey plastic clay], passing down into clayey greensand [specimen] Yellow clay [specimen, brown sandy- clay hke London Clay] Very stiff niarly clay [specimen, mottled clay, partly sandy] Very stiff silty loam [specimen, brown- ish grey] Hard cement-stones [specimen ■s^'ith loam, as above] Mottled silty clay [specimens, brown clay and sandy clay, with a bit of green sand, ? carried down by tool] I Mottled clay and cement-stones [speci- men, stone with shell, ? Cardium laijtoni, ? basement-bed of London .Clay] Silty clay and green sand [specimen, brown and green clayey sand, basement-bed?] Cement-stones [specimen like that from 5 ft. higher] Mottled clay [specimen, brown clay, partly sandy] Sand . and shells [specimen, ? base- ment-bed] 20 2* 14 ]2f , south of and from in.), of the only about Depth. Ft. 1* 13 43 203 256 275 295 297i- 311* 313* 31Cf 329J 331i 343* 350i 36U m n 364f 369| 3731 374* 382 383 312 ESSEX WATEil SUPPLY. [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] [Thanet Sand.] [Upper Middle and ? Lower] Chalk, 703 ft. Wickham Bishops, cent. I Mottled clajr and sand [specimen, clayey green sand, mottled red] Mottled clay [specimen, light-brown sandy clay] Hard reddish clay [specimen, red and ( grey mottled plastic clay] Red clay [specimen somewhat mottled clay, dark brown, partly sandy] Hard sandy clay Light-coloured clay [specimen, pale green-grey sandy clay] Sandy loam Dark sandy loam [specimens, from top 20 ft., fine grey sand ; from next 28 ft., fine grey sand, with green grains ; from bottom 7 ft., fine grey sand.] About 4 in. of flints at base / Chalk, with flints Hard and compact chalk, with some flints in the upper part [specimen, white chalk with pale greon-grey streaks] Softer chalk I, [Chalk] Thickness. Ft. Depth 4? 387? 7 394 5 399 7? 5 406 411 10 1 421 422 55 523 46? 4? 130 477 1,000 1,046 1,030 1,180 Writing of this well, W. H. Dalton has said: — "Calculation from the nearest of previous wells showed that there was some local disturbance (in the neighbourhood). The Chalk surface descends from Braintree to Witham at the rate of 21-23 feet per mile, giving depth at Asylum of 495 feet whilst it rises from Maldon and Heybridge at 74 feet per mile, giving depth at Asylum of 194 feet." Three explanations may be given, a gentle roll of the beds, a powerful undulation or reversal, a fault with northerly downthrow. " The boring proved the last two of these . . to be combined." " The base of the London Clay was met with at 295 feet, in the shaft, with a westerly dip of 18 in 68. Boring soon afterwards commenced in the Reading Beds, and at 343 feet a fault was passed, and the London Clay reappeared. Its base was again reached at 383. . . . The Reading and Thanet Beds must be inclined atjlygh and varying angles, as at Witham (only two miles off) they are only 27 and 24 feet respectively."! See also p. 11. It is the deepest boring for water in the county, the only one indeed over 1,100 ft. deep. Had I not seen specimens from the boring it would have been hard to make out the section. Perhaps the strong disturbance may have affected the water-yielding power of the Chalk, by squeezing the rock and closing up the fissures. For an analysis of the water, see p. 461. 1 Trans. Tipping Forest (section). Field Club, 1882, vol. ii., pp. 16, 17, plate 1 2. In the bottom of the cutting southward of the railway-station. 1889. Communicated by W. T. Foxleb. The well yields about 60,000 gallons in 24 hours. For an analysis of the water, see p. 461. Well, about half way between the two \ bridges over the railway 7^ ft. Boring, about half way between the well - I Through fine and the southern bridge 7 ,, / gravel to clay. Boring, less than half way from the well to the northern bridge 5^ ,, WELLS. 313 Wickham St. Paul. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. Geologic Map 47. According to Dr. Thresh' s Reports of 1901, p. 139, and of 1905, p. 80, the place was chiefly supplitd from a public well, yielding pure water. This had to be deepened in 1904. It was 30 ft. deep, in clay and Chalk. There are several private supplies. Wicks, see Wix. Widdington. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 14, NW.). Geologic Map 47, 1. Ringers. Two- thirds of a mile east of Newport Railway Station. About 315 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From Mr. G. Ingold. Boulder clay, 45 ft. - 2. Top of village. 1889. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. [Boulder Clay.] [ Loole^chafky clay',' water wateir 14 } ^0 ft, Wigborough, see Little Wigborough. Willingate Spain. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42, SE., 51, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NW. Munson's Earm, about a mile south-west af the church. Old well. Information from Mr. Rolfb, the sinker, to W. H. Dalton'. [Boulder Clay.] [ White marl... Blue marl ... 15 to 17 35 ? 41 ft. Wimbish. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. (Essex 9). Geologic Map 47. 1. Elms Earm. If miles south-south-east of church. 1886. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Strong spring. "Water-level 74 ft. down. Mould . [Glacial Drift.] [Boulder Clay.] {«--^—.«|^y Loamy sand Gravel and fiand Gravel Thickness. Et. 1 19 24 1 7 24 Depth. Ft. 1 20 44 45 52 76 2. Wiggall's Farm. 1884. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. [Boulder Clay.] Brown clay ... 13 Blue clay 5 Loose clay (water) 3 21 ft. According to the Report of the Medical OfScer for 1912 (and Dr. Thkesh's Report for the same year), there are two public pumps, one (a windmill- pump) near the school, supplied from a deep well bored in 1912 through Boulder Clay into Chalk, the gift of Miss M. W. Gibson, and one at Elder Street ( ? Wimbish Green) provided by Lord Stbathcona, supplied by an enclosed spring. 314 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Witham. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 34, SE., 35, SW., 44, NE., 45, NW.)- Geologic Map 47. Dr. Greenhow recorded many years ago (2 Rep.M.O.H. of Privy Council, 1860) that "the water supply is from wells, of good quality, but probably somewhat contaminated by percolation from cesspools." This condition of things has of course gone, from the establishment of a public supply. 1. Chipping Hill. Woolpack Inn, north of the churchyard. Information from the sinker, Mr. J. Chalk. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Gravel 15 to 16 154? Boulder Clay 26 41| London Clay 75 116i Rock, to sand i 117 Powers Hall. More than a mile west-north-west of the town. Information from Mr. Hatlby. Water rose to 44 ft. below the surface. rni -IT. -ti. ^ S Bculder clay [Glacial Drift.] | ^^^^ ^„^ gravel... 20) 20 \ 250 ft. London Clay. To sand and water ... 210 J 3. Railway Station. Level of rails about 80 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From a letter from J. Darby to the Rev. 0. Fisher, 1868. [Post-Glacial Drift.] Coarse gravel [in face of cutting] Sand Mixed clay Layer of chalk ^ about 70 ft. . Very hard coarse gravel [Glacial Drift.] Light- coloured clay, becoming blue clay with flints ... { Dove-coloured sand (less green sand \ [Eocene j than usual) I Tertiaries.] \ A htllo red sand, no mottled or plastic ( clay I If, as is possible, the bore-hole was dry, the London Clay might come up as what is here called "dove-coloured sand," and the water might be got, as in other wells near, from a bed in the London Clav.— Note from W. H. Dalton. The account given by the Rev. O. Fisher, in Geol. Mag., vol. v, pp. 98, 147, is as below. There seems to be a mistake in it, as both the London Clay and the Woolwich and Reading Beds must be present ; these have perhaps been included in the 150 ft. ! of glacial clay. The depth to the Chalk is 100 ft. less than one would expect. ft- 'Coarse gravel 20 Greyish glacial clay, with large flints and chalk -pebbles ... 150 Thanet Sand : fine, clayey, brown and green, with green- coated flints at bottom 20 To Chalk, and water 180 WELLS. 315 Witham, cont. 4. The Spa, three-quarters of a, mile from the town, close to the avenue from Witham Place to the road to Faulkbourne. J. Tavernek. ' An Essay upon the Witham Spa,' pp. 2-4, 1737. The spring-head 12 ft. lower than the ground around. / Strong loam i Strong loam with grave! Gravel Tough bed of lamellt-d of different colours (2 in. ). Gravel with sand, not bottomed Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. about4 4 „ 3 7 „ 3 10 4 14 Mr. Blood's. A little north-east of the Water Tower and about a quarter of a mile southward of the Railway Station. Boring made about 1856, 400 ft. deep. Water 15 in. down, laiformation got in 1900. 1869. 6. Waterworks, on the left side of the Gwith just below the high road. 55' 22 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From a drawing in the Literary Institution, Witham (J. Chtjegh, Engineer). Further information from Mr. T. Tilley. Shaft 60 ft., the rest bored. Not much water, although the Chalk-spring overflowed at first. Said to have yielded 70,000 to 80,000 gallons in 24 hours at first. Only 10,000 to 12,000 in 24 hours in 1899. The original figures are doubted, but there is a serious decrease. Mould and made ground ( Coarse gravel I Silt "i Clay with chalk and small [ [Boulder Clay] ' Sandy loam Blue clay Sandy loam Blue clay Sandy loam Hard blue clay ... Silt clay and sand Hard blue clay Sandy loam \ Blue clay Bkie clay fuU of small flints . . Black sand Blue clay Black sand Green sand FUnts [Upper] Chalk. At the bottom a bed of fine [Drift, 66 ft.] [London Clav, 154J ft.] * [Reading Beds, 27 ft.] [Thanet Sand, 24 ft.] flints coloured sand (specimen) ... ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 11-J- U4 25J 40 29 69 2 71 8 79 4 83 7 90 2-1- 92J- 6' 98| 12 iio| 60 170* 6 176i 47 223A 20 243l 4 247| 3 250i 20i- 271 3" 274 1 2 274J 2254 500 Deepened later, see p. 316. For analyses of the water, see pp. 462, 463. 7. Newer Waterworks. Between road and railway, about 1,650 yds. north- north-west of Chipping Hill Church. 1902. From specimens and information on the spot and from F. S. CotrBTNBY. About 103 ft. above Ordnance Datum. First water at 480 ft. Rest-level of water about 15 ft. down. Two days' pumping (at a depth of 275 ft.) at the rate of 6,000 gallons an hour. Later on, at greater depth, after 10 days' pumping, slightly over 10,000 gallons an hour was pumped. There was then some sand in the water (April, 1902). 316 ESSEX WATEH, SUPPLY. [? Wash from Boulder Clay.] [Drift] Gravel... Witham, cont. Brown sandy clay and stones Brown sandy clay (more clayey than the above) Brown sandy clay Reading Beds, 49 ft. Thanet Sand, 30 ft. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 3 4 1 5 H 8i 3 m 68^ 80 10 90 8.5 175 10 185 10 195 10 205 10 215 8 223 5 228 6 234 4 238 2 240 20 260 4 264 10 274 10 284 10 306 294 600 Brown clay, rather mottled ... -Brown clay, darker lower down Brown clay, a Mttle sandy London Clay, Brown clay, dark and greyish... 206J ft. ] Lighter-brown, rather sandy clay Brown sandy clay or clayey sand Brown sandy clay, of a brighter tint. Brown sandy clay ^ DuU brown sand DuU grey sand Mottled red green and grey sand ( Buff sand Dark greenish -grey hard clay Brownish-grey fine sand Green and brown mottled sand Brownish -grey fine compact sand „ „ „ firmer ,, ,. „ browner, [ green-coated flints at base . . . Upper Chalk and flints. Hard nodular chalk at 595 ft. Bottom part soft chalk ... In a letter of April, 1905, J. M. Wood mentions that there was great trouble from incoming sand. He also says there are two bores, -12-in. and 15-in., both lined to 25 ft. into Chalk. For analyses, see pp. 462, 463. The following remarks on Witham Waterworks are from the Report to the Local Government Board by Dr. R.-J. Reece. No. 281, 1907: — At the Old Waterworks, south of the town, the well and borehole went down to 536 ft. in 1868. The amount of water was so small that in 1871 the bore- hole was deepened 30 ft. The well was said to yield only some 10 gallons a minute, or 14,400 in 24 hours. In 1872 the Council supplemented the supply by laying a main to springs north-west of the town, at Blunt's Hall Farm and 1,325 yds. from the old waterworks. From this source a further supply of 50,000 gallons in 24 hours can be got. The new wells, about If miles north of Witham, are 16 ft. apart and 15 ft. deep, with borings to 600. Lining pipes of 12 in. diameter were driven to 4O5 ft. into the Chalk. In September, 1904, sand practically blocked the boring of No. 1 well. Smaller tubes backed with cement were inserted from 330 ft. down for 150 ft. Sand still found its way into the well, but none appeared in No. 2, which, however, after being fitted with the inner steel lining failed to produce more than 1,100 gallons an hour. The pumps (200 ft. down) were raised 50 ft., and then little sand was pumped from No. 1 well, but no increase of water was got from No. 2. " It is believed locally that the water in the bore holes is not derived from the Deep Chalk, but from the beds of Thanet Sand which overlie it, and that the water gravitates from these beds into fissures in the Chalk carrying with it sand." Dr. Reece adds: "There are wells in use of the shallow type receiving surface water, and from the position of several of these wells it is manifest that they are liable to be seriously polluted. In the rural parts of the district the water supply is mainly from shallow wells." The following information is from the Water Works Directory, 1911. pp. 395, 396 : —Works established 1869. New works 1902-3. Population supplied, 3,500, Witham only. Two borings of 600 ft. Yearly supply, 25,174,510 gallons. Average daily supply per head, for all purposes, 19-73 gallons. Maximum day's supply, in June, 8,500 [? 85,000]. WELLS. 317 Wivenhoe. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 28, SW.)- Geologic Map 48, SW. 1. The Hall. 1897. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Stjtcliff. 80 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 78 ft. down. Yield 1,000 gallons an hour, or more. A 4-in. boring. Soil [Glacial Drift.] ( ^°*^ ^'^'^ S^,^^! ■' ( Sandy gravelly clay f Blue clay and septaria ( Brown sandy clay \ Sand and clay Green sand Green and brown sandy clay Hard clay Hard sandy clay Green sand [Upper] Chalk and flints [London Clay, 115 ft. ?] [Reading Beds, 60 ft.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 8 10 4 14 66 80 20 100 29 129 1 130 13 143 2 145 32 177 2 179 36 215 The division between the London Clay and the Reading Beds is doubtful and may perhaps be higher up. In 1900 this well was used temporarily for the supply of Wivenhoe. For an analysis of the water, see p. 464. 2. For the Urban District Council. A quarter of a mile north-west of the Rectory. Trial-boring. 1900. Communicated by Messrs. Sands and Walker [partly by specimens]. 104^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. At the depth of 270 ft. the water-level was from 96 to 98 ft. down, but it was easily lowered about 60 ft., as also at lower depths. Yield at the last only 1,100 gallons an hour. Water not satisfactory (brackish). Abandoned. Thickness. Depth. Soil Ft. 1 Ft. 1 ' [Sand, rather coarse, many small stones] 5 6 [Glacial Drift.] ( [Sand, sharp and coarse] 6 11 [Light-brown sandy clay, dried hard]... 1 12 - Gravel [and sand], with much water ... 10 23 [should be 22] ' [Ferruginous brown and grey clay] ] [London Clay, , [Grey sandy clay] [Septaria] I 814 104J 97 J ft.] * [Brownish-grey sandy clay] Buff sandy clay [fine sand] 13 117J . Fhnt-pebbles 3 120J / [Brown and grey clay] 2 122| Hard brown clay 4 126| Light-blue clay 8 134^ Brown clay 4 138i Light-blue clay 4 142^ [Reading Beds, , Green and brown sandy clay [dried 76^ ft.] firm] 21 163J Grey sand [coarse] and bands of clay . . . 6 169^ Hard blue [brownish] sandy clay 20 189J- Hard brown clay 4 193| Green sandy clay [greenish grey] 3 196| , [Green-coated flints and flint] ii 197 f Soft chalk (for some feet). [Upper Chalk.] < Hard, chalk. Bed of large irregular ^ flints at 465 to 470 ... ... 303 500 318 ESSEX WATEE, SUPPLY. Wivenhoe, cont. An account, communicated by Messrs. Le Gband and Sxjtoliff, who made the boring, differs in details, as follows : — i' Gravel and sand [Glacial Drift.] / Sand, gravel and thin bands of clay \ Sand and gravel ( Blue clay, with clay stones (18 ins. at [London Clay, J 98 ft. and 12 ins. at 101) ... 101ft.] Sandy clay [ Sand and pebbles Brown and blue clay Blue clay Green sand [Reading Beds, I Green sandy clay 73 ft.] I Grey sand and bands of clay ... Sandy clay Brown clay (, Green sandy clay [Upper] Chalk and flints Dr. Thbesh, in his Export on the Water Supply of Essex, p. 29, 1901, gives a slightly different account. For analysis of the water, see p. 464. 3. Second boring for the District Council. On the northern side of Queen's Road, north-east of the school. 1901. Boring of 6 in. diameter. Communicated by H. H. Sands. 18^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water stands 13 ft. down. A good supply got at the bottom (130 ft.). Yield, 1,814,400 gallons pumped in 14 days, which only lowered the water- level by 3 ft. On ceasing pumping the original level was immediately regained (1901). Pumping at 9,000 gallons an hour reduced the level by 5 ft. (1901). Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 6 6 10 16 7 23 85 108 13 121 3 124 18 142 1 143 2 145 15 160 6 166 26 192 2 194 3 197 303 500 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Clayey soil 7 7 Gravel and sand 3 10 j Black loam 4 14 [London Clay, ) Black blue clay 14 28 35 ft.] ) Light silver sand 3 31 [ Blue clay 14 45 ' Mottled clay 7 52 Sand, with a small quantity of water 3 55 [Reading Beds, , 65 ft.] ^ Green sandy clay Dark clay 16 3 71 74 Sand, with a little water 2 76 Black clay 26 102 , Black loam 8 110 [Upper] Chalk, w ith 3 layers of fiints 20 130 A less detailed version is given in Dr. Theesh's Report on the Water Supply of the County of Essex, p. 132 (1901). For an analysis of the water, see p. 464. Wix or Wicks. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SE., 29, NW., NE.). Geologic Map 48, SW. According to Dr. Thbesh' s Report of 1901, p. 128, partly supplied by the Tendring Hundred Water Co., but many houses used shallow wells (? in loam or gravel), and in some cases the supply was not what it should be. WELLS. 319 Woodham Ferrers (Ferris of old map). Ordnance Maps 241, 258, new ser. (Essex 61, NE., SE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. Railway Station, more than a mile south-south-east of the church. 1888. Communicated by W. T. Foxlee, Resident Engineer, Essex Lines. 25 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft 15 ft., the rest bored. Water rose to within 7-^ ft. of the surface. Quality good. [London Clay.] Brown clay Blue clay [Reading Beds ?] Sand Black [flint] pebbles and clay ... White sand and water [Basement- bed.] Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 15 15 294 .309 J 309J 3 3124 9 3214 An account from Messrs. Le Geand and Stitcliff varies in the details of the London Clay, as follows : — Brown clay ... 55 Blue clay and clay-stones 254f Black pebbles and clay [basement-bed] ... 3} 313 ft. 2. Hyots Farm. On the Marshes. Information from the tenant. About 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Boring said to end in Thanet Sand. For an analysis of the water, see p. 465. Woodham Walter. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 53, NE.). Geologic Map 1, NE. Walter House. Near Hoe Mill, 10 yds. from River Chelmer. Information from Capt. the Hon. R. Mobeton. About 25 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Said to be 112 ft. deep, ending in Thanet Sands. Yield sufficient for the premises Water faintly opalescent. For analysis, see p. 465. Wormingford. Ordnance Map 223, new ser. (Essex 18, NW. and SW.). Geologic Map 48, NW. Information from Dr. J. W. Cook. The supply used to come from shallow wells. " In 1903 a boring was made at Mr. Tufnell's cottages to the depth of 186 ft. Chalk being reached at 145, and the water-level being 70 ft. down. In 1911 a well, 35 ft. deep, was sunk at Church House, and a new well was made at Stone cottages. According to Dr. Thbbsh's Report of 1905, p. 72, the rectory got a supply from a spring, piped from a hill near by. Wrabness. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 20, SE.). Geologic Maps 48, NW. and NE. Was formerly supplied wholly from shallow wells (presumably in gravel>. Is now in the area of the Tendring Hundred Water Co. Writtle. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 52). Geologic Map 1, NE. 1. At the roadside half way up Oxney Green. A private well, sunk by a gentleman for the use of neighbouring parishioners. Measured in 1899. Sunk 100 ft. , bored not quite 200. Sand in the tube. For an analysis of the water, see p. 465 X 2 320 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Writ tie, cont. 2. Public supply. Chelmsford Rural District Council. Boring. At the top of Oxney Green. 1902. Communicated by J. Dewhiest. 188 ft. above Ordnance Datum. , Water-level 99 ft. down at first (1902). Yield, 14 days' trial pumping at 40,000 gallons a day, 1902. After removal of pump (If hours) the water-level was 135 ft. down. [Glacial Drift] Gravel London Clay . . . [Lower London Tertiaries] Sands [Upper] Chalk Thickness Vt. 50 249J 150J 125 Depth. Ft. 50 299^ 450 575 When 450 ft. deep the well yielded a fair amount of water ; but this was sandy. On boring being continued into the Chalk nearly all the water disappeared. The Chalk bore was plugged, and the yield increased to the amount given above. Tor analyses of the water, see p. 465. The accounts of the following old shallow wells (3-11) are from infor- mation collected by W. H. Dalton. 3. Bumsteads. From Mr. Rolfe, the sinker. Sandy [rainwash] 8") Brown [weathered London] clay... 8 > 41 ft. Blue [London] clay 26 J Bivalve-shells found between the two clays. 4. The Causeway (road to Highwood, a mile westward of Writtle). [Glacial Drift.] [ [Boulder Clay.] { ^^^T^ J") (, Dark sand and gravel 10 M° "■ London Clay 8 J 5. Chequers Lane, south of Oxney Green. SSand and gravel ... 17 '^ Kn^cilf... :■.: ^4 h8ift. Sand and gravel ... 6 J 6. At the bottom of Chequers Lane. Gravel 14 and sand 6 ft. Mr. Dalton notes that the brickearth hereabouts is decalcified Boulder Clay, an unaltered part of which was shown in a new section in 1891. 7. Cooks Mill Green. [Glacial Drift.] / [Moulder Clay.] } ™«^---l 12| ^^ ^^ ( Sand and gravel 6J 8. Hylands Park (in three parishes). From Mr. Puekis. Gravel and sand, to London Clay, 30 ft. 9. Keepers. [Boulder Clay.] White marl 3 and Blue marl 19 ft. 10. Little Moor Hall. ("White marl 17 ft ^ [Glacial Drift.] K-d/--l - ;;; ^'I'^i. K^ C Black sand, to London Clay... 6 in. J 11. Love's Green, near Highwood Church. r White marl 7 to 8 ) [Glacial Drift.] j Dark stony loam 7 to 8 f ? 26 ft. (^ Black sand, to blue [London] clay 12 to 14 ) ' WELLS. 321 Writtle, cont. In a Report in 1891, Dr. Thresh says, " The gravel varies in thickness from about 60 ft. on the highest part of Oxney Green to about 8 to 10 feet in the lowest part of the village near the river. The water level varies much." In Chequers Lane it is 4^ to 9 ft. down : at Baker's cottages about 200 yds. off and at about the same height, 45 ft. : at cottages about midway between these two, 16 ft. ; lower down the Green, 54 ft. : and from this gradually nearer the surface, being 11 ft. down at the public pump and about 9 ft. in wells at the lowest part of the village. ' ' The level of the ground water falls in the direction of the two streams ... at the outskirt of the village. At Oxney Green the wells yield a very limited supply in summer. ... In the village the supply is abundant, but . . . the quality in nearly every instance leaves much to be desired." The chief village-supply was a spring, piped to the brewery and thence to the roadside ; but there still remained a population of 400 to 500, in the outlying parts, dependent upon shallow wells. Away from population the gravel yields very good water. Dr. Thbesh's Report of 1901, p. 105. The village is now supplied with water from the works of the Chelmsford Rural District Council (see p. 320). For comments on the water of 48 shallow wells, see pp. 59, 60. Yeldfaam, see Grieat Veldham. Doubtful Site. Mr. Deloitte's House. Near Grays. An old well. Locality not determined. Seems to be in- the Tertiary tract northward of Grays, and, if so, is of interest, as wells have not been described from that part. Communicated by Prof. D. T. Ansted. Sunk 50 ft., bored 280 ft., with 4-in. bore-hole. Tertiary cover 280 ft. Water-level 30 ft. down. For an analysis of the water, see p. 466. North Woolwich. Ordnance Maps 257, 271 (Essex 81, NE., 82, NW.). Geologic Maps 1, SW., and London District, Sheets 2, 4. The following wells are in that part of Kent which stretches across the Thames into the tract of the Essex Marshes. They were purposely left out of the Geological Survey Memoir on the Water Supply of Kent (1908) as not being physically in that county : — 1. Silvertown. Messrs. Brunner, Mond and Co., Crescent Wharf. Two wells. Made and communicated by Messrs. Islek and Co. (a) Water-level 10 ft. down. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. Made ground and clay [Alluvium] f Ballast [gravel] ... [River Drift, 36 ft.] I Ballast and sand [ Ballast ... .i. (6) Water-level 7 ft. down. Supply 6,000 gallons an hour. Made ground, peat and clay [Alluvium] 15 } qt- f, [River Gravel.] Ballast 20 l "^^ "• Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 4 4 15 19 3 22 18 40 322 ESSEX WATER STTPPLT. North Woolwich, cont. 2. Victoria Ale Stores. Messrs. Fosters. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. Bakeb. Thickness. Made ground [Alluvium.] ( Yellow olay [Peat m- T\ -i^ 1 (Ballast ... [River Dnft.] [j^^^ __ [Upper] Chalk Ft. 2 7 9 18J i Depth. Ft. 2 9 18 36A 36| 306 For details of the following North Woolwich or Silvertown wells, see the Memoir on London Wells, by G. Baeeow, 1912, pp. 102, 103. 3. South of Albert Docks. Wholesale Co-operative Society. 1902. 20 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level at O.D. Supply 13,000 gallons an hour. 60 1 35 ) 450 ft. 355 J Made ground (6), Alluvium (24), and Gravel (30) Thanet Sand Upper (and ? Middle) Chalk 4. North Woolwich Road, near the river. Messrs. Venesta. 1910. 20 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level 3 ft. below O.D. Supply 3,000 gallons an hour. Alluvium and River Drift 39 Woolwich Beds and Thanet Sand ... 82 Upper Chalk 279 400 ft. 5. Factory Road. District Chemical Works. 1897. 15 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Brackish water, in the Chalk. This was successfully shut out and fresh water met with at 170 ft. Supply 3,280 gallons an hour. Abandoned in 1901 as the water was too chalky. Alluvium and gravel ... 40 ") Upper Chalk 160) 200 ft. 6. India Ruboer, etc., Telegraph Works Co. 1879. 8 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Yield 6,800 gallons an hour. In 1895 Thames water got in. Not used. Made earth, Alluvium and Gravel ... 51 ~| Thanet Sand 19 ) 500 ft. Upper (and ? Middle) Chalk 480 J TRIAL BOEINGS. 323 TEIAL BORINGS NOT FOE WATER. The greater number of the following accounts of trial-borings have been published (and almost wholly in 'The Geology of London,' vol. ii); but many are now printed for the first .time. With one exception there is nothing specially notable about these borings ; though many of them are useful as giving the thickness of the Alluvium and of various divisions of the Drift, in the former case the many borings at the set of docks along the Thames being noteworthy. ^ The one exception, however, is of great importance, for the Weelejr boring (p. 343) is the deepest exploration made in Essex; starting in Eocene Tertiaries ; proving the thickness of the Chalk and of the Gault; showing that the Lower Cretaceous beds and the whole of the great Jurassic, Triassic, Carboniferous, and Devonian systems are there absent ; and reaching rocks of Silurian or older age. It is therefore a corroboration of the newer reading of the Harwich boring (p. 184), especially when taken with the Stutton boring, just within the border of Suffolk, which has been described in the Memoir on the Water Supply of that county (pp. 4, 140-142). These four deep borings tend to show that there is small chance of finding Coal Measures in the north- eastern corner of Essex and its Suffolk border-land. Details of the Weeley boring are now given for the first time. METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS TRIAL-BORINGS, FROM CONTRACT-DRAWINGS. Low Level Sewer, North Side. Main Line. 1. A little south-west of Abbey. Mill Toll Bar (on south of the Engine House). 65 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [Alluvium ?] (Black soil ... I Yellow clay (wat( rVaUeyDrif,14ft.]{a:M^l Grey clay Soft sand Loamy sand ... Stiff clay Thickness. Ft. ... ... ... i • at bottom) ... n 2 12 2 14 11 74 2. A little north-east of Three Mills Bridge. 7 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level about 5 ft. down. Black soil [AUuvium, ( Loamy clay 64 ft.] I Peat Sharp sand and baUast [gravel] Blue [? London] Clay ' Soft, -white sand [Woolwich and Reading Beds.] Pebbles and sand Black sand Shells and clay Coloured [mottled] clay ^ Sand and clay , 1 14 4 19 144 4 14 3 4 4 4 Depth. Ft. 2 4 16 18 32 43 504 1 24 64 25i 40 40^ 42 45 454 50 324 ESSEX WATEK SUPPLY. Outfall Sewer, North Side. lokness. Depth Ft. Ft. ^ H li 6 H 104 2 m 3 15^ m 33 1 to 26. Across the marsh of the Lea, from a little south of Old Ford Lock to Abbey Mill, may be massed as f oUows : — Surface-earth or made ground ; from 9 in. to 10 ft. Alluvium. Chiefly clay (sometimes described as soft or silty, sometimes as mud or loam ; sometimes mixed with gravel) ; often with peat, from 10 in. to 8 ft. ; sometimes with a little gravel, containing decayed wood ; sometimes with soft or silty sand at the base, 1^ to 5 ft. ; total thickness 2^ to 14^ ft. Total depth to gravel from 3^ to 20 ft. In one case (No. 26, between Abbey Creek and the channel immediately east) gravel not touched at 22 ft. Gravel (with shells in No. 1), touched, or pierced to 10 ft. 27. On the eastern side of the stream. Abbey Wharf. Hard made ground (Dark, soft soil Light-coloured, soft clay Hard, red gravel Green, sandy gravel, with much water Hard [London] Clay 28 to 35. From just west of the North Woolwich Railway, north of Marsh Lane, to about a third of a mile west-south-west of Plaistow Broadway, may be grouped thus : — • Surface-earth, or made ground ; 1 to 3 ft. PR • T> -fj. 1 y Clay or loam ; 1 to 5 ft. LKiver Vim.] I Qravel; 2^ to 9 ft. (then pierced). London Clay (No. 31 only, near Tilbury Railway) ; 3 ft. 36 to 51. From about 5 mile west of Balaam Street, Plaistow, to a little west of East Ham Hall Manor Way, near the edge of the marsh, give the following general section : — Surface-earth, or made ground ; to 3 ft. f Loam ; to 4 ft. [River Drift.] r Gravel, often with sand, sometimes with loamy clay; [ 35 to 18 ft. (not then pierced). [London] clay, at 2 places (Nos. 41 and 45) 13 and 11 ft. down ; bored into 18 and 11 ft. 52 to 80. Across the marsh (East Ham Level), from close to the edge, just east of the Manor Way, to west of Barking Creek, show the following beds : — Surface-earth ; to If ft. Alluvium. Clay ; often described as sandy, silty or soft, or as mud ; mostly with peat, from a foot to 11 ft. thick, at one place 3 beds ; sometimes soft or muddy sand at the base. Total thickness, at No. 52 only I5 ft., elsewhere 85 to 22, thickest near the river. Gravel ; 3 to 13 ft. (then, in No. 71, with sand at the base, and pierced to London Clay). Northern Outfall Beservoir, 1863. 1 to 6 may be massed as follows : — Surface-earth, a foot. Alluvium. Peat, from 5 to 17 ft. thick, and clay ; total thickness, 9^ to pfii n. banu and gravel ; I4 to 18^ ft. The upper part of the sand being mostly described as dirty or silty it is possible that some of it may belong to the Alluvium, rather than to the River Drift. TKIAL BORINGS 325 METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS MS. BORINGS. North of the Thames. A. 1,160 ft. west of mouth of Barking Creek and 125 ft. in the Thames. 2 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [Alluvium, m ft.] [VaUey Drift ? 27 ft.] [Lower London Tertiaries ?] Blue mud Brown peat Light mud Mixed brown and light loam Brovm peat I Gravel, with water ( Quick sand I Loam, with gravel Loam and sand Loam and fine sand Green sand Thickness. Ft. 10 2 2 2 1 22i 3 14 84 124 lOi Depth. Ft. 10 12 14 16 17 » 39i 42^ 44 52J 65 75* Messrs. Docwba make the fourth bed 2^, and tlie total therefore 7C. B. to H. Across the marsh (East Ham Level, etc.) from the embankment of the Thames 1,160 ft. west of Barking Creek, at first near the borings along the course of the Northern Outfall Sewer, then gradually getting northward of that line, toward the Roding, to near the edge of the marsh at the footpath about a third of a mile south of the Barking Road. Soil or made ground, 2 to 4 ft. AUuvium, consisting of clay, mud or loam, with peat, 1 to 10 ft. thick; total thickness from 6f to 28 ft. (thickest near the Thames). Gravel and sand, from 65 to 25 ft. [London] clay touched (Jenkins Lane, half a mile south-east of High Bridge) at 35^ ft., and (at the last) at 17 ft. I. On Footpath, 2^ furlongs south of East Ham Tollgate, on the Barking Road. 15 ft. 1 in. above Ordnance Datum. Depth. Ft. In. ' 1 6 11 6 46 8 Surf ace soil Brown clay [brick-earth ?J Blue [London] Clay ... Thickness. Ft. In. 1 6 10 35 2 J. li furlongs south-west of East Ham Tollgate, on the Barking Road. 27^ ft. above Ordnance Datum. Brown soil [VaUey Drift, 31i ft,] [ |^}J°^ J^^^j^ ^th "water" Blue [London] Clay Thickness. Ft. 3 64 26 Depth. Ft. 3 84 34i 39 K. 3| furlongs east of Plaistow Church and 880 ft. north-west of the junction of Green Street with Barking Road. 26' 1 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Brown soil [VaUey Drift, 8| ft.] Blue [London] clay Brown loam, with pebbles Yellow loam, with water .. Brown gravel Thickness. Ft. In. 2 7 2 6 4 2 '4 27 2 Depth. Ft. In. 2 7 5 1 9 1 11 5 38 7 Messrs. Docwea make the top bed only 2 ft. 326 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. L. 2^ fuflongg south-east by east from Plaistow Ciliurch. 12 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Brown soil [VaUey Drift, lOJ ft.] Blue [London] Clay . . Messrs. Docwba make the second bed 4^, and the total therefore 38. TM. In Marsh Lane, western side of North Woolwich Railway and 3=^ furlongs south of West Ham Abbey Railway Bridge. 4i ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. ... H li Yellow loam 4 5i Quicksand 4 94 Brown gravel 2 114 26 37^ Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Brown soil 2 2 Blue mud [Alluvium] 6i 84 Gravel, with water 6i 15 Blue [London] Clay 19 34 N. About 180 ft. east of Bow Creek and 600 ft. south of the junction of Bow Creek and Channel Sea River. 6 ft. 4 in. above Ordnance Datum. Brown soil i Brown mud Brown peat Blue mud Brown peat Fine, yellow gravel Blue [London ?] clay [''Brown stone (not a bed) I Light-brown sand I Light loam ^ Blue sand [AUuvium, 6i ft.] [Woolwich Beds ?] Thickness. Ft. In. 1 2 9 3 2 10 6 9 2 30 6 1 2 4 1 2 5 3 Depth. Ft. In. 1 3 9 4 6 10 7 4 16 6 47 48 2 52 3 54 3 59 6 0. Between Bow Creek and River Lea. 14 ft. 4 in. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made groimd H 14 Blue mud [Alluvium] 16 174 Yellow gravel 74 25 Bine [London] day 16 41 12. Blackwall, between the River Lea (Bow Creek) and Victoria Docks, near the Thames. 6' 68 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [Alluvium.] [Valley Drift, Sift.] London Clay .. (■ Yellow clay (^ Dark, stiff clay Rough, shingly gravel Soft mud and running sand, with water ( Rough shingly grarvel, with water [which rises with the tide in the Thames, according to Messrs. Docwra] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 12 14 5 19 li 20i 24 22f 37i 60i TEIAX. BOKINGS 6 13. Barking Creek (a little east of, and near the Thames ?). 66 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. / YeEow clay 2i 2i [Alluvium.] ( Dark clay 4 6 \Peat 13i 20 rVallev Tariff 1 [ Sharp, rough grit sand, with water . . . [Valley i>ritt.J | Roughs hard gravel, with water 3 23 13 36 [Thanet Sand ?] Fine sand and .mud, with water 10 46 ;UpperJ Chalk 13 59 327 BORINGS FOB DOCKS. Dagenham Dock. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 74, SW. and SE.). Communicated by W. H. Penning. 1. North of the Lake. [AUuvium.J Grave] and sand I Yelk)w or marsh-olav ( Peat [ Blue clay Thickness. Ft. 3 8 8 3 Depth. Ft, 3 11 22 2. Near the south of the Lake, on the eastern side. [AUuvium.] [Valley Drift.] ( Yellow clay ) Blue clay Peat I Blus clay f Gravel [Sand 2 7 15 17 19 24 Royal Albeit Docks (Sast Ham Level). Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 81, NE.). 41 borings, from a tracing communicated by the engineer, Mr. Andbos, show the following beds: — Alluvium ; varying in thickness from Sg to 39 ft. This consists of clayey beds (from 5 to 19 ft. thick), of peat, sometimes two beds (from a foot to 24 ft. thick), and occasionally of sand or silt, from a foot upward. Gra^jel ; from 6 to 24 ft. thick, where pierced through. Woolwich Beds, sometimes found; consisting of clays (partly with shells), sands, stone, marl and green sand with pebbles ; up to 28^ ft. thick. Thanet Sand, touched in two cases. The following are selected, as the most important borings : — 3. North-east of Woolwich Railway, about 100 yds. north of the eastern end , of the Victoria Dock. 7 ft. 7 in. below T.H.W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. ■ Brown clay 2 2 [AHttvium.l 1 Coloured clav 3 5 V Peat ...' 3* Si [River] Gravel ... 17| 26 Rock stone iorlj 27^? Hard stone 3 or 2 29i Blue clay, with shells ... 1* 31 [Woolwich ( Solid, blue cla.y 4? 35 Beds.] Clay, with shells 9 44 Coloured clay 4 48 Marl rock 1 49 Rook and sand 1 50 328 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Boyal Albert Docks, cont. 4. At the eastern end of the entrance to the Victoria Dock. 8 ft. below T.H.W.M. Thickness- ^^^^■i iPeat [River] Gravel Blue clay, with shells Brown sand White marl Light-brown sand Green sand [Woolwich Beds.] Ft. In. 5 5 6 12 8 6 7 1 8 5 10 2 2 6 Depth. Ft. In. 5 10 6 22 6 31 38 39 8 45 6 47 6 BO 5. East of the North Woolwich Railway, near the south-western comer of the Dock. 7| ft. below T.H.W.M. Thickness. Brown clay Blue dirt Peat [Alluvium, 25J ft.] [River] Gravel 6 1 31 6 Stone 2 9 34 3 Clay, with sheUs ... 2 36 3 Mixed sand 3 39 3 [Woolwich I Brown sand 2 8 41 11 Beds.] 1 White sand 3 1 45 Mixed sand 5 .50 Green sand and pebbles 6 56 Black sand and pebbles 4 60 Light-coloured Thanet Sand 16 61 6 6. East of the North Woolwich Railway, and about 100 yds. south of the south-western corner of the Dock. 8 ft. 2 in. above T.H.W.M. Ft. In. 3 6 9 15 8 Depth. Ft. In. 3 9 9 25 5 Brown clay Blue clay Peat Gravel ... Stone Gravel ... ' Marl rock Light-coloured sand Brown sand Mixture, of sands Green sand and pebbles Grey [Thanet] sand [Alluvium.] [River Drift.] [Woolwich Beds.] Thickness. | Ft. In. 2 3 6 12 7 6 1^1 ! 6 5 2 6 ?3 ?3 6 ?4 12 3» 6 Depth. Ft. In. 2 5 6 17 6 25 26 31 34 37 40 6 44 6 56 6 60 15. About 50 yds. north of the southern wall of the Dock, towards the middle 7^ ft. below T.H.W.M. [Alluvium.] [River Gravel Mould Clay Silt Peat Silt Peat [Woolwich Beds.] {sandstoM*^.. Thickness. Ft. 1 4 5i 12* 3 3 5 4| 2i Depth. Ft. 1 5 lOi 23 26 29 34 38| 41 TKIAL BOEINGS 329 Boyal Albert Docks, cont. New entrance. 1884 ? Communicated by Col. Mabtindale, R.E., C.B. Seven borings along a line prolonged from the side of the outer basin, beginning at about 440 ft. from the corner, and thence for about 580 ft., nearly to the river-bank. !a Clay, from over 4 to 9 ft. 5 Peat, from 9 to 14 ft. c Bog [marsh-clay], from 4 to 11 ft. d Silty sand, only in the three nearest the river, 2 to 4 ft. Depth to gravel, 22 to 30 ft., deepest near the river. Five borings, along the southern side of the proposed extension of the basin, parallel to the above, show the same beds, a 6 ft. thick ; b from 6 to 10 ; c over 5 to over 6 ; and d from 2 to 2^ ; the depth to the gravel varying from 23 to 33 ft. Eight borings along the middle of the new entrance, and nearly parallel to the other two sets, showed the following : — Filling [earth thrown out of the older dock], on the west, 11 to 13 ft. SClay, from 5 to 7^ ft. Peat, from 6^ to 9 ft. Bog [marsh-clay], from 6 to 12^ ft. Blue clay, from to 3^ ft. Depth to gravel, 24 to 34 ft. Having seen the works in progress, in 1885, I have inserted the term marsh- clay after ' bog,' as the latter might be taken to mean a sort of peat, whereas the bed is really of the same kind as the clay above the peat, though probably more moist. — W.W. New entrance, etc., works. Main Sump, -between entrance and basin. From information on the spot, February, 1885. [Alluvium.] Silt 4 [River Gravel.] { gi^d'and 'gravel .'.'.' 17 Chalk, at 47 ft. below Trinity High Water Mark ( ? 6 ft. below base of work. Tilbury Docks. (In the parishes of Chadwell St. Mary and Little Thurrock.) Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 88, NE., 89, NW.). A great number of borings were made, and accounts of them have been supplied by the East and West India Dock Company. The general order of the beds has been described with some details in the Memoir on the Geology of London, etc., vol. i, and two general sections have been given. It will be enough therefore to give here a selection from the deeper of the original borings, especially those which have been carried through to the Chalk. 3. A little north-east of the north-eastern corner of the eastern graving- dock and about 35 ft. westward of the point where the sections figured (Geology of London, voli i, p. 468) cross. 6 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [Alluvium.] Soil [? discoloured marsh-clay] ... ■ Blue clay ... Peat Blue clay Peat Blue clay and wood Peat Blue clay and reeds , Dead sand [? River Drift] FUnts Chalk Thickness. Ft. 5i 2 2 m 6 12 2 6 1 3 Depth. Ft. 5i n 21i 274 39f 41| 49i 55i 66i 59i 330 ESSEX WATEH SUPPLY. Tilbury Docks, cont. 29. Near the north-eastern comer of the Eastern Branch Dock. About 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. r Brown clay 4| 4i Blue clay l&i 15i Pteat 6J 214 [Alluvium.] ' Blue clay 5 264 Peat 14 28 Sand 3 31 / Ballast 1 32 Loamy sand 2 34 [River Drift, Ballast and sand 7 41 27i ft.] Sand 4i 45i Ballast and sand 7 52J '\ Rough ballast 6 58J Chalk 2 60i 30. At the north-western comer of the Western Branch Dock. About 5 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. ( Brown clay 24 24 Dark brown elay 4 64 Peat 14 8 Clay and reeds 7 15 [AUuvium.] Peat 6 20 Blue clay n 27i Peat li 28* I Sand 2 30| Rough ballast and sand 14 44| [River Drift, ( Fine ballast and sand ... 6 50i- 25J ft.] , Rough ballast 54 56" r Chalk Flints I Chalk If 57t [Upper Chalk.] li 59 1 60 31. On the river-bank, north of the outer end of the Western Jetty. 11 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Mud, stones, etc. [? partly river- wall] 9 9 ' Mud and peat ... 2 11 Blue clay 9 20 Peat 24 22| Blue clay 34 26 / Peat 54 314 [AUuvium,43ft.] Stiff, blue clay ^ 36 Peat 44 401 Clay and peat ... 1 414 Peat and wood 2f 44i LSand ^f 52 [River Gravel] Ballast 16 68 Chalk ... 2 70 TEIAL BOEINGS 331 Tilbury Docks, cont. 32. On the river-bank, north-eastward of the outer end of the Western Jetty 10 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Mud, stones, etc. [? in part river- wall] Blue clay Peat Blue clay- Clay and peat ... Peat Clay and peat ... Peat Blue clay Loamy sand Sand [AUuvium,49ftr.] [River Drift, Ui ft.] Chalk ... ( Rough ballast .., s Sand and ballast [ Rough ballast ... Thickness. Ft. 4i 13 2 6 1 8 3f 2 8 3i If 9 4 H 3 Depth. Ft. m 25i 26J 34i 38 40 48 5U 53| 62i 33. On the shore, westward of the Eastern 11 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Jetty. 67-1 70J [Alluvium.] [River Drift.] Chalk / Mud and peat ... Mud Peat Blue clay Peat Wood Peat Blue clay Peat ^ Loamy sand f Rough ballast .., l Sand and ballast Thickness. Ft. 2 10 3 3 14 2 54 2+ 2f 3 7 4 Depth. Ft. U 34 13* 16| 19i 21" 23 28^ 31 33i 36i 43i m 36. Near the further end of the Eastern Jetty, reached Chalk at a slightly lower level. 14a, 13a, 12a, 16a and 27a are along the line of the section fig. 100 of the ' Geology of London,' vol. i, by the southern side of the main dock, the first three being westward of No. 3 and the other two eastward. The distances between them are 175 ft., except between 12a and 16a, which are about 210 ft. apart. These, therefore, with 3, will show the changes of the beds along the section : they will be described from westward to eastward. 14a. 6 ft. below T.H.W.M. Soil [? discoloured marsh-clay] . Blue clay Peat Blue clay Clay and peat . Peat Blue clay Wood and clay , Peat Blue clay Sand and peat Ballast [River Gravel] ... Chalk [Aflnvium.] ( Thickness. Ft. In. 4 9 2 6 1 14 9 2 6 4 9 1 2 1 4 12 3 10 14 6 4 Depth. Ft. In. 4 9 7 3 8 3 23 26 6 29 6 38 6 39 8 41 53 3 64 1 68 7 72 7 332 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Tilbury Docks, cont. 13a. 6 ft. 8 in. below T.H.W.M. 1 Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Soil [? discoloured marsh-clay] ... 6 3 6 3 /Blue clay 2 8 8 11 Peat I 3 10 2 Blue clay 11 6 21 8 Clay and peat ... 3 5 25 1 Peat 5 30 1 [Alluvium.] I Clay and peat ... 10 40 1 Peat 6 9 45 10 Blue clay 5 7 51 5 Peat 9 52 2 ^ Loam and peat ... 1 5 53 7 Ballast [River Gravel] ..." 13 66 7 Chalk 2 68 7 . 12a. Nearly 7 ft. 4 in. below T.H.W.M., over 60 ft. from Boring 3 Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. SoU [? discoloured marsh-clay] ... 6 6 r Blue clay ...] 2 6 8 6 Peat 1 6 10 Blue clay 7 1 17 1 Peat 6 9 23 10 Blue clay 2 25 10 Peat 1 8 27 6 [AUu-vium.] ' Clay and peat ... 11 4 38 10 Peat 5 6 44 4 Clay and peat ... 3 47 4 Peat 1 48 4 Clay 4 8 53 . Dead .sand 1 10 54 10 Ballast [River Gravel] 9 2 64 Chalk 2 3 66 3 27a. 8i ft. below T.H W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Surface [? discoloured marsh-clay] 3 9 3 9 / Blue clay 3 9 7 6 Peat 6 8 Blue clay 15 23 Peat 4 6 27 5 [Alluvium.] ^Bi„eclay ... 11 3 38 8 Peat 4 5 43 1 Blue clay 9 52 1 , Dead sand 3 2 55 3 Rough ballast [River Gravel] 2 5 57 8 Chalk 2 59 8 16a. 7 ft. li in. below T .H.W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. Surface [? discoloured marsh -clay] 4 7 4 7 ' Blue clay 17 4 21 11 Peat 5 6 27 5 Clay and peat ... 11 38 5 [Alluvium.] { Peat 2 40 6 Clay and peat ... 6 4 45 9 Peat and wood . . . 6 46 3 (Undescribed) ... 2 6 48 9 [River Drift, 1 Sand and ballast 2 60 9 lOift.] ( (Undescribed) ... 1 51 9 1 BaUast 7 3 69 Chalk ... 3 62 TRIAL BORINGS 333 In 8, on. the western wall of the main dock, a little south-east of its middle spot, Chalk was not touched after passing through about 50 ft. of Alluvium and 12 of gravel. On the Dock Estate, on the other side of the railway from the docks, these borings, made (in 1885) and communicated by Messrs. Islee, reached the Chalk at 63 ft., the beds above consisting of about equal parts of Alluvium and of coarse gravel. Victoria Docks (Flaistow Level). Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 81, NE.). From notes and specimens communicated by G. Aitchison.' (Nos. 1 and 2, on the northern side, Nos. 3, 4 and 5, on the southern.) 1. Near the north-eastern corner of 'Export Shed.' ( River mud [Alluvium, 11 ft.] I Peat iSilt ( Rough gravel [River Drift, 16 ft.] ( Gravel ... I, Sand [gravelly] 2. North Dock Bank, 140 ft. west of ' Searchers.' Through the bank (made ground) which is about 16 ft. above the marsh-level, to gravel, 26 ft. 8. At the western end of the [former] rifle-range, at the southern end of F Shed. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 7 9 2 11 2 13 12 25 - 2 27 5. At [former] rifle-butt, 250 yds. east of F Shed. [Alluvium.] Soil [alluvial clay] Peat Blue mud [alluvial clay, dries brown] Peat, to gravel Thickness. Thickness. Ft. Ft. (3.) 1 (5.) 1 6 6 19 16 4. On marsh, 125 yds. east of F Shed, midway between 3 and 5. ISoU [ ? alluvial clay] Blue river-mu'd [dried 'browiii '. '. '. Peat Gravel, varying from coarse at top to sand at bottom, to [London] Clay Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 6 5 4 9 7 16 u 17-3: 174 35 Plaistow Marsh. ( ? at river-side) opposite to Woolwich Dockyard. From the ' Sections of Borings for the proposed Tunnel Sewer,' by J. Phillips, Surveyor (1849). Surface about 7| ft. below T.H.W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. ,..,, . f Brownish loam 2 2 2 2 ^■^^l^f' Brown clay 110 4 IZftt.J \ Peat, with masses of wood (3 beds) ... 8 9 12 9 rTT 11 n 1 f Coarse, grey sand 2 4 15 1 ■^^^ooT.??' Sharp, shingly gravel 20 35 1 23ift.J I aean, sharp sand 10 36 1 [Upper] Chalk with courses of flint every 4 or 5 ft. ... 64 100 1 334 ESSEX WATER SITPPLY. BORINGS rOR RAILWAYS. Four borings [along the line of a proposed railway]. Division 1, London to Cambridge. From a book of MS. borings in the Geological Survey Office. No. 6. Theydon Garnon. — 25 chains south of road at Coopersale Forest, beyond road from Park House to Epping. Ordnance Map 240. Yellow clay 10 ~J Red sand ^ ( 62 ft Black clay and sand ... 45 C Strong blue clay ... 4 J No. 7. Takely. — At a point 16 chains south of the road from Brick End to Wood Farm. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. [Boulder Clay.] [bi^^ clay, with small Chalk, very hard 22} ^*- No. 8. Deiden. — At a point 49 chains north of the road to Sibley's Farm. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. [Boulder Clay.] [ gj^g clay' intermixed with Chalk .'.'.' 29.' ;}ft. No. 9. Wimhish. — At a point 26 chains north of the road from Elder Street to Debden. Ordnance Map 222, new ser. TBoulder Olav 1 i ^^^^ intermixed with stones ... l- L Blue clay intermixed with small stony Chalk 4?} "■ London, Tilbury and Southend Railway. Lea Biver and Bow Creek Bridge {partly in Middlesex). Ordnance Map 266, new ser. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwea. 1. Outside pier, by the western side of the Lea. Thickness. Soil and stones, and black sand and stones r.„ . , (Soft mud [AUuvmm.] [p^^^ Ballast [River Gravel], rough and clean, except the bottom 6 ins. ; to blue [London] Clay 2a. Between the piers. Made ground r A 11 • 1 f Blue clay [Alluvium.] Ip^^j. •>'_ Ballast [River Gravel] Sandy blue [London] clay ... [ Black sand r„ Tj i i,„ 1 Sand and shells [? Basement-bed, pgUbles or Oldhaven Beds.] \ ^^^^^^'^^^^- ^ Black sand and shells Ft. 4 6 1 Depth. Ft. 4 10 11 20 [Reading Beds.] {Motted ciy Soil (a foot), and then black sand and stones ..,„ . , ( Light-coloured mud [Alluvium.] |pg|t Ballast [River Gravel], rough and firm, bottom foot; to blue [London] Clay ... except Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. 4 4 8 - 12 2 14 9 23 26 49 4 53 1 54 1 55 2* 1 •• • 57i 59 59J- i 60 de of the Lea. ... 4 4 6 10 the ^ 14i ... H 21 TEIAL BORINGS 335 S. Near the other [eastern ?] bank of the Lea, south of the railway. Made ground 3 I 3 Soft black mud [Alluvium] 14J 17^ Ballast [River Gravel] small [fine] loose and dirty ; to blue [London] clay 9^ 27 4. On the same piece of land as 3, near Bow Creek, and north of the railway. FAlluvium 1 f Soi^a foot) and then loam and clay ... ''^ | ft ■-' (. Dark mud and soft decayed wood . . . 13-^ ) 6. Close to pier, on the other [eastern] side of Bow Creek. [AUuvium.] ("Soft mud (Soft sand [River Gravel]. Ballast ; fine and dir^,y for 4 ft. ; rough and clean for 3 ; fine and clean for 7 ; to blue [London] clay ... Thickness. Ft. 10 3 14 Depth. Ft. 10 13 27 6. Outside the other pier, and a little way from the Creek. Soft mud [Alluvium] 12 ft. Tough hard ballast [Gravel] 10 ft. Great Eastern Railway. Maldon. Ordnance Map 241, new ser. (Essex 54, NW.). Viaduct over the Blackwater, 1885 ? Communicated by W. T. Foxlee, Resident Engineer. Four holes and borings on the northern side of the river, beginning about 90 ft. from the edge of the stream and ending at the edge. Depth dug (the rest bored) • Gravel 1 [ ^^^^^ Srave] l^ravei.j < c)„„ j.„ m-a.™l 17 m 22 22 1 nearly 1 nearly 1 i 5 5i 54 5 H ' 4 5 3i m 1 22 25J 28 Soil [River v.ravei.j ^^^^^^ ^^^'^^ [London] Clay Two holes and borings in the river-bed, towards the northern and southern banks. Depth dug (the rest bored) ... [KiverGiaveJ.J [ Course gravel [London] Clay 16 294 17 1-i 3i 27J Four holes and borings on the southern side of the river, beginning close to it and ending about 100 ft. from it. Depth dug (the rest bored) ... I Black mud ... [AUuvium.] ( Coarse gravel I Clay FRiver Gravel 1 I ^^'^^^ S"^^^®' [River Gravel.] | ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ [London] Clay The four northern and the four southern holes are at intervals of 30 ft. from each other (from centre to centre). The northern bole in the river-bed is separated by about 30 ft. from that on the land to the north, whilst the southern hole in the river-bed is 35 ft. from that on the land to the south, the gap between the two being about 95 ft. t2 24 20 20 20 3i 2 1 over ij 4i 24 4J H 3 3i 29 If 5 24 2i 24i 336 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Bamsey. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 21, SW.)- Along low-water-mark of the River Stour by Ramsay Bay, or Ray Island, west of Harwich. 1875. Communicated by Mr. J. B. Ceawfobd. 1. North-north-east of the eastern end of the island, 2| ft. above low water of spring tides. Soft black mud [Alluvium] 28^ ") >r. fj. Sand and gravel [? River Drift] ... 11^) "' 2. North-north-west of the eastern end of the island, 2^ ft. above low water of spring tides. [Alluvium.] I Soft black mud ... 28^ I Peat 1 I ^21 ft rox>- TV -m (Fine sand 1^1 ^ [? River Drift.] | Sand and gravel ... 11^ j Left off in a bed of flints, with hardly any sand. 3. North-westward of the eastern end of the island, 4 ft. above low water of spring tides. Soft black mud [Alluvium] 25^ ] m- T. -f^-if Sand 1 >34f ft. [River Drift.] | ^^^^ ^^^ g^^^^j gi / MISCELLANEOUS BORINGS. Barking. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. Messrs. E. Easton and Co. Testing for brick-clay. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Grand and Stjtcliff. Dug well (the rest bored) [? gravel] rT>- T^ xi T (Gravel [River Drift.] [ Qr^^el and sand Blue [London] clay Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 11 11 7 18 5 23 29 52 Canvey. Four borings, for testing the ground. For Messrs. Jacobs and Barringer. At the south-western end of the island. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 77, SW., or 85, NW.). Made and communicated by Messrs. Isles and Co. These are of interest as showing the character of the Alluvium. Mould (soil in 4) ' Brown clay (sandy in 3) Blue clay (and mud in 2) Black compost [? peaty earth] Grey sand Sand and clay , Grey sand [Alluvium.] I Total .. Depth of water-level.. 1 2 3 4 Dug. Dug Dug 3 ft. 4 ft. Hit- i i i n H 6 5 5 6 7 2 29 i i — — — . 23J 26i 18 19 7 25 6 22J — 67 38 49 66 19 14 14i 14 (trial bobings 337 Chadwell St. Mary's. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 89, NW.). Communicated by J. H. Gebathbad. Boring at 'World's End' Tavern by the shore, eastward of Tilbury Station, which, with the Docks, is not in Tilbury parish. Thickness. Depth It. Ft. Soil 2 2 f-Clay ... 3 5 Mud 20i 25| Peat 9 34i [Alluvium,] ( Mud 7 41i Peat 4 454 Silt 12 57i ^ Peat 2 59| [River] Gravel li 61 Boring between Railway Street and ' World's End ' Tavern. Communicated by J. H. Geeathead. Soil [Alluvium.] [River] Gravel f Clay I Mud \ Peat [ Mud and silt ickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 1 1 2i 34 12i 16 84 244 28| 53 Dagenham. Ordnance Map 2o7, new ser. Marsh. Western side of Creek (Dagenham Breach) and by side of Thames. 6'9 ft. above Ordnance Datum. From a MS. Book of Borings in the Engineer's Of5.ce, Metropolitan Board of Works. (No. 14.) [Alluvium, 16 ft.] Thickness. Ft. Dept Ft. Yellow clay 3 3 River-mud, with water 4 7 I Peat 9 16 [" Silty, running sand and water 6 22 Green, silty sand and water 6 28 Gravelly sand and gravel 6 34 Rough, shingly gravel 16 50 Muddy sand and water, with small pebbles 13 63 [Valley Drift and Lower London Tertiaries ?] East Ham LeveL Ordnance Maps 257, 271, new ser. Beckton Gas Works. Four borings, communicated by Mr. J. Fitter. These borings are in a part of the Thames Marshes, which, although on the northern side of the river, really belongs to Kent. 1. (In the river-bed) 100 ft. from River Bank, 12 ft. below T.H.W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. [Mud 16 16 [Alluvium.] ( Peat 7 8 23 8 ^ I Silt 2 8 26 4 [River Gravel] Ballast 9 6 35 10 [ThanetSand,8ft.]{|;*yClay 5 2 2 10 41 43 10 Chalk 6 49 10 338 ESSEX WATER SITPPLY. East Ham Level, cont. 2. (On the river bank) 15 ft. from the water's edge, 1 ft. below T.H.W.M. Thickness. Depth. Ft. In. Ft. In. fMud 17 6 17 6 [Alluvium.] Peat 9 26 6 ISiltyclay 3 11 30 5 [Biver Gravel] BaUast 18 4 48 '9 Dark green [Thanet] Sand, to Chalk. 20 3 69 3. 200 ft. from the water's edge, slightly above T.H.W.M. I- Mud [Alluvium.] ( Peat ICIay ... [Biver Gravel] Ballast [Thanet Sand] Silt, to Chalk 11 16 1 19 37 10 5 9 3 11 10 27 10 29 3 49 86 3 4. .504 ft. from the water's edge, 7 ft. below T.H.W.M. Soil ( Clay [Alluvium, 21f ft.] Peat I SUty Sand [Biver Gravel] Ballast ... Green, silty [Thanet] Sand, to Chalk 1 8i lOi 2|- 28i 24 20 22J 51 75 North Woolwich. Communicated by J. H. Gkeathead. At south-eastern corner ftf field, west of the G.E.E. Station. Over 14 ft. above Ordnance Datum. [Alluvium, 23 ft.] Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 5 9 14 2i 161 3 19i 4 23j 3i 27 1 28 21i 49i 15 64t s. south of No . 1. Datum. 2 ft to Chalk. [Alluvium.] Biver] Gravel [Upper Chalk.] ' Soil and made ground Mud Clay , Peat I Loam Peat I Mud [Biver Drift]. Sand and fine gravel White chalk, with few flints 2. Foreshore of the Thai Over 2 ft. below Ordna Mud and peat ... 9 Sand and gravel ... 23 North Woolwich Bailway Station. Shaft for proposed tunnel under the Thames. 1888? Communicated by Mr. T. A. Walkeb. Over 7 ft. above high-watei of Spring tides. Thickness. Ft. 16i 3 30 11 1 3 i 2i faay ... (Peat Chaik ... FUnts ... Loose chalk Flints ... Loose chalk, ful of water Hard chalk, with 3-in. beds of flints at the top and at the bottom ... 5i Depth. Ft. 16i 19i 49|- 60i 61i 64J 65i 67* 72f tfelAt BOEINGS 339 Silvertown. Trial borings at Prince Regent's Wharf, near North Woolwich. 1872. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. (in the tide-way.) [Alluvium] ^Mud [River] Gravel 1. 2. 3. 29 6 29 6 23 5 Gas Light and Coke Company. 1881. Trial boring (No. 1). Made and communicated by Messrs. Tillev. j Mould '- ■■' I River mud and peat [ Peat Ft. ,1 4 6 4 Ins. 15 ft. 2 ins. East Tilbury. Ordnance Map 272, new ser. Borings, made for the War Office at Ooalhouse Port, show that there is silt and mud to the depth of 53 ft. Elsenham. Borings in the Hall Park. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. a. East end of park. Boulder Clay, 40 ft. 6. Near the house. Boulder clay ISg Red and yellow sand ... 13 I 31i ft. c. In paddock, south of the house. Loam ... ... ... 6 Red and yellow sand ... 24 30 ft. Epping. Ordnance Map 240, new. ser. Pour trials at Epping Green. Made and communicated by Mr. 6. Ingold. Boulder Clay London Clay Near School. Near Chapel. Vicarage. N. side of Road. 16 9 16 9 18 10 18 4 Grays. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. (Essex 83, SE.). New Pier. 1868. Bored and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. [Mud [Alluvium.] (Peat I Blue sand ... [River] Gravel, to Chalk ... 22i ft. 340 ESSEX WATEB, SUPPLY. Grays, cont. Three trial-borings in the Marsh. 1891. Communicated by W. H. Radfokd. a. Nearly an eighth of a mile south of the Brewery. Stiff clay ... 4' [Alluvium.] { Soft clay Peat ^8 [ 28 it [River] Gravel b. About a sixth of a mile southward of the Brewery, and south-east of a. ( Clay ... 10 1 [AUuvium.] Soft mud ... 4 ) 18 ft. i Clay ... 4 J [River] Gravel. c. Less than half-a-mile south-south-east of the Brewery, and over half-a-mile south-south-west of Little Thurrock Church. . Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. ' Brown clay ^ 4i Brown peat 1 Blue clay 15 20J [Alluvium.] Black peat 7 274 Blue clay 8 35i ^ Black peat 4 m [River] Gravel ... 14 41 Messrs. H. and W. Gibbs' Pulp Works. 1886. Made and communicated by Messrs. Le Geand and Stjtcliff. Made ground and rubbish 14 7 Chalk and flints 26) 40 ft. Hornchurch Sluice, 1839. Ordnance Map 267, new ser. Communicated by J. B. Redman. Surface of Apron 15 ft. below T.H.W.M. rPeat 10 ] [Alluvium. ] ( Light, soft Clay 3 ) 14^ ft. to gravel. [ Dark, silty Clay 1^ J Lea Bridge, 1854. Ordnance Map 256. Borings made and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwra and Son. Nos. 1 to 5, 8, 10, 11. ( Yellow clay, 1^ to 3^-. [Alluvium.] ( Blue clay, to 3. [ Peat, to 8. r-sr„n=^ 1^^^*+ i ^ Black gravel, lOi in No. 1, touched in the rest. [Valley Drift.] [ ^^^ g^^^^j^ 3^ -^ j^^ ^_ Nos. 6 and 7, showed only 3 ft. of yellow clay above black gravel. No. 9. [Alluvium, 4 ft.] [Valley Drift, 9 ft. [? Lower London Tertiaries.] (■ Yellow clay I Blue clay , C Black gravel ■' \ Grey gravel Coloured [mottled] sand Grey sand Green sand, to dark sand Thickness. Ft. 2i li ^ 6 64 11 Depth. Ft. 24 4 84 13 19 25i TRIAL BORINGS 341 Navestock. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. Tan House Farm. 1891. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Brown Clay ... 9^ London Clay ... 24, 33 ft. Prittlewell. For Messrs. Bird and Co. 1876. Made and communicated by Messrs. DocwsA and Son. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. H 3* 2^ 6 3i 94 15 24i 1 254 6 314 Surface soil [Drift, 6 ft.] {iTuit [gravel], ( Yellow clay [London Clay.] I Loamy clay [ Blue clay Radwinter. Ordnance Map 205 or 222, new ser. Cowlass HaU. 1892. Made and communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. Brown clay Sand Loose chalky clay Brown clay Blue clay ... Total Kainhain. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. (Essex 82, NE.). 1. 2. 3. 4. 2 4 5 2 12 6 7 4 11 12 11 174 19 18 18 1. Near the railway-station . Two borings. Thickness. Ft. Depth. Ft. Mould ; 1 1 Brown clay Light-brown clay Loamy sand Black peat Live grey sand 2 2 2 1 8 3 5 7 8 16 Live sand and pebbles 26 42 Coloured sands and stone ... 6 48 Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. Mould 1 1 Brown clay 2 3 Light-brown clay Black peat Loamy sand Running sand Ballast [Gravel] Running sands 2 4 3 7 5 7 5 9 12 19 24 31 342 teSSEX WATER STTPPLY. Rainham, cont. 2. City Corporation Wharf. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb and Co. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. Thames dredgings 9 9 [Alluvium.] ( Clay and mud . Peat 3 10 12 22 . Clay and peat . 8i 30i f Ballast [Gravel]. 1 31i Sand If 33 Ballast 9 42 [? River Drift.] ( Mud and sand . 1 43 Sand 4 47 Fine ballast 10 57 Concrete [? concreted gravel] ... 4 57i ? Depth from surface, 65 ft Southend. Ordnance Map 258, new ser. (Essex 78, SE.). Gasworks, Lower Southend. Westward of the old Gas-holders and Storehouse. 10 borings, made and communicated by Messrs. Docwea. TAii • -I (Soil, or sand (thin) and clsiy lOA to 12i [Alluvium.] I pg^^ (^^^tly^x ft.) ... l|to 2| [River Drift.] Ballast [gravel] and sand (in one case 10 ft.) | to 2^ To [London] Clay, and in two cases 4^ to 5 ft. in it. Pier. Five borings. Made and communicated by Messrs. Docwba. 1. 200 ft. from inside face of brickwork, back of entrance and 7 ft. westward of edge of piles. Mud 1 lir ft Hard blue [London] Clay... 14 ) ^° "• 2. By Octagon, C ft. west from angle of Band-stand, 350 ft. from No. 1. Hard blue [London] Clay, 15 ft. 3. 11 ft. westward of pier, 2,020 ft. from No. 2. [River-deposit.] { p^J'j^j^ ^J^^jj^ -^ ^^-^ H ^5 f^_ Soft blue [London] Clay 7 J 4. 7 ft. westward of pier, 2,000 ft. from No. 3. Mud and cockle-shells . Blue clay and sand 5. Head of pier. Sand and mud ... 1 > Blue clay and sand ... ■ 24^ j ? Stanford le Hope. Sea Reach (of the old map, not named on the new one, 258, new ser.), near low-water-mark of Spring-tides. Piles for a lighthouse on the foreshore of the Thames. About 1850. Sir J. N. Douglass, Froc. Inst. Civ. Eng., voL ci, p. 47. [Alluvium,] Mud, loam and sand, to compact shingle [gravel?], 56 ft. Stanford Kivers. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 50, SE.). Toot Hill. About 1^ miles north-west of the church. 1871. . Eight borings. Made and communicated by Messrs. Tilley. To blue [London] Clay [through Boulder Clay ?] 16 to 30 ft. In „ ,, ,, 4 ,, 40 ,, Total depth 22 ,, 70 „ In one case 4 ft. of silt recorded above the blue clay. .?J 20 ft. 25J, ft. tUlAL BORINGS 343 Weeley. Ordnance Map 224, new ser. (Essex 38, NW.)- Geologic Map 48, SW. For the Eastern Counties Coal Boring Association. On the northern side of the little stream about 100 yds. north-east of the railway station. Finished in 1896. Made and communicated by Vivian's Boring Co. (with remarks from specimens, chiefly by A. J. Jukes-Bbowne). Dianjond-boring began at 730 ft. Soil [London Clay. 124 ft.] (? and Thanet) 71 ft.] [Upper Chalk, 420Jft.] Sandy clay Clay Shale and clay ... Blue shale Blue sandy shale ... I Grey sandy shale Grey sandy clay ("Grey clay and cobbles [Basement- ) [pebbles] bed.] 1 Grey clay and small (^ flint-stones [pebbles]... r-n J- -D J r Yellow clay, very soUd ^f^t^TlS Brown pinLl I 1 Green sand. (^ Brown sandy clay i Chalk and flint-stones Grey [?damp] chalk, with ten layers of flints White chalk, with 32 layers of flints... [Middle] Grey chalk, with flints in nine layers (gre3ash, streaky at 634 J ft. ; cream-coloured and whitish at 647^; nearly white at 680, 700 and 720; soft and white at 730 ; marl-band at 736-37 ; soft and white at 740 ; rough, nodular, with dark grey patches, at 788 ; from 836 down rough, nodular and shelly in parts, and with grey veins in parts, (Melbourne Rock ?) / Grey marly chalk (pale greenish chalk, chalk with greenish and grey veins, and pale greenish marl [=Belemnite Marl], the greenish tints fading after a long time Grey chalk (greenish and white, lamin- ated, marly, at 853 ; Ught-greenish- grey flaky marl, certainly Belemnite Marl, at 854, 854J; firm, nearly white, at 855 ; firm, whitish at 864 ( and 884 Grey marly chalk (firm, whitish, at 900) Grey marl (hard greyish-white chalk at 922 ; firm Ught-grey chalk at 940 and 953) Grey .marly chalk (Chalk Marl, mostly compact ; friable at 1,000) ... Grey marl (compact and fiaky at 11,013) Green sand and pebbles (dark greenish glauconiticmarl, phosphatic nodules) /Gault (grey shaly clay at 1,027; more compact grey clay at 1,032) I Green sand and pebbles (stiff glau- \ comitic clay, with black phosphatic nodules) Gault (smooth grey clay at 1,040) [Lower Chalk, 173Jft.] [Gault, 76 ft.] ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 1 1 li 24 1 3 3 6i 48i .55 ^ 59^ 23i 83 40 123 1 124 1 125 3 128 30 158 22 180 16 196 i 1964 169-^ 366 250| 6164 228* 64 324 24 484 49 11 2 174 24 56 845 851i 884 908 9564 1,0054 1,0164 1,0184 1,036 1,0384 1,0944 344 ESSEX WATEU SUPPLY. [? Silurian.] or Cambrian ? Weeley, cont. Grey sandy shale Broken grey sandy shale (at 1,120 oompaot dark grey slate, cleavage- planes well-marked, at 85° from horizontal) Jointy grey sandy shale ... . ... ,Undescribed Thickness. Ft. 5 62 38i 21i Depth. Ft. 1,099 l,161i 1,200 1.221i The word shale, applied to the London Clay, must allude merely to the fissile character of the clay, along planes of bedding; the shale of the old rock at the bottom is a different thing. The cores of this are of hard stone, often much disturbed, crushed and folded. The bedding of these is at a high angle, and this was thought to be in a southerly direction. No fossils have been found, therefore one can do no more than class them as Silurian. There seems to be some doubt as to the depth 851^, which perhaps should be 854^. It is said that when in ' soft gault ' there was trouble from a large quantity of some kind of gas, which made the water ' boil up ' in the hole; The following fossils were recorded by A. J. Jttkes-Beowne : — Holaster glohosus at 884 ft., Ammonites Mantelli and Turrilites tuberculatus at 999 ft. ; many specimens of Avicula gryphaeoides. M. MorELON wrote that samples of the old rock resemble the Cambrian of Belgium, especially the Revinian division. Prof. W. W. Watts thinks that the old rock has " its closest parallel in that underlying the fossiliferous Cambrian rocks at the Spinney Hills, Leicestershire." {Geol. Mag., 1915, pp. 198, 199.) West Ham. Ordnance Map 257, new ser. 1. Stratford. Messrs. Winstones' Works, Reynolds Estate. Made by Messrs. Docwea, 1876. Communicated by Mr. B. Winstone. ! Puddled Sandy clay [River Gravel.] BaUast [?London.] Clay 2. Distillery. 1861. Boring made and communicated by Messrs. T. Docwea and Son. Gravel and sand [?Lower London r Yellow clay Tertiaries.] | Running sand 1, Blue clay West Thurrock. Ordnance Map 271, new ser. Purfleet. On the works of the Steamship Owners' Coal Association. Communicated by Mr. J. H. Andeeson. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. — . 6 3 9 3 12 3 15 24 39 6 45 Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 16 16 2 18 17 35 2 37 TRIAL BOEINGS 345 , A. At approach to Purfleet Pier. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Mixed filling 10 10 Soft filling 10 20 StifferfiUing 3.34 23.34 (Peat \ Blue clay [Alluvium.] < Stiff blue clay 5.16 28.5 3.83 32.33 7.67 40 1 Peat and mud 2 42 VPeat 1 43 C Rough ballast [gravel] 4 47 [River Drift.] ] Fine dirty ballast 3 50 (. Clean sandy ballast 11.6 61.5 Chalk 5.5 67 B. On sea-wall 640 ft. nearer Grays. Gaswork-refuse 14 14 ( Brown clay 1 15 \Stifimud 7 22 [Alluvium.] < Peat m 34i j Mud and peat 74 42 ' Black peat li 43^ rui .», T> ;f4. 1 (^ Running sand [River Drift.] | ^^ ^^^^ j^^j,^^^ ^ 20 45 65 Chalk 2 67 346 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ANALYSES OF SPRING WATERS. « We have a fair number of analyses of waters from springs, and besides those given under this heading a few have been tabu- lated with neighbouring well-waters, for the purpose of ready comparison, as will be seen from the cross-references or the Index, under Springs. Many analyses of so-called mineral waters have been given bj Miss ilAY Theesh, in the work she did with Mr. M. Chhisty, which has been referred to on pp. 51, 52. These having been so lately published are not included here ; but the reader is referred to the original. Some few analyses now given, however, would justify the inclu- sion of the waters, whether from springs or wells, amongst mineral waters, as much as in the cases which have been so honoured. The definition of a mineral or medicinal water is somewhat loose : some folk say that it depends on the nastiness. Strictly, perhaps, water is itself a mineral : certainly all waters contain a good deal of what is usually called mineral matter; but the adjective is used in connection with water only when there is an unusual amount of some substance in the water, giving this an exceptional (and generally a medicinal) character. Asheldham. Southminster Public Supply, see p. 73. Sample from Water Tower, Asheldham. By Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. 20th April, 1912. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 2-5 Probably combined as : — Mg. •6 Calcium carbonate 1- Na. 2-3 Calcium sulphate 3-4 CO, ■6 Calcium chloride 3- so; 2-4 Magnesium chloride 2-3 Cl. 3-5 Sodium nitrate 8-6 NO, 6-2 Etc. •3 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C, 18'5. Hardness, Total, 12°. Free ammonia -004 Organic ammonia -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at^37° C. ... -016 Nitrites ... ... ... ... ... nil- Clear and bright. Excellent appearance. Very faint yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. An analysis of about 1900 shows a total solid contents of 20, a total liardness of only 8°, and other slight differences. Braintree Surface-springs. Made by Thomas Carbonate of lime , , magnesia Sulphate of lime Chloride of sodium Silica Iron and alumina Organic matter Spencer. In parts November, 1852 per 100,000. 14-57 3- 3-14 3-86 1-57 2-14 1-71 Total solid contents . . 30- ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS 347 Braintree, cont. In parts per 100,000. Total solid contents by experiment after filtration 29' 06 Hardness, Clark's scale 15-2° Hardness, after boiling 10 minutes 7-6° Clear and bright. Well aerated. Well flavoured. Had very little matter in suspension. Chelmsford. Admiral's Park spring, see pp. 7J, 370, 371. Two analyses, A.— By [Sir] E. Feankland. August, 1896. B.— By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 22nd November, 1911, when it was the supply taken for the North Ward of Chelmsford. Sample taken at Admiral's Park. In parts per 100^000. Probably combined as -.- Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate... Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate . . . Etc Total solids Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total ... Ammonia : Free „ Organic ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites * In A. nitrates are indicated as Nitrogen in Nitrates and Nitrites ; In B. as NO3. The figures in brackets are calculated from the other aste- risked figure in the same column for comparison. A. — Though of very high organic purity, is partly derived from impure sources and is not to be recommended for dietetic purposes unless coming from a deep wfell (100 ft. or more). Would require filtration on account of turbidity. B. — Clear and bright. No deposit. Very faint yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. Analyses of Burgess Well springs and Harrington's Garden springs are given on pp. 370, 371. A B Ca. — 13-6 Mg. — •9 Na. — 2-8 CO3 — 18 SO^ — . 6-2 CI. 2-8 3-3 *N03 (■213) 3;6 *N(as nitrates) •048 (•81) A B . 30 _ 5-4 — . 3- — 1-2 — 3-9 — 4-9 — •6 (Dried at 180° C.) 43-4 49 23-2 22° 4-3 10° 27^5 32° •002 •001 — •006 — •028 — Nil St. Peter's Well. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO, CI. NO, 123 •65 4^85 17-6 7^4 31 3-7 Coggeshall. By J. C. Thresh. 2nd June, 1912. In parts per 100,000. Probably comb'ned as : — Calcium carbonatt ... Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness Total 31° 29^3 2^05 3^25 5- 5^1 4^9 •4 50 • 348 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Coggeshal!, cont. In parts per 100,000. Free ammonia -000 Organic ammonia -005 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -008 Nitrites Nil. Clear and bright. No odour. Reaction neutral. Colchester. Spring at foot of town. From gravel over London Clay. Sixth Bep. Biv. Poll. Comm. 1874, p. 127. Temperature centigrade, 8' 9°. 2nd April, 1873. Total solid impurity Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen *Previous sewage or animal contamination Chlorine In parts per 100,000 ... 154-7 •176 •057 •001 7^395 7-453 ... 73640- 27-5 • Hardness: Temporary, 18-9; permanent, 341. Clear and palatable. Total 53. * An old term, not now used, based on the idea that all nitrates and ammonia are derived from sewage. See p. 13 of the Report. One of several polluted spring-waters, of which some, including this one, are specially mentioned as dangerous to health if used for domestic pur- poses. Also, it is excessively hard for washing purposes. It appears, at the time of analysis, to have been in use by the public. For Colchester Public Supply, from springs, see pp. 75, 76, 78, 79. Copford. Copford Rectory. In the garden a spring rises in a small pond. The water was taken to the house in galvanised iron pipes. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 26th June, 1912. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — ■ Zinc carbonate 2-2 Calcium carbonate 28-8 Calcium sulphate 2-6 Magnesium sulphate ... 3-5 Sodium chloride ... ... 5-3 Potassium nitrate 1-6 Sihoa, etc 1-7 Ca. 12-3 Mg. -7 Zn. 11 Na. & K. 2-75 CO3 18-3 SO, 4-6 CI. 3-2 NO, 1- 45-7 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary, 23° ; permanent, 4° Total 27° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites -000 -Oil -064 NQ. The zinc must be derived from the galvanized pipes. ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS 349 Danbury. BuoU Springs. On the Common. Taken for Public Supply of Danbury, see pp. 76, 77. ' Sample f rofti a tap by the roadside. By Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. 15th April, 1912. Ca,. 31 Ms. •56 Ma. 1-56 C0.^ 1-6 SO, 4-2 01. 2-6 NO, 3-5 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate . Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride , Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc In parts per 100,000 25 5-95 ■97 2-16 •63 4^8 •29 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 173 J Hardness Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... Total 10= Nil. •001 •002 ■02 Clear. Good appearance. Reaction neutral. No deposit. Felstead. Faint yellow. No odour. Felstead springs. Public supply, see p. 77. From housertap (near Felstead School). By Dr. J. C. Tubesh. 23rd November, 1911. In parts per 100,000 333 12^3 2-4 2^7 3^1 4^9 1^3 Ca. 17 •S Probably combined as : — Mg. ■7 Calcium carbonate ... Na. 2^5 Calcium sulphate CO, 20 Calcium chloride SO,, 8-7 Magnesium chloride ... CI. 5-4 Sodium chloride NOs 3 6 Sodium nitrate Silica, etc Total soUds (Dried at 180° C.) 60- Hardness: Temporary, 26-5 ; permanent, 13-6. Total 40 Free ammonia ■OOO Organic ammonia -0028 Nitrites '000 Clear and bright, no deposit. Very faint yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. Great Baddow. Chelmsford Rural District Council's Waterworks springs, see p. 77* By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 9th April, 1912. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as :^ Calcium carbonate ... ... 4 Calcium sulphate 10-2 Magnesium sulphate ... ^75 Magnesium chloride 3-35 Sodium chloride ... ... 1-5 Sodium nitrate 6"7 Etc 3 Ca. 4^6 Mg. 1 Na. 2-4 CO, 2^4 SO, 7^8 CI. 3 4 N03 4^9 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 26^8 Hardness: Total 18° 350 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Great Baddow, cont. Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites In parts per 100,000 •001 •00^ •02 Nil. Great Bentley. 1. From land-drain piping spring in Holly Wood. 2. Spring in Admirals Farm. These waters are used for the supply of Clacton. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. 19th to 21st October, 1897 Physical Characters. Chlorine ... Nitrates Nitrites Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Total hardness (per 100,000) Temporary hardness (per 100,000) In parts per 100,000 1. 2. Clear, brightj Very clear Dlourless. Yellow. 4-86 3-29 1-14 ■71 •007 •005 •018 10^ 93 2-1 4-3 1. Admirable water. Collecting area satisfactory. Supply could be so protected as to be quite safe. 2. Contains some organic matter,, derived from vegetable matter growing in bed of stream. The small amount of nitrates and of chlorine shows that the spring when cut back will yield very good water. 3. Sample from tap off main in Clacton. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. November, 1911. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 3^6 Probably combined as :— Mg. 1^2 Calcium carbonate 2-5 Na. 3 '2 Calcium sulphate 8-8 CO, 1-5 Magnesium sulphate ... 3^76 SO^ 9-2 Magnesium chloride 172 a. 3-9 Sodium chloride 4^32 NO3 4^5 Sodium nitrate 5^6 Etc •3 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. 27" Hardness, temporary, 3° ; permanent, 13°. Total ... 16° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Nil. ■001 •0055 •036 ANALYSES, SPRING WATEES 351 Great Waltham. Springs taken for Public Supply (Chelmsford Rural District Council), see p. 78. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. A, about 1900; B, 18th April, 1912. In parts per 100,000. Oa. Mg. Na. CO, SO, 01. NO, A. B. — 15 — •3 — 1-3 — 16-6 i — 7-2 2-4 . 2-4 3 2-7 3-6 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride .., Sodium nitrate Etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness ... ... Total IVee ammonia Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... Carbonic acid gas (COj) A. B. 27-7 10-2 — 2-5 — 11 — . 4-8 — •7 48 47 38° 38° ■0 ■004 •002 •056 •02 Nil. Nil. — •66 Lexden. Springs for Colchester Supply, see pp. 78, 79. Sample rom Lexden Spring Reservoir. By J. C. Theesh 11th November, 1911. In parts per 100,000. Ca. 3^5 Probably combined as : — Mg. 1- Calcium carbonate ... 2^5 Na. •8 Calcium sulphate ... 3- CO3 1-5 Calcium chloride ... 4-4 so; 2-1 Magnesium chloride ... 1'7 Cl. 4-1 Magnesium nitrate ... 3-6 NO., 5^2 Sodium nitrate ... 3- Etc. -8 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. 19- Hardness : Temporary, 1'5° ; permanent, 12° — -Total ... 13-5 Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites •001 •002 •027 NU. Clear and bright. No deposit. Very faint yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. Newport, see p. 423. Purleigh and District, see Woodham Walter, p. 363. z2 352 ESSEX -WATER SUPPLY. St. Osyth. Spring-outlet. Dunnet's Seed Farm. By Dr. J. C. XaMSH. 19th-21st October, 1897. Physical Characters. Clear, bright, colourless. In parts per 100,000 Chlorine 6-57 Nitrates 2-29 Nitrites Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia ■008 Total hardness (per 100,000) ... 18-6 Temporary ,, ,, 7-9 Not quite so good as some Great Bentley springs examined at same time (see p. 350), the Chlorine and Xitrates being higher owing to part of col- lecting area being highly manured (manure spread on site of spring). With the site cleared and area around protected water will be as pure a» that from the Great Bentley springs mentioned above. Southminster (Public Supply), see Asheldham. Terling. By Prof. J. T. Wat. Rivers Pollution Commission. 1868. 4. — Public spring. Near ' Rayleigh Arms.' 28th February, 1868. B.— Spring at Norrell's. 28th February, 1868. C. — Terling Place (Lord Rayleigh's). Spring feeding a large pond. April, 1868. In parts per 100,000, except Hardness, which is in grains per gallon degrees. Mineral residue Chloride of sodium Hardness : Permanent (In degrees) Temporary , ,, „ Total Nitrogen from ammonia Ammonia ... Nitrogen from albuminous matter Albuminous matter Nitrogen from nitric acid Nitric acid A. B. 40-7 35-9 3-64 4-27 1-89 2-44 20-26 18-73 22-15 21^17 •0075 •007 •002 •545 •641 — — C. 38-3 4-36 2-72 20-95 23^67 •006 •04 2^43 A. — An excellent water. Similar to B, and only inferior to B in contain- ing somewhat more Ammonia and Albuminous matter, which, however, are not sufficient to cause doubt as to freedom from pollution. Its hardness suggests a Chalk source.* Fit for domestic purposes. B. — Though hard, of excellent quality, containing a minimum of Am- monia and animal organic matter. Evidently from the Chalk.* In every respect fitted for human consumption. C. — Hard, but not more so than most Chalk springs. In all probability comes direct from the Chalk* and ' would form a most desirable source of supply for drinking purposes.' It was analysed with five well-water? (see pp. 445, 446), and was ' far the best of the series.' * None of these three waters can come from the Chalk, but probably get their calcareous character from Boulder Clay. ANALYSES, SPRING WATERS 353 Sprini bouni Tiptree. ;$ taken for Public Supply, see p. 81. Sample from a hydrant at lary of Tolleshunt D'Arcy. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 1st April, 1912. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO4 a. NO3 2-4 •5 2-2 2-7 3- 2-6 2- Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate 4-5 Calcium aulphate 2' Magnesium sulphate 2- Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride •4 3-8 Sodium nitrate 2-7 Etc. ■ •1 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 15-5 Hardness — Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ■001 •0025 •032 Nil An excellent water for domestic purposes, but found to have an action on iron and galvanised iron pipes. Wickham Bishop, see p. 461. Woodham Walter. Spring for Purleigh and District Waterworks, see p. 82. Sample from a tap at a cottage. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 15th April, 1912. Ca. 2-9 Probably combined as :- \ Calcium carbonate - In parts, per 100,000 5-5 Mg. Na. CO3 •4 1-59 3-3 j Calcium sulphate : Magnesium sulphate 1 Magnesium chloride *• 2^4 1- •8 SO^ 2-5 Sodium chloride 2-14 CI. 1-9 Sodium nitrate 2^75 N03 2- Etc •41 Total soUd constituents dried at 180° Hardness 0. IS- 10° Free ammonia •001 Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. •002 •016 Nitrat ss nil. Differs but slightly from an earlier analysis ( ? about 1900). Writtle. Dr. Thresh, in a Report (1891) on the village of Writtle and Oxney Green, which is quoted on pp. 69, 60, says, " Writtle village stands upon a patch of Glacial gravel. At the edges there are numerous springs. The analyses of five of these are given as being typical of what the water from this gravel patch should be." They are compared with 50 analyses of 47 well-waters from the district, very unfavourably to the wells. 354 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ANALYSES OF WELL WATERS. A great number of published analyses have been got together, many of which are of an imperfect kind ; but a goodly number are complete, enabling us to know something of the mineral contents of the waters, a matter of importance, the organic purity not being the only point on which knowledge is wanted. Some of these are old analyses, referring to a past state of things ; but it has been thought well to include them, as dealing with the history of water-supply and showing the progress that has been made. In a few cases the old analyses m.ay serve to point out where improvement is needed. Many unpublished analyses have been added, and these are mostly such as give the information from which the mineral con- tents of the water can be made out. It is largely through one of the authors having been for a long time the Medical Officer of Health for Essex that this detailed information can be given. He has a great number of analyses not given here, including every public well in the county and many private wells. The alphabetic arrangement, by names of places, is followed here, as in the previous divisions of the Memoir. For convenience figures not originally in parts per 100,000 have been converted to that denomination in nearly all cases. Abberton. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 1st boring. 24th April, 1911. See p. 85. 2nd boring. 3rd November, 1911. See p. 86. 15th February, 1908. See p. 85. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined A. — Pantile Farm. B. — Pantile Farm. C— Abberton Hall. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO4 01. NO, Fe A B C 2-4 6-76 2- 1 3-65 1-35 56-97 121-1 64-25 22-4 13-5 19-4 8- 150 10- 62-6 82-5 76 •19 — — Very minute trace. Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Tntbidity Colour Odour Reaction A B C 6 16-85 5 3-46 4-75 4-75 — . 11-5 — 28-84 — 23-05 11-8 208-4 14-8 103-2 136 125-4 •26 •94 •5 1- 154-5 378 174 11° — . — 4° — 15° — 8-5° •116 _ •08 -002 — •003 -072 — — nil . — nil A Faint Slightly little dull. sand. Grey. Shghtly yellow. none. none. ^— Alka- Neutral Ime. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 355 Althorne. 4.— Summerhill. 24th December, 1897. See p. 87. B.— Great Eastern Railway station. 17th November, 1909. See p. 86. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. Ca. Mg. Na. 00s SO, 01.- N03 PO, A B 36-2 14-8 24-4 8-6 35-55 38-7 13-8 17-6 161 81-6 54-7 29-9 •4 •66 trace — Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate . Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate SiUca, etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness :— Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... In parts per 100,000 A B 23- 29-3 92- 7-6 120-6 42-5 — 59-2 90-1 49-3 -55 •9 1-75 1-2 328 190 -flOO° 88° -004 -003 -012 -008 •13 -14 nil. nil. 1. Well at Phoenix Mill. Ardleigh. 2. Bore-tube at Phoenix Mill, see p. 87. 3. Shallow well at Railway Tavern, adjoining Mill. 4. Shallow well at Merchant's Cottage, Station Road, about 250 yds. above Phoenix Mill, see p. 87. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 19th to 21st October, 1897. In parts per 100,000. 1 2 3 4 Physical characters Clear, Turbid Clear, Clear, bright, colour- with iron- bright, colour- very yellow. less. oxide. less. Chlorine 4-14 4-57 4-71 20^04 Nitrates as Nitrogen 1-54 — 1-71 8^57 Nitrites traces Free Ammonia •002 -003 •04 Albuminoid ammonia -006 -009 -007 •038 Total hardness (per 100,000) 11-43 — 13-6 50 • Temporary hardness (per 100,000) 3-57 — 2-9 4-3 1. Very satisfactory. Very little organic matter, and that jji-obably because well is unprotected. If properly constructed and protected the well would yield very pure water in considerable quantities. (The Chlorine did not increase after six days' continuous pumping, which shows that any impurity from the direction of 4 must be enormously diluted.) 2. Had been standing for months in plugged pipe and contained much iron-oxide in suspension. Result, total destruction of Nitrates and analysis of no value. 3. Fairly satisfactory. Nitrates a little higher than in 1, showing that subsoil is a little more polluted. 4. Very impure ; a dilute sewage. Doubtless due to manurial matter on garden around ; but the subsoil must be highly impregnated with sewage, some, possibly, from sewer-outfall close by. 356 ESSEX WATEE STTPPLT. Aveley. Areley Hall, Blarshfoot Farm. Well pumped into ditch for use of cattle. 18th November, 1909. In parts per 100,000 (See p. 89.) By Dr. J. C. Theesh, Ca. 13-5 Probably combined as : Mr. l-I Calcium carbonate JSJa. 2-6 Calcium sulphate... Magnesium sulphate 3-5 SO, ^29 Sodium chloride 3-6 01. 2-2 Nitrates, ammonia, silica, etc. •8 NO, •08 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C 27 Hardness : Temporary, 17°; Permanent, 6-5°; Total, 22-5°. Free ammonia ... ... -016 Organic ammonia ... ... Nitrites nil. Another analysis from Dr. Houston's Report to the MetrL^politan Water Board for 1910, p. 51. 10th November,^ 1909. In parts per 100,000. Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... 17'o7 Magnesium carbonate ... 2-72 Sodium carbonate ... ... Magnesium sulphate ... ... ... 3-79 Sodium sulphate 3-46 Sodium chloride (with a little IC CI.) ... 3-28 Sodium nitrate ... ■•■ Sesquioxide of iron and alumina ... '08 Silica 1-78 Difference ... ... ... ... ... — 'K^ Dotal solids 32-52 ■ Hardness: Temporary 12'9 Permanent ... ... 914 Total 22-04 Chlorine ... ... ... ■■. ■■. 1'98 SC (calculated from SO,) 5-36 Calcium (calculated from Ca. O) ... 7-07 Magnesium (calculated from Mg. O) ... 1-54 Clacton. Waterworks. See pj). 120, 121. l._Well reaching a little into Chalk. ? March, 1898. B, Shallow well in Watson's land (a field behind the water-tower), see p. 122. 11th July, 1899. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 374 BSSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ca. Mg. Na. K CO3 SO, CI. N03 A B 2-1 4-2 1-2 1-3 39-75 5-8 — 2-1 18-6 3-9 10-9 10-8 37-4 7-6 1-9 3-3 Clacton, cont. Probably combined as ■■— Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Potassium nitrate ... Silica, etc. ... In parts per 100,000 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness ■ Temporary Permanent Total Pree ammonia .. . Organic ammonia ... ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A B 5-25 6-5 — 5-4 4-2 — — 6-5 22- — 16-1 2-7 61-7 12-5 2-6 — — . 5-4 2-65 3- 114-5 42 10° 9-5° 1° 5-° 11° 14-5° ■07 -003 -007 -009 •14 -032 nil nil .1.— No turbidity. B.— Very dull. The following, referring to the time when Clacton-on-Sea had but lately been made into a seaside-resort, and had no j)ublic supply, sliallow wells (in the gravel) being the source, is from W. G. Wignee's Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places, 1878, pp. 18-20. A. — From a well 8 ft. deep, supplying an hotel. B. — From a private pump, considered very good. In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter ... Loss on ignition, after deducting combined COj Iron Chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium Hardness before boihng, Clark's scale ,, after boiling, Clark's scale Nitrogen as ammonia „ ,, albuminoid ammonia „ „ nitrates ,, ,, nitrites ... Total nitrogen in the four forms Oxygen absorbed by organic matter A tB 69-43 60- 10-73 13-26 trace. heavy trace 15-94 17-84 12° 10-4° 6-8° 8-3° ■0034 ■0063 -0084 1-534 1-645 ■016 •0043 1-562 1^664 -16 •106 A. — Colour dirty brown. Smell offensive. Full of suspended matter. The microscope showed the presence of particles of decomposed muscular fibre and hairs. Unfit for use. H. — Microscopic examination more satisfactory. Colour pale blue. Smell and taste fairly satisfactory. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 375 Clavering. By Dk. J. 0. Thresh. 4th December, 1912. The Bower. Well 75 ft. deep ( ? 65 ft.). See pi3. 122, 123. In parts per 100,000 Ca. Mg. 13-9 ■4 Probably combined as : — 1 Calcium carbonate ■^ J. 30- Na. CO3 313 18- I Calcium sulphate... J Calcium chloride 4-25 1-8 SO-: Cl. 3- 3-6 1 Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride 1-56 3-27 N03 3-1 j Sodium nitrate ... 4-25 Silica, etc 1-87 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary , 28° ; Permanent, 8° ; Total, 36° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. Nitrites 47- •002 •02 nil Clear and bright. No deposit. Faintly yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. 376 Essex water supply. p. o P O a. 3 00 ■ M ^ S >; CO CM S o J5 'SO OI-5CQ PP .a CD S 'C^ f^ ^ Q_, r3ir~oo(Nco a 'P W M «<) 'Jl o ■* IN 03 Op C;- lO CO C5 CO CO rH o pq ^ GN ira ^ ^ ai O O ^ ? o S ;z; (XH o cc. o ^ -*Q S IB ■ • ■ re O OOIN •-4 r-H 0> 0 CD ' CO rH ' rM rM rH CO CO 1 1°. r-( -016 ■002 nil '' CO t- o T* ^ "* T* rH CN 6 23° CO rH CO gjo CO_^ 9ogS P3 lO lO t' CO Tti -* qa 1 [ ° r-( CO . . . 1 (Nli r— t 1 1 CO I— 1 A 5-5 5-45 23-55 1 <3> _ rH Oi o -* 00 r-* O O M (N >-< rH 00 IN rH 00 THCq •2 is fl a o a§-^ a < ■- fiOO^ lU ITt 'P l-i a (13 a n bc a 4J T3 P^' o " ^ izi So . i SP t^ cj a CO (11 o oi . cj _^ =° (S o a> T3 ^9 a > CS O P I I nisi ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 377 1. Well at waterworks. Colchester. From the Sixth Hep. Biv. Poll. Gomm., 1874, p. 106. Depth of well given as 400 ft. [ ? ]. See pp. 129, 130. 2nd April, 1873. In parts per 100,000 Temperature centigrade, 11-4°. Total solid impurity ... 962 Organic carbon ... ... ... ... ... '174 Organic nitrogen ... ... '03 Ammonia ... ... ... ... '021 Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrates ... ... ... 2'582 Total combined nitrogen ... • 2' 629 *Previous sewage or animal contamination ... 25,670 Chlorine 21- Hardness: — Temporary, 12-7; Permanent, 13- ; Total, 25-7. Clear and palatable. From Chalk under London Clay. One of several polluted deep well waters. Contains organic elements in such proportions as to lead to the conclusion that organic matter was present without having undergone the purification resulting from its passage through a thick stratum of porous and aerated rock. Where the previous sewage contamination figure is under 20,000 it is said in the general remarks that matters may very probably be remedied by attention to the upper part of the' well and to its immediate surroundings. Here the figure is 25,670. Cannot be considered free from suspicion. *For explanation, see Colchester, p. 348. Waterworks (Chalk-supply). Three analyses: — -4, by W. Fostbb, 1st April, 1889; B. by W. Chattaway, 27th December, 1894 ; C, by Dr. J. 0. Thresh, 24th February, 1898. In parts per 100,000 B C Total solids Volatile solids Fixed solids Chlorine Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed from acid perman- ganate when — ■ (a) Boiled for 15 minutes (by Digested for 4 hours at 80° F. Nitrates Nitrites Phosphates ... Lead salts Hardness. Total Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Traces of ammonia, nitrates, iron, &o 102-86 • 98-71 93 (Dried at 180° C.) — 7-71 — — 91- — 30-44 .30- — ■0814 ■0721 ■08 -0086 ■0061 •006 -14 — •052 ~ trace. Nitric Nitrogen ■01 none none none mere trace — none none — ■ — ■ 12° 14" . 6-57 6- . 16-86 . 52-33 __ 10-71 •53 3T8 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Colchester, cont. A. — Waterworks. Artesian well (sunk 1881), just outside Boman "Wall. See p. 130. llth February, 1898. B.— Same, llth November, 1911. By Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. A B I Probably combined as - Ca. 2-7 2-9 ! Calcium carbonate ... Mg. 1-7 1-3 Magnesium carbonate Na. 31-3 31-lS Sodium carbonate CO5 17-8 17-7 Sodium sulphate NHj -08 — Sodium chloride SO4 7-5 6- Sodium nitrate CI. ■ 31-4 31-1 SUica, &o NO, -04 -35 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness Temporary ... Permanent . . . Total BYee ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 4. — No turbidity. Clear, bright. Bluish green. B. — Clear, bright. Very faint yellow. No odour. In parts per 100,000 I A B 6-75 7-3 5-95 4-5 16-8 17-9 IM 8^9 51-8 51 •S — •5 •6 1-4 93- 92 • 12° , — . 4° — . 16° 12° •07 •06 •006 •003 •052 •04 nil nil Reaction neutral. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 379 Colchester, cont. ^ 00 ^ » in lo i-K OS *? CO CD rH I (N -i >■■- t^ OS l> ' •-H CO 00 OSOO_ o o o-tS - - * fl !?'o 4iOS " (N „- fH (N * SO -* _ O o.'« J,— Mile End. New Essex County Asylum. See p. 128. 7th December, 1908. .6.— Same. 11th August, 1912. gasworks (250 ft. deep). See p. 128. March, 1898. i).— Parry's Oil Mills (sunk 1884, 200 ft. deep). See p. 128. £■.— Eagle Brewery (sunk 1877, 400 ft. deep. See pp. 126, 127. March, 1898. /''.—East Hill Brewery (sunk 1888 Seep. 127. 8th April, 1899. 6'.— Colchester sewage-works. Sewage Earm (218 ft. deep;. See pp, 128, 129. Api d Hi O o o 8 1-H i O o §8§ '3 D 5- 7-7 19-25 14-8 68-15 •6 r-H o o (N CO l-H o o l> CO O CO CO OS O 00 pop '3 '3 C 6-6 3-85 22- 9-9 65-35 4-3 CO t— ( 00 o S pop 00 1— I f— 1 o o 00 CO o l-H r-H l-H 1— 1 00 CO (N §§§g - - - Pi ■o o o ^t~ CO t- CO lO •* O > Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &c d h 00 H .1 1 i § -■% m 1 o Hardness: Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° G. ... Nitrites O (H p. 0) o o « O 1-95 ! 2-1 33-35 18-3 6-5 34-6 -06 E E 1-8 2-1 3-7 2- 31-6 31-7 ■1 -08 17-7 17-9 6-8 6-7 36-5 32-4 -43 -06 '=+H 'i cS ->= .^ o 0|2i 1 1 (N (N O * d^ O rH TJl r-H 1—1 ^ ttjd B C 1-9 2-65 1-6 1-1 54-06 38-45 — 1 -09 18-7 J19-2 9-6 6-7 62- i 39-6 -12 ' -07 A^ 1-9 1-15 52-7 18-9 8-6 59- -35 iMiUti 380 ESSEX AVATER SUPPLY. Boring begun in 1877 Corringham. Thames Haven. Thames Haven Co., Ltd. See pp. 132-134. A series of analyses of the water found at various depths during construction. A. — At 78^ ft. down. Before touching the clay. B.— From 118^- to 122-i- ft. dqwn. (.4 excluded wholly or partially.) C. — From flint-veins at 360 ft. (.1 and B excluded by tubing.) D.— From 460 and 502 ft. (.1 and B excluded as in 0.) :B.— 572 ft., the bottom. (A and B excluded.) In parts per 100,000. i A Total soMd matter Volatile organic matter . Chloride of sodium Nitrogen as ammonia Nitrogen as albuminoid ammonia Calcium sulphate ... Calcium carbonate 4417-3 475-7 1700- 6-4 4-43 Hardness. Clark's scale — ■ Before boiHng After boiling B C 687-6 95-14 496-6 5- 61-43 2-79 24-74 •143 -3 •0106 4-29 8^29 — — D 61-14 -07 24-91 -055 -0066, 3-57 8^29 E 64 ■71 25^4 ■009 5 7^8° 4^6° Final analysis by G. W. Wigneb. 18th June, 1879. Two hours after commencing pumping ( ? i.e., after completion of well). In parts per 100,000. Total solid matter ... Total mineral matter Loss on ignition... Chlorine as chloride of sodium Lead and Copper Iron Lime Alkaline salts as carbonates Sulphuric acid in oombi nation Phosphoric acid Nitrogen as ammonia Nitrogen as albuminoid am monia Nitrates and Nitrites Oxygen absorbed by organic matter from solution of per- manganate of potash 62 ^51 61 ^26 1^25 23^4 none traces 2^63 2^54 12 •SB 8^81 traces •1 traces only. Mineral matter probably combined as — Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Potassium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride [Silica, eto.^ 6b3 Colour of water in 2-ft. tube, very good, pale blue. Suspended matter, none. Smell at 100° F., none. Taste, very slightly saline. Hardness, before boiling, 9'3° ; after boiling, 5-7° (Clark's scale). Appearance of dried residue, white, semi-crystalline. Microscopical results quite satisfactory, no living organisms detected. Dissolved gases. Carbonic acid gas, none. Oxygen, -25 cubic in. per gallon. Nitrogen, 2- cubic in. per gallon. The valuation of the water by Wigner's scale (taking the average value of London water as about 25 and the best public supplies at 10 to 15) is 21, after making suitable allowance for the source from which the salt (sodium chloride) is derived. Therefore a first-class water. The results indicate great organic purity. Only 1-26 parts per 100,000 (of the solid residue) is driven off on ignition, and of this •QT is combined water. Actual volatile organic matter therefore only -29 parts per 100,000, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 381 Corringham, cont. The only objection is the proportion of sodium chloride (salt), but it is clear from the (low) figures of combined nitrogen that it is not derived from organic sources and so its presence is of far less moment. Well fitted for drinking purposes. [The water above the clay was very salt ( ? infiltration from the river). The final water was an alkaline water from the Chalk. Yet the Chalk- water, completely different as it was, rose and fell with the tide.] Dagenham. Water from No. 1 or East well, supplying Messrs. Samuel Williams. Seep. 136. By Dr. J. 0. Thresh. Sept. 5, l!)ll. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 4-1 Probably combined as — Mg. 2- Calcium carbonate 10-25 Na. 10-07 Magnesium carbonate ... 6-92 CO, 16-3 Sodium carbonate 9-25 SO4 4-9 Sodium sulphate 7-25 CI. 5-7 Sodium chloride ... 9-4 NO, Silica, &c. -43 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 43-5 Hardness : Temporary, 10° ; Permanent, 8° ; Total, 18° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites... -065 •000 -036 nil Dagenham Dock. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 S04 CI. NO, Union Cable Co. By Dr. J. 3-8 1-8 10-8 16-4 4-2 6- -25 200 ft. boring, in Chalk. July, 1912. C. Theesh. Probably combined as — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. In parts per 100,000 9-5 6-25 11-05 6-2 9-9 -35 •75 Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C 44 Hardness: Temporary, 16-5°; Permanent, 1-5°; Total, 18° Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -02 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... -006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -064 Nitrites ... nil Dull. Faint yellow tint. No odour. Dedham. Analyses by Dr. J. C. Theesh. A. — Lower Park House. Shallow well, see p. 138. April, 1898. B. — Grammar school. Public pump in street, see p. 138. June, 1898. C— Same as B, 5th March, 1912. ».— Tendring Hundred Water Co. New bore (1912), see p. 138. 5th 'February, 1912. E.— Tendring Hundred Water Co. New bore (1912). 14th February, 1912. BB 382 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Dedham, nt. w '^ « TO 00 S , ._ m o eg g aj u'D o o >0 It- ej p eg 73 •oo (5 M S8 in 00 M o o So • >0 O rt O OO:; 3 !>> I I? '.a o s ace ic 5 •1 CO 1 i"^ O 0:;3 I 'l 1 1 00 t~ ' ■>* i-H J ' t- 1 <:0 8 o o ^ CD l> ©q rH CO 1— H OS 1 i 1 ::::::::: M ; : ; : : ; : : ; : Ig : ■ ::::::::: §'S3 O ; . . ; ;?. : : ^ s- gj « ' • i il^P : i iil 9 : : : : ;! i i .gg^^f3gj:^||§ ^ 1^1 . . -" ■ • o oo. g g §s §-3 a-^i I s-ai -g^ i> M oj I t^ ixi tt> o £ r-( r-4 (N fcri fi =s .S »-' Q . 'J -^ 1 *? . =? -S P< •"•ir-CCO'oO^t-O Ot^ iM .p^ i _g O ^ ;2So 2 o jci a< cB 3!^ ai O O wj O I 1 O o s OPh ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 383 Waterworks. Take Ca. 11-2 M«. 3-2 Na. 42-3 CO3 19- SO, 11-5 CI. 63-4 N03 •09 Dovercourt. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. 20th December, 1901. Taken over by Tendring Hundred Water Co. and abandoned. See p. 139. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as — Calcium carbonate 28- Magnesium carbonate ... 3-1 Magnesium sulphate ... 11-5 Sodium sulphate 34 Sodium chloride ... 104-6 Etc -4 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 151 Hardness: Temporary, 33°; Permanent, 11°; Total, 44° Free ammonia ... ... ... ... "1 Organic ammonia -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -016 Nitrites nil. Entered as Harwich in the Bep. Biv. Poll. Gomm. Bole-hole intended for town-supply. From the Sixth Bep. Biver Poll. Comm., 1874, p. 106. 24th October, 1873. Said to be 380 ft. deep; (P This is probably the Dovercourt well. See p. 139.) In parts per 100,000 216-4 Total solid impurity Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen ... *Previous sewage or animal contamination Chlorine •144 •081 •15 I ■204 910 106- Hardness: Temporary, 16-4; Permanent, 34-3; Total, 50^7 Slightly turbid ; palatable. * For explanation of previous sewage contamination, see Colchester, p. 348. One of several polluted deep well waters. Could not be considered free from suspicion. Contains organic elements in such proportions as to lead to the conclusion that organic matter was gaining access to the water without having undergone that purification resulting from its passage through a thick stratum of porous and aerated rock. In this sample the low figure for previous sewage pollution suggests that the evil might be remedied by attention to the upper part of the well and its immediate surroundings. See also Harwich. Downham. Southend Water Co.'s well of 1909. A. — 18th August, 1909 (before being brought into use). B.— 25th June, 1910. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. BB 2 384 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO^ CI. NO, Downham, cont. Probably combined as Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate. Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. . A B •75 •97 •25 •25 36^75 35-46 201 20- 11-5 8-8 26^4 26-8 •18 In parts per 100,000 A B 1^85 2-42 •9 ■86 32^45 31^74 17- 13- 43 55 44^2 •24 b25 •54 97 93 3° 3-5° •01 •053 •004 •002 •16 •044 nil nil Hardness • Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. .. Nitrites B. — Very clear. Very faint yellow. No odour. Earl's Colne. Ironworks (well 350 ft. deep), see p. 141. More fully in Addenda. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh (about 1900 or earlier). From his Report of 1901, p. 38. In parts per 100,000. Calcium carbonate ... 8-71 Magnesium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride... Nitrates, siUca, &c. Total solids 9^57 11^57 35-43 1^71 66-99 East Ham. For the Urban Water from a deep trench for a sewer near sewage-works. District Council. A few feet above Ordnance Datum. In alluvium. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 24th February, 1912. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as — ■ Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Organic matter, water of hydra- tion, &c. Ca. 35-4 ... Mg. 11- Na. 617 ... Fe. Deposit of Fe^Oa... CO, 42- sc 39- ... CI. 112- ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. About 326 70^ 25:2 26^5 22-7 156-7 24-9 Hardness Total 150° Free ammonia ... ... loaded. Organic ammonia . . . Excessive. Nitrites nil. Reddish yellow (with Fe CO3). Colour earthy. Odour earthy. Reaction neutral. Obviously the subsoil contains some tidal water. Various wells in East Ham. A. — Messrs. Burgoyne and Burbidges, High Street South. See p. 144. B. — Beckton. Gas Light and Coke Co. Artesian well. 14th October, 1907. ( < Beckton. Gas Light and Coke Co. Artesian well. See p. 144. 14th July, 1909. D Beckton. Gas Light and Coke Co.'s Tar and Liquor Works. Artesian well No. 4. See p. 144. 16th July, 1909. B. East Ham Electric Light Works. See p. 144. 11th October, 1902. F.— East Ham Electric Light Works. 21st July, 1909. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS East Ham, cent. 385 r— 1 1 -i >o i ■ 1=? M ^ OJ rH O ■055 •002 •015 nil Slight white opales- cence. Slight green- ish. 1 1— I 1 O W5 CO [ ' rH CD CO ' CO CO .— 1 2-S CO o -^ _. 99o:g 1 i—H 00 r _ en eo i-H 1 in in ob rH [« rH CO O O n CD qi 1 -^ in ■>* fH 1— 1 r in CO O O (M 05 -H -0024 -0016 ■008 nil Very slight floccu- lent. SUght green- ish. 1 «|1 1 CD in >n I in ■* in 1 ' -i in (N ' in m (N CO 1— i in n -* o O •* I> rH rH ffq -0406 -004 -016 nU A 25-5 16-6 1 CD ' ' in ■ CD 1 9 o o o (N (M ^ (N M in -0078 -0062 -04 nil SUght opales- cence. Reddish sedi- 1 a § .3 1 iron. SUght yeUow- ish 1^ C3 V ^ a § -£> ,a a a o a AJ •r! ^ eS po s as . in •* M M ' w .3 T3 III ■ • §aj a « ca >> a CJ rt m 3 o o r^ ^ in CO o M ^ ^ • iniNin h-*^^ •* rH i> ' -jji ■* m O in CO 00 rH Ijj-^COt;- cjcpt^-COiTi inrHob S'^cot^ .fi rH <1 rH CD rH 00 coco t~ 1 m 93 a o in CO lo ,-1 <^^ in t^ -* rH r-l -* fl 1 <8 ^ J lJ O O r-! g g o ^ iz; W o w o |z; >i| 386 ESSEX AVATER SUPPLY. East Meisea. 1. Reeves Hall. See p. 146. 24th July, 1911. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1-8 Probably combined as : — Mg. •31 Calcium carbonate i-S Na. 72-7 Magnesium carbonate... 1-07 COs 22-6 Sodium carbonate 33-84 SO4 15-6 Sodium sulphate 23-1 CI. 77-6 Sodium chloride 128- NO3 •37 Sodium nitrate •47 Silica, &c •02 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 191 • Hardness: Total ... 7° Free ammonia •OlS Organic ammonia ^004 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... ^064 Nitrites trace 2. Deep well to Chalk, see pp. 145, 146. By Prof. J. Attfield. June, 1883. In parts per 100,000. Total sohd matter dried at 212° r 182^86 Nitrogen in Nitrates (= Nitrates •57) •I Chlorine as Chlorides 70^ Free ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ^07 Albuminoid ammonia -007 Hardness: Temporary, 10°; Permanent, 1°; Total, 11°. Free from any serious contamination by animal or vegetable matter. Con- tains a good deal of salt ; indeed, appears to contain some sea-water. * It is difficult to say how much salt is enough to make drinking-water injurious. There is no more salt in a gallon of this water than a person would commonly take at dinner. Eastwood. 1. Eastwood Pumping Station of the Southend Water Co. See pp. 146, 147. By Dr. C. M. Tidy, in December, 1891. Appendix to Dr. R. B. Low's Report to the Local Government Board, No. 105, 1896. In parts per 100,000 Total sohd matter 93-43 Ammonia -013 Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites (= Nitric acid -611) -134 Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter -048 Lime (Ca. O) -96 Magnesia (Mg. O) traces Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) 3-9 Chlorine (= common salt 46^19) 28^18 Organic carbon ^078 „ nitrogen •OlS Hardness before boiling 2^92° ; after boiling -5° Clear and bright. Reaction alkaline. An excellent water. Contains very little organic matter. Very soft. A good wholesome water for a public supply. Corresponds closely with Dr. Thkesh's analyses, which follows. Other analyses are of water from reservoir and from taps and refer to the general supply (not Eastwood). ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 387 Eastwood, cont. From Dr. J. C. Thbesh's Report to the Local Board on Typhoid at Southend. 1890. By Dr. Thbesh. October, 1890. Clear and colourless. la parts per 100,000 Total solids 94-29 Effect of ignition . nil. Phosphates nil Nitric nitrogen ... •lU Chlorine 27-57 Alkalinity 28-14 Hardness 3-57 Lead and Iron ... none Free ammonia -066 Organic ammonia -002 Nitrous nitrogen ... Oxygen used in 3 hours -017 Microscopic Examination. — No vegetable or animal life ; no signs of pollution. He states in the Report that he could find no reason to attribute the Typhoid to the water-supply. 2. From the Oakwood well of the Southend Water Co. See p. 148. By F. Stjtton, 1894. Appendix to Dr. R. B. Low's 'Report to the Local Government Board, No. 105, 1896. In parts per 100,000 •015 none 31-6 none ■049 1-07 1-08 5-63 •76 -18 90-86 Ammonia, free ... Organic ammonia Chlorine .... Nitrogen as nitrates or nitrites ... Oxygen required (to oxidize or^nic matter) ... Lime Magnesia Sulphuric anhydride ... Silica ... Oxide of iron and alumina. Total solids in solution Hardness before boiling 2-62°; after boiling 1-82' Bright, clear and faint greenish. Free from any trace of organic impurity, either in solution or suspension. Of exceptional value for a public supply. Exceptionally soft, frcan the presence of salts of potash and soda. 388 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Eastwood, cont. s O o ■ O ^ . - Oi o O fj 0) ., ° ^ OJ »J o 03 g '^ "^ g w C ^ *^ +-> ;7; I S a g-g s o p S y Q, P_( q-l a ^-' m HH Q o o H Si^ e o o o « I. I. I. 1. I. I. o to 05 [-00 t^ CO O OS CO ryl OS f=^ N ' I>- 0 t> M 00 OS r- 1> rH lO I— 1 OS 1 1&, (N (N S<1 CO . . M , H cq 1— ( 50 O CD 00 Ir* i I IS (N IN 38§b • • • ^ ■3 lO lO W3 lO op lO ?D CO O pl( ' lii c to CO CO F— 1 CO 00 (N OS ^ CO r— 1 H -* t- 10 * H n > * ^ OJ. X gs r^ 'C bn !> -tirQ i:^l ti W cj lit t-, 0) ID 1 "^ s t, 3=" 1 , ^5 ^1 5 OlO '^Q M.; t8 iB'^ O O -; 9 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 389 Epping. From an artesian well. From the Sixth Bep. Biv. Poll. Gomm., 1874, p. 103 (repeated p. 295). 10th July, 1872. Total solid impurity Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen *Previous sewage or animal contamination Chlorine Hardness : Temporary, ; Permanent, -9 ; Totals Slightly turbid ; palatable. In parts per 100,000 64-88 •088 •005 •05 •084 •13 930 6-2 * For explanation of previous p. 348. sewage contamination, see Colchester, Organically the water is favourably spoken of. One of 13 samples of water from deep wells in the Chalk beneath London Clay. The high total solids (generally largely Sodium Chloride and often also Sodium Bicarbonate) are remarked on but are stated to be harmless if not in excessive quantity, 100 parts per 100,000 being considered excessive ; the average total solids for these 13 samples being 7809 per 100,000. 2. Various Epping well-waters. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. A. — Epping "Workhouse. (Shallow well.) April, 1907. JB.— Old Bank. (Well about 200 ft. deep.) 7th November, 1909. C, — Epping Sanitary Steam Laundry Co. (Well about 800 ft. deep.) Near Epping railway-station. See pp. 152, 153. 7th November, 1909. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate . Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium carbonate .. Sodium chloride ... Sodium sulphate ... Sodium nitrate Etc A B C 1 Ca. 10- 19^9 3^75 Mg. 1-1 5^ 13 Na. 2^56 22^1 22-85 CO3 9^3 231 18^3 SO4 9^15 48 • 21^6 CI. 3^8 21- - 7^4 NO3 5^4 •5 1^2 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary... Permanent . . . Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A B C 15^5 38 •S 9^35 12^95 15^3 — — . — 4^55 . — 24^7 . — 4^2 — — . — 16^7 1-15 34^6 12-2 — . 25 •& 31-9 7^5 •7 1-65 •7 2^9 •66 42 • 142^5 77- 15° 15° — — 30° 80° 20° •000 •002 •000 •004 ■005 •006 — •084 •064 nil nil nil B. — Fairly clear. Faintly yellow. No odour. C. — Very clear, into this well. Faintly yellow. No odour. A little subsoil water gets 390 ESSES WATER SUPPLY. Felsted. 1 Hartford End. South of the village. From the Sixth Hep. Riv. Poll. Comm., 1874, p. 85. 4th March, 1872. Total soUd impurity Organic carbon ... Organic nitrogen Ammonia ... Nitrogea as nitratea and nitrites Total combined pitrogen *Previous sewage or animal contamination Chlorine In parts per 100,000 84-1 •149 ■012 •001 •013 16-8 Hardness: Temporary, 15; Permanent, 8^9 ; Total, 23'9. Slightly turbid ; palatable. *For explanation of previous sewage contamination, see Colcliester, p. 348. One of several samples from shallow wells in gravel on London Clay, which though yielding clear and palatable water are horribly polluted, and as a rule with very few exceptions in the series of samples quoted [of wliich exceptions this is possibly one, as it appears to be one of the best] are supplied by infiltration from sewers and cesspools. 2. The School. Deep well to Ohalk. See p. 155. By Prof. LivEiNG (before 1896). Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Potassium sulphate Sodium chloride Mineral constituents, besides traces of Silica... In parts per 100,000 4-37 315 26-48 14-29 2-5© 47-45 98-37 Hardness r Permanent, 1-6° Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia ... Temporary, 3-65°; Total, 5-25°- -079 -0017 Another analysis (well 404 ft. deep) by Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 10th June, 1898. In parts per 100,000 10th June 1898. Ca. 1-4 Mg. 1- Na. 36-6 CO3 19-9 SO^ 10-8 CI. 24-3 NO3 •2 Probably combined as :— Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate . . . Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c. Total soHd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary, 6° ; Permanent, 1° Free ammonia Ot^anie ammonia Nitrites 3-5 3-5 26-9 16- 40^1 •5 90-5 Total, 7°. •06 •000 ... minute trace. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 391 Fobbing. 00 (U a at a i^2 op Pte: o '^ o 05 6D 05 ""2 O o o o o (N 00 O 00 (M ' IN lOlN « to r— ( O o rH rH (M CO CO «5 05 O 00 _ -H O O ^5 j^ t;- (35 Op 05 -f M M ' .H 00 t^ ' * l'^ (N 05 o o ?|9^ gs ^1 tq- MM ? 00 ta 358 btbc . ceo O o' ® 3 a o 02 p3 Si ;.c g ' o o P9 ICQ cq * ooo:;3 M I n J - . . . u J. : e : : : § " 3 o 55 o >;> i 'i a a a 3 .3 3 3 a 3 rO c3 i3 o o o pOSmcHCB o -la . a s o al'*^ 3 a ^- 5 CO 1 ^ m R O 5 3 3 inio rH in ,0O-*(»,-<(NllOt;--( N ' (N ■* 05 ' CO ^ rH (M lO cq lO liO iO (t-(N050l>t-100 (M 1— I rH -^ cs ^IP J S o o - P o 3 iz; !z; o GQ Q ^ 392 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Foulness. di o » o o i-H O) o rH Oi e4H T— I >-. >^ Ph ^ 3 ft S ^ aj ft O 3 05 O i-H ^ fi 00 (M lO ■* * 1 'P lO ■* ffq -* Tt< O -* rH O O .-, t~ SO SO t- —1 IN rt IN I-H 1 (N p-l ^ -H o ^ lO (N CO lO lO J IN 03 05 05 lO CO to 6 to-i CO .^ ■ rH I-H rH "^ rH IN .11? 't' ? ? '3 t- t^ OS >0 IN rH 05 O CO ^ »9 "^ IN " o 6 >o ' CO rH t~ 1 lo r> 00 (N 00 eq 05 05 rH ^ IN CO o O ^ •« O O O CO ■ ■ ' o o 3 o -a o o -IS 3 O -^ ^ • o ai 1— 1 a> P3 rH P -^ CO >, ■ t^ rH ft B 3 o ^•-^ • 1-3-^+3 O CO 13 d pa C3 5W -lO 2i^,^. Wo I I Sis ^ R : (D c8 3 (Hi ^ r-J 4J U OQ U 3 1 3 r^ 3 3 3 3'-' ,^ eS v3 O O O O Kh Ph , CO rH lO rH 05 CD T3 o o H -g O' C^ 00 00 p. CO IN O 3 : o -.3 • .2 t3 • 3 © •ill III. 3 U rj ro Wiiioo^ C3 O > S^ O •^ 1 1 I-H 'O . ? S ao g to -Jh f- O OJ -1 ■§3^'i ° S s^ft O grids' S S . " ;=: t^3.rs > ^ w -3 '3-^'^ PPmP MM -; p? d ej «■ i"i r5 o o .^ 9 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 393 Foxearth Brewery, see p. 162. Foxeaith. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 11th March, 1909. In parts per 100,000 Ca. Mg. Na. CO 3 SO4 CI. NO, 12-4 1'7 1-8 18-6 5-25 3-9 ■15 Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. 31- 6-55 1-6 4-45 ■2 2-2 46 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary, 23° ; Permanent, 17° ; Total, 40°. Pree ammonia ... ... ... ... -004 Organic ammonia -001 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -009 Nitrites ... nil Goldhanger. Public well in the village street, about 5 mile from sea-wall, see pp. 164. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. The well is in a small badly-drained village (1898). A. — As effected by subsoil- water. 1898. B. — After well had been repaired. November, 1899. C— In 1900. In parts per 100,000 163, A B C Calcium carbonate ... ... 9- 3^ 2- Magnesium carbonate ... 4-5 1^9 1^5 Sodium carbonate 21-9 31^2 15^5 Sodium sulphate ... 9-3 9-6 9-3 Sodium chloride ... 94-4 102-4 70^6 Sodium nitrate 5-9 ■9 ■5 Silica, &c at 2- •6 Total sohd constituents dried 180° C 147 9° 149 100 Hardness : Temporary 3° — Permanent 5° 4° — Total ... 14° 7° 5° Free ammonia ■08 ■092 ■116 Organi c ammonia ... •006 ■004 ■002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37 °C. •084 ■08 ■084 Nitrites — nil nil C. — Dull. Faintly yellow. No odou r. Reactioi 1 alkaline. Made by Dr. Letheby. Grays. 1. Grays Chalk Pits. Communicated by Prof. D. T. Ansted, 1878. (? Grains per gallon.) Total solids ... Carbonates of hme and magnesia Sulphate of lime Chloride of sodium Alkaline nitrates Organic matter Sihca, alumina, &c. Nov., 1861. Dec, 1863. 25^67 29 03 17^08 16^2 2-91 4-65 302 3 ■46 1^15 3^16 ■57 •92 ■94 ■64 394 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Grays, cont. 2. Seabrooke's Brewery. See p. 165. Communicated by Messrs. Islee. Water from 5-in. artesian tube-well, bored to 500 ft. Chlorine determinations of water samples taken at different depths ( ? while in course of construction) in 1886, 7. Depth in feet. 99 150 170 190 Between 194 and 215 238 274 (Peb.'srd) !!! ... 274 (Feb. 7th) 295 380 406 409 (May 21st). 409 (June 11th) 409 (July 7th) 496 (after 18 hours pumping) Chlorine in grains per gallon. 30-8 1st sample 42-56 2nd „ 43-4 1st „ 43-4 2nd „ 43-4 2nd „ 47-6 48-3 107-1 100-8 147- 157-5 92-4 105- 91- 94-5 96-18 79-58 The following is an analysis of the water from this well . — By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 7th April, 1899. Probably combined as :- Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate... Calcium nitrate . . . Calcium chloride ... Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Silica, alumina, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Ca. 16-9 Mg. 2-5 Na. 24-7 CO3 16-3 SOi 8-6 CI. 47-5 NO, 3-5 In parts per 100,000 27-2 12-2 4-6 3-4 9-9 62-7 3-5 123-5 Hardness : Temporary, 26° ; Permanent, 14° ; Total, 40°. Free ammonia -04 Organic ammonia -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -022 Nitrites nil 3. South Essex "Water Co. Two analyses from the Sixth Bep. Biv. Poll. Comm., p. 100 (repeated on p. 293). A.— Well. 15th February, 1873. B. — Open shaft at the waterworks. Temperature. Centigrade Total solid impurity Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites 15th February, 1873. In parts per 100,000 A B 8-8° 10-8° 41-74 44-8 •058 •064 •018 ■017 •000 -001 •908 •929 ANALYSES, WEM/ WATERS 396 Grays, cont. Total oombined nitrogen ♦Previous sewage or animal contaimination Chlorine Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Bemarks — Both clear and palatable. In parts per 100,000 A B -926 -947 $760 8680 4-7 5-05 18-6 20-7 7-4 8-7 26 29-4 * For explanation of previous sewage oontamiaaitioii, see Colchester, p. 348. These samples are two of many Chalk waters which are favourably spoken of for ordinary public supply purposes. South Essex Water "Works Co., Water supplied by. Five analyses. A. — 1866. Mean of three analyses by Dr. D. CampbelLj Dr. D. Thompson and Dr. Voelcker. B. — February, 1873. Mean of two analyses by Dr. Fbankland, from Sixth Bep. Biv. Toll. Comm. C— April, 1878. By Dr. Tidy. D. — May, 1878. Mean of two analyses by Dr. Beenays. B. — June, 1878. Mean of two analyses by Dr. Beknays. Jh pafts per 100,000 Total BoHd matter Lime Magnesia ... Chlorine ... Nitric acid Organic carbon Organic nitrogen A B C r .. 38-26 43-27 48-74 .. 14-14 — 17-6 -877 — 1-59 2-47 4-87 6-79 ... 1-87 -919 4-701 ... — . -061 •036 " 1 -017 •003 boiling 18-28° 19-39° 20° loiKng 5-25° 5-63° 5-1° D E 47-43 47-1 15-13 15-44 1^4 1-37 6-13 6-29 3-686 3-729 — •07 ^915 18-78° 1841° 4-74° 5-67° South Essex Water Co. In exposed chalk (quarry). 17th June, 1911. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 8- Probably oombinfid as : — Mg. ■35 Calcium carbonate 15-8 Na. 3^45 Calcium sulphate. . . 4-95 OO3 9-5 Calcium chloride -7 SO4 3-5 Magnesium daloride 1-5 CL 4-6 Sodium chloride ... 4-95 NO3 4-1 Sodium nitrate . . . S-6 Silica, &c. 1-5 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 35- Hardness : Temporary, 12° ; Permanent, 10°; Total, 22° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Nitrites Very clear. Colourless. No odonT. -000 -001 ml 396 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 10-47 11-81 38-79 38-81 2-14 3-21 -71 -9 I 1-14 [ -6 2-51 Grieat Baddow. 1. Baddow Brewery Co. See p. 166. Dr. V. H. Veley. 1. — October, 1895. Before the mishap (boring choked with sand). 2. — After completion of new works, 1905. In parts per 100,000 1 from old bore. 2 from new bore. Sodium chloride 51-09 ... 50-14 Sodium sulphate Sodium carbonate Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Ferric oxide Silica, &c. •Total dissolved residue, dried at 100° C. 106-8 ... 108- 2 Galleywood Common. Well in garden behind cottage. 100 yds. from ' The Eagle.' Lead poisoning suspected. See p. 167. By Dr. J. C. Thkbsh. 26th September, 1905. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Lead carbonate -4 Calcium carbonate ... 1-35 Calcium sulphate... ... 11-85 Calcium chloride 9 05 Magnesium chloride ... 2-9 Sodium chloride 1-25 Potassium nitrate ... 4-15 Sodium nitrate 19-8 Etc 2-75 Ca. 7-3 Mg. -75 Pb. -3 K. 1-6 Na. 7-8 CO, -9 SO, 8-35 CI. 8-7 NO, 15-1 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... 53-5 Hardness : Temporary, 1° ; Permanent, 26° ; Total, 27°. Clear and bright. Faintly yellow. No smell. Contained '7 milligrams of Free Oxygen per 100 cubic centimetres and 1-9 milligrams of Carbonic Acid Gas (CO^) over and above what was neces- sary to bi-carbonate the carbonates. There are (September, 1905) lead pipes in the well and to the house. Two adults suffered from lead-poisoning. A child who drank only distilled water was not affected. 3 "Waterworks (Chelmsford Rural District Council) Well of 1901. See pp. 166, 167. .■1. March, 1902. B. 13th March, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. Ca. Mg. Na. CO, SO4 CI. NO, i -325 I 42-65 ! 21-2 i 7-3 1 37-6 -2 B -7 -35 43-53 21-3 5-5 40- -06 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc. In parts per 100,000 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A B 2- 1-75 1-1 1-21 33-9 34-29 10-8 8-14 62-05 65-97 1 1-65 f -08 C -56 111-5 112- 4° 4° -08 -082 -002 -002 -012 -04 nil nil ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 397 Great Bentley. Clacton Waterworks. Trial-bore made 1898. See p. 167. By Dr. J. C. Theesh, just after completion of boring. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... 6- Magnesium carbonate ... 2-1 Sodium carbonate ... 20-3 Sodium sulphate ... 2-8 Sodium chloride ... ... 4- Silica, oxide of iron, &c. -8 Oa. 2-4 Mg. ■6 Na. 11-3 00, 16-6 so: 1-9 01. 2-4 NO, Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... Hardness: Total Eree ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C... 36- •001 •005 •068 Great Bromley. The Lodge. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. May, 1898. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Oalcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate . Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate* ... Silica, &o. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C Hardness : Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nifeites nil. Ca. 1^3 Mg. 1- Na. 47-5 00 s 18-7 SO, 10- 01. 48 •S NO. •3 3^25 3-5 25-15 14-8 80-5 •4 ■9 128-5 7° •000 -001 •044 Great Chesterford. Park Road. A little northward of the church (through deep Drift to Chalk). 1894. See p. 169. By Prof. J. Attfield. Total suspended solid matter Total dissolved solid matter Chlorides, containing 60 per cent, of chlorine... = Chlorine Nitrates, containing 17 per cent, of nitrogen ... = Nitrogen Nitrites J?ree ammonia Albuminoid ammonia ... ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours In parts per 100,000 2-86 41-43 2-86 1-71 1-06 -176 nil. •0008 nil. •0014 Hardness : Permanent 6° ; Temporary 17° ,- Total 23°. There was a slight chalky sediment. Remarkably free from contamination by organic matter. Contains much inorganic (mineral) matter causing hardness. Of good quality for drinking purposes. C C 398 ESSEX WATER SXnPPI.T. Great Coggeshall, see Coggeshall. Great Dunmow. .4.— Isolation Hospital. Bored 1903, 286 ft. deep. See p. 170. April, 1908. B. — Public supply from Dunmow Waterworks (well 300 ft. deep). See pp. 170, 171. 23rd November, 1911. C— Dunmow Brewery, North Street (well 400 ft. deep). See p. 171. 19th April, 1899. By Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. Probably combined as : — Calciiun carbonate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. ... i ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent... Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ' A B Ca. 10-4 10- 9-4 Mg. 2-3 2-3 2-8 Na. 5-2 4-8 3-8 GO, 18-5 18-8 17-8 S0» 7-7 7-4 6-7 CI. 6-4 4- 4-1 NO, •3 •4 •9 In parts per 100,000 A B C 26- 25 • 23^5 4-1 5-3 5-2 5-4 i- 6-5 6- 6-2 2-3 8-9 6-6 6-75 •4 •6 1-26 •2 •8 1-5 50- 48^5 47- 20-5° 25° — 13^5° 11° 35° 34° 36° •024 •005 •007 •002 — •003 •025 •023 •015 nil nil nil JB. — Clear and bright. No deposit. Practically colourless. No odour. Bea.ction neutral. C. — No turbidity. Clear. Faintly yellow. Great Saling. Saling Grove. Well over 385 ft. deep (in Chalk). See p. 174. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 25th April, 1912. Ca. 2^35 Mg. 1-5 Na. 25^25 CO, I6^5 SO, 6^9 CI. 22-7 NO, •3 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate . Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... Etc In parts per 100,000 6^88 6^19 16-42 10-2 37^4 •41 •5 Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. . . . 76- 11° 1° 12° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... •016 •Oil •035 nil. Clear — of good appearance. No deposit. Faint greyish yellow. No odour. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 399 Great Wakering. A. — Pumping station. Southend Water Co. See p. 175. 28tli December, 1908. B. — ^Rutter's well and boring (of 1902). Made for supplying the briciyard. See p. 176. 18th February, 1902. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO^ 01. NO, A B •7 •75 •3 •4 38-35 38-15 18-1 20- 6-35 6-6 35- 33- ■2 •1 Probably combined as -:- Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Total Pree ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hoius at 37° 0. Nitrites A B 1-75 1-9 1-05 1-4 28-8 31-4 9-35 9-75 57-75 54-45 -3 1-5 1" 100-5 4-3° -056 -007 -088 nil 100- 3-6° -072 -001 -02 nil G-reat Waltbam. Shallow well at Mr. Tuffnell's new cottages (1900). By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. November, 1900. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate . Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... SiUca, &o. Ca. 13-8 Mg. 1-9 Na. 4-25 CO3 21-3 SO4 11-7 CI. 2-2 NO3 -9 HjS. trace See p. 176. 34-5 -85 8-25 7-55 3-65 1-25 1-95 Total solid constituents dried at 180° 0. 58- Hardness: Total 43°" Pree ammonia -016 Organic ammonia -008 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. ... -202 Nitrites Dull. Yellow. Reaction neutral. Smelt strongly of Sulphuretted Hydro- gen (HjS) ; the smell quickly disappeared on exposure to air. Three years later the water from the well suddenly ceased to smell (it had been left open) and the well was finished and covered. In 1910 there was still no smell. Great Warley. Ilford Limited. Factory. Warley Common. 11th February, 1914. From the boring 1,002 ft. deep, see p. 177. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. Ca. Mg. Na. CO, SO4 01. NOj 1- •1 26-1 19-2 9-2 12-8 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Silica, &o. In parts per 100,000 2-5 -35 30-85 13-6 21-1 1-6 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. 70- Hardness: Temporary 2-5; Permanent -6; Total 3-. CC 2 400 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Great Warley, cont. In parts per 100,000 Free ammonia -0264 Organic ammonia -0036 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37" C. -028 Nitrites nil. Turbidity. Trace of fine sandy deposit. Colour faint yellow-green. No odour. Faintly alkaline. Hadleigh. Salvation Army Colony. Well No. 1, 200 yds. south-west of church. See pp. 177, 178. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 10th November, 1902. In parts per 100,000 Ca. -85 Probably combined as :— Mg. -6 Calcium carbonate 2-1 Na. 34-55 Magnesium carbonate 1-75 CO3 17-8 So(£um carbonate 27- SO4 6-5 j Sodium sulphate ... 9-66 CI. 30-3 Sodium chloride . . . 50- NO3 I Silica, &c. tituents dried at 180° C... 1-5 Total soM cons 92- Hardness: Temporary ... ... 2° Permanent ... 2° Total ... 4° Free ammonia -0276 Organic ammonia -002 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C -0292 Nitrites nil. No turbidity. Hadstock. New House Farm. See p. 178 By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 23rd June, 1913. In parts Ca. 12-9 1 Probably combined as — Mg. •4 j Calcium carbonate 30- Na. 2-42 Calcium sulphate... 3-06 CO, 18- Magnesium sulphate 1-97 SO4 4-5 Sodium sulphate ... 1-14 CI. 2-3 Sodium chloride ... 3-8 NO J 1-5 Sodium nitrate ... Etc 2-05 •98 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C... 43 Hardness : Temporary, 28° ; Permanent, 9° ; Total, 37°. Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Clear and bright. No matter in suspension. Very faintly bluish. No odour. Reaction, neutral to Lacmoid. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 401 Halstead. Waterworks ( Uhe well of 1860, see pp. 179, 180). 200 ft. from surface. By Prof. Attfield. Sample taken 11th January, 1889. In parts per 100,000 Total suspended solid matter dried at 250° R none. Total dissolved „ ,, ,, 45-71 Ammonia -007 Ammonia albuminoid -002 Nitrites nil. Nitrates nil. Chlorine 6 Hardness in chalk grains or degrees removed by boiling „ „ „ imaffected „ Lead or copper Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours Physical examination satisfactory. none. ■043 2. Waterworks and Railway. A. — Public water-supply. From the well made 1890. 22nd June, 1899. B.— Same. 16th June, 1911. C. — Halstead railway-station. New deep Chalk well. January, 1901. A B Ca. 9-25 lO^l 10^4 ; Mg. 1-65 1-3 1^4 Na. 6-95 5 ■SO 3^ CO, 16-8 16-8 17^ so« 3-7 2-3 3^4 CI. 8-7 8-6 4^45 NO, ■17 ■26 ■3 By Dr. J. C. Thbbsh. Probably combined as :— Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc.... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent ... Total Pree ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitaites In parts per 100,000 ! A B C 23^16 25-25 26 ■ 4-05 2^32 1^95 2^5 2^88 4-25 — ■19 — 2^5 — U-S5 13^96 7 35 ■2 ■34 •4 1-26 1^06 1^65 48- 46- 41 ■& 25 ■S" 24-^ 5-° 7.0 — 30 5° 31-° — ■02 ■016 ■0063 ■000 -001 ■0052 ■022 ■012 ■018 nil nil nil A. — No turbidity. B. — Fairly clear. Clear and bright. Slightly yellow. No odour. Harwich and Dovercourt. G. W. WiGNEB. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places, 1878, pp. 11-14. The supply was partly from a deep well, but it was insufficient. The inhabitants were dissatisfied with the supply, and water from public pumps was taken round in carts. A. — Presumably from the well. Sample taken from a main pipe. B. — Barrack-pump, public, said to come from a well 30 ft. deep. C. — From another pump, supplying a large number of houses. D. — From a private pump, supplying some good houses. 402 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Harwich and Dovercourt, cont. In parts per 100,000 A B C D Total solid matter 172-57 87-71 156-29 116-14 Loss on ignition, after deducting combined CO2 14-83 20-63 34-86 29-23 Iron trace. trace. CMorine calculated as sodium- chloride 132-04 18-39 52-31 29-121 Hardness before boiling, Clark's scale 26° 36° 57° 30° Hardness after boiling 19° 27° 47" 24°. Nitrogen as ammonia -099 -0091 -0063 -0023 albuminoid ammonia ... -0063 -0089 -0057 -005 nitrates -6567 2-483 2-2606 4-59 nitrites -0086 -0086 -0103 -0071 Total nitrogen in the four forms ... -7706 2-5366 2-283 4-601 Oxygen absorbed by organic matter -0091 -064 -0137 -0046 A. — -Water turbid. Free from smell. Briny taste. Clearly there is iniil- tration of sea-water. Microscopic examination, apparently free from organic matter. S. — Water pale yellow. Had slightly offensive smell, and when warmed an offensive taste. Microscopic examination showed the presence of a great deal of vegetable fibre. C. — Water pale blue. Comparatively free from smell. Soapy alkaline taste. Microscopic examination fairly satisfactory. JD- — Water pale blue. Tolerably free from smell, but when heated a slight smell of urine perceptible. Microscopic examination showed contamination from organic matter. Nitrates excessive. The above refers, of course, to a past state of things. Hatfield Feverel. .4.— Crab's Hill. Well 406 ft. deep. See pp. 186, 187. 81st March, 1908. B.— Hatfield Place. Well of 1900 (340 ft. deep). See p. 186. 27th Novamber, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Thkbsh. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate SiUca, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Temporary ... Permanent ... Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C, Nitrites , A. — Clear. Very faint yellow. B. — Turbid with suspended chalk (well barely finished). A B Ca. 1 1-4 Mg. -5 •5 Na. 49-33 48-4 COj 20-4 24- SOi 11- 10-5 CI. 46-6 42-4 NO, -13 -2 A B 2-5 3-5 1-75 1-75 31-35 36-45 16-3 15-55 76-9 69-95 -15 2-05 |,.a 131- 128-5 4° — . 3° 6-5° 7° -116 -08 -003 -002 -04 -02 nil nil Ca. Mg. Na. Fe. CO, SO4 01. NO, ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 403 Havering. Pyrgo Park (second well, 665^- ft. deep). See p. 187. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 12th April, 1899. In parts per 100,000 •85 •36 25^4 trace. 17^2 10^7 13^4 •01 Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate 2^1 Magnesium carbonate 1-2 Sodium carbonate 26-65 Sodium sulphate 15-8 Sodium chloride 22-1 Ferric oxide, alumina oxide, silica, &o. 2-65 Total soUd constituents dried at 180°C 70-5 Hardness : Temporary, 6-5°; Permanent, -5°; Total, 7°. Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites nil. Decided yellow tint. A little iine sandy sediment. •076 •000 •023 Helion Bumpstead. A. — Pale Green, deep well, see p. 188. 20th December, 1909. B.— Well in the village, see p. 188. 20th December, 1909. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO, Gl. NO,, By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Water of hydration... Silica, &c Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites In parts per 100,000 A B 36 ^5 19^5 11^8 3^2 27^2 13^2 24^2 163 124^8 36^9 18^ 16-4 4^ 6^2 A B 40-3 25^5 69-3 316 58-3 16-8 43^4 2-9 29^7 25-4 5-5 8-5 8-8 — 1^7 1^3 257 • 111^ 56° ^_ 98° — 154° over 60° •Oil •001 •006 •025 •084 •224 small nil. trace. A. — Dull and chalky. Colour greyish. No odour. Reaction neutral. B. — Dull and chalky. Greyish. No odour. Reaction neatral. 404 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Heybridg«. Analyses by Dr. J. C. Thbesh. For sections, etc., of A, B, E, F, see pp. 190, 191. 0, and B. — Public well at Heybridge Basin, about 20 yds. north of the lock-gates and a few yards from a tidal creek. In parts per 100,000. Heybridge Ironworks, 22nd June, 1899. B 25tli May. 1900. Weil just put in good order. Earthen- ware tubas, eta. 25tli May, 1908. D 21st Sept- ember, 1908, alter a deepening of the boring. E He . bridge, Hall (well ol 1908), ISthTpb- ruary, 1908. P Sftltcote Hall. Boring of 1912. eth September, 1913. 3- 3-25 3-25 9- 6-9 3-76 2-45 1-9 1-9 5-5 6-25 1- 28^75 3-46 31-85 34-75 34-75 26-1 32-49 13-7 16-3 16-3 16-8 19^26 15-15 85-8 69-8 69-8 128-8 166^1 90- •55 •35 •2 -2 •4 — ■23 1-3 1-3 -4 2-75 -92 137-7 127-6 127-5 186- 219- 146- (some iron). 5-5° 3° 3° 19° _ 1-5° 2° 2° 2° — . 7° 5° 5° 21° 13° 10° -001 -056 -056 -12 ■12 ■132 ■000 -002 -002 -004 •002 ■006 -048 -088 -008 -092 — — . nil nil minute trace. nil minute trace. nil Calcium oarbonate ... Magnesium-carbonate Ferrous cartonate ... Sodium-carbonate ... Sodium-sulphate Sodium-chloride Sodium-nitrate Difference Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180 0. ... Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed Nitrites : A. — Contains a little fine sand. Harrington's well near by gave almost identical Ca. and CO3. B. — Contained a little very fine sand. E. — A few weeks later the Chlorine (Sodium Chloride) was only about two- thirds of the. figure here and laie Ixon {Ferrous Garb.) was also less. Sodium Chloride so high as to suggest that the sample was from an old well aban- doned througli tidal infiltration. F. — Thick (deposit of iron). Yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. High Laver. Rectory (well 200 ft. deep). Sample taken after pumping out all the water and then allowing it to rise 10 ft. (The rest-level is only 50 ft. down.) See p. 192. By Dr. J. C. Thsbsh. 18th October, 1909. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as ; — Calcium carbonate ... 16-6 Magnesium carbonate ... 2-95 Sodium carbonate ... 11 '4 Sodium sulphate ... 21-9 Sodium chloride 7*6 Sodium nitrate '4 Silica, deposit, &c. ... 2'26 Ca. 6-6 Mg. •86 Na. 15-2 Fe. trace. CO, 18-4 SO 4, 14-8 a. 4-6 NO, •3 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C 63- ANALYSES, WiiLL WATE316 High Laver, cont. mb Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total ... In parts per 100,000 14° 6° 20° Free ammonia 002 Organic ammonia 028 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -21 Nitrites nil. Turbidity. Considerable sediment containing vegetable debris, rotifers, etc. Faint yellow. No odour. Reaction alkaline, Hornchurch. South Essex Water Co.'s well. Near Da^nham (see p. ISS). By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 17th June, 1911. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 5-5 Probably combined as : — ■ Mg. 1-88 Calcium carbonate 13-75 Na. 7-06 Magnesium carbonate . 6-5 CO, 16-1 Sodium carbonate 5-67 SO4 3-4 Sodium sulphate ... 5-03 CI. 4-7 Sodium chloride ... 7-75 NO, •12 Sodium nitrate ... .16 Silica, &0. 1-24 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... 40 Hardness : Temporary, 17° ; Permanent, 7° ; Total, 24°- Free ammonia -008 Organic ammonia ... ... ... -003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -032 Nitrites nil. Very clear. Very slightly yellow. No odour. Ilford. 1. Chadwell Heath. West Ham Asylum. Well sunk 1900. See p. 197. By Dr. J. C. Thebsh. 8th December, 1900. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... ... 6* Magnesium carbonate 4-9 Sodium carbonate 13-4 Sodium sulphate 21 -IB Sodium chloride 19-95 Traces of Ferric oxide, silica, &o. 3-1 Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C... 68-5 Ca. 2-4 Mg. 1-4 Na. 20-5 CO, 14-7 SO, 14-3 CI. 12-1 NO, — Slightly turbid, probably from long standing in pipes. 406 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ilford, cont. o o en oj o ^ a c^oo o O cpco ^r- CO(Noboir- h-H 10 1 IS •054 ■0048 ■016 u5 w5 lo (a in 50^590005 "p^f -* SSI 00 p^ CO h CS) CO 1 1 1 N ■* OS CO rH _ 990« 10 10 pQ ' CO 00 1 ll §§§ = • ■ • a CO (A >o OJ " CO 10 CO I> o_ t> ' 00 S8SJ^ 999^ ® e .3 o o s o ^ 'C ■§ a S-as--" o e3 O HPME-I _— M ^ 10 rH Y ^ op T^ i:o--HQbcbcot>rH I— I ^ r— 1 ■S ^ to lo 10 -§ Q Ip l> CO !> ^ -^ P 1 ^ GO t;- -^ r-4 ^ ^ rH ' 10 10 CO lo e M S.2 c S «3 C ? 5 O 60 fc>-B M P-< K rw Noolz; m CO O ^ op (N ■<* rH F-H * »o ■^ 00 -^ lO »o W i ^ CO l> 00 -* I> _ r i-H * C-- 10 O CO c8 J) J ©"o*-! g ANALYSES, WELL WATEES Ilford, cont. 407 o FM O TO a ^ -o ^ iO — I Cvl i-H 1> !D » op r '"' ■* rH dbo to S -I'-' Oi pQ IN 0 IN IN < »0 IN l> O C-- 60 s o •I ^ fH CO C<1 (3i C ^O -^ GO -^ -^ U 1> rH C> ^S (N ipo_ >n «D i-H i> OS IN lO ^ . ■* O IN >-'S IB 2 2 "N^, C3 I— t s a a a a . a a s 3 g t8 Si^ ^ g ^ ;§ is o o o oB txitximwixi S lO 00 ooiz; I o l2i J3 Sf ;r; !>> rrl fH !> -.^^ o J- T! 33 C u |2| 0. K-5 O -a +3 ^ hr =4H ^ tc ^ o >^ ^ B t> ^ Cj 5>C m S O OO 1 1 !> 1 1 1 1 ffqdq 408 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Ilford, cont. 4. Barking Side. Dr. Barnardo's Homes. See pp. 195, 196. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. 24th October, 1909. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1-85 Probably oombined as : — Mg. -75 Calcium carbonate 17-8 Magnesium carbonate 14 -6 Sodium carbonate 10-5 Sodium sulphate ... 7-8 Sodium chloride ... trace. Etc. Na. CO, SO4 CL N0» Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... Ingatestone. 4.— WeU (1901) 801 ft. deep. See pp. 200, 201. Sample taken after 14 days' trial-pumping. B.— Do. 15th April, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 4-6 2-55 17-7 15-5 12-9 •75 54- 17th December, 1911. A B ] Probably combined as : — Ca. -36 -88 Calcium carbonate Mg. -38 -3 Magnesium carbonate Na. 30-75 30-76 Sodium carbonate CO3 18-3 18-7 Sodium sulphate SO4 6-5 5-8 Sodium chloride a. 23-1 23-3 ! Sodium nitrate NO3 -19 -18 ; Alumina, silica, &c. Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A. — Turbidity. Very faint trace of suspended chalk when drawn; this cleared quickly. B.— Clear and bright. Excellent appearance. Very faint yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. In worth. 1. Public supply of Tiptree. See p. 202. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 29th November, 1909. Sample from reservoir at waterworks. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 2-8 Probably combined as :- Mg. -4 Calcium carbonate ■ ... 5- parts per 100,000 A B 1-4 2-18 1-3 1-04 29-15 29-46 9-6 8-6 38-1 38^4 ■24 •45 •08 80- 80- 2° __ 1° — '. 3° 4° •068 •04 •000 •0015 •024 •04 nil nil COs SO4 CI. N0„ 2-8 •4 2-05 3. 2^7 2^1 2-9 Calcium sulphate... Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate . . . Silica, &c. Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C, 2-7 1- •8 2-5 3-95 •55 16^5 Hardness : Temporary, 7° ; Permanent, 1-5°; Total, 8-5°. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -002 Organic ammonia •Ol Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ^052 Nitrites nih ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 409 Inworth, cont. 2. Inworth Grange. Shallow well (26 ft. deep). By Dr. J. G. Theesh. March, 1910. Ca. Mg. Na. Zn. COs SOi CI. NOi 7-4 1-7 8-4 1-9 8-4 12- 11-8 4-5 In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Zinc carbonate 3 -65 Calcium carbonate ... 11-05 Calcium sulphate 10-2 Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride ... 1-95 Sodium chloride 17-05 Sodium nitrate 6-2 Etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... 57- Hardness : Temporary, 12" ; Permanent, 18° ; Total, 30° Free ammonia -008 Organic ammonia -005 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -043 Nitrites ' nil. Clear, very faint yeUow. No odour. Reaction slightly acid. Acted powerfully on galvanised iron pipe through which it passed : hence the Einc-carbonate. Kelvedon. 4.— Fuller's Brewery. Well of 1887 (383 ft. deep). See p. 202. 3rd June, 1899. B.— "Well 30 to 40 ft deep at ' The Poplars,' High Street. 4th January, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Theksh. In parts per 100,000 A B Ca. 1-6 9-5 Mg. 1-25 •5 Na. 31-95 2-1 K. 3-4 — AHO3 2-4 — NHj — 1-3 CO3 21-2 10-5 SO4 5-35 8- Gl. 30-6 3-3 NO 5 -8 4-4 t Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Potassium chloride . Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Alumina oxide Sihca, &c. ... Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free amimouia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites * This very high figure is noticeable and nothing was found to account for it. A. — No turbidity; clear, etc. A B 4. 17-5 — 8-5 4-35 — 2-5 27-6 — 7-9 — 6-5 43-7 5-4 1-1 5-7 2-4 — 2-95 •4 100-5 40- 9-5° ^_ •5° — 10° 23° •064 ■^i-ia •07 -006 •6 nil. — 410 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Laindon and Laindon Hill. 4.— Laindon Hill. New well. April, 1898. See p. 205. B.— Laindon railway-station. Deep well. See pp. 203, 204. 22nd April, 1898. Oa. Mg. Na. CO, SO4 CI. NO, By Dr. J. C. Thresh. Probably combiQed as : — Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &o Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. Nitrites In parts per 100,000 A B •8 •6 •45 •3 28-38 28-05 18- 16-5 12-4 6-4 15-5 20-9 •09 •16 A B 2- 1^5 1-55 1^05 28- 26^2 18^35 9-5 25-6 34-5 1-6 — . 1-4 1-25 78-5 74- 4° 1° 0° 1° 4° 2° ■005 •004 •01 •002 •14 •064 nil nil Laindon Hill. From trial-well for public supply (1907). See p. 205. Made by Dr. B. Dyek. May, 1908. In parts per 100,000 Total dissolved matter Loss on incineration of residue Chlorine in chlorides (Equal to chloride of sodium) Nitrogen in nitrates (Equal to nitric acid) Free (actual or saline) ammonia Albuminoid (organic) ammonia Oxygen absorbed by oxidisable organic matter, &c., from a solution of permanganate of potash, at 80° F. — In 15 minutes In 4 hours Phosphoric acid Appearance in two-foot tube 20- 2- 1-59 2^59 •33 1^26 traces. ■0014 •157 traces, turbid. Miorosoopic Examination. — A good deal of vegetable debris and many living Infusoria. Baoteriologio Examination. — Copious contamination from unclean sur- face-water. Bemarlcs. — Cannot be regarded as a proper water for public supply unless dealt with by a very thorough system of storage and double filtration on similar lines to that applied to the Thames water by the Metropolitan Water Board. ANALYSES, WELL WATBES 411 Langenhoe. Langenhoe Hall (well made 1902). See p. 206. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 22nd February, 1908. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate 3 • 1 5 Magnesium carbonate 4-65 Sodium carbonate 36- Sodium sulphate 18 -8 Sodium chloride 19-85 A little suspended matter, &c.... 1-66 Ca. 1-25 Mg. 1-3 Na. 29-8 CO^ 25-1 SO, 12-7 01. 12- NO^ Iron Total solid constituents dried at 180° 0.. Hardness : Total . IVee ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. Nitrites 84- nil. ■138 •004 •036 Latchingdon. Tyle Hall (well 475 ft. deep).— See p. 206. 18th March, 1910. A partial earlier analysis is also included in the table following this analysis. By Dr. J. C. Thsesh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. •77 Mg. •46 Na.. 42^8 CO, 22^4 SOt 6-7 01. 37 ^2 NO* •26 Probably combined as :— Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitr&te ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... Hardness: Total ... Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 1^92 1^67 35^45 9-9 61-3 •36 110-6 •04 •004 •035 nil. In Essex Nat., vol. vii, Dr. Theesh instances Latchingdon as a small area showing very marked variations in the qualities of its deep well-waters as indicated in the following table. All the wells are thought to be about 300 ft. deep, except that at Tyle Hall, which is 475 ft. deep. In all the source of water is supposed to be Thanet Sands. 412 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Latcbingdoiir eont. The highest and lowest figures in each column in italics. WeU. Nix's Farm Ram's Tyle Hall Sharp's . . . LawUng HaU Engineers' Arms Green Lane Freeman's Police Station Bed Lion Snoreham HaU Warden's Bvdlock's... *Hitch's ... Total SoUds. 90 92 86 85 104 100 150 123 113 155 256 162 253 582 Total Hardness 3- 3-5 3-5 &• 11- 4- 12-5 14- 19- 27- 47- 48- very f/reat. very great. In grains per gallon. Nitric Nitrogen. •14 ■07 ■03 •25 •24 •09 2^5 •11 1-44 1-5 •38 1-97 •99 2-8 Alkalinity expressed as sodium carbonate. Chlorine. 25 •& 28-6 25 • 28^ , 26- i 26-6 26^5 28^3 29^5 30^ 32 • 27^4 17^5 36 • 28 • 32- 17- 14-8 29 • 25-6 28^7 55^2 18^5 32 • 27^3 56^4 34-5 71- * The water from this well was for many years as soft and good as any deep well-water in the parish. The yield, however, fell off and the tube was ' shelled ' and deepened, when the character of the water altered either, apparently, through the breaking of the continuity of the tube in the ' shelling ' and so the admission of water from less depth or from the deepening. He adds that many wells here were disused owing to the character of the water yielded. Lawford. Tendring Hundred Water Co. Well, 1906. See p. 207. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 7th November, 1905. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as :— Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate . . . Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate . . . Silica, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... Ca. 2-75 Mg. 2^3 Na. 19-41 Pe. •01 COs 16-5 SO,. 5-95 CI. 17^6 NO 3 •09 6-85 8^05 11 ^75 8^8 29 • •15 1^4 Hardness : Temporary, 14° ; Permanent, 2^^ ; Total, 16°. Free ammonia 102 Organic ammonia -000 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. '012 Nitrites ... nil. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 413 Layer Marney. 4.— The Towers. Boring made, 1900. See p. 208. 14th September, 1900. B.— The Towers. Boring made, 1909. See pp. 208, 209. 16th October, 1909. After deepening to 900 ft. Mg. Na. Fe. CO3 SO, CI. NO, By Dr. J. C. Theesh. Probably combined as :- Calcium carbonate . . . Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total ... Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A a •65 2-5 •1 1-1 47-3 73-5 mere — trace. 23-2 23- 8-6 8-4 40-2 87-5 ■45 — In parts per 100,000 A B 1-35 6-25 •35 3-8 39-1 29^25 12-7 12-4 66-3 144-3 •6 — 1-6 ^~* 122 • 196- 3° 12° •08 •126 •006 •002 . •064 nil nil DD 414 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Leigh-on-Sea. (Southend). -^ oi i—i H ;-i g .-:.. r^ CS s 8 o o <■£> Kl ^ a o !2i o o CO ^ 00 lO <>i " lo do o * 00 1 1 °p —1 (N 'S CD 00 ' 1 Tt< „ C;- p _ 5D op IN >0 r-H rH -^ t^ 00 ' r— 1 1 o o o (N '■£> o o 'H s m -^ -r c ^ (N op O _ Oi C ' A * It- 00 (N p ^. SO Of. bC^ 1-1 i-i » o Sfc -t< O M „ o c O^ CO o »o O c: O ■ ■ o 10 lO O > 0) S-l -S =1 o i-> ■TS g o MH CO " n 00 H to f v: a>>a !M r-H t^ ^ 05 ' A CO r-( lO ■o 3 00 —I 3: CO (^ Q (!^ oq 9 (M (M CD t- o CO Q C^ p ^ CO t^ (N Oa . 1 1 o 999m (M (M CO O O vo 1 1 00 CO i-H CO 1— 1 1 _* (N (TO t> 05 -^ 00 1—1 OA 00 ^ "^ o — Jts CSl Fi O '^H CO O -^ Pi W ^^ CD n tS . o " I — I W d 613 '3 ft 0) •>— H r^ J2 *<-i pM ^ ^a ft-gM Pi Oi ftO CO lO 03 CD CD 03 C8 b»- TO CO ^Kl dClKlfc, -, ^ o o o rt3 5 m CO OQ y; w f-^lOOCONlOrTl W , t- CO i> i> (^^ "^ 00 O m 05 CD Oi CO CO CO (— [ ' CO tH l> CD * -^ C O >n CO 00 S^-'^S c8 if^5 O 6 -; 2 o O (D O HPhH :0 T3, o H : a_g : ■2 is rt H S a =5 c8 '^ §§)•■§ 418 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Maldon (various). A. — By Dr. P. F. Fbanklakd. B.—By Dr. J. Whitmobe. See pp. 220, 221. C— By Dr. J. C. Thresh. See pp. 219, 220. In parts per 100,000 A. B. ('. Ballast-pit in the fork next Maldon Work- 'railway-station, "Water "Works house, 11th July, 1889. Deep well. May, 1909. ' A spring:. Calcium carbonate _ 3^25 Magnesium carbonate — — 1^75 Sodium carbonate — — 36 •S Sodium sulpliate — — 8^7 Sodium chloride — ■ — 81^3 Sodium nitrate — — Chlorine 13-1 36'71 49-3 Silica, &c — — ■2--2 Total solid matters 54-73 112^ dried at 180° C. 183^ Loss on incineration — 1-49 — Hardness : Temporary 10° — — Permanent 7-1° nil — Total 17-1° 3^7 6^6 Free ammonia •Oil •088 •132 Albuminoid or organic ammonia . . . •019 •0022 •003 Nitrites — • — ■ nil Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites . . . — •099 trace. Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter — •031 •17 .-I. — Turbid. Palatable. C. — Turbid with iine sand. Manuden. Boring 200 it. deep, 120 ft. in soft chalk. By J. AY. Knights. In parts per 100,000 Total soUd matters Chlorides (as sodium chloride) Phosphates Nitrates Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia ... Appearance in 2-ft. tube : turbid, reddish brown. No smell -when heated to 100° F. Contains Oxide of Iron. 41^43 5^19 none. none. •084 • •OOl „^tpr f In 15 mmutes •014 In 4h Durs^'... •039 ANALYSES, W£LL WATERS 419 Margaretting. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 4. — Eweland Hall. Entrance of subsoil-water suspected and proved to be the case. See p. 222. March, 1902. B. — Same as A, but pure water from bore-hole after long pumping 6th March, 1903. C. — Well by main road near pond in the village. Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate... Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate (nitrates) Water of crystallisation Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C ! 71- 96- 1 262- Hardness : Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... A. — Slightly turbid from presence of FeO. C— This water, notable for excess of Epsom Salts (magnesium sulphate), probably comes from a local sandy bed in the London Clay. It is too hard to be of use for any domestic purpose. A B 14-25 2-25 4-2 •35 13-15 33-3 15-25 20-1 22-45 39-3 -3 — 1-4 Trace of nitrates, &c. -7 71- 96- 18° 3° -0064 •062 -0028 -0075 -074 -15 nil nil See p. 223. 1899. In parts per 100,000 C 37-7 42-5 81-5 • 10-5 68-2 8^6 12-2 ■S Mayland. Nipecils Farm. New well (1907). By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 20th October, 1907. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1-1 Probably combined as :— Mg. -65 Calcium carbonate 2-75 Na. 49-55 Magnesium carbonate . . . 2-25 CO, 25- Sodium carbonate 38-45 SOi 7-2 Sodium sulphate 10-6 CI. 45-2 Sodium chloride 74-5 NO 3 -4 Sodium nitrate •55 Etc -9 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness Free ammonia Org8,nic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 130- -02 -004 -019 nil. 420 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Mistley. 1. Deep well into Chalk. On the property of :Mr. E. Free. (Free and Kodwell's Malting.) See p. 225. By F. SuTTOx. (1897 or earlier.) In parts per 100,000 Total solids in solution . 66-9 Sulphuric anhydride 6-26 Chlorine 17-31 Nitrogen as nitrates trace only. Tiime 4-48 Magnesia 3-65 Ammonia, free -064 Ammonia, organic -01 Organic carbon ... -233 Organic nitrogen -056 Oxygen re quired ... -029 Bardness: Permanent 1-3°; Te^nporary 9-5°; Total 10-8°. Colour, etc., satisfactory. ^Microscopic examination satisfactory. In almost all respects satisfactory. Organic impurity very low. The free ammonia, though i-ather high, is of no practical consequence and is common to all deep springs. The only weak point is the salt, represented by the Chlorine. 2. Free's IMaltings. On the quay ( ? the newer well). See p. 225. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. June, 1898. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 3-25 Probably combined as : — Mg. 2-36 Calcium carbonate 8-15 Na. 21-8 Magnesium carbonate ... 8-25 CO3 15-7 Sodium carbonate 8-65 SO4 7-4 Sodium sulphate 10-95 CI. 22-1 Sodium chloride 36-6 NO3 •3 Sodium nitrate ■4 SiUca, &c. 1-1 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... 74- Hardness: Temporary 8-5°; Permanent 5-6; Total 14°. Free ammonia -000 Organic ammonia -0005 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. ... -056 Nitrites nU. 3. Tendring Hundred Water Co. Two wells. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 4.— Old well. See p. 426. June, 1898. T}. — New well See p. 426. November, 1911. ANALYSES, WELL WATEES 421 Mistley, cont. A B Probably combined as : — Ca. 4-3 3-2 Calcium carbonate ... Mg. 1-5 2-7 Magnesium carbonate Na. 23-9 19-8 Sodium carbonate ... CO3 16-5 16-2 Sodium sulphate ... SO4 7-4 6- Sodium chloride CI. 23-6 20-4 Sodium nitrate NO3 -5 — Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C, Hardness : Temporary . . Permanent . . Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrirn B. — Clear. Slightly yellow. Odour tarry. Mucking. 1. Muckingford (Linford) Waterworks. Xow belonging to the South Essex Co. See pp. 226, 227. By Messrs. Corbyn, Stacey and Co. (Before 1896.) In parts per 100,000 Total solid matter 34-29 • Free ammonia ... none. Albuminoid ammonia ... practically none. Chlorine 2-71 Nitrates and nitrites ... ... none. Without perceptible odour, taste or colour. Perfectly bright and clear and nearly free from suspended matter. Reaction faintly alkaline. Microscopic examination showed only a few particles of dust. A specific test for sewage gave negative result. A first-class water. parts per 100,000 A B 10-75 8- 5-25 9-3 11-1 8-5 10-95 8-9 38-95 33-6 •7 — 1-3 -7 79- 69- 17-5° — . 3-5° 14° 21° -01 -002 -0 •003 ■02 ■142 nil nil 2. The same. Later analyses. By J. 4.— 11th May, 1899. B.— May, 1900. C- A B Probably combined Ca. 8-8 8-2 7-9 as :— Mg. ^5 ^75 ^65 Calcium carbonate Na. 1^1 1^7 2^06 Calcium sulphate COj 9-9 10^25 10^9 Calcium nitrate SO4 3-5 4^6 3^4 Magnesium sulphate 01. 2^85 2^85 2^9 Magnesium chloride NO5 2^4 1^9 1^24 . Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° G Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... B. — Clear and colourless. C. — Very clear. Very slightly yellow. No odour. C. Thresh. -17th June, 1911. In parts per 100,000 A B C 16^5 17^05 18-2 5^ 4^75 2^05 3^15 — . — 1 — 1^55 2^45 1 1'6 L75 ■59 ! 2-75 2^55 4^06 I , 2-6 17 •5 1 1^75 1^95 29^5 32 ■ 31- 1 16° 11^4° 10^5° — 10° 26 ^5° 23 ^5° 21 ^4° ■000 ■000 ■001 ■001 ■001 ■004 — ■0196 ■012 nil nil nil 422 ESSEX WATER SCPPLY. Mundon. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh, 4.— Old well at Mundon Hall. May, 1909. B. — New well in village. 1st ilay, 1909. When not completed. Very turbid with fine sandy clay. (Xorth of Sparrowick cottages. Maldon Rural District Council. See pp. 2'27, 228.) C— The same, after completion. (325 ft. deep. 1910.) 5th June, 1910. In parts per 100,000 Calcium carbonate .. Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate .. Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C Hardness: Total ... Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37" C. Nitrites A T5 C 3-65 3- 3-5 2-95 1-4 1-55 34-5 37-1 44.4 18-8 12^ 9^8 71-9 62- 70- •35 No nitrates ■12 ■85 ■5 113 133- 116- 130^5 7° 6° 6 ■4° ■002 •112 ■085 ■004 •002 ■002 ■04 •172 •075 nil nil nil In 4th Nazeing. A. — South Essex Water Board's trial-bore of 1900 at Netherhall Farm, the Lea Valley. See pp. 252, 2-53. ?In the parish of Roydon. May, 1900. B. — South Essex Water Board's trial-bore of 1900, half a mile north of St Leonards. See p. 229. 5th May, 1900. C. — St. Leonards (100 ft. deeo, through London Clay to Chalk). See p, 230. 8th February. Dr. J. C. Theesh. By In parts per 100,000 A B C ! Probably oombmed ' A B 1 C Ca. 7^4 4 •75 7^3 1 as:— i Mg. 3^5 2-0o 3-4 ;| Ca!cium carbonate ... i 18^5 11 •SS 18^25 Fe. Very : — — Magnesium carbonate 11-9 7^15 6^8 minute ! Magnesium sulphate 8^75 trace. , '; Sodium carbonate ... 2-75 Na. 4-6 5^45 53^45 1 Sodium sulphate ... 7^85 7-6 130^2 CO, 19-5 13^75 15^1 li Sodium chloride 4^8 4-45 28^05 SO, 5-3 51 95-2 ;i Sodium nitrate ■5 •2 1^45 CI. 2-9 , 2-7 17- Silica, &c. •45 2- N03 •35 i ^15 1-0 Total solid constituents dried at 180- C. Hardness: Temporary ... 44 • 34- 194^5 _ 170 Permanent . 10° Total — — 27° Free ammonia _ •008 Organic ammonia •006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. •056 Nitrites — — nil C- -No turbidity. Clear and co.lourless. Note the unus ual amount of sodium sulphate. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 423 Newport. 1. Four analyses by J. W. Knights. 4. — Shortgrove. Bromley. From well 10 ft. deep in gravel. 1893. B. — Shortgrove. Newport Lodge. From well 10 ft. deep in gravel. 1894. and D. — Springs in rear of Grammar School. 1887. In parts per 100,000 Total solid matter Chlorides expressed as sodium chloride Nitrogen in nitrates Phosphates Free ammonia ... Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed by organic matter : — In 15 minutes In 4 hours Appearance in two-foot tube ... SmeU when heated to 100° F. Microscopic examination A B C D 38-57 54^29 41^43 40 • 3-06 4- 3-2 3-06 2-14 •71 •071 •113 — — . trace. trace. •Oil •001 •0 •0 •005 •002 ■001 •001 •032 •044 •0086 •on — — •02 •026 clear. clear, clear. pale blue. pale blue. pale blue. none. none. none. none. no deposit no deposit — — 2. Two analyses by Dr. J. C. Thbesh. E.— Boring (132 ft. deep) of 1897. For Saffron Walden Rural District Council. 14th June, 1898. F.—Newport House (boring of 1898, 272 ft. deep). 19th October, 1912. In parts per 100,000 E Ca. IS^l Mg. •6 Na. •46 Iron & Alu- mina. 1^3 COj 18^75 SOj 2-7 CI. 15 NOj •25 SiUca •8 F 13-5 •5 19^2 1^6 1^9 1^5 Probably combined as :- Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate ... Magnesium sulphate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Alumina, ferric oxide. silica. &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary ... Permanent . . . Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... ... E F 31^25 32 • 2^05 2-3 1^55 — 1^2 2- 1^ •65 •3 2-05 2-65 2- 40^ 41- 26° 23^1° 4° 5-4 30° 28-5° •000 ■001 •000 •001 •024 •012 nil nil E. — Turbid from deposition of Iron. F. — Clear and bright but deposited Iron Oxide on standing. 424 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. North Benfleet. 4.— Rectory well. See p. 232. B. — Public pump about half a mile east of Rectory, on road-side. See p. 232. April, 1898. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Water of crystahsation Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary ... Permanent . . . Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... Xitrites A 25-65 1-5 454 B •25 1-75 27-35 16-6 29-9 44-2 -35 -2 6-8 . — , ■4 3-15 110 93-5 _ 3-5° 1-5° + 60° 5° -000 -06 -004 •003 •08 -084 ail nil Orsett. Orsett Union (well sunk 1898). See p. 234. 20th February, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate 18-75 Magnesium carbonate 1-05 Magnesium sulphate 4-25 Sodium chloride 4-25 Potassium chloride ... ... 1- Ferric oxide ... ... ... -8 Silica, &o. (a little suspended clay. 1 -6 Traces of nitrates.) Ca. 7-5 Mg. 1-2 Na. 1-65 K. -55 Fe^Os -8 COs 12 SOi 3-4 CI. 3- NO5 •13 31-7 Total soKd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary, 16° ; Permanent, 8° ; Totalj 24° Free ammonia Organic Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. Nitrites nil. •Oil •0 •041 Opalescent. For an analysis of the water at Orsett Isolation Hospital, see Little Thurrock, p. 416. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 425 Osea. Mr. Carrington's House. Eetreat for Inebriates. Boring of 1904. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 25th March, 1904. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 3-15 Probably combined as : — i Mg. 11 Calcium carbonate 7-9 Na. 35-65 Magnesium carbonate ... 3-85 COj 20-7 Sodium carbonate 23-35 SO4 11-7 Sodium sulphate 17-3 CI. 30-6 Sodium chloride 50-5 Etc 1-6 Total sohd constituents dried at 180° C. 104-5 Hardness: Temporary, 9° ; Permanent, 1 -5 ; Total, 10-5, Free ammonia -08 Organic ammonia -012 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -124 Nitrites nil. Ovington. ? Public well. Made by J. W. W. Knights, County Analyst for Cambridgeshire. Communicated by Mr. G. Ingold. In parts per 100,000 Total solid matter ... 110' Chlorides, as common salt... 20-2 Free ammonia -041 Albuminoid ammonia •003 Nitrates none Some iron Oxygen absorbed in 15 minutes at 140° F. -056 1896. Microscopic Examination. — Deposit of Oxide of Iron. Peldon. Peldon Lodge. Boring 550 ft. deep. In Chalk. See p. 235. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. February, 1907. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1-5 Probably combined as : — . Mg. 1-4 Calcium carbonate 3-75 Na. 65-55 Magnesium carbonate 4-9 CO3 23-8 Sodium carbonate 31-95 SO. 11-5 Sodium sulphate ... 17- a 71- Sodium chloride ... ... 117-15 NO, SiMca, &c. ■75 Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C... 175-5 426 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Fitsea. O CO o o o" ■ * • 3 8 o G5 CD CO 00 (D ■a r-i ^ o 2 .-H O 00 Tt^ 00 cq TO a ti p., _ O >0 lO lO -* •-^ ^1 ^ r<-> o C5 rH T)( 00 '^ ■<# O O O _ O O M S 00 o N 50 O TO„ oo 0:3 be . ^ >^ cS M C '-0 CO I . .... •^ CO 1 : o> : : : : CD ... u ... . M M c3 "^ "" H ombined a carbonate am carbon carbonate sulphate chloride nitrate ;::i. . c3 -• c5 ^>^ ■73 P ■obably c Calcium Magnesi Sodium Sodium Sodium Sodium ^ 3 m .0 rri-i; » C/J +3 3 3 O r3 ns 3 10 -t^ 59° S 2 ?>3'i r- CC O"^ CD J, ,G ca o j: JB W -rH X -*f CD rO .-^ 'C -3 p -^eqdcS (!< CM (N ^ cq CO - t^ C^ (M 00 CO O S 3 : cq CS * V^ 3 O M : ^ d CD 'S a o III a. 2 3 cfi szl Qj c5 : >H . 3 : O 03 w sc.1; J? Soog S O 00 I> (N CO pq 00 CO IT' CO 00 I> (M <;^ I> CO CD CD C (S| o s !z; o x. o tz; ANALYSES, WELL WATEliS Pitsea. 427 8 ^ ^ ^ a-. X. o 00 'xi CI 00 Cl 99 .^0 o rj 00 r- t> (N c^ O 1 "^ o O H ,1, oi c> CO 1 -H 00 1 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ ee lS o o o o ^ te: -^'Pa ^ ee t3 o o o o Ph O CJJ s 2 ■g 01 g O u CI _ CD CO Cl -.O -Tf — O ■ : j i^ -t. ij- • Q CD CO lO _ _ .r-H ' CO OO A 'il ' CO rt rt IM o P CD t^- ^ ^ CO CO t;- CO O r-l rH ■ 4< 00 6 lb CO —1 rH (M 03 1 in in lo •.OOCOINtNOSt-rH " ■ ■ oi 00 do CO ■ CO r-H o^ _^t^.Ti • , CO a m L, tH M .^H c3 3 c3 O ,J3 3 f' O Tl (U O -a ^ o ^ ^^ o ;3 ^ o ffl 'o OQ o ^- d t>-, C) 428 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Prittlewell (should have been entered under Southend). Southend Waterworks. See p. 263. From Dr. Theesh's Report to the Local Board on Typhoid at Southend. 1890. By Dr. Tidy. February, 1888. In parts per 100,000 Total solid matter 95-77 Ammonia •0129 Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites ■179 (^ nitric acid) (•803) Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter none. Organic carbon •034 Organic nitrogen •029 Lim6(CaO) 2^19 Magnesia (MgO) trace. Sulphuric anhydride (SO 3) 11-89 Chlorine (=common salt 44-8) 39 •Ol Silica 1^23 Hardness, before boiling ... 3-11 after boiling •17 Clear, colourless. From the same Report. By Dr. J. C. Theesh October, 1890 In parts per 100,000 Total sohds (effect on ignition — ^nil) . ., 104^29 Phosphates none. Nitric nitrogen •1 Chlorine ... , 33^57 Alkalinity 26^71 Hardness ... 3^57 Lead and Iron none. Free ammonia •94 Organic ammonia . •021 Nitrous nitrogen •0 Oxygen used in 3 hours , •3 Clear and colourless. Microscopic Examination. — No vegetable or animal life. No signs of pollution. (He states in the Report that he finds no reason to attribute the Typhoid to the water-supply.) By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 28th December, 1908. Ca. •7 Mg. •35 Na. 35-15 CO3 15^2 SO4 5^35 CI. 33^7 NO, •15 In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate ... 1 ^75 Magnesium carbonate ... 1-25 Sodium carbonate ... 23^5 Sodium sulphate 7^9 Sodium chloride 56' Sodium nitrate ... ... -2 j Silica, &c. 1-4 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 92- Hardness : Total 5° Free ammonia ^04 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ... ... ^004 Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C ^032 Nitrites small trace. ANALYSES, WELL WATEES Quendon. 429 A. — Laundry (Quendon Hall), northern end of village, near the inn (148 ft. deep). See p. 240. March, 1911. JJ.— Quendon Hall (172 ft. deep). See p. 239. 23rd May, 1908. C. — Quendon boring of South Essex Water Trust. See p. 240. 7th May, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. Ca. Mg. K. Na. Fe. CO3 SO4 01. NO3 A B C 11-6 11-25 12^7 ■35 ■25 ■2 ; — . ■95 •8 ■35 ■4 •05 . — , — . 15-6 157 139 1-1 1^4 5^3 1-6 1^6 2- 3-5 1-5 2- Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate . . Calcium chloride .. Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate Sodium chloride .. Sodium nitrate Potassium nitrate .. SUica, &c Total solid constituents dried at ] 80° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 4. — White, opalescent. Sediment of Chalk and Iron Oxide. No odour. Reaction neutral. In parts per 100,000 A , B C 26- 26^15 23 2 1^55 2- 7^5 2^05 ^55 3-1 ■4 ! -95 1^55 — — : ■g 3- [ — 1-2 1-4 — 1 2^45 — 1^25 1 -3 •6 35^8 1 33-3 37- 21° i — 6° 27° 24° — ■0006 ■0004 ■0012 ■001 _ •017 — — nil nil — Badwinter. The Grange Farm. Deep well. See p. 241. 27th November, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Thebsh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. IM i Probably combined as : — Mg. ■6 Calcium carbonate 26^5 Na. 1-7 Calcium sulphate... 1^7 CO, 15-9 Magnesium sulphate 3- SO4 5^2 Sodium sulphate ... 2^3 CI. 1^6 Sodium chloride ... 2^6 N03 0- Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. 0^ ■4 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 36^5 Hardness : Temporary, 26° ; Permanent, 6° ; Total, 32° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ■001 ■003 ■124 ■0 Turbid (due to Iron Oxide). Brownish. No odour. Reaction very faintly acid. EE 430 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Rainham. Creek Mouth. Messrs. Wickens, Pease and Co. .4.— No. 1 well. See p. 241. 7th April, 1910. B.— No. 3 well (Chalk just reached). See p. 242. March, 1910. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO, *C1. N0» Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate . . . Calcium sulphate ... Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. A B i 17-8 22-5 4-7 7-7 42-23 47-5 14-6 15-3 16-3 16-9 81- 105- •35 — A B ... 24-3 25 •S ... 23- 23-9 ... 3-82 14-7 18-3 30-1 ... 107- 120^7 •48 — ... 31 2^1 C. 180- 217^ 70° over 50° •059 •14 •0 •003 "1 •054 •06 nil nil Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites * The analysis of B previous to this is said to have given a lower figure for Chlorides, viz., 133-7 as Sodium Chloride = 81-1 of Chlorine. A was then 10 to 20 grains per gallon lower in Chlorine (reckoned as Sodium Chloride) than B was. So the CI. -figure for A must previously have been lower than 81. A. — Colour, yellow. Cloudy deposit. No odour. B. — Yellow. Dull and cloudy. No odour. Romford. 1. Breton's Farmhouse. From the Sixth Eep. Biv. p. 86. 9th November, 1871. Total solid impurity Organic carbon ... Organic nitrogen Ammonia ... Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen *Pre-vious sewage or animal contamination Chlorine ... Poll. Coram., 1874, In parts per 100,000 107^6 •671 •158 •057 3^826 4^031 38,410- 11-6 Hardness: Temporary, 28^6 ; Permanent, 28 •S; Total, 57^1. Clear. * For explanation of previous sewage contamination, see Colchester, p. 348. One of several samples from shallow wells in gravel on London Clay, which, though yielding clear and palatable water are horribly polluted and " are, as a rule . . supplied chiefly by infiltration from sewers and cess- pools." As the water is not suitable for washing and is dangerous to health if used for drinking, " these wells ought, with one or two exceptions, to be closed without delay." [There is nothing in the Report to indicate that this water should be an exception, and it appears to be about the average of the series, in some respects below it. ] ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 431 Romford, cont. 2. Various deep wells. 4,— Romford well. South Essex Water Co. See pp. 248, 219.* 11th April, 1899. B.— Same. 12th December, 1900. C. — Ind, Coope and Co.'s Brewery (well 450 ft. deep and in Chalk). See p. 249. 15th December, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 A 1 B C Probably combined A B C Ca. 5-3 i — 6-25 as :— Mg. 3-55 i — 3 -5 Calcium carbonate 13-25 — 15-65 Na. 5-65 1 — 9-85 Magnesium carbonate 10-15 — 10-9 COj 15-2 — 17-2 Magnesium sulphate 3-25 — 2- SOi 5-7 1 — 10-9 Sodium sulphate ... 4-6 — 13-75 CI. 6-15 ! — 8-2 Sodium chloride ... 10-15 — 13-5 N05 •45 minute •3 Sodium nitrate -6 — -4 trace. Sihca, &c 1- — -8 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary 43- 48- 57- 14° — 17° ■ Permanent . . . 14° — 10° Total 28° 30° 27° Free ammonia -001 -08 -096 Organic ammonia -005 -005 -003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -017 •006 -032 Nitrites nil nil nil A. — No turbidity. Clear and colourless. B. — No turbidity. Clear, bright, faintly yellow. Sowhedge. A. — Messrs. Daniell's. East Donyland Steam Brewery. Deep well into Chalk. See p. 250. By R. T. Daniell. (Previous to 1883.) B.— Heath House. Well 267 ft. deep, into Chalk. See pp. 249, 250. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. 11th February, 1901. In parts per 100,000 Sodium chloride Magnesium carbonate Calcium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium nitrate Silica Organic matter and loss on analysis Total sohds Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrites ' Hardness : Permanent Temporary Total EE 2 A B 80- 116-3 6-96 7-85 4^84 5-25 21^2 17-25 9-04 13-6 — -7 trace. (&c.) -55 1-53 — 123-57 161-5 •088 -092 -01 -005 ml 6° 4-3° 6° 8-7° 12° 13° i32 ESS-EX WATER SUPPLY. Roxwell. Skieen's Park (baring 458 ft., in Chalk). See p. 251. 13th May, 1909. By Dr. J. C. Thhesh. In parts pet- 100,000 Ca. ■8 Probably combined as ; — Mg. ■25 Calcium carbonate 2 Na. 29-6 Magnesium carbonate ... 85 CO3 19-2 Sodium carbonate 30-8 SO4 11-5 Sodium sulphate 17- CI. 16-4 Sodium chloride 27-1 NO3 0- Traces silica, ferruginous clay. &c. 2-25 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. 3-5° ■052 ■006 •32* * Water very turbid with sand and ferruginous clay diflBcult to remove. Eence (ferruginous clay) the high figure for oxygen absorbed. Roydon. Trial-boring near Roydon station for South Essex Water Board (101 ft. deep, 1900). See p. 252. Taken when bore was tubed to 61^ ft. and after many Jiours pumping (therefore from Chalk). By Dr. J. C. Theesh. May, 1900. In parts per 100,000 Mg. Pe. Na. CO3 SO4 ■CI. jSTOs 13^7 ■6 •6 1^8 21- 2^2 2-3 Probably combined as :- Calcium carbonate Ferrous carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia *Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 34-25 1-2 2-8 3^8 \-2 115 44-4 31° ■08 •005 •12 nil. * A little oxygen absorbed by the Iron present. dear when taken. Became very turbid by next morning from deposition ®I Oxy-carbOnate of Iron. See also under Nazeing. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS Saffron Walden. Waterworks. 1.— Well of 1836 (1,004 ft. deep). See pp. 253, 254. B.— New well. See p. 254. March, 1910. 1898. See p. Bv Dr. J. C. Theesh. Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO4 CI. NO, A 14-7 •6 2-6 15-6 5-4 3-9 9-7 B 13-9 ■42 1-45 16-1 3-6 3-4 6-3 Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate Calcium sulphate Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C, Nitrites ... &.. — Bright. Clear and colourless. B. — Clear. Almost colourless. No odour. 43S" 13th March, 1900,- In parts per 100,000? 26- 26-8 7-65 5^1 5-65 4-7 •4 •54 3-1 1-68 9-7 5-35 •8 1-33 53-3 45 -S' 22° 19° 12° 8° 34° 27° •000 •001 •006 •003 •015 •024 nU nil St. Osyth. Mr. Newcomb's well. Mill Street. See p. 255. By Dr. J. C. Thresh, 3rd October, 1910. In parts per 100,000 19^5 4^1 12^ 34^2 24-8 3-4 1^ Ca. 7-8 Probably combined as :- Mg. 1-2 Calcium carbonate Na. 27^1 Magnesium carbonate CO3 21^3 Sodium carbonate SO4 23^1 Sodium sulphate . . . CI. 15^ Sodium chloride ... NO3 2^5 Sodium nitrate ... Etc Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness ; Temporary Permanent Total ... Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites ... 19° 2° 21° •000 •007 •100- nil. 434 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Shoeburyness. Garrison or South Shoebury boring. Less than half a mile north-east of St. Andrew's Church, see pp. 258, 259. Sample taken December, 1888, when boring was 844 ft. deep [in Chalk]. Analysed January, 1889. By Prof. J. L. Notter. Qualitative Examination (so far as not given below). Magnesia, trace. Sulphuric Acid, large. Oxidisable matter, trace Quantitative Examination. In parts per 100,000. Volatile matter 10- Chlorine 26-5 Calcium carbonate ... ... ... ... ... ... -6666 Fixed hard salts 4- Sulphuric Acid (SO4) Alkaline carbonates Sodium or other meta! included in fixed hard salts) ... SUica, alumina, iron, &e. (combined with CI. or SO4,, not }■ ... I ...J Total solids by evaporation ... Oxygen required for organic matter These with the ,' Free ammonia ... oxidisable organic \ Albuminoid ammonia... matter are < Nitric acid included in the / Nitrous acid volatile matter : — \ Total nitrogen in nitrites and nitrates 58-8334 100- •128 •0453 •0052 •313 •3003 Hardness in parts per 100,000 : Permanent, 4 ; Temporary, 1 ; Total, 5. Microscopic Examination. Amorphous granular mineral matter and a few minute infusoria. Bacteria Experiments. Liquefaction after 6 days ; very extensive after 9 days, increasing slowly Physical Characters. Slightly yellow, turbid (sediment very large), dull. Taste, nauseous. No smell. Remarks. Contains an excess of Chlorine, of total solids and of Free Ammonia. The small amount of hardness is against its being contaminated by sea-water. The organic matter is due possibly to the Nitrogenous matter in the strata, and if so is harmless. The water may be used for drinking purposes after filtration. See also the following : — 2. Three analyses. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh 4.— Garrison well (1,0-18 ft. deep). See p. 258. 8th April, 1910. B. — Public supply from ShoebuTy pumping-station. See p. 257. 1st March, 1912. C —Public supply from the well of 1897 (475 ft. deep). See p. 257. July, 1898. A. Clear. "Very faint yellow. No odour. B. Slightly dull (a little fine white sand in suspension). Paint yellowish colour. No odour. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 435 Ca. Mg. Na. Pe. COs SOi 01. NO, Shoeburyness, cont. Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate .. Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate Silica, &c. ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary . . . Permanent ... Total ... In parts per 100,000 A B C •94 •85 1-6 •7 •3 ■25 34-85 36-3 35 ■e — — trace. 17-2 17^2 16-6 5-6 5-9 7- 32-8 33 4 33^5 ■17 •3 ■0 2^34 2-4 24-9 8-29 54^1 •23 1-24 Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° Kitrites c: 93^5 3^6° 2-1 5-7° ■032 ■001 ■016 slight trace. B 2^12 1-03 26^9 8-7 551 •4 •25 94^5 i- •85 24^05 10^35 55 •$ •0 ■45 1:° [ 4° 3 I 4° i 4° ■045 1 ■oe ■001 ' ^002 ■035 j ■le* ■0 iminute I trace. * The high figure due to traces of FeO and Nitrites. South Benfleet. A. — Well and boring (612 ft. deep, unfinished). Southend Waterworks. Originally for Rochford Rural District Council. See p. 260. 27th October, 1900. JB.— Same. 10th February, 1912. Ca. Mg. Na. CO SOj CI. NO A B ■8 •85 ■3 •26 33 ^54 33-71 17^2 17 •& - 8^7 8- 27^1 27^4 3 ♦•36 •1 ' By Dr. J. C. Thresh. Probably combined as :— Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total In parts per 100,000 Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° Nitrites C. A B 2- 216 b05 •9 26^85 27^7 12^9 1184 44-7 45^2 •5 •13 1^ •58 89- 88 •S 4° — 4° 4° •056 •025 •005 •002 •048 •042 •0 slight trace. * A later sample of A (20th November, 1900) gave almost exactly similar mineral results, except that the Nitrates (NO3) had disappeared entirely. A. — Faintly turHd, possibly owing to the -work of sinking. 436 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Southend. Southchurch pumping-station of the Southend Water Co. See pp. 263, 264. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 28th December, 1908. In parts per 100,000 1-25 •85 28- 7-4 50-65 ■3 1-55 Ca. •5 Probably combined as : — ■ Mg. •25 Calcium carbonate Na. 34-6 Magnesium carbonate ... CO 3 17-2 Sodium carbonate SO4 5- Sodium sulphate CI. 30-7 Sodium chloride N03 •2 Sodium nitrate ... SiUca, &o. Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C... Hardness : Total ... JTree ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. Nitrites :. 90 • 4^3° •024 •001 •028 traces. Shallow pump-well at new sewage- works. (1912.) By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. 10th July, 1912. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate ... ... 33 • Magnesium carbonate ... ... 3-1 Magnesium sulphate 3^4 Sodium sulphate .. . ... ... 13^ Sodium chloride ... ... ... 11^7 Sodium nitrate ... ... ... 7^8 Silica, &c. -5 Ca. 13^2 Mg. 1-6 Na. 10^9 CO, 22- SO, 11-5 CI. 7^1 NO, 5^7 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 72^5 Hardness: Temporary, 19; Permanent, 18; Total, 37. Free ammonia -001 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ^006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -028 Nitrites Clear and bright. Faintly green. No odour. nil. Reaction neutral. Waterworks. (Southend well.) See pp. 261, 262. From Dr. Thbesh' s Report to the Local Board on Typhoid at Southend, 1890. By Dr. Tidy. March, 1880. Total sohd matter Ammonia ... Nitrogen in nitrates and nitrites (^Nitric acid) Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter Organic carbon ... Organic nitrogen Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) Sulphuric anhydride (SO3.) Chlorine (=:common salt 51 -02) Hardness, before boiling, 1^6; after boiling Silica In parts per 100,000 91-79 •0014 •129 (-579) -0214 -087 -029 2-1 -72 6-39 32-5 4 1-7 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 437 Southend, cont. From the same Report. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. October, 1890. Total sohds Effect of ignition Phosphates Nitric nitrogen Chlorine . . . Alkalinity Hardness ... Lead and iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia Nitrous nitrogen ... Oxygen used in 3 hours Oxygen in solution In parts per 100,000 95- nil. none. -071 33-14 26-43 4-29 -0 -048 -001 -009 -02 -3 (-23 after keeping 12 days) Faintly turbid. Microscopic Examination. No vegetable or animal life. A little cal- careous and siliceous hiatter in suspension. No signs of pollution. (He states in the Report that he finds no reason to attribute the Typhoid to the water-supply.) Waterworks. (Southend well). By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 28th December, 1908. Ca. ■75 ... Mg. -35 ... Na. 34-3 ... CO 3 14-8 ... so^ 6- ... CI. 33-2 ... NOi -15 ... Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate . Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. Total sohd constituents 'dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C. Nitrites In parts per 100,000 1-85 1-2 22-7 8-9 54-7 -2 1-45 91- 3-5° ■036 ■003 •016 small trace. It is of interest to turn to an old analysis of the water of the Southend well, as given by G. W. Wigsee in The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places, 1878, p. 21: — In parts per 100,000 Total solid matter ... Loss on ignition after deducting combined carbonic acid Lead and copper Iron Chlorine, calculated as sodium -chloride Hardness before boiling, Clark's test, 1 - Nitrogen as ammonia ... „ albuminoid ammonia ,, nitrates ,, "nitrites Total nitrogen in the four forms Oxygen absorbed by organic matter 6° ; after boiling -2' 97-43 6-56 none, slight traces. 54-49 -0166 -0039 -8 •029 •849 •057 SmfiU and colour satisfactory, satisfactory. Taste saline. Microscopic appearance 438 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Southend, cont. Special Report, Dr. J. T. C. Nash, M.O.H., September, 1901. The water-supply, consisting of a mixture from all sources in use, was complained of by several people on 2nd September, 1901, as containing living animalculae (later found to be Daphnia). These were suspected to come from the reservoir at Thundersley (then new) and this part of the supply was cut off and the reservoir emptied and examined. On September 3rd three samples of the supply were collected from various parts of the town and submitted for analysis, etc., to Dr. B. Dyek, who reported that chemically they were normal, but that the water was slightly yellow and that " The bacteriological condition of this water is unsatis- factory, and more resembles that of surface water than deep well water. " This remark applied to two samples marked Newark House, 109, London Road, and Hatfield House, Victoria Avenue. Of the third, marked St. Kit's, Anerley Road, he said, "The bacteriological condition . . is decidedly less good than usual." Later, two samples taken on 16th September, 1901, from Anerley Road and Victoria Avenue, and reported on by Dr. Dyer, gave very much better bacteriologic results than two of the three samples of September 3rd, and were distinctly better than the third. They could not, however, be regarded as satisfactory. The explanation advanced by Dr. Nash was that the Thundersley Reservoir being uncovered, the animalculae (Daphnia) were brought by birds, the bacteria being also accountable to the excreta of the birds and of the animalculae. The Report contains a table of_ bacteriologic results from 16th February, 1899, to X6th September, 1901, and the chemical analyses made at the time of the unsatisfactory conditions. For notes on the bacteriologic results see pp. 62, 63. The reservoir has since been covered in. South Fambridge. Well and boring 50 yds. east of post-office. (Ironworks.) See p. 265. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 6th April, 1900. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate ... 1-65 Magnesium carbonate ... 1-25 Sodium carbonate ... 34-7 Sodium sulphate 10-35 Sodium chloride 53 -45 Sodium nitrate !•! Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... 102-5 Hardness: Total ... 3° Ca. •65 Mg. •35 Na. 39-7 CO3 21-5 sol 7- CI. 32-4 NO, •5 Free ammonia •009 Organic ammonia •006 Nitrites nil. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 439 South Hanningfleld. Brockley ( ? Brock) Hill. Shallow well in Boulder Clay. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. November, 1898. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 19-6 Probably combined as : — Mg. 2-9 Calcium carbonate 23-4 Na. 9-7 Calcium sulphate... 17-6 K. 1-4 Calcium chloride ... 14-1 CO3 14-1 Magnesium chloride 115 SO4 12-4 Imodium chloride ... 24-6 CI. 32-5 Potassium nitrate 3-7 NO-3 2-25 Silica, &c. 3-1 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 98- Hardness : Temporary, 23° ; Permanent, 23° ; Total, 46° Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -004 Organic ammonia ... ... ... -014 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -24 Nitrites nil. Southminster. 1. Deal Hall, Southminster Marshes. Well of 1906 (said to end in Thanet Sand). 1. Deal Hall, Southminster ]\rarshes. Well of 1906 (said to end in Thanet Sand). In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — ■ Calcium carbonate ... 3- IViagnesium carbonate ... 1-4 Sodium carbonate ... 34-6 Sodium sulphate ... ... 9-8 Sodium chloride 84- Traces of nitrates, &c. ... 1-3 Total f;olid constituents dried at 180° C. 134-1 Hardness : Total ... 6° Free ammonia ... ... ... ... '08 Organic ammonia ... '003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -04 Nitrites nil. 2. Public pump (before 1890). In parts per 100,000 Chlorine as chlorides 3-1 Nitrogen as nitrates Total solids Hardness before boiling ... Ca. 1-2 Mg. ■4 Na. 51- COs 22-4 SOj 6-9 CI. 50-9 NO, •25 Saline ammonia Organic ammonia 1-68 44- 17° ■001 •01 ■Oxygen required to oxidise organic matter ... -07 440 ESSEX WAIEK SrPPLY. Stanford-le-Hope. A. — Brewery. Close to the railway-station. See p. 268. June, 1898. .B.— Broad Hope Farm (sunk in 1895). See p. 266. 24th April, 1898. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. In parts per 100,000 A B Probably combined as :- Ca. 6-25 8-6 Calcium oarbojaate ... Mg. 2-2 2-45 Ferrous carbonate . . . Na. 4-1 4-48 Magnesium carbonate Fe. 1-26 — Magnesium sulphate CO3 11-2 12-9 Sodium sulphate SO4 11-1 9-7 Sodium chloride CI. 4- 6-8 Sodium nitrate NO, ■04 ■8 Aluminium oxide . . . Silica, &c Water of hydration... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitriits ... A B 15-65 21^5 2-6 — •75 — 10- 12-15 4-6 — . 6-6 11 ^25 ■ 1^1 •3 — 1-5 •5 1-5 — 43-5 46-5 16° 19° 12° 16° 28° 35° •06 •008 •005 •006 •1 -08 nil nil Rectory (365 ft. Stanford Rivers. deep). See p. 268. 30th November, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... 4- Magnesium carbonate ... 1-05 Sodium carbonate ... 25-2 J Sodium sulphate ... ... 36-7 I Sodium chloride 29-9 \i Sodium nitrate ... ... 1-55 I Silica, &c. 1-6 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 100^ Ca. 16 Mg. •3 Ma. 35 •S CO, 17-4 SO, 24^8 01. 18-1 N03 1^09 Hardness : Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° Nitrites nil. C. -004 -08 nil. Stansted Montfitchet. 1. Boring 152 ft., in soft Chalk ( ? see p. 270). By J. W. Knights. Total solid matter Chlorine expressed as sodium chloride Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Oxygen absorbed by organic matter at 140° F, Appearance in 2-ft. tube : turbid, yellowish. No smell when heated to 100° F. Much deposit of Oxide of Iron. In parts per 100,000 48-57 6-34 •068 •005 •08 ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 441 Stansted Montfichet, cont. 2. Some other analyses : — A. — Stansted Waterworks. Well sunk 1895. Bored deeper 1908. See p. 270. 8th February, 1900. B. — Stansted Water Co. mains (same source as A). 27th February, 1912. C— Trial-bore Pennington Lane ( ? 1900). See p. 271. 7th May, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Thkesh. In parts per 100,000 A B C , Probably combined Ca. 11-4. 12-1 11-25 i as :— Mg. -25 -28 -3 j Calcium carbonate ., Na. 1-85 1-35 -72 i Calcium sulphate ... COs 14-5 15-6 14-25 ! Calcium chloride .., SO4 1-9 2-1 1-8 I Calcium nitrate .., CI. 2-3 2-3 1-2 1 Magnesium chloride NOj 5- 3-7 4-4 Magnesium nitrate . Sodium chloride I Sodium nitrate 1 1 Silica, &c. ... Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent ... Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A. — No turbidity. Clear and colourless. B.— Trace of iron. Stanway. 1. Wells at Farms. 1.— Blackitt's Farm. See p. 271. March, 1889. B.— Cherry Tree Farm. See p. 271. 29th May, 1907. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. A B C 24-2 26- 23-75 2-7 3- 2-65 2-5 2-2 1-9 — . — 1-25 ■95 1-1 — , — — . 1-8 — -13 — 6-85 5- 2-7 1-3 -57 1-05 38-5 38- 35- 21° 23° _^ 7° 7° — 28° 30° 26° -001 -002 •012 •006 •0016 •004 -014 -015 •03 nil nil slight trace. Ca. Mg. Na. COs SO4 CI. N03 A B 3^4 •8 •8 -55 2^8 31-1 1^4 21^8 2^7 3-1 3^1 22^8 9-5 — Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... Calcium sulphate ... Calcium chloride Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Etc. In parts per 100,000 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 4. —Undoubtedly affected by highly manured land around. A B 3^3 2- 3^8 — 3^9 — . — . 1^9 •8 — 2^5 — . 34^05 — 4^6 — 37 •& 10^4 — -•2 1-85 23^5 82- 1° 9° — 10° 4° ■003 •002 — •03 — . nil nil 442 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Stanway, cont. 2. New boring (1913) for the Lexden and Winstree Rural District Council. See pp. 271, 272. .4.— 1st April, 1913. B.— 10th May, 1913, after 13 days' pumping. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. In parts per 100,000 A B Probably combined as : — ■ Ca. 1- I -9 Calcium carbonate ... Mg. -52 -35 Magnesium carbonate Na. 30-9 35-33 Sodium carbonate ... CO 3 22-5 21-6 Sodium sulphate ... SO4 6- 4-8 Sodium chloride a. 20- 27-9 Sodium nitrate NO3 Silica, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Temporary Permanent Total Pree ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37' 0. Nitrites ... A. — Very dull and cloudy (did not clear on filtering). Small deposit of dirt. Colour greyish. No odour. Reaction neutral to Lacmoid. B. — Clear, slight dulness. No deposit. Slight greyish colour. No odour. Reaction neutral. A B 2-5 2-25 1-82 1-21 34-8 34-3 8-8 7-11 33- 46-01 0- 0^ 2-08 1^12 83- 92 • 4 5 4 5 •058 •082 •016 •001 •44 •028 Stapleford Tawney; Suttoiis. Sir C. Smith's. See p. 272. 12th December, 1900. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 4-45 Mg. 1^25 Na. 15^ CO, 20^8 SO4 6-6 CI. 5^3 NO, nil. Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate . Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Silica, &c. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C... Hardness : Total ... Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites 11^15 4^35 19-4 9^8 8^7 •2 53 •& 17° •0 •0026 •07 A.- B.- Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SO4 CI. NOs AITALTSES, WELL WATERS Steeple. -Public well opposite the ' Star.' See p. 273. 1898. -Cardinal's well, also in Steeple Street, 28rd July, 1913. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 443 In parts per 100,000 A B 1-8 — . •7 50-1 — . 21-6 — 6-5 — 51-9 52-1 •4 •062 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate ... Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Terric oxide and alumina oxide Silica, &o Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia ... ... Nitrites ... ... ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. B. — Faint yellow. No odour. Clear, no deposit. Reaction neutral. Cardinal's well gave in 1903 CI. 51-3, NO3 -4, and hardness 6° A B 4-5 — . 2-45 — . 30-3 — . 9-6 — , 85-6 — •55 — . 1- Fe. trace. 2- — 136 135^5 7° 6° (none perma- nent.) ■000 •064 ■000 •002 nil nO — •06 Stisted. Stisted Hall. (Boring of 1907.) In field near P^ectory. For the Hall and the village. 340 ft. deep. See pp. 273, 274. 8th January, 1907. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 2^6 Probably combined as :^ Mg. ■9 Calcium carbonate 6^5 Na. 32 ■S Magnesium carbonate ... 3^1 COj 19- Sodium carbonate 22-8 SO* 7^9 Sodium sulphate 11^7 CI. 29 Sodium chloride 47^8 NOs Total soL Hardness Nitrates, silica, &c. d constituents dried at 180° C... : Total 3^1 95 ■ 8-5° Free ammoni< I ■12 Org Oxv inic amm sen absor Dnia bed in 3 hours at 37° 0. •004 •024 Nitrites nU. Clear. 444 ESSEX AVATER SUPPLY. Sturmer. ^.— The Nurseries (Mr. F. E. Dillestone's). Deep well (see p. 275). 25tb September, 1912. , B.— Mr. Hoffman's boring. 27th September, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. In parts per 100,000 A B • Probably combined as : — Ca. 19-5 28-1 Calcium carbonate ... Mg. 4-7 2-7 Calcium sulphate ... Na. 8-84 9-75 Magnesium sulphate CO, 21-3 22-5 Sodium sulphate SO4 37- 48- Sodium chloride CI. 91 10-5 Sodium nitrate N03 •39 •26 Silica, &c Iron, organic matter, &o. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness : Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A. — Dull. Yellowish. No odour. Reaction neutral. B. — Turbid (due to Iron Oxide). Brownish yellow. No odour. A B 35-5 37-5 18- 44^54 23 2 13^34 8-6 8-76 15^ 17-31 •53 •36 12 2- — 4^19 102- 128- 64° 90° •004 •014 •002 ■004 •024 •064 nil nil 1. Middleditch well. Terling. School well. 3. Lines well. 4. Terling Place well. See p. 277. By Prof. Miller, F.R.S., Tenth Hep. Med Off. Prh-y Council, 1868, pp. 52, 53. Grains per gallon. Colour in 2 foot tube Sediment Odour Taste I Hardness before boiling ... ,, after boiling 1 hour' Total solids Fixed salts ... ... ... Volatile and combustible . . . Nitric acid Ammonia Action on permanganate of Potash Cubic inches of gas per gallon i Consisting of — ■ Carbonic acid Oxygen Nitrogen Ratio of oxygen to nitrogen Greenish yeUow. Consider- able. Bro^vn. None N 25-6° 16-5° 51-9 50-3 1-6 6-67 0^04 Consider- able. 22-8 9-57 3-08 10^17 1:3-3 Clear. A few perceptible one p e 24^8° 4-6° 27^1 25^6 1-5 Trace. none. Very little. 15- 6-35 2-31 6-34 1:2-75 3 j 4 Greenish ! — yellow. Distinct ; Clear. brown. A few ! flakes. when war med. rceptib le. 18-2° ; 15-3° 17-4° 7-2° 38-6 ; 25^7 36 ^2 23^2 2^4 2-5 2-56 3 05 Traces. none. Consider- able. Little. 9- 12- - 3-6 { 6 -9 1-38 4-5 I 4-62 1:5 1:3-3 ANALYSES, WELL WATEES 445 Terling, cont. 1. Is a bad water. Contamination by animal refuse is indicated by the large proportions of Nitrates, Ammonia, and Chlorides. Amount of organic matter not large, but in an active state of decomposition, reducing Perman- ganate rapidly. 3 is similar to 1, but perhaps less objectionable, as it con- tains less Nitrates and Ammonia. Amount of organic matter large and as in 1, having considerable reducing action on Permanganate. Amount of Chlorides considerable. In both 1 and 2 the aeration is defective. 2 is unobjectionable. Contains no sensible amount of Ammonia or Nitric Acid and is nearly free from Chlorides. Organic matter slight and with little reducing action on Permanganate. 4 is next to 2 in order of merit. It is not a first-class water. Organic matter considerable, but with little reducing action on Permanganate. The Ammonia is insignificant, but the amount of Nitrates present is more important. The amount of Sulphates and Chlorides is small. Aeration less perfect than in 2. Some analyses by Prof. J. T. Wat, for the Rivers Pollution Commission. Apparently not published in its Report. A. — Lyne's well. Received 17th February, 1868. B. — Francis' Green well. Received 17th February, 1868. C— Flack's Green well. Received 17th February, 1868. D._Well at Bromlees. Received 17th February, 1868. B. — Terling Place. Well used for domestic purposes. ? See p. 277. Re- ported on April, 1868. i?. —Terling Place. Well bored through 200 ft. of London Clay. Reported on April, 1868. G._Terling Place. Old well used for garden. Reported on April, 1868. If .—Terling Place. Private cottage- well. Reported on April, 1868. j.—Terling Place. Private cottage-well. Reported on April, 1868. For analyses of three spring-waters, made at the same time, see p. 352. F F 446 ESSEX WATER StTPPLY. Terling, cont. t* CD M Oi CO CO g °^^ ^p I I I M ^ c5 Q!^5:;i23b:| ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 447 Thorpe-le-Soken. Boring near Free's Maltings and railway-station. See p. 278. By Dr. J. C. Thebsh. 26th May, 1898. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 3-8 Probably combined as ; — X - J. ~ Mg. 1-2 Calcium carbonate 9-5 KHt •1 Magnesium carbonate .. 4-2 Na. 66-45 Sodium carbonate 16-4 CO, 18- Sodium sulphate 29-45 SO4 19-9 Sodium chloride ... 126-4 01. 76-6 Ammonium nitrate -4 NO, •3 Silica, &o. -65 Total solid constituents dried at 180° 187- Hardness : Temporary, 12° ; Permanent, 5° ; Total 17°. !Free ammonia -096 Organic ammonia -003 Oxygen absorbed in \ hour at 100° 0. ... -152 Nitrites nil. Thundersley, 1. Southend Water Co. Thundersley Well. See pp. 278, 279. By Dr. J. C. Thhesh. 4.— 14th January, 1909. B. — ^25th June, 1910. Sample taken when well was being deepened. In .parts per 100,000 A B Probably combined as :- Ca. -8 1 • Calcium carbonate Mg. -3 -2 Magnesium carbonate Na. 33 78 34-94 Sodium carbonate CO3 17 18 Sodium sulphate ... SO4 8-3 8-9 Sodium chloride ... 01. 28-1 28-2 Sodium nitrate ... NO. -17 -12 Sihca, &c Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° 0. Nitrites B. — Very clear. Very slight yellow. No odour. A B 2- 2-5 1-05 -69 26-55 28-31 12-3 13-2 46-3 46-5 •25 •16 1-55 •64 90- 92- 3-5° 3^5° -028 -058 -002 -002 -04 -06 trace. nil. TT F 2 448 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Thundersley, cont. 2. Burches pumping-station. Southend Water Co'. See pp. 279, 280. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 14th January, 1909. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1- Probably combined as : — Mg. •3 Calcium carbonate 2-5 Na. 35-2 Magnesium carbonate . 1-1 CO3 17-6 Sodium carbonate 27- SO4 9- Sodium sulphate ... 13-3 CI. 294 Sodium chloride ... 48-5 NO3 •15 Sodium nitrate ... •25 Silica, &c. 1-35 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 4 hours at 27° C... Nitrites ... 94 4^3° •048 ■00.0 ■032 minute trace. Tillingham. A. — Tillingham Hall, near the church (5-in. bore, 49S ft. deep). See p. 280. 14th October, 1911. B. — Marsh Farm. Partial analysis (boring 300 ft. deep). See p. 281, and remarks on Salt Water, p. 35. October, 1911. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. Ca. Mg. Na. COs SO4 CI. NO, Probably combined as : Calcium carbonate ... Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate SUica, &c. Total soUd constituents dried at 180° C. A B 1^2 — - •55 — 59 35 — 25-7 21^4 6^ 6-1 60^2 76-3 •4 — Hardness: Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A 3- 1^9 39^9 8-8 99-3 ■5 ■6 154 8° ■09 ■003 •22 nU In parts per 100,000 B is higher in Salt (sodium chloride) than A, as is indi- cated by the figures for 01. (chlorine). Similar to A in other mineral respects. 8-5° .4. — Turbid (chalky). Whitish in colour. No odour. B. — Beautifully clear and bright. ANALYSES, WELL WATERS Tiptree. 449 Tiptree Heath Brewery (Thorn and Livermore's). Well deepened to 601 ft. See p. 281. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 24th May, 1898. In parts per 100,000 Ca. •925 Probably combined as : — Mg. •8 Calcium carbonate 2-3 Na. 64-7 Magnesium carbonate .. 2-8 COs 26-6 Sodium carbonate 40-95 SO, 17-8 Sodium sulphate 26-35 CI. 58-9 Sodium chloride 97-2 NO3 •3 Sodium nitrate •4 Silica, &c. 1- Total soUd constituents dried at 180° 0. 171- Hardness : Temporary, 4°; Permanent, 0°; Total, 4°- Free ammonia -008 Organic ammonia -102 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -04 Nitrites ml. Tollesbury. Analyses by Dr. J. C. Theesh. 4.— "Wick Marsh Farm. See p. 282. 8th November, 1908. B.— High Street. Public pump. WeU 10 to 12 ft. deep. February, 1900. 0.— Trial-bore. Maiden Rural District Council. 358 ft. deep, 1912. See p. 282. Sample when bore 187 ft. down and water-level 66 ft. down. 19th January, 1911. D.— Same when 266 ft. deep and water-level 68 ft. down. 16th March, 1911. B. — Same when complete. Taken on the last day of 16 days' test-pumping. 21st July, 1912. 450 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. ToUesbury, cont. H. I « < ^ (N -H O p IN _ 00,000 D 4^25 1^93 00 ■* CO -H [-• CO op >i IN CO ' CO i-H N d i> 1— 1 ,^OIN« rts per 1 C 5^25 2-14 32-43 40-6 118-9 -34 ■44 g 000 CO CN 10 i-H 1— ( ■145 ■004 ■252 rt CO 1 in t- 1 1 lO 00 I> CO t—t .-( CO -^ CO CO ^^1 2-15 38^55 13- 109^2 1-3 r- ( 1 1°. ■104 ■003 ml .-— % 1— 1 hfl rJ=I d <4-l CD ^ +3 ^ £ ^ C3 (D ;> d c; Xi m ;3 -fc3 00 ID !3 o 1 1 1 ,Q.a Jfl -S ;s ^ irt 00 ja c3 P i-d o ^ O 03 O ^ '3 9 S S S 00 g g § § 9 'ot *cq 'm d g © g a> g I UN 11 § £P IN IN CO !0 CO IN o ^ Eli- o So HPMH fi^rS 68^29 24^2 8-2 75- ■25 IN IN [ 9 . "f Tl ^ 1 ' •* eo t^ IN ' ' t^ C^ IN t-- ^ I ■^HMoblNoblicD-jKlH r-i I— i IN T— I IN -♦-' ^ bD . C300— ;2o ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 451 Tolleshunt D'Arcy. "Well at High Hall (Farm) 39 ft. deep (see p. 283). Analysis from the County Technical Laboratories. In parts per 100,000 Total soUds 699- Chlorine in' chlorides 162 -5 (equal to common salt) ... (267) Nitrogen as nitrates -69 Temporary hardness 47 -S" Permanent hardness 99-5'^ EVee ammonia -009 Albuminoid ammonia -035 Oxygen absorbed -265 Quite unfit for any purpose Dr. Theesh comments on the extraordinary amount of salt in this water from a well the bottom of which was 79 ft. above mean sea-level. Ulting. Vicarage. Well in the grounds. See p. 284. By Dr. J. C. Theesh. 13th April, 1910. In parts per 100,000 Ca. 1-2 Probably combined as : — Mg. •7 Calcium carbonate 3 Na. 51-7 Magnesium carbonate ... 2-3 COj 24-2 Sodium carbonate 36-8 SO4 10-4 Sodium sulphate 15-4 CI. 47-2 Sodium chloride 77-8 N03 •31 Sodium nitrate •42 Total soH( Etc J constituents dried at 180° C. •28 136 Hardness : , Total . . S-S" Free ammonia -032 Organic ammonia ... ... ... ^003 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -04 Nitrites nil. Upminster. Upminster Court, Hall Lane. Well in stable-buildings. See p. 285. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. 4th September, 1911. In parts per 100,000 1 •! Probably combined as : — •36 Calcium carbonate ... 2^75 25^57 Magnesium carbonate ... 1-24 16^5 Sodium carbonate ... 24^67 6^7 Sodium sulphate 9^92 17^9 Sodium chloride 29-52 •07 Sodium nitrate •! Silica, &c. ^3 Ca. Mg. Na. CO 3 SO4 CI. N05 Total soKd constituents dried at 180° C... 68 •S Hardness : Temporary, 4° ; Permanent, 0° ; Total, 4° Free ammonia Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites •066 •000 •04 nil. 452 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Vange. m s ^ • a -^ 00 (1) !D O o t< Oi QJ O -^ o °s •2 00 =1 si 00 CO 00 P- o; 05 <^ 00 ra & . Q. OS p. CQ ft CC ^ O! Oi O 51 o o o ft^ "§ TJ ^ :? n ^ g ^^ h -rt ri^ 'ci '2 o a f P r\ S^ ^ .3 ^ Is "m 1^ o lo m lo „ _ M 1> CSl rH lO O O ' rH IN rt m ^ O o O O CO oSo^ 8 o 8 5 U5 rt 00 >0 OS Q (N P7^ OS OS -^ pH CO C^ CO OS 00 (M (M rH ^ CO 00 o o ■?"? -* rH Iffl •084 •0024 •026 nil ;-, >a (N OS ryl lO 1-H CS) rH 00 lO lO (N (N -H r— 1 op %hh •088 •0046 •066 nil 03 . N OS) i-H CO OS lO (N 1-1 (M i-H s: 1 Is, to eo « id 1-5 d l-s Q m ^ B^ 6 Cl Kl I Til i> CO J-E1I : ^'-S J ■ S'o'a o P 3 3 e3 •B'S'B -S o o o :a CO CO 02 02 c9 t3 % § ^ H" o CO to CO _ (N (N i-H ■ i^. t^ o ,!( jH il ^ K f^ cB >|P J O O -J g ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 453 Waltbam Abbey, 1. East London Waterworks (Metropolitan Water Board.) See pp. 289, 290. From Dr. Hoitston's Report to the Metropolitan Water Board for 1910, p. 51. 5tli January, 1910. Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride with a Uttle potassium chloride Sodium nitrate Sesquioxide of iron and alumina Silica . Difference ... Total solids... In parts per 100,000 14-98 4-54 2-9 4-49 3-36 0-06 •17 1-7 + -02 32-22 Hardness : Temporary, 7-82 ; Permanent, 9-49 ; Total, 17-31. Chlorine SO4 (calculated from SO3) Calcium (calculated from CaO) Magnesium (calculated from MgO) 2-03 5-35 6- 1-88 454 ESSEX WATEE, SUPPLY. Waltham Abbey, cont. ^^ (D a . o en a> sQ - a a_ Soo ci -K oo" ^ ,— moo P- 00 00 00 « on J 00 IM <) O! 00 a '^■S ^ 3 S tedo „^ , 2 oJ :rj r3 t: H g S 13 += a 3 0) a O . "rt c3 ° OJ S _<" Qj I I I '. I ^' tt? cj fi sa ■M CO lO O r-H I> H la IN 1 ^ 1 m ? 1 05 1 00 lO 00(N IM 1 oo fH ^^ IM 1 r— I l> IT- t^ i-H eq rH ^ TH O IM 1 CD I 00 m CD r-i CO I CD CO ::3 F— 1 00 ^ to lO i-H 5; CD CO ?3 CD cog * 1 5-2 3-65 § o o CO Til c- I-H I-H III o o o a '^ r-H a) a cL^ ^ i: Sr^s ft O V a t, o §*£ -^ if . t3 , +3 c3 ^\^ HP) '^ S^ IJ CO . o =5 i ilT ftj^ g ft gMco g t! o S 00 ■3° i3 a . 3 +3 g c3 o -g -Q ft te jq =e'3 3 ftO «^ ■^^^i i s s a .2 d C 3 Calc Mag Mag Sodi ^3-3 • m o n CJ aga=! 3 3 3 c5 O O O 73 o c5 13 a rI D m o HPhH % O -a • CO O CO 1-; CD 05 ob lO '^ li ^ I-H ■** CO (-a lO CO CO 00 00 rH 13 ^ M 3 IB •iai- ill a.2 IS » « a j> -S 10 3 §?-e fiooiz; I*. ft oa I-H ic to 00 — I o " F^ CO GO op CO IM CD I-H CO IM 4l IM < CO O CO M =8 ^A O O -; g « « ° c8 3 3"? . |H^ 3 ° 60 S '^ IS ■rH ft Cn IP O.S ^S -^ S-^ft.- a'i^^ O-S^ 3 OOOH '^p^dci ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 455 Walthamstow. 4.— Electric Supply Station. Priory Avenue. See p. 293. 26th May, 1909. Unsoftened. (The supply is softened by Patterson Potash Process.) Sample taken from open tank. B. — Messrs. Houghton's Photographic Works. See p. 293. Taken from an overhead open tank. 26th May, 1909. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. In parts per 100,000 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Sodium chloride ... Sodium nitrate . . . Suspended matter, &c. Total soUd constituents dried at 180° 0. A B Ca. 8-6 3-5 Mg. 11 1-7 Na. 2-1 6-6 COj 13-2 12-8 SO4 4-6 4-1 01. 2-4 2-4 N03 •6 11 Free ammonia Organic ammonia Poisonous metals Turbidity ... Oolour Odour A 21 '5 •4 4-9 1- 4- •8 3-4 36- •0116 •0122 None. Yellowish flocculent. Slight yellowish green. None. B 8-7 5-9 6- 61 4- 1-5 32-2 •0806 ■001 Absent. None. Clear and bright. Shght greenish. G. W. WiGNEB. Walton-on-Naze. The Water Supply of Sea-side Watering Places, 1878, pp. 15-18. The supply was from a deep well, from which no e ample could be got. 4. — Well-supply. Sample taken from a main pipe. B. — From Turpin's Farm pump. C. — From Walford's Farm pump. In parts per 100,000. A B Total soUd matter Loss on ignition, after deductmg com- bined CO2 Iron Chlorine, calculated as chloride of sodium Hardness before boilmg, Clark's scale ... „ after boiling, Clark's scale ... Nitrogen as ammonia „ albuminoid ammonia „ nitrates „ nitrites Total nitrogen in the four forms Oxygen absorbed by organic matter ... 4.-Water free from offensive smell. Taste briny. Colour fair. Micro- scopic examination showed that the sediment consisted mainly of earthy B_VerY unsatisfactory in microscopic appearance containing many living organisms. Most offensive smell and taste, the latter showing that there had been recent urinary contamination. _ i,„f =„„11 n,i,q 0.— A more satisfactory appearance under the microscope, but smelL and taste both unpleasant. , . , . ,i,- The above, of course, refers to a past state of things. 116^14 29^229 29-121 30° 24° •0023 •005 4^589 •0071 4^603 •0046 88 • 18-04 heavy trace. 27 •S? 22° 13^2° •0023 •0109 3^031 •on 3^059 •061 C 45 • 11-06 heavy trace. 18-89 14° 13-4° -0034 -0144 -65 •014 •683 •1691 456 ESSEX WATEK STTPPLY. West Beigbolt. Daniell's Brewery. Deep well to Chalk. See p. 297. By E.. T. Daniell. 1881. Sodium chloride ... Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate ... Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sihca Alumina, oxide of iron, &c. Organic matter and loss in analysis Total sohds Free ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Chlorine In parts per 100,000 60-82 22-71 16-47 8-64 3-62 2-5 •5 -73 115 •012 •018 36 ^93 Hardness: Permanent, 5-6° ; Temporary, 4-4°; Total. 10°. ANALYSES, WELL WATEES 457 West Ham. M o o-. tn T-H 0) a f? o o^ ^ -ri Oi s IS '-' c3 (») 00 .-^ !zi a<='^ ^ ^S^ CO S^r'S T-H o 'S o . o a north-west p). 16th De See pp. 300 January, 19 deep). See S ft o o o — o So"?' iffl U5 1-1 tH rH «■* ©^ U5 ' cq t- CD IQ OO rH Pj « lO li3 •f CD 1^ < U3 o) h lo m . — Borin e south - — Great . — Messi . — Fores CO '^ CDNIO I CO to , -^ 1 mcis to ■ i-H 1 a W C3 tS P

0 lO CO l> IM r-1 00 o 6 &4 ,® O O _4 g ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 459 West Thurrock. 1. Purfleet. 1 Pure Oil Co. Made by R. A. Cbipps, 1904. Communicated by Messrs. Ditke and OCKENDEN. Total solids Chlorine Ammonia Albuminoid ammonia Nitrogen, as nitrites or nitrates Hardness (Clark's scale) In parts per 100,000 307-1 127- •0863 •001 nil. 69-3° Microscopic examination, Mineral matter and a few algae. This water is not suited for boiler-use. The large proportion of dissolved solids and especially the high degree of hardness, due largely to Magnesium- salts, would render it very troublesome, by acting on the boiler-plates and fittings. For the same cause it is of second-rate quality for drinking purposes. 2. Purfleet. Thames Paper Co. See pp. 306-308. By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 4.— March, 1910; B.— June, 1915. In parts per 100,000 A B Probably combined as :- A B Ca. 23-8 28-5 Calcium carbonate ... 28- 30-7 Mg. 14-1 32 • Calcium-sulphate. . . ... 42-8 55-4 Na. 202-6 321-1 Magnesium sulphate ... 24-3 79-3 CO3 16^8 18-5 Magnesium chloride ... 36- 62-5 SO4 49 •e 102-4 Sodium chloride ... ... 513-2 814-2 CI. 338- 640- Sodium nitrate ... ... 2-3 1-4 NO5 1^7 Tot 1- 1 al solid con Hardr Silica, &c. stituents dried at 180° C. less: Total ... 2-4 1-5 ... 649- ... 200° Over 200 Pre B ammonia ... -052 •12 Org anio ammo nia ... -004 •014 Ox. rgen absorb ed in 3 hours at 37° C. ... -088 •21 Nit rites West Tilbury. Very minute trace. nil. Mr . Cole's cottages. near Low Street Station. See p. 308. I 3y Dr. J. C. Thresh. 14th May, 1900. In parts pe r 100,000 Ca. ll^4 ... Probably combined as :- - Mg. 1^2 ... Calcium carbonate 23-5 5 Na. 5^95 ... Calcium sulphate... 6-8 1 CO, 14-15 ... Magnesium sulphate 4- SO4 8- Magnesium chloride 1-6 CI. 4-5 ... Sodium chloride ... 5-4 5 NO3 10-3* ... Sodium nitrate ... Silica, &c. ... *U-1 1-5 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Total 57 • 37° Pree ammonia -001 Organic ammonia ... -005 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -028 Nitrites nU. * The Nitrates (NO3) suggest the presence of a good deal of subsoil water. 460 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Wicken Bonliniit. 1. Parish, well. By A. Matthiessen, in Sir G. Buchanan's Report, 1870. p. 77. November, 1869. In parts per 100,000 Solid residue Mineral matter Organic matter Chlorine = conunon salt Nitrogen as nitric acid Total hardness Hardness after boiling " The water from the ■well, after cleaning, ought not exactly to be con- demned." Before the After the well was well was cleaned. cleaned. 3943 39-86 34-29 37-86 5-14 2- — 2-86 — -97 — 18-6° : — 10-6° 2. Other analyses, from samples all collected on November 22nd, by Prof. Miller. Ihid., p. 78. Apparently in grains per gallon. blland's Old (parish) Grays tone's weU. well. well. 32-3 24^45 4^15 1-9 2-15 1^25 34-2 26-6 44-4 •64 •56 1^42 -002 •003 •003 •01 •008 -006 •06 •0656 . -062 26 •i" 21 •I" 28° 4-5° 5^5° 4-2° Fixed salts Volatile and combustible Total soluble matters Nitric acid Ammonia from its salts Organic ammonia Oxygen required from permanganate to oxidize organic matter Hardness on Clark's scale ,, after boiling an hour Scanty sendiment in all. " The quantity of nitrates is unimportant, but the organic matter though not large in amount objectionable. . . . The proportion of salts of ammonia, though not great, is still distinctly more than good waters usually contain." Dr. [Sir B.] Sanderson reported on the sediments, etc., sent him by Prof. MiLLEE. Ibid., p. 79. The water from Graystone's well and old well have like characters. Both " are richly peopled with microzymas. These consist of spheroidal particles (sporoids) and bacteridia. The sediment consists partly of organic debris . partly of minute masses of faulty granular matter. Each of these masses teems with microzymas. . " ' ' In addition to these forms, there are two species of monads which exist in great numbers, numerous amoeboe and a certain number of paramecia." The waters from Holland's well " is also rich in microzyams," but not to such great extent. "A species of monad abounds. . . . Amcp.bcB are also plentiful." "From these facts it is to be concluded that all these waters, especially those first described, are in a state of active putrefactive change." ANALYSES, WELL WATERS 461 Wicken Bonhunt, cont. 3. The Rectory. See p. 319. 26th October, 1912. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh. In parts per 100,000 12-8 Probably combined as : — •4 Calcium carbonate ... 31-5 •7 Calcium sulphate ■^ 18-9 Magnesium sulphate ... 1-4 1-6 Magnesium chloride ... -4 1-4 Sodium chloride 1-8 •0 Sodium nitrate -0 Silica, &o. 2-2 Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SOi •CI. NO, Total solid constituents drieS at 180° C. 38- Hardness: Temporary, 31-6°; Permanent, 5-4° ; Total, 37° Free ammonia ... -0 Organic ammonia -006 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -045 Nitrites Clear. Slight dulness perceptible but no deposit. Faint grey. No odour. Reaction neutral. Wickham Bishop. --Proposed asylum. Deep boring into Chalk. Prof. C. M. Tidy. January, 1880. pp. 311, 812. By B. — Well in railway-cutting southward of Wickham Bishop station. See p. 312. By Dr. P. F. Feankland. July, 1889. C. — Spring in same cutting. Also by Feankland. July, 1889. In parts per 100,000 30-12 Total solid matter ... Lime (CaO) Magnesia (MgO) Sulphuric anhydride (SO3) Chlorine Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Organic nitrogen ... Total combined nitrogen Organic carbon Ammonia Oxygen required to oxidize organic matter Hardness: Permanent Temporary Total A B 190-21 29-28 3-91 — . 2-316 — . 12-38 — . 74-88 2-5 •171 1-029 -026 -012 (-197) 1-042 ■054 -088 -0014 -001 -016 — -8° 5-1° 2-5° 9-8° 3-3° 14-9° 2-5 -973 -036] 1-009] •16 4-9° 9-4° 14-3° A. — Of the 190-21 grains of solid matter nearly 123 were common salt (Sodium Chloride). The organic matter is very small and organically the water is very pure. The quantity of solid matter is enormous, while the salt present shows that the water is ' unusual.' The last is no indication of organic impurity. Free from suspicion as regards wholesomeness, but it is a question whether it would be palatable. Well fitted in every respect as regards ordinary detergent purposes. B and C. — Slightly turbid. Palatable. (A second analysis of the water from the (? new) well in the cutting gave very similar figures but showed less sign of surface-contamination. W. T. Foxlbe, 1889.) GG 462 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Witham. Waterworks. 4.— Old well (1869), 500 ft. deep. See p. 315. 4th June, 1899. B.— Bore at newer works (1902), €00 ft. deep; 279 ft. to Chalk. See C- B. pp. 315, 316. 5th April, 1902. -Second bore of 1902 (near B), 600 ft. deep and 294 to Chalk. 7th November, 1902. -From a tap in a house, Maldon Road, mixed). 26th September, 1911. From both borings (B and C g o o" 2 o (N .-< H Q ID fM , ® >n m M eq tsi !N rt c- O : i-g ID c6 o H O S « ail (O 1> o HPhH <3 : : M : " ' .2 ' •a a § • § as a te c3 a.2 c g p=(00|z; rt 3 o T3 '3 P .-1 00 ' 03 00 o , Ttl I— I "^ ■^dft • CO "^ ^ 1^ 10 "^ '-^ 10 00 O .* eq ^ ANAXYSES, WELL WATERS 463 Witham, cont. ? An older analysis of A of the previous group of analyses. The depth of the well is given as 600 ft. From the Sixth Bep. Biv. Poll. Comm., 1874, p. 103. 3rd AprU, 1873. Temperature C, 10-6° Total solid impurity Organic carbon ... Organic nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates ahd nitrites Total combined nitrogen ♦Previous sewage or animal contamination Chlorine In parts per 100,000 67-5 •07 ■016 •024 ■645 ■681 6,320 152 Hardness : Temporary, 21-2 ; Permanent, 7 ; Total, 28^2. Slightly turbid. Palatable. One of 13 samples of water from deep wells in Chalk beneath London Clay. The high total solids in such waters is remarked on. These solids are generally largely Sodium Chloride and often Sodium Bicarbonate. Unless the figure for total solids approaches 100 parts per 100,000 it is said not to be excessive, the average for the thirteen samples being 78'09. Organically it is favourably spoken of. It is probable that the above was a mixture of deep well water and subsoil water.— J. C. T. * See explanation on p. 348. New supply. No. 1 Borehole. By Dr. J. C. Thbesh, 1904. From Dr. Reece's Report to the Local Government Board, No. 281, p. 10. "This water is practically the same as the sample examined when the well was first bored." " It is alkaline (containing carbonate of soda) and water of this character is common to both chalk and Thanet sands over a great area of this county." " The sedimentary character is due to very fine sand." Physical Examination. — Exceedingly turbid. Colour normal, when filtered. No odour. In parts per 100.000 48-6 Chlorine Equivalent to chlorides 60 per cent, Nitric nitrogen. Equivalent to nitrates Nitrites Lead, copper, zinc, iron Free ammonia Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed at 98° F. in 3 hours Hardness 17 per 80-8 cent. N. •O Minute trace. •000 •132 ■004 •039 11° GG 2 ,464 ESSE3E, WATHE STJPPL*. Wivenhoe. g s la lo fv. ^ G^ CO (N , lO ■* -^ (N 03 00 I 1 >o I 1 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 (M r— 1 CD 1-H J=^ r—* rH ■<* r-4 (N <11 rj (N qj o M o rt rH CD 1-1 r-H ip 9 N CD fH I ^ li' lO o ■* » 1 \% 00 1 ■%< •097 •006 IN i-H CD T— ( l-t U5 lO l> lO lO (> IC) CD i-H M ^X 1 M ^S| 1 00 i-H 1 (N i-H CO -3 p— t tH CD lO U3 lO >o O CO lo li:) o5 CD i> ' Ttl W5 rtOO (N CD 00 -i (N o ^ ^ ^ CD t-H I— ( GQ bo-2 S-S-^-^ 4j fl 0) CD (D r- sss 9 si ■r-t iD c3 ^ (^ Sh fH 02 03 CQ 02 {=q ^CqoClC^i^ .a 2 is o O f p- rj ^. I3 'TJ © 2 ^ "-t -4^ -^ ■ass -a o ^ 3 W WJ ^ M ^ >,isaaaa ^=g ^ 3 3 3 S cs -^ " o P r^ 3-3 a 2 rD c3 iS o u u u >' ".rH ,'ii pq^ ^ I o CO ^ C5 1> 10 [ O) CO ^ C IN 1-H o ' do O CO Tjl I-H ■* a » ill 3 o cj m fioo^ Q (N 00 CO 18-8 10- 41-9 N pH 1 1 . . ? 1 1 CO rH 1 rt rt ■* "v. J. C. Thbesh, Journ. State Medicine, 1897, vol. v., no. 4. pp. 178-18Q. 476 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. That early pioneer in sanitary matters, Sir E. Chadwick, drew attention to various defects in Essex water-supply, quoting tlie reports of local, medical officers (^) as follows : — "Mr. Henry Cribb, the medical officer of the Dunmow union reports, as a circumstance which is highly injurious to the health, — ' The want of good and wholesome spring-water : there being scarcely any pumps for the use of the poor, they are com- pelled to use water collected from ditches ; and I have known it frequently to be not only very impure, but almost in a putrid state.' " "The medical officer of the Bishop's Stortford union (which comprised many parishes in Essex), states . . . ' that, in this and most of the rural parishes, complaints often arise from the \rant of good and wholesome spring-water, there being very few pumps, or even wells, and the poor being compelled to use water collected from ditches and other impure sources.' " " .!/?•. Whilpels, the medical officer of th'e Lexden and Winstree union, states: — 'There is a point . . . most worthy of notice . . . the deficiency of spring-water. The inhabitants of Salcot Virley and Great Wigborough are com- pelled to drink pond-water, which is impure, brackish, and most injurious to the constitution. The few who have the means, send for water a distance of four miles ; to obviate the evil would be a blessing conferred upon the great mass of the population.' " In 1849 E. Cresy described the water-supply of Chelmsford, and noticed that deep borings had been made by many people, and he mentions eight in the town and six in Springfield, with depths varying from 240 to 295 'ft. In some the water over- flowed. It is a pity that no detailed records of these wells have been kept, and some of their sites could now hardly be found. In the same year W. Ranger gave a short note on the water- supply of Waltham Abbey, as follows: — "The water sources at present used . . . are fourfold, i.e., the corn -mill stream, artesian borings, common wells, and ponds." But no details are given. In 1850 E. Cresy said of Braintree : — "The houses are generally supplied from pumps. The wells vary in depth, some exceeding 40 feet. The water is exceedingly hard, and in many places affected by the drainage, which being suffered to filter away, naturally occasions much organic matter to 'descend to the stratum, from whence the pumps draw their supply. In several instances old wells are actually converted into cesspools, which, by their proprietors, are considered an unusual advantage from their not requiring any cleansing." He adds that "the land around the town abounds with springs," and advocates their use. 1 Report ... on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, 8vo., London, 1842, pp. 65, 66. ADDENDA (contamination). 477 In 1852 T. W. Rammell dilated at some length on Halstead. " The town is very badly off as regards water supply. There being no public provision for the purpose, the inhabitants chiefly depend upon wells, which are few, and in most oases yield an excessively hard water. Sometimes they go to the river, and several small rills." In 1846 a supply was attempted on Mount Hill, where a well was sunk to the depth of 116 ft., and the water stood 33 ft. down; but it was abandoned, apparently because the yield was not enough. He notes four springs on the westein side of the river : — (1) rising at Kiln Farm ; (2) on the side of Mount Hill, falling into the river near the bridge ; (o) on the Chapel-house estate, falling into the river just above the mill; (4) on Tyding's Hill, falling into the river above Parson's Bridge; and two on the eastern side; (5) Holywell, rising in Parson's Lane, down which it passes; (6) at the Wash, flowing into the river below Box Mill. These he thinks available for use, whilst others are too distant. " The water at all the above springs is bright and sparkling, and is considered to be good," but is very hard, as determined by Dr. L. Playeair [Lord Playfaie] ; nine spring- waters varying from 8-2 (the next lowest 18'2)' to 34'5 degrees of hardness. Of West Hiim A. L. Dickens had little, to say, as regards water, in 1855. " There are several courts and other places supiDlied by pumps; but in scarcely any instance is the water good." And in 1857 he also said little of Brentwood. " The water supply is derived -^rom wells and pumps. There are about 100 private pumps and two public pumps in the hamlet. . . Water is obtained at a depth of about 40 feet, but the wells at this depth are liable to fail in very dry seasons." In 1914 Dr. Thresh enquired into the water-supply of Great and Little Oakley. The following remarks are taken from his Report, published in 1915: — The wells from which the supply was got varied from 6 to 30 feet in depth, were mostly uncovered and inefficiently pro- tected. Most were "liable to serious contamination; obvious sources of pollution being visible around," of which examples were given. Several condemned wells were left open. " The whole water supply is extremely hard, varying from 30 to 85 degrees of hardness, and moreover is very impure ; that of Great Oakley being particularly foul." The water of 12 of the 14 wells examined was greatly polluted; that of one was slightly polluted; that of " one only was passable as satisfactory." The mains of the'Tendring Hundred Company extend into these parishes, so that a good supply is available. A similar report was made on the well-water at Ingrave and Herongate, and analyses of most of those .at Castle Hedingham showed that most of them were polluted. H H 478 ESSEX WATEE SUPPLY. Wells. Abberton (see pp. 85, 86). The Glebe. Made and communicated by H. C. Smith. A boring of 5 in. internal diameter. Water-level, 122 ft. down. r Yellow clay rr J ni 1 ; London clay ... [London Clay.J j g^.^^^ ... ... V. Dark sandy clay ^Mottled clay ... Coloured sands [Reading Beds, 75 ft.] Dark green blowing sand Dark grey sand Brown sand ... I Dark green sand •s Flints [Upper.] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water, see lickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 48 48 144 192 1 193 22 215 20 235 18 253 11 264 21 285 6 291 8 299 1 300 100 400 485. Abbess Soding. Ordnance Map 240, new ser. (Essex 42.) Geologic Map 47. The Rectory. 1913. Made and communicated by H. G. Featherby. About 235 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Water-level about 110 ft. down (1915). Pumping has gone on only for about 12 hours altogether, at the rate of 350 gallons an hour, and the yield seems to be free. Thickness. [London Clay, 130fb.] 18 2 213 215 220 [Glacial Drift. J Boulder Clay, with many Chalk stones f Brov/n and grey clay Clay, with sandy stone 18 in. at top, from 198 to 199 down, and 2 ft. at bottom Clay with fragments of shells ( /Black pebbles, with traces of red mottled [Basement- ) clay ... bed ?] \ Hard stone, a con glomerate of flint ^ V pebbles ( Tough red clay, with red and green | [Heading Beds, 3 mottled loam 36|ft.] 1 Grey and green sand with loamy v.. veins [Thanet Sand, f Live running sand ... 85 ft.] (, Darker sand, more loamy ... [Upper.] Chalk with flints The thickness of the pebbles below the London Clay is suggestive of the presence of Blackheath Beds. For an analysis of the water, see p. 486. Ft. 90 105 Depth. Ft. 90 195 H 228i 161 245 20 5 ■ 30 35 265 270 300 335 ADDENDA (WELLS). 479 31 ft. Barking (p. 91). Messrs. White's. Two boi-ings, made and communicated by Messes. Isleb. & Co. No. 1 1899. To get water from the gravel. 3 in. of 6-in. tube, 1 ft. 3 in. above surface. Water-level, 17^ down. ft. Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Made ground 5 5 ' Sand and gravel 7i 121 [River Drift.] Ballast [gravel] Yellow sand ... 8 17 25 (.Ballast 7 32 No. 2, 1906. To 10-in. tubes, 3 S^-in. tubes, 2 Water-level, 37^ ft. get water from the Oldhaven sand ft. 2 in. below surface, for 50 ft. ft. 6 in. below surface, for 85 ft. down. Yield, 1,000 gallons an hour. Blade ground [River Drift.] Fine ballast [gravel] Sand Coarse ballast [London.] Clay, with claystone from 78 to 79 ft. down [P Oldhaven ( Sand and shells Beds.] X Sand and pebbles ... hicl cness. Dei th. Ft. In. Ft. In 6 6 9 15 6 21 7 6 28 6 53 81 6 6 82 9 10 91 10 Corringham (see pp. 132-134, 267). 1. Thames Haven. Asiatic Petroleum Co., By the sea-wall, N.N.E. of cattle-landing station. 1915. Made and communicated by Messrs. Isleb, & Co. 80 ft. of ll|^-in. tubes, 2^ ft. down; 280 ft. of 10-in. tubes, 2^ ft. above ground. Water-level, 28 or 29 ft. down. [Alluvium.] [River Gravel.] [London Clay, ( and Oldhaven « Beds. P] ( [Woolwich Beds and ThanetBeds.] [Upper.] Chalk Soil Loamy soil Sand and clay Running sand Peat Running sand Black clay Light-blue clay Brown clay Ballast ... Dark blue clay Light-blue clay Sand and clay Sand and pebbles .. Green sand Sand and pebbles Grey sand and clay .. Green loamy sand Brown sand and clay Dark sandy clay Sand and pebbles Dark sandy clay Dark clay and flints Thickness Ft. U 2 2 20^ 1 19 3 li J. 2 19 30 14 S 7 42 33 22 4 4 20^ 275i Depth. Ft. U 3i 51 26 27 46 49 50^- 51 70 100 114 122 127-i 134' 142 149 191 224 246 250 254 274^ 550 HH 2 480 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. 178 of Corringham, cont. 2. Thames Haven. Motor Owners' Petroleum Combine, N. of Petroleum Wharf (Stanford), and | mile N.N.W. of cattle landing station. 1915. Made and communicated by Messbs. Isleb, & Co. Dug 8 ft., the rest bored. 74 ft. of 10-in. tubes from 7 ft. down. 7^ in. from 4 ft. down. Water-level, 22^ to 25 ft. down. ( Mellow sandy clay ^ Black clay C Running sand i Ballast [gravel] SGrey sandy clay Green loamy sand Dark sandy clay Green sand and pebbles [ ? flints] [Upper.] Chalk, and black flints Soil [Alluvium.] [Eiver Drift, 48 ft. p] [Woolwich Beds ickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 5 7 25 32 19 51 29 80 4 84 54 138 34 172 3 175 289 464 3. Thames Haven. Oil Processes, Limited. North-eastward of the above, and south of Reedham. 1915 ?. Made and communicated by Messes. IstEB & Co. 94 ft. of 11^-in. tubes from 6 ft. down; 180 ft. of 10-in. tubes from ( Brown clay \ Sticky blue clay C Running sand l Ballast [gravel] r Grey sand \ Grey loamy sand [Alluvium.] [Eiver Drift, P 50 ft.] [Woolwich ' Beds and ^ ,-. i j-i Thanet Beds.] ^ark sandy clay ■' \ Green flints ... Sticky chalk and flints Chalk and flints [Upper Chalk.] Thickness. Ft. Depth Ft. 5 5 29 34 18 52 32 84 4 88 52 140 42 182 1 2 132 182i 314i 187 501 J- The above three sections are of interest in regard to the depth to the Chalk in and near Thames Haven, especially when compared with the other two in Corringham (see pp. 132-134), and the two just outside that parish, in Stanford-le-Hope (see below). These seven sections, all within a distance of a mile from east to west and within half a mile from north to south, show a difference of nearly 100 ft. (175 to 274i) in the depth to the Chalk, the lowest figures being on the west and the highest on the east, whilst the middle one ■ (public house) is not 25 ft. less than the highest. The four western borings show depths to the Chalk of 175, 180, 182^, and 201 ft., the shallowest being in the middle, and the deepest to the south. The two easterly borings show a difference of only 6 ft. in the depth to the Chalk, tho deeper being to the north. We have therefore an easterly dip, with perhaps a suggestion of a fault on the west, where the beds rise more sharply. In the seven borings, together with the shallower one at the Oil Wharves, the thickness of the Alluvium varies from 26 to 51 ft., and that of the River Drift from 19 to 58|, the two together varying from 68 to 88^, a considerable thickness for these deposits. The presence of London Clay is indicated only in the three southern deep borings. ADDENDA (WELLS) East Ham. 481 Beckton Works (see pp. 142-144). Gas Light and Coke Co.'s new well at the Tar and Ammonia Products Works. 1915. Made by the Company and communicated by W. S. Adam. About Trinity High Water Mark = 12i ft. above Ordnance Datum. Shaft throughout, lined 10 ft. into the Chalk. Diameter 10 ft. to 66 ft. down; 8 to 158 down; and 7i to 338 down. Wat^r-level, from the Chalk, about 63 ft. down. Later, galleries were driven at 242 and 291 ft. down. A fault or fissure struck in one gave an increased yield. [P Oldhaven Bed.s and Woolwich Beds.] Made ground C Blue clay (silt) [Alluvium.] < Peat (. Blue clay (silt) [River Gravel.] Ballast ^ Shell-rock Blowing sand Sand and small shells pebbles, of varying size) Sand Dark sand ( Shell and sand Clay and shell Clay, sand and shell Clay and small shoU Blue clay and shell Green sand ... Dark sand [Thanet Sand, C g^^^ ^^^[ ^^^^{^^ ,- 00? "J. (_ Flints [Upper.] Chalk; with 66 layers of flints, irregularly distributed for the most part flints] Thickness. Ft. 9 6 2i- 4 23^ 1 (a few. rather 2 4 2 13 6 5 14 2i 3 im Depth. Ft. 9 15 m 21i 45 46 47 49 53 55 56| 57^ 66 72 77 91 143^- 146 146| 338 Pelsted (p. 155). Grammar School. Four wells and borings for the supply of the swimming-bath, at the end of the bath-house, 20 ft. apart. Made' and communicated by .Mkssrs. Islee & Co., and notes from F. Chancbllob. The following section of one serves for all, as they were alike. Dug well 8i ft., the rest bored, 4 in. internal diameter. Water-level 25 ft. down. f Chalky [Boulder] Clay ... 26^ [Glacial Drift.] ( Light-coloured rough sand (.34 ft. I and large stones ... ' \ London Clay '^ -^ 482 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Great Chesterford (see pp. 169, 170). The Rectory. Two borings made and communicated by C. P. Maetin. .1. — In garden. Soil [P Some River Gravel, the rest Glacial Drift.] Water-level, 20 ft. Stopped owing to the hole being too small to go on with. ' Gravel Yellow sand I Yellow clay ' Blue sand I Blue clay Blue clay and sand ... Blue clay \ Sand. Finished in running sand I Thickness. I Ft. ! 2 11 20 3 18 14 22 15 3 Depth. Ft. 2 13 33 36 54 68 90 105 108 Soil [? Some River Gravel, the rest Glacial Drift.] Chalk B.— Vfater-level, 8 ft. Yellow sand Yellow sand and clay Yellow gravel and clay / Blue clay V Yellow clay and chalk Thickness. Ft. 2 8 8 6 20 6 Depth. Ft. 2 10 18 24 44 50 148 For an analysis of the water, see p. 488. .ubbish Shoot W 3rks. Messrs. Flower and Everett. By the Thames Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. Light-coloured . ioil i i [Alluvium.] Brown clay Light-brown clay ^.. 6 13 6i 19| [River Drift.] Sand Ballast [gravel] i 27 20 47 rDark sand 7 54 Black pebbles i 54i Sand and shells 17i 72 [Lower London Light-coloured sand 4 76 Tertiaries.] ' Clay 2 78 Green sand and clay 611 1393 Dark green sand lOi 150 ^ Flints 1 150| Soft [Upper] C lalk and flints 60 210| Stanford-le-Hope (see pp. 270-272). London and Thames Haven Oil Wharves. Three borings, made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 1. 40 ft. from river-wall. ( ?A mile W. of railway-station). 1907? 190 ft. of 8^-in. tubes from the surface. Water-level 15 ft. down at high water; 20 ft. at low water. Yield, 12,000 to 14,000 gallons an hour. ADDENDA (wELLs). 483 [AUuvivim.J [River Drift.] [Woolwich Beds.] Stanford-le-Hope, cont. Brown clay- Dark clay Sand and clay Green sand Peat . Green sand Ballast [gravel] ( Green sand (. Sand and pebbles C Green sand [Thanet Beds.] < Sand and clay C Dark clay [Upper.] Chalk and flints For an analysis of the water, see p. 488. 70 ft. of 5-in. tubes, 1^ ft. above surface. Water-level affected by the tide. 3 ft. down when tide is up. Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 5 5 9 14 10 24 20 44 1 45 4 49 42 91 14 10.5 H llli 18i 130 32 162 18 180 328 508 Made ground [Alluvium.] [River Drift, 24ft.] [Woolwich Beds ?] ^ Blue clay 1 Sand and clay j Green sand (. Dark clay f Green sand \ Ballast [gravel] 1 Light-coloured sand (..Ballast C Green sand and clay 1 Sand and stone Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 3 3 14 17 12 29 11 40 4 44 3 47 9 56 2 58 10 68 18 86 ... 31 89i This well has been filled up. 3. 1914. 210 ft. of 8^-in. tubes, from 6 in. down, and 200 ft. of 4 in. and of 1^ in., for air-lift. Water-level, 28 ft. down. Soil C Yellow clay [Alluvium.] < Dark clay (. Sand and clay [River Drift, ( Grey sand 54ft.?] t Ballast [gravel] [Woolwich Beds r Green sand and < Sand and clay Thanet Beds.] ( Dark clay ^^^ „, ,, T C Chalk and flints [Upper Chalk.] I jj^^^ ^l^^ll, ... Thickness. Depth Ft. Ft. 2 2 4 6 12 18 8 26 23 49 31 80 60 140 35 175 26 201 263 464 66 330 484 ESSEX WAtER SUPPLY. Waltham Abbey (see pp. 287-291). A'imes Green Farm. About If miles north-eastward of the Made and communicated by Messes. Isijee & Co. Lined with 120 ft. of 4-in. tubes from 85 'ft. 'down. Water-level 97 ft. down. Dug well ( ? older. In London Clay) Blue [London] Clay r Mottled clay witji stones ... [Reading Beds, \ Dark green sand with pebbles 52 ft.] j Dead green sand (^Dead black sand [Upper.] Chalk. Flints and Chalk Abbey. Thidkness. ' Depth Ft. Ft. — 95 50 145 10 155 11 166 25 191 6 197 150 347 West Ham, Stratford (pp. 300-304). Gas Light and Coke Co., Union Street. 1913. Made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. 132 ft. of 10-in. tubes, from the surface. Water-level, 66 ft. down. Yield, 6,000 gallons an hour. [Artificial.] [River Drift, ISi ft.] Concrete Made ground Dark brown clay Green clay Brown clay Black ballast [gravel] Brown ballast r Dark blue clay [London Clay, ) Blue loam and stones 32 ft.] ■ T Blue clay v. Claystone Mottled clay .. [Reading Beds, 1 ^-ight-green sand and pebbles- 3Si ft.] ..i (' ■' Light-green sand Sandy clay and pebbles Congealed ballast [conglomerate] Dark green [Thanet] Sand [Upper.] Chalk and flints Thickness. Depth. Ft. Ft. 1 1 Is 2i li 4 1 5 2 7 6i 13^ 7 2O5 18 38^ 6i 45 5 50 2i 52i 7i 60 2i 62i H 72 9 81 7 88 37 125 276 401 Trial-borings, not for water. Barking (see p. 336). Hollway Shoot, in the Marshes. Messrs. Cory's. Close to river-bank. Three trials, made and communicated by Messes. Islee & Co. Sites measured from a copy of Essex Map, Sheet 74, S.W. (1898). No 1, Middle. About 380 yards north-eastward of end of landing-statue. Ripple Marsh. Thickness. Made up ground p. 11 . 1 (Brown clay [Alluvium.] [ Loamy Wue clay f-Rivor Gravel], Thames ballast Thanet Sand (G. Baeeow), Dark grey sand Ft. . 3 4 6i 3oi 7i Depth. Ft. 3 7 IBi 49 56^ Addenda (trial BOEiJfGS) 485 Barking, cont. No. 2, Western. About 50 yards E. of enclosure, Ripple Marsh. r Brown clay [Alluvium.] \ Mottled clay ■• ) Loamy blue clay I Peat [River Drift-J I ^^^J f}^ ■■■ '- ■' i Ballast [gravel] Thickness. Ft. Depth. rt. i 4 7 4? 8 15 3 18 2 20 No. 8, Eastern. [Alluvium.] About 760 yards east-north-eastward of end of landing-stage, Ripple Marsh. Thickness. Mould Mottled clay .. Peat [River Drift.] { ®^^^ ^""^ Ballast [gravel] Ft. i 2 6 3 2 Depth. Ft. I 5 2i 13j These, and the following, are of interest as showing the varying character and thickness of the Alluvium, and, in one case, a great thickness of River Gravel. British Coalite Co., Creekmouth. About 20 yards farther from the river than the well noticed on p. 93. Made and communicated by Messbs. Richaeds. Thickness Depth. Ft. Ft. Well (the rest bored) ? Alluvium ■ 14 14 f Sand and gravel 3 17 \ Gravel 2i 19-L [River Drift P] "^ Sand H 23 i Gravel 14 37 I Sand 9 46 Analyses of Well Waters. Abberton (see p. 354). The Glebe, see p. 478. By De. J. C. Thbesh, 30th April, 1914. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as: — Ca. 2' Calcium carbonate ... 5' Mg. ]'3 Magnesium carbonate ... 4-5 Na. 62'65 Sodium carbonate ... •29- CO3 22-6 Sodium sulphate ... 10-3 SO4 7- Sodium chloride 93-2_ CI. 5t)"5 Sodium nitrate ... '15 NO, -1 Etc 2.85 Total solid constituents dried at 180° G. 145- Hardness : Temporary, 11° ; Permanent, 2-5° ; Total, 13-5°. Free ammonia -1215 Organic ammonia ... 'Oil Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. '18 Nitrites nil Little opalescence. Colour yellowish. Odour none. Reaction neutral. 486 ESSEX WATEH StTPPLY. Abbess Roding. The Rectory (see p. 478) By Dr. J. C. Thresh, December, 1913. Ca. 475 Mg. 3- Na. 9-82 00 5 15-9 SO'i 10-6 01. 5-4 NOj, -13 In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Trace of iron, etc. .. 11-73 ... 10-38 2-72 ... 15-7 8-9 -17 1-4 ... 51- Total solid constituents dried at 180° 0. Hardness : Temporary, 17° ; Permanent, 10° ; Total, 27°. Free ammonia ... ... ... ... -144 Organic ammonia ... ... ... -0015 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° 0. -036 Nitrites -00 Slightly opalescent. Little fine sand present. Colour slight yellow. Odour none. Reaction neutral. Barling. Well of the Southend Water Co. (new). By Db. J. C. Thresh, June, 1915. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... 2-8 Sodium carbonate ... 32-42 Sodium sulphate .. 14-06 Sodium chloride ... 51-1 Silica, etc 1-62 Ca. 1-12 Mr. trace Na. 39-81 CO, 20- SO, 9-5 01. 31- NO, 0- Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 102- -032 •000 -03 nil Reaction neutral. Hardness : Temporary, 28° ; Permanent, 0. Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites Trace of fine sand. Slight green tint. No odour. Note the practical absence of magnesium carbonate. Boreham. Bungalow. Well, 19 ft. deep. By De. J. C. Thresh, June, 1915. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as: — Calcium carbonate Magnesium carbonate Magensium sulphate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Ca. 10-4 Mg. -8 Na. 5-36 CO, 17- SO, 6-8 CI. 2-8 NO, 2- .. 26- 1-M 1-18 8-68 4-6 2-74 1-84 ... 47- ADDENDA (ANALYSES) 487 Boreham, cont. Hardness: Temporary, 23°; Permanent, 6°; Total, 29°. Free ammonia -002 Organic ammonia -0032 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -025 Nitrites ^ nil Clear and bright. Faint green. No odour. Reaction neutral. Dovercourt (see p. 383). Deep Well at "The Tower." By De. J. C. Theesh, October, 1912. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — Calcium, carbonate Calcium sulphate Magnesium sulphate . . Sodium sulphate Ca. Mg. Na. CO3 SU4 01. NO, 28-3 12- 11-3 13-8 ge- ls- -5 Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate ... Iron, silica, etc. determined) 23- 64-9 59-3 4-3 24-7 ■7 (not 27-1 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. ... 204- Hardness: Total, 143°. Free ammonia ... Organic ammonia Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites •04 •008 •045 •000 Very dull. Slight deposit of iron-oxide. Colour yellow. Odour none. Reaction very faintly acid. This water presumably comes from the base of the London Clay. A.- Earls Colne (see p. 388). -Waterworks, see p. 142. First water reached, apparently from sand, 24th August, 1912. B. — The same. 12 hours after starting pumping. C. — The same. After 12 days' pumping. 30th D. — Atlas Irqnworks (see p. 141). By De. J. C. Theesh. 16th September, 1912. September, 1912. Ca. Mg. Na. COs SO4 01. NOs 7- 3^ 4-2 20- .7 3-6 13 B C D 8-7 s- 3-5 1-8 Vb7 2-75 4-65 6-9 17-9 16^6 17-1 12-2 2-2 2-7 7-7 6-6 6-9 21-6 •25 •26 •6 Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate Magnesium sulphate Sodium carbonate Sodium sulphate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate Silica, etc. ... In parts per 100,000 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. Hardness: Temporary... Permanent... Total Free ammonia Organic ammonia ... Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. Nitrites A B C D 17-5 21-8 20- 8-75 10-4 4-9 5^37 9-65 — 2- __ — 3-7 — 2-3 — 1-03 •6 4- 11-4 5-9 10-9 11^4 35-5 •17 •3 •36 •8 •3 1-5 •57 •9 39- 42- 44. 67- 18° _ 20° 12° 8° — 6° 7° 26° 23° 26° 19° •068 •028 •022 •056 •004 ■002 •002 •081 •008 •018 ■042 nil nil nil nil 488 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Earls Colne, cont. A. — Very thick and turbid, 2 in. deposit of dark grey clayey sand on resting. Colour, when settled, greyish. Slight odour of tar. Reaction neutral. Evidently contains some water from an extraneous, probably superficial, source. B. — Deposit of Chalk. Faintly yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. C. — Clear. Very faintly yellow. No odour. Reaction neutral. Great Chesterford (see p. 397). Rectory. Well 148 ft. deep. Second boring, see p. By Db. J. C. Theesh, May, 1915. 482. Bright. A few small particles of flocculent sediment. Very hard, otherwise a very good water. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — . Ca. 11-5 Calcium carbonate ... 28-7 Mg. -6 Magnesium carbonate ... '56 Na. 2-58 Magnesium sulphate ... 2-17 CO, 187 Sodium sulphate ... 1'88 SO^ 3- Sodium chloride ... 3-3 01. 2- Sodium nitrate ... ... 2-47 NO3 1-8 Silica, etc. Trace of iron "92 Total solid 001 istituents dried at 180° C. ... 40- Hardness: Temporary, 25°; Permanent, 5°; Total, 30° Free ammonia ... '004 Organic ammonia -0032 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -05 Nitrites, absent. Ramsden Bellhouse. Ramsden Heath Pumping Station of the Southend Water Co. (see p. 344). From tap on rising main. _ By Dr. J. C. Thresh. 1914. In parts per 100,000. Probably combined as : — Calcium carbonate ... 1"7 Magnesium carbonate ... I'Oo Sodium carbonate ... 32'35 Sodium sulphate ... 18' 95 Sodium chloride ... 40-9 Silica, etc. 1'85 Oa. •7 Mr. ■3 Na. 36-t3 Fe. trace CO, 20- SO^ 12-8 01. 24-8 NO, ■0 Total solid constituents dried at 180° C. 96-8 Hardness: Temporary, 2-3°; Permanent, -4°; Total, 2-7°. Free ammonia ... ... •. ... '05 Organic ammonia "005 Oxygen absorbed in 3 hours at 37° C. -07 Nitrites ..: nil Slightly opalescent, clayey matter. Colour, faint yellow-green. Odour, one. Reaction, faint alkaline. ADDENDA. 48i> Stanford-le-Hope (see p. 440). London and Thames Haven Oil Wharves, Ltd. Boring 508 ft. doep, see pp. 482, 483. Communicated by N. A. Anfilogofp, Manager to the Company. Total solids Organic carbon Organic nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites Total combined nitrogen Chlorine In parts per 100,000. 45-2 •093 •014 ■07 •024 •096 3^9 Total Hardness, 25°; Permanent, 3-8°. Ficrtker Wells. Barling. Pumping station of the Southend Water Co., near the river, over a mile W.N.W. of All Saints' Church. Communicated by E. C. Bilham, 1915. Surface of ground 18 ft., floor of engine-house "20 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Highest rest-level of water 146'5 ft. below Ordnance Datum. Well 348| ft. down (330| ft. below O.D.). Six feet boring, unlined, 13^ ft. ; 4-i ft. boring 33^ ft. Soil [RiverJ Gravel London Clay , [P Oldhaven Beds, llf feet.J [Woolwich Beds.] C Sand < Sand pebbles and shells (. Hard black sand, with few pebbles C Light-coloured hard sand ... I Muddy softer sand ... Thickness. Depth. rt. In. Ft. In 3 3 9 6 12 6 344 6 367 2 4 359 4 2 8 362 6 6 368 6 13 381 6 14 395 6 Booking. 1. Franciscan Convent, 1910 ? Made and communicated by H. C. Smith. Water-level 46 ft. 800 gallons an hour down. Yield, with the suction Well of 5 feet diameter (the rest bored) , „, n C London clay [London Glay.J ^ q^^^^ ^^ ^^^.^ /Sandy clay and shells Mottled clay Coloured sands Brown sand G-rey sand Chocolate-coloured clay G-reen sand ^Flints [Upper] Chalk and flints ,..■ [Lower London Teriiaries, 101 feet.] m a foot in the water Thickness. Depth. Ft. Fb. 50 !^ 54 104 2 106 '.. 29 135 10 145 18 163 5 168 33 201 3 204 2 206 1 207 93 300 490 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. Bocking, cont. 2. Spencer's Cottages, Church Street, near the School. Information got by Messrs. Cotjbtauld and Co. from the well-sinker, in 1885. About 180 ft. above Ordnance Datum. Supplies a number of cottages, and is said never to fail. [Drift] Gravel London Clay... [Reading Beds and r Green clay ) Grey clay and sand mu t u J 1 J Green sand IhanetBeds.] (^gtone [flints] ... [Upper] Chalk Thickness. Ft. Depth. 17^ 166i 12 174 173 J 85 20 205 2 207 3 80i 207i 288 Judging by the other wells here, and by those at Braintree, the so-called London Clay must include the greater part of the Reading Beds. A sample of the water showed that surface-water was entering freely. — J. C. T. ADDENDA (ANALYSES). 491 R h S 'S 3 3 O '3 3 c3 g ^ a jS a. O - CO -r 'X' t^ »o CO p^oopooipr^p d 0-5 ' r-i ' ^ r-t ' ' ^ ,o <1 li:^ ■TS . 's •s.g 3 3 « ~* cbTO OJ Ol (N 1-1 1^ 3 c8 O) u m > 'T3 .0 H) ri ,3 u (D ^ -*^ ^ 0;:3 3 © OTi r3 492 ESSEX WATER SUPPLY. •SmqSiaii iq 00 O , (N o . 4J o m pdl'Bnn:{8a 8pT[oe iit^ox -^ (i) -^ r^ -*^ r-i -^ to (M *0 I— 1 « t-. ^H I— 1 +3 'S U5 M c •S^TI8Tl'VT131I00 \'?'^ . o'9 .^ o »o CD 4J T^ ^d •sa^BJ^i^ umTSs-B^od 1 ^'r^'> o^ a) 2 1 ' pnB mnipos 1 -rj< CO lO -tJ ^^ I— > rH m * lO 1-Ct r^S g . C3-J Tj( -* Q r^ I .^ 1^^ 1^ +J o -^ •apLio[T^O umipos E~i i^ CI ^ rH iO ^ ^ o 1 S5 lOO O ' l3 •apiioxqo nmisanSBH 1 C3-. -* "tH O 00 ■43 !- 0) tn c^ ' ' o g"^ e ri. i lO »o Ss D- "3 ■apuoiqo "uiTiTOi-BO 1 CO 00 CC C CO 3^ o" CQ 1 6j c~ " '^ io +3rJ3 1 o ■aj^qaitis imipiiso 1 f-^'?' 05; o +3 +a to CO o oT lOOO-O 00 a CO o 00 I— 1 -a^^noQluO "ainioxHQ I CI 0:1 CI 9 1^ 2 1^ o I— 1 ' cq (N oq d rS Cd 00 CD C be cs.e 0) c S O ^ be ■paqaosqv naS-ixQ 1 ^ I-l ^ 1 OOp -t^O orj m ■^ -5 t- 0) p. -* 00 m "k^ CO •Biuotiraiy oiubSjo 1 000 00 I p p -t^ p 03^ o M 03 s OCO CO g^ 1 S3 s ■Bniounny a9J^g; 1 000 Oi-H 1 p p p -^ p ^5 d "3 . B 0-0 g ■ppY of^in; CO p 00 10 Q i-H 60 CI Oi CO +^ r^ o H G > paiiiquioj 1 65 OOS "" CI CD ™ s pi 1 r- I— 1 ■"t (V) (D •&> .-. p. i^ Oi 0000^2 ^ 0. ^ ^ 1-^ rl , . _4. H Ul ADDENDA (ANALYSES) 493 'u SB TJ ^s ^ N 'oJl^ o. ^ft B-'i CQ •a ri 3m H 03 1^ > ^ & s ta c-i (>. <» m '^ S •^ W 6 P3 CO Si •^ H m n =n 1-2 -^ si P !>, « o S rt ° tJ. h- a j: r, H P4 rt ^ P « o 3 " tJ Q O -f o -f O '^ lO IS -^ ^ fN CO O iO 01 3 T3 r^ 3 tJ !3 n s c3 ^ r ■S T3 .^^ .§ o s g o c8 ■ S o 32 o <1 H CD 0) o a 9''n\ S^fc^ - CO O !h I; '^„^'^ M M -S-2| £ !id C4-I "^ a; " t. CS r^ O 0- ^-( tH S *^ M a O S o m ^ O f^ g M (D CD O .13 fD -S':3 o „ 4i .S ^ o ^ II 494 INDEX. INDEX Names of authors, informants and observers are in small capitals. Names of places are in italics ; those outside Essex being marked with an asterisk. Other entries are in ordinary type. AbbertoH, 73, 77, 84-86, 206, 354, 478, 485. Abbess Boding, 233, 478, 486. Abbey Mill, 323, 324. Abridge, 190, 205. Adam, W. S., 481. Adams, H. A., 250. Admiral's Park and Sjiring, 60, 74, 75, 115, 347, 370, 371. Aimes Green, 287 454. Air in waters, see Gases. AiTCHisoN, G., 298, 333. *Albury, 14. AJdham, 86. Alfobd, C. J., 143. Alkaline Waters, 510. Alluvium (or Alluvial), 5, 6, 87, 89, 92, 93, 102, 104, 109-113, 115, 133-136, 139, 143, 144, 146, 156, 160-162, 165, 175, 193, 217, 227, 233, 236-238, 241-243, 167, 282, 286, 287, 290, 292-294, 298, 306- 309, 321-340, 342, 344-346, 358, 480-485. Almoxd , 219, 220. Alpliamstone, 73. Aires ford, 86. AUhorne, 19, 82, 86, 87, 224, 355, 510. Analyses, 22, 2.3-28, 32, 33, .59, 60, 289, 346-466, 469-472, 485-489, 491^93. Anderson, J. H. , 344, 345. Andkos , 327, 328. Anfilogoff, N. a., 480. Ansted, Pkof. D. T., 321. Anticlinal, 11. Ardleigh, 51, 84, 87, 277, 355. Arkesden, 14, 48, 84, 87, 88. Aemistead, Dr. AV., 47, 88, 123, 137, 170, 213, 231, 241. Armsea, 108. Artesian Wells, 3, 4, 470, 476, AsBEY , 248. Axhdon, 88. Asheldean, 88. Asheldham, 73, 88, 346. Ashev, 73. Asylum, Hospital, and Infirmary supplies, 104, 105, 128, 129, 170, 195, 197, 200, 211, 217, 234, 311, 312, 364, 379, 398, 405, 415, 416, 425, 461. Attfield, Peof. J., 397, 401. Audley End, 47, 295, 296. Avcley, 89, 264, 356. Aythorpe Boding, 89. Baddoic, see Great and Little. Bagshot Beds, Pebble Beds, or Sand, 5, 6, 8, 49, 50, 57, 83, 105, 167, 177, 200, 205. Baham , 190, 191. Bailey-Dexton , 262. Baker, S. F., and Son, 104, 125, 132, 137, 249, 291, 292, 296, 299, 322. Bamber Green, 276. ■^ Baxnbster , 175, 469. Bardfield Saling, 89. *Barkway, 13. Barking, 1, 21, 25, 26, 44, 68, 84, 89-93, 264, 336, 356-358, 467, 470, 479, 481, 485. Barling Greek, 2, 92, 93, 324, 325, 327. Barking Side, 195, 408. *Barley, 13. Barhylands, 168. Barling, 72, 93, 264, 486, 489. Barn.ttnn, 93. Barrack, Fort, or Garrison supply, 123, 182, 258, 259, 295, 309, 434, 469. Barrett, Sir W. F., 472. Barrow, G., 30, 92, 99, 143, 199, 200, 207, 211, 257, 292, 293, 295, 303, 304, 322, 468. Barthrop, Major, 231. Barflnw 'End, 72, 80. Barton Beds or Sandj 27 Basildon, 93, 264. Batchelob, R. D (or Messrs.), 132, 134, 137, 176, 193,' 195, 196, 257, 262, 206, 271, 307, 308. 28. INDEX. 495 Sattlesbridge, 246, 247 Beam Bridge, 193. Bean, The, 2. Beabd, J., 67, 159, 286, 470. Beauchamj) lioding, 233. Beaumont, 93, 277- Bbaumont, G. F., 202, 220, 471. Bechingham, 283. Bechton, 84, 142-144, 337, 338, 384, 385, 481. Belchamp Otton, 94. Belchamp liiver, 2. Belchamp St. Paul, 94. Belchamp Walter, 94. Belemnite Marl, 254, 343. Benfleet Marshes, 260. Benfleet, North, 232, 233, 264, 424. Bennett, F., 223-225, 287. Bennett, F. J., 49, 467, 468. Bentfield, or Bentfield End, 48, 268. Bentley, Great, 18, 77, 78, 84,, 167, 168, 350, 397. Berden, 14, 94. Berechurch, 94. BerghoU, West, 297, 456. Beenays, Db., 395. Berners Boding, 84, 95, 233, 358. Bewees, W., 89, 91. Bilden End, 48. BiLHAM, C. S., 147, 148. BiLHAM , 37, 58. BiLHAM, E. C, 95, ]01, 140, 146, 147, 149, 157-159, 175, 176, 238, 244, 260, 262-264, 278-280, 287, 310, 489. BiUericay, 22, 49, 71, 72, 84, 95, 96, 264, 359, 467. BiUericay Bural District, 96, 204. BiUericay Rural District Council, 95, 90. Birch, Great and Little, 96. Birchanger, 96 ■Birdhrooh, 84, 96, 97. BiscHOF, Pkop. , 29. Bishops Stortford, 13, 14, 41, 48, 476, 510. Blackheath Beds, see Oldhaven. Blachmore, 97. Black Notley, 80. *Blachwall, 326. Blackwater, 74 Blachwater, or Pant, Biver, Estu- ary, or Valley, 2, 19, 25, 40, 47. Blanks , 273. Bliss, W. B., 310. Blown Sand, 5, 6. Bohhingworth, 190. Backing, 22, 35, 06, 84, 97-100, 359, 360, 489. BoNNEY, Pkof. T. G., 184. Booth, A., 469. Boreham, 100, 486, 487. Borley, 101. Bos WELL, p. G. H., 12. Boulder Clay, 5, 6, 8, 9, 17, 18, 80, 83, 88, 89, 94-97, 100, 108, 114, Boulder Clay — conl. — 122, 123, 136, 137, 150, 153-155, 159, 168, 169, 172, 174, 178, 179, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192, 202, 206, 207, 210, 211, 213-216, 223, 228, 231, 234, 236, 238, 240, 247, 248, 251- 253, 255, 256, 265, 268, 273, 275- 277, 280, 280, 296, 310, 313, 314, 316, 320, 334, 339, 342, 352, 438, 470, 478, 481. Boulder Drift, 239. Bourne Brook, 2. Bournes, or bourne-flows, 47, 48. *Bow . S., 155. Ingrave, 8, 201, 477. Ingrehourne, Biver, 2. Inn, Hotel or Tavern Supplies, 109, 113, 114, 120, 134, 179, 255, 261. • 268, 276, 286, 305, 310, 314, 354, 367, 458. Interference of Wells, 104, 113. Inworth, 81, 202, 408, 409. Iron, action of water on, 18, 36, 37. Iron-pan, 86, 87. Irving, Dr. A., 65, 189, 472. IsLBR and Co., 94, 111-115, 124, 128, 134, 149, 150, 160-162, 164, 165, 181, 186, 187, 189, 192, 195, 197, 201, 202, 219, 222, 234, 241- 243, 246, 250, 267, 281, 284, 287, 303, 306, 321, 336, 342, 394, 479-485. INDEX. 501 Jacks Green (Takeley), 276. Jenkins, J. H. B., 472. Joint-planes, or Fissures, 10, 11, 21 Jones, H., 218. Joyce, F., 287. Jukes-Bkowne, a. J., 184, 343 344 Jurassic beds, 6, 323. ' *Kelso, 28. Kelvedon, 202, 409, 471. Kelvedon Hatch, 233. Kennakd, a., 187. Keywood, H. G., 76, 78, 82, 191, 472. *King's Cross, 27. KiNSEY, W. B., 132, 471. Kirby-le-Soken, 84, 203, 277. Knights, J. W., 418, 423, 425, 440. Kynochtown, 267. Laindon, 78, 84, 203, 204, 264, 410. Laindon or Langdon Hill, 49, 78, 84, 204, 205, 264, 410, 467. Lamarsh, 205. Lamb, D. C, 177, 178. *Lambeth, 21, 22. Lamhourne, 205, 206, 190. *Lancasier, 28. Landwick, 176. Langdon, see Laindon. Langenhoe, 73, 77, 206, 411. Langenhoe Wick, 206. Langford, 206. Langham, 206. Langley, 14, 206. Langley, a. N., 218. Large supplies, 3. Latchingdon, 82, 206, 207, 411, 412. Latham, B., 104, 261, 262. Latton, 190. Laundry supplies, 152, 199, 200, 240, 260, 304, 389, 429, 457. La VENDEE and Bateman, 32. Lavee, De., 4 Laver, High, 192, 404, 405. Laver, Little, 216. Lawford, 207, 277, 412. Layer Breton, 44, 207. Layer Brook, 81 Layer de la Haye, 207. Layer Marney, ' 22-2i, 34, 84, 208, 209, 413, 510. Lea, Itiver and Valley, 2, 3, 26, 41, 471, 510. Lea Bridge, 12, 84, 209, 210, 340. Lead, action of water on, 18, 35-37. Leaden Boding, 210. Lead poisoning, 35, 167, 396. Lee Chapel, 264 Le Geand and Sutcliff, 86, 91, 111, 112, 131, 135, 196, 197, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 227, 233, 237-240, 247, 249, 250, 252, 254, 273, 274, 285, 286, 301, 302, 307-309, 317- 319, 336, 340. Leigh or Leigh-on-Sea, 68, 70, 71, 260-262, 414, 472. Leighs, Great, 172. Leighs, LittU, 52, 79, 172. Leigh Well, 262. Lbtheby, De., 393, 406. Level of ground, 1, 2. Lexden, 18, 76, 78, 79, 351, 470. Lexden and Winstree Rural Dis- trict, 472. Lexden and Winstree Rural District Council, 271, 272, 44.2, 472. Leyton, 1, 68, 209-211, 415. Lincolnshire Limestone, 28. Lindsell, 211. Lindsey, W. IL, 470. Linford, see Mucking. Listen, 211. Little Baddow. 50, 76, 79, 468. Little Bentley, 212. Little Birch, 96. Little Braxted, 8, 44, 168. Little Burstead, 212, 264. Littlehury, 13, 65, 84, 212, 213, 415. Littlehury Green, 213. Little Canfield, 169. Little Chesterfield, 13, 65, 84, 213. * Little Chishall, 2, 13. Little Clacton, 213, 277. Little Coggeshall, 123, 213, 376. Little Diinmow, 52, 214, 471. Little Easton, 84, 214, 416, 510. Little Hallingbury, 84, 214, 215. Tjittle Holland, 215. Little Horkesley, 84, 215. Little Laver, 216. Little Leighs, 52, 79, 172. Little Maplestead, 62, 216. Little Oakley, 173, 473, 477. Little Farndon, 216. Little Sampford, 216. Little Stamhridge, 217. Little Thurrock, 48, 217, 264, 329, 416. Littl? Totham, 8, 80. Little Wakering, 217, 264. Little Waltham, 78. Little Warley, 217. Little Wighorough, 177, 217, 416. Little Yeldham, 62, 80, 218. Liveing, Peof., 390. Local Government Board, 53, 54, 60- 62, 468, 469, 475. London, 1, 21, 26, 27, 467-470. London Basin, 5, 9, 21, 24, 33, 473. London Clay 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 19- 21, 23, 48, 49, 52, 53, 57, 58, 62, 64, 75, 79, 83, 85-107, 110-119, 121, 122, 124-135, 137-150, 152-164, 502 INDEX. London Clay — cont. — ■ 166-168, 170, 171, 174-184, 186, 187, 190-211, 213-223, 225, 226, 228-230, !232-238, 241-252, ,257, 258, 260-263, 265-268, 271, 272, 274, 276, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284- 295, 297-305, 310-312, 314-320, 323-326, 333-336, 339, 341-344, 389, 390, 419, 420, 430, 466, 470, 472, 478-481, 484, 487, 489. London County Council, 38. London Tilbury and Southend Eail- u-(iy, 334, 335. Long, C, 253. Loughton, 5, 6, 48, 68, 84, 218. Love's Oreen, 320. Low, Db. R. B., 58, 180, 247, 469. Lower Chalk, 6, 47, 144, 184, 254, 259, 312, 343. Lower Cretaceous, 6, 323. Lower Dunton, 141. Lower Greensand, 6, 47, 218. Lowering of water-level, 78, 82, 85, 91. Lower London Tertiaries, 6, 9, 10, 14, 19-35, 71, 72, 83, 86, 95, 96, 99, 100, 112, 117, 134, 140, 142, 146, 149, 156-159, 161, 162, 178, 180, 196, 200, 235, 238, 241, 246, 260, 261, 281, 282, 284, 297, 305, 310, 320, 325, 337, 340, 344, 482. (See also Oldhaven, Thanet, Woolwich Beds.) Lower Tertiary Sands, 152. Low Street, 308, 458. Lucas, J., 470. Magdalen Laver, 219. Magnesium-sulphate in London Clay water, 9, 14, 16. Maine , 292. Malaise, Pnor., 184. Maldon, 6, 25, 50, 68, 80, 84, 219- 221, 335, 417, 418, 467. Maldon Rural District, 18, 471, '473, 491. Maldon Rural District Council, 227, 282, 422, 449, 450. Mallows Green, 222. Mann , 87. Manningtree, 12, 22, 23, 221, 277, 510. Mansergh, J., 257. Manuden, 14, 84, 222, 418. Maplestead, 163. Maplestead, Great, 62, 173. Maplestead, Little, 62, 216. Mar Dyke, 2. Margaret Boding, 222. Margaretting, 80, 84, 222, 223, 419. Margaretting Tye, 9, 223. Marhshall, 52, 84, 223. Martin, C. P., 482. Maetindale, Col., 329. Mashhury, 223. Matching, 223. Matthiessen, a.', 460. Mayland, 82, 223, 224, 419. Maynaed, M. G., 213. Medicinal Springs, see Mineral. Melbourne Rock, 343. Mbldola, Prop. R., 65, 66, 471. Mereyweathee, Messes., 95, 214, 280. Mersea, 3, 11, 22-24, 40, 224, 467, 473. (See also East and West.) Messing, 11, 80, 224, 281. Metals, action of waters on, 35-37, 353. Metropolitan Board of Works, 325, 337. Metropolitan Water Board, 3, 38, 68, 69, 84, 90, 209, 210, 224, 289, 290, 292, 293, 295, 407, 453, 454. Middle Chalk, 8, 140, 144, 184, 209, 254, 259, 299, 307, 312, 322, 343. Middle Oolite, 27, 28. Middle Street (Clavering), 123. Mtddleton, 80. Mile End (Colchester), 128, 379. Miller, H., 137, 173, 178. Miller, Proe., 434, 435, 460. Mill Supplies, see AVorks. Millstone Grit, 28. *MinwaU, 27. MiLEOY, Db., 184, 468. Mineral or Medicinal Springs or Waters, 51, 52, 346, 469, 470, 473. Mistley, 84, 224-226, 277, 420, 421. Mitchell, Dr. J., 3, 10, 89, 92, 118, 135, 140, 154, 176, 197, 206, 217, 218, 232, 246, 249, 254, 265, 271, 285, 291, 470. MivABT, Db. F. St. G., 61, 02, 469. Monldiam Park, 288, 454. Moreton, 226, 234. MoBETON, Hon. R., 319. Morris , 125. Moulsham, 50, 115-117, 372. Mountnessing, 18, 226, 264. Mountsorrel granite, 29. IMotTRLON , 344. ISIuching and Muckingford, 11, 53, 54, 84, 226, 227, 264, 421. MUMFOBD, W. H., 123. Mundon, 20, 84, 227, 228, 422. Murphy, Sir S., 58. Mylne, R. W., 288, 289. Nash, Dr. J. C. T., 58, 438, 472. Navestock, 228, 341. Nazeing, 84, 190, 229, 230, 422. Nazeingbury, 229. Nettlewell, 190. Nevendon, 71, 230, 264. Nevendon Well, 238, 427. Newcomb , 256. INDEX. 503 New England Island, 217. Newman's End, 223. Newport, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 65, 84, 230-232, 423. *Newsells, 13. Newton, De., 110. Noak Hill, 61, 232. Noble's Green Well, 147, 148, 388. Xorth Benflect 232, 233, 264, 424. North End (Great Waltham), 78, 176. Northey, 219. North Famhridge, 82, 233, 491. North Ockenden, 233, 264. North Shoehwry, 264. North Weald Bassett, 190. North Woolwich, 84, 321, 322, 338. Norton Mandeville, 233. NoTTBB, Prof. J. L., 434. Nursery Supplies, 151, 269, 275, 288, 444, 454 Oakley, Great and Little, 172, 173, 473, 477. Oakwood Well, 70, 148, 387, 388. Ockenden, North, 233, 264. Ockenden, South, 264, 265. *Oldham, 28. Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds, 6, 9, 35, 86, 90, 92, 95, 101, 105, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 132- 134, 140, 143, 144, 147-149, 159- 161, 166, 175, 176, 184, 191, 193- 195, 197, 199-201, 211, 219,. 220, 222, 228, 233, 234, 237, 242-244, 357-260, 262-264, 266, 274, 285, 286, 293, 300, 301, 310, 334, 478, 479, 481, 489. Old Red Sandstone, 6, 84, 144. Old Rocks, Floor of, 64. Old, or Great Sampford, 174. Old Supply, 4, 75. Ongar, see Chipping and High. Ongar Bural District, 233, 234. Orsett, 44, 234, 264, 424. Or sett Bural District, 201. Orsett Rural District Council, 217, 416. Osea, 84, 234, 425. Ostend (Burnham), 110. Ouse Basin, 2. OverQowing wells, 4, 85, 93, 109, 116, 124, 131, 156, 173, 175, 217, 219, 226, 249, 367. Ovington, 234, 425. Oxney Grien, 50, 59, 60, 319-321, 353, 465. Page, Sir T. H., 182, 469. Baglesham, 235. Pale Green, 188, 403. Palmee, Lt.-Col. G., 229. Panfield, 235. Pant River, see Blackwater. Parkeston, 277. Parndon, Great, 173. Parndon, Little, 216. Paeey, O., 128. Parsonage, Rectory and Vicarage Supplies, 88, 109, 131, 145, 152, 154, 169, 172, 176, 189, 192, 195, 232, 237, 238, 245, 261, 268, 272, 274, 276, 285, 295, 304, 310, 319, 348, 404, 405, 408, 440, 451, 461, 478, 482, 485, 486, 488, 491. Patmore End, 284. Patmore Heath, 14. Patteswick, 74. Peach, J. C. or T. C, 208, 217. Peaese, Rev. L. N., 272. Pebble Gravel, 6. Pebmarsh, 62, 235. Peldon, 84, 235, 236, 425. Penning, W. H., 56, 185, 192, 214, 220, 254, 296, 327, 467, 468. Pennington Xane, 84, 271. Pentlow, 236. *Peterborough, 28. Pettitt , 111. Pewit Island, 23, 173. Phillips, C. P., 298. Phillips, J., 333. Phthisis, 69. Picketts Well, 71, 149, 388. Pitsea, 71, 84, 101, 236-238, 264, 426, 427. Pitsea Marshes, 237. Pitsea Well, 286. PiTSTOW, A. E., 178. PiTTEK, J., 143, 337, 338. Plaistow, 52, 278, 279, 324-326. Plaistow Level or Marsh, 333. ■Platamore or Platimore, 183, 184. Plateau Drift or Gravel, 6, 202. Pledgdon Green, 189. Pleistocene, 6. Pleshey, 238. Pliocene, 6. PococK, T. I., 467. Pods Wood, Messing, 80. Pollabd and Tingle, 204. Pollution, see Contamination. Pollution of deep wells, 62 Ponds and ditches, supply from, 94, 118, 140, 165, 175, 177, 212, 233, 247, 255, 260, 273, 476. PooLEY, T. A., 362. Population, 1. Porphyrite, 28. Post-Glacial Drift or Gravel, 121, 126, 137, 202, 212, 314, 315, 473. (See also River.) Potten Island, 238. Potter Street, 182. Pbbstwich, Sie J., 3, 4, 111-113, 116, 118, 152, 159, 184, 210, 217, 218, 246, 248, 249, 265, 287, 289, 290, 299, 303, 470. 504 INDEX. PriUlewell, 11, 70, 71, 84, 260, 261, 263, 341. Prittlewell Well, 263, 428. Privies, 62, see also Cesspits. Public Supplies, 77-83, 88, 90, 93- 97, 99-104, 106, 107, 109-113, 115- 124, 129-131, 134, 135, 138-141, 142, 146-149, 151-153, 157-159, 162, 163, 165-168, 170-176, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 188, 191-194, 198-207, 209, 213, 214, 216, 218, 220, 221, 226-228, 231, 232, 234, 236- 239, 241, 244, 247-250, 253-255, 257, 260-264, 266, 268, 270-274, 276-280, 282, 283, 286, 289, 290, 292-295, 309, 310, 313, 315-318, 320, 321, 346, 347, 349-353, 356, 359-364, 365, 368-374, 376-378, 391, 393, 394, 396-399, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407, 412, 414, 415, 417, 418, 420^28, 431, 433-439, 441- 443, 447^50, 452-454, 460, 462- 464, 486-489, 491. Purfleet, 2, 21, 48, 165, 264, 306- 308, 344, 345, 459. PtJEKis , 88, 110-114, 132, 136, 141, 145, 162, 174, 175, 187, 217, 237, 238, 244, 245, 247, 248, 253, 2.56, 260, 261, 274, 282, 310, 320. Purleigh, 82, 239; 491. Parleigh Station, 131. Purleigh Watenoorks, 353. Pyrgo Park, 187, 403. ■ Quatermary, 6. *Queenhorough, 160. Quendon, 14, 65, 84, 239, 240, 429. Raban, Col. E., 258, 259. Raby, G., 281. Radfoed, W. H., 165, 340. Eadwinter, 13, 84, 240, 241, 341, 429. Railways, Borings for, 334-336. Railway Supplies, 53, 76, 86, 131- 134, 179, 199, 203, 204, 218, 233, 237, 247, 261, 274, 300, 304, 310, 312, 314, 319. 354, 406, 410, 457, 461, 491. Rainfall, 7, 38-46. Eainham, 2, 60, 61, 84, 241-244, 264, 341, 342, 430, 469, 482. Painham Creek, 241. Painham Ferry, 242, 243. Rainwater, Supplies from, 181, 184, 285 Rammell, T. W., 473, 477. Pamsden Bellhouse, 84, 244, 264, 488. Pamsden Grays, 244, 245, 264. Pamsden Heath. 72, 244. Pamsey, 23, 44, 245, 277, 335. Ranges, W., 89 473, 476. Pawreth, 245. Payleigh, 40, 84, 246, 467, 468. Rayleigh, Lokd, 277. Payne, 246. Reading Beds, see Woolwich and Reading. Recent, 6, 183. Rectory Supplies, see Parsonage. Ped Bridge (Wanstead), 295. Redman, J. B., 340. Reece, Dr. R. J., 103, 104, 116, 316, 469. Reid, E., 307, 308. Pettenden, 20, 76, 246, 247, 491. Revinian, 344. Rheumatism, 07. RiCHABDS, P. F. M., 170, 171. Richards, R., and Co., 135, 220, 284, 288, 485. Rickets, 67. Pickling, 247. Pidgewell, 62, 247, 248. RiGBY , 226. Bivenhall, 248. River Deposits, 112, 153, 342. River or Valley Drift or Gravel, 6, 77, 81, 89-93, 110, 111, 113, 119, 130, 133-137, 143-145, 147, 149, 155-157, 160, 162, 164, 165, 175, 178, 191, 193, 195-200, 209, 211, 212, 227, 232, 241, 243, 244, 248-250, 253, 257, 258, 261, 263, 267, 273, 290-293, 298-304, 306- 309, 321-340, 342, 344, 345, 479, 480, 482-485, 489. Rivers, 2. Poach Piver, 2. ROBEETS, De. G., 475. Robinson, R. P., 258. *Pochdale, 28. Pochford, 248, 257. ROCHFOED , 269. Pochford Pural District, 264. Rochford Rural District Council, 260, 435. Poding, Piver, and Valley, 2, 41, 75, 468. Poding, see High, etc., RoFB, H., or RoFE and Son, 13, 137, 229, 240, 252, 253, 270. RoLFE , 100, 109, 113, 114, 167, 223, 268, 313, 320. RoLLESTON, Rev. , 268. Polphy Green, 176. Poman Piver, 2, 79, Poman Spring, 51. Pomford, 1, 52, 68, 84, 248, 249, 264, 430, 431, 467. Romford Pural District, 61, 62, 68, 469. Powhedge, 84, 249, 250, 431. Roxwell, 8, 50, 80, 84, 251, 432. Poyal Albert Docks, 327-329. Poydon, 84, 190, 252, 253, 432, 443, 468. INDEX. 505 *lloyston, 12, 13, 472. Runwell, 76, 491. Mushley, 175, 469. Rxjss, W., 226, 227. Russ and Minns, 153. Sabine's Green, 228. Saffron Walden, 6, 13, 26, 48, 68, 84, 253-255, 433, 467, 470. Saffron Walden Rural Vistrict, 80. Saffron Walden Rural District Council, 213, 423. St. Chad's Well (Chadwell), 48. St. Chad's Well (Ilford), 52. St. Lawrence, 255. St. Leonards, 229, 230, 422. St. Osyth, 51, 255, 352, 433, 510. St. Peter's Well, 51, 65, 75, 123, 177, 305, 347. ,S'i. Thomas' Spring, 76. Salcot Virley, 476. Saling, Great, 173, 174, 398. Salt, large quantities of, in waters, 18, , 23, 24, 451, 461, and see Analyses. Salt or brackish water in wells, 93, 146, 160-163, 165, 182-184, 191, 203, 217, 283, 293, 307, 308, 322, 510. Salter, Db. W. A. E., 49, 204, 472. Salts, various, large amount of in waters, 361. Samp ford, Great or Old, 174. Sampford, Little, 216. Sand and Gravel, see Gravel. Sandbkson, Sir B., 460. Sandon, 76, 167, 255. Sands, H. H., 318. Sands and Walker, 100, 123, 124, 142, 250, 271-274, 317. Sandy beds 'in Chalk, 147. Sassb , 74, 117. * Sawhridgeworth, 190. School and College Supplies, 138, 155, 165, 192, 193, 213, 230, 231, 309, 381, 382, 390, 444, 481. Scott , 261. Sea Beach, 342. Sea-water, or tidal water, in wells, 26, 27, 356, 384, 386, 404. Secondary, 6. Sedgwick, Pkof. A., 183, 469. Selbornian, 6. Seward's or Sewers End, 255. Sewardstone, 289. *Shaftenhoe Bud, 13. Shalford, 235. Shallow supplies, 7, and throughout Well supplies. Shaepe, D. iR. 102, 104, 141. Shaw, H. O. N., 93, 251. Sheepcote Green, 123. Sheering, 44, 84, 190, 255, 256. *Sheerness, 67, 259. Sheldon, A., 119, 289. Shelley, 256 Shellow Bowells, 256. Shells, see Fossils. Shelly sand, marine, 6. Shenfield, 257, 264. Shenstone, J. C, 49, 177. ''Shepherds Bush, 22. Shingle and sand, 5, 6, 112, 261. Shoeburyness, 40, 42, 44^6, 67, 68, 84, 257-259, 434, 435, 473. Shoebury, North, 264. Shoebury, South, 264, 434. Shoplanid, 259, 264. Sible Hedingham, 62, 260. Silurian, 6, 344. Silvertown, 321, 322, 338. Simpson, J., 218. *Shegness, 28. Skreen's Park, 251. Slice's or Slyces Gate, 49, 71, 72; 95, 96, 168, 359. Smith, Sir C, 272. Smith, E. A. and Son, 167, 168. Smith, H. C, 85, 207, 208, 271, 280, 305, 306, 478, 489. Smith, W. C, 195. Smith and Son, 192. Smith , 191. Smith, Dr., ,282. Snoreham, 207. Softening, 165, 253, 4.55, 493. Softening, experiments on, 29-32, 34, 35. Soft and hard waters, in relation to health, 67-69, 473. Soils and subsoils, 468, 472. Sombbville, T., 242. Source of deep well-waters, 83. South Benfleet, 52, 71, 84, 260, 435. Southchurch, 72, 84, 260, 261, 263, 264. Southend, 1, 3, 37, 57, 58, 67-71, 84, 260-264, 342, 414, 428, 436-438, 467, 469, 470, 472, 473. Southend Water Company, 3, 10, 69-72, 78, 84, 93, 95, 96, 101, 113, 140, 146-149, 157-159, 168, 175, 176, 178, 192, 204, 212, 230, 233, 237, 238, 244, 248, 259-264, 278- 280, 285, 286, 310, 383, 384, 386- 388, 391, 399, 414, 426-428, 435- 438, 447, 448, 452, 486, 488, 489. South Essex Water Bill, 53. South Essex Water Board or Trust, proposed, 12, 137, 229, 240, 252, 253, 271, 422, 429, 432. South Essex Water Company, 3, 31, 60, 61, 68, 69, 84, 89, 119, 134, 165, 177, 193, 194, 198, 199, 217, 226, 227, 232-234, 244, 248, 249, 264- 266, 273, 305, 394, 395, 406, 407, 431, 492. South Fambridge, 438. 506 INDEX. South Hanningfield, 80, 81, 265, 439. Southminster and Southminster Marshes, 40, 73, 265, 346, 439. South Ockenden, 264, 265. South Shoebury, 264, 434. South Weald, 52, 104, 105, 264, 265. Spencee, T., 346, 347, 361. *Spinney Hills, Leicestershire, 344. Springs, 7, 8, 12, 18, 86, 47-52, 55, 59, 60, 67, 73-82, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 100, 108, 109, 113, 118, 123, 131, 146, 151, 155, 168, 173. 186, 188, 192, 200, 203, 206, 207, 209, 211, 219, 221, 224, 226, 234, 235, 241, 244, 247, 248, 260, 265, 266, 282, 283, 306, 313, 316, 319, 321, 346-353, 370, 423, 461, 472, 474, 476, 477. Springfield, 50, 52, 60, 114, 115, 476. Squieb, I. W., 156, 268. Stamboui-ne, 62, 266. Stambridge or Great Stambridge, 174, 266. Stambridge, Little, 217. Stanford-le-Eope, 14, 84, 264, 266- 268, 342, 440, 482, 483, 489, 493. Stanford Bivers, 190, 268, 342, 440. Stansted Mountfichet, 14, 48, 67, 84, 268-271, 440, 441. Stanway., 84, 271, 272, 441, 442. Stanway Hural District, 131. Staple Hill, 48 Stapleford Abbots, 52. Stapleford Tawney, 233, 272, 442. Stebbing, 50, 272. Steeple, 272, 273, 443. Steeple Humpstead, 273. Stickling Green, 123. Stifford, 84, 273. Stisted, 84, 273, 274, 443. Stock, 49, 57, 274. Stondon Massey, 283. Stone, 67. Stones Green, 277. Stonylands, 139. Stopes, H., 126, 470. Stort, Biver and VaUcy, 2, 12, 65, 468, 472. Stour, niver and Valley, 2, 24, 38, 65, 467. Stow Maries, 14, 53, 82, 274. Steachan, G. R., 220, 248, 266. Strahax, Dk. a., iii. Stkaight , 223. *Strand, 22. Stratford, 300-304, 344, 467, 484. Steathcona, Loed, 313. Strethall, 13, 80, 275. Sturmer, 84, 275, 444. *Stutton, 328. *Sudbury, 41, 216. Sugstys Green, 108. Sulphuretted hydrogen in water, 9. 18, 19, 176, 192, 399. Supply, see Tield. SUKEIDGB, J. A., 228. Sutton, 71, 264, 275. Sutton, F., 387, 420. Sutton Well, 149, 388. Swallow-holes, 47, 48. Swindell and Buenell, 109. *Swindon, 27. Synclinal, 113. Taboe, H., 99. Takeley, 84, 276, 884. Tannee, R. B., 153. Taveenee, J., 315. Taveenee , 210. Taverner' s Green, 185. Tatloe and Sons, 167. Tayloe, De. T., 97. Temperature of well-waters, 69-72, 109, 133, 134, 297. Tendring or Tendring District or Hundred, 24, 33, 276, 466. Tendring Hundred Water Companyj 3, 23, 87, 93, 138, 140, 184, 203, 207, 215, 226, 245, 276-278, 295, 318, 319, 381, 382, 412, 420, 421, 477. Terling, 55, 56, 81, 277, 352, 444- 446, 468. Tertiary or Tertiary Beds, 6, 15, 16, 48, 53, 84, 188, 218, 427. Tertiary sands, 10, 15, 16. (See also under various divisions.) Thames, Basin, Biver, Valley and Mouth, 1, 2, 5, 38, 38-40, 54, 467, 468, 471. Thames Haven, 26, 132-134, 380, 881, 471, 479, 480. Thames-water, drawing in of, 54, 322. Thanet Beds or Sand, 6, 9, 10, 16, 19-21, 24, 26, 29-35, 63, 90-93, 95, 98, 100, 102-107, 109-112, 114- 117, 119, 124, 125, 127-129, 132- 136, 138, 141-145, 147, 148, 150, 153, 1.54, 161, 165, 166, 171, 175- 179, 181, 186, 187, 190, 191, 193- 202, 204-212, 216-218, 220, 221, 227, 228, 234, 237, 242-244, 249, 259, 262-266, 290-292, 297-304, 808, 312, 315, 316, 319, 322, 327, 328, 337, 338, 343, 363, 411, 439, 478-481, 483, 484, 489. Tharted, 277, 467. Theydon Bois, 190. The'ydon Gernon, 190, 334. Theydon Mount, 36, 233, 278. Thickness of London Clay, greatest, 201. Thomas , 89. TeoENE, Stn R. T., 55, 261, 277, 468. INDEX. 507 Thorpe, East, 146. Thorpe-le-Soken, 24, 277, 278. Thoirincjton, 278. Thresh', Miss May, 51, 52, 346, 473. Thundersley, 31, 33, 71, 72, 84, 264, 278-280, 447, 448. Thurrock, see Little and West. Tidal water, see Sea. TiDDEMAN, B. H., 304. Tide, influence of on water in wells, 104, 134, 156, 483. Tidy, Db. C. M., 386, 395, 428, 436, 461. Tilbury, 469. Tilbury Docks, 329-333. Tilbury, East, 146, 264, 339. Tilbury-juxta-Clare, 62, 81, 84, 280. Tilbury, West, 52. TiLLEY, T., or Messbs., 93, 106, 120, 128, 130, 140, 145, 152, 169, 179, 194, 218, 227, 248, 249, 273, 315, 339, 342. Tillingliam., 25, 280, 281, 448. Tindon End, 174. Tiptree and Tiptree Heath, 8, 11, 81, 202, 281, 283, 353, 408, 449, 474, 510. TiTT, J. W., 265. Tollesbury, 23-25, 34, 84, 282, 449, 450. Tolle.shury Marsh, 282, TolUshunt d'Arcy, 18, 282, 283, 451. TolUshunt Knight's, 37, 81, 202, 224, 283. Tolleshunt Major, or Beckingham Toothill, 283.' Topley, W., 290, 291. Top of Chalk underground, 11, 12, 480. Toppesfield, 62, 283. Totham, Great, 8, 18, 35, 174, 236. Totham, Little, 8, 80. Totternhoe Stone, 47. Teewby, G. C, 143. Trias, 323. Tbindeb, Rev. Db. W. M., 473. *Tunbridge Wells, 28. TuBNEE, E. E., 123. Twinstead, 52, 283. Tye Green, 164. Typhoid, see Fever. Uqlry, 14, 84, 283, 284. U'jting, 81, 284, 451. Underground course of water, 77. Underground top of Chalk, 11, 12, 480. Union Wells, see Workhouse. Upminster, 52, 81, 84, 264, 284, 285, 451. Upper Chalk, 6, 85, 89-95, 97-100, 102-106, 109, 114-117, 119, 121, 122, 125-130, 134-138, 140-151, 154-159, 161-168, 170, 171, 174- 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 191, 193, 194-197, 199-205, 207-216, 218, 220-222, 224, 225, 227-229, 234, 235, 237, 238, 241-243, 245, 246, 249-254, 259, 260, 262- 264, 266, 268-274, 278-282, 284- 286, 288, 290-292, 294, 297-308, 312, 315-318, 320, 322, 327, 330, 333, 338, 343, 478-484, 489. Upper Crag, 6. Upper Cretaceous, 6. Upper Greensand, 5, 6, 28, 144, 218. Upper Oolite, 28. Vpton Park (East Ham), 145. Valley Drift or Gravel, see River. Vange, 70, 71, 84, 264, 285, 286, 426, 45'2. Vange, Auxiliary, Main, and West Pumping Stations, 158, 159. Veley, a. C, 103, 113, 166, 396, 470. Vicarage Supplies, see Parsonage. Victoria Hocks, 333. Vivian's Bobing Company, 343, 344. VoELCKEB, Db., 395. Wadsley, Messbs., 112. Wakering, Great, 70, 72, 84, 175, 176, 264, 379. Wakering, Little, 217, 264. Wakering Wick Well, 175, 176. Wakes Golne, 286. Walkeb, T. a., 338. Wallnspa, 8, 84, 287. Waltham Abbey, or Waltham Holy droffs, 68, 84, 287-291, 453, 454, 467, 473, IS4. Waltham, Great, 19, 78, 176, 351, 399. Waltham., Little, 78. Walthamstow, 1, 11, 44, 68, 84, 291- 293, 455. Walthamstow Marsh, 292. Walton, Walton-on-Naze, or Walion- le-Soken, 11, 12, 23, 34, 68, 84, 163, 277, 293-295, 455, 467. Wanstead, 1, 52, 68, 295, 407. Waeington, R., 15. Warley, see Great and Ltttle, 217. Warley Common, 177, 399, 400, 468. 508 INDEX. Warley Place, 49. Warnek, J. and Suxs, 293, 294. Wabeen, Harold, 12, 47, 472. Warren, S. H., 48. *Warrington, 28. Waste of water, 8. Water-finder, or diviner, 18, 61. Water-levels, 12-14, 35, 56, 66, 67, 85-90, 93-95, 97, 99-119, 122-126, 128-132, 134-160, 162, 164-167, 169-173, 175, 176, 179-181, 186- 193, 195-197^ 199-209, 211, 213- 263, 266-276, 278-282, 284-289, 291-297, 299-306, 308, 310, 313, 315, 317-322, 472, 477-484, 489. Water-sink, 48. Watney, R., 166. Watson , 185, 310. Watts, Prof. W. W., 344. Way, Prof. J. T., 352, 445, 446. JVeelerj, 5, 6, 12, 64, 277, 295, 323, Wells', 64-67, 69-72, 77, 80, 82-322, 468-471, 476-484, 489. Wells, F., 115. Wenden, or Wendens Amho, 13, 47, 65, 84, 295, 296. Wenden Lofts, 13. Wennington, 244, 264. West Sergholt, 297, 456. West Earn, 1, 12, 211, 297-304, 344, 457, 473, 477, 484. West Ham Abbey Marsh, 299. West Hanningfield, 9, 81, 304, 305. West liorndon, 305. West Mersea, 51, 65, 66, 84, 177, 305, 306, 458. West Thunock, 84, 264, 306-308, 344, 345, 459, 468, 473. West Tilbury, 52, 264, 308, 309, 459. Wethersfield, 52, 309. Whilpels , 476. Whitakeb, H. L., iii. White, W., 65, 66, 471. White C'nhu, 51, 62, 309. White Notley, 80. Tr7i!*e Boding, 309, 310. White's Green (Helion 'Bvmpstead), 18«. Whitmoee, Db. J., 418. Wir.ken Bnnhunt, 47, 48, 56, 57, 310, 460, 461, 469. Wi,l:rn End, 232. Wickens, Pease and Co., 242. Wirl.rn. Water, 48. Wickford, 8, 4-1, 71. 84, 140, 264, 310. Wickford Well, 310. Wickham Bishop, 8, 11, 82, 84, 281, 311, 312, 461, 471. Wickham St. Paul, ;']3. Wicks or Wi.r, 277, 318. Wid, Biver, 2. Widdington, 82, 313. Widford, 60, 61, 84. Wigborough, see Oreat and Little. Wiggens Oreen, 188. Wignall Street, 207. WiGNER, G. W., 90, 357, 358, 365, 374, 380, 381, 401, 402, 437, 455, 470. Willett, W., 206. Williams, A. and Co., 105, 173, 181, 235, 242. Williams, A. E., 136, 285. Willingale, 234. Willingale Spain, 313. Willis, H., 205. Wills, L. J., 468. WiLMER, H., 310. Wilson, T. H., 120. Wimbish, 84, 313, 334. WiMSHiRST, HoLLiCK and Co., 265. WiNSTONE, B., 344. Witham, 22, 24, 50, 52, 68, 82, 84 314-316, 462, 463, 467, 469, 470. Wivenhoe, 68, 84, 317, 318, 464, 466 Wix or Wicks, 277, 318. Wix Cross, 276 * Wolverhampton, 28. Wood, J. M., 7, 75, 78, 79, 129, 130, 250, 316, 473. Wood, S. V., Jxjnr., 249. Wood, T. W., 137. Woodford, 1, 12, 52, 68. Woodham Ferrers, 52, 76, 319, 465 491. Woodham Mortimer, 82. Woodham Walter, 82, 319, 353, 465. Woodside Green (Hallingbury), 172. Woolwich, North, 84, 321, 322, 338. Woodward, H. B., 47-50, 57, 116 294, 467, 468, 472. Woolwich and Reading Beds, 5, 6, 9, 85, 86, 90-95, 97, 98, 100, 102-107, 110, 112, 114,116-119, 121, 122, 124- 141, 143-148, 150-155, 161, 163, 166-168, 170, 171, 174-179, 181, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 191, 193- 211, 214-216, 218-221, 224, 225, 228, 229, 233, 234, 237, 242-247 249, 250, 252, 257, 258, 259, 262- 264, 266, 268-270, 272, 274; 278 284, 285, 287, 288, 290-295, 297- 304, 311, 312, 315-319, 322, 323, 326-328, 334, 343, 466, 478-481 483, 484, 489. Workhouse or Union Wells, 114 211 219, 234, 248, 268, 271, 389, 415' 418, 424. Works, Factories and Mills (various) Supplies, 87, 89-92, 98, 99, 102- 111, 114, 124, 12.5, 128, 132, 134- 136, 141, 144, 145, 164, 177, 190, 192, 196-200, 219, 223-225, 236, 237, 241-213, 265, 267, 276, 278, 287, 290, 293, 298-304, 306-308, 321, 354, 357, 360, 372, 379, 381, 384, 385, 391, 399, 400, 406, 426 430, 438, 4.55, 457, 459, 479, 480, 482, 485, 487. INDEX. 609 Worming ford, 84, 319. Wrabness, 277, 319. Writile, 8, 34, 59, 60, 192, 319-321, 353, 465. Yeldham, see Great and Little. Yield or Supply 73-79, 81, 82, 85, 86, 89, 94, 95, 98-107, 109-112, 114- 119, 121-126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 134-136, 138, 139, 141-144, 149- 152, 156, 160-162, 164-167, 173, 176, 180, 181, 182, 185-187, 189- Tield or Supply — cant. — 192, 195-197, 199-202, 204, 205, 207-209, 211, 213, 214, 219-221, 224-228, 230, 232-234, 236, 241- 243, 247, 250, 251, 254, 255, 257, 260, 262, 266-271, 274, 275, 277, 281, 284, 285, 288, 289, 291-293, 295, 300-308 310-312, 315-318, 320-322, 478, 479, 482, 489. Young , 145, 207. Zinc, action of water on, 18, 36, 37. Zinc in water, 348. P K 510 ESSEX WATER STTPPLT. PLATE 2. Map showing the amount of Chlorine in Deep Well-waters. Upon this plate are marked approximately the positions of various deep wells referred to in the Memoir, and the figures represent the amount of chlorine in the chlorides contained in the water therefrom in parts per 100,000. It will be observed that whilst the chlorides are usually high near the coast, in some instances, as at St. Osyth and Brightlingsea, the deep wells yield water containing comparatively small quantities of chlorides, whilst inland, as at Layer Marney and Tiptree, the water is highly charged with these salts. In certain cases considerable variation is found within a very limited area, as near Great Dunmow. In the town itself, and a little to the east, the Chalk yields water containing from four to five parts of chlorine per 100,000, whereas a little to the west, at Little Easton, the chlorine exceeds ten parts. The waters are different in character, that at Dunmow and to the east containing no sodium carbonate, whilst that to the west contains this salt. These differences are mjarked along the line, referred to on page 21, separating the hard calcareous waters from the softer sodium carbonate (alkaline) waters. In South Essex, over the whole of the Chalk -outcrop at Grays, the water contains but little chloride save near the bank of the Thames, where certain wells yield very saline water. PLATE 3. Map showing Wells yielding Alkaline Waters. 'l.he solid dots represent wells yielding water containing sodium car- bonate, and in most cases containing very little calcium carbonate. The rings ■ represent calcareous waters containing some sodium carbonate, whilst the crosses refer to waters containing no sodium carbonate. Over extensive areas the deep wells yield alkaline waters, the exceptions being wells (as at Althorne) yielding waters highly charged with magnesium sulphate. North of a line extending from Manningtree on the east to Bishop's Stortford on the west, practically all the deep wells yield a calcareous water. On the Grays Chalk-outcrop the water is also calcareous, and in the Lea Valley both varieties of water are met with. A study of the two maps will afford safe indications as to the character of the water likely to be met with in deep borings in various parts of the county. Map Showing the Underground Water Level in the Chalk Around the H ESSEX WATER SUPPLY MEMOIR. (Mem Geol. Surv Around the Head-Waters of the Stort and Cam. ^ ^ ^ ^ plate 1 ■- - - By Messrs. H. Rofe & Son, ri-rticj. CL■o^^^l. Cajryti^t Ht-y*> Scale o£i-lach.tq One MfleariE^ ■t Ordnance Surfey, Soiithmnptmh,]91i ■ Red .s,,ots .;«i« sites of welh7^,»h.,-ed lli. R.d sloping figures shou^ wnter-lceulinfieL lied tin iiips shov) wukrgiowid water-nitihi'iis. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND. PLATE RAINFALL MAP OF ESSEX- By H. R. MILL, D.Se., LL.D. REFERENCE. Rainfall below 20 inches ,, between 20 & 22.5 inches 22.5 & 25 „ 25 & 27.5 ,, „ above 27'5 inches Scale 1 Inch = 10 Miles. O 5 10 Note. — The larger numerals indicate the Nps. of the New Series One- Inch Ordnance Survey Maps. Cxowji Cojfja'L^it ■Reflin.'vccI , Trinf''^ atthr Orrlnanci? .'•'ni-t rv (.*r(ici:S->/it?t,itnp/on in 19JS. at' k"?^ ■a..-