ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY New York State Colleges OF Agriculture and Home Economics AT Cornell University THE GIFT OF Prof. Margaret Wylie Cornell University Library BL 603.H17 A glossary of important symbols in their 3 1924 014 060 440 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014060440 IMPORTANT SYMBOLS ADELAIDE S. HALL A GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT SYMBOLS IN THEIR HEBREW, PAGAN AND CHRISTIAN FORMS Compiled by ADELAIDE S. HALL Author of "Two Women Abroad" Curator at the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts Bates & Guild Company Boston, Mass. 1912 A (.03 353389 Copyright, 1912 Bt Bates & Guild Company INTRODUCTION Each year, the stream of travel increases and many people are brought in contact with ancient terms and devices with which they are totally unfamiliar. Each year, new classes are formed in the History of Art and thousands of students enter art schools where they copy classic designs which represented in the past the customs and beliefs of powerful and intelligent people. In order to thoroughly enjoy historical and re- ligious works or to interpret the exact language of form and color in ancient buildings, it is necessary to be acquainted with the most important emblems, from their origin in the past to the present applica- tion of these terms. The Bible contains the largest number of symbols of any history in the world. Readers and teachers need to be familiar with the popular forms of expres- sion employed by Hebrew, Pagan and Christian, in order to interpret correctly the Scriptures as well as classic and romantic literature. Architects, sculptors, decorators and illustrators of fact and fiction, designers of book covers and plates, smiths and jewelers are often at a loss to find an object which will lend itself to their design and at the same time typify something or someone that they desire to suggest or memorialize in its plan. The reasons governing the connection between the larger number of symbols and their meanings are so wrapped in myth and legend that an entire volume is often necessary to explain a few emblems. The greatest need seems to be — which are the important symbols and what do they signify. Therefore, the compiler of this manual respect- fully submits to all readers, travelers and students, a list of symbols culled from her collection of notes covering a period of nine years' study upon the sub- ject and an equal number of trips abroad. In the majority of cases the emblem has been personally verified. Also, a selected bibliography of helpful books for those who desire to make a study of the subject. All of these works may be found either in the libraries of Boston or of Chicago. Adelaide S. Hall. EXAMPLES Medium Architecture and Sculpture. Painting. Weavings and Embroideries. Crafts work in chiseling, incising and carving. Place Temples of Egypt, India, China and Japan. Cathech-als and other early churches of Europe. Monu- ments. Tombs. Ornaments. Amulets. Tomb decorations in Egypt and India. Kakemonos or wall hangings in China and Japan. Frescoes, easel pictures and illuminated manuscript. Stained glass windows. Heraldic shields and banners. Porcelain and pottery in folk lore designs. Tapestry from Babylonian times to the present; rugs, carpets, brocades, tissues, and garments. Coins, medals, seals, ornaments, altar ware, table ware, and jewelry. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. The works of James Fergusson, F.R.S. 2. The Gods of the Egyptians— E. A. T. W. Budge. 3. The Grammar of the Lotus — ^W. H. Goodyear, M.A. 4. Buddha — Dr. Herman Oldenberg. 5. Chmese Ancient Symbolism — ^Joseph Edkins, D.D. 6. The Origins of Pictish Symbolism — The Earl of Southesk, K.T. 7. The Migration of Symbols — Goblet d'Alviella. 8. The Buddhist Praying Wheel — ^WiUiam Simpson. 9. Dictionnare des Symboles — P. Verneuil. 10. ffindu Mythology— W. J. Wilkins. 11. The Rubdiydt of Omar Khdyydm. 12. The History of Arabia — Andrew Crichton. 13. Ancient Arabian Poetry — C. J. Lyall, M.A. 14. Symbolism of the East and West — Murray-Aynsley. 15. Architecture, Mysticism and Myth — W. R. Lethaby. 16. Ideal Metrology — Herman Gaylord. 17. Ceramic Art in Remote Ages — J. B. Waring. 18. Demonology — Sir Walter Scott. 19. Ko-ji-ki, Translated — D. H. Chamberlain. 20. The Canon, with a Preface — R. B. Cunninghame. 21. The Night of the Gods— John O'Neil. 22. The Hymns of the Rig Veda— R. T. H. Griffith. 23. Scandinavian Mythology (The Eddas) — Grenville Pigott. 24. Horns of Honour— F. T. Elworthy. 25. SymboUsm in Art — F. E. Hulme. 26. Volsunga Saga, Translated — William Morris. 27. The Mabinogian (from Popular Studies in Myth) — Ivor B. John, M.A. 28. Landscape Gardening in Japan — ^Josiah Conder. 29. Mediaeval German Epics— G. T. Dippold, Ph.D. 30. Studies of the Greek Poets — John A. Symonds. 31. Artistic Japan — Compiled by Bing. 32. Ecclesiastical Ornament — ^A. W. Pugin. 33. The Symbolisms of Heraldry— W. Cecil Wade. 34. Christian Art and Symbolism — Rev. R. St. John Tyrwhitt. 35. Colour (in Quarterly Papers on Architecture) — T. Inman. 36. Early Christian SymboUsm— J. R. Allen, F.S.A. . 37. Popular Poetry of the Finns— C. J. Bilson, M.A. 38. The Sibylline Oracles— Sir John Floyer. 39. The Best Book of All— F. J. Hamilton, D.D. 40. Books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Chronicles, Samuel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, St. Luke, St. John, Revela- tion. TREES " The festival of the Christmas tree is the survival of tree worship among the Germans. The first care of the mission- aries was to cut down the groves of the pagans and to consecrate the spot by the erection of a chapel. One of the last vestiges of a grove is the tree 'Stock am Eisen' in Vienna." — Fergusson. The ancients attached the utmost importance to the sig- nificance of trees, their poetic and impressive language. We find this when we read the Scriptures, look at our oriental rugs, or examine a Gothic cathedral. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THK TREE OF LIFE OR UNIVERSE TREE Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN Date Palm 1. Life in the abstract. 2. Residence of the gods. ASSYRIAN Pine Seven budded, seven branched. Completeness. CHALDEAN Date Palm Food for the soul. SCANDINAVIAN Ash " YggdrasU " Meeting place of the gods. INDIAN Pine Fertility. ZOROASTRIAN Cypress Emblem of Ormuzd, Creator of light. GERMAN Wishing Thorn Divine succor and guidance. RESIDENCE TREES (Conventional and natural) EGYPTIAN Sycamore 1. Residence of Hathor as goddess of the West. 11 (( 2. Residence of Nut, Goddess of crea- tive power. (1 Acacia Residence of Osiris, It Tflmarisk god of the sun. PHCENICIAN Cypress Astarte, goddess of virility. CASHMERE Five trees of the Ambrosial sap for the Garden of Indra gods. BABYLONIAN Palm RESIDENCE TREES— Continued Country Symbol Signification PERSIAN Cypress Residence of Mithra. Emblem of Zoroaster. Sovereign power. Residence of Istar, the divine mother. Birthplace of Hera, divine mother. Birthplace of Adonis, god of beauty. Gingko Sacred emblem of the gods: Eternal life. GRECIAN ROMAN JAPANESE Willow Myrrh Icho or tree GEM BEARING TREES OF PARADISE EGYPTIAN Golden Sycamore Sacred to Nut as god- of gem fruits dess of the sky. and flowers EAST INDIAN Gem bearing tree Sacred to Buddha. CHINESE Pearl bearing tree Purity in eternity. of Paradise ASSYRIAN Luminous gem The Great Light of the bearing tree god. TREE OF HAPPINESS MOHAMMEDAN Bearing all man- Paradise: Joys of the ner of fruits Tooba. CALEITOAR TREE CHINESE " Ming Kap " or Time's flight. Monthly tree. Fifteen buds on right of central stem and fifteen on left; one falls daily THE PINE TREE EGYPTIAN AND Natural form Symbolic tree of the ASSYRIAN CHINESE JAPANESE gods. Longevity. Longevity: Emblem- atic of spirits of Tak- asago and Suminoye . Conjugal affection and long life. Country JUDEAN GRECIAN ROMAN THE OAK Symbol Natural form EARLY BRITISH « SCANDINAVIAN THE ASH Natural form NORTH AMERI- CAN INDIAN Signification Place of angelic visions. Emblem of Abraham. Emblem of Zeus, the fathergod. Majesty. The tree mother of the race. Emblem of Dodona grove, the seat of the Oracle. Emblem of Jupiter, the father god. Majesty. Sacred wood of Druidi- cal altar. Emblem of Odin, the father god. Sov- ereignty. In con- nection with the elm they signify creators of the race. Veneration of a nature god. GRECIAN GRECIAN ROMAN THE PLANE TREE Natural form Emblem of Xerxes. Love of Nature. THE OLIVE Natural form Emblem of Athena, patron goddess of warriors. Symbol of victory. Symbol of peace. THE POMEGRANATE ROMAN Natural form Emblem of reproduc- tion. JUDEAN GRECIAN EAST INDIAN CHINESE THE CEDAR Natural form Incorruptibility. Emblem of Artemis, goddess of the moon and of the chase. Fertility. Fidelity. Country GRECIAN ROMAN THE LAUREL Symbol Natural form Signification Inspiration. Emblem of Apollo: Poetry. Antidote of evil eye: emblem of Dapmie who was changed to a laurel to escape Apollo. THE PIPPALA OR BO TREE EAST INDIAN, Natural form Emblem of Buddha, CHINESE AND under which he re- JAPANESE ceived perfect wis- dom. CHINESE AND JAPANESE JAPANESE THE BAMBOO Natural form THE PLUM Natural form Longevity. Emblem of woman's purity. ' ' Nightin- gale Dwelling Plum Tree," the emblem of daughter of Kino Tsurayiiki or a sac- rifice rewarded. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM IN GENERAL Palm Fig Oak Cedar Willow Apple Poplar Martyrdom to attain Heaven. Victory over the flesh. Right- eous Christian. Fruitfulness. Good works. Majesty. Strength and endurance. The Lord's tree. Em- blem of Lebanon. Abandoned. Despera- tion and grief. Productiveness. The first sin. Emblem of Eve. Sympathy. Tremu- lousness. Lamenta- tion. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM— Continued Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Acacia Friendship. " Aspen Emblemof Judas: fear. ' Christian tree of ICnowledgeofgoodand Life evil. Tree of Eden. Tree of St. John's vision, bearing twelve manner of fruits for the heal- ing of the nations. Golden tree of Gala- had. " Tree of Jesse The human line or genealogical tree of Jesus. • Holly Holy tree. Emblemof Christmas festivi- ties. * Maple Symbol of Canada. EMBLEMS OF LIGHT (NATURAL AND FICTITIOUS) Since the words " Let there be Light " animated the Universe, light has been its most cheri^ed possession. It has been venerated by the ancients by its emblems, the sun, moon and stars. Candidates for leUgious promotion were often kept in darkness for a period of time before being per- mitted to enjoy the light of the higher plane or office. The Japanese believe that no offering is ever so precious to Buddha as a lamp or a lantern and love to tell a story about their " Hall of the Lamps " on Mt. Eoyasan. It contains ten thousand lamps, which are mainly votive offerings of the rich. One day a storm extinguished all the lights but one, that of a poor widow whose piety had led her to expend for this lamp, the few coppers she possessed. Today, we Chris- tians symbolize our Saviour as the Light of the World. HEBREW AISTB PAGAIT FORM Signification The active power of nature. Emblem of Osiris. Ra. Sovereignty. Emblem of Assur. Sov- ereignty. Emblem of Baal. Power — Might. Emblem of Moloch. Fierceness of sun's heat. Emblem of Mithra. Creation of light. Emblem of Loki. Bless- ing, fertility. Emblem of Helios, the light of the universe. Emblem of Apollo as light of divinity. National emblem of Amaterasu as sun goddess and ances- tress of the only dy- nasty. Emblem of the Emperor as a ruler by divine right. THK SUN Country Symbol IN GENERAL Usual form EGYPTIAN U ASSYRIAN « PHOENICIAN « AMMONITES « EARLY PERSIAN « SCANDINAVIAN « GRECIAN u ROMAN a JAPANESE ti Country HINDU GRECIAN ROMAN THE DAWN Symbol Usual f onn Signification Emblem of Ushas. Blessing. The bride. Emblem of Eos : youth. : purity. Emblem of Aurora as delicate beauty. Freshness. THE MOON IN GENERAL Usual form EGYPTIAN « JUDEAN « SYRIAN « GRECIAN ROMAN CHINESE « JAPANESE EARLY MEXICAN « The passive form of nature. When in crescent form signifies virginity. Emblem of Thoth, god of truth. Hathor, goddess of beauty. Emblem of Ashtaroth, goddess of fertility. Emblem of Astarte, goddess of material desire and heartless- ness. Emblem of Selene as serene loveliness. Emblem of Diana: goddess of the chase: chastity. Heaven's beauty. Emblem of Susano-o: The seed of the si- esta (because of pre- vious night watch- ing). Emblem of Metzli: goddess of agricul- ture. THE STARS ZODIACAL MASONIC Orion Gemini Rayed star in a circle Hunter of beasts. Emblems of Castor and Pollux. Emblems of brotherly love. Guidance. Country Symbol Signification GRECIAN I.Alcyone, a River of Heaven. single stai " 2. A group of Opening of navigation. seven stars called the Pleiades 3. Group called tiie Hyades Tearfulness. Six pointed star Emblem of the faith. formed of two triangles * Eight pointed star Emblem of the faith. formed of two squares THE MILKY WAY SCANDINAVIAN Usual form Pathway to Valhalla, the home of the gods. NORTH AMERI- " Pathway of ghosts. CAN INDIAN MOHAMME- DAN CHINESE AND JAPANESE HINDU GRECIAN JUDEAN AND HINDU IN GENERAL THE RAINBOW Usual form Bridge of heaven. THE TORCH Usual form Active power of nature. " Progress. FERE Altar fires Beacon fires Sacrifice: consecration. Communication be- tween men. * Hearth fires Home. Loyalty to family. " Usual form Votive offerings to the gods. " Lantern and Emblem of Persian dragon Sibyl, who prophe- sied overcommg evil by good. TAPER OR CANDLE IN GENERAL Usual form Emblem of Libyan Sibyl, who prophe- sied the sight of the Saviour. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE SUN Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Usual form Emblem of beneficence and f ruitfulness. When illuminating Emblem of Virgin Mary as overcoming IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL ENGLISH a woman with the moon under her feet and crowned with stars the world. The spirit warring against the flesh. THE MOON Usual form Serene beauty. Pen- siveness. THE STARS 1. The morning Reward of "He that star overcometh." 2. Star in the East Emblem of the nativ- ity. 3. Cloud of stars Infinitude. THE RAINBOW Usual form Promise. THE TORCH Burning Christ as the Light of the World. Emblem of St. Theo- dore. In hand LAMP Seven lamps or seven branched candlestick Five lamps burn- ing Five lamps extinct Altar candle Paschal candle (Passover) Proc essional candle Sacrament. Conse- cration. The seven primitive churches. The five wise virgins. The five foolish virgins. One on each side of cross. On gospel side of choir. Carried in procession as the Head. COLORS " The men of primeval times did not see colors: only strong colors are seen by a child. No color has any symbolic meaning taken in itseU, but only through association." F. DeUtzach, D.D. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN White Color of Osiris as judge of the dead. Mourn- ing. tf Green Material decay. Vic- tory. a Gold Color of Horus as glory of the gods. u Red Color of good Genii. Representing virility. a Black Color of evil Genii. Representing de- struction. EAST INDIAN Green Emblem of Ganesa, god of widsom. U U Red Color of Vishnu. Hu- man love. a u Blue Color of Krishna. Joy- ousness. a u Combination of Emblem of Buddhistic red, blue and trinity. Signifying white intelligence, order and unity. « u Black or Blue Antidote for Evil Eye. (Or Envy.) EARLY White, red an id Emblem of Persian PERSIAN gold trinity signifying purity, love and reve- lation. MOHAMMEDAN Red Spiritual beauty. a Green Knowledge of Allah. GRECIAN White Color of Zeus as divine purity. a Purple Emblem of the Mys- teries. Royalty. Secrecy. u Red Emblem of Spartans, who were coura- geous unto death. 10 Country IN GENERAL ROMAN COLORS— Continued Symbol Red and black Green Signification From life to death. Youth. Victory. Red Emblem of Bacchus, god of vigor and wine. Attribute of Pollux, as immor- tality. Purple Royalty. Noble birth, as "bom to the pur- ple." Black Attribute of Castor, as mortality. White Emblem of Jupiter as chief divinity. PLANETARY COLORS CHALDEAN HUNGARIAN CHINESE Golden yellow Black Orange Red Pale yellow Blue Red Path Black JAPANESE Emblem of the sun. Emblem of the moon. Emblem of Planet Jupiter. Emblem of Planet Mars. Emblem of Planet . Venus. Emblem of Planet Mercury. Emblem of Attila's blood stained trail. Emblem of the North. Water. Emblem of the South. Color of the T.'sing dynasty. Emblem of the West. Metal. Emblem of the East. Wood. The earth. Warm colors such Masculine colors, as red, purple, orange, etc. Cold colors such as Feminine colors. blue, pale yellow, grey, etc. White Emblem of Minamoto clan. Red Emblem of Taira clan. YeUow White Green Red 11 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL White The Creator. Perfec- tion. Peace. In- signia of the im- perial party of Italy — the Ghibellines. « Blue Heavenly truth. Sanc- tification. u Red Divine zeal. Creative force. Love of God. u Purple Dignity. Mourning. « Purple-red Severity. u Puiple-blue Tranquillity. u Green Eternal youth. Hope. Victory over the flesh. u Gold Worth. Virtue. Glory of God. Christian might. u Bright yellow Fruitfulness. Benefi- cence. Truth. u Dull yellow Deceitfulness. « Black Penitence. The Papal party of Italy or the Guelphs. a Violet Humility. Suffering. Sympathy. Pasting. ANCIENT ACADEMIC GARMENT COLORS IN GENERAL Blue Philosophy. " Black Theology. " Scarlet Jurisprudence. * Green Medicine. Red Emblem of execu- tioner. War. Hu- man love. High spirits. Vermilion Spiritual purity. Scarlet Immorality. (InBibUcal sense) Black Mourning. Green Jealousy. Envy. Gold Prosperity. YeUow Bombast. Deceit. 13 HERALDIC COLORS Country Symbol Signification ENGLISH Sable or black Grief. Penitence. " Argent or white or Purity. Faith. silver " Gules or red Courage. Zeal. " Azure or blue Sincerity. Piety. " Vert or green Hope. Youth. " Purpure or purple Rank. " Tense or orange Endurance. " Sanguine or blood Patriotism. Sacrifice.. red 13 NUMBERS " Egyptian gods — the ordinary student may confine him- self to lie study of the divinities, important enough to have made in stone, bronze or pottery rather than those simply sketched upon the walls or mentioned in the inscriptions. Many names refer to the same divinity, called by different names in different localities. In China there are 67 sects all teaching the Christian religion to the natives; all different, yet the same spirit. The Moslems have 99 names for Allah." — J?. H. Blanchard. A Gnostic was a member of one of several sects which existed between the first and sixth centuries after Christ. They combined in their belief oriental theology, Greek philosophy and the doctrines of Christianity. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE MYSTIC NUMBER THREE Symbol The Triad Godhead Triad Godhead Triad Godhead Triad Godhead Triad of Buddha Country MEMPHIAN THEBAN ABYDAN HINDU EAST INDIAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE IN GENERAL SCANDINAVIAN Triad Godhead SICILIAN (3) Signification These are Ptah, Sek- het, Nefer-Tem. Amem-Ra, Maut, Khonsu. Osiris, Isis, Horus. Brahma, Vishnu, Siva. Personality, church, law. MANX GRECIAN The _ Triscula or Which are three curves Triskele joined together, each by one end and form- ing a three spoked wheel, representing fertility. Odin, Thor, Prey. The Trinacria or Emblem of City of three legs joined Palermo. at thighs by the head of Medusa The three legs of Emblem of Island. the Isle of Man joined at the thighs Three pointed tri- Emblem of Poseidon, dent or spear god of the sea. Three sickles of Good fortune. Megara 14 NUMBERS— Continued Country ROMAN Symbol <■ Signification Trident Emblem of Neptune, god of the ocean. Groups of three The Fates. TheFuries. The Graces. EARLY PERSIAN Three fires Anaid, fire of the stars. Mihr, fire of the sun. Berisov, fire of the lightning. NUMBER FOUR EGYPTIAN Gods of the four Ram-headed Qebui, winds the north wind, leop- . ard-headed Sheh- bui, the south wind, ram-headed Henk- hisesui, the east wind, asp-headed Hutdhaiui, the west wind. MOHAMMEDAN Four fundamental Prayer, alms giving, duties fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca. JAPANESE Four deva kings Guardians of the Tem- ple. EAST INDIAN CHINESE AND JAPANESE NUMBER FIVE Five powers of Ether, air, fire, water, Brahma earth. Groups of five The five Buddhas, five (or multiple) Bodi- satvas, or disciples of a Buddha. CHINESE PERSIAN HINDU JUDEAN ROMAN NUMBER SEVEN Seven days of Cre- Day of the fowl, dog, ation pig, sheep, cow, horse, mankind. Seven steps Progress toward Heaven. Seven mansions Abode of created spirits. Seven days Fasting, sacrifice and prayer. Seven planets Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Jupiter, Venus. IS Country GNOSTIC JAPANESE NUMBERS— Continued Symbol The seven Greek vowels arranged in cabalistic manner to signify Seven household gods EGYPTIAN EAST INDIAN GRECIAN EAST INDIAN, CHINESE AND JAPAN- ESE Signification The Creator. Daikoku, the god of wealth. Ebisu, the god of fish and labor. Hotei, the god_ of contentment. Bish- amon, the god of war. Fukurokuju, the god of longevity. Benten, the goddess of love. Juro-jin, the god of wisdom. NUMBER EIGHT Eight oared boat The eight sacred myths. Eight elementary gods Eight gods of the wind The eightfold path of Buddha The Tchetetfet of the Elysian fields or Heaven. Mystery of the faith. Boreas of the north, Kaekias of the north- east, ApeUotes of the east, Euros of the southeast, Notos of the south. Lips of the southwest, 2Jephyr of the west. Right faith, right re- solve, right speech, right action, right living, right effort, right thought, right seU-concentration. NUMBER NINE GRECIAN AND Nine muses ROMAN 1. Clio as muse of heroic endeavor, history. 2. Euterpe as Baccha- nalian music; the flute. 3. Thalia as comedy. 4. Melpomone as song and tragedy. 18 NUMBERS— Continued Country Symbol Signification GRECIAN AND Nine muses— Con- 5. Terpsichore as cho- """'" " ' ral dance and ROMAN tinned ROMAN EAST INDIAN JUDEAN ROMAN CHINESE AND JAPANESE song. 6. Erato as erotic poet- ry and the lyre. 7. Polyhymnia of in- spired music. 8. Urania of celestial phenomena. 9. Calliope of elo- quence and epic poetry. NUMBER TEN The ten Sibyls or Prophecy, wise women NUMBER TWELVE Groups of twelve Twelve orders of Der- vishes. Groups of twelve Sons of Jacob. Groups of twelve Tables of Roman law. NUMBER SIXTEEN Sixteen Arhats or Nearing disciples of Buddha Nirvana eternal bliss. CHINESE JAPANESE NUMBER TWENTY-FOUR The twenty-four Filial duty. paragons. NUMBER FIFTY-THREE Refers to the fifty- The way of the noble three stations path of the empire. on the Tokaido or highway be- tween Ky5to and Tokio EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM NUMBER TWO IN GENERAL As opponent prop- Positive and negative. erties Warp and woof. NUMBER THREE IN GENERAL Christian Triad— Father, Son and Holy Godhead Ghost. 17 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL NUMBER FOUR Symbol Signification The four rivers Tigris, Euphrates, Pison, Gihon. The four gospels Mathew, Mark, Luke and John. The four winged The evangelists pre- beasts of the ceding. Apocolypse NUMBER FIVE The five Patri- Alexandria, Constan- archates of the tinople, Antioch,. Greek Catholic Jerusalem, Russia. church NUMBER SIX The number repre- The six attributes of sents the Creator which are Power, Majesty, Wisdom, Love, Mercy, Justice. NUMBER SEVEN IN GENERAL Seven stars Seven golden candlesticks The number sif IN GENERAL Angels of the seven churches which are Ephesus, Smjrma, Pergamus, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea. Emblem of the seven churches preceding. Completeness. NUMBER NINE Usual form The angelic number. The nine Worthies These are of the Gen- tiles — Hector, Alex- ander, Julius Caesar. Of the Jews — Joshua, David, Judas Mac- cabeus. Of the Christians — King Arthur, Char- lemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. Love, Joy, Peace, Long-sufiEering, Gen- tleness, Goodness, Faith, Meekness, Temperance. 18 The nine fruits of the Spirit NUMBER TWELVE Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL The number The disciples of Christ. signifies The pearls as the gates of the new Jerusalem . NUMBER TWENTY-FOUR IN GENERAL The number The twenty-four elders of St. John's vision. NUMBER FORTY IN GENERAL The number Pasting and prayer. NUMBER EIGHT HUNDRED Am) EIGHTY-EIGHT SIBYLLINE Thenumbersigni- The name and nature fies "in 8 units of Christ. 8 tens and 8 hundreds " 19 ANIMALS " The phonetic alphabets of the Phcenidans, Greeks and Romans were originally developed out of the primitive picture writing or hieroglyphics of the Egyptians. The system of an animal symbolism, which was such a prevalent feature of Christian art of the Middle Ages, was derived for the most part from an anonymous treatise on the nature of beasts, originally known by the name of Physiologus." (See Ency. Britt.) — /. R. Allen, F.S.A. HEBREW Asm PAGAN FORM Country EGYPTIAN THE LION Symbol Natural form GRECIAN U ft ROMAN HEBREW EAST INDIAN, CHINESE AND JAPANESE PERSIAN CHINESE EAST fINDIAN, CHINESE AND 6, JAPANESE ROMAN Signification Kingliness. Emblem of Sef or Yesterday and Tuau or Today. Emblem of deities or kings, denoting strength. Emblem of Tefnut, goddess of rain. Majesty. Protection. Inscrutability. Pesti- lence. Emblem of Hercules, god of strength. Zodiacal constellation denoting heat. Guardians of Buddha's temples. National emblem. Sun as residence of the Lion of Strength and Power. THE TIGER Stars outlining Constellation of the tiger form West and Autumn. Natural or conven- Materiality. The tional form earth. Tiger skin Emblem of Bacchus as god of wine and revelry. 20 With htmian, ani- mal or bird head Lion's head with globe and asp Male lion Female lion With breasts and head of a woman Lion's skin Leo With flaming tails Lion with sun Country EGYPTIAN CHINESE JAPANESE IN GENERAL RUSSIAN HEBREW THE IBIS Symbol Signification Either full form or Emblem of Thoth, god head alone of truth, scribe of the dead. FOXES Natural form Mischief, cunsing. Conventional form Emblem of Inari as goddess of rice as they are her mes- sengers. THE LEOPARD Natural or conven- Stealthiness. tional form THE BEAR Natural or conven- tional form THE GOAT Stars outlining form The friend of mankind. SCANDINAVIAN Natural form GRECIAN Full form or horns and legs THE DOG Natural form EAST INDIAN (Parsee) IN GENERAL Natural form EGYPTIAN CHINESE HEBREW EGYPTIAN Zodiacal constellation of Capricorn. Emblem of Thor as divine virility. Emblem of Pan, the nature god. Vehicle of departing souls. Fidelity, obedience, science. Salacity. Emblem of Bast. Life giving rays of the sun. THE RAT Stars outlining rat Zodiacal constellation. THE BULL Stars outlining THE CAT Full form or head form Conventional or natural form with white trian- gle on forehead of black animal and twenty-eight other marks. Zodiacal constellation. Emblem of Ptah as creative power. 21 THE BULL— Continued Country Symbol Signification EAST INDIAN, Conventional form Reincarnation. CHINESE AND JAPANESE GNOSTIC Natural form Emblem of Ormuzd as creator of Ufe. THE HORSE CHINESE Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form EAST INDIAN White horse with The sun. flaming mane RUSSIAN Natiiral or conven- Emblem of marriage, tional form as human home- making and happi- ness. ROMAN Natural or conven- Emblem of Castor, tional form patron god of horse- men. SCANDINAVIAN Natural or conven- Emblem of Prey as the tional form sun's speed. WELSH Gray horse Emblem of Satan THE DEER CHINESE Conventional form Symbol of honor and success. JAPANESE Conventional form Emblem of Juro-jin, god of wisdom. THE ELEPHANT EAST INDIAN Dark colored The incarnation of Indra. " When white Reincarnation of Buddha. DANISH Natural form Emblem of Denmark, representing a royal traveler to the East. THE WOLF SCANDINAVIAN Natural form ROMAN Twin wolves Female wolf Emblem of Odin, the. sun god. Emblem of Geri and Freki. Emblem of Remus and Romulus as their foster mother and the nourishing guar- dian of Rome. 22 Country GRECIAN AND ROMAN EGYPTIAN CHINESE HEBREW EAST INDIAN PERSIAN CHINESE CHINESE CHINESE JAPANESE THE SHEEP Symbol Signification Lamb skin Emblem of Jason and the Order of the Golden Fleece, sig- nifying the sun. Ram's head or full Emblem of Mendes form and of Khnemu. Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form of ram Natural form Zodiacal constellation of Aries. THE CAMEL Natural form Patience, long suffer- ing. Natural form Comes home to camp, like poet's cares. THE HARE The hare in the Signifying untiring in- moon dustry. Stars outlining Constellation. hare THE PIG Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form THE MONKEY Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form Natural form Attributes of Koshin and god of roads. These are Mi-Zaru who sees no evil. Kiki-Zaru who hears no evil. Iwa-Zaru who speaks no evil. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE LION IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Christ as the Lion of tional form the tribe of Judah. Strength. Guar- dianship. Emblem of St. Natalia, St. Germanicus. 23 THE LION— Continued Country IN GENERAL Symbol Lion with wings Aged lion Signification Emblem of St. Mark. Cognizance, of Venice. Emblem of St. Jerome who took thorn out of foot. Gratitude. IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE TIGER Natural or conven- Blood thirstiness. tional form THE WOLF Natural or conven- Rapacity. tional form Hunger. Rapine. THE FOX Natural or conven- Syrnbol of craft. Cun- tional form ning. Intemperance. THE OX Natural or conven- tional form Emblem of St. Luke, who wrote of the sacrificial nature of Christ. THE CALF Natural or conven- Emblem of the Prodi- tional form digal Son's return. Weaknegs. THE HORSE IN GENERAL White horse ' Red horse " Pale gray horse Virginity in manhood. The conquering Christian. Symbol of war. Dissolution. THE CAT IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Loveof freedom. Spite. tional form THE LAMB IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Emblem of Christ as tional form possessing the lamb's meekness and gen- tleness. Sacrifice. " Lamb with banner Emblem of St. Agnes. 24 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE DEER Symbol Four stags Stag with Crucifix between horns Signification Mathew, Mark, Luke and John. Emblem of St. Hubert. Emblem of St. Eustace as the zealous Chris- tian hunting for con- verts. THE GOAT Natural or conven- Dishonor. Material- tional form ity. THE APE Natural or conven- Sin. Malice. Cunning. tional form THE ASS Natural or conven- Emblem of flight into tional form Egypt of "Holy Family." Entry in- to Jerusalem. Em- blem of St. Anthony. Humbleness. 25 FISHES The Christian emblem of the fish was adopted by the early followers of Christ as a secret sign. It may be seen cut in the walls of the catacombs and doubtless served as a finger post to the sanctuary within. It was chosen in Cabalistic fashion by using the Greek word for fish which is composed of the initial letters in the following sentence of that language: " Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviotir." HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM Country EGYPTIAN JAPANESE GRECIAN Symbol The dolphin SCANDINAVIAN JAPANESE ROMAN AND HERALDIC HEBREW The carp The red tai Cuttle fish Hippocamp or sea horse Sea lion Sea dog Twin fishes 26 Signification Emblem of Isis, wife of the sun god Osiris. Hathor, goddess of beauty. A marriage emblem. Reproductiveness. Symbol of Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and f ectmdity. Po- seideon, god of the sea. Apollo, god of the sun. The hero Ulysses as a sea traveler. Emblem of Fria, god- dess of beauty and fecundity. Emblem of the boy, signifying ambition and success. The Samurai fish because indifferent to physi- cal suffering. Emblem of Ebisu, god offish. Emblem of Neptune, god of the sea. Healing. Symbol of boldness. Symbol of fidelity. The Zodiacal constel- lation Pisces. Em- blem of February. FISHES— Continued Country HEBREW CHINESE JAPANESE IN GENERAL Symbol Crab The tortoise Tortoise with flam- ing tail Signification The constellation Can- cer. Emblem of summer. Divination because it carries mystic tab- let on back. Longevity. EARLY CHRISTIAN FORM THE FISH Conventional or natural form Fish with key in mouth Fish with anchor The whale Emblem of Christ. (See heading.) Em- blem of Peter as fisher of men. Em- blem of Tobias. Emblem of St. Benno. Hope in Christ. Symbol of Jonah. 37 BIRDS " There are two works which bear the title of ' Edda,' the one in verse, the other in prose. The first may be con- sidered a symbolical work of the Scandinavian mythology; the latter a kind of commentary on the first." — Grenville Pigott. Edda means great-grandmother. The folklore of the Elder Edda treats of heroic deeds, superstitions and myths. The Younger Edda is a compilation of fables, metaphors and rhetorical treatises. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM Country EGYPTIAN ASSYRIAN ANCIENT HEBREW GRECIAN PHRYGIAN ROMAN GRECIAN CHINESE JAPANESE EGYPTIAN PERSIAN THE EAGLE Symbol Natural or conven- tional form Natural or conven- tional form Natural or conven- tional form With thunderbolt in claw Double headed Natural or conven- tional form In connection with Ganymede, the cup bearer of Zeus Natural or conven- tional form White eagle Signification The sun ssrmbol. Emblem of Nisroch. The divine spirit. Vigilance. Majesty. Double vision. Emblem of Jupiter, chief of the gods. The Roman Le- gions. Symbol df abduction. Sovereignty. Emblem of Jimmu Tenno, the first em- peror. Divine right of kings. THE PHCENK Bennu, a bird be- Immortality. lieved to rise from its own ashes Semorg, bird with Prosperity. Vehicle of head of a woman Mahomet. 28 Country CHINESE JAPANESE PERUVIAN PERSIAN SABINE RUSSIAN \ FINNISH / CHINESE AND JAPANESE JAPANESE EGYPTIAN EGYPTIAN EAST INDIAN THE PH(ENIX— Continued Symbol Signification Feng Wang, which Zodiacal constellation is half peacock and half pheas- ant Ho Ho. Half pheasant and half peacock of the South. Ap- pears before a pro- pitious reign. Em- blem of summer. Emblem of the Em- press. THUNDER BIRDS Probably wood- Presage of storm. peckers Guardian of treasures. THE STORK Natural or conven- Longevity. tional form The cormorant Emblem of Kushi- yatama-no-kami, deity of the eight oflferings. THE HAWK Full form or head Emblem of Horus, son of Osiris, as keen- visioned. THE VULTURE Full form or head Emblem of Mut, god- dess of the South and the North. Natural or conven- Scavenger of the earth, tional form THE GOOSE SCANDINAVIAN Natural or conven- Emblem of Freya, the tional form northern Venus. ROMAN Natural or conven- Emblem of Juno, as it tional form cackles the sunrise for her. JAPANESE Wild geese flying Manhood. THE COCK CHINESE Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form Country CHINESE JAPANESE JAPANESE ASSYRIAN SCANDINAVIAN ROMAN EGYPTIAN JAPANESE WELSH GRECIAN THE COCK— Continued Symbol Signification When on a drum Symbol of peace as drum shows disuse. Cock's comb and Bravery, prosperity. pheasant's plume together When on torii or Emblem of Amaterasu, gate as it crows the sun- rise for her. THE DUCK Pair of Mandarin Conjugal affection as ducks they live and die in pairs. THE RAVEN Natural or conven- Messenger of the gods, tional form " Emblem of Woden. " Emblem of Apollo. THE OWL Full form or head Emblem of Amem-Ra. Natural or conven- Filial ingratitude. tional form " Emblem of Blodeu- wedd, the unfaithful. " Emblem of Pallas Athena as goddess of wisdom. FINNISH GRECIAN ROMAN GRECIAN THE CUCKOO Natural or conven- Emblem of Aino. tional form Tears. Desolation. THE SWAN Natural or conven- Emblem of Aphrodite, tional form goddess of beauty. " Emblem of Venus, goddess of beauty. Leda, mother of Helen. THE DOVE Natural or conven- Emblem of Dodona as tional form Turtle dove 30 prophetic messen- gers. Emblem of Aphrodite as her aerial steeds. Constancy. EARLY CHRISTIAN AltD MODERN FORM THE EAGLE Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Emblem of St. John tional fonn the Revelator as having perfect vi- sion. Theology. Emblem of U. S. A. as signifying eternal vigilance. * Double headed Emblem of Holy Ro- man Empire, Flan- ders, Austro - Htm- gary and Russia. " Young eagles fly- The Ascension. ing upward * Eagleplimginginto Regeneration by bap- water to renew tism. youth IN GENERAL THE DOVE Single, usually fly- ing Moving over waters Shedding rays of light Perched on Inspiration, shoulder Holy Ghost, or [Spirit. Peace. The creation. Spiritual blessing. A pair of turtle doves Palm branch in beak On each side of a cup With serpent's tail With olive branch Offering at Presenta- tion in the Temple. Victory over death. The Eucharist. Combination of wis- dom and peace. Signifying the deluge. THE RAVEN IN GENERAL With bread in beak Emblem of Elijah. St. Benedict. " Natural or conven- Melancholy. Stub- tional form bomness. THE SWALLOW IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of summer. 31 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE SPARROW Symbol Signification Natural fonn The traveler. Vandal- ism. THE NIGHTINGALE Natural form Harmony. Exclusive- THE THRUSH IN GENERAL Natural form Melodiousness. THE WREN IN GENERAL Natural form Modesty. THE STORK IN GENERAL Natural form The bearer of the new born. THE SWAN IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Solitude. Emblem of tional form St. Hubert of Lin- coln. THE COCK IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Emblem of Peter, who tional form denied his Lord. THE PARTRIDGE IN GENERAL Natural form Parental affection. 32 Country EGYPTIAN INSECTS FICTITIOUS AND NATURAL The scarab is a model in pottery or stone of the sacred beetle of the Egyptians. It has been rightly named " A portable historic document," for the flat side of each scarab is engraved with signs, which, when translated, give the history of the owner. These personal seals were buried with tile mummy after decease. As many as three hundred scarabs have been found on one royal mummy. They ceased to be used in 600 B. C. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM : THE BEETLE Symbol Signification Stone or pottery 1. Signify mythologi- model known as cal deities or the scarab, in- events. scribed to 2. Names and ranks of historic person- ages. 3. Names of animals and plants. 4. Funeral signs. 5. Amulets to protect wearers. 6. Signature or official mark. 7. Bearing quotations from the Book of the Dead and placed in the heart cavity of the mummy. THE LOCUST Natural form Scourge. Appetite. THE BAT Natural or conven- Contentment. Happi- tional form ness. Five bats Wealth, longevity, health, love of vir- tue, peaceful end. THE SCORPION Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation. form Emblem of October. JUDEAN CHINESE HEBREW 83 THE CHAMELEON Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural fonn Changeableness. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE BEE IN GENERAL Nattiral or conven- Industry. Diligence. Emblem of Napo- IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL JAPANESE tional form THE ANT Nattiral form THE FLY Natural form THE GNAT Natural form leon and Beethoven. Conmiunity spirit. Pestilence. Torment. Irritation. THE SPIDER When weaving Patience. Subtility. Emblem of Arachn^. THE SNAIL Natural form FIREFLIES Natural form Fruitfulness. Ghosts of slain war- riors. 34 THE SERPENT of the genius of fhe was the essence -Lenormant. " Symbolism Egyptian nation."- Ophites — ^A Gnostic sect who believed that the serpent in the Garden of Eden was the impersonation of Divine Wis- dom and the Teacher of Men. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE COBRA Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN With head erect, Sovereignty. Genera- ringed skin and tive power of the swelling throat sun. EAST INDIAN Seven headed Emblem of Naga. THE ASP EGYPTIAN Head erect, short Royalty. Divine good- thick body ness and irdmor- tality. THE COLUBER EGYPTIAN Long body and Destroyer of souls. head in horizon- tal position. CHINESE GRECIAN AND ROMAN GRECIAN AND ROMAN GRECIAN POMPEIAN THE SERPENT Stars outlining form Twin serpents, coiled about a wand, with heads erect Twined as curls about a face with staring eyes Coiled on shield of Athena or at her feet Natural or conven- tional form 35 Zodiacal constellation. Fertility. Emblem of ^sculapius founder of medicine. Symbol of Hermes and Mercury. Emblem of the Gorgon Medusa, whose hair was changed to ser- pents. Emblem of her foster son, Eriectbonios, whom as a child she kept in a chest with the serpent of wis- dom. Household gods (Lares and Penates), gods of fertility. THE SERPENT— Continued Country Symbol Signification MEXICAN Feathered serpent Emblem of Quetzal- coatl, Aztec, "Fair god." Patron of law- order and agricul- ture. SCANDINAVIAN Serpent with tail The Universe. in its mouth, forming a circle (JSrmungund). JUDEAN Brazen serpent of Healing. Moses' tune JUDEAN FRENCH HERALDIC THE ADDER With one ear to the Prudence. ground and stop- ping other ear wiVi her tail THE SALAMANDER Allied to the lizard Emblem of Francis the and frog first. Immune to fire. THE BASILISK Crested head, erect Cruelty. and piercing eyes Mesmerism. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM IN GENERAL ELIZABETHAN OPHITES IN GENERAL THE SERPENT Natural or conven- Evil overcome by good tional form Crawling on ground Sin. Subtility. With Adam and Knowledge of good Eve and evil. Head erect Human wisdom. Natural form Emblem of Christ as perfect widsom. THE CROCODILE Natural form Dissimulation. 36 FABULOUS CREATURES " With savages, most religions sprang from a desire to propitiate by worship those powers from whom they feared that some injury may be done." — Fergusson. Among the descendants of Shem, son of Noah, were the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Arabians and Hebrews, but the latter were the only people among those tribes who believed in one God and no lesser deities. Therefore their ritual was less incumbered by fabulous creatures than any of the others. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM Country CHINESE AND JAPANESE CHINESE JAPANESE EAST INDIAN ROMAN HERALDIC Signification Imperial guardian of the air. Bearer of the imperial dead to Paradise. Imperial guardian of the waters. THE DRAGON Symbol Serpent's body, bulging eyes, homed head and five claws, in clouds and gen- erally pursuing the ball of wis- dom In water or rising above streams, with above form Threading swamps Imperial guardian of or near fields the marshes. When showing only Dragon of the common three claws people, representing increasing prosper- ity. Stars outlining Zodiacal constellation form of the East. Chinese form with Spiritual guardian of eyes gazing up- the faith. ward The same with eyes gazing downward Usual form Dragon chained to a rock Hydra or seven headed dragon Winged dragons facing arms 37 Earthly guardian of the faith. Guardian of the faith. Symbol of Perseus and Andromeda. Terror. Destruction. Guardianship. Country EGYPTIAN GRECIAN PERSIAN GRECIAN HEBREW GRECIAN IN GENERAL ROMAN GRECIAN IN GENERAL CHINESE Signification Strength and intelli- gence. Emblem of Horus as guardian of the body of Osiris. Emblem of Khnemu, the maker of stars. Pestilence. Secrecy. Emblem of the Magian Genius of Prophecy. THE SPHINX Symbol Body of lion and human head Body of lion with hawk's head Body of lion with ram's head Body of lion, breast and head of a woman Andro-Sphinx Bird's body, man's legs and scor- pion's tail THE CENTADR A horse's body Brute force. with a man's shoulders, arms and head A horse's body Zodiacal constellation with a man's known as Sagittar- shoulders, arms ius, the archer. and head THE HARPY Head and breast of Torment. Voracious a woman, body appetite. of a vulture THE SIREN Half woman, half Allurement. . Entan- fish glement. Danger- ous affection. Circe, who changed Baleful attraction. captives into Sorcery, beasts THE GRIFFIN Lion's body, eagle Emblem of Alexander or vulture head the Great. Lion's body, eagle Invincibility. or vulture head THE UNICORN Chilin. Body of Prosperity. Peace, antelope with single horn 38 Country JAPANESE THE UNICORN— Continued Symbol Signification The Kirin. Body Virtue. Radiant of deer with beauty. single horn MOHAMMEDAN Body of antelope Chastity. with single horn EARLY CHRISTIAN Am) MODERN FORM THE DRAGON Resembling Chi- Emblem of St. Mi- chael. St. George. Evil crushed to earth. IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL AND HERALDIC nese form and depicted under foot When chained Emblem of St. John of Rheims. With a staff Emblem of St. Mar- garet. When winged Emblem of St. Syl- vester. "The great red Lust, dragon " THE UNICORN Body of a horse, Chastity. tail of a lion, hoofs of a stag, central long horn, protruding outward 3S ANGELIC PERSONAGES " Knowledge of Christian symbolism is requisite for those who study ancient illuminations, sculptures, stained glass and other decorative arts. It is absolutely necessary for the architect and student of mediaeval architecture to have a thorough acquaintance with the art which guided its early masters." — W. and G. Audsley. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM Country JUDEAN EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN EAST INDIAN BUDDHISTIC ANGELS Symbol Michael, Gabriel, Suriel, Raphael, Tauthaboth, Eratooth. The good Genii The Vedic. Apsaris. AsB8dhisatvas and Rakan MOHAMMEDAN Houri, dark-eyed maidens; be- ings which have never been mortals Signification Celestial Service. Celestial service. Bearers of water for the tree of Life. Charmers of the blest. Sanctified service of saints, once mortals. In the service of the blest. ARCHANGELS Michael Gabriel Asrafil Israfel Conductor. Recording Angel. Herald of the Resur- rection. SCANDINAVIAN Valkyria Ministering angels of ValhaUa or Hall of the Blest. Attend- ants of Odin. " The Nomies Bearers of sacred wa- ter to Yggdrasil. CHINESE The seven wor- Knowledge of happi- thies ness. " The Genii who live Rulers of spirits. upon air and ride to heaven on the back of a dragon 40 Celestial ministry. EAKLY CHRISTIAN FORM THE OTNE CHOIRS WHICH ARE Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL 1. Archangels 2. Angels 3. Cherubim 4. Seraphim 5. Thrones 6. Dominions 7. Virtues 8. Powers 9. Principalities THE ARCHANGELS— PRIMARY 1. Michael, Cap- Divine likeness. tain of the host 2. Gabriel, annun- ciation and Divine power, resurrection 3. Uriel, leader of Divine light. Seraphim 4. Raphael Divine restorer. SECONDARY 6. Zophiel 6. Zadkiel 7. Hamiel 8. Camiel 9. ZaphMel The Seraphim are Guardians of the represented by Throne. infants' heads, surrounded by six wings: the two upper and two lower are crossed The Cherubim are Signify adoration and represented by protection. infants' heads between two wings Angels bearing The Dominion of God. sceptres Angels bearing Felicity in Heaven. musical instru- ments Angels bearing The voice of Deity. trumpets 41 Leaders of choirs. Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Angels with cen- Prayers. sers * Angels with gar- In the active service of ments belted Deity. ' Angels without Heavenly service only. sandals " Cloud or circle of Spiritual ecstasy. angels " Angels Loving thoughts. 42 THE HALO AND THE CROWN " Mithraic (early Persian) bas-reliefs cut on the faces of rocks, or on stone tablets, abound in the countries formerly the Western Provinces of the Holy Roman Empire, exist in Germany, still more in France and in England, on the line of the Picts (early tribe) wall and the noted ones at Bath. Insomuch as Bel, the Semitic sun god, was the great divinity of the Druids, it is easy to see what a ready acceptance the worship of his more refined Persian equivalent (Mithra) would find among Celtic races when once introduced by the Roman troops and colonists, many of whom were Orientals." —C. W.King, M.A. HEBREW AKTO PAGAN FORM Country EAST INDIAN, JAPANESE AND CHINESE JUDEAN THE HALO Symbol Signification Circular or trefoil, The triad god. The whether plain or sun's rays. Sanctity. decorated Two rayed halo of Truth and Justice. Moses, appear- ing also as horns THE CROWN EGYPTIAN When composed of Emblem of Theban, solar disk and sun god. Amem-Ra. two falcon feathers " Disk with goat Emblem of Isis, signify- homs ing life and strength. " White crown Crown of upper Egypt. shaped like a cone Red crown shaped like a band with a peak Red and white crown, together; one within the other u Crown of lower Egypt, generally worn by Neith, as goddess of hunting and weav- ing. Double crown of Egypt, generally worn by Mut, the Theban divine mother, as well as other chief gods. THE CROWN— Continued Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN Shuticrownof ten Signifies power to double ostrich divide the heavens plumes and enter therein. " Atef crown com- Generally worn by posed of asps, Thoth as master of horns and law. plumes, circling the white crown of upper Egypt THE WREATH GRECIAN AND When of cypress Symbol of Pluto, Chief ROMAN leaves of Hades. " Whenofoak leaves Symbol of Zeus or Jupiter, as the father god. " When of pine Symbol of Pan as leaves Nature's king. * When of laurel Symbol of Apollo and leaves the Muse Clio. * When of willow Symbol of Hera as a leaves part of her residence tree. " When of myrtle Symbol of the bride. leaves EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE HALO IN GENERAL Known as the Nun- bus when cir- cUng the head only * As Aureola, when Sanctification. circling head and shoulders " Known as the Glory, when circling entire figure THE NIMBUS IN GENERAL When circular and Emblem of the First plain or with Person of the Trin- three rays or ity. with the Greek letters O Q N — lAm 44 THE NIMBUS— Continued Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL When bearing Second Person of the Greek cross or Trinity. Lamb or rays * When square Symbol of distinction only. THE CROWN IN GENERAL Usual form Symbol of the Virgin Mary. " AKHien at feet of Signifying noble birth. Saints " When worn on the Emblem of royal head birth. " When held in the Symbol of the Virtues, right hand When of thorns Emblem of the cruci- fixion. The Delphic Sibyl, who prophe- sied the suffering of the Saviour. THE CORONA IN GENERAL Crown of lights The Resurrection. used in churches on special occa- sions THE GARLAND OR CHAPLET IN GENERAL As a circlet The crown of beauty. Wreath of poetry. " When used as Exuberance of life. a continuous Joy. Mirth. motif in deco- ration THE MITRE IN GENERAL The two pomts of a The Old and New bishop's crown Testaments. or mitre, which is usually of cloth studded with gems DUCAL CROWN ENGLISH Designed in straw- Companionship with berry leaves royalty. 43 THE CROSS AND THE MONOGRAM " By these outward fonns early Christians were inspired with feelings of devotion and love and in the absence of books derived from them their chief knowledge of objects made sacred by usage. To the unlearned they spoke a clear and intelligible language; that they were full of poetry, no one who will endeavor to interpret them can doubt." — Louisa Twining. " The cross, the priestly robes and symbols are all anterior to the Christian era by thousands of years." — Alexander Wilder, M.D. HEBREW AND PAGAW \ FORM THK CROSS Country Symbol Signification HINDU The Swastica or "It is." The sacred fylfot cross fire of Heaven. Ft BUDDHISTIC Emblem of Gautama Buddha as the En- lightened One. NORTH AMER- The four winds of ICAN INDIAN Heaven. Prosperity. THE TAU CROSS In Form of Capital T T BABYLONIAN Emblem of Thamumez, sun god, consort of Ashtoreth. EGYPTIAN Signifies to live. Hid- den wisdom. Em- blem of early Egypt. 46 THE CROSS— Continued Country Symbol Signification ROMAN Sign of omission (as when placed upon houses where child was to be spared during the Massacre of the Innocents.) " Emblem of Hellespon- tine Sibyl. CRUX ANSATA OR KEY OF LIFE ANKH EGYPTIAN The tau sur- Immortality. Eternal mounted by life. circle of eternity in elliptical form 9 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL The original or tree "The accursed tree." cross Humiliation. THE CROSS IN GENERAL With equal arms Christianity. The + Greek cross. Greek cross of red Symbol of the Rosi- color crucians. The Tem- plars. Red Cross Society. 47 THE CROSS— Continued Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL With vertical arm The Crucifixion. The extended above Latin cross. horizontal arm t With double hori- Emblem of an arch- zontal arms bishop. t With triple hori- Emblem of the Pope, zontal arms f In form of letter X Martyrdom. The^ sal- tire or St. Andrew's cross (as this saint was martyred on this form.) X ENGLISH Composed of four Known as the Canter- hammer-like bury cross, crosses ^ 48 Country RUSSIAN THE CROSS— Continued Symbol Signification The Latin cross Emblem of Christ and with one half of St. Andrew, the first St. Andrew's cross strapped across lower por- tion of upright Christian mission- ary to Russia. The Slavonic cross. IN GENERAL Of equal arms Emblem of Free- shaped like masons. The eight fishes' tails Beatitudes. The Maltese cross. m The Latin cross Signifying the Soldiers with vertical arm of the Cross. The pointed at base Crusaders' cross. in order to fix in the ground Either Greek or Heraldic cross called Latin cross with Batonn^. three balls at end of arms + 40 Country IN GENERAL CELTIC THE CROSS— Continued Symbol Signification Either Greek or Heraldic device called Latin form with Pomm€. one ball or apple at the ends + Composed of four Heraldic device called tau crosses cross potent. ffl Composed of cross Known as the Jem- potent and salem cross. Greek cross ^ Either Greek or Heraldic device called Latin form with cross Fleur^. three leaves at point + Latin cross with Immortality. circle of eternity t 50 THE CROSS— Continued Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Latin cross worn The Pectoral cross. on the breast * Latin cross placed Pilgrims' prayers. at wayside or well " Latin cross made The Monstrance, sig- with receptacle nifying the Euchar- in centre to hold ist or Communion. sacred bread * Latin cross with re- The Reliquary, Sacred ceptacle to hold Memories. relics of saints * Latin cross afSzed The Rood cross. Faith. to a loft or beam or screen ENGLISH Public crosses The heart of the town. * Roadside crosses Right of sanctuary. * Boundary crosses Limited rights. * Memorial crosses Sacred ground. * Preaching crosses Age of faith. * Grave crosses Immortality through Christ. * The processional Jurisdiction. cross when borne before a bishop 51 TWO MONOGRAMS Country Symbols Signification IN GENERAL The letter P com- Monogram of the bined with letter Saviour. The cross X or the first two of Constantine or letters of the the portentious sign Greek word for which he saw in the Christ heavens. The pre- cious sign or portent. ± I. H. S. Initials of Monogram of the Sav- sentence "Jesus iour. The Precious Homenum Sal- Emblem. vator" (Jesus Saviour of men) 62 DEMONS, SATYRS AND NYMPHS "A lover of the Bible is a philosopher of the highest class: for that word by its derivation signifies a lover of wis- dom, from the Greek word ' phUos,' lover, and ' sophia,' wisdom. From these premises it is clear that a desire to relegate to the limbo of imtaught ' questions ' any branch of the religious study, finds no support from the Scriptures. The word devil occurs more than fifty times in the New Tes- tament. The Cinghalese religion consists almost entirely of devil worship. In Ceylon, the fear of the devil is allowed full scope. In Christendom, iSie fear certainly exists and perhaps a certain degree of reverence, but the form of worship is lacking. This implies indirect or negative worship." — E. Tiirney. HEBREW Ain> PAGAN FORM DEMONS Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN Typhon, some- Destruction. times as a ser- pent or some * times as the Nile PERSIAN The bad genii Evil influence. a Ahriman The spirit of evil. ASSYRIAN Gibil the evil one Destruction. U The fire fiend Devastation. ARABIAN The Jinns or fiends Sorcery. U The devil bird Presage of evil. GRECIAN Hecate or female Sorceress of the in- devil fernal regions. « Medusa, the wo- Annihilation. man with snake curls - Cyclops or one Demoniacal strength. eyed gigantic devils ROMAN Pluto Chief of the infernal regions. a The devil fish or Malignancy. octopus SCANDINAVIAN Meming Demoniacal forger of weapons. 53 Country SCANDINAVIAN CHINESE JAPANESE DEMONS— Continued Symbol Signification Erictho Sorcery in the forest. The Galdrankinna Interference with af- fairs of the heart. With man's form Evil influence. though abnor- mal Emma o, chief of Regent of Hades and ten devils in demoniacal scribe. Hades ORKNEY ISLANDS ENGLISH AND IRISH ENGLISH AND IRISH ENGLISH AND IRISH GERMAN SCOTTISH Oni or attendant devils, such as bewitched foxes and badgers The Tengu, long nosed goblins The Skow or devil Will-o-the-Wisp Jack-o-Lantheni The Banshee False leaders. Demoniacal swords- manship. Kidnapper of church- goers. False lights that lure the unwary. Messenger of fatalities. The Elves (evil) Sylvan mischief- makers. Wicked elves and Glee in mischief. Gnomes Haxa, the druidess The Sorceress. GRECIAN SCOTTISH SATYRS AND FAUNS Man's body, goat's Lasciviousness. horns, tail and elry. hoofs Ourisk or the Highland satyr Freebooting. Rev- NYMPHS GREEK AND Feminine wood License; lawlessness; ROMAN creatures, con- the light-footed; sorts of satyrs beautiful but soul- si EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM Signification Ferocity, Sorcery, Lust, Lunacy, Tyr- anny, Egotism, Re- bellion, Deceit. DEMONS Country Symbol IN GENERAL Mehistopheles Prince of Dark- ness Lucifer Satan Adversary The Wicked One Beelzebub " A devil. Judas Disloyalty. Iscariot (John 6:70) " The Possessed Necromancy. (Luke 9:39) " The son of the devil Heritage. (John 8:44) " The demon cup as The cup of sorcery. defined (1 Cor. 10:21) IN GENERAL WITCHES The witch of Endor Phantasy, for evU. Foresight 6S GEOMETRICAL FORMS " Every ornament to deserve the name, must posse,ss an appropriate meaning and be introduced witii an intelligent purpose. The symbolic association of each ornament must be understood; otiierwise things beautiful in themselves will be rendered absurd by their application." — A. W. Pugin. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE CIRCLE Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN Whenrepresentmg Eternity. the sun or moon ASSYRIAN EAST INDIAN When placed on a dish When winged and enclosing figure ofAssur,thesun god Three circles joined together SCANDINAVIAN Circle with one dot in the cen- ter Sacred bread used as altar offerings. Immortality. Signify Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the preserver and Siva the destroyer. Emblem of Preya, goddess of beauty. EGYPTIAN ROMAN With three dots Symbol of the triad in the center god. As solid circle or Emblem of Osiris, the globe with wings sun god and Judge of aspiration, horns of strength and serpents of wisdom of the Dead, dote to evil. Anti- Full formorcres- Emblem of Diana, cent goddess of himting. MOHAMMEDAN Crescent and star Emblem of the faith. National arms of Turkish Empire. THE WHEEL EGYPTIAN Natural or conven- The sun. tional form BUDDHISTIC The Chakra Wheel of law and prayer, 56 Country CHINESE AND JAPANESE THE SQUARE Symbol Signification Usual form The earth. When placed with- Heaven and earth. in a circle CHALDEAN Usual fonn The perfect form or AND JUDEAN plan. ROMAN When referring toEmblern of ancient the Roman city which was Quadrata or an- builded square. cient symbol stone MOHAMMEDAN Whenreferringto Emblem of the faith. the Caaba or sacred square stone and tem- p 1 e of the Prophet at Mecca. LINE When vertical Signifies the masculine in nature. When horizontal Signifies the feminine or curved in nature. Zigzag Water. The Nile river. Zig zag Life's course. When invected or Land. ingrailed (scalloped) Meandering lines Continuity of life. suchastheDoric fret, etc. When used as a Continuity of life. chain Ogee or double Balance and support. cturved line When in the form Emblem of ancient of a labyrinth mystical grove or woodland. Sacrifi- cial temple. THE TRIANGLE When used as em- Signifies intelligence, blem of Osiris, matter and cosmos. Isis and Horus SCANDINAVIAN Usual form Emblem of the triad god. 57 CHINESE AND JAPANESE EGYPTIAN NORMAN HERALDIC EGYPTIAN, GRECIAN AND ROMAN CHINESE AND JAPANESE IN GENERAL EGYPTIAN Country EAST INDIAN JUDEAN IN GENERAL THE TRIANGLE— Continued Symbol Signification When pointing up- Emblem of Siva as god ward of fire. When pointing Emblem of Vishnu as downward god of water. Both forms inter- Creation of fire and secting water. With unequal sides The Almighty. and two Hebrew letters of Jeho- vah's name. " Double and inter- The seal of Solomon. secting The positive and negative attributes of creation. THE RECTANGLE EGYPTIAN, Whenusedasbase Sacred form of the GRECIAN AND for tombs and faith. MEXICAN altars. THE PENTAGON When used as a Divination. pentagram or five sided object andthepentacle or five pointed star THE HEPTAGON A figure of seven Brahma's palace or sides and seven the divine abode. angles, as — THE OCTAGON A figure of eight The path of life, sides and eight angles, contain- ing the eight tri- ^ grams or mysti- cal lines intro- duced by an ancient sage, and the design known as l£e Pakwa Usual form Emblem of heaven's palace of eight sides. Residence of god- dess on Fuji moun- tain. EAST INDIAN CHINESE JAPANESE 58 EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE CIRCLE Symbol Signification Usual form Eternity. Masonic boundary line of duty. When above head Sanctity. In crescent form Dominion, when beneath feet of Virgin THE SQUARE A figure of four The Christian. The sides and four New Jerusalem, angles Honesty. When placed with- Eternity of Ufe. in a circle KNOTS AND ENLACEMENTS EARLY CELTS JUDEAN « ITALIAN IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL (When endless) Runic knot Love of God. Solomon's knot Wisdom. True lover's knot Fidelity. Enlacement in any Emblem of the Co- form mancine builders. The joy of Christian living. THE HEXAGON A figure with six The attributes of the sides and six Creator. angles THE HEPTAGON A figure of seven The seven churches. sides and seven Seven angels. Seven angles k.mps. Seven seals. THE OCTAGON A figure of eight Baptism. Regenera- sides and eight tion. (Creation in angles seven days, the eighth represents recreation.) THE DECAGON A figure of ten Signifying the Dis- sides and ten ciples, omitting Peter angles and Judas, the one who denied and the one who betrayed. 59 THE DODECAGON Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL A figure of twelve Signifying the twelve sides and twelve Disciples. THE WHEEL IN GENERAL When winged and Symbol of the thrones of fire and with or one of the choirs eyes in wings of angels. 60 ARCHITECTURAL FORMS History informs us that one of the ancient symbols of the Universe was a cave. The Zoroastrian sect in Persia were among the people who painted upon these caves emblems of natwre's forces. The Ammonites were worshipers of Jupiter in Libya. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE MENHIR AND DOLMEN Country Symbol Signification DRUIDICAL Upright stones Sun altars. JUDEAN raised as altars Emblem of Jacob who raised altar stone to the one God. The Beth-el. THE COLUMN OR PILLAR EGYPTIAN Column with lotus Emblem of the faith. or papyrus capi- tal " When signifying Emblem of Nut, Neith, pillars of heaven the sky goddess, as representing her arms and limbs. GRECIAN The Doric column. Signifies primitive A coltmm with force. plain cushion covered by an abacus or square tablet for its capital " The Ionic column. Signifying the influ- A column with ence of education four volutes for upon primitiveforce. its capital " The Corinthian Signifying the begin- IN GENERAL column. A col- umn with acan- thus leaves and volutes for its capital A column used Disti'nction singly as a minion. monument in any style 61 ning of degeneracy in primitive force. Do- THE COLUMN OR PILLAR— Continued Country VENETIAN EGYPTIAN JAPANESE IN GENERAL PERSIAN AND PICTISH ROMAN JUDEAN ROMAN AND VENETIAN Symbol When used as a gondola hitcliing post and deco- rated with coat of arms belong- ing to family owning the post When striped with red and white Signification Emblem of distinction. Emblem of the barber, who, in ancient times was a surgeon and used this sign of a bandaged limb. THE GATE The Pylon Torii or perch for the fowl which announced the sunrise In various forms Entrance to the sanc- tuary. Barriers to evil. Emblem of Amaterasu the sun goddess. Emblem of Inari, the goddess of rice. Protection. Safety. Commerce, Judicial assembly. THE ARCH In temples or on The arch of the sun. tomb sculptures Used singly as a Victory. Dominion. monument Employed in build- Hospitality. ings THE PAVEMENT The palace floor of Emblem of the sea. Solomon Mosaic floors in The movement and churches and color of the sea. palaces IN GENERAL EARLY PER- SIAN EAST INDIAN THE DOME AND CENTRE The dome The canopy of heaven. The Omphalos or The centre of the naveL (The ori- gin of the dome.) Vedic omphalos 62 earth. SymboliOf Iran. Signifying Yama, dwelling on the cen- tre of the earth. THE DOME AND CENTRE— Continued Country Symbol Signification GRECIAN AND Centre of dweUing Stability. ARABIAN or hearth CHINESE Centre or apex, the Emblem of Shung-ti, MOKI INDIAN single stone of thestepped tem- ple The Bowl. (Archi- tectural form.) the chief of all the gods. Emblem of the dome of heaven. IN GENERAL EGYPTIAN ROOF AND CEILING Usual form of roof Canopy of Protection. Hospitality. Decoration of ceil- The elements. ings. Whenrep- resenting figure of goddess Nut or the sky bend- ing over the earth god Seb and supported by the air god Shu heaven. Safety. CHALDEAN, CHINESE, JAPANESE AND MEXICAN STEPS OR STAIRS When erected Signifying rising stages singly or in of mankind toward groups heaven or highest place. IN GENERAL THE WALL Single or double Barrier. Safety. Pros- perity. Distinction. THE BRIDGE CHINESE AND In any form JAPANESE * When bowed The way of the gods. Bridge of heaven or rainbow. MOHAMMEDAN When of a hair's Bridge of Paradise breadth which only the righteous are able to cross. 63 Country EGYPTIAN FEUDAL EUROPEAN EGYPTIAN THE TOWER Symbol Signification Tat or measuring The steps to heaven. tower of the Nile. Nilometer. Tall, slender and Protection of the generally win- church treasures. dowless at base Watching. THE PYRAMIB Monumental buri- Fire of the gods. al places of kings Residence of the dead. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE COLUMN IN GENERAL Usual form Aspiration of the Christian. The morally strong. The Straightforward. THE ARCH IN GENERAL Usual form The beneficence of God. The hospitality of Christian faith. THE DOME IN GENERAL Usual form Love of God. RUSSIAN Cluster of five Signifying the Metro- domes politan and his four bishops. THE DOOR The Western Door Emblem of Christ. of Church When open Emblem of welcome. Generosity. THE GATE When golden or Signifies entrance to pearly heaven. " When of brass Signifies entrance to Hades. THE TOWER OR STEEPLE IN GENERAL Usual form Purity. Aspiration. Emblem of St. Bar- bara who was called the "Ivory tower of purity." 64 ENGLISH IN GENERAL IN GENERAL Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL STEPS OR STAIRS Symbol Signification Usual fonn Pilgrimage. Pathway of the seeker after spiritual knowledge. GARGOYLES When represented Evil spirits kept on by grotesque the outside of the forms church. Scare devils to ward oflE evil spirits. DIVISIONS (Early Christian Churches) IN GENERAL The bema or centre The Holy of Holies or Heaven. Sanctity. " The chorus or ap- Holy place or proba- proach to the tion. centre " The narthex or Penitence. Approach, porch to the tem- ple to commem- orate porch of Solomon's tem- ple 65 MILITARY EMBLEMS " The decorative beauty of heraldry, far from being that of form and color alone was always an imagmative one de- pending much on the symbolic meaning of its designs." —G. W. Eve. HEBREW Airo PAGAN FORM THE SPEAR OR LANCE Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN Usual form Weapon of the king. CHINESE a Emblem of Kwanyu, god of war. JAPANESE a Emblem of Isanagi, mythical creator of Japanese. Emblem of Hachiman, god of THE JAVELIN JUDEAN Usual form Emblem of kingly force. Martial readiness. THE ARROW EGYPTIAN Two cros sed Symbol of Neith as arrows goddess of the chase. THE AX SCANDINAVIAN Usual form Primitive warfare. Emblem of the Vikings. THE SWORD EGYPTIAN Usual form The founding of the weapon. JAPANESE " Emblem of Susan oo, the violent god. * Symbol of "The soul of the Samurai." " When double Praying for rain sword, edged ARMOUR IN GENERAL Self defense. * Head piece or hel- The victor. met when crested 66 THE WINGED HELMET Country Symbol Signification ROMAN, The messenger. SCANDINAVIAN EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE SWORD IN GENERAL Flaming sword Divine wrath. Em- blem of Zophiel. Angel of the garden of Eden. * Usual form Symbol of St. Paul as the Christian soldier. * When piercing Emblem of St. Thomas hand of Canterbury. " When at feet of Emblem of St. Pan- saint talon. " When showing Signifies justice. acute point * When obtuse point Signifies religion. * When blunted Signifies mercy. point * When held upright Consecration. Al- legiance. SPEAR OR LANCE IN GENERAL Usual or conven- Symbol of St. Michael, tional form St. George, St. Phillip. European Sibyl who prophe- sied the flight into Egypt. THE ARROW IN GENERAL Usual form Emblem of St. Sebas- tian who was mar- tyred by arrows. Emblem of the hunter and of Cupid. THE DAGGER IN GENERAL Misere-corde or Protection against the small dagger foe. used by ancient monks THE SLING IN GENERAL Pocket with string Emblem of David who for holding and became the king, slinging stones 67 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL HERALDIC, ENGLISH THE BANNER Symbol Signification Usual fonn The Christian's vic- tory over the flesh. Triumph. Place. Title. Lineage. ARMOUR "The whole Protection of God. armour" The Spurs Emblem of Knight- hood. Signifies courage. The Hehnet THE SHIELD 1. When exhibit- Protection. ing chevron or band shaped like a gable 2. The chief or Guardianship. straight band passing across upper third of shield 3. The fess or Patriotism. band crossing centre of shield horizontally 4. The pale or Valor. band crossing shield in cen- tre vertically 6. The bend or Knightly service. band crossing shield diag- onally 6. The pile, sharp Tenacity. pointed, wedge shaped band crossing shield vertically 7. The bend sinis- Royal descent. ter or band crossing from left hand upper comer of shield to right hand lower comer GEMS "HI say • white ' or ' purple ' in any ordinary line of poetry, they evoke emotions so exclusively that I cannot say why they move me, but if I say them in the same mood, in the same breath with such obviously intellectual symbols as a cross or a crown of thorns, I thiii^ of purity and sover- eignty. — W. B. Yeats. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE SARD Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN One layer of the Blood of Isis. Stone of onyx, usually August. red JADE CHINESE A hard soapy. Emblem of the sometimes fi- Emperor. Virtue. brous stone formed by the drippings from mountain lakes in Turkestan which are usu- ally salt water. Near rivers in Burmah THE HELIOTROPE (See Bloodstone) BABYLONIAN Usual form Divination. Sacred stone of the gods. Invulnerability. EARLY PERSIAN THE JASPER Crypto-crystalline quartz Stone of Mithra, god of truth. Stone of friendship. EARLY PERSIAN GRECIAN EAST INDIAN THE SAPPHIRE Blue corundum The sacred stone. " Stone of Apollo and September. " Light of the gods. Prosperity. GEMS OF AARON'S BREAST PLATE Country Symbol Signification JUDEAN 1. Sardius, Topaz, Divination. Carbuncle 2. Emerald, Sap- phire, Dia- mond 3. Ligure, Agate, Amethyst 4. Beryl, Onyx, Jasper 6. The Urim and Thummim or jewels of light and perfection (species un- known) GNOSTIC THE ABRAXUS GEMS Sard, Jasper, Sacred Amethyst gems of the divine creator known as "Abraxus," a fabulous creature with a man's body, a lion or cock's head and serpents for legs. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE DIAMOND IN GENERAL Pure carbon Sanctity. Perfection. Fortitude. Intelligence, of Apnl. Pride. Stone IN GENERAL THE RUBY Red corundum Divine zeal. Human love. Stone of July. THE EMERALD IN GENERAL A green beryl The victorjr over the flesh. Spring. Hope. The stone of May. THE SAPPHIRE IN GENERAL Blue corundum Heavenly truth. Sin- cerity. Stone of September. 70 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE PEARL Symbol Signification The secretions of a Innocence. Purity, bivalve covering Tears. Stone of St. a g^rain of sand Margaret. which has en- tered the shell THE TOPAZ A heavy silicate, Fidelity. Fruitfulness. mainly aliunina Stone of November. of yellow hue THE AMETHYST A quartz of a violet Sympathy, Abnega- blue color, prob- tion. Peace. Stone ably caused by of February. peroxide of iron THE GARNET A hard red crystal Deep aSection. Stone of January. THE CARBUNCLE A precious garnet Martyrdom. cut in rotmded form THE CRYSTAL A symmetrical Simplicity. Truthful- solid, usually ness. transparent, stone THE TURQUOISE IN GENERAL An opaque bluish Sincere aSection. green stone Stone of December. TURQUOISE MATRIX IN GENERAL Or mother stone Sincere affection. which contains Stone of December, the gem THE OPAL IN GENERAL An oxid of silicon. Ancient emblem of in layers con- good luck. Stone of taining water, October. which takes on prismatic hues 71 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE AGATE Symbol Signification A mottled opaque, Long life and health. hard stone of Stone of June. Taryiug shades of browns, greys and dull red THE CAT'S EYE " A quartz with fi- Platonic affection. br ous sions" inclu- IN GENERAL IN GENERAL THE CARNELIAN A chalcedony of Emblem of distinction. deep, clear red. Sometimes mixed with white THE CHRYSOBERYL Yellowish green or Emblem of patience. emerald green hard stone THE BLOOD STONE OR HELIOTROPE IN GENERAL A fibrous green Mourning. Stone of stone streaked March. Sacred with red, with a stone of Babylon- kidney shaped ians. surface THE JASPER A crypto-crystal- Pride. Wisdom. line quartz Second sight. THE CORAL The skeleton of Signifies marriage, a tiny animal Good fortune. known as the coral polp LAPIS LAZULI A massive oriental Nobility. stone of rich ultra-marine blue THE MOONSTONE A feldspar contain- Thoughtfulness. ing reflected lights of grey and blue IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL 72 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL INJGENERAL THE ONYX Symbol Signification A stone in two Reciprocity, layers of color THE SARDONYX Three layers of Conjugal fidelity. color THE LABRADORITE Spar from Labra- Sub tility. Hidden dor beauty. THE CHRYSOLITE A silicate of mag- Unrequited love, nesium and iron of yellow hue AMBER The gum of extinct Tears of the Heliades, pine trees who were turned into trees which dropped amber tears on the Greek coast, where the body of their brother Phaeton was washed ashore. THE FOUNDATION STONES OF THE NEW JERUSALEM The Jasper, Sapphire, Chalcedony, Em- erald, Sardonyx, Sardius, Chryso- lite, Beryl, Topaz, Chrysoprase, Jacinth, Amethyst 78 FRUITS " It is by no means true that the ancient systems of mythology have ceased to exist; they have only been diffused and transformed." — Gubernatis. The Rig Vega claims to be the oldest Bible in existence. It is composed of hjrmns which passed from generation to generation by word of mouth. The locality of tibe Garden of Eden is claimed by East India. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE APPLE Country Symbol JUDEAN Natural form SCANDINAVIAN Signification Emblem of Eve. The temptation. Emblem of Freya, the northern Venus. Procreation. GRECIAN ROMAN u Three golden apples Emblem of Aphrodite, the Grecian Venus. Liberality. Symbol of Atalanta as the covetous one. a Natural form Emblem of Venus. Symbol of Discordia who threw an apple among wedding guests as revenge for not having been invited to the feast. " " Symbol of the Hes- perides Nymphs who guarded the golden apples given by Ge (the Earth) to Hera, the wife of Zeus. THE PEACH CHINESE AND Natural form Signifies immortality. JAPANESE THE QUINCE ARABIC AND Natural form Signifies virility. SPANISH 74 THE POMEGRANATE Country Symbol EGYPTIAN Natural f onn PERSIAN, GRECIAN AND ROMAN Signification Signifies fertility. (Because of many- seeds.) Fertility. Abundance. Autumn. THR PEAR CHINESE AND JAPANESE Natural form THK GRAPE Felicity. Companion- ship. GRECIAN ROMAN Natural form u Emblem of Dionysus, the wine god. Emblem of Bacchus. Intoxication. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM APPLES, PEACHES AND PEARS IN GENERAL Natural form Ssnmbols of the Vir^ Mary, as the fruit- ful one. " The pear Emblem of St. Cather- ine. Felicity. THE GRAPE IN GENERAL Natural form Symbol of Christ. " Cluster of grapes Unity. THE POMEGRANATE IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of San Juan de Dios as the fertile Christian. BASKET OF FRUIT IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of St. Doro- thy. 7S Country EGYPTIAN BUDDHISTIC PLANTS AND BLOSSOMS " I am a pure lotus, issue of the field of the sun." Egyptian Book of the Dead — Budge. " If tfaou be bom in a poor man's hovel, but hast wisdom, then thou art like the lotus flower growing out of the mud." —A Buddhist Precept. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE LOTUS Symbol Signification As self-fructifying Emblem of Hapi, god of the Nile. Em- blem of Isis. Natural or conven- Sacred standard of the tionalform gods. Universal Matrix or mother. Emblem of Buddha, as the enlightened, and the "Jewel in the Lotus." THE PAPYRUS EGYPTIAN When on sceptre Sacred standard of youth, vigor and learning. HOMA AND SOMA PLANTS PERSIAN AND The extracted Elixir of the gods, giv- HINDU juice which is ing eternal life. taken as a beverage CHINESE JAPANESE CHINESE AND JAPANESE JAPANESE THE TREE PEONY Natural or conven- Royal flower. tional form THE REED Natural form Emblem of dignity. Learning. PLUM BLOSSOMS Natural or conven- Womanly purity. Em- tional form blem of winter. CHERRY BLOSSOMS JAPANESE Natural or conven- Womanly beauty. tional form Emblem of spring. 76 Country JAPANESE JAPANESE JAPANESE JAPANESE JAPANESE a JAPANESE JAPANESE THE AZALEA Symbol Signification Natural form The garden beauty. Flower of April. THE WISTARIA Natural form Vine of Happiness. "Plant of a thou- sand years." THE PAULOWNIA Natural form Emblem of the Em- peror. Rectitude. THE MAGNOLIA Natural form Flower of May. THE mis When purple Signifies mourning. When not purple The betrothal flower. Emblem of June. THE MORNING GLORY Natural form Flower of July. THE CHRYSANTHEMUM Natural form The Imperial pride. Flower of October. THE TEA PLANT AND FLOWER JAPANESE Natural form Rank and riches, THE ROSE MOHAMMEDAN Natural form Emblem of Moham- med's eyes. Flower of Iran. THE TULIP MOHAMMEDAN Natural form Ardent affection. GRECIAN ROMAN PERSIAN PERSIAN THE VINE Natural form Emblem of Dionysus, god of wine. Emblem of Bacchus, god of wine. Joy of living. Wisdom of materiality. CARNATION Natural form Emblem of Persia. 77 THE ALMOND FLOWER Country Symbol Signification JUDEAN Natural f onn Emblem of Aaron. WHEAT EARS GRECIAN Natural form Emblem of Demeter, goddess of agricul- ture. ROMAN u POPPY Emblem of Ceres, god- dess of the harvest. ROMAN Natural form Sleep, emblem of Circe. EARLY CHRISTUN AND MODERN FORM THE ROSE IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of the Virgin. Erythaean Sibyl. Signifies human love in modem thought. tt Crown of roses Symbol of St. Eliza- beth of Hungary. ENGLISH The red rose Flower of England. Flower of the York- ists. (Device of the War of the Roses.) U The white rose THE LILY Flower of the Lancas- trians. IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of the Virgin. IN GENERAL IN GENERAL Gabriel as the angel of the Annuncia- tion. St. Francis as representing chas- tity. Fleur de lis or flag Emblem of ,St.J^ouis. lily France. |The Med- ici of Florence. The iris Messenger of good news. GERANIUM Natural form Conjugal affection. THE NARCISSUS Natural form Grace. Self-conscious- ness. 78 THE EGLANTINE Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural fonn Signifies poetry. Ele- gance; "to the manner bom." THE HELIOTROPE IN GENERAL Natixral f onn Devotion. Zeal. Strength in sweet- ness. THE HIBISCirS IN GENERAL Natural form Frailty. Conserva- tiveness. THE HYACINTH IN GENERAL Natural form High estate. Pride. Exclusiveness. THE JONQUa IN GENERAL Natural form Vanity. Imprudence. Uncontrolled affec- tion. THE HYDRANGEA IN GENERAL Natural form Coldness. Frigidity. Massive beauty. THE VIOLET IN GENERAL Natural form Modesty. Sweetness. Loyalty. THE LILAC IN GENERAL Natural form First emotions of love. THE MAGNOLIA IN GENERAL Natural form Dignity. Respecta- bility. THE MARGUERITE IN GENERAL Natural form Preference in love. THE SNOW DROP IN GENERAL Natural form Purity of heart. THE FORGET-ME-NOT IN GENERAL Natural form True love. THE IVY IN GENERAL Natural form Longevity. Depend- ence. Despondency. 79 THE CLEMATIS Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural fonn Gladness. Upward flight. THE BALSAM IN GENERAL Natural form The zealous benefactor. The Samaritan flower. ORANGE BLOSSOMS IN GENERAL Natural form Fruitfulness. Exuber- ance. Flower of the bride. THE MARIGOLD IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of the Virgin as Mary's gold. Worth. THE CORN FLOWER GERMAN Natural form National flower of Prussia. Emblem of Queen Louise. THE SHAMROCK IRISH Natural form National flower of Ireland. Emblem of St. Patrick. The triad leaf. THE THISTLE SCOTCH Natural form Flower of Scotland. Guardian of the race. THE HEATHER SCOTCH Natural form Flower of the Scottish clans. Sympathy. Allegiance. THE EDELWEISS SWISS Natural form Flower of the Alps. Chastity. THE GRAPE VINE IN GENERAL Natural form Emblem of Jesus who said, "I am the vine." 80 THE WHEAT Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural form StafiE of life. Pros- perity. " The ears of wheat Emblem of Ruth as model of constancy. " Stack of wheat Body of Christ. 81 UNCLASSIFIED SYMBOLS " A symbol is either representative, indicates a thing and makes you think of it, as a bunch of grapes over a house door indicating wine, is called a public house sign; or it is vicarious, as a five pound note stands for five sovereigns. The bunch of grapes reminds you of the juice of the vine but you can't drink it. The piece of paper passes vicariously for five pieces of gold and you can spend it." —Rev. R. St. John Tyrwhitt. HEBREW AND PAGAN FORM THE SISTRUM Country Symbol Signification EGYPTIAN An instrument used Chastity. by priestesses during ritual, shaped like a half circle drawn together at the end and crossed by loose bars of metal which jingle when shaken. This is fastened to a handle which is shaped like the Tau cross JAPANESE Instrument used Virtue and piety. by priestesses in the Shinto ritu- al. It has the form of a wand encircled by small bells and is shaken to at- tract the atten- tion of the gods. THE HAND JUDEAN Natural form Might. Justice. ; yThe Almighty. With first three Was, Is and Is to Come. fingers extended and thumb and little finger closed on the palm 82 Country BUDDHISTIC THE HAND— Continued Symbol One finger and thumb touching each other MOHAMMEDAN UsuaUy held up- right, fingers and thumb ex- tended ROMAN Thumbs of Vestals turned up " Thumbs of Vestals turned down CHINESE AND A many handed JAPANESE deity called Ewaimon Signification Perfect action of thought with his per- fect plan. Emblem of Moham- med. Signifying power .Of his daughter, Fatima, sigruf ying prosperity and long life. Mercy to vanquished. Death to vanquished. (In the arena.) Mercy. Contempla- tion. GRECIAN JUDEAN EGYPTIAN CHINESE JAPANESE PHCENICIAN IN GENERAL EGYPTIAN CHINESE THE TRIPOD Usual form Emblem of Delphic Oracle. The three mysteries. THE ARK Usual form WATER Nattual or hiero- glyphic form Water fall Primary water fall The secondary water fall THE VEIL Usual form Signifies the deluge. Emblem of Noah. The covenant of the Jews with Jehovah. The passive principle. The Nile. Fertility. The river Styx which leads to Hades. Signifies humility. Signifies the masculine principle. Feminine principle. Emblem of Tanit, god- dess of beauty. Dotted with stars Emblem of Night. THE UMBRELLA When held over Emblem of honorable the head distinction. When held over Protection of the the head throne. THE STAFF AITO ROD Country BUDDHISTIC GRECIAN BABYLONIAN ROMAN JAPANESE EGYPTIAN Symbol With jingling rings attached to a rod and carried by the pilgrims: to disperse insects and small ani- mals without in- juring them Thyrsus or staff twined with ivy and tipped with a pine cone Hazel guiding rods Wand tipped by a globe which is surmounted by an eagle Budded staS Tokko or one spoke of wheel of the law Signification Kindness. Mercy. Sceptre of Dionysus, god of fertility. Divination. Emblem of Jove. The Roman Legions. Emblem of HeUespon- tine Sibyl. The irresistible power of prayer. Staff in the shape Sovereignty. of a crook " The lotus sceptre Virility. ' The papyrus Eternal youth, sceptre SCANDINAVIAN Staff with circle, The sun's rays. used as sceptre vine light. Di- THE HAMMER GRECIAN Usual form Emblem of Hephaestus, the divine forger. SCANDINAVIAN When shaped like Emblem of Thor as a Tau cross god of thunder and Ughtning. JAPANESE Usual form Daikoku as god of wealth which is taken from the earth. HINDU ROMAN THE CLUB Usual form When knotted 84 Emblem of Yama as Judge of the Unseen. Ssmibol of Hercules, god of strength. Country CHINESE AND JAPANESE THE CLUB— Continued Symbol Signification Club or mace with Divine office, he'art shaped head resembling the sacred fun- gus which grows at the foot of Buddha's tree WHIP OR SCOURGE EGYPTIAN Club or stick with Sovereignty by force. lashes " The club shaped as Emblem of guardian a flail diety of agriculture. THE BOOK GRECIAN AND When sealed Chastity. ROMAN GRECIAN AND Either closed or Emblem of Cumaean ROMAN open Sibyl who prophe- sied and wrote the laws of civil and religious Rome. EGYPTIAN CHINESE AND JAPANESE THE BALL Usual form Emblem of the sun and the moon. The omnipotent pearl of wisdom or Hoshu- no-tama. THE FAN JAPANESE War fan Signal ensign. * Tea ceremony fan The charm of sii of three sticks plicity. THE BUCKET, BAG OR BASKET EGYPTIAN Which holds sane- Divine refreshment. tified water for the tree of life and the souls of EARTH AND WATER PERSIAN When used to- Subjection to the gether as offer- crown. ings 86 Country TEUTONIC JAPANESE THE RING Symbol Signification Usual f onu Emblem of promise. Emblem of the Rhine daughters of the Nibelungenlied. THE GOHEI Paper strips repre- The fruit of the loom, sentiug cloth Sacred oflEering to Shinto gods. PH(ENICIAN JAPANESE GRECIAN AND ROMAN EGYPTIAN AND GRECIAN EAST INDIAN EGYPTIAN PERSIAN JAPANESE GRECIAN SCANDINAVIAN IN GENERAL TEUTONIC THFllIRROR Usual form Emblem of Istar, god- dess of beauty. When in a Shinto Emblem of Amaterasu temple as leading goddess of the Shinto faith, signifying truth. Usual form Emblem of truth. THE FEET A winged foot Emblem of Serapis, the crustog a but- Greek deity, which terfly Footprints show- ing triscula or swastica FIRE In the abstract was the Egyptian bull Apis, wor- shipped after his death, in Greece. Emblem of Buddha's pilgrimage and ser- vice. The active principle. Life of the soul. Emblem of Fudo, as signifying fire of wisdom. Symbol of Prometheus, who stole celestial fire and gave it to manldnd. Residence of Muspel, genius of fire. CIRCLE OF FIRE Usual form Inviolability. Chas- tity. Magic. " Symbol of Brunhilde. Country GRECIAN AND ROMAN THE PIPES Symbol Usual form ANCIENT The bagpipes SCOTCH AND CELTS Signification Emblem of woodland deities, who evoked the harmony of Nature. Symbol of Pan. The voice of the clans. THE CUP OR BEAKER EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN When used as libation vessel Signifies renewed spiritual vigor. PERSIAN When seven ringed, symbol- izing the seven heavens Emblem of Jamshyd, the king. JUDEAN In chalice or goblet Emblem of Solomon. form GRECIAN Usual form Emblem of Gany- mede, cup bearer to Zeus. ROMAN " SCANDINAVIAN Emblem of Hebe, hand- maiden of Jupiter. Signifies the mead drank at the table of the gods. THK MASK JAPANESE ROMAN Usual form a Signifies the No dance sacred to the gods. Symbol of Thalia, muse of comedy. Dissimulation. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN tt THK EGG Protection against evil spirits. A scare devil. EGYPTIAN Usual form (COPTIC) EAST INDIAN, « CHINESE AND JAPANESE Signifies creation. Signifies the Universe. 87 THE TOMB OR TOMB STONE Country ANCIENT TRIBES JAPANESE EGYPTIAN GRECIAN Symbol Signification Usual form Residence of the dead. Finger post of the soul. Sotoba or tomb The five elements: stone of the ether, air, fire, Fujiwara dan water, earth. THE VASE Three large vases Signifies the Nile river. Amphoraorvaseof Blessing of wine or two handles grain. Hydiia, a pitcher Blessing of water. vase THE EYE EGYPTIAN One eye Emblem of Osiris, the sun god. * Two eyes, one Emblem of Horus as black, the other the night and day white and the perfect grain. ASSYRIAN Natural form Emblem of the sun and moon. ORIENTAL THE DEW Usual form SCANDINAVIAN The honey dew BURMESE CHINESE AND JAPANESE Emblem of delicacy. Fragility. Emblem of goddess Servitur, who drops honey from Yggdra- sil or tree of life upon those deserv- ing benefaction. THE BELL Temple wind bells Music of the gods. Evening temple Prayers to the gods. beUs THE COMB PICTISH Usual form The sun's rays. Em- blem of Venus. EGYPTIAN THE SAIL Usual form The breath. 88 Country JUDEAN EGYPTIAN IN GENERAL GRECIAN JAPANESE THE LADDER Symbol Signification Usual form Emblem of Jacob. " Emblem of Set who climbs to Heaven's palace. THE LOOM Usual f onn Industry. " Emblem of Penelope the faithful. RICE BALES Usual fonn Emblem of Daikoku, god of wealth and THE BOAT EGYPTIAN Usual fonn Signifies bark of the sun. Bark of Charon the boatman who takes souls across the river Styx to Hades. Bark of the Elysian Fields. THE HORN On head of Moses Truth and Justice. On head of Bel, the Material strength. chief god GRECIAN Usual form JUDEAN BABYLONIAN SCANDINAVIAN Emblem of Bacchus. Alexander the Great called the "Two horned power." Hospitality. Measure of joy. MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS JUDEAN The harp Contemplation. Sym- bol of David, who charmed the king. National instrument of poetic song. The Lyre Harmony of the gods. " The constellation Vega the lyre. The lute Emblem of Nefer- Hetep — ^lord of joy. Emblem of the Trou- badour. GRECIAN EGYPTIAN HEBREW EGYPTIAN EARLY FRENCH AND SPANISH Country CHINESE PERSIAN JUDEAN EGYPTIAN CHINESE THE CLOUD Symbol Signification Cloud banks Immortality. Rising smoke Joys of the weed. Retrospection. Frankincense Emblem of race of clouds Japhet. Myrrh clouds Sacred to race of Ham. THE APRON Usual form Royalty. THE PADLOCK When worn as an Long life. amulet Prosperity. 90 UNCLASSIFIED OBJECTS " By outward forms early Christians were inspired with feelings of devotion and love and in the absence of books, derived from them their chief knowledge of sacred things. To the tmleamed, they spoke a clear and inteUigible language : that they were full of meaning and poetry, no one who will endeavor to interpret them can doubt." — Louisa Twining. EARLY CHRISTIAN AND MODERN FORM THE STAFF AND ROD Country IN GENERAL Symbol Pastoral staff (Crozier) With gourd Usual form Signification Religious jurisdiction. Signifies the Archangel Raphael as a pol- grim. Emblem of old age. Represented by The staff of Ufe. bread With leaves and Symbol of St. Christo- dates The rod Flowering rod pher, patron of travelers. Symbol of the Creator who comforts. Symbol of Aaron, the priest, and Joseph, the successful suitor. IN GENERAL THE HAND When in clouds When lightning bolts or emitting rays of Ught Usual form With first two fin- gers and thumb extended and third and fourth closed on palm 91 The first Person of the Trinity. holding The first Person of the Trinity. Emblem of the Tiber- tine Sibyl. The Trinity. THE HEART Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL Natural or conven- Piety, Love, tional form " When pierced by Charity. THE ANCHOR IN GENERAL Usual form Hope. Emblem of St. Nicholas, patron of Russia. THE SCALES IN GENERAL Usual form Justice. Symbol of St. Michael as Cap- tain of the Heavenly Hosts. THE CENSER IN GENERAL When burning Piety before men. EMBLEMS OF THE PASSION IN GENERAL Cross, nails, The Crucifixion, thorns, hammer, reed, scourge, purse and dice IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL WINGS Bat's wings When spread Usual form Emblem of Lucifer. Aspiration. Trans- lation. Protection. Ambition. Astronomy. Night. THE HAIR When flowing Symbol of Mary Mag- dalen as the peni- tent. When coveringlike Symbol of St. Agnes, a garment who, when perse- cuted, prayed for clothing. The glory of a woman. WATER In a font <-.• -it i The Jordan river Signifies baptism. When gushing Emblem of Moses. from a rock 92 Country IN GENERAL THE WEB Symbol Usual form Signification Destiny. Energy. In- dustry of the Chris- tian at work about his Father's business. THE UMBRELLA ITALIAN Whenheld over the Honor, head of a digni- tary Position. THE SNOOD ANCIENT A band of cloth, Signifies virginity. SCOTCH ribbon or metal, / entirely circling the head THE SHELL IN GENERAL Usual form Pilgrimage. Emblem of St. James the elder. THE SHIP IN GENERAL When held in the Signifies the Church, hand " Usual form The greyhound of the sea. IN GENERAL THE RIVER Usual form Signifies life. IN GENERAL THE KNIFE Sacrificial knife Symbol of Zadkiel, who stayed the hand of Abraham. Em- blem of St. Bar- tholomew, the in- strument of his martyrdom. THE GRIDIRON IN GENERAL Usual form Emblem of St. Law- rence, the instru- ment of his martyr- dom. 93 Country IN GENERAL THE RING Symbol Signification When held in hand Symbol of St. Cather- of representa- ine in her mystical tions of the marriage with Christ Child Christ. " Usual form The symbol of mar- riage. SKULL AND CROSS BONES IN GENERAL Usual form Brevity of human life. THE ORGAN IN GENERAL Usual form Symbol of St. Cecelia, legendary inventor of the organ. THE CORNUCOPU Usual form Abundance. The har- vest. THE CUP When covered The Eucharist. with a wafer IN GENERAL IN GENERAL Cup with serpent Shedding rays of light Usual form IN GENERAL Symbol of St. John, indicating immunity from poison. The Holy Grail or cup containing the blood of Christ, caught at the Crucifixion, by Joseph of Arima- thaea. Symbol of St. Bene- dict. St. Donato. Bitterness. Sorrow. Joy. Happiness. With handles to Brotherly love, pass from hand to hand, known as " The loving cup " THE HORN Usual form Emblem of Roland, the Paladin of Ch a rlemagne . Plenty. The left hand cor- The gospel horn, ner of the front of an altar 94 Country IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL HERALDIC, ENGLISH HERALDIC, ENGLISH HERALDIC , ENGLISH THE HORN— Continued Symbol Signification Therighthandcor- The epistle horn. ner of the front of an altar. " The little end of Loss. Grief. the horn " THE BEE HIVE Usual form Symbol of St. Bernard and St. Ambrose. Industry. System. THE GARMENT Mantle or cloak Charity. When dividing Symbol of St. Martin. with a beggar MONASTIC HABITS Black cassock and Order of the Jesuits. square cap White habit, black Order of the Domini- mantle with cans. hood Dark brown habit, Order of the Carmel- white mantle ites. Brown or gray Order of the Francis- habit, fastened cans. about waist with a knotted rope THE APRON Usual form Service. Masonic em- blem of ancient craft. THE FACE Face or head ofanEmblem of St. angel or cherub Matthew, who wrote the genealogy of Christ. FUR Ermine Emblem of royalty. Pean or black and Honour. yellow furs, mixed Ermine Honour. Vair or blue and Honour, white furs, mixed 95 THE NAPKIN Country Symbol Signification IN GENERAL When showing Emblem of St. Veron- portrait of Jesus ica, who wiped the perspiration from the Saviour's face, when He was carry- ing the cross. (Legendary.) THE BOX OR VASE OR DISH IN GENERAL When of alabaster Emblem of Mary Magdalen. " Dish holding eyes Emblem of Santa Lucia, who removed her eyes and sent them to a presump- tuous suitor. (Legendary.) IN GENERAL TIME The hour glass The scythe The sun dial Measuring of time. The instrument of time. Nature's clock. THE CRADLE IN GENERAL Usual form Emblem of Nativity. The Samian_ Sibyl, who prophesied the Nativity. THE KEY IN GENERAL Keys held in the Symbol of St. Peter as hand holding keys of heaven. " When at girdle St. Martha the house- keeper. THE TABLET IN GENERAL When of stone Signifies the Ten Com- mandments. " When connected Signifies geometry. with compass and square THE HAMMER AND CHISEL IN GENERAL Usual form Signifies sculpture and the crafts. 96 PALETTE AND BRUSHES Coutttry IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL IN GENERAL a ENGLISH IN GENERAL Symbol Usual form SCROLL With pencil or quill pen Scroll with harp THE BELL Usual form The vesper bell The passing bell Curfew bell THE ROCK Usual form THE BALL Usual form Three balls Balls Signification Signifies painting. Signifies literature. Signifies music. The preacher. Evening prayer. Dissolution. Tolling years. Forced retirement. Emblem Truth. of Peter. THE GLOBE Usual form With cross Globe with dove THE BOOK When closed When open With roll Emblem of St. Nicho- las. Emblem of pawn broker. Cognizance of the Medici banking house of Tuscany. Rhetoric. Emblem of church and state. Dominion. Ruler by divine right. Knowledge. Perfect Imowledge. Emblem of Uriel as light of knowledge. 97 INDEX Classified Objects CHAPTERS 1. Trees 1 2. Light 6 3. C!olor 10 4. Numbers 14 5. Animals 20 6. Fish 26 7. Bttds 28 8. Insects 33 9. Serpents 35 10. Fabulous Creatiu-es 37 11. Angelic Personages 40 CHAPTEBS 12. Halo 43 13. Cross 46 14. Demons 53 15. Geometrical Forms 56 16. Architectural Forms 61 17. Military Emblems 66 18. Gems 69 19. Fruits 74 20. Plants and Blossoms 76 21. Unclassified Objects. . . 82-91 GENERAL INDEX A. Acacia 1-5 Adder 36 Agate 72 Alcyone 8 Almond Flower 78 Amber 73 Amethyst 71 Anchor 27-92 Andro-Sphinx 38 Angels Bearing Sceptres . . 41 Angels Bearing Trumpets. 41 Angels Bearing Musical Instruments 41 Angels Bearing Censers. . . 42 Angels Belted 42 Angels Without Sandals . . 42 Angels in a Circle En- closed 42 Ant 34 Ape 25 Apple 4-74-75 Apron 90-95 Arch 62-64 Archangels 40 Archbishop's Cross 48 Ark 83 Armour 66-68 Arrow 66-67 Ash 1-3 Asp 36 Aspen. Ass Ax.... 5 25 66 B. Ball 85-97 Balsam 80 Bamboo 4 Banner 68 Bat 33 Bat's Wings 92 Bear 21 Bee 34 Bee Hive 95 Beetle 33 Bell 88-97 Bema 65 Black 10-11-12-13 Bloodstone 72 Blue 10-11-12-13 Boat 89 Bddhisattvas 40 Book 85-97 Box 96 Bridges 63 Bright Yellow 12 Brushes 97 Bucket 85 BuU 21 Butterfly 86 98 C. Calendar Tree 2 Calf 24 Camel 23 Candle 8 Carnation 77 Camelian 72 Carbuncle 71 Carp 26 Cat 21-24 Cat's Eye 72 Cedar 3-4 Ceilings 63 Celtic Cross 50 Censer 92 Centaur 38 Chain . '. 57 Cherry Blossoms 76 Chameleon 34 Cherubim 41 Chisel 96 Chorus 65 Chrysanthemum 77 Chrysoberyl 72 Chrysolite 73 Circle 56-59-86 Clematis 80 Cloak 95 Cloud 90 Club 84 Cobra 35 Cock 29-32 Cold Colors 11 Colimm 61-64 Coluber 35 Comb 88 Coral 72 Corinthian Column 61 Cormorant 29 Com Flower 80 Cornucopia 94 Corona 45 Crab 27 Cradle 96 Crescent 56 Crested Helmet 66 Crocodile 36 Cross 46 Cross Batonn6 49 Cross Fleur6 50 Cross Pomm6 50 Cross Potent 50 Cross of Constantine 52 Crown 43-45 Crown of Roses 78 Crozier 91 Crusader's Cross 49 Crux Ansata 47 Crystal 71 Cuckoo 30 Cup 87-94 Cuttle Fish 26 Cypress 1-2 D. Dagger 67 Dawn 7 Decagon 59 Deer 22-25 Demons 53 Dew 88 Diamond 70 Dodecagon 60 Dog 21 Dolmen 61 Dolphin 26 Dome 62-64 Door 64 Doric Column 61 Dove 30-31 Dragon 8-37-39 Duck 30 Dull YeUow 12 E. Eagle 28-31 Earth and Water 85 Edelweiss 80 Egg 87 Eglantine 79 Eight 16 Elephant 22 Emerald 70 Endless Knots 59 Enlacements 59 Eye 88 Evil Genii 53 F. Fan 85 Faims 54 Fifty-three 17 Fig 4 Fire 8-86 Fire-flies 34 Fish with Key in Mouth.. 27 99 Five 15-18 Five Trees of Indra 1 Flail 85 Fleur de lis 78 Fly 34 Footprints 86 Forget-me-not 79 Forty 19 Four 15-18 Fox 21-24 Fret 57 Fur 95 G. Gargoyle 65 Garland 45 Garnet 71 Gate 62-64 Gem Bearing Trees of Paradise 2 Gemini 7 Genii 40-53 Geranium 78 Gingko 2 Globe 97 Gnat 34 Goat 21-25 Gohei 86 Gold 10-12 Good Genii 40 Goose 20 Grapes 76 Grape Vine 80 Greek Cross 47-49 Green 10-11-12-13 Gridiron 93 GriflSn. 38 H. Hair 92 Halo 43-^4 Hammer 84-96 Hand 82-91 Hare 23 Harp 89 Harpy 38 Hawk 29 Heart 92 Heather 80 Heliotrope Flower 79 Heliotrope Gem 69-72 Helmet 66-67-68 Heptagon 58-59 59 Hibiscus 79 Holly 5 Honey Dew 88 Horn 89-94 Horse 22-24 Hour Glass 96 Houri 40 Hyacinth 79 Hyades 8 Hydrangea 79 I. Ibis 21 Icho or Gingko Tree 2 Ionic Colimin 61 Iris 77-78 Ivy 79 J. Jade 69 Jasper 69-72 Javelins 66 Jerusalem Cross 50 Jonquil 79 K. Keys 96 Keys at Girdle 96 Key of Life 47 Knife 93 Knots 59 L. Labyrinth 57 Ladder 89 Lamb 24 Lamb Skin or the Golden Fleece 23 Lamps 9 Lance 66-67 Lanterns 8 Lapis Lazuh 72 Latin Cross 48 Laurel 4 Leopard 21 Lilac 79 Lily 78 Lion 20-23 Locust 33 Loom 89 Lotus 76 Lute 89 Lyre 89 100 M. Magnolia 77-79 Maple 5 Maltese Cross 49 Mantle 95 Marguerite 79 Marigold 80 Mask 87 Meander 57 Medusa 14r-53 Menhir 61 Milky Way 8 Mirror 86 Mitre 45 Monastic Dress 95 Monkey 23 Monograms 52 Moonstone 72 Moon 7-9 Morning Glory 77 Myirh 2-90 N. Napkin 96 Narcissus 78 Narthex 65 Nightingale 32 Nimbus 44 Nine 16-18 Nornies 40 Nymphs 54 O. Oak 3-t Octagon 58-59 Ogee 57 Olive 3 Olive Branch (dove with) . 31 Omphalos 62 Onyx 73 Opal 71 Orange 11-13 Orange Blossoms 80 Organ 94 Orion 7 Owl 30 Ox 24 P. Padlock 90 Palette 97 Pahn 1-2-4 Papyrus 76 Papal Cross 48 Partridge 32 Paulowina 77 Pavement 62 Peach 74-75 Pear 75 Peari 71 Pectoral Cross 51 Pentagon 58 Phoenix 28 Pig 23 Pillar •. 61 Pine 1-2 Pine Cones 84 Pipes 87 Pippala 4 Plane 3 Planetary Colors 11 Pleiades 8 Plum 4 Plum Blossoms 76 Pomegranate 3-75 Poplar 4 Poppy 78 Purple 10-11-12 Pyramid 64 Q. Quince 74 R. Rainbow 8-9 Rakan 40 Ram 23 Rat 21 Raven 30-31 Rectangle 58 Red 10-11-12-13 Red Cross 47 Red Path 11 Red Rose 78 RedTai 26 Reed 76 ReUquary Cross 51 Residence Tree 1 Rice Bales 89 Ring 86-94 River 93 Rod 84-91 Rood Cross SI Roof 63 Rose 77-78 Ruby 70 S. Sail 88 Salamander 36 101 Sapphire 69-70 Sard 69 Sardonyic 73 Satyrs 54 Scales 92 Scarlet 12 Scarab 33 Scorpion 33 Scourge 85 Scroll 97 Scythe 96 Sea'Horse 26 Sea Dog 26 Sea Lion 26 Seraphim 41 Serpent 35 Seven 15-18 Shamrock 80 Sheep 23 SheU 93 Ship 93 Shield 68 Sickles 14 Single Column 61 Siren 38 Sistrum 82 Six 18 Sixteen 17 Skull and Crossbones 94 Slavonic Cross 49 Sling 67 Snails 34 Snood 93 Snowdrop 79 Sotoba 88 Sparrow 32 Spear 14r-66-67 Sphinx 38 Spider 34 Spurs 68 Square 57-59 Stack of Wheat 81 Staff 84r-91 Stag 25 Star in Circle 7 Stars 7-9 Steeple 64 Steps 15-63-65 Stork 29-32 Sun 6-9 Swallow 31 Swan 30-32 Swastica 46-86 Sword 66-67 Sycamore 1-2 T. Tablet 96 Tai 26 Taper 8 Tamarisk 1 Tau 46 Tea Plant 77 Ten 17 Thistle 80 Thom 1 Three 14^17 Thrush 32 Tiger 20-24' . Tokko 84 Topaz 71 Torch 8-9 Torii 30-62 Tortoise 27 Tower 64 Tree of Life 1-5 Tree of Jesse 5 Tree Peony 76 Triad, Theban 14 " Memphian 14 " Heliopolian 14 " Hindu 14 " Buddhistic 14 " Scandinavian 14 Triangle 57 Trident 14-15 Trinacria 14 Tripod 83 Triskele 14 Triscula 14-86 Tulip 77 Turquoise 71 Turtle Doves 30-31 Twelve 17-19 Twenty-four 17-19 Twin Fish 26 Two 17 Typhon 53 U. UmbreUa 83-93 Universe Tree 1 Unicom. 38-39 102 V. Valkyria 40 Vase 88-96 Vedic Asparis 40 Veil 83 Vine 77 Violet (Flower) 12-79 Vulture 29 W. Wall 63 Warm Colors 11 Water 83-92 Web 93 Whale 27 Wheat Ears 78-81 Wheel '... 56-60 Whip 85 White 10-11-12-13 White Elephant 22 White Rose 78 Willow 2-t Wild Geese Flying. 29 Wmgs. r 92 Winged Foot 86 Wishing Thorn 1 Wistaria 77 Witch of Endor 55 Wolf 22-24 Wood Pecker 29 Wren 32 Wreath 44 Y. Yellow 11-12 Z. Zig-zag 57 103