RASPBERRY, CURRAN' 
 , .. ., .r^AWBERRY 
 
<\ 
 
 
 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003377888 
 
Cornell University Library 
 SB 381.W68 
 
 Raspberry, currant and stjawj>er^^^^^ 
 3 1924 003 377 888 
 
THESIS 
 PRESSHTE? TG THE 
 DEPARTJIENT OF POMOLOGY 
 AS PAST 0? THE REQUIRIiOilNTS OF A MIROR SUBJECT 
 
 FOR THE DEGREE OF 
 MASTER OF SCIENCE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 BY 
 
 
 
 RAYMOiro HARVEY V/ILKINS. 
 
 > 
 
TAIL 15 
 
 OP 
 
 C0NTTT]>1TS 
 
 
 RASPBERKY 
 
 
 ni story 
 
 
 
 pages 
 1-8 
 
 Ked Cap 
 
 
 
 8-21 
 
 Propogation 
 
 
 
 8-10 
 
 Soil 
 
 
 
 10-11 
 
 Planting 
 
 
 
 11-14 
 
 Tillage 
 
 
 
 15-16 
 
 Fertilization 
 
 
 
 16-18 
 
 Priming 
 
 
 
 18-20 
 
 Harvesting and : 
 
 Marketing 
 
 20-21 
 
 Black Cap 
 
 
 
 21-28 
 
 Propogation 
 
 
 
 21 -22 
 
 Soils 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 Planting 
 
 
 
 23-24 
 
 Tillage 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 Pruning 
 
 
 
 24-25 
 
 Harvesting 
 
 
 
 27-28 
 
 Insectg:i-^ai4; Diseases:.? 
 
 '^^V^^i ■' 
 
 <-, 
 
 29-32 
 
 Purple Cane 
 
 
 
 33-34 
 
 Conclusions 
 
 
 
 34-35 
 
The Raspberry. 
 
 The raspTaerry is one of our oldest fruits, and 
 with tew but unimportant exceptions comes from three main 
 and distinct sourcesj Rutous Ideaus, which is the common 
 wild red raspberry of Europe; Rubus strigosus, the common 
 wild red raspberry of America and Rubus occidentalis , 
 the wild black cap of this country. Therd are also a 
 number of other species, which are spread all over the 
 United States, but they have not developed any varie- 
 ties of importance, and are of no importance to the com- 
 mercial grower. Grays classification follows ; 
 
 Raspberry. 
 Natural family Rosaceae. 
 General characters. 
 
 Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with 
 biennial and, in a few species, perennial woody stems; 
 Howers white or red, petals five deciduous; stamens many 
 seeds collected on a spongy, succulent receptacle, becom- 
 ing small drupes , which readily parts from the dry recep- 
 tacle when ripe. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Rubus Ideaus,- European Raspberry. — Stems erect 
 woody, prickles, slender, straight; leaves trifoliate; 
 leaves ovate, deeply serrate; whitish tomentose beneath, 
 green above, flowers white; fruit red or yellowish*white ; 
 root perennial, creeping producing numerous suckers. 
 Common garden raspberry. Native of various portions of 
 
2 
 
 Europe and proTaably of Asia, 
 
 RulDus strigosuB,- Wild red raspToerry, stems upright, 
 beset with stiff, straight bristles; leaflets three to 
 five, oblong, pointed, ovate, cut serate , whitish downy 
 underneath; fruit light red, finely flavored. Common 
 everywhere and many varieties in cultivation. 
 
 Rubus occidental is. Black raspberry-- stems re- 
 curved, armed with hooked priciaes ; leaflets three, some- 
 times five, ovate, pointed, coarsely serate, whitened 
 underneath, fruit purple or black; occasionally a yel- 
 lowish-white. A variable species. 
 
 The European raspberry is very old - and runs far 
 back into anfcient history. Cato whose time was 234 B.C., 
 mentions it as a natural product of Roman territor'y. 
 Pliny, a Greek, who is supposed to have -written some- 
 where between 30 and 50 A.D. , mentions it, and apparent- 
 ly it was cultivated by the Greeks of his time. They 
 traced it to Mt.Ida where it is claimed to have grown 
 wild, and from here it received its name. Carp says; 
 "Alt]f]ough deriving its name from this locality from which 
 it was particularly abundant, the raspberry is indigenous 
 over the greater part of Europe and northern Asia." "Paaa- 
 dus however a Roman writer of the fourth century, mentions 
 the raspberry as one of the cultivated fruits of that time. 
 Prom a work written by Conrad Heresbach, entitled "Rei 
 Rusticae", published in 1570 and afterward translated 
 by Barnaby Googe, it appears that raspberries were little 
 attended to during that period. John Parkinson in his 
 
3 
 "Pardisus", pu^olislied in 1629, speaks of red, white and 
 thomless rasplDerries as suitable for English climate, 
 Stephen Sqaizer in 1724 only mentions three kinds. George 
 W. Johnson, in his "History of English Gardening", pub- 
 lished in 1829, gives the number of cultivates varieties 
 
 as twenty*three . Pn^m these detached notes it appears 
 
 although 
 that/cultivated as far back as the fourth century, it 
 
 never the less did not come to be considered a fruit until 
 
 the close of the sixteenth century, or later," 
 
 Indefinite as the early history appears to be, it 
 
 can be seen, that from southern Europe, it worked its way 
 
 into the gardens of Prance and England and thence into 
 the U. S. To this species belongs the Antwerp, one of the 
 first varieties imported to this country. Of this variety 
 Michigan Bull, No. Ill speaks as follows; "This old variety 
 which has been in cultivation for upwards of a century or 
 
 perhaps longer, derives its name from Antwerp city, in 
 Belgium, tho the variety itself is said to have come from 
 
 the Island of Malta. Ever since its introduction, it has 
 been the best va'riety in cultivation, both in England 
 and in the United States, and the standard of excellence 
 as to quality. Prom it, have been derived many, if not 
 most, of the species found in our gardens. Its name has 
 
 been so long and prominently before the public that it 
 has not only acculiminated a formidable array of synonyms 
 
 but, what is more troublesome, many other varieties are 
 called by its name. In fact for a long time in the early 
 history of this fruit in the U.S. (up till about 1850) al- 
 
4 
 
 most any red raspberry was liable to "be called an Ant- 
 werp , even as now in many markets all cultivated black- 
 berries are called 'liawtons". This was not withstanding 
 the fact rthat tho the Antwerp was upon the tongue and in 
 the press it was never in this country grown for market, 
 except for possibly a short time, around "Eew York and 
 Boston. "The Praoonia is another variety of this species, 
 but like the Antwerp , it only grows in a small section of 
 this coimtry. 
 
 The foreign varieties tho bearers of abundant and 
 excellent fruit, have in allcases puD ven themselves to 
 be adapted to only certain small sections of the United 
 States, primarily that region around the Hudson River 
 Valley. This is due to their lack of hardiness and their 
 inability to withstand the hot summer sun of our country. 
 
 As a result of the Ideaus not thriving in this country, 
 attention was eventually directed to the cxiltivation of 
 our native species. 
 
 The black cap or Rubus occidental is seems to have 
 been the first species to receive cultivation and the 
 earl^r settlers often transplanted it to their gardens. 
 This species is indigeuous to nearly all of the United 
 States, extending a© far west as the Rocky Mts, , south 
 to Texas and Alabama and north as far as southern Canada, 
 
 attaining its greatest abundance in Ohio and Indiana, 
 A, A. Crozier describes the development of the black cap, 
 
 and shDWs the difficulties under which it received devel- 
 opment. "This species was for a long time cultivated in a 
 
5 
 small way with no attempt at improvement, and apparent- 
 1 y without any superior natural varieties heing recog- 
 nized. In fact for a time prior to 1850 the ordinary wiDd 
 fOirm .had come to be cultivated quite largely for market 
 "by some of the gardeners near New York City, The first 
 distinct variety of this species of which we have record, 
 is the Ohio Ever^oearing , which attracted attention as early 
 as 1832 from its habit of fruiting to a greater or less 
 extent upon the young canes in the autumn. Eor a family 
 garden this was considered to he a desirable feature, 
 tho no varieties of this class ever found favor for market 
 purposes. The yellow form of the black cap represented 
 by the Golden Cap and other varieties were introduced at 
 about the same time. The Doolittle next came into notice 
 about 1850 and obtained prominence not so much on account 
 of its superiority to the wild species as to the persistant 
 advocacy of its merits on the part of the introducer, ^]^ 
 claimed to have improved it and to have sub stained it in 
 vigor, solely by means of pro po gat ion ^oy meoins of young 
 plants. It was a good variety however, hardly and pro- 
 ductive and is still in cultivation. The sharp discussion 
 which took place at the introduction of this variety, may 
 
 be said to have decided tha fate of the black raspberry 
 as a cultivated fruit. Its merits were not so popularly 
 and -universally endorsed however, as might be supposed 
 from the position the fruit has since attained in our mar- 
 kets. In 1862 the editor of the American Agriculturist 
 wrote, "All of the finer varieties are of foreign origin 
 or seedlings of such sorts. After years of trial we have 
 
6 
 a"bandoned "bo ti the red and black." A few years after 
 this Charles Downing said that he did re t dare to consider 
 the "black cap species worthy of cultivation. In 1870 Dr. 
 J. A. Warder said of the black caps "More discriminating 
 taste consider these essentially market fruits, and unfit 
 for the table of the refined po mo legist". "The esteem 
 in -rhich this species is now held varies considerably with 
 different persons and in different localities. Black cap3 
 generally bring a lower price in the market than the reds. ,- 
 not only because they are no-re easily grown and more abun- 
 dantly offered, but also because of their less attractive 
 Color and to many persons inferior flavor." 
 
 The Rubus strogosus or red cap, tho receiving cul- 
 tivation at a later date than the black, was caused no 
 doubt by the attempt of growers to acclimate the Ideaus to 
 this country. This species of the native raspberry, which 
 is the most popular, has a much wider range than the black. 
 Its greatest natural development occurs, along the boundary 
 of the United States and Canada, thus extending much farther 
 North than the occidentalis. However, it is not so easily 
 cultivated and the varieties belonging to it are often ob- 
 scure. Many of the varieties are assigned to the strogosis , 
 by botanist, mainly from structural characteristics alone. 
 This is caused by the fact that nearly all of our varieties 
 are simply chance or artificial seedlings upon cultivated 
 ground. Thus the Turner which is the hardiest red, has al- 
 ways been considered a strictly native variety. Prof. Tur - 
 nSr its originator says it came from other seedlings, which 
 
7 
 themselves had grown from seed of the Red Antwerp. The 
 Cuthbert originated near Ne^- York City, from a variety 
 
 > 
 
 known as Hudson River Antwerp, which is known to have Eng- 
 lish origin. Mich. Bull. Ho. Ill in discussing the native 
 
 red ^concludes "It seems possihle therefore that American 
 seedlings of Eunapean sorts, and hybridization from the 
 same foreign source, may have played a mare important j^art 
 in the development of our cultivated red raspberries than 
 has been generally supposed, and that the characteristic 
 features of the foreign species, lack of hardiness, small 
 light colored canes, numerous prickles, and thick rogose 
 leaves, may become so far msdified by cultivation and 
 crossing that one cannot always be certain from inspection 
 alone to which species, in whole or in part, a variety 
 belongs, " 
 
 Among the first varieties of our native red that 
 attracted importance was the St© eve?, this variety was found 
 wild in Vernont by J. J, Stoever and it first fruited under 
 
 cxativation in 1859. It was first mentioned by the "Mich- 
 igan farmer in 1860. The Brandywine which was first found 
 in the wild state near Wilmington, Delaware, along the 
 Brandywine River was another important variety. It first 
 attracted attention about 1870 , and was admitted to the 
 "American Pomologioal Society" in 1877. Today there are maany 
 varieties of the strigosus, but nearly all are of an in- 
 definable origin. With the incjsasing demand for this fruit 
 and the variableness of the species, there is a great oppor- 
 tunity for its development, and some time in the future tie 
 
 native red will no doubt produce fruit equal in quality 
 
8 
 to that of the Rubus Ideaus. 
 
 The Origin of the Rubus Neglectus is not definitely 
 toiown and two theories are advanced. The old botanist Pe6k 
 
 describes the frtiit as a distinct species. Later day 
 botanist consider it to be of a hybrid origin, due to the 
 fact that it is of an intermediate character between the 
 red and black species; its location is usuaU.y in the 
 vicinity of the varieties mentioned and seldom occurs in 
 large amounts in a native state, when alone. 
 
 The group is known as the purple cane which was the 
 name of the first cultivated variety. This was first grown 
 near Phil, and Hew York, nearly a hundred years ago , and 
 for half a century it was the leading variety in this coun- 
 try. The Shaffer was an isolated seedling, discovered 
 near Scotsville, 13. Y., and was introduced in 1878. Owing 
 to its productiveness and large size, it is today the most 
 popular of the purple cane variety. 
 
 The method? of pro po gat ion vary with the different 
 species, and the methods used are bs^-, seeds, root cuttings 
 and tip layers. 
 
 It is true that all cultivated varieties will pro po ga- 
 te from the seed, but like the apple, they are not true arfl 
 offspring are not lik* the mother plant. Only occasionally 
 does a seedling appear, that can be compared to the culti- 
 vated varieties. As a result this method of pro po gat ion js 
 not practiced. 
 
 The Red Cap. 
 
 Red raspberries are propogated by means of suckers 
 
9 
 and root cuttings. Tliese two meetbods are practically the 
 same in as much as suckers eminate from the roots near 
 the surface, either naturally or by mechanical injury to 
 the roots. Sucker growth is often induced hy deep culti- 
 vation, "by practicing a too light and shallow cultivation 
 when the plants were young. 
 
 In the case of the red cap the grower is less 
 concerned with the production of new plants, thaA in the 
 dfestruction of these same plants. Nearly all varieties 
 sucker too freely and this growth much be retarded. Hence 
 the method of propogation by means of suckers is the most 
 common. When the plants are to be used in setting a new 
 bed, care should be exercised in removing them from the 
 earth. They should be dug up with a spade by thrusting 
 beneath theroots and Idosening the soil above, leaving 
 from three to five inches of the root adhering to the 
 plant, and then immediately setting in place where they 
 are to stand permanently. If the plant is pulled up 
 directly without loosening the roots and earth, the shoot 
 is likely to break from the main root. This leaves only 
 a few fibrous foot hairs from which to develop the young 
 plant, and as a resiilt growth is greatly retarded. 
 
 There are a few varieties which send up but a small 
 ante lint of sucker growth, and in this case root cuttings 
 are used to start new s4ts. In the fall vigorous plants 
 are sheeted, and roots fnsm the same, 4)out the size of a 
 lead pencil, and about four or five inches in length are 
 made up. These cuttings are bedded in sand over winter, 
 and by spring the cut ends are callboused over. They are 
 
10 
 then placed in a shallow furrow and covered with two or 
 three inches of dirt. In planting "Budd and Hansen" re- 
 commends setting the cuttings ololiquely against the side 
 of the furrow, and deep enough so that the top will show 
 after covering. They claim that experience has taught 
 them, that a more even stand may "be expected when this 
 method is followed, than when planted horizontally in the 
 "bottom of the furred and then covered with dirt. 
 
 Location of Exposure. 
 
 In the wild state the rasp"berry produces the finest 
 fruit when found growing in a cool, BhAdy spot, and free 
 from the scorching sun. Commercially the fruit does toest 
 on a northern or western slope, which is protected from 
 the direct rays of the sun as much as possi"ble. lb r the 
 home garden where the choice of a location is often impos- 
 si"ble , a cool spot in the shadow of a tree or "building is 
 to be preferred. 
 
 Soils . 
 
 The red raspberry can grow and succeed on most any 
 kind of a soil, but it must be cool and retentive ot moist- 
 ure, and at the same time well drained. In 1910, New: York 
 State Agr. College made a survey of western New York, regard- 
 ing the different kinds of soils and the yields of each. 
 The table below shows the following results : 
 
 1910 No. of No. of Yield per Income per 
 
 Acres farms Acre Acre. 
 
 Gravelly Loams 63.5 40 1,414 fl41.43 
 
 Sandy Loam 30.6 21 1,306 147.29 
 
 Clay Loam 7.4 7 2,097 237.40 
 
11 
 
 The general impression has been that the red cap 
 does best on gravelly and sandy soils, hut here it is 
 found that the clay loam soils produced a 54^ larger crop 
 than did the lighter soils, and the income was about 64^ 
 greater than crops from the lighter soils, "Card" summari- 
 zed soil characteristics for the red raspberry as follows: 
 "An upland sandy or clay loam is likely to give the best 
 results. The land should be of moderate fertility, righ 
 enough to produce liberal crops of fruit without being so 
 wtrong as to cause an over vigorous growth of canes. This 
 over richness is liable to be the difficulty with bottom 
 lands, or any other low or moist location. Such rapid 
 growth not only tends in itself to decrease productiveness, 
 but the wood is usually not sufficiently dense and well rip- 
 ened to stand the winter. A stiff hard clay is equally 
 unfavorable, and any soil which is wet and soggy during any 
 considerable portion of the year is sure to result in at 
 least partial failure. The raspberry is one of the first 
 of aH fruits to suffer from excessive moisture in the soil. 
 On the other hand it quiclcLy suffers from drought at ripen- 
 ing ; hence, the demand is for a soil which, while never 
 surferted with mo isture , is at the same time sufficiently 
 retentive to be able to supply it in sufficient quantities 
 thru out the season." 
 
 Preparatio n o f the So il . 
 The raspberry is a fruit that bears for a number of 
 years after planting, and as a result the preparation of 
 the land sihoiad be thorough. If possible sod land should 
 
12 
 
 "be avoided as it is harder for the plant to become firmly 
 rooted there is more trouble with weeds; more diificulty 
 in planting and more danger of drought than in a thoroughly 
 worked and friahle soil. 
 
 In planting it is well to have land that has "been 
 thoroughly worked one or two seasons previous, with a 
 hoed or cultivated crop. Ere setting out the plantation 
 the land faould be plowed and harrowed, th4 essential 
 points gained being moisture reAention; friability, and 
 a thoroughly pulverized soil/ This insures a good feed- 
 ing ground and an extensive root system. 
 
 Planting a plantation may occur in either the fall 
 or the spring, depending upon conditions that best suits 
 the grower. If the suckers are to be transplanted from 
 the planters' own patch or frttm a nearby locality, early 
 September is the best time. This will give the plants 
 sufficient time to start growth and establish themselves 
 in the soil, before winter sets in. However, if the 
 planting cannot be done in the early fall, it should be 
 delayed till spring, and then be done as early as possible 
 So as to no t retard the growth. Of late years some growers 
 are planting during the month of May, using sprouts that 
 have come up the same spring. Growers who have tried 
 this method claim it to be successful in all cases. 
 
 The distance at which red ra^berries are planted 
 varies considerably and the variety grown regulates it 
 
 to a great extent. Thus the Marlborough wnich is no t a 
 strong grower need not be planted as far apart as the 
 
x3 
 Cuthtoert , which grt»ws a great many canes and suckers 
 each year. A general rule for the MarrDoro,ana such 
 growing varieties, is to plant the rows six feet apart 
 and the plants three feet in the row. Ibr the rank 
 growers such as the CuthVert, rows six feet apart and the 
 plants five to seven feet apart in the row is reconimenaea. 
 Each grower has his own idea which he thinks hest, and as 
 a result, there is a great variation in the methods fol- 
 lowed. The above distances will give good results and 
 a slight variation on either side of these figures will 
 give good results. The hill sj^stem is also employed by 
 some and this has the advantage of cultivation heing 
 practiced "both ways. Here the plants are usually set 
 five feet apart each way. 
 
 In marking theground for planting, straight furrows 
 should be run aero ?is the fields at the distances desired, 
 to represent the rows. Now cross furrow at the distance 
 :/cur plants are to "be set in tiie row. The furrow should 
 be about three to four inches deep and the calf tongue plow 
 is a good implement to use for this purpose. 
 
 The following directions as given by the "Interna- 
 tional Library of Technology" may well be followed in 
 planting : "The small raspberry plants should be kept 
 heeled in near at hand, an d when preparations for planting 
 are complete, a small bundle of the plants shoi.J.dbe taken 
 out of the ground at a time , and the roots kept moist with 
 a wet burlap sack. Often some pruning of thf plant is 
 necessary before it is put in the ground, any long straggler 
 
14 
 roots should Tae trimmed back, and any broken roots that 
 have ragged ends shoxXld he trimmed to a smooth surface 
 so that the cut will heal well. The canes should toe cut 
 "back to a small hud 12 to 15 inches from the crown. Most 
 of the new growth shotSld come from new buds at the crown 
 of the root, and it is usual to cut out th4 old cane entire- 
 ly the following spring after planting." 
 
 "Two men should work together in planting red 
 
 raspberries; one man should have a spade to open up the 
 holes for the plants, and the other should carry the 
 plants, see to it that their roots are kept moist, prune 
 them and set them in the holes. ¥hen the rows are marked 
 out by a shallow furrow, the centers can work rapidly. 
 The one with the spade shoiold sink that implement in the 
 ground about four inches below the bo ttom of the furrow 
 and press it to one side to make an opening for the plant; 
 the other should set the plant in the hole in the center 
 of the furrow and both men should simultaneously push the 
 soil against the cane from opposite sides and finn it. 
 Then a little loose soil should be kicked over the firmed 
 Soil to form a mulch. Sometimes it is difficult to get a 
 
 perfect alinement of the plants in the row cind the use of 
 
 a line to set the plants against may facilitate matters. 
 
 The getting of red raspberry plantsninto perfect alinemertt 
 is not however very important for after the first year, the 
 canes spread out ina row one or more feet in width, and 
 
 minor irregularities are not as noticeable as they would 
 be with many other plants." 
 
15 
 
 Tillage. 
 
 The plantation sbDuld receive tltorougiil cultivation 
 each year, and the characters should 'oe such as to pfte- 
 serve the moisture, eliminate the weeds, thin out the sur- 
 plus sucker growth and set free a certain amount of plant 
 foods. In doing this there are two principles involved, 
 plowing and ciiltivating, and of these C. S. Wilson gives 
 the following directions :- 
 
 "Plowing - Plowing in spring or autumn is prac- 
 ticed to some extent in western New Tork :" in the case 
 of the red raspberry, the main reason "being to limit the 
 witSJth of the row. If the suckers thatt spring up from 
 the root are not checked, the row will become so wide and 
 the cane so thick that the quality and quantity of the 
 herriSs is decreased. A good practice is to limit the 
 width f the row to eight or twelve inches. Another 
 reason for plowing is to prevent heaving. The best prac- 
 tice is to throw a light furrow up to the canes in the 
 autumn and then plow it away in the spring, or 41se work 
 it away with a shovel cultivator. The plow is of little 
 value in the red raspberry patch as an aid to tillage, 
 except for thepurpses mentioned above and when a cover 
 crop must be turned under. Gnawers get good results with 
 the use of a cultivator alone," 
 
 "Cultivating - The work of cultivating is begun as 
 early in the spring as possible and repeated about every 
 two weeks until picking begins, except during blossoming 
 time or when the fruit is setting. Generally the patch 
 
16 
 is given one good cultivation after picking in order to 
 keep down weeds. Some growers cultivate after eacli 
 picking if the season is dry, although it is not the 
 conmon practice, A inodeirate gro«Tth of weeds is allowed 
 
 in August or September as a catch or rohber crop. Althousii 
 it is the exception to plan t a cover crop, a fev? growers 
 are doing this wi ih good resxalts, the crops used being 
 oats and clover. This practice is worthy of further 
 trial." 
 
 The majority of growers, however, do not advocate 
 the plowing of the patch as a means of cultivation, claim- 
 ing that the machanical injury done the roots induces the 
 growth of too many suckers. "Card" suggests using a 
 cultivator with square teeth on the end, instead of 
 pointed ones as a means of keeping down the sucker growth, 
 between the rows. 
 
 He also emphasizes the freqpaent cultivation up 
 until time of fruiting, claiming that it often adds 50 
 per cent to the quality and quantity of the fruit. 
 
 fertilization. 
 The fertilization of the raspberjry is a problem 
 that must be worked out by each individual grower. The 
 soils growing raspberries that have received manure and 
 commercial fertilizers and proper cultivation to t producing 
 other crops, are not greatly benefited by applying addi- 
 tional plant food. On the other hand both soils that 
 are of an inferior quality and are lacking particularly 
 
17 
 in nitrogen, need the addition of this element to pro- 
 duce sufficient wood growth. All fruits? are rich in 
 potash and this element sDiould he in excess of potassium. 
 In the wild state the raspberry is found around decayed 
 wood and sttimps of trees, and so a liberal amoimt of humus 
 
 is of benefit. This helps to improve both the physical 
 condition of the soil and the moisture content. 
 
 "Card" suggests the following for a patch of un- 
 pruductiye land : 
 
 Muriate of Potash 50 poxmds. 
 
 Ground Bone 250 " 
 
 This fertilizer to be applied in connection with 
 manure and harrowed in ere planting. 
 
 The New York State College of Agriculture, made a 
 survey in 1910 of western New York as regards the applica- 
 tion of fertilizer and the methods adapted in the treatmert 
 of the same. The common practice is to treat the soil 
 before planting with manure and commercial fertilizer if 
 
 used. After the patch comes into bearing, but few growers 
 apply plant food in any form. 
 
 "The following table shows the practice in this 
 respect and gives the yields and incomes per acre under 
 the different treatments" 
 
 No .of No .of Yield per Income 
 Method farms Acres acre per acre 
 
 No manure or commercial 
 
 fertilizer 39 81 1,168 $116. d9 
 
 Manure and commercial 
 
 fertilizer 13 14 1,226.7 176.69 
 
 Commercial fertilizer only 10 30 1,439 142.® 
 
 Manure 
 
 21 23 1,47 2 170 -i50 
 
18 
 
 "The talDle indicates clearly that fertilizers are 
 beneficial. The best results are obtained when stable 
 manure is applied, either alone or in connection with 
 commercial fertilizer. Commercial fertilizer alone is 
 beneficial, but does not seem to give so good results as 
 does mtable manure alone" 
 Pruning. 
 
 In Cornell Reading Course Humber 36, by C.S.Wilson 
 the fruiting habits and definite directions for pruning 
 the red raspberry are given asfollows : "The Pruning of the 
 red raspberry will be better understood if the primer knows 
 the habit of growth of the plant. A new cane springs up 
 and develops during the summer; the nejist spring this cane 
 thrxjws out fruit clusters, bears fruit, and di4s that year. 
 The root is perisaanial and the cane is biennial. The object 
 of the pruner, then, shoiild be: first, remove the old wood 
 as Soon as it dies in order to give the new wood room in 
 which to grow: seoc;nd, to secure, both by heading and 
 thinning in, canes of sufficient vigor and development to 
 produce the most and the largest fruit" 
 
 "The following definite directions are given as an 
 aid to the reader". 
 
 "At planting time - The top should be cut back to 
 four or six inches from the ground. If sprouts are trans - 
 plsuited in May or early autumn, they need not be cut back 
 till the following spring. 
 
 Bearing i)atch * The general practice in the case 
 of the red raspberries, first, to take out the old wood as 
 
19 
 soon as possible after picking, and second, to head "back 
 the new shoots to three or four fSet in the spring. In 
 addition many growers formerly practiced what is known as 
 summer pruning, or the pinching back of the new canes when 
 
 they have reached a height of two or three feet. This 
 ^as done in order to make them branch as it was believed 
 that a branched cane carried more fruit buds than a 
 straight cane. At the present time, however, this prac- 
 tice is not looked upon with favor. It is necessary in 
 the case of the black raspberry and the black berry, but 
 ??ith the red raspberry the operation seems to force up 
 too many suckers from the roots. The side branches that 
 dev^op are also often weak and immature. 
 
 Sxinmer pruning is now the exception rather than the 
 rule although the fem^ men who practice it are successfxil 
 growers. They do the work in early June and as a result, 
 secure a low branching bush. The red raspberry patch 
 seldom becomes unmanageable because of too vigorous cane 
 growth, and this is probably the reason why sxanmer pruning 
 is not found necessary. 
 
 It is occasionally recommended to leave the old canes 
 till spring. There seems to be no advantage in doing thia 
 
 The snow is no t heavy enough to break the new canes, nor 
 are the winters severe enough in New York to require this 
 additional protection. 
 
 The common practice in spring pruning is to cut off 
 the tips as early as possible, leaving the canes three or 
 four feet high. In the case of the Marlboro this pruning 
 
20 
 wou:id be less severe, in as mudh as the plants of this 
 variety are naturally lower and more branching than those 
 of the Cuthhert. A few growers perform this operation in 
 autumn after the canes have matured, "but it is not the 
 best time. They do no t remove the frozen tips, which of 
 course, is done if spring pruning is practiced." 
 Harvesting and Marketing, 
 
 The red raspberry in the latitude of Ne^^ York State 
 ripens fiiom the first to the middle part of July. The straw- 
 berry season often over laps it and hence part or all of 
 the pickers of this crop can be used in harvesting the red 
 raspberry. It is a very juicy and tender fruit and requires 
 very delicate handling. Girls and women as a general ru]e 
 are the best pickers, as thej'- handle the fruit in a lighter 
 and more careful manner, than do the men. 
 
 Red raspberries if possible should be picked every 
 other day. When ripe they deteriorate very rapidly, even 
 when Itfft on the bushes. Again they are a soft and diffi- 
 ciilt finait to ship when at the best, and they should be 
 sent to market when fresh and as aolid as possible. The 
 fruit should no t be picked until it parts easily from the 
 plant, and never when wet as it then spoil ts more rapidly. 
 
 In nearly all cases the fruit is picked in pint 
 baskets so made that they will fit snugly into regular 
 strawberry crates. The raspberry is a hollow fruit and will 
 not stand very much pressure , without its spoiling. This 
 is one of the principle reasons that the pint basket is used 
 instead of the quart. 
 
21 
 
 The pickers should have a tray, holding six or 
 eight haskets. When these are filled they are turned in 
 and a check given as a receipt. At the end of the week or 
 of the season the checks are turned in and payment is re- 
 ceived, usually at the rate of one and one -half cents per 
 pint. In picking great care should "be exercised. If proper 
 precautions are taken in filling the haskets, a second 
 ha&dling and the necessity of grading is eliminated in 
 preparing the fruit for the market. This is especially 
 true of the raspberry on account of its delicate nature. 
 After gathering, the fruit should Toe kept in a cool and 
 well ventilated place until ready to ship. 
 
 The local market is alwa3rs to he preferred for the 
 raspberry. This is caused in the main hy its poor shipping 
 qualities. With a local market, the producer can become 
 better acquainted and more easily establish a reputation. 
 The distant market requires a commission man, and the pfb- 
 fits must be split. The greatest advantage of the local 
 market however, is that the producer can take his fruit in 
 a spring «agon, and it will arrive in a much bett'=?r condi- 
 tion, give more satisfaction and bring more money, than 
 fruit that is sent by express, to a more distant market. 
 The Black Cap, 
 The method of growth df the red raspberry is differ- 
 ent than that of the red and a different method of propoga- 
 
 tion must be practiced. In the red rappberry the canes 
 spring from the roots, which spread out several inches be- 
 neath the surface of the soil in a horizontal direction. 
 The black cap canes eminate from a central crown, and not 
 
Missing Page 
 
23 
 Soils. 
 
 What is true of the red rasploerry as regards loca- 
 tion and soil,, may Toe said to apply as a general rule to 
 the black. However the so jl characteristic's of the hlack 
 seem to differ somewhat as shown "by a survey of western 
 New York by the New York State College of Agriculture. 
 
 Soils Acerage Yield per Income per 
 
 acre.Qts. acre. 
 
 Sandy Loam 77,85 1434.50 $10 6.59 
 
 Gravelly Loam 51.08 1405.40 107.05 
 
 Clay soils 10.25 1266.05 100.83 
 
 Practically the only difference to be noticed is 
 that the black cap seems to prefer the lighter and warmer 
 Soils. At th^isame time the black raspberry seems at 
 home on any well drained, sandy or clay loam, and conditions 
 applying to the red seem to apply eqiially well to the black. 
 Planting. 
 
 Prom the method of propogation it follows that it is 
 always best to plant in the spring. The plkilitsdo not make 
 sufficient growth to insure transplanting later in the samee 
 
 \>\o.(l\<. 
 
 season. On account of the red raspberry having a more 
 spreading habit of growth, than the fied, it is well to 
 plant a little farther apart. Seven feet between the rows 
 
 and four or five feet in the rows is a good distance and 
 should always be followed when planting the vigorous 
 varieties. The ordinary distance of three feet in the row, 
 with rows six feet apart, will give good results, but a 
 little more space per plant, will often result in a larger 
 
 and better crop of fruit. If the hill system is practicM, 
 
24 
 the weaker growing varieties may be set five feet apart 
 each way. Ibr those varieties that produce a heavy cane 
 growth, a distance of not less than six feet each way 
 should no t he considered. 
 
 The field is cross furrowed at the desired distance, 
 as in the case of the red raspberry. The plants should toe 
 
 set in the too t torn of the furrow, and not covered with more 
 than two inches of soil. If the plants are set too deep, 
 there is great danger of smothering the young touds , and 
 death will often result. As the canes toegin to grow the 
 furrow is gradually filled up. When the plants are set 
 this way they appear to withstand the drought toetter, and 
 there is less troutole of them tolowing over, than when 
 planted shallow. 
 
 Tillage, 
 The same cultivation may toe practiced for the black 
 ats for the red with the exception, that there is no sucker 
 
 growth to contend with in the tolack cap. As a result deep 
 cultivation shDuld toe practiced during the spring. When 
 drought is prevalfeht;, all that is needed is shallow culti- 
 vation to keep down the weeds, and form a dust mulch to 
 maintain the moisture content. 
 
 Pruning. 
 As the growing habit of the black raspberry is some- 
 what different from that of the red so does the pruning 
 differ to a slight extent. ComeiLl Reading Course Ho. 36 
 by C.S. Wilson gives the method of growth and the methods 
 
25 
 to Toe observed in pruning the black raspberry; 
 
 "There is a slight difference between the methods 
 of pruning the red and the black raspberry, a variation 
 due to different habits of growth, As stated previously, 
 the canes of the black raspberry grow long and droop to 
 the ground, whereas the canes of the red raspberry are 
 shorter and upright. Because of thi« long, growing and 
 drooping habit of growth of the canes, growers pinch off 
 the tips of the black raspberry in order to make the canes 
 branch. A branched cane is more desired because it con-^ 
 tains more fruit buds than do es a straight cane. 
 
 The work is done when the canes are twenty^four to 
 thirty inches high, which in New York is usually during 
 late June or July. If it i? done in time the tender tips 
 may be pinched off with the fingers and the use of shears 
 is not necessary. The patch must be gone over more than 
 once, since the aftaaes will not all reach the desired height 
 at the same time. The last ]praning can be done during 
 picking time as the grower goes back and forth thru the 
 patch. The canes then develcpplateral branches, which 
 become strong and mature by autumn. These in turn, are 
 headed black in spring. 
 
 The heading in these lateral branches is omitted 
 by half the growers. The practice is a good one provided 
 it is done intelligently, and the point to be considered 
 in the heading-in is th4 fruiting habit of the variety. 
 In scub varieties the fruit clusters develop near the base 
 of the branch, whereas in others they dvelop near the tip. 
 
26 
 in the former case the heading back of the branches is 
 desirable, while in the latter is it not recominended 
 because too much of the fruiting surface is often removed, 
 Probablji' the reason why this pruning of the laterals isenot 
 more widely practiced is because the grower does not know 
 the fruiting habits of the variety in question. 
 
 Briefly sxaimarized the pruning of the black rasp- 
 berry is as follows: The old canes should be cut out and 
 burned soon after fruiting. The new canes should be pinched 
 back when from twenty-four to thirty inches high, and thinned 
 itio not more than five or six inches ibo «^eh crown. This 
 pruning which is calledsummer pruning, will be done dur- 
 ing June or July. In the spring the lateral branches are 
 cut back So that the remaining buds will develop into 
 strong fruit clusters. The amount of this cutting back 
 will depend on the variety, the bearing habits of which can 
 soon be determined by observation." 
 
 Harvesting and Marketing. 
 The raspberry whai marketed as a fresh fruit, re- 
 ceives practically the same treettment as that of the red. 
 The only exception being that it is sent to market in quart 
 boxes instead of the pint size. It is a cheaper fruit and 
 
 less popular l^n the red, caused by the fact that it is 
 much seedier and of an inferior flavor and quality. The 
 fruit is more solid than the red and will bold up very we3a 
 in the quart sized basket. However, if the demand for this 
 fruit was greater, it would be best to market in the pint 
 size baskejr, as it would be no re attractive and would 
 handle much better. The use of the black cap should be 
 
27 
 
 more general, and with the development of newer varieties, 
 as a fresh fruit, it '^'ill no douht 'become more popular in 
 the future. 
 
 At present the demand for this fruit is, as a 
 dried or canned product. This is especially desirable 
 for tliose growers who are so situated that they can dispose 
 of their fruit at thdse factories. 
 
 When the fruit is to be marketed as a dried or canned 
 product, a great number of pickers are not necessary. It does 
 not need to be handled in a light a careful manner to avoid 
 crushing. Another advantage, gained by this fact, is, that t 
 the producer located at a considerable distance from the 
 market can compete with the nearby grower. This is made 
 possible by the advent of the "Harvester", and by the fact 
 that fruit can be shipped to a considerable distance, with 
 no danger of a crushed condition affecting theprice of the 
 
 pro due t. 
 
 The harvester is a very simple affair, consisting 
 of a canvas itifaytabo ut three feet square, there being 
 only enough wood on it to forma frame work, and to enable 
 it to be moved about. Thepicker holds the tray up against 
 
 the bush, and by the aid of a stfck, striked the bushes 
 and jars the fruit into the tray, instead of a stic^, some 
 
 people use a wire loop, covered with canvas, in knocking 
 off the fruit, claiming there is not as much danger in 
 crushing, when this instrument is used. In gathering by 
 this method, the berries are allowed to become quite ripe, 
 
 and the patch is only gone over three or four times durirg 
 
28 
 
 the season. By the use of the harvester, one man can 
 gather as much as six to ten bushels of fruit per day. 
 
 In the management of the black raspberry patch, 
 the same cultural dir3ctions, as in the case of the red 
 cap are followed, with the fev? exceptions, mentioned and 
 discussed in the above. 
 
29 
 
 Diseases of RaspToerries. 
 
 There are four diseases that are more or less 
 troubHesome to the grower of rasploerries - anthraonose, 
 cane-lDlight, crovm-gall , and red-rust. The brief des- 
 criptions of these diseases and the methods of their con- 
 trol which are given below are taken directly from Cornell 
 University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 283* 
 and from Bulletin 56 of the Canadian Experimental Farm.+ 
 
 Anthraonose. 
 
 This disease first makes its "appearance when the 
 young shoots are twelve to fifteen inches in length, and 
 is recognized by the brownish or purplish patches or de- 
 pressions on the young shoots and leaf-stalks. As the 
 shoots grow the blotches become larger and grayish in the 
 center, and by the end of th4 season may encircle the cane 
 and practically girdle it. This disease is very destructiv e 
 to black raspberries, but not often injurious to the' red 
 varieties . 
 
 Control - Eradication is the best method of control 
 All the old canes, and the new ones that are badly diseased, 
 should be cut out and burned as soon as the fruit is gather- 
 ed. Applications of bordeauz, 5-5-50, will control the 
 malady but this treatment may not be profitable. If spray- 
 ing seems advisable the first application should be made 
 when the new canes are six to eight inches high. The second 
 and third applications should be made at intervals of ten 
 to fourteen daye.® 
 
 * The Control of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases , p. 490 
 
 + Bush-Pruits, by W. T. Macoun, p. 57 
 
 o Hew York (Geneva) Agricultural Experiment Station Bull. 1224 
 
30 
 
 The grower sliould be careful to plant ne-w patches 
 where the disease is not prevalent. The departments of 
 Pomology and Plant Pathology of the New York State College 
 of Agriculture at Cornell University are now studying 
 cooperatively airxerent spraying mixtures for controlling 
 this disease. 
 
 Cane-hlight , or wilt. 
 
 This disease affects "both red and "black varieties. 
 It is caused "oy a fungus that attacks the cane at some 
 point and kills the hark and wood. That part of the fruit 
 cane ahove the diseased portion suddenly wilts and dies. 
 No successful method of treatment is knowi. It will help 
 greatly in the control of the disease if the fruit canes 
 are cut and humed as soon as the fuit is gathered. In 
 making new settings the grower siaouid use only plants from 
 healthy patches. 
 
 Crown -gall or root-kno*. 
 
 This is a "bacterial disease that is often destructiv e 
 particularly to the red varieties . It is detected by 
 the large, irregular knots on the roots and at the crown 
 
 « 
 
 underground. The disease is contagious. 
 
 Control - Tlie grower should avoid planting on in- 
 fested land, and should never set plants showing tha root- 
 knots. Other than these two precautions, no effective 
 method of treaiaoaent is known. 
 
 Red-rust • 
 
 The fungoui disease known as red-rust, or yellows ,i4 
 often serious on iao th the black and the red varieties. In 
 
31 
 
 some sections of New York it lias made the crop unprofit- 
 able , while in other sectJons it is not found at all. 
 
 Control - As soon as the disease appears in the patch 
 the affected plants should be rpoteg up ana Purned immed - 
 iately . making sure that all the n)ots are removed. If the 
 disease is to be successfully checked this method of 
 eradication must be carefully carried out. 
 
 Insects Injurious to Raspberries. 
 
 The two insects that are injurious to the raspberry 
 are briefly described below and the method^ of their control 
 are given. These descriptioaisare taken dieectly from the 
 same sources as are those of the diseases. 
 
 Sawflv. 
 
 The adult flies are black, with a dull reddish spot 
 in the middle of the abdomen above. They are about the 
 size of the house-fly, but are narrower in shape and have 
 four wings. The eggs are inserted into the tissues of the 
 leaf and a small bro^m patch appears on the leaf above ea4i 
 egg. The eggs hatch after about a week. The larvae, which 
 are greenish in color and covered with rows of spines, feed 
 on the tender leaves in spring. They become full*grown Ifiy 
 July, when they fall to the ground and spin small cocoons 
 beneath the surface of the soil. 
 
 Control - The insect is controlled by the applica- 
 tion of weak solutions of paris green or arsenate of lead, 
 but these poisons should not be used after the fruit is 
 formed. Hellebore may be substituted, as this loses 
 strength rapidly after being applied. It may be dusted 
 
32 
 over the bushes or steeped in water and sprayed on. 
 
 .Cane*1porer . 
 
 The adult is a slender beetle, with black wing 
 covers and a yellow thorax. In laying her eggs the female 
 girdles the tip of the cane with rings of punctures. These 
 rings are separated from one another by about an inch. 
 Between the rings the female pierces the cane and forces 
 into it a long, light-colored egg. Immediately after this 
 girdling, the tip of the cane droops and soon dies. The 
 egg hatches in a few days and the young larva burrows 
 down the center of the ston, consuming the pith. The 
 larva passes the first winter in its burrows nor far from 
 where the egg was deposited, and by the second fall reaches 
 the root, where it passes the winter and changes into a 
 pupa the next spring. The beetles escape from their bur- 
 rows in June, at which time they may be found on the bushes. 
 
 Control - Soon after the female punctures the cane 
 at the point where the eggs are deposited, withering a-nd 
 dro$)ping of the tip is conspicuous. As soon as this is 
 noticed the cane should be cut off well oeiow the injury, 
 so that there is no danger of leaving the grubs, which may 
 have hatched before the injury is noticed. 
 
 The descriptions and different methods of treatment 
 of the same, as taken directly from Cornell Bull. Ho. 283 
 and Canadian E3q)erimental F:;^rm Bull. No. 56 will be given. 
 
33 
 
 The Purple Cane. The purple cane variet^^ is es- 
 sentially the same as the lolack cap, in as far as cultural 
 methods are concerned. The only difference is in the growth 
 of the bush. In the case of the purple C3,ne a no re vigoroJB 
 and larger plant is to he found. As a result/is heat to 
 set the plants farther apart, than recommended for the 
 hlack. A survey of western Hew York in 1910 toy the Hew 
 York State College of Agriculture shows the advantage to 
 be derived from setting the plants at a greater distance 
 apart than in the case of the black. 
 
 Method 
 
 6 ft, X 5 ft. 
 
 7 ft. X 3 ft. 
 
 8 ft. X 3 ft. 
 7 ft..x 4 ft. 
 
 The raspberry as a whole is uns of the ,ro st popular 
 bush fruits that we Save. It ranks next to the strawbeery 
 in production, and the census of 1909 gace a total of 
 60,918,000 quarts as produced in the United States. This 
 is practically onp-fourth as much as the total strawberry 
 crop, which was 255,611,000 qis, for the -same year. 
 
 The raspberry as a fresh fruit is gaining in popu- 
 lar favor. The red cap is an established fruit and the 
 demand will always be great. In some cases , where the 
 location is favorable, it may be sold to the canning factory, 
 It is not to be recomniended as an evaporated product, as 
 it dries to a dull and unattractive color, causing it to 
 
 Ho .of 
 
 farms 
 
 Ho .of 
 acres 
 
 Yield per 
 
 a acre 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 1,667 
 
 11 
 
 65 
 
 1,739 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1,709 
 
 4 
 
 12- 
 
 2,324 
 
34 
 loe unpopular as a market fruit. 
 
 The Tolack cap is only beginning to attract atten- 
 tion as a fresh fruit. Of late years pomqplogist have given 
 more attention to its cultivation, "^ith the result that 
 the seeds ape smaller and fewer in number, the fruit is 
 larger, and the qioality has been improved. Today however, 
 it is sold primiarly as a canned and dried proiffuct, with 
 the most importance being attached to th4 latter phase. 
 This dried fruit is used extensively in cooking, and the 
 demand in lumber and construction camps is great and in- 
 creasing each year. 
 
 The purple cane as a fresh fruit is commercially 
 unimportant. They are a large berry, very heavy producers, 
 and have a rich flavor. To offset these characteristics, 
 however, they have very poor carrying qualities and a dull 
 and unattractive color which makes them linpopular as fre*i 
 fruit. Outside of the home garden for which they are 
 particularly recommended, the purple cane varieties are 
 used for cannigg purposes. When cooked they lo(Se their 
 unattractive appearance, and at the same time, maintain 
 a flavor, of the red and the black which makes them very 
 imi^ortant as a canned product. 
 
 The future of the raspberry as a commercial crop 
 seems to be good. This is especially true o-f the man 
 who is willing to give the proper amount of time and atten- 
 tion to the crop. With the increased acerage, the insect 
 and fungous diseases have spread so much, that the careless 
 
35 
 grower is Taecoming discouraged and alaandoning the in- 
 dustry. The demand for fresh, fruit is growing each, year, 
 Also the canning and dried product industries are on the 
 increase, and the demand for these products is always 
 strong. With the increased number of varieties and the 
 gradual improvement of all the species, it would appear, 
 that for the careful grower, no fear need "be paid to the 
 future of the industry. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 Gray,- :.Li,nual of Bo tsmy 
 
 Card - Bush IPrui ts 
 
 Cro2ier, A. A.,- Raspberries Cul-Givat^d in U. S..- 
 
 jiicda. 3all. n^. , m^ Mich. R^jt.1395. 
 
 T. J. :i,irrit VI I J. ^r. MoGlure - 111. Bull. No. 21 and 
 
 No. 30 
 
 Jordan, A. T. , - Raspberr/ Cultur? in N. J., - N. J. 
 
 Bull. 17 3 and 126, 
 
 International Library Technology, - I. G. S. 
 
 Card, P. ¥. , - Raspberry Culture, - Cornell Bull .No .157 
 
 Taylor, 0. M. , - Raspberry Culture and Test oi' Vane clos , 
 
 N. Y. Bu].l. 278 
 
 Corbett,,L. C. , - R.'.apberry Cul tur-j , ~ ''f. Ix. Bull. No. 48 
 
 j'iaiiey, L . H. , - 3ijTapcrc;.ting R-igploorries , - Cornali 
 
 Bull. No, 100 
 
 Jj rdan , A. R, , - F-^-'Gil izer j^ad irriga-cion Sxp^riments ,- 
 
 N. J. Rpt. 1398 
 
 B.Ailov, L. H. , - liiSwjr/ of Onij lUspb^rr^r ^ - Cjrnsll 
 
 Bull. No. 117 
 
 ^Toff, ■^1. S., - ?±:icniaz Shoe ta - "^is. Rpt. IQ-JO 
 
 11, oi'ison, J. S, - Teat jf 7 .r-i 5 ^.i iS , - Md. Bull. No. 25 
 
 Ma^Tiard, S. T.- Test o f Varieties , - Ife-ss. Bull. No. 25 
 
 Budd and Hansen,- Manual of Rbrtioulture - Co 
 
 Wilson, C. S. , - Cornell Reading Course No. 36 
 
 Bailey, L. H. , - Evolution of our Native Pruits,- 
 
 Hunn, C. 10. - Test of V.^ristias ,- N.Y. State Rpt.1899. 
 
 '■ratts, A. S., - Test of Varietioa,- Tenn.Bull. Vol.3, 
 
 No. 3/ 
 
 Macoun, A. T. , - Bush Pruits, - 
 
ta^e op gontbkts 
 the currant. 
 
 pages 
 
 History 1-4 
 
 Pro po gat ion 4-8 
 
 Soils 8-9 
 
 Planting and Tillage 9-12 
 
 miloh 12 
 
 fertilization 12-15 
 
 Pruning 15-17 
 
 Harvesting 17-19 
 
 ijlack Curram; 19 
 
 Diseases and Insect Pests aD-22 
 
 Varieties kiki-26 
 
The Currant 
 Saxifragrance, Saxifrb^ge lamiljr, 
 Ikmily RllDes ; low shruljs, often prickly ^"/ith alter- 
 nate digitately loi^ed leaves; floorers small; sepals fira 
 and petal like, on the ovary; petals and stamens five, 
 iDorne on the oalyx; fruit a small globular berry. 
 
 Currants; flowers in long racemes; no spines, 
 
 Ribes rubrum, Linn, Red and White currant. Erect 
 bush, with broad cordate 3-5 lobed leave's with roundish 
 lobes and not strong smelling; racemes drooping, the 
 flowers greenish and nearly flat open. Berries red and 
 whi te . Buroqpe . 
 
 Ribes nigrum, Linn. Black currant; Stronger bush 
 with strong scented leaves and larger oblong or bell 
 shaped flowers with bracts muoh shorter than the pedicels; 
 berries black and strong smelling. Europe. 
 
 Ribes Americanum, Marsh, (Ribes floridum) leaves 
 sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart shaped, 
 sharply three to five lobed, doubly serate ; racemes 
 drooping and downy, bracts longer than the pedicels; 
 flowers large and whitish; calyx tubular and bell shaped; 
 smooth; fruit round, Ovoid, black, smooth. Woods new 
 England to Va. west to Kentucl^, Iowa and Minnesota. 
 
 Ribes aureum. Pursh. Mis.> or Buffalo currant. Large 
 bush wifchlong tubular yellow and very fragrant flo-ers ; 
 fruit blackish. Missouri west but common inngardens for 
 its flowers. 
 
2 
 
 Ribes sanguineum; Red flowering currant. Mative 
 of tlie Rooky Mts. and California. Cultivated for orna- 
 ment, not valuable as an edible fruit. 
 
 There are two principal species in wliicii our 
 cultivated currants liave 'oeen developed and these are 
 both of farreign origin. These two species are Ribes 
 rubvim which is the red currant of Europe and the Ribes 
 Nigrum which is the black currant of Europe. These 
 species of currants from which our cultivated varieties 
 have been ^ developed, probably originated in northern 
 Europe. The fruit is not mentioned by any of the old 
 Romans or Greek writers, who were very careful to name 
 all the plants of their time, DeCandole says "It was 
 
 unknown to the Greeks and the Romans and its cultiva- 
 tion was only introduced in the middle ages. The cul- 
 tivated plant hardly differs from the wild one. 
 
 That the plant was foreign to the south of Europe 
 is shown by the name Grose ill ier d' outreiner (currant 
 from beyond the sea) given in Prance in the sixteenth 
 century. " 
 
 The black, red and white currant was known to 
 the inhabitants of northern Europe for many centuries 
 as it grew in the wild state, in northern Europe, Siberia, 
 Lapland and Scotland. However, it attracted but little 
 attention until the last one hundred and fifty years, 
 and it has only been since that time that its cultivation 
 has taken place. 
 
 The English name currant was formerly Carrans 
 
3 
 
 and the name was given to the fruit, as it resembled 
 the Zanta grape, which is called Corinths on the English^"' 
 market, as it '^^as at one time almost entirely imported 
 from Cornith, 
 
 In the Accounts of fruits, by Phillips and pub- 
 lished in 1557, there is no mention of the currant and 
 neither does Turner who published a list of cultivated 
 fruits in the same year. The firtt mention we have 
 
 of this fruit was in 1597 when Gerrarde spoke of it as 
 a smooth stemed gooseberry and said that its cultivation 
 was raire. 
 
 Downing says "The fruit of the original wild 
 species is small and very sour, but the large garden 
 sorts produced by cultivation and for which we are 
 chiefly indebted to the Dutch Gardeners , are large and 
 of a more agreeable sub -acid flavor. 
 
 There are many species of the wild currant in 
 Aiaerlcai, but only three have given varieties which have 
 been cultivated for fruit, and none of these are im- 
 portant. The three varieties mentioned are : 
 
 Ribes aureum (Missouri or Buffalo currant) 
 
 Ribes Aoieridanium or floridiun (Wild black 
 
 currant ) 
 
 Ribes sanguineum (Red flowering currant) 
 
 « 
 
 Bailey in "The Evolution of our Native Pruits" 
 in disaussing these varieties says "Of these varieti^ 
 only the Crdndall is generally known and even this has 
 little conmercial or even domestic value. This is Ribes 
 
4 
 aureiim, the species generally known as the Missouri or 
 Buffalo currant. There are a few other oamBd.: fruit "bear- 
 ing varieties of this species, but they are mostly con- 
 fined to the dry regions of the West, It grows wild 
 from Missouri and Arlcansas westward. The Crandall currant 
 was named for R. W. Crandall of Newton, Kansas, whoc 
 found it growing wild. It was introduced in the spring 
 of 1888 ISy Prank lord:. aadii son of Ravina, Ohio. This type 
 of species of currants undoubtedly has great promise as 
 the parent of a new and valuable race of small fruits. 
 The Crandall, Bowever, is too variable to be reliable. 
 Comparatively few plants produce abundantly of large 
 fruit, while many of them bear fruits but little larger 
 *han occasional plants of the common flowering currant, 
 to which species the Crandall belongs". 
 
 "In the Plain regions the Missouri currant type 
 has greater promise, not only because it thrives better, 
 but because, common currants do not, but the varieties 
 will need to be much improved by careful selection. 
 
 There are lour methods of starting the currant 
 seed 1 seeds, suckers, layers and cuttings. 
 
 Propogation by means of seeds is seldom employed, 
 except in the development of new varieties. The currant 
 reproduceelsitself truer to form than do most fruits, and 
 this coupled with the fact that it takes but a short 
 time to come into bearing makes it an interesting study 
 for the plant breeder. Puller recommends the following 
 
5 
 plan in pro po gating the currant from seeds : 
 
 "This method is seldom employed, except in pro- 
 ducing new varieties. The fruit should be gathered when 
 fully ripe, always selecting the largest herries, and 
 
 from the earliest and mildest flavored kinds, as the 
 
 / 
 currant being naturally a very acid fruit, the aim should 
 
 be to produce sweeter varieties. 
 
 The berries may be dried and the seeds preserved 
 in the pulp until the seeds are wanted, or be crushed 
 and the seeds washed out. They will grow more readily 
 if not allowed to become too dry, although drying is o(it 
 so injurious to them as it is to many other seSds, 
 
 (rather the fruit when ripe and wash out the seeds, 
 then mix them with pure sand, and put in boxes or pots, 
 and bury them in a shady place, such as the north side 
 of some building or fence where they will remain cool or 
 frozen until the ground in which they are to be sown is 
 in a condition to receive them. If they are placed in 
 a place ^ere the sun will reach them they are very likely 
 to germinate either during the winter or as soon as the 
 frost leaves them in the spring. Often before the ground 
 would admit of their being planted. If the seeds are 
 frozen after th^ are sprouted, it will usually destroy 
 the germ and prevent further growth. With many persons 
 the cause of failure in growing the currant and gooseberry 
 
 from seed is that they either place them in a situation 
 where they sprout and cannot grow or where too warm and 
 wet, and when the seeds are to be taken out and sown in 
 
6 
 spring, they appear to be sound, yet their vitality is 
 gone," 
 
 The method of setting out suckers that spring 
 up from the old loush, is still practiced by some people, 
 but the idea is not so popular today as plants produced 
 in this manner are no t so vigorous and hardy as those 
 produced from cuttings. 
 
 Another possible method is the means of layers, 
 branches that are bent down to the earth and then 
 covered with soil will readily take root. If this method 
 is adapted it should be done in the spring and then the 
 layer will become well rooted by fan. The end of the 
 branch should be left uncovered and only that portion 
 covered which is desired to take root. In the fall, the 
 new growth is separated from the currant plant and is 
 then ready to set out as a new bush. 
 
 Commercially, the currant is propogated ''oy means 
 of layers. This method is tbe cheapest and gives the 
 best results and the other methods discussed should not 
 be considered from a commercial point of view. In pro- 
 pogating by means of stem cuttings, Card in Bush Pruits 
 gives the following plan : 
 
 "Currants are readily propogated from hard wood 
 cuttings made fn)m well ripened shoots of one season's 
 growth. The cuttings majr he taken and planted in either 
 the fall or the spring, but the common custom among 
 nurse rjonen is to take them in early autumn as soon as the 
 leaves mature. The leaves commonly begin falling as early 
 
7 
 as August, but they are frequently stripped a webk or 
 so before the cuttings are taken which is usually done 
 the last of August or the first of September. They may 
 then be planted at once or tied in bundles and buried 
 upside down, with two inches of soil over the budds. In 
 this position they may callus, and even form roots before 
 
 winter. . They may be taken up and planted later, removed 
 to the cellar and buried in sand during the winter, or 
 be given an additional covering and left where they are 
 until spring. If planting is deferred until spring it 
 must be done very early as they begin growth at a low 
 temperature and must receive attention at the earliest 
 possible moment. The common practice is to plant in 
 nursery rows soon after the cuttings are taken. They are 
 said to root more quickly, if packed in damp moss, a week 
 or two before planting. The cuttings are ordinarily made 
 from six to eight inches long, though the older writings 
 recommend them to be one foot long. The base should be 
 formed at the clean square cut just beneath a budd. The 
 top is Commonly a slanting cut some distance above the 
 uppermost budd. Planting may be c3one hy means of a spade, 
 
 but it is moPe conveniently and rapidly done by plowing 
 furrows and setting the cuttings against the land side of 
 the furrow. One or two budds only are left above the 
 surface of the ground and the arth should be firmly pack- 
 ed about -the base of the cuttings. If set early in Sep- 
 tember, many of the plants will form roots and establish 
 themselves before Winter, being in condition to begin 
 
8 
 grovrth immediately in the spring. As freezing weather 
 appro Ghaes a shovel plow will sometimes run through the 
 rows, in order to throw the earth toward hut not over 
 the cuttings. This leaves a depression along the roads 
 and the plants are then easily protected hy covering with 
 straw or coarse manure. Mulching in some form is essential 
 during the winter, if currant cuttings are planted in the 
 fall, Ricsh land shoixLd be selected and heavy dressings 
 of well rotted manure are useful." 
 
 The currant will grow and produce fruit on most 
 any kind of a soil, and of this New Jersey Bulletin 
 reports "fruits of this class are rather gross feeders, 
 and hence will do well on deep rich soil, preferably 
 clay loams. They delight in moist, cool situations on 
 well drained land. 
 
 Ibr the jcears 1893 and 1894, the ten growers hav&ng 
 sandy soils, reported yields ranging from 320 quarts to 
 57 50 quarts per acre, averaging 1568 quarts. The eleven 
 growers having clay loams reported yields varying from 
 100 to 7 500 quarts and averaging 2692 quarts per acre, 
 or a difference in favor of the clay loams of 1124 qiiarts. 
 
 The majority of the plantations reported are upon 
 high land. Nine out of forty-two have low land. The dan- 
 ger of frost is therefore lessened — fifteen per cent 
 only reporting injury. The ideal location should be a clay 
 loam soil on rather high land, with a northern or northwest 
 exposure. The elevation is immaterial if near a large body 
 
9 
 of water. Currants delight in partial]^ shaded situations 
 and are well adapted for setting in orchards of larger 
 f rui ts . " 
 
 Currants should not, however, be planted in 
 a 
 low- lands where/frost pocket is liable to form, because 
 
 then the entire crop may be lost by injury of frost. 
 
 The currajits is a gross feedSr and a shallow grower 
 
 and thus requires a great amount of plant food and 
 
 moisthre. As a reseat manure of any kind and in most 
 
 any amount, can be added to the land. The preparation 
 
 should be thorough as the main tainment of the moisture 
 
 content is of importance. The soil should be plowed 
 
 in thS fall and quite deep and if hard pan is present, 
 
 it may be well to use a sub&soil plow, if possible, it 
 
 is well to have had a crop of cow peas or any crop that 
 
 has required intensive cultivation the season previous 
 
 to planting. 
 
 The planting may be done in either the fall or 
 the spring, b^^t the fall plowing is to be preferred. 
 The reason of this is caused, in the main, by the fact 
 that the currant starts its growth so early in the spring. 
 However, in the west where the winters are more dry and 
 open the fall planting may not be best, unless the plants 
 are thoroughly protected. The spring planting bo matter 
 where the location happens to be, is quite as successful 
 as fall planting, if the plants are set out before any 
 growth has started. If set out after the growth has 
 start ed, howev er . the plant will be retarded during the 
 
10 
 first season. 
 
 The distance to plant "berries with the opinions 
 of different growers and the method of altivation prac- 
 ticed win influence the method followed to a great 
 extent. The most common method is that of planting in 
 rows six feet apart and then three feet apart inthe 
 rows/ However, this will not allow cross cultimtion 
 and more hand work will be necessiary. 
 
 There are some growers who prefer to -cvl tivate 
 "both ways during the early life of the patch and in 
 this case the hushes should he set five to six feet 
 apart in the rows and four or five feet apart in the 
 rows. 
 
 Still other growers prefer to cultivate during the 
 entire life of the patch and in this case the square 
 system of planting should be used. Plants set five feet 
 apart each way will give excellent results and will be 
 kept cleajier with a minimum amount of work. 
 
 In planting, Card gives the following directions : 
 
 "The land should be in a f dne mellow till as deep as 
 
 plow4d. It Should then be marked both ways with furrows 
 
 in one direction. It will be all the better if these 
 
 furrows arSmade deeper than necessary to receive the 
 
 plants, in order to insure their being set in a well 
 
 bv 
 fined bed. The setting is easily done/placing the plants 
 
 against the land side of the furrow and drawing the earth 
 about them, packing it finnly about the roots with the 
 feet. No one point is more essential than this c 
 
;ough firming. of the soil a'oout the roots. A layer 
 of loose, fine soil should toe left on the surface to act 
 as a mulch and prevent the pack soil underneath from 
 drying out. The remainder of the furrow may be left to 
 be filled in as cultivation progresses, later on. One 
 year old plants are quite as satisfactory if vigorous 
 and well grown and cost less money. They are easily set 
 meet with little check in transplanting and make a better 
 growth than if 14ft in a crowded nursery row during the 
 same time. 
 
 As before stated the roots of the currant run close 
 to the surface of the soil and the cultivation should 
 therefore be shallow or the roots of the plants will be 
 injured. At the same time the bush is a heavy feeder 
 and requires plenty of plant food and moisture. As a re- 
 sult intensive cviltivation should be practiced, so as 
 to preserve the moisture content and maintain the capiffilary 
 activity of the soil. 
 
 The first year or two after planting and before the 
 root system is spread out to any extent deep ciiltivation 
 whould be practiced with any of the ordinary shovel tooth 
 cultivators. The common hand hoe should also be used 
 several times each year to keep out the weeds and also 
 to keep a crust from forming around the plants . After 
 the first couple of years when the roots have begun to 
 spread shallow cultivation is essential. The ordinary 
 shovel tooth cultivator is liable to injure the plants, 
 and should not be used. Inasmuch as the soil only needs 
 to be stirred lightly to keep a dust mulch over the bed, 
 
12 
 a light harrow tooth arultivator or a light spring 
 tooth cultivator with the teeth set well hack, is to 
 he desired. The ctiltivation should he practiced each 
 
 year and as often as possible until at least the latter 
 part of August. 
 
 The currant. does exceptionally well when given a 
 mulch treatment which is probably due to its being a 
 
 shallow feeder. The material used in mulching is any 
 
 coarse grass or heavy cover crop that may be best utilized 
 by the grower. The plan followed by some is to cultivate 
 
 several times during the spring and early summer and then 
 mulch the surface during the balance of the year. The 
 mulch not only takes the place of cultivation by preservitg 
 the moisture content but also eliminates the weeds and 
 keeps the field clean. However, owing to the mulching 
 material being so expensive, the practice is not to be 
 followed, except in the home garden, where cultivation 
 must be done by hand or is neglected to a grer..t extent. 
 
 The currant is a heavy feeder and requires an 
 abundance of plant food. Agsin, since it is a shallow 
 feeder the food elements should be applied in such a 
 manner as to make them readily available to the roots, 
 which are small and of a fibrous character. 
 
 The question of fertilizer has not been experi- 
 mented with to any extent, but it is genera,lly agreed 
 that heavy applications of manure are of importance. 
 
13 
 
 As regards the application of manure Cornell Reading 
 
 Course reports the following survey which shows the 
 
 benefit to he derived from applying manure ;- 
 
 Earms Acres Yields Incomes 
 
 per per 
 
 Acre Acre 
 
 Manure 9 26.35 2,471.0 $144,23 
 
 No fertilizer 7 3.33 2,078.2 134.45 
 
 Card in r^aaarking on fertilizer says, "Tlae currant 
 is a rank feeder and needs a rich soil, with liheral 
 fertilizing. Yet the roots are smaH and fihrous, and 
 do not extent far for their food. It must he supplied in 
 liheral quantities and close at hand, while no fruit will 
 live and thrive unddr greater neglect than will the currailt, 
 It is equally true that no fruit will more quickly or fully 
 respond to liheral treatment. Too often it is relegated 
 to fence comers, witlxsut care or culttare, there to battle 
 with sod and currant worms from year to year. Little won- 
 der that the currants ar^ sour and small, Liheral appli- 
 cations of stable manure preferably in the fall, supple- 
 mented wi 1h the addition of wood ashes or potash in the 
 form of commercial fertilizer in the spring are always in 
 order. Currants contain 11 per cent of phosphoric acid 
 ^nd ,27 per cent of potash, while stable manure contains 
 only about one-third more potash than phosphoric acid, 
 which shows the need of additional potash. There is 
 little danger of too rank growth or diminished fruit ful- 
 ness from an excess of stable manure. Observations from 
 Massachusetts Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 7, show 
 
14 
 
 that the desirable quantities of the fruit were increased 
 
 in every case of the application of potash fertilizer, A 
 
 comparison of sulphate and murate of potash at Geneva 
 
 Experiment Station, showed no practical diffei5ence in 
 
 favor of eilher. To sum up, fertilizing for the currant 
 
 is not different from that of o:«ier fruits, except that 
 
 it needs to be more liberal than in most oltlier cases if 
 
 satisfactory returns are to be obtained." 
 
 The Hew Jersey report for 1903 and 1904 gives 
 
 some interesting results of commercial fertilizers on 
 
 currant plots. On December 18, 1903 barnyard maniire 
 
 was spread over Plots 1 and 4 and on the 21st bone, 
 
 potash and acid phosphate on Plots 2, 3, 5 and 6. May 
 
 31st cultivated and 1000 pounds of oyster shell lime 
 
 applied to all plots. On May 6th nitrate of soda added 
 
 to Plots 3 and 6. 
 
 Currant fertilizer plots 
 Varie-ty Unirrigated Irrigated 
 
 —PLOTS 
 
 1 2 oz. 3 4 5 
 
 Pays Prol 394 882 137.5 315 186 
 
 6 
 269 
 
 Red Dutch 892 777 
 Victoria 826 721 
 WhiteGrape 119 103 
 
 901.8 1178 737 1207 
 
 883 993 697 904 
 
 123 168 67 151 
 
 Eq. Qts. 
 Total qts. 
 1898 
 
 111.5 
 13.3 
 
 97.1 
 3.4 
 
 103.2 
 8.8 
 
 132.7 
 17.8 
 
 84.3 
 11.3 
 
 126.5 
 9.4 
 
 1899 
 
 41.2 
 
 37.5 
 
 49.8 
 
 51.8 
 
 51.6 
 
 50.9 
 
 1900 
 
 67.2 
 
 61 
 
 54.9 
 
 82.0 
 
 68.1 
 
 60.5 
 
 1901 
 
 109.1 
 
 98 
 
 108 
 
 129.8 
 
 105 
 
 107.3 
 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 130.9 
 7 5.2 
 
 119.0 
 60.8 
 
 135.6 
 62.4 
 
 143.2 
 82.9 
 
 113.8 
 59.3 
 
 150.2 
 70.1 
 
15 
 Of the three treatments, it can be seen that 
 manure is first; potash, acid, phosphate and nitrate of 
 soda is second, and hone, potash and acid phosphate last. 
 
 In conclusion it would seem that there is no 
 defiriate law regarding the application of fertilizer, 
 with the exception that 41 seem to agree that manure in 
 large quantities is heneficial. As regards coinmercial 
 fertilizer, it would seem that every grower must deter- 
 mine for himself, according to the olaa.ra.otet of his land, 
 fbose fonas of plant food that should he applied in the 
 fona of commercial fertilizers. 
 
 The pmning of the currant is of great importance 
 and C. S. Wilson gives the following directions : "A know- 
 ledge of the fruiting habits of the plant is essential 
 to an intelligent understanding of the method of pruning. 
 Some fruit is home on the wood of the previous years 
 growth near the base, and often this fruit is the largest. 
 Wood that is two or three years old gives the most and 
 the hest fruit. Older branches produce fruit, but the 
 amount is less and the size of the herry is smaller. The 
 aim of the pruner then should be to remove all branches 
 over three years of age, to thin out the bush in order 
 to admit the sunlight and permit good air circulation, and 
 to head in those tranches that make a long and irregular 
 
 growth. 
 
 Beginning when the plants are set the prming 
 would be somewhat as described below. The directions 
 
16 
 
 are given in dg'finite fom and detail to make them the 
 most useful to the reader. Variations will he necessary 
 for different varieties and conditions. The grower must 
 allow for such variations as are needed. 
 
 At planting J — (first spring) The plants should 
 he headed hack to a single hranch which is headed hack 
 to five or six hudds. 
 
 (Second spring) — Pive or six hranches are chosen 
 to make a frame work of the hush; the others are cut out. 
 If any of these five or six hranches have grown too long, 
 they should he headed in so that all are of a uniform 
 length. 
 
 CThird spring) — The plant is thinned out to a 
 desired &rm and the hranches that have grown too long 
 are headed in. 
 
 Bearing plant — All wodd over three years old, 
 should he removed and the hranches thinned out if nec- 
 essary. Heading in is not desirahle and should no t he 
 practiced exceptwhen a hranch has made such an ahnormally 
 long growth that the halance of the top id destroyed in 
 tihich any hranch may he cut hack to the others. Low 
 hranches that touch the ground should he removed, hecause 
 they hinder the circulation of air and the herries pro- 
 duced thereon would he dirty. A dead and diseased hranch 
 should always he cut out. The pruner should aim to secure 
 an open head, keeping in mind, however ,tbat the weight of 
 the herries will hend the hfianches somewhat. An open head 
 is helpful in the control of disease, since it insuresa 
 
17 
 freer circulation of air and more sunsMne. The pruning 
 is usually done in the spring aObtliougli it may "be done 
 in either the autumn or spring. 
 
 The currant is picked as soon as the cluster shows 
 a unifonn color throughout and this occurs the latter 
 part 1' June and the month of July. Only one picking 
 is made of the fruit and it is taken clean at this time. 
 A currant will hang on the Dush Tor many days "but only 
 seven to ten days are avail alDle for pi^Mng. 
 
 Women are usually employed to do the work, and are 
 paid from three-fourths to one cent per pound. Some, 
 however, are paid "by the hasket and in this case usually 
 receive from one and one-half to two cents per quart. 
 
 The picker must ohserve several rules in gathering 
 the fruit and care must he exercised to gather only when 
 dry. The fruit if properly handled is one of the hest 
 keepers of any of the small fruits, hut if gathered when 
 damp will spoil quite readily when packed. The fruit 
 hears in clusters or racemes, and the picker must sever 
 the stem with the thiamh and forefinger and not carelessly 
 tear it away with the hush with his hands and thus crush 
 
 the fruit. 
 
 The currant is handled as are most of our other 
 
 small fruits and is sent to the market in laaskete holding 
 
 six to ei^t pounds and in hoxes holding a quart. During 
 the last few years the common grape hasket has heen gain- 
 ing popular favor as a method of shipping to market. 
 
 Prior to this the fruit was marketed in quart boxes and 
 
18 
 put up in crates of a bushel. The fruit is either so id 
 direct which is to be greatly desired or else passes 
 through the hands of the commission men. Since the in- 
 dustrjr is not largely developed and there are but few 
 large commercial centers, the fruit growing associations 
 are of but little importance, it would seem, therefore, 
 that a reliable commission man is the best means of dis- 
 posing of the fruit to a retail market, unless it is of 
 a IoceQ. nature. 
 
 There are certain sections of the country however 
 which of late years have developed large canning industries. 
 Selling the entire crops to these factories is the easiest 
 method df disposing of the fruit. In this case the fruit 
 is sold direct and the importance of having the fruit put 
 up in a neat, clean and attractive manner is not so im- 
 portant. Here grading is not desired and the quality of 
 the fruit n^y not be so good as when placed in the retail 
 market. 
 
 Prom the discussion under pruning, it is seen that 
 the bush is renewed erery three years. I'rom this it 
 would appear that the plant 'W4j"UU,d continue to thrive and 
 bear fruit for an indefinite period. It is true that the 
 plant will continue to bear fruit for quite a long time, 
 but, after dght or ten seasons of bearing, it does not 
 devote so much energy to the production of high class 
 fruits .As the result practical growers start a new 
 bed every eight or ten years, finding that the initial 
 cost of starting a ne^ bed is not great and that the 
 
19 
 ■benefits derived are well worth the trouble involved. 
 
 The Black Currant. 
 
 The treatment of the hlaok currant is hut little 
 
 different from that of the red. It requires a little 
 
 more room as it grows a little taller, "but when planted 
 
 and 
 by the hill system/cultivation oan he practiced both 
 
 ways, it will have plenty of room in which to thrive. 
 
 The directions for the red apply equally well to 
 
 the black wi ih the exception of the pruning. On the red 
 
 the £ruit is borne on two and three year old wood, while 
 
 with the hlack it is mostly grown on the previous season's 
 
 wood. As a result the priming in case of the red is done 
 
 with the idea of preserving two and three year old wood, 
 
 while with the black the idea is ic preserve the previous 
 
 season's growth. 
 
20 
 Disea-ses and Insect Pests. 
 
 The following diseases and insect pests are taken 
 from Cornell Reading Course Vol. I, No. 22 - The Culture 
 of the Currant and Gooseberry, by C. S. Wilson : 
 
 Diseases 
 Cane blight or wilt. 
 
 This disease is very destructi-ve in the Hudson 
 Valley. It is caused hy a fungous which fills the bark 
 in places and this colors the wood. The canes die sudden- 
 ly while loaded with fruit and leaves. Ho definite line 
 of treatment has been established b-ut the following iS'" 
 saggeiteii^leginning when the plants are small , the patch 
 should be gone over every summer and all canes showing 
 signs of Aisea-se shoiild be cut out and burned. 
 Leaf Spot. 
 
 This is a fungous disease that is first noticeii 
 about mid-s-ummer , when small brownish spots appear on 
 the leaves. Sometimes the disease is serious" affecting 
 a large part of the foliage and oausingthe leaves to fall. 
 
 Leaf spots may be controlled by application of 
 Bordeaux, 5-5-50 but it is doubtful whether the disease 
 is sufficiently destructive on the average to warrant so 
 much expense. If the disease is expected it is suggested 
 to use Bordeaux and arsenate of lead together when spray- 
 ing for the currant worm. In case it becomes necessary 
 to apply a spray wt a time rhen Bordeaux will color the 
 fHuit Ammoniacal cooper carbonate may be used to advantage 
 
 Currant Anthracnose . 
 
21 
 
 Currant Anthracnose. 
 
 This disease which may Toe mistaken for leaf spots 
 affects the leaves, leaf stalks, young branches, fruit and 
 
 fruit stalks. On the leaves it appears during the month 
 of June in the fonn of small hrown spots. Soon the affected 
 leaves turn yellow and _: the fall prematurely to w the 
 ground. The fruit may also wither hefore ripening properly 
 owing to lack of food or moisture. 
 
 Spraying v/ith Bordeauz misture 5-5-50 is recommended 
 as an aid in controlling this disease. It would lae wise 
 ^ere Currant Anthracnose is trouTDleflenKJ , to spray the 
 iDushes thoroughly "before the leaves appear, using lime 
 sulphur at scale strength. A second spraying should be 
 made with B&rdeaux when the leaves are unfolding, and 
 successive sprayings at intervals of ten to fourteen days 
 until the fruit is nearly full gro^ira; there is danger 
 of its "being discolored by the spray when ripe. Arsenate 
 of lead should be added to the mixture when the first 
 brood of the currant worm appears. A thorough spraying 
 after the fruit is harvested is desirable. 
 
 Insect Pests, 
 Currant worm. 
 The currant worm is the most serious of the insect 
 pests. The adult is a four winged wasp-like insect which 
 may be seen flying about the bushes in the early spring. 
 The eggs are deposited along the midribs and on the undeS 
 sides of the leaves. In a few days the eggs hatch in 
 
22 
 small green "black spotted larvae , whi ch feed on the 
 leaves often defoliating the entire bush, A second "brood 
 hatches in the early summer. 
 
 The application of poisons, such as arsenate of 
 lead, or paris green in the usual proportions is re- 
 commended when the worms first appear. In case it is 
 necessary to spray after the fruit is half grown, helie- 
 "bore should he used. 
 
 San Jose Scale, 
 
 This pest is very prevalent on currant "bushes. A 
 dormant spraying of lime sulphur at winter strength 
 should be used. 
 
23 
 
 Unlike the strawiierry the grower of the currant 
 has hut little over fifty varieties to choose from, and 
 of these many "blend into each other, with no great 
 points of contrast differentiating them one from* the other. 
 
 In 1908 ibhe Hew York State Agricultural College 
 made a survey of Monroe County, and in 1910 of western 
 New York, as regards the preference of the different 
 currsmt varieties. 
 
 Survey of Western New York in ,1910. 
 ' '•'^'" No. of farms 
 
 15 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 Survey of Monroe Coxanty in 1908. 
 
 13 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 1 
 
 VARIETY 
 I^y 
 
 Wilder 
 Cherry 
 Versaillse 
 Victoria 
 Eed Cross 
 Pomona 
 
 Eay 
 
 Red Cross 
 
 Cherry 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Perfection 
 
 Wilder 
 
 Pomona 
 
 "Both of these tahles show the preference of the 
 
 grower. The value of the varieties on the market is also 
 
24 
 important. Many commission men in the large cities 
 were asked to indicate tlie most popular varieties from 
 the considerations of the buyer. The Cherry ranked first 
 with the Pay second. Ho mention was made of the other 
 
 varieties. It is probahle that the consumer gives very 
 
 to 
 little attention/the i)articular varieties." 
 
 "A study of the ahove f iguresindicates that relialoite 
 varieties for commercial planting are the Iky, Wilder, 
 Cherry, Red Cross, VersalLaise , and Perfection. In setting 
 these varieties the grower is taking no risk as they have 
 stood the tdst for several years. It is suggested towever 
 
 that the grower test some of the newer varieties that 
 aeera. adapted to his soil and climate. It is probahi;9 
 that newer varieties which prove themselves more valua'oie 
 for commercial purposes will in time partially or wholly 
 supplant the older ones," 
 
 The above varieties are all of the red, which is 
 the most popular and widely grown today. Ihy this is 
 cannot he explained, unless like so many other fruits, 
 the people have simply, taken a fancy to it. 
 
 The White currant is not grown commercially, as 
 there is "but little demand for it. As a rule they are 
 less acid than the red and the flesh is of a richer 
 flavor. It would seem from this that the White will 
 eventually "become an important commercial product, hut 
 at present it will only be well to grow a few in the 
 home garden. The White I>u*ch, White Grape and White 
 Imperial are to be recommended. 
 
25 
 
 The Black currant is not popular in this country 
 and is grown only to a slight extent. This fruit is not 
 so strongly acid as either th- red or the white variety 
 Tout they have a peculiar, repugnant, chinch bug like 
 odor and also a very peculiar flavor, which causes them 
 to be very unpopular. However, through familiarity the 
 taste is becoming acquired and appreciated, and seems 
 say to say that the market will demand their presence to 
 a much greater extent within the next few years. 
 
 The currant is no t grown commercially to any extent 
 in the United States. This is caused in the main by 
 the fact that it is seldom eaten as a fresh fruit on 
 account of the extreme acidity of most varieties. The 
 currant is used primarily in the making of Jelly and jam 
 though it is often mixed with other foods that has a 
 tendency to be flat. 
 
 Bxteme acidity of the ismrrant plus the rich flavor 
 of the other (fruits makes an ideal combination. When 
 canaed alone, the qualities are preserved causing it 
 to be readily available in the winter as well as in the 
 
 summer. 
 
 The currant crop for 1909 in most states both in 
 acerage and ei^duction , was smaller thajni_J^n^j^^ 
 census_j2X_1899. The acerage is concentrated in the Middle 
 Atlantic and the Bast North Central divisions and New 
 York is the only state in 1909 to produce over 1000 j,cres 
 
 ;^-"eEe^urran t s . 
 
 However, the fruit is a staple crop and there is 
 
26 
 usually a steady demand for the same. A few years ago 
 the market was flooded at times and as ^ result, the 
 culture was stopped to a great extent. Since -Qae canning 
 industry has hecomSimportant , however, the demand has 
 received a new impetus and the supply is now falling hehind, 
 
 Ihe currant has many good qualities to recommend it 
 and among these are its perfect hardiness to withstand 
 almost any freeaing temperature; its productiveness; ItsJ 
 good shipping and keeping qualities and its ability to 
 loear a crop most every season. 
 
 Since there is a strong demand for the fruit and 
 growers ohtain good profits in its culture, it would 
 seem that even greater opportimities were in store for 
 the man who will give more intensive culture to the fruit. 
 
Beacii, S. A. , - Currant Culture - :7.Y.S. Bull. lTo.95 
 
 JordJ.n, A. T. ,- Currant Culture - N. J. Bull. No. 126 
 
 Jordan, A. T. , -Currant -^nl 'l-oo'?!3''o?-'-ries - p-;r. .':■: Irr. 
 
 II. J. -ipt. 1398. 
 
 areen, W. J., - Test of V^-rieties - Oliio Bull. No. 9-3 
 
 .A-USri, Expt. station Bull. No. 7 
 
 Lyon, T. T. , - Test of Varieties - Mich.. Bull. No. 67 
 
 and No . 80 . 
 
 Currants - Test of Varieties - N.Y.S, 
 Bull. No. 36 
 
 Grey, - Manual of Botany 
 
 DeCaudole - Origin c fCultivated Plants 
 
 Card - Bush Pruits 
 
 Downing - 
 
 Bailey, L . H. - Evolution of Our Native Pruits - Cornell 
 
 Reading Cuurse Vol. I, No. 22. 
 
 Pullar,- N. J. Rpt. 190 3-1 90 4- 
 
TASLE OP CONTENTS 
 STRAWBIKRY 
 
 History P^^es 
 
 Plants 
 
 Soils 
 
 1-4 
 5-10 
 10-11 
 
 Culture 12-13 
 
 Preparing of S(s>)il 13-14 
 
 JFertilizers 14-18 
 
 Planting 18-22 
 
 Cultivation 23-24 
 
 Mulch 25-27 
 
 Harves ting 27 -31 
 
 Treatment after Harvesting 31-33 
 
 Insects and Diseases 33-38 
 
 Economic Importance 38-39 
 
The Strawberry. 
 
 The strawberry is one of the mopt favored fiuits today, 
 tho it is one o^ the neS^ent a-id has receiver! but little at- 
 tention ere the bec^imning of the nineteenth century. The orgin 
 of its name is not definately kno\/n,a.nd several theories have 
 been advanced -C'ne is that the children of the ancient days 
 used to string then on strav/r; to sell. Another is that the run- 
 nsFs of the plants gave the appearetnce of strar/ "Bcattered on 
 the ground .Cuthill in his "fruit and Vegetable "snnv.'dl^sa^a" - 
 "The strav/berry up till the ."Dutch gardiners arri^-al in Englr^nd 
 Vae calli'-d ishe'-'ood berry. One vear a very hec-y hail storn came 
 over London and spoileri 0.II of the V/oodberries v/ith grit and 
 msuld;next yera- the gp.rdiners laid strav/ undei- them, and fron 
 that tine they have been called strawbevries . " 
 
 ■^he strawberry belongs to the Rose family and the name 
 of the genis is Jragaria. A. S.'Ailler in the "Strav'berry Cult- 
 urisf'describen the jeais a^ follov/s . "A ,gen33S of low perennial 
 herbs v/ith ruiiners and lea-"-es .divided into three leaflets; 
 calyx open and flat ; petal '^ ' five ; \7hitf-; stamens ten to fifteen 
 
 an-'', some time^. more;pistils numerous , crowned jipon a cone like 
 head in the center of the flower. Seeds naked on the surface on 
 an enlarged pulpy receotical called the fruit". 
 
 3ai2iey's classification and de^-cription divides the 1^'ra- 
 garia into four species as follov/s. 
 
 — -garden strawberry. 
 
 Fragaria moscliata Hautbois Strawberry. 
 
 Pr.-.garia vesca. Alpine, rtrawoerr,, . 
 
 I'^ragaria Virginaana Virginian. 
 
2 
 lagaria Chiloensis; Garden sti-av/berry .Low and spretuUn^ 
 but stout. thffi thiol: leaves somev/hat glosnv aboiae the bluish 
 white .benePth, rather blunt toothed ; flower clunters short, fork- 
 ing, the pe-^icle-, r^.tro,:^ -n-l long; the fruit Irrqe .^n-^ rirrn, 
 dark colored , v'ith sunken akensj 
 
 Fragaria 'noschata;Hautbois . -^aller , usually diciceous, 
 more pube-^ce nt , the caly:;; or hull strongly reflexe- from the 
 fruit, berry a dull red .rausky . Cultured forn- rarely see,i in 
 America. 
 
 ?ra:5aria vesca; Small . very sparsely hairy, the leavn-, 
 thin and rarely light ^reen, very sharply toothed , flov/er clus- 
 ter overtooping the fo,i lags , small and errect , forking; fruit 
 sleiider and pointed , light colored( sonet iraes \vhite)the akens 
 not Funk in the flesh. Cool woods , "^oramon orth. 
 
 -L-'ragarina Virgiriiana; co'itnon field strav'berry . Stronger 
 oarkei- r2reen. loose hairy, the 1 aves with tore sunken veins auel 
 larger arid f irsier ; flo wer clusters ■^lend r but not over to-- 
 X.'inr; the lepves, fruit v/dith drooping pedicles , fruit globular 
 
 or broad, conical , v/i til a}:ens suial in t?ie flesh, light colored, 
 Very coiTirnon. 
 
 The str-^ 'berry v/as not cultivated oy nny of the ancient 
 peojjles npno ■''oriaa ^vritevs never nr-ntion it vhen '=;peaki,ag of 
 their cultivated fruits .Virgil onl;„ rientions it wbpn /arn- 
 in| the shepar-ls again?^^t tht coaceale adder"when -seaking 
 flowern and stra.v/^erries . " 
 
 '^he first mention of the vild plant? being trf;nsf erred to 
 the garden war. during the fifteent'i century. In 1593 thos Hyll, 
 speag:ing of the straeberry in England, write as followsVStr: v/- 
 berries be much eaten at all nenr, tables in the su ^mer with 
 
3 
 
 -me aad Bugar.and they vdll grov/ ir, cvrrdeas until : the big- 
 ness of a mulberry." 
 
 Of the species mentioned by B^ale^- . on] v two are of any 
 great importance .Ihe i'ragaria Chiloennis and the Virginia, have 
 been nost important as regards the improvement of the fruit. 
 Pragaria vesca which is c:jaimon to both llorth Aacriaa a.ne Europe 
 is of less importonce and has not entered into the improvement 
 of the strawberry to a cj gceat -:xtent.'rhe Haut^:)ois stra^ "berry 
 
 was first grown in Germany during the early part of the seven- 
 teenth century.lt is very closely allied to the Alpime which 
 is the variety of the ]?ragaria vesca. 
 
 The chiloensis is a species corQiion to Chili and it was 
 often cultivated in that country. In I7I6 a 5'rench traveler by 
 the nacie of i'reezer , intcoduced the native strawberry of Chili 
 into Faance.Here it received cultivation in the I'.ut^ieum of 
 -atural History. Thru the effotts of Phillip "iller.this varie- 
 ti<- Y/as intro'-'uced into England i 'i 1729. 
 
 The ?rci£aria Virginianr- is the native strawberry of Uor th 
 America, and is a native of both Canada and the eastern part of 
 the United States'.It was introduced into England in I629.Effori 
 to iuiprove the species v/ere not nery successful .tho none fev/ 
 improved varieties were to b'- found in England , during the 
 e-'rly part of the nineteenth century. 
 
 In 1750, the Pine variety appeared, but from whence it came 
 nobody '-.nows.Its orgin is unknown, but it is '-ojpposed tohave 
 come from either 'utch Guiana, Virginia or Louisiana. All three 
 theories have been adv-^ need, but none have been proved or dis- 
 proved. It was supposed by many to be a hybrid between the Vir- 
 giniana and the Chiloensis , but today most botanist think it 
 
4 
 To be a direct decen":ent o the Chilean variety. 
 
 Experiments to improve thn strawberry wa-Ec not beg^.n till 
 the be;iinnia,, of the nineteenth c.-.ntury.ln I6I0 aJr. 11. Davidson 
 raised a variety called the Rosebetry .The Dovmton wan brot 
 o„- T«A. Knight in 1616 and Atkinson the Grove End Scr,rle tihI820. 
 However the first variety j;hat showed -irj ^-narked irai^rovement 
 was known as Ileen's Seedling, which waci first exhibited la Lon- 
 don in 1821. From I8I0 to 1830 there were not over a half doz- 
 en improved varieties to appear in Snglandl'syat t hov/ever pro- 
 duced the Britmsh Queen and this variety led all others for 
 over fifty years. 
 
 In America the first great improverient of the strawberry 
 appeared in 1834 when Kr.Hovey of Boston I'ass .exhibited the 
 "H'^vey" strawberry . -^his wan probabl;^ a cross between Keen's 
 Seedling and the Llulberry which wb another ■Kn?,lish variety 
 of the Pine type. The iiovey was the first commercial variety 
 to be Haised in the Unite' Stytws .Prior to the appearance of 
 the Plove^ the varieties grown in the ^-'aited States had been 
 importdcfrom eilher England or Europe , and none of the.-i h^d 
 given satisfaction. In 1857 John ^'.'ilson of AlbanyNow York or- 
 ginated the variety known as"Yi/il sons Alb any ", and even today 
 some people grov/ this variety when they desire a fruit that 
 is indifferent to cultivation. Sihce the appearance of the Wil- 
 son" there have been hundreds .of varieties to appear i the 
 United Stated. Ilanjf of these have oeen inferior to the Wilson 
 but the tendency has been to build up. As a result we have a 
 berry today, the not the id^-al,that han Taeen improved, as re- 
 gards quality, size and productiveiiess. 
 
5 
 PIAITTS. 
 
 ^'he strawberry is one of our easiest cultivated plants to 
 grov/. nature has arrairiged for the reproduction of the plant- 
 by means of seedo and runners .v/hich are really nev/ plants, '.hat 
 are produced on certain points on the runners. 
 
 The method of seed propogation is that adapted by the 
 wild strawberry .Here the fruit fipenr; and the seeds .all to 
 the ground, and germin4e;either during the summer or during 
 the foliov/ing spring . Gardiners have taken advanta:^e of this 
 method in producing many new varieties. 
 
 "he latter mathod.oi' propogation by means of runners is 
 to be preferred however. The plants may be obtained from some 
 nurseryman or from, some old bed.Cnly stron.:^ and healthy plants 
 should be selected foe planting the new bed and they should 
 be taken from a bed that h-o n been planted the previous yea.r. 
 these beds should ha.ve thorou^-h an^" intensive cultivation dur- 
 in Mihe season, as this insures strong and healthy plants with 
 vigorous Doots.In selecting the plants "-ichigan Agr. College 
 Bulletin No. 163 says"Only the plants from the runners should 
 be used fot the new plantation; these have yellowish white 
 roots, and thus can be dmstinguished from tfe older plants, which 
 have a strong stem at the end of which are black or brown 
 roots, many of v/hich are dead or brokenlf plants, of good qual- 
 ity which can be depended upom to give large crops, are desired 
 .those selected for planting should- have good crowns and well 
 developed roots. As a rule onl,- the first plant" on the run- 
 ner should be used. When the plants are allowed to layer freely, 
 a large nurjiber of weak sets are produced, and althoughthese 
 will grow. they give a small yield, and the practice if persisted 
 
6 
 in, will result in the running out of the variety. 
 
 The best plants can be r,ecur«d from plants that have been 
 grown but one year, and which have not as yet fruited. the pract- 
 ice or obtaining plants from old plantations . tho used by many 
 persons is .iOt a good one.-is continued fruiting cannat fail to 
 sap the vitality from th plants, and runners produced by them 
 will not give as good results as those from young plants." 
 Poor plants are dear at anjj price and should neverbe used if 
 good onesaare to be obtained. 
 
 \Vhen the plants are taken up .prior to transplanting or 
 to shipping, the old leaves and runners should be removed, and 
 the plants bunched; ■'•he method usually followed is to remove 
 all but two or three of the healthiest leaves and all of the 
 runners. This prevents a too rapid transpiration of the water 
 from the plants, ere it has becora firmly establisihed in the 
 soil. It '-■lay also save the pi nt from drought in :nany cases. In 
 bunching the plants, the roots are so placed that all of the 
 roots lie in the one direction. fhey are packed closely side 
 by side in either boxes or baskejjs and with the roots down. 
 After being packed they shof.ld be stored in ;. cool and dark 
 cellar if possible, and kept covered at all times v/ith mois- 
 tened gunay sacks to prevent drying, t^iey shoul be kept here 
 till time for planting or shipping. 
 
 If the plants are ordered from the nurseryman they should 
 be ordered as near to 'olanting time a-^^ possible .Of ten times 
 hov/ever .conditions arise that make it quite impossible to 
 plant at once .Nursery plantfe are usually received in bundles 
 of twentyfive to fifty plants each. As soon as they arrive 
 the bundle should be ppened, other wise they are liable to 
 
7 
 become dry or heated and thus cause raaaiy of the ; to die. In 
 case the plants cannot be planted as soon as received, they sh 
 should be heeled in.CentBal i.xperimenta "arm. Bull. Ifo.62 of 
 Ottav/a gives the following method for heeling, "Open a trench 
 sufficiently deep to cover the roots of the ntrav/berries well, 
 and so that the f:;round will be just above the ground. Now 
 place the vJant^ iiose together but in a single row in the I 
 trench. Another trench is now opened parallel to the first and 
 about six iiiches fro;.i it, using the soil to cover the roots of 
 the plants in the first trench. J-'his soil should be firmly 
 packed or taam ed about the roots so that the moisture will 
 come into close contact with theip.If loosely heeled in they 
 are very lii^ely to dry out and the plants will die. Other 
 trenches should be dug parallel to- the first tv/6,if needed. By 
 the time the field is ready i'or planting, these heeled in plants 
 will have made new roots an be in a better conditio > for 
 planting tiian if they had bee.i net out at onne." 
 
 the fact that there is sex in plants, iioof, priae.ampor- 
 Jsaiice to thfe- strawberry culturist.In some cases the grower 
 has some partictular ^rauiety that he likes best, and as a re- 
 sult decideti to discard all others .However care must be taken 
 thattthis one variety v/ill poll*nize itself ,or the ensuing 
 crop will result in a failmre .'Jhere are seTieral hundred varie- 
 ties of the strawoerry,b.ut all of .them will not pollenize 
 themselves, and other varieties aust necessarly be planted in 
 close proximity to insure cross pollin^tian. In Bulletin 17oI63 
 of :iuichigan Ei^periment Station, is an accounTof perfect a.nd 
 imperfect flowers ahd their uses as regards cross pollination 
 .which is here quoted. 
 
8 
 "The flowers of -aany varieties of strawberry possess no 
 stamens, and if these kinds are pi- nted by themselves, the fruit 
 produced will be sraall , irregular and of no value; these varieti- 
 es are commonly spoken of pistillate ,or iriperfect flowers, 
 there are also a large num.jer of varieties, that in addition 
 to the pistills .have more or less stamens, but .an the amount 
 of pollen they produce is small, it will be best to depend upon 
 perfect flow -red kinds tofcrtilize them. In some seasons they 
 may develop all that is required, but in othefis,3oine varieties 
 77ill produce an amount so small that it will not suffice to 
 fertilize the pistils .Aside from the fact that differen': anouni 
 of pollen are proiuced by by different varieties and that in 
 the same variety it cianges from year to year, it also happens 
 that the a'nount required for the proper fi*rtilization of the 
 ovules varies in different years, as when the weathercis wai-ra 
 and plwasant a much smaller quanity will suffice tha when it 
 is cold and wet. Still other varieties have a considerable bum- 
 te.r of strong stamens that produce large amounts of |)ollej^, 
 and if th pistillate or nearly pistillate kinds are grovm,it 
 will oe adviseable , to have at least enery fifth row of these 
 strong sta^in&te kinds thart flower at the same time. Some grow- 
 ers living in sections ntar the lakes where the air is moist 
 and where the fogs prevail, find that in order to secure perfect 
 fe.'tilizati on of the -ist Hate varieties, it is well to have 
 every thir^ row of some variety that produces a Ir^rge amount 
 of pollen". 
 
 While it does not hold true in all c. ses, careful examina- 
 tion of the list of productive varieties of strawberries, will 
 show that imperfect flowered kinds as a rule are more productive 
 
9 
 than those with perf ectflowers:ihis has been aBcribed to the 
 fact that the starai.iate kinds have exhausted themselves, in part 
 at leadt in the pro uctLon of pollen, and are consequently able 
 to develop but a smeill amount of fruit .However ,a s the rule 
 does not hoi* true in all cases, the raerits of the individ- 
 ual varieties should be cdinsidered in making the BClection" 
 
 In selecting theosite for the strawberry bed, there are 
 a nunber of enviro .ental factors to be considerdcjthe principle 
 ones beingsite ,air and water drai .ia;e , exposure and soil. 
 
 In selecting the r^.ite laud with •-, slight and gentle slope 
 is to be preferred over a level piece of land, ■'•he advantage 
 to be secured lies in the air and water drainage. Never plant 
 the plantation so that a pocket of air v/ill be formed. Air drain- 
 agp is essential for the best results, and ifl a pocket is formed 
 on oie side of the bed, the air will cease to circulate and t 
 thus become stagnant, anf this often results in killing frost. 
 
 The strawberry eontains a lafge amouiiit of water and at 
 the same time ripens when a drought may be expected. As a re- 
 sult the location selected should be one that is fairly re- 
 tentive of moisture. the soil however should be thoroughly 
 drained, as where the water lies close tb the surf ace, thn 
 plr^nts are liable to suffer in either the winter or the sum- 
 mer. The water should at no tdime staSd upon the soil, and the 
 water table should be at least two feet below thw surface of 
 
 the soil. 
 
 If hovACVer a site must be selected that is level and 
 has no natural slope, arid is not well drained, the difficulties 
 may be overcome by installing some j-rtifical drainage sjEstem. 
 Only the "Covered "or the •'Underdrained system should be 
 
10 
 
 considered and care must be ti>l:en that enou:Ji tile are placed 
 under the bed to carry off i all smrpluB water. If the level land 
 is lower than the adjacent territority ,and thus lacks proper 
 air drainage a<^ well ar^^ water drainage , it is not advisable 
 to use it. 
 
 A.E.Wilkinson, speaking of the exposure of thestrawberry 
 plantation in "Modern Strav/herrt Growing"remarka; "The southern 
 slope nhould alwa,;, s be selected for early fruiting, where the 
 planteare held back till all danger from frost i^ past, a north- 
 ern slope is best-'-his slope however should be sorne wha,t pro- 
 tected in-^our northern ?tatesv"byi'either'-a t ree, shrub , or Build- 
 ing wind break; other wise the plants will suffer greatly from 
 cold high winds. 
 
 One of the priiiciple drawbacks to the southein Exposure, 
 is the frequent freezing and Lhawing, especially of the honey- 
 combed variwties.'-i^his causes lieavi ig og the plantsand destroys 
 great numbers yearly, by breaking the roots of the plant, and t 
 then leavins the ;lants and some of the roots exposed to the 
 air and smn. Owing to the warmth of this location, blossor-i s 
 start early and are then some times killed by the late frost. 
 E...xf SOILS. 
 
 The strawberry will do well on a wide range of soils as 
 evinced by the fact that it is a very cosnopolitan fruit and 
 that it will thrive in almost any part of the world. Some soils 
 are better adapted to the cultivation of the strawberrt than 
 others, the it is possible to find some varieties that will t;i- 
 thrive in most any soil. As a rule the sandy soils or the light 
 sandy loam- should be avoided, as the fruit will often times 
 suffer fribm a lack of sufficient moisture. The stiff heavy clays 
 are also very unsatisfactory , and can seldom be properlyworked 
 
II 
 
 ih the spring; if not cultivated the soil will bake, a crust will 
 be formed, and the plants are more liable to suffer from a 
 lack of moisture, than those in the lighter soils. 
 
 The strawberry is a very vigorous and rapid growing ,)lant 
 and demands plenty of moisture and a^liberal supply of niant 
 food.i'he ideal soil for strawberry culture therefore .wouliff 
 seem to be, a light rich loam, with an abundance of humus and 
 v;ell drained"Morejin Strav/berry Growing, as regards the selection 
 of a site says;"T&e ideal soil, is a good rich humuscontaining 
 loamy soil, which ir well drained 1 
 
 The one^condition of soil oi which it is never advisable 
 to plaijt stravirberries,ia fresh plowed old sod. Several reasons 
 are back of this ; first , an air space between the subsoil and 
 the plowed sod. This is practically impossible to overcome. eve n 
 after several rollings and discings . Second, the large number of 
 insecte pv esent , especially the June bug larveor commonly known 
 "V/hite Grub "This fellow eats off the roots of the strawberry 
 plant .killing large areas which have been planted in sod. Third, 
 Swing to the first reascbn.lack of ;ater ia the |)op soil, as '.h 
 there is a break between the top soiji and the sub soil and th 
 there fore a kack of rise of water .Even with several wateringg 
 the plants are not saved, where there is a break in the capill- 
 arity. 
 
 '^hc question then arises, if the only vailable plaize for 
 the strawberries is the sod, how shall one go about in order 
 to plant the next spring?Fall plowing an not inverting the 
 sod is the solutionthis kills the grubs, starts the decagr or t 
 the breaking down of the sod, and gives a gre;ite chance for 
 connection between the upper soil and the subsoil. The prep- 
 
12 
 eration before planting , must be as thorough a. possible. 
 
 CULTURE . 
 
 The grower of the strawberry .wheather for the coOTnercial 
 market of for home consumption, denires a ma^cimium yield and v 
 with this idea in view he riesori?s to those methods of culti- 
 vation that v;ill give tjie bett returns.lt is weil for the 
 man who thinks of setting out a strawberry plantation, to look 
 ahead and plan for two or three yer.rs ere planting. 'J^he straw- 
 berry plant requires intensive cultivation and in return 
 gives large ^'ields ; there fore the preperation of the soil 
 should be thorough. 
 
 With this idea in view ,a crop that has required inten- 
 sive cultivation the pr^-ceedins^• year is of importance. A good 
 plan to follow would b«To preceedsthe planting of the straw- 
 berry two years, have a heavy clover sod.-'his can be turned 
 under in the fall and a large amount of plant food will thus 
 be added to the soil, find in addition a quanity of humus. Thisr. 
 will maintain the moisture cdi»tent to q. great extent §n case 
 of drought. In the spring preceeding the planting o f the straw- 
 berry grow aji^ crop, such as corn, potatoes or cowpeas that 
 require long and intensive cultivation. Cowpeas is probably 
 one of the beat crops to grow. They should! be planted in dBillrr 
 about tv/o feet apart, to allow thorough and intensive cultiva- 
 tion. In the fall the crop is turned ,and in this manner more 
 plant food and humus is added to the soil. 
 
 In toany cases where it is impossible to hqve either a 
 clover sod or a cover crop the yaar previous to planting, a 
 heavy application of manure id of advantage.lt is best to 
 apply the manure in the fall, and then plow under. During the 
 
13 
 winter it will start to break down and decompose , and before 
 the planting occurs ia the spring, large amounts of humus will 
 be added to the soil. It is almost impossible to place too much 
 manure upon the land and a good application is between thirty 
 and forty tons to the acre.. Many grovmrs prefer to spread the 
 manure in the spring after plowing, and then thoroughly disc.^ 
 
 ^he advocates of tls method base their claimd on the fact 
 that the roots of the strawberry do not extend their roots 
 very far into the soiL-^his v/ould result in the plant being 
 unable to take up the plant food from the mkiiiikre that is turn- 
 ed under in the f&ll. 
 
 PLOWIilG and PREPERIlTfe: the SOIL 
 Blowing can be done in either the fallor ih thespring.and 
 the grower must adapt himself to those conditions that bewt be- 
 fit his soil.Unle?!S the land be very heavy, so that there is 
 danger of i)Uddling in the winter , f?ill plowing should be practic- 
 ed. ?/hen the tJiov/ing is not done in the fall, it should be start- 
 ed as early as possible in the spring, anff then rolled so as 
 
 r 
 
 o-to not stop the upward capillary movement of the water - 
 
 I* is important that the soil be plowed as deeply as 
 possible, as a reservoir is then formed, , which holds the water 
 to a great extent that falls during the v/inter andspring 
 months. Y/ith a deep soil: it is possible to turn the furrotfoto 
 a depth of seven or eight iachetr.The lighter and shallow soils 
 should be plowed but little deeper than the topsoil.Some grow- 
 ers advocate the use of the subsoil plow. With this tool the 
 subsoil can be stirced to any depth, without bring it to the 
 
 surface. i 
 
 In the spring and as soon as the soil is dry enough to 
 
14 
 work the harrowing is started. The common di-^k harrow is best 
 for this purpose, and by running it across the plowed surface 
 and half lapping each time, the soil is prepared for the spike 
 tooth harrow. 
 
 The spike tooth harrow id very important, it ha?5 a tendency 
 to keep the surface level, and also makes the earth much finer 
 and in a better condition for growth.. 
 
 Many of the growers roll the soil after it has been har- 
 rov/ed,and the advantages derived are , Increased capillary action 
 and a more even and level surface ."fhis akes it easier to 
 mark out the rows for planting. The method practiced is to use 
 a large wooden roller, which doeiS not pack the soil too tghtly. 
 In case of the lighter soils, a heavier roller can be used. In 
 all cases and as soon-.as the planfe have ''oeen set, a soil mulch 
 should be given or a large amount of water will be lost. 
 FEKTILIZERS. ;^ 
 
 Strawberries are rank growers and require a large amount 
 of plant foodBulletin No. 62 from GentrL:.l Experim.ental Farm of 
 Ottav/a Canada in speaking of fertilizers says;" 
 
 "The best fertilizers for strawberries is well rotted barn 
 yard manure. which -hould be used in large quaaities. There 
 
 need be little fear of UPing too much thirty tons of Well 
 
 rotted b'^rnyard manure beigg a fair applicajjion.lt may be ap- 
 plied early in the spring before planting and thoroughly in- 
 corporated in the soil or it ^ay be used for a previous culti- 
 vated crop so as to get the soil clean and iu the best condi- 
 tion for the -taawbecry plants. Fresh manure is not a-^. satis- 
 factorV as rotted, for it may i:icke the soil too Eoose .causing 
 it to iflry out quicker and making the conditions bad for newly 
 
15 
 set plants. On heavy soils freeh manure may be used v/ith "bet- 
 ter results than on lighter sa>ils,but as there are likely to 
 be many weeds grow if green manure is used, rotted manure is p 
 preferable even on the heavier soils. If fresh wianure is used 
 it will be better, mixed with the soil at planting time, if it 
 is applied in the ptevious autumn, Wood ashes are very useful 
 for a top dressing, and from fifty to one hundred bushels may 
 be applied broadcasted eo.rly in the spring v/hen the land is 
 being harrowed, the karger quanity being used for kani that is 
 poor in potash. An application of even twenty five bu;3hels per 
 acre should give benefial results. If barnyard manure cannot 
 be easily obtained .nitrogen and humus may be added to the 
 soil by plowing under clover, peas or some other leguminous 
 cropipotasri by using from tv/o to three hundred pounds per ^^ 
 acre of muriate of potaeh.if wood ^shes cannot be obtained;phos 
 phoric acid uy the use of ground bone, at the rate of two to 
 three hmndred pounds per cicre before planting. Nitrate of soda 
 is also used for furnishing nitrogenfinless it o^n be ob- 
 tf'ined in a cheaper form, by the use of b,;rnyard manure or 
 of leguminous crops. An application of 5ne hundred to one 
 hundredfifty pounds nitrate of soda broadcasted jURt before t 
 the floirers open in th4 spring, is desirable if the plants 
 are not making vigorous growth." 
 
 The conditisn of the land as regards fertility, must 
 be takda int© censideratien. If a fair crep of potatoes , cow- 
 peas etc. has been produced the previous year, it will bo 
 d®ubt pay to add some commercial fertilizer .However it 
 would not be practical to plant a strawberry bed on land 
 that has had application of commercial fertilizer alone 
 
16 
 for three or four years predeeding.This soil would lack suf- 
 ficient humus and thephysical condition would be poor. Wil- 
 kinson suggest the following for a soil that is lacking in 
 plant food; 
 
 150 lbs. Nitrate of Soda. 
 
 600 lbs of Tankage. 
 800 lbs. acid ghosphate 
 
 Eitrogen 2.9 % 
 
 Phosphoric acid. 9. 4 % 
 
 "Follow this with an application of a mixture otromg 
 in nitrogen and phosphoric acid, at the rate of three to five 
 hundred pounds pw acre, applied along the row during the lat- 
 ter part of June or the first part of July. The applicatiofi 
 should be made only in case the runnapBs are few or lack- 
 ing in siz*." 
 
 H.W. Chandler while located iX the Missouri station, ran 
 a series of test for a period of three years with commer- 
 cial fertilizers. While results obtained Mis. cannot be ex- 
 pected to check witli New York and other localities, in which 
 conditions are radically different , the general conclusions 
 drawn, might well be applied to the question of commercial 
 fertilizers. the summary of Mis. Bull. Ho IIS-^CommercialFer- 
 tilizers for Strawberries^follows. 
 
 Acid phospkate used ai.one at the rate of from 150 to 
 440 pounds to the acre has, in five trial soils out of six 
 givem a profitable increase in the crop. The one soil in 
 which it wa s not protitably applied, was a much richer one 
 than is usually used for strawberrmes . 
 
 In six trials out of seven, acid phosphate used incombin 
 at*on with either sodium nitrate ©r dried blood has increased 
 the yield over.tihAt obtained when these: latter siibutances 
 
17 
 were used alone. In ©ne case where It did not increase the 
 yield, the fertilizer wan applied in the spring, aniff the nit- 
 rogen caused an exceedingly rank plant aad weed gr«wth 8« 
 that little could be told, aB.8 to the effects of the phos- 
 phorous . 
 
 Acid phosphate used in conibinati©n with sodium nitrate 
 or dried blood has increased the ^ield over plots receiving 
 no fertilizer, 4n' only twolcases out ®f eight .'•' i-p" 
 
 Acid phosphate used in any practical quanities, iias no 
 injurious Bffect on the plants, even when it is spread on the 
 foliage. 
 
 Potassium has iu no case shown conclusively any increase 
 in the yield of strawberries, neither has it affected the co- 
 lor or the quality of the fruit. Like sodium nitrate it is 
 injurious when applied in small quanities ©r near the plants 
 in the soil, in large quanities. 
 
 Nitrogen in the form of either sodium nitrate or dried 
 blood, when applied in the spring before the crop is harvest- 
 ed has in ei^ery case given injurious results.lt causes ex- 
 cessive plant and weed growth, and greatly reduces the yield 
 of the fruit. While the berries are larger there are fewer 
 of them and they are soft and have poorer color and quality, 
 when the season is dry at picking time, the berries on plots 
 fertilized with either sodium nitrate ®r dried blood, wil$ 
 tittcii worse than do those on unfertilized plots. 
 
 Nitrogen in either the form of sodium nitrate or dried 
 blood applied a year before the crop is harvested has given 
 an increased yield over unfertilized plots, in only one trial 
 out of nine. 
 
18 
 fhere sodiiwa nitrate or dried bl8©d are applied in small 
 quanities duringearly summer one year before the crep is har- 
 vested, they do not cause excessive plant or weed growth the 
 ftUowing spring. However when dried blood is applied, at 300 or 
 400 hundred pounds to the acre, even a year before the crop is 
 harvested, it tends to cause excessive plant growth, to reduce 
 the yield and to cause the berries to wilt worse during drouths 
 at picking time. 
 
 The use of stable manure on the field at an^ time after 
 tjie plants are set seem to have the same injurious effect, tho 
 stable manure used on another crop a year or two before the 
 laad is set t o berries seems to benefit the strawberries in 
 stme cases at least. 
 
 Sodium nitrate spread, even in small quanities near the 
 plant, will kill it. Dried blood does not have this harmful 
 effect.* 
 
 PLANTING. 
 There are two seasons for planting the strawberry ; spring 
 and fall. the rain fall governe the planting to a great extent, 
 and if the rainy season is in the spring, like in the natthern 
 states, plant then; if it occurs in August orrSept. the plants 
 should be set at thftt time. If there is not plenty of moisture 
 at the time of setting, many of the plantw will not live and 
 the stand will be very uneven. In the southerh states, such as 
 Florida and Georgia. the fall planting is practiced, as here a 
 l«ng growing season may be expected and a profitable crep will 
 tie returned the following spring. In the northern states how- 
 ever a grower cannot expect to harvest a paying crop the 
 spring following gall planting, and planting at this time 
 
19 
 incurs the extra expense of the mulch and the lab®r involved 
 therein. As a result the most successful planting in the North 
 is done in the spring;at this time the soil is cool and damp 
 and the plants make a vigorous and hearty growth, and many run- 
 ners are produced during the summer and fall, thus insuring a 
 full crop the following season. 
 
 There are many different systems for marking out the 
 strawberry bed.ajd the method used is largely one of personal 
 preference.lt is of impottancw that the plants be set in 
 straight rows so as to facilitate cultivation. Many growers 
 use a line to insure a straight row; others use a marker, which 
 will set off several rows at one time.aniff then these rows are 
 cross markedtc show the distance apart the plants should be 
 set in the rows. 
 
 One e£ the most common methods is that of marking out 
 with the common calf tongue plow, by simply running a single 
 furrow several inches in depth and if any desired length. This 
 system is the quickest and the cheapest, but the rows are ir- 
 regular and the furrows asBanot be maintained to a constant 
 depth. While either one of the other methodsis more expensive 
 thre results obtained are more gratifying and will be cheapet 
 in the end. 
 
 In setting the plants, a spade, dibble or trowel can be 
 used, but the common garden spade will give the best results, 
 two men q,re required to do Ihhe work; one opens up the ground 
 to receive the plants and the other does the planting.lt is 
 advisable to keep the roots of the plants iramdrsed in a buck- 
 et of waterv/hile carrying around the field, prior to planting. 
 
20 
 
 The raan with the spade makes an ©pening six t© eight inches 
 in depth at the required place ©f planting, and the handle of 
 the spade is pressed forward, thus leaving an opening in the 
 8»il in which the ather man places the plant, eaae being taken 
 to spread the roots as much as possible. The spade is now with- 
 irawn and the soil is pressed firialy around the plant with 
 either the foot or the hands. It should be packed firm enough 
 that the plant cannot be pulled out easily with the hands. 
 Prior to poanting however the roots should be pruned, cmtting 
 eff about one third of the growth. The leaves should also be 
 pinched, and only the last one produced by the plant should 
 be left on. With this pruning, the plant will startaan easy and 
 rapid growth and new roots and leaves will soon appear. 
 
 It is important that the plants be i)laced at the correct 
 tepth in the soil .otherwise there will be considerable danger 
 ofl l©ss5.Care should be taken t© have the prown of the plaht.w 
 which is that portion where the roots and leaves start, just 
 a little above the surface of the soil, after it has been plan- 
 ted. If the crown is too high above the surface of the ground 
 it v/ill dry out and often times die. On the other hand if plant- 
 ed too deep and the crown is covered with dirt, it will be- 
 come smother an: die, or at least the growth will be greatly 
 retarded. 
 
 Tfeereare four principal methods of planting, and the de- 
 scription and advantage of each, follow by Wilkinson; 
 
 Matted Row. 
 
 "The most? common system of stravbwEry growing thruout 
 the United States is hhe matted row system. This is most pop- 
 ular where the berries are sent to the cannieries.on large 
 
21 
 cammercial plantatioris.aad where farm labor is scarce and n©t 
 reliable. The reason for this is because there is less laber 
 required in the setting out and caring far the plante.and the 
 crop ©f fruit is larger" 
 
 After the plants are set in rows, which are three tethree 
 and one half feet apatt.with the plants eighteen t« thirty 
 inches apart in the rew.the Junners are allowed ta have fiiill 
 swing and they develop as many plants as they will-" 
 
 In cultivating, the machine is only run in ©ne direction 
 and 8.^ the plants spread the cultiw^'ted space narrows uhtil' 
 twelvd or fifteen* inches at its greatest width. 
 
 The greatest drawback to this system, is that many great 
 plant producing stratwberries are allowed to set their plants 
 too close together .resulting in a some wh- t smaller crop and 
 quite small fruit, which of course will not bring the highest 
 price in the market, and also costing, more in time and mone;^ 
 te pick. Careful attention to the thinning of the plsnts in 
 too haavily set rows will obviate this drawback. 
 
 Single Hedge Row. 
 
 This system is quit« well adapted to a more intensive 
 system of strawberry growing. The main idea is to set out the 
 plants in rows 2 to 3 feet apart, the plants being 20 t® 30 in. 
 apart in the row. Each plant is allowed to produce two runners, 
 and one plant is produced one each runner. Other runners are 
 clippe^^ off as soon as they are produced, 
 
 These two new plants are trained to grow in the row 
 •f older plants, each plant being one foot distantfrom 9its 
 
22 
 neighbor in the r©w,and allowing no runners to grow. 
 
 The great advantage s©f this system are; larger developed 
 plants, tending to larger fruit, ease ©f cultivation but more 
 expensive, owing to the fact that runners must be cut out dur- 
 ing the growing season." 
 
 Double Hedge Row. 
 A system which is a development of the single hedge row 
 idea, in which the mother plant is allowed to set either, 4, 6 or 
 8 plants ihstead of two.-^hese planta are trained to form three 
 rows, one bein in line with thcoolder plants and a row on each 
 aide of the mother plant row, each plant havi g a certain allot- 
 ed space. which pwrmits ease in hoeing and cultivation, also 
 eliminated crowding, permitting plenty of sun light and air to 
 reach each plant and giving a heavier crop of large berries 
 than in the single hedge row? 
 
 The plants are set 30 inches apart in the row, the rows 
 three feet apart .allowing when the plants are grovm, about one- 
 half the space for growing and one half for clean culture." 
 
 Hi' . '.n. 
 
 Hill System. 
 
 "The most intensive systfem of strawberry growing, in which 
 thr plg,nts are set fron one foot apart wach way, to one foot 
 apart, in the rows and eighteen to thirty inches apar^t&e 
 plan being to not allow any new plants or new rinners to set, 
 but permitting the plants to grow to great size, believing that 
 more and larger fruit of better quality will result. 
 
 This system being so very intense requires heavy manuring 
 and fertilizing as well as constant cultivation and attention 
 to runner cutting. "^he plants are very large, are well supplied 
 
23 
 
 with blosaems in the fruiting season, and are loaded with 
 large fruit later". 
 
 Cultivation. 
 
 The reots of the strawberry are quite short and not very 
 numerous, and as a rep^ult the plant is known as a shallsw feeder, 
 At the sam* time it is a very rapid grower -nd consumes a large 
 amount of water, in absorbing the plant food from the woil.This 
 msieture is taken into the plant by wayvsf the roots and is 
 then passed off thru the leaves. It is therefore obvious that 
 the conservation of the mdiisture is essential , and cultivation 
 with this object in view should be practiced. Intensive cultiva- 
 tion is essential and shkmld be practiced as soon a s the 
 plants are set out in the spring, and continued during the en- 
 tire growing season. During the early season and before the 
 roots have grown to any extent, the cultivation should be quite 
 deep. After a few weeks however the roots will have extended 
 nearly the entire distance between the rows. If deep cultii^a- 
 tion is continued the roots will become injured, and the growth 
 8f the plant retarded. 
 
 After the first month, two inches is deep enough to culti- 
 vate, and at this depth the soil can be kept loose and friable. 
 Soil in this condition allows the air to penetrate the earth 
 which is of great importance , as the roots need air;it retains 
 the moisture in the soli by means" of the dust mulch which is 
 formed, and thus prevents rapid evaporation from the surface; it 
 feelps to break down plant food which would otherwise remain in- 
 soluble and also keeps the soil free from the weeds, which 
 would rob the plant from some of its moisture. 
 
24 
 As regards the iiiapliments *o use in cultivation, there are 
 many and the opinions of differeng growers vary. In the early 
 spring, cultivators with quite wicie shovels may be used, After 
 the soil becomes dry and shall®w cultivation is desired, only 
 impliments with very narrow teeth should he considered. 
 
 For the commercial grower, the one horse eleven tooth cul- 
 tivator is the best.-i'he teetjn are small and the depth and the 
 width of the area can be regulated by means of levers, The tool 
 leases the soil level and fine and loosens it very close to 
 the plant . 
 
 Some growers use weeders for cultivators ,as they cover 
 a large amount of territory v, , and leave the land in a good 
 condition. In using the wepder however , care should be exer- 
 cised in not loosening the soil about the plant. 
 
 For the hill system of planting or where the beds are 
 small, the Planet Jr. of the Columbia cultivator can be used. 
 The man power wheel hoe cultivator can aleo be used with very 
 good results. 
 
 It will be necessary to use the common hand cultivator 
 to some extent as it is impossible to get clos' enough to the 
 plant, with any of the machine cultivators. The tool can also 
 be used for cutting out any of the surplus runners that arc 
 
 not desired. 
 
 As to the amount of cultivation and the number of times 
 to cultivate per season, it would seem that the more often the 
 cultivation took place the better off ' the plants would be. It 
 is impossible to cultivate too much, and the work should be 
 done immediately after every rain, and every ten days to two 
 weeks during the entire growing season if possible. 
 
25 
 The patch f5hould be gone over every few dciys.and all sur- 
 plus runners removed. The leps growth the unnecessaty runners 
 are allowed to make. the less water and plant food will be tak- 
 en from the parent plant, thus giving the later more chance to 
 develep and bear fruit the following season. 
 
 Diiiring the first season of grewth, after planting, the i" 
 plants should not be allowed to blossom or bear fruit as "Fruit- 
 age lessens plant growth^P.Therf ore remove the blossom clURters 
 as S'-'on as they appear, sp a© to strengthen the parent plant. 
 
 The Mulch. 
 
 in the fall, after cultivation has ceased, and all growth 
 of the plant has ended, a mulch should be placed over the plants, 
 there are a great many different kinds of material used, and the 
 grower may beat adapt himself to those that best smit his lo- 
 cality .Natures mulch is composed mostly of leaves and grass. In 
 using leaves care must be taken, as they pack dovm too tightly, 
 and a light covering of straw should be used with them, to cover 
 the plants and to hold them in place. Any of the grain strav/s, 
 such as, wheat, oats, barley or rye may he used, Marsh grass is 
 another excellent mulch, and in certain localities , seaweed and 
 pine needles are offeen util ized .Light straw manure may be used 
 if plentiful and not too expensive , but care must be exercised 
 thqt it doed not cause heating of the plants. 
 
 The objects of mulching, as discussed by A.E.Wilkinson 
 
 follow: 
 
 (I) "Protection of plants from winter or early spriag in- 
 jury. ?The excessive cold on the bare ground often results in 
 the death of the plants .Heaving of the plants in the early 
 
26 
 spring, caused by frost is one of the greatest source£=i of un- 
 thrifty .profitless strawberry beds. These can both be overcome 
 by mulching with the proper materilas. 
 
 (2)Con8ervation of the moisture on the soil by hindering 
 evaporation. Fram a study of soil cultivation it is fouad that 
 by breaking up the top layer and leaving it in a fairly loose 
 condition, it is possible to reduce to a minimum the loss of 
 moisture by evaporation. This is nothing more thaiti a dirt mulch 
 and 3|)ops capillarity , the rise of water in the soil just below 
 the loosened j^urface.Any material such has been mentioned 
 will give the same results a-^ the dirt mulch and has the furth- 
 er advantage of being more permanent, not being destroyed ,as 
 in th? dirt mulch by the first rain. 
 
 (3^ Retaining the surface soil in a loose and friable 
 condition. This is brot about by the fact that the soil is not 
 packed down by being tramped upon, or by heavy rains b«ating 
 upon it, but is retained in the same conditioners it was just 
 peevious to being covered with the mulch material? 
 
 (4) In some cases plant food is added to the soil. This is 
 pattculariyl^o when material is used as a mulch, principally 
 by the washing of the plant food out of the manure into the 
 soil. 
 
 (5)Cooler soil, the direct results of the shading of the 
 90il a^id the liberal supply of rnibistare in the top-soil , mak- 
 ing root p^rowth;in colder regions, retarding growth ungil\ all 
 danger of-- frost is past. 
 
 (6) Lessens weed growth by smothering young seddlings." 
 
 (7)Where some of the mulch is left on the bed after plant 
 growth starts in the spring, it holds the fruit up from the 
 
27 
 soil, there by ehabling the grower to obtain cleaner fruit? 
 
 The mulch is best applied by meanB of the manure spreader 
 which should be set to throw out aoout 15 tons to the acre. 
 This will cover the plants in an even manner and to the correct 
 depth. Too thick a cavering ia not desirable , as it often times 
 causes the plant to heat and id a great deal more expensive. 
 A two inch mulch will give, much better thaii one four or five 
 inches in depth. 
 
 In the spring the mulch should be removed, about the first 
 to the middle of April or before the plants have started to 
 grow. If growth has stalrted under the mulch, it will be ofa 
 whitish and tender character and will be more susceptible to 
 climatic changed. In removing place it between the raws and 
 work it down among the plants in the rows. When treated in this 
 ma mer, a cushiam is formed which keeps the berries from be- 
 coming dirty and gritty, when rain ffills during the period 
 of fruiting. 
 
 Harvesting. 
 The commercial grower should be located close to the 
 city or town, where plentji of help can readilly be secured ;The 
 strawberry is a short ^^easoned fruit, and it is necessary to 
 hate plenty of help, and exactly when needed to harvest it. 
 Women as a general rule are the best pickers, as their 
 fingers are more nimble, and then they are more careful and do 
 not tramp down the vines to such an extent as dothe men. No i'r 
 fruit requires greater care in the handling than the straw- 
 berry, and the fields should be picked every day. This prevents 
 any over ripe fruit from being left on the vines and thus 
 getting into the boxes later. 
 
28 
 
 Where the field is large and a great force of pickers 
 must be employed, it is well to hire a foreman. This man assigns 
 the pickers certain rows and then passes up and down the patch 
 inspecting the fruit as it is picked, and seeing that the patch 
 id left clean, with no over ripe fruit remaining on the vines. 
 
 Each picke* should be given a tray, holding six. eight or 
 twelve quart boxes into which the berries are picked directly. 
 In case the fruit is to be graded, it can be sorted while pick- 
 ing and thus a second handling is eliminated. In picking, the 
 berry should be grasped by the stem, pinching off from one half 
 to one foutth of an inch from the fruit, which is placed in the 
 bow with as little handling as possible. If the berry is seized 
 in the fingers and pulled off , it becomes bruised and soft 
 and becomes unfit foe even home use.. 
 
 Berries for a distan<ft market , should be picked as soon 
 as they are colored all overbut before they begin to soften. 
 Some varieties will color up while enrouth to market and these 
 are.iquite important commercially. In case the market is of a 
 local mature, the fruit may be picked when riper and of a 
 richer color, thus insuring a better price. 
 
 The pickers are usually paid by the quart, and the prices 
 vary from one to two cents. There are certain systems for 
 keeping accounts with the picker; one is to check off on a 
 printed sheet as the fruit is brot into the packing shed. The 
 check system is probably the best.-^n return for a certain num- 
 ber ©f boxes of fruit, the picker is given a punched check, de- 
 noting the fruit picked; the owner also has a duplicate check 
 and at the end of the week or of the season the checks arc tu 
 turned in and cashed . 
 
29 
 
 There are several rules .regarding the picking of the 
 strawberry which follow; ^^ 
 
 i--^he fruit should be picked wh|BB^Ttd the morning 
 dew is gone. If picked while damp, the t'-f^^nl^omc s soft and 
 mushy, and will soon spoil. "^ "" 
 
 2;The berries should be pikk all over, and not on the 
 upper surface alone, as this will result in a very uneven appeal^ 
 apce on the market, and inferior prices will be abtaines. 
 
 3-The fruit should be picked riper ihacool than in warm 
 weather. 
 
 4-L9eal markets require the picking of riper fruit than 
 do the more distant markets. 
 
 5-After the fruit h s been picked, it should be kept in 
 a cool place and always away from the rays of the sun. 
 
 6-Market berries require sterna from one foutth to one 
 half inch in length. 
 
 Thereare many growers who can successfully produce a 
 large crop of strawberries, but thru their inability to market 
 the fruit ,poor prices arsootained and they declare that there 
 is no money in the business. The price of the fruit depends up- 
 on the conditions, and the producer who can place his berries 
 •n the market in a clean, net and attractive manner, will bw able 
 to command betterprices than his competitor who is less care- 
 
 After the fruit ha?) been taken t® the packing shed, it is 
 allowed to cool and ther|Sorted and packed. All of the imper- 
 fect berries in sight are removed, and the fruit on top is ar- 
 rainged In a neat a,n& attractive manner. The box should be well 
 filled for several reasons. If this is not donethe fruit will 
 
30 
 often be crushed or if the box Ik not filled the fruit will 
 often shake out. Also in transportation the fruit will settle 
 to ;i certain extent and the boK should be well filled ere 
 starting to marketas a basket of fruit only partially filled 
 will not present as good an appearance on the market, even the 
 the fruit is of excellent quality. 
 
 A great deal ©f the prafits of strawberry growing de- 
 pends on the market. A good local market is to be desired as 
 the fruit can be hcjndled riper and the grower has a better op- 
 p9rtunity teceme acquainted with his patrans and rhus establish 
 a reputatien. 
 
 In the larger cities, the public market can be utilized 
 and in this manner the middle man is eliminated and the product 
 is said direct. 
 
 In the more distant markets the fruit is usually shipped 
 to the commision man v^o sells the praduce and then the praf-- 
 its ar'd shared in the form of a percentage. 
 
 The establishment ©f the fruit growers associationd,in 
 aearly all large comme cial centers has greatly lightened the 
 cares of the producer. It has enabled them to secure better 
 transportaion, better service from the commision man and also 
 Detter markets. By pooling their interest and all shipjigg tf- 
 gither.they are able to send larger quanities and thus cheaper 
 rates are t© be obtained. 
 
 The aasociations also furnish supplies at whole sale prices 
 and in any quanity destred .There are several different kinds 
 of boxes and crates, and each market has its own particular 
 fancy, and i4 is well fot the association to deal with this 
 factor. The most important of the has jets and crates are the 
 
31 
 Leslie. which is the standarsd "box of the Seuth.The Berlin and 
 Hall®ck are used mostly 4n the North, and are to be found in 
 any of the taarkets. Some states have laws pretaining t© the ■ 
 size of the box in which the berry is placed. It is well for 
 the producer to understand this law. A crate in which to J^old 
 the differentboxes is necessary .Tkey come in three sizes. -^he 
 Berlin and the Leslie hold twenty four and thirty two quarts 
 respectively, while the Hallock holds either sixteen or twenty 
 four quarts each. 
 
 The boxes and caates are usually made of bass wood and 
 are shipped in the flat. During the winter and when time is 
 not sovaluable. they aremade up and are thus ready when the 
 season opems in the spring. 
 
 Treatment after Harvesting. 
 The most satisfactory and dependable results are to be 
 9btained when only one crop of fruit is to be harvested from 
 the bed. A bed '^'et out one spring should be plowed up and de- 
 stroyed after the fruit has been gathered the next year.^is 
 results in a new bed being set out each year, but it insures one 
 from less danger of disease and weed trouble and a sure* crop 
 •f fruit each season. 
 
 There are however quite a number of growers who are ad- 
 vocating the renoviation of the old bed, believing that a patch 
 Can produce two and even three crops of fruit. In this practice 
 the idea is to get theeold bed, back under sirailiar conditions 
 to that under which it was first plantedT 
 
 mAfter fruiting time, the patch is mowed off, and then al- 
 l»wed t* dry for or so. In mowing, care must be taken that the 
 
32 
 erown of the plant is not injured or death will ensue. After 
 drying tke plants and mulch are raked into rows and burned. 
 S«me grewers advecate the Ignrning directly over tke fruiting 
 area, but in doing this there is danger ®f injuring the plants 
 and it is best t© fake away from the "bed before burning. 
 
 There are several methods oy which the plant-itisn may be 
 renewed, but the ©ne requirment in all cases is to have the 
 bed filled with hearty and vigor©u3 growing plants. 
 
 The first method consist in narrswing dosra the width of 
 the bed to eight ®r twelve inches, by plswing one or more 
 furrows away from each side ©f the h^d.-^he pi ©wed surface is 
 then covered with manure at the rate of 15 t© 20 tons per 
 acre and then cultivated. -^he five er seventosth cultivator 
 should be used; it thoriughly raixest the manure with the sail 
 and levels the surface between the raws.Prisr to cultivating 
 it is best to g© down the row with n hoar and cut out all old 
 plants. Bitter than this hoe out six or eight inches ®f sail 
 and then leave six or eight inches, with three ©r four vig 
 •rous growing plants. In this manner the |)1 ants will send 
 out new runners and good results are obtained. 
 
 Another methad to follow, is to plow and turn the fur- 
 rows from the aisles over upon the rows. The land is then man- 
 uredand the field is harrowed both cross and length wiys 
 untill the plants c>re uncoverei and the field is level. 
 
 Other growers only plow on one side ©f the row, thus 
 turning under all parent stock, and leavi.ig a row of nothing 
 but young plants and only eight to twelve inches in width. 
 Here also manure is applied and then the field is worked t® a 
 lawel.-i-his method gives the majority of the plants new ground 
 
33 
 in which to grow, as the center oftheebed is moved at leaSt one 
 foot fr®m its former positian. 
 
 Generally speaking, it is not best to follow strawberries 
 with strawberries in the same spot until the soil has been 
 re stlsd^r rotated for several seasons with other growing crops. 
 Ihere are several disadvantages resulting in the renovation 
 of the old bed, among which ^re the following. 
 
 I- More clanger of strawberry fungi and insects, as the old 
 bed is prolific breeding places for such. 
 
 2-Old beds result in smaller fruit. 
 
 3-The !30il is not in as good a chemical ©f physical con- 
 dition as that of the new bed. 
 
 4-Weeds are more bountiful in the old bed, even under 
 the best ef conditions. 
 
 5-The cost of cleaning and cultivating the old bed is 
 greater than that of setting out a new bed. 
 
 Insects and Diseases. 
 
 There are a good many insects and ddseases affecting 
 the strawberry .Until a few years ago, spraying wseb not essential, 
 but since the fruit has grown in popular fiaarors and the acerage 
 and the number of varieties has increased t« such an extent, 
 the number otf deseases haas increased t© such an extent, that 
 it is now necessary to combat these in orded to grow a suc- 
 cessfml crop. 
 
 The foll®wing insect pest and dtfceases with hateits an d 
 treatment are quoted from different authorities. 
 
34. 
 Insects. 
 Fr^a^Moiern Strawberry Grewing." 
 
 Roet |aters"Tkere are at least tliree species of beetle 
 whick in tke larval or grub stage live in the ground and feed 
 up»n the fibreus roots of the strawberry plants. As their life 
 histery and deseriptien are sa nearly alike, they can all be 
 ealled white grubs or Jube bug larvae ."[hese grubs are so 
 c»mm»n throughout the United States, that they need no intrs- 
 ductien.They are parti etiariyy abundant in grass la^ds.both 
 meadows and pastures, owing to the faet that iheir principal 
 f9«d,is the roots of grass, weeds zand herbs. These insects destry 
 practieally ever strawberry plant almost as soon as it is set, 
 if sad grouhd is used for grawing strawberries. 
 
 Ihen the grubs have become full grown, they have a rest 
 period, or pupal stage in which they encase themselves in earth- 
 en cells in the soil. After a certain lapse of time they come 
 •ut as small beetles and feed upon the foliage of the plants, 
 ssmetimea dei ig considerable damage. 
 
 The remedy fot the insects in the larval stage is to fall 
 plow sod land, following this with one or more years of crops 
 that require good tillage. In tke ease of the strawberry beds 
 being infected, it would be very difficult to deal with the 
 grubs on accout ©f their underground haVits.If badly affected 
 it would be better to plow up. Breeding grounds, such as old 
 strawberry beds, should not be allowed to remaia. 
 
 Crown Baters--Several different insects attack the crown 
 8f the strawberry, the crown miner being o .e of the important 
 •nes.This is a smill, reddish caterpillar that constructs or b 
 
35. 
 sr bores irregular passages thru the crowns «f the plants. Ha 
 successful remedy has thus far been brot forth, Piels badly- 
 infested should be plowed up. 
 
 Central Sxp.iFarms. Ottawa Canada. Bull. No. 62. 
 
 Leaf Roller. --The caterpillars of this insect foldr the 
 leaves of the strawberry by drawing the upper surfaces togeth- 
 er and fastoming them with strands of silk. They then eat away 
 all the greeninner surface of the leaves, giving the beds a 
 brown and seared appearance.'t'he first brood of caterpillars 
 is found during the month of Juhe.when most of hhe injury is 
 4one."''here is a second brood in the autumn. the caterpillars 
 when full grown are about one third of an inch long and vary 
 in color fron yellowish brown to dark brown or green. The first 
 brood turns into chrysalids in late June or in early Kuly and 
 soon hatches into moths which lay their eggs for the second 
 brood in la te July. The larvae of the second brood hatch and 
 attack the strawberries in late summer and in early autumn. 
 By the end of September, the insect is again in the chrysalids 
 stage in which it passes the winter. 
 
 Remedy. --Spray with Paris Greeii4 oz» . to 40 gallon of 
 water or with arsenate of lead 3 pounds to 40 gallon of watec, 
 before the leaves become folded. Several applicationa are nec- 
 essary, as new leaves are apperainf all of the time and the 
 katehing season of the eggs extends over a considerable per- 
 iod. Spraying should not be done while the plants are in full 
 bloom, nor after the fruit has formed. If a bed becomes infested, 
 the foliage should be burned, or raked off and burned immed- 
 iately after the crop is harvested. 
 
36. 
 
 Strawberry Weevil. — The strawberry weevil frequently does 
 nach harm by cutting oft- the f lower buds, the stj^ra being se- 
 vered clese t© the head. The grub ®f this insect feeds en the 
 pollen »f the flowers and after a female has laid an egg in I 
 the bud she cuts the latfeer ©f so that it may not develep.The 
 unopened bud falls to the greuntf and the grub of the weevil de- 
 ▼elopes inside of it. There is only one brood of this insect 
 in the year. The beetles appear in August and then hide away 
 beneath moss or among bushes and remain in a lethargic con- 
 dition until the following spring, -^he varieties of strawberries 
 choosen by the female for egg laying are those which produce 
 mich pollen, as it is chiefly upon that part of the flower 
 Jhat the grubs feed. Varieties of strawberries which are bearers 
 of pistillate flowers only, are not attacked, consequently when 
 the weevil is abundant .growers will do well to plant a large 
 propottion of pistillate sorts only, using enough plants of 
 the perfect flowering sorts as will ensure the proper fertil- 
 ization of the fruit. 
 
 As the strawberry weevil passes the winter in the matune 
 beetle form.ani flies to the stawwberry buds just before the 
 flowers unfold, when the work of the weevil is noticed in the 
 spring, it would be well»where it is practicable, to cover the 
 rows of the perfect flowering plants with chees cloth until 
 the flowers are well opened. J^rapping the beetles ig is claime d 
 has produced good results. For this purpose pollen bearing 
 plants should be planted in rows near the bearing beds, snd 
 when these are found to be covered with the beetles, the plants 
 may be sprajsed with whale oil soap solution, one pound in five 
 gallons of water, or with kerosene emulsion. 
 
37. 
 
 Cut Worms--Cut worms some times do much injury in the 
 strawberry plantation, especially th climtttgg species. they d» 
 their destructive work at night aniff tho the injury to the 
 roots ©r leaves is apparent in the mornig.the cut worms have 
 dissapeared.They may uwually be found secreted in the sur- 
 face soil not far away from the plants they have injured. 
 
 Remedy — Where either the climbing or the non-climbing 
 species is troublesome, or where injurjf is done to either 
 leaves or roots, the most effective remedy is poisoning with 
 a mixture of bran and Paris Green, in the proportion of of 
 one half pound of Paris Green to fifty pounds of baan.The bran 
 is slightly moistened before the Paris Green is added, so that 
 the latter will mix better with it.^his moistened bran of 
 which the cut worms are very found, is scattered on the surfase 
 •f the ground about the plants. 
 
 Diseases. 
 " Modern Strawberry Growing." Wilkinson. 
 Fungous diseases. ---'■he most important fungous is the 
 leaf spot.l'his makes its appearance in the form of small, dis- 
 colored spots, being the most abundant about the time of flow- 
 ering. At first these spots are of a reddish or purplish tint, 
 a little later increasing in size, resulting in the death of the 
 tissue and a change in color to white in the center bordered 
 by red or purple a^ the edges of the spots.Fractiaally all 
 strawberries are susceptible to this disease, tho some varie- 
 ties are more resistant than others, especially Marshall and 
 Brabdy wine, while Beederwood has great susceptibility, 
 
 The remedy is bordeaux mixture sprayed on just before the 
 flowers open,f©llowed( if the disease is seriously prevalent) 
 
38 
 by mowing off and burning the leaves after the frultingaea- 
 sen is over. On small beds the diseased leaves may be removed 
 by hand. 
 
 These remedial measures will also control the other less 
 important ones, which need not be discussed in detail. 
 
 E@onomic Importance. 
 
 the strawberry is one of the newest fruits in this 
 
 country, and the first commercial variety was only produced in 
 
 1834 by a Mr.Hovey of Boston Mass. Since then however, and caused 
 
 by the fact that it is such a cosmopolitan fruit, it has grown 
 
 by leaps and bounribs. 
 
 The last census shows thaththe relative tank^and the 
 
 number of quarts produced of each of the five leading small 
 
 fruits was as fellows; 
 
 Strawberries. 255,702,000 Quarts. 
 
 Raspberries ^-r' 6Q,9§8,000 " 
 
 Black berries 55,343,000 " 
 
 Currants— 10,448,006 " 
 
 Gooseberries- 5,282,000 » 
 
 Here it is seen that the strawberry leaads with a pro© 
 
 Auction of more than four times thajf: of the raspberry , which 
 
 is second en the list. 
 
 Of the strawberry alone, the leading acerage in 1909 was 
 
 Maryland ;Tenn;Miss;]SIew Jersey and Mighigan.but as to production 
 
 it was found to be as follows 
 
 Maryland--23, 611,000 qts. 
 
 Few JersFf-ie,767,000 i' 
 
 New York--I5, 964,000 " 
 Calif ©rnia-I5, 694, 000 " 
 Missouri — i§, 171, 000 " 
 
39. 
 These five states produced89,089 ,000 quarts or about one- 
 thiri of the total yoeli of the United States, which was 255,7 
 255,702,000 quarts. 
 
 New York led in the value of the fruit produced and 
 was followed by Calif orhia, Missouri, ilarylanifi and Michigan, 
 with no other states producing as much as $1,000, 000, worth in 
 I90a. 
 
 I'he number of farms reporting strawberries, showed the four 
 leading states to beas follows; 
 
 Iowa 19,871 
 
 Michigan 16,798 
 
 Hew York 14,086 
 
 Pennsylvania IS, 515. 
 
 The qbove figures show that the strawberry is indedd a 
 cosmopolitan fruit and that its popoibarity is great .Being 
 the first fruit to ripen in the spring, it is a most welcome 
 visitor, coaing when fresh fruit is in grat demand, ■'■here is no 
 fruit that ptoduces as quickly after fruitiag,and a s Harriet 
 said, "lie family is entitled to a daily ieast of strawberries 
 in season". 
 
BILI; lOGRAPHY 
 
 iUller, A. S., - Strawberry CulouriBx 
 
 Beecla, S, A.j.-, - Cro RSing Strty^^berrie.? , - :rU'",ST.ate 
 
 Rpt. 1893. 
 
 Nevxv.n, J. S. , - Culture ci' Str:*''berries ,~ Ala. l.'.ull. 
 
 Ho . 4 
 
 rt.-oiaBon, J. S. , - Cul:v.re of S-:.r.^o>'b;-rr--'- , Md. Bull, 
 
 No. 33 
 
 Bailey, L. H. , - Culture of Strawberry,- Cornell Bulle- 
 tin No. 139 
 
 Card, E. ^'^. , - Culture of Stra^^lDerrj'-, - Ji. I. Rpt. 1903 
 
 "^11:^:1 nso;i, A. 'B. , - :jIodern Stra^'osrry Greying, 
 
 Close, C. P. , - Ciature and Test of Varieties,- M-' . 
 
 Bull. No. 134 and ISO. 
 
 '■J \j X 
 
 TSTvat;'-;.! , V. A., and '~!s, 0. Green,- Culture a.ni T-^s 
 
 y.!,rieti--?Pi , MasB. B\jJ.l. Rpt. 190 3 
 
 Gladden, li. B. , - and Taf t , L . K. , - Culture and Test 
 
 of Varieties, Mich. Bull. No. 1S3 
 
 Butz, G. C. , - Tost cf VariPties,- Penn. Bull. No .125 
 
 ''.'a-aor, 0. H. , - Culture oi Strd,wberry , - N.Y.S. Bull. 
 
 Nos. 27 6, 30 9, and 336 
 
 Pbwers , S. - Culture in Ilori.:.a, - II a. Bull. No. 39 
 
 Jordan, A. T. , - Cui.ture in N . J., - N. J. Bull .No. 123 
 
 Jordan, A. T. , - Hill r^^. Kr. :.t.^ 1 Rovr,- N. J.Rp-:.1398 
 
 In.:Vaence of Poli-^n from differ mt v-.iririies 
 o^: fra:it, - ^^is. Hjjt. 1397 
 
 ■^r.n'^, p., - -vi ;:Vu-oi, ].'. '■^, - Culture of Straw- 
 berry , Ho . Bull . No . 7 
 
 Stinson, J. T. , - Culture of Strawberry,- Ark. Bull.No.48